But with only one company, one agency willing to help me — and that's only because I knew John Bond and Richard Kirshenbaum for years — I realized that I would have to go on my own, I'd have to cut out the middleman and go to the companies myself with all of my team.


But the coolest I ever worked on was around this guy.


I committed to his brother and his father right then and there — I'm like, "All right, here's the deal: Tony's going to speak, we're going to get him a machine, and we're going to figure out a way for him to do his art again.


So I went home and was having dinner with my wife and was telling her about this, and we were like, "Well wait a second. If we know that this technology exists where you can use your eyes to control things, why don't we figure out a way for TEMPT to control a laser and he could do graf again? Well that would be awesome."


And he's seriously one of the funniest — I call him Yoda, because you talk to the guy, you get an email from him, and you're like, "I'm not worthy. This guy's so amazing."


My wife and kids and I moved to our back garage, and these hackers and programmers and conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over our house.


I'm not a programmer, never done anything with ocular recognition technology, but I just recognized something and associated myself with amazing people so that we could make something happen.


That makes me feel very good as a doctor.


Now when I was a freshman in college, I took my first biology class.


And since you don't know me as the woman walking around TED in her underwear — that means I found a few things.


I grew up with a mom who taught me this day-in and day-out.


The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist, as a patient advocate — or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate — for people who are patients of doctors.


Most females like me — I believe myself to be a typical female — I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up, but I think I'm probably typical — most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive.


The consequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome.


Another example: a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old, who was born a boy, raised a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend, had a life as a guy, and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.


And he was born looking like a boy — nobody suspected anything.


So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity; what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, to have an African anatomy in terms of your history.


They had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grandfather to father to son and so forth.


Henry can marry, in every state, a woman, but Mary can only marry today in a few states, a woman.


So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome, and what it means to marry a woman means you have a Y chromosome.


I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with — a surgeon I talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of conjoined twins in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself.


And I want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like, if we had more involved the mothers.


And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist, and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights that can come from different kinds of anatomies, particularly when we have people thinking in groups.


Years ago, when I was in graduate school, one of my graduate advisors who knew I was interested in feminism — I considered myself a feminist, as I still do, asked a really strange question.


And I always tell people that I don't want to show up looking like a scientist.


You can have me as a farmer, or in leathers, and no one has ever chose farmer.


Could you please come to Ohio, and please bring that man that I know you have found by now.


And just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me, she turned into a box of ashes and was placed in my hands.


And I asked last week, in a meeting with Dutch government representatives, I asked one of the leaders of the team whether he found plausible that people died because of the DigiNotar hack.


So I one day decided to pay a visit to the manager, and I asked the manager, "Is this model of offering people all this choice really working?" And he pointed to the busloads of tourists that would show up everyday, with cameras ready usually.


And I think it starts with one physician, and that's me.


I didn't pick up the phone and do what I was supposed to do, which was call my attending and run the story by him so he would have a chance to see her for himself.


Maybe I didn't want to be a high-maintenance resident.


And at about the nine day mark, they let her go — Mrs. Drucker, a wife, a mother and a grandmother.


And it wasn't because of my attending; he was a doll.


Two years later I was an attending in the emergency department at a community hospital just north of Toronto, and I saw a 25 year-old man with a sore throat.


And two days later I came to do my next emergency shift, and that's when my chief asked to speak to me quietly in her office.


And she said the three words: Do you remember? "Do you remember that patient you saw with the sore throat?" Well it turns out, he didn't have a strep throat.


I hear this guy, his voice behind me say, "Well, if it isn't Aimee Mullins." And I turn around, and it's this older man.


This man was Dr. Kean, a man that I had only known about through my mother's stories of that day, because, of course, typical fashion, I arrived late for my birthday by two weeks.


And so my mother's prenatal physician had gone on vacation, so the man who delivered me was a complete stranger to my parents.


When I was a little girl, my grandfather gave me his little silver pocket watch.


How can I speak in 10 minutes about the bonds of women over three generations, about how the astonishing strength of those bonds took hold in the life of a four-year-old girl huddled with her young sister, her mother and her grandmother for five days and nights in a small boat in the China Sea more than 30 years ago.


Imagine the first piece: a man burning his life's work.


He is a poet, a playwright, a man whose whole life had been balanced on the single hope of his country's unity and freedom.


My grandmother never let me forget his life.


My mother, Mai, was 18 when her father died — already in an arranged marriage, already with two small girls.


If we were captured, first my sister and I, then she and my grandmother would drink.


My mother, my sister and I slept in the same bed.


My mother was exhausted each night, but we told one another about our day and listened to the movements of my grandmother around the house.


And for that work, when I was a final-year law student, I was chosen as the Young Australian of the Year.


Before I close, though, let me tell you about my grandmother.


At 17, she became the second wife of a mandarin whose mother beat her.


With no support from her husband, she caused a sensation by taking him to court and prosecuting her own case, and a far greater sensation when she won. "It can't be done" was shown to be wrong.


She asked the monk, "Why is it that her hand is so warm and the rest of her is so cold?" "Because you have been holding it since this morning," he said. "You have not let it go."


When a friend of mine told me that I needed to see this great video about a guy protesting bicycle fines in New York City, I admit I wasn't very interested.


And when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein folder in the world, it wasn't an MIT professor, it wasn't a CalTech student, it was a person from England, from Manchester, a woman who, during the day, was an executive assistant at a rehab clinic and, at night, was the world's best protein folder.


I grew up in a house that was the traditional African-American home that was dominated by a matriarch, and that matriarch was my grandmother.


She was tough, she was strong, she was powerful.


She was the daughter of people who were actually enslaved.


And my grandmother was tough, but she was also loving.


When I would see her as a little boy, she'd come up to me and she'd give me these hugs.


And my grandmother was sitting across the room staring at me.


I grew up in the country in the rural South, and I have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year younger.


When I was about 14 or 15, one day my brother came home and he had this six-pack of beer — I don't know where he got it — and he grabbed me and my sister and we went out in the woods.


And we were kind of just out there doing the stuff we crazily did.


And he had a sip of this beer and he gave some to my sister and she had some, and they offered it to me.


Y'all go ahead. "And then my brother started staring at me.


When I thought about my grandmother, of course she would think all her grandkids were special.


And the judge has certified him as an adult, but I see this kid.


And I had a client who was 14 years old, a young, poor black kid.


And as I was walking up the steps of this courthouse, there was an older black man who was the janitor in this courthouse.


And as soon as I walked inside, the judge saw me coming in. He said, "Mr. Stevenson, did you write this crazy motion?" I said, "Yes, sir. I did." And we started arguing.


And finally, this older black man with this very worried look on his face came into the courtroom and sat down behind me, almost at counsel table.


And this deputy jumped up and he ran over to this older black man.


He said, "Jimmy, what are you doing in this courtroom?" And this older black man stood up and he looked at that deputy and he looked at me and he said, "I came into this courtroom to tell this young man, keep your eyes on the prize, hold on."


But one fellow in particular, a guy named Erik Michaels-Ober, noticed something else, and that's that citizens are shoveling out sidewalks right in front of these things.


So he did what any good developer would do, he wrote an app.


Well, as a reporter, if I hang a microphone on someone, that is consent.


Do we have women as victims, and are men only the perpetrators?


I will continue to work as a researcher and a reporter in developing countries, but I do it with an altered ethic of seeing.


I'm a researcher at the MIT Media Lab, part of the Opera of the Future group, and my research focuses on the relationship people have with their own voice and with the voices of others.


But maybe the reason that my Twitter critic wasn't happy with that idea is because he doesn't agree with my definition of justice. Fair enough. Maybe he and I don't see eye to eye, politically.


As a scientist, I have access to high-tech equipment that we can put over the side of the research vessel, and it measures oxygen and many more things.


What that means is if you met somebody, and you were told, "Oh his father is six feet tall," how much would you know about his height?


I'm a scientist. I don't know if you could tell that.


But I truly believe that, as a scientist, using mostly federal funds to do the research, I owe it to the public, to agency heads and congressional people to share my knowledge with them so they can use it, hopefully to make better decisions about our environmental policy.


He cofounded a company called Deaftronics, which now manufactures the Solar Ear, which is a hearing aid powered by his invention.


Having completed the course, the student fed back to us that he now realized that it was he who hadn't understood what the client wanted.


Another student gave us feedback that she had learned to design with empathy, as opposed to designing for functionality, which is what her engineering education had taught her.


Pakistan is also the birthplace of the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner, Malala Yousafzai.


Another aspect is where the twisted concept of honor is linked to women and their bodies; where men are allowed to disrespect women and even kill them sometimes in the name of so-called "family honor"; where women are left to die right outside their houses for speaking to a man on a mobile phone, in the name of "family honor." Let me say this very clearly: it's not honor; it's a cold-blooded murder.


However, unlike the other male guardians of my family, my father was one who really supported my ambitions.


When I resisted this idea of being surveilled by my ex-husband, he really didn't approve of this and threw me out of his house, along with my six-month-old son, Abdullah.


My father told me he was not happy about me writing a book that risked deportation and unemployment.


He had been diabetic for many years when I still worked in Dubai, and my salary was always sufficient to pay for his treatments.


I called my mother. "I'm OK." I called my husband. "I'm OK." Then my daughter called, my voice cracked, and I knew I had to pull myself together.


And as a history teacher, I knew I needed to start with the Second Amendment and the NRA.


So Amos was an example of a male who was liked as a leader, and I think the term alpha male, if you look it up on the internet, you will find all these business books that tell you how to be an alpha male, and what they mean is how to beat up others and beat them over the head and let them know that you are boss and don't mess with me and so on.


Just as an example, the three males that I used to work with most at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked, and the middle male here is a 17-year-old alpha male.


The male whom he is grooming on the side is twice as old, and this old male has made him the leader.


So you can imagine that that old male has an enormous amount of power, because he has made the alpha male alpha male.


You don't need to be the biggest and strongest male.


The smallest male, if he has the right friends and keeps them happy, or he has female support, he can be the alpha male.


But she of course didn't need to send the message that she could hold a baby without dropping it, which was what the man was doing.


If you don't do that, that old male is going to get mad at you, and you're going to lose him as a partner.


The one in the back puts her arms around her and consoles her.


But I do want to emphasize that the alpha in a group doesn't need to be a male, and that actually in one of our close relatives, it is a female.


When spring arrived, I ran so fast through the house, speeding ahead of my mother's voice.


I pulled on my red corduroy jumper and my grey plaid wool hat before my mother could get her jacket on.


My mother cooked with the colors and textures of her garden.


I'm a woman of super strong opinions, with really deep convictions, direct speech.


I'm not an engineer. I did not study engineering in school.


But I was a super ambitious student growing up.


Here's an email I sent to my brother around that time. "You won't understand how difficult it is for me to tell you, to confess this.


So as an inventor, I'm interested in things that people struggle with.


Nearly every apartment in and around my grandmother's place now has an air conditioner.


So, I decided I was going to become a scuba diver at the age of 15.


I have a grown daughter who's brilliant and happy and wonderful.


I pestered my father until he finally found a scuba class in Buffalo, New York, right across the border from where we live.


I have this — not a scientist myself — but an uncanny ability to understand everything about science, except the actual science —


The best we can be is like the old woman in that joke — I don't know if you've heard it.


And the daughter doesn't want to say anything that makes it sound like, "You're too old to drive," so she didn't say anything.


But when I chose a career as an adult, it was filmmaking.


A dictator may not be able to provide me with good health care, but he will be able to make me love him and to make me hate the opposition.


Jim Ewing: The morning after the first time I was attached to the robot, my daughter came downstairs and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg, and my answer was that I didn't feel like a cyborg.


In reality, Galina's husband was an active pro-Russia militant in Donbass.


After the success of "Titanic," I said, "OK, I'm going to park my day job as a Hollywood movie maker, and I'm going to go be a full-time explorer for a while." And so, we started planning these expeditions.


Andy was a superb leader and also a teacher, and he said to me, "John, it almost doesn't matter what you know.


So here's a classic video from the 1970s of professor Andy Grove.


I quickly held out my hands and said to his shaking mother in Arabic,


This is why my wife and I and friends co-founded "Humanity Crew." One of the few aid organizations in the world that specializes in providing psychosocial aid and first-response mental health interventions to refugees and displaced populations.


She kissed her daughter goodbye, left her home, never to return.


He borrowed a very old motorcycle, with tires that were more patches than tires, to become a motorcycle taxi driver.


Fast-forward three years, Saminu has earned enough money to buy three goats for his mother to start a goat-rearing business, owns his own retail store and bought not one, but two motorcycles, with vanity license plates: "Babban Gona."


So as a designer, it's absolutely key to have a good understanding of the visual and cultural vocabulary of your audience.


Fortunately, my daughter was born at 11: 30 —


My father had passed away, and I never had a chance to tell him I loved him.


My mother had dementia and no longer recognized me, and my children had grown up.


I moved closer to my mother, my wife usually travels with me, and when my kids have vacation, if they don't come home, I go to them.


My main sport was soccer, and I was a goalkeeper, which is both the best and the worst position on the field.


When you're a goalie, all eyes are on you, and with that comes the pressure.


So imagine that grave day, when her sassy supervisor invited her to this "change everything" meeting and told her that would have to ask each and every last one of her patients to self-identify.


And she ended her rant by saying that her sassy supervisor invited her to this "change everything" meeting and didn't, didn't, even, even bring, bring food, food, food, food.


I fell out of love with this fish. No, not because I'm some self-righteous, goody-two shoes foodie.


I mean, I literally could have been a woman who was scheduled to do a TED Talk and would use her as an example. Imagine that.


I had returned home to live in Dublin after the odyssey that was my 20s, educating my interest in human rights and equality in university, traveling the world, like my nomad grandmother.


Let's call him Miguel — actually his name is Miguel. And no, he didn't cook the fish, and he's not a chef, at least in the way that you and I understand it.


As a storyteller, I've always been fascinated with the idea of recreating this notion of choices in fiction.


So, as a child, I used to spend all of my time at my great-grandmother's house.


I asked him how he became such an expert on fish.


Prisoner two also sees an odd number of black hats, so she knows hers is white, and answers correctly.


Prisoner four hears that and knows that she should be looking for an even number of black hats since one was behind her.


I'm a self-taught cellist, I've never had a lesson.


She's also one of the most extraordinary people I know, beyond being a wonderful musician.


You see, I tell everyone that I am a haunted person.


Once my daughter was watching me return some of those packages back, and she said, "Mom, I think you have a problem."


I want to leave my daughter and my daughter's daughter a better and cleaner place than I found it, so I have not only stopped overordering, I recycle religiously as well.


For women under the age of 30, that number looks like one in 10.


I was the navigator on board, and one evening, after a long session analyzing weather data and plotting our course, I came up on deck and saw this beautiful sunset.


So, the story actually begins in 2005, in an office high above Sunset Boulevard, where I was a junior executive at Leonardo DiCaprio's production company Appian Way.


For example, a comedy about a high school senior, who, when faced with an unplanned pregnancy, makes an unusual decision regarding her unborn child.


Now, I'm an accelerator physicist, so I design particle accelerators, and I try and understand how beams behave.


I'm not a doctor or a researcher, so this, to me, was an astonishing thing.


Some people say that I should study to become a climate scientist so that I can "solve the climate crisis." But the climate crisis has already been solved.


I really always wanted to be an HR professional, I wanted to be able to speak the language of management.


If you're queasy — if you faint easily — I was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night, and some people that I didn't know, and one woman almost passed out.


So that's what I wanted to study when I was a graduate student.


While all living elements — the birds, animals and plants, forests, fisheries etc.— are biotic elements, abiotic elements include air, water, land etc.


A study of the environment then calls for a study of the inter-relationship between these biotic and abiotic components of the environment.


It is caused by man-made increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases through the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.


To make matters worse, global environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion also contribute to increased financial commitments for the government.


As a result of depletion of the ozone layer, more ultraviolet (UV) radiation comes to Earth and causes damage to living organisms.


UV radiation seems responsible for skin cancer in humans; it also lowers production of phytoplankton and thus affects other aquatic organisms.


The black soil of the Deccan Plateau is particularly suitable for cultivation of cotton, leading to concentration of textile industries in this region.


India’s forests, though unevenly distributed, provide green cover for a majority of its population and natural cover for its wildlife.


It includes all the biotic and abiotic factors that influence each other.


Rocks and sunlight are examples of abiotic elements of the environment.


Much of the recent observed and projected global warming is human-induced.


Hence the expenditure on health is also rising.


The biggest question that arises is: are environmental problems new to this century?


Some of the longer-term results of global warming are melting of polar ice with a resulting rise in sea level and coastal flooding; disruption of drinking water supplies dependent on snow melts; extinction of species as ecological niches disappear; more frequent tropical storms; and an increased incidence of tropical diseases.


This led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol banning the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds, as well as other ozone depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane (also known as methyl chloroform), and bromine compounds known as halons.


Environment is defined as the total planetary inheritance and the totality of all resources.


Ozone depletion refers to the phenomenon of reductions in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere.


The problem of ozone depletion is caused by high levels of chlorine and bromine compounds in the stratosphere.


A reduction of approximately 5 per cent in the ozone layer was detected from 1979 to 1990.


Large deposits of iron-ore, coal and natural gas are found in the country.


India accounts for nearly 8 per cent of the world’s total iron-ore reserves.


water and air pollution, the government set up the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 1974.


This was followed by states establishing their own state level boards to address all the environmental concerns.


Global warming is a gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution.


Adding carbon dioxide, methane and such other gases (that have the potential to absorb heat) to the atmosphere with no other changes will make our planet’s surface warmer.


In the early days when civilisation just began, or before this phenomenal increase in population, and before countries took to industrialisation, the demand for environmental resources and services was much less than their supply.


The origins of these compounds are chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), used as cooling substances in air-conditioners and refrigerators, or as aerosol propellants, and bromofluorocarbons (halons), used in fire extinguishers.


Heavy metal pollution continues to be a serious problem in the environment due to uncontrolled pesticide use, mining, foundry operations, smelting, fossil fuel burning and sewage sludge dumping.


Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, copper and other heavy metals are non-biodegradable and remain in the environment in regions where human activity is prevalent.


In this study, the International Guidelines for Preventing Oils Spills and Response to Disasters were reviewed and the characteristics of oil spills were discussed.


The primary objectives of response to oil spill are: to prevent the spill from moving onto shore, reduce the impact on marine life and speed the degradation of any unrecovered oil.


A comparative analysis were performed on the currently available remediation technologies using 10 evaluation criteria that included cost, efficiency, time, impact on wild life, reliability, level of difficulty, oil recovery, weather, effect on physical/chemical characteristics of oil and the need for further treatment.


Even at low doses, these metals are toxic and can affect the food chain, posing serious public health risks.


Oil spills are environmental disasters that impact human, plants and wild life including birds, fish and mammals.


The advantages and disadvantages of each response method were used to determine the score assigned to that method.


Heavy metal contamination is a serious hazard to all biota in the ecosystem because of its devastating consequences and their accumulation in soil and water has significant implications for food safety and security, the growth of plants and the survival of soil microorganisms that play significant roles in sustaining agricultural crop production.


Anthropogenic activities pollute the oceans with oil through land run off, vessels accidents, periodic tanker discharges and bilge discharges.


Was Earth bombarded on that terrible day by more than one space rock?


The dinosaurs couldn't ride out the climate shock.


By comparison, the effects from a Nadir-sized impactor would have been much, much smaller.


Chicxulub would have been 10 million times greater.


Dr Nicholson's team has to be cautious about tying the two impacts together.


The Nadir Crater feature is reported in the journal Science Advances.


Chemical reactions produce a dull brown mineral called spheniscidite.


It's unique and reflects the special conditions that exist only in that locality.


All of Earth's rocks are built from different aggregations.


Robert Hazen: "An epic story that spans more than 4.5 billion years"


Water, they say, has helped more than 80% of mineral species to form.


One-third of mineral species formed exclusively through biological processes.


"Life affects minerals in various ways," explained Dr Hazen.


"For example, photosynthesis produces oxygen.


But of course, life also creates its own minerals, biominerals.


Some minerals are extraordinarily ancient; 296 are even thought to pre-date Earth itself.


Of this number, 97 are known only from meteorites.


These can include mineral grains with ages estimated at up to seven billion years.


That's long before our Solar System existed.


"We're looking at the mineralogy of Mars," said Dr Hazen.


"We're constantly looking for evidence in the minerals that might point to life.


Scientists have been front and centre in the battle against coronavirus.


The role of science has traditionally been reserved for enabling developments.


Science that understands people and communities must be part of the conversation.


But good science is just the first step.


This may sound straightforward and maybe even quite reasonable.


Global challenges transcend governments, international boundaries, leadership boards, short-term agendas and traditional siloes.


This leaves us with another question - could this really be feasible?


This can and should happen in more settings, large and small.


As we face these challenges, global leaders need science.


Watch USV Maxlimer as it moves through waters around Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha’apai


"We can communicate with nearby vessels via radio as if we were on board"


So every switch, every function on the boat, every light, we can control from here."


Robotic, remotely controlled boats are likely to be the future of maritime operations.


There are also environmental benefits to USVs.


The atmospheric shockwave caused by the eruption was felt as far away as the UK.


Weather satellites captured the climactic eruption.


The specimen was identified by prolific West Country fossil-hunters Neville and Sally Hollingworth.


"We've got the whole food chain," palaeontologist Dean Lomax, from Manchester, said.


"So this Pachycormus would have been eating the smaller fish and squids.


"And then, the ichthyosaurs would have been eating the Pachycormus."


Play with a 3D model of Pachycormus here.


The finds are likely to keep researchers busy for a number of years.


"The Court Farm site allows scientists to do modern research with fresh, in-situ material."


The Hollingworths are celebrated for their extraordinary ability to identify highly productive fossil locations.


This is a volume equivalent to something approaching 4,000 Egyptian pyramids.


Weather satellites captured the eruption.


WATCH: Scientists have modelled how the density currents would have run out across the seafloor


"Where you had these flows, there is nothing living there today.


It's like a desert 70km from the volcano," Dr Mackay said.


The pyroclastic flows also have a part in the tsunami story of Hunga-Tonga.


LISTEN: Dr Kevin Mackay describes what's been learnt at Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Haʻapai


At certain phases during the eruption, these mechanisms likely worked in tandem.


This occurred just over 45 minutes after the first major eruptive blast.


"We had a huge pressure anomaly that on its own would have generated a tsunami.


So, when you've already got waves, then you're just adding energy to them."


"We've always underestimated submarine volcanoes," said Taaniela Kula from Tonga Geological Services.


WATCH: USV Maxlimer mapped the caldera of Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha’apai


The best time to see the spectacle is shortly after sunset.


Mercury will also be more visible further south.


Saturn and Jupiter will be brightest, and Mars will be a salmon red colour.


But in the north of England and Scotland clouds could obscure the view.


They say maintaining the network will be "impossible" without robotics.


But a recent  Ofwat report pointed to a lack of investment by water companies.


Water UK responded saying that leakage was at "its lowest level since privatisation".


Wasted water has been a particularly sensitive issue this year.


Water UK accepted that progress needed to "accelerate".


The technological revolution in leak prevention, according to some scientists, will be miniature robots.


Some companies already use tethered robots to investigate pipes that are inaccessible.


But most of the network is currently inaccessible without digging.


This is where much smaller, artificially intelligent machines come in.


Pipebots are miniature, mobile robots with cameras for eyes and all-terrain legs.


It has implications not just for industry, but for our impact on the environment."


This led to a drop in combustion pressure and acceleration.


These were two high-resolution Earth imagers built by the aerospace company Airbus.


This Sentinel is required to fill a significant gap in Europe's observing capability.


"Sentinel-1C is indeed a very precious payload," confirmed Esa director general Dr Josef Aschbacher.


Vega-C is an upgraded version of an earlier vehicle simply known as Vega.


"We target to have two main (satellite) passengers, and some smaller satellites.


We will give more information on these passengers in a few weeks."


And the Ariane-6 follow-on is not yet ready to fly.


The shortage of rides recently prompted the European Space Agency to purchase two American launches.


Better seafloor maps help us with navigation and conservation, among many other uses.


This is an area broadly equivalent to the land surface of Europe.


But lower resolution is perfectly acceptable.


This knowledge is needed for a host of reasons.


Marine wildlife tends to congregate around the underwater mountains.


Each seamount is a biodiversity hotspot.


The above image shows the ship's hull in dry dock.


One of Seabed 2030's stars is the American adventurer Victor Vescovo.


"We have a 'map the gap' strategy," Mr Vescovo told BBC News.


"We're not a commercial outfit so we don't have to follow the most fuel-efficient routes.


The former US Navy reservist has himself contributed over 3 million sq km.


To map these places is going to require direct tasking of autonomous or semi-autonomous technologies.


During this 28-day voyage, the robot boat mapped 22,000 sq km of seafloor.


But truly huge autonomous vessels are coming.


How drones are replacing people in Scotland's sewers


Scottish Water is pioneering the use of drones to inspect Scotland's sewers.


Sewer inspections are also just one part of these workers' job remits."


"The 4K quality outputs combined with accurate modelling is the innovative thing.


The Royal Society represents Britain's leading scientists.


Prof Smith told BBC News that he didn't believe that such a plan would work.


Downing Street has been approached for comment but has not responded.


These are the precariously balanced rocks on a hill or a coastal cliff.


It's as if the gentlest nudge would send them tumbling.


Specifically, a large earthquake," the Imperial College London, UK, researcher tells BBC News.


There's a suite of rock types where such features can form, says Anna.


It's one of the "hottest" tickets in the UK's space start-up scene today.


The spacecraft will sense the ground at mid-wave infrared wavelengths (3.7-4.95 microns).


The company has so far raised £20m in funding.


Planners would get an idea of where best to plant trees to cool the environment.


At left is the view taken with a standard optical satellite.


In the middle is the publicly available resolution up to now.


At right is the simulated resolution that Satellite Vu's network should achieve.


These 'islands of plastic' you hear about will show up as hotspots."


"A much smaller cousin, or sister, doesn't necessarily add to what we know about the dinosaurs' extinction, but it does add to our understanding of the astronomical event that was Chicxulub," the University of Texas at Austin researcher told BBC News.


"These are interesting questions to pursue, because to learn that Chicxulub might have this extra excitement of a second crater at the same time changes the story a little bit about how Chicxulub came to be."


"There's been a classification system in place for almost two centuries that's based on the chemistry and the crystal structure of minerals, and ours adds the dimensions of time and formation environment," he told the Science In Action programme on the BBC World Service.


"If we find it, it's not going to be that we find one particular species of mineral; it's going to be the trace of minor elements, the morphologies, the sizes and shapes of these minerals.


Yet in an age where science has never been more advanced, and where our capabilities to collect and analyse data are unsurpassed, we are still having to contend with some of the biggest threats we've ever faced.


Think about getting humans to the Moon, how we've transformed medicine and surgical procedures, or created new ways of communicating and keeping our societies secure; or simply how we've come to understand the workings of our planet.


If people are the key to making change and unlocking the solutions to complex challenges, we need to create environments that bring everyone together - the decision makers (often global leaders, governments and policy makers), along with entrepreneurs, innovators, activists, and scientists.


For those solutions to create real change and make a difference, we must never forget that at the heart of every major challenge are the individuals and communities who are connected to that challenge, and impacted by it.


A good understanding of what motivates a community and the values it holds, both individually and as a collective group, needs to be incorporated into solutions so that those solutions don't just work in a lab, but have traction in reality.


It raises a question - is science being looked to at the right times and in the right ways? Is science part of the ongoing conversation as we seek to make the world a better place?


In other areas, such as the development of the gene-editing technique Crispr and its application to humans, the regulation of the technology and its interaction with society has been similarly varied in different states and nations.


Therefore, if science that incorporates an understanding of people is one of the keys to making breakthroughs in these critical global challenges we face, we need to have scientists incorporated into decision-making teams and leadership bodies.


It is well known now that increasing diversity generally leads to increased creativity, greater innovation, faster problem solving, better decision making; and in companies, this leads to increased profits and better reputation.


We have seen this in action within the forum as it creates opportunities at physical meetings and in online settings for interactions between scientists and decision makers and global leaders (from across the tech, business and creative industries).


They bring together the diverse insights and understandings we need, of how people think and are motivated, and point us to the infrastructures that will frame how solutions can be deployed effectively.


Those decisions were made by government, healthcare, business and science leaders to not only achieve a viable vaccine, but ensure access to the doses needed, as well as start a broadscale delivery of them to the adult population by the end of the year.


In short, science can't just be brought in when a crisis emerges, we need an ongoing and dynamic conversation between scientists and the leadership teams that are tackling the big complex world challenges.


Ashley Skett, director of operations at Sea-Kit, told BBC Radio 4's Inside Science programme that the operators can even communicate via radio with other vessels in the area, so much so that other boats wouldn't know that nobody was on board Maxlimer.


The landowner, Adam Knight, had no idea his English longhorn cattle were grazing on top of a rich fossil seam, recalling a time, 183 million years ago, when his farm would have been lying under warm tropical ocean waters.


Leaks are a widespread and complicated problem: Across the UK, hundreds of thousands of kilometres of pipe - of varying age and in varying condition - supply millions of properties with water.


It's thought a further 10-15% is still squirrelled away on servers, in part because the owners worry they might be giving away commercial or defence secrets if they release the information.


At the moment, our knowledge of just over three-quarters of the planet's underwater terrain comes only from low-resolution satellite measurements that have inferred the presence of tall seamounts and deep valleys from the gravitational influence these features have on the sea surface.


And while the participants recognised new technologies were essential to fulfilling the quest, Dr Lucy Woodall cautioned that the 2030 project would fail unless it engaged all communities with an interest in the data.


She cited examples of companies going into coastal areas to map the seafloor and then not sharing any of the information with the local people whose livelihoods depended on those waters.


The high-tech drones are fitted with cameras and laser technology called light detection and ranging (LiDAR), which scans sewers for issues like cracks, holes, partial collapses, infiltration, and root ingress.


A spokesperson added: "It will actually create more work because, as we roll it out, we'll be able to carry out more sewer inspections on parts of our waste water network that we could not reach using the traditional 'worker entry' methods.


"It will mean that the continuing uncertainty will drift on and we will have more of the problems we are already seeing, such as a brain drain and the exclusion of leadership from major programmes," he said.


The assumption was that if differences over the Northern Ireland Protocol could be resolved, the UK would fully re-join the Horizon programme under terms similar to those it had before Brexit.


Sources say that while some aspects of the Horizon programme are appealing to the Prime Minister, such as grants to individual scientists, he believes that larger institutional grants favour France and Germany and may not represent good value for money.


This would allow the UK government to sign up to those parts of the programme that appealed, then use the remainder of the money that would otherwise have been spent on Horizon on its Plan B.


If the Prime Minister has not been close to the discussion, we need to make clear that that is the message from the research community and in the UK's economic interest to secure this deal as quickly as possible," she said.


Prof James Wilsdon, a specialist in research policy at University College London, said the failure to commit to the current arrangement on offer from the EU showed that the government was not listening to the science community.


"To keep the whole UK research system hanging on in limbo for two years while we ostensibly seek association; then to walk away when we finally have it in our grasp would, I think, be for many UK scientists, the final straw," he said.


But the EU went back on its part of the deal after disputes emerged over the Northern Ireland Protocol and British involvement in the prestigious programme has been left in limbo ever since.


He also failed to make a commitment to the programme when asked at Prime Minister's Questions this week and the FT has reported that he was holding back on committing to the programme.


In truth, the disturbance needed to unsettle the blocks is quite significant, and that got husband and wife geologists Drs Dylan and Anna Rood wondering about how these great stones could be used to decipher earthquake history.


Think about it: if a precariously balanced rock has held its position for 10,000 years without tipping over, it means the land around the stone hasn't experienced shaking above a certain level in all that time.


Can it expect a certain threshold of shaking once every 100 years, or every 1,000 years, or indeed only once every 10,000 years? The answer will bear directly on the cost of a safe construction as well as the insurance risk.


But there will be places where that record is sparse - places where it's known large tremors can occur but where the history of the size and frequency of events is extremely patchy.


For these sites, geologists will normally conduct what's called a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in which they'll try to model the possibilities, taking account of all the potential local sources of earthquakes, such as nearby fault lines.


But precisely how much shaking would be needed, and how long the blocks have been in this free-standing state are the two unknowns the team had to solve to use the PBRs as inverse seismometers.


Working out the second part - the "age of fragility" - relies on a smart technique that tracks changes induced in the rocks as they've been exposed to energetic space particles through time.


The reason this type of assessment is so useful in the specific case of Diablo Canyon is that the main quake "threat" comes from the so-called Hosgri Fault, which is located some 6km offshore, under water.


"And unlike [land faults] where you can just go dig trenches and reconstruct the magnitude-frequency relationship and the amount of slip per time, etc - that's incredibly hard to do with these offshore faults.


"The vertical joints set is all you need. And, once you know what you're looking for and get your eye in - they are actually much more ubiquitous than you might think."


If you want to know where the most inefficient housing stock is in a city, where energy is being wasted, where you could best target insulation expenditure - the new thermal data-sets will tell you.


It's not as big as the one we know at Chicxulub in Mexico, but still it speaks to a catastrophic event.


Dubbed Nadir Crater, the new feature sits more than 300m below the seabed, some 400km off the coast of Guinea, west Africa.


With a diameter of 8.5km, it's likely the asteroid that created it was a little under half a kilometre across.


The hidden depression was identified by Dr Uisdean Nicholson from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.


He'd been analysing seismic survey data, looking for somewhere to drill, to better understand past climatic changes on Earth.


The asteroid that created the Chicxulub Crater in the Gulf of Mexico is estimated to have been about 12km across.


It gouged out a 200km-wide depression, and in the process set off mighty earth tremors, tsunamis, and a global firestorm.


So much dusty material was thrown into the sky that Earth was plunged into a deep freeze.


"This would have generated a tsunami over one kilometre high, as well as an earthquake of Magnitude 6.5 or so.


"The energy released would have been around 1,000 times greater than that from the January 2022 eruption and tsunami in Tonga."


But to make a definitive statement, rocks in the crater itself would need to be pulled up and examined.


Or it might have struck the planet a million or two years either side of the Mexican cataclysm.


Scientists will only know for sure when rocks from the west African crater are inspected in the lab


When the penguins poop on Antarctica's Elephant Island, a little bit of magic happens in the soil.


The name comes from Sphenisciformes - the label used to describe penguins' grouping in the avian tree of life.


The crystalline compound is just one of roughly 6,000 such minerals recognised today by the International Mineralogical Association.


Simply put, minerals are specific combinations of chemical elements arranged into an ordered, crystalline form.


Biology has had a direct or indirect role in the creation of about 50% of mineral species.


Oxygen is a very reactive gas, and it changes the surface of Earth by oxidising minerals.


So more than 2,000 new minerals formed on Earth as a result of oxygen in the atmosphere.


"Scientists and engineers would love to be able to reproduce what life is able to do."


Hazen's and Morrison's work is summarised in twin papers published by the international journal American Mineralogist.


The pair have built a database of every known process of formation for every known mineral species.


For each mineral, the duo detail the recipe used; the particular physical, chemical or biological process involved - and combinations thereof.


"So, we see many different kinds of calcite, and that's key to our new approach to mineralogy."


At the other extreme are the mineral whippersnappers that totally owe their existence to just a few centuries of human industrialisation.


It's their local associations that's going to be the smoking gun for life on Mars."


It's a policy making position they should continue to occupy beyond the pandemic, writes Prof Ruth Morgan. But how?


The rate of ice melt, the impact of a global pandemic, the capabilities of artificial intelligence, and the impact of fake news.


But science will need to become more than this if we are to make the breakthroughs in the global issues we currently face.


It is probably not contentious to suggest that complex global challenges need science involved in the search for those solutions.


We need many different (and perhaps disruptive) perspectives to a specific issue to find the right solutions.


The World Economic Forum's Young Scientists programme seeks to bring together some of the brightest minds in science from across the world.


As Young Scientists, we have found a role for scientists as ambassadors and communicators, and not just as subject matter experts.


This type of dialogue, often started at specific events, continues throughout the year, and  creates conversations.


The UK government's vaccine taskforce has delivered a national rollout of vaccines at a pace that is phenomenal.


This success has its roots in many decisions that were made in very early 2020 in a climate of great uncertainty.


But science isn't only needed when the challenge we face has a clear scientific dimension like a pandemic or climate change.


These issues rarely have simple, single-discipline solutions that can be identified in one-off events or meetings.


The Uncrewed Surface Vessel (USV) Maxlimer is part-way through mapping the opening, or caldera, of the underwater Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano.


The data collected so far has confirmed earlier reports of continuing volcanic activity from HTHH.


In a dark control room in Sea-Kit's HQ, several large screens display live feed images from the 10 cameras on board Maxlimer.


Operators, who work in shifts around the clock, watch on as real-time data gets beamed in from the South Pacific.


"The boat has been designed from the ground up to be remotely controlled and remotely operated.


When surveying a dangerous area such as the active HTHH volcano, remote control ensures no crew are put in harm's way.


As there is no onboard crew to support, the vessel can be much smaller, leading to reduced carbon dioxide emissions.


The eruption of HTHH in January caused extensive damage far beyond Tonga, triggering a massive tsunami that spread across the Pacific Ocean.


Maxlimer is currently taking a short break while some rough weather passes through the region.


A ferocious-looking fossil fish has been unearthed from a remarkable new Jurassic dig site just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire.


The creature - a tuna-like predator called Pachycormus - is beautifully preserved in three dimensions.


With its big teeth and eyes, it gives the impression it is about to launch an attack.


"Its mouth is open - and it looks like it's coming out at you from the rock."


The couple found the fish head in a grassy bank behind a cow shed in the village of Kings Stanley.


It had been encased in one of the many limestone nodules that were falling out from an exposed clay layer.


A digger was brought in to extract hundreds more of the nodules, which were carefully cracked open to see what they held inside.


Scientists say they are stunned by what they've learnt about the ferocity of the Tonga volcanic eruption in January.


When the underwater mountain blew its top, it sent ash and water-vapour half-way to space, and generated tsunami waves across the globe.


A survey by New Zealand and UK vessels has now fully mapped the area around the Pacific volcano.


It shows the seafloor was scoured and sculpted by violent debris flows out to a distance of over 80km (50 miles).


The mapping exercise at the Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Haʻapai seamount was led by NZ's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (Niwa).


Two-thirds of that was the ash and rock ejected out through the volcano's caldera, or opening.


This transport took the form of pyroclastic density currents, which are avalanches of tumbling, scorching rock and gas.


The survey work tracked flows that even managed to travel up and over elevations of several hundred metres.


This explains, for example, the loss of the submarine cable connecting Tonga to the global internet.


A good example is the biggest wave to hit Tonga's main island, Tongatapu, 65km to the south of Hunga-Tonga.


A wall of water several metres high washed over the Kanokupolu peninsula, destroying beach resorts in the process.


Niwa natural hazards specialist Dr Emily Lane believes an atmospheric pressure anomaly increased the height of the tsunami waves.


The Niwa survey, formally called the Tonga Eruption Seabed Mapping Project (TESMaP), was carried out in two parts.


The first stage, which mapped and sampled the seafloor around the volcano, was conducted from New Zealand's Research Vessel (RV) Tangaroa.


The second stage, directly above the mountain, was given over to the British robot boat USV Maxlimer.


It's remarkable that only six people died in the 15 January event, and two of those were in Peru.


"There are five additional just surrounding Tongatapu. It means we need more planning and urgent planning."


There will be a chance to see all the planets in the solar system in the night sky on Thursday.


Five should be visible with the naked eye, while the two furthest away, Uranus and Neptune, will be better viewed with binoculars.


It will be challenging to see Mercury and Venus in the UK due to their low position in the sky.


Dr Massey advises sky-watchers to try to find a clear vantage point to look towards the south-west horizon shortly after sunset.


Venus should appear the brightest, low in the south-west towards the horizon, but it will be a challenge from the UK.


Jupiter is the next brightest planet, and should appear higher in the sky where Saturn should also be visible.


Skies are forecast to be clearest in the south-west of England and the south and west of Wales.


In June Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were visible when they aligned in a rare planetary conjunction.


Pipebots are laden with sensors and designed to be small enough to patrol water pipes without blocking them


Engineers have now developed miniature robots to patrol the pipe network, check for faults and prevent leaks.


Water industry body Water UK told BBC News that companies were already "investing billions" in leakage.


It named several that it said were "letting down customers and the environment" by not spending enough on improvements.


And, amid the cost of living crisis, Ofwat estimates 20% of customers in England and Wales struggle to pay their water bill.


In the last year, though, according to Ofwat, companies have reduced leakage by an average of about 6%.


The industry has committed to a government target of halving the amount of water lost by 2050.


We visited the site of a leak repair with Essex and Suffolk Water, which is owned by Northumbria Water.


"We've covered the biggest leaks - burst pipes that that people see. It's these smaller, hidden leaks that we need to find."


"Companies only respond reactively to faults at the moment, not proactively," explains Prof Kirill Horoshenkov.


"We need to have the presence of robots so they can continuously collect data before the onset of faults."


They're designed to make decisions about whether the pipe is likely to develop a fault or not."


Artificial intelligence specialist Prof Netta Cohen from the University of Leeds says the biggest challenge for pipebots is communication.


"Underground, there's no GPS. So they will communicate with each other at short ranges (using sound or wifi)."


She and her colleagues are developing a system where a larger "mother" robot carries and deploys a group of miniature robots.


"They will deposit these little guys to go into the smaller pipes and collect them when they're done," explained Prof Cohen.


"We will need a whole society of these robots to work in all these kilometres of pipe.


"If you think about the state of our infrastructure," she added, "it is so urgent to do something.


The water pipes beneath our feet, said Prof Cohen, are some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth.


At ICAIR, the team hopes the first pipebots will patrol the water network within five years.


They've traced the problem to the failure of protective material that was lining the throat of an engine nozzle.


When it became clear Vega-C wouldn't make it to orbit, a self-destruct command was sent, which also annihilated the satellites onboard.


The rocket stage, or segment, that failed in December, was the Zefiro 40, which ignites about 144 seconds after lift-off.


It was the only stage to use this particular carbon-carbon throat insert, manufactured in Ukraine.


Both have a total of four stages that they burn in sequence as they climb higher and higher into the sky.


Crucially, the old Vega has a different second stage and this will allow for an earlier flight.


"It will be by the end of summer," said Stéphane Israël, the CEO of Arianespace, the company that operates the rocket.


The Ariane-5, Europe's biggest rocket, has only two more flights this year before it is withdrawn.


Its Euclid telescope and Hera asteroid missions will go up on SpaceX Falcon-9 vehicles in 2023 and 2024 respectively.


Slowly but surely the proportion of the global ocean floor that's been properly mapped is rising.


It's now up to just shy of a quarter of the total area under water - at 23.4%.


Some 10 million sq km (3.8 million sq miles) of new bathymetric (depth) data was added in the past year.


The update was given at the second UN Ocean Conference, taking place this week in Lisbon, Portugal.


"One of the messages we're trying to get across is that we don't require high-resolution data.


Sea maps are essential for safe navigation, obviously, but also for fisheries management and conservation.


In addition, the rugged seafloor influences the behaviour of ocean currents and the vertical mixing of water.


Water piles up over the mass of a large submarine mountain and dips slightly where there is a trench.


It's super smart but an underwater mountain that's hundreds of metres tall can still fail to show up in such observations.


And this isn't just about measurements from big ships; small ocean-going yachts fitted with data loggers can also make a contribution.


Many parts of the world are so remote, few ships will visit them, let alone acquire depth data in those regions.


It was gathered by the Saildrone Surveyor on a cruise between San Francisco and Honolulu last year.


The marine robotics company Ocean Infinity is currently building a fleet of 78m-long ships in Vietnam.


Their work would be overseen from satellite-linked control centres in the UK, the US and a third location somewhere in Asia.


Progress to full mapping of the seafloor was discussed in a side meeting at this week's UN Ocean Conference.


It carried out the UK's first drone inspection at a sewer on Bath Street, Glasgow in July.


Similar inspections are expected to be rolled out in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and some rural areas.


Scottish Water said the more accurate inspections will cut the cost of repairs and maintenance and reduce the risk of flooding and pollution.


Two workers pilot a drone as it flies along pipes and can inspect the area using video.


It added that the technology would not adversely affect jobs, pay or conditions of any workers involved.


The technology including its software was developed by Environmental Techniques, a surveyor based in Northern Ireland.


Scottish Water said the drones would be flown to parts of its 33,000-mile network that traditional surveys could not reach.


But the specific adaptation of both drone and the 3D LiDAR modelling is what makes this special.


That quality is four times better than a HD TV and it's certainly a first in Britain.


Prof Sir Adrian Smith told BBC News that reneging on government promises would be damaging to UK science.


His comments follow reports that Rishi Sunak was holding back on re-joining the €95bn programme, known as Horizon.


BBC News understands that he is considering renegotiating a cut-down version of the Horizon programme.


This would be a UK-led programme involving collaboration with non-EU as well as European nations.


It was developed in case a research agreement could not be reached with the EU.


All history shows that this kind of cherry-picking and negotiation Is not up for grabs.


Horizon Europe is a collaborative research programme involving Europe's leading research institutes and hi-tech companies.


The agreement of the Windsor Framework last week paved the way for the UK to re-join.


We've all seen them; we've even taken pictures of ourselves pretending to hold them up or to push them over.


As proof of principle they studied PBRs near the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant in coastal Central California.


The amount of shaking is worked out by taking lots of photos of the PBRs and making a 3D model.


Various equations will then elicit the strength of the ground accelerations required to topple the rock.


Cosmic rays when they hit the oxygen atoms in chert's quartz minerals will generate the radioactive element beryllium-10.


The results of the PBR investigation for the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant should be reassuring, says Anna.


But how available are they? Can you find sufficient numbers of them to make inverse seismometers a widely applicable technique?


Drs Dylan and Anna Rood, and colleagues, report their PBR work in the journal AGU Advances.


But we say no, no, no - there are 10, 15 maybe 20 different kinds of calcite, because the calcite deposited by a shell is very different from the calcite that forms on the ocean floor through just chemical precipitation, or calcite formed deep within the Earth in a process of metamorphism - of high pressure and high temperature.


We have seen a range of different responses to the global pandemic and involvement of science in policy decisions, from closing borders and restricting all movement of people to more graded restrictions on household mixing, face mask policy, and the creation of exemptions for certain groups of people.


The vessel, developed by the British company Sea-Kit International, is surveying the volcano as part of the second phase of the Tonga Eruption Seabed Mapping Project (TESMaP), led by New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (Niwa) and funded by the Nippon Foundation of Japan.


The Niwa team says there were essentially four ways water was displaced to generate these tsunamis: by the density flows pushing the water out of the way; through the explosive force of the eruption also pushing on the water; as a result of the dramatic collapse of the caldera floor (it's dropped by 700m); and by pressure waves from the atmospheric blast acting on the sea surface.


All the results from TESMaP will feed ultimately into hazard mitigation, in preparing Pacific nations sited close to the volcanic zone that runs from New Zealand's North Island all the way to Samoa. They'll know better now where to build infrastructure and how to protect it; and, importantly, to appreciate the scale of the risk they face.


"Mars at the moment is at its best from the UK now until about 2032. It's going to be quite a long time before we see this one again, so it's well worth taking a look now," Dr Robert Massey of the Royal Astronomical Society told BBC News.


Colin Day from Essex and Suffolk Water said: "In [this region] alone, we look after more than 8,500km (5,282 miles) of pipe and only about half the leaks in those pipes are visible, which means it's complicated to pinpoint where [the rest] are."


"But I think it confirms to the community that, first of all, we have well understood the problem, and, secondly, that the measures we're putting in place are well accepted as the right ones, and therefore we have full confidence that we will succeed," he told BBC News.


"I would argue to those of you in the room who think technology has got to be the way - I would argue that, actually, people are the way because unless people are asking the questions, unless we have a dialogue with all the voices in the room, then we're not going to ask, and therefore we can't answer, those right questions," the chief scientist with Nekton, a UK-based oceans NGO, told the meeting.


Prof Sarah Main of the Campaign for Science and Engineering said that the UK's previous fruitful membership of the EU programme had attracted investment from the hi-tech companies her organisation represents and that her members want nothing short of the full association that is currently on the table.


When the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and Mr Sunak were asked about re-entry to the Horizon programme at a joint press conference, Ms von der Leyen enthusiastically remarked that it was "good news for scientists and researchers, in the European Union and in the UK," but Mr Sunak did not comment.


When an asteroid slammed into what is now the Gulf of Mexico 66 million years ago, wiping out the dinosaurs, did it have a companion?


The discovery of what seems to be a second impact crater on the other side of the Atlantic, of a very similar age, is raising these questions.


Such surveys, frequently obtained by oil and gas prospectors, record the different layers of rock and sediment underground, often to a depth of several kilometres.


"These surveys are kind of like an ultrasound of Earth. I've spent probably the last 20 years interpreting them, but I've never seen anything like this," he told BBC News.


"Nadir's shape is diagnostic of an asteroid impact. It's got a raised rim surrounding a central uplift area, and then layers of debris that extend outwards."


"Our simulations suggest this crater was caused by the collision of a 400m-wide asteroid in 500-800m of water," explained Dr Veronica Bray from the University of Arizona, US.


Nadir has been given a very similar date to Chicxulub based on an analysis of fossils of known age that were drilled from a nearby borehole.


This would also confirm Nadir is indeed an asteroid impact structure and not some other, unrelated feature caused by, for example, ancient volcanism.


The idea that Earth may have been hit by a cluster of large space rocks in the past is not a new one.


And people have already speculated that the impactor that created Boltysh Crater in Ukraine may also be related to the Chicxulub event in some way.


Prof Sean Gulick, who co-led the recent project to drill into the Chicxulub Crater, said Nadir might have fallen to Earth on the same day.


"Was this a break-up of a parent body that had multiple fragments that hit Earth over time? Was Chicxulub a double asteroid where a smaller object orbited a bigger one?


But the IMA's classification system, which describes so much of the "hard stuff" all around us, has just undergone something of a reboot.


Dr Robert Hazen from the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington DC has spent the past 15 years reclassifying the minerals to add information about their genesis.


You'll know some of the most common ones, such as feldspar, quartz and mica, which make up the granite in a kitchen worktop.


But with colleague Dr Shaunna Morrison, the Carnegie Institution researcher has tried to give the thousands of different mineral species some extra context.


The point the pair are making is that you can't truly appreciate the significance of a mineral unless you also understand how and when it formed.


Their research shows nature has used 57 "recipes" to create 10,500 of what they like to call "mineral kinds" - by crushing, zapping, boiling, baking and more.


"These are shells, teeth, bones, and other structures in organisms that are purposefully deposited and sculpted in the most amazing nano-technology kinds of ways.


Dr Hazen said: "The previous system of mineralogy said calcite is calcite; that's calcium carbonate in the calcite crystal structure, that's a species.


For example, there are 500 or so minerals that are the direct result of mining activity; 234 of these are produced in coal mine fires.


Hazen's and Morrison's work not only puts the mineralogy of Earth into its proper historical context, it also becomes a tool to investigate other worlds.


These are all big challenges where science informs us and pioneers the tools we need to unlock the next steps in tackling them.


At the same time, we also need to be clear about what science can and can't do as we look for solutions.


It is individuals, teams and communities who are the changemakers, and so good science needs to incorporate a clear and nuanced understanding of people.


Yet, the way we involve science in significant policy decisions, and incorporate both technical knowledge along with understanding the wider impact on the communities affected, is really varied.


Creating spaces for this kind of ongoing interaction makes it possible for science that engages deeply with people, societies and their physical and cultural environments.


That kind of dialogue will lead to significant opportunities for decisions based on science to be integrated into strategy, horizon scanning, and in developing the solutions that have real impact.


In the UK, we are seeing the promise of this kind of dialogue that has taken place in the response to the pandemic.


Science has a contribution to make as we seek to tackle every kind of big challenge, whether that is global poverty, education, equality or securing justice.


Scientists can bring data, insights and transformational discoveries, but they can also bring alternative viewpoints and ways of thinking to tackle the big issues of our time.


They need collective, multidisciplinary, interactive, creative, strategic thinking that incorporates not only economics, politics, policy and business insights, but also science.


For real impact and change this needs to become the norm and it needs to be happening across the board, within government, and in business and industry.


We have never lived in a time when creating opportunities for scientists to be incorporated into global leadership and decision making has been more urgent.


If we can make it a reality, we will ultimately be able to collectively deliver the solutions that are needed to address the big global threats of today and tomorrow.


Ruth Morgan is a Professor of Crime and Forensic Science and Vice Dean (Interdisciplinarity Entrepreneurship) at University College London's Faculty of Engineering Sciences.


A robot boat, controlled from the UK, has returned from an initial survey of the underwater Tongan volcano that erupted explosively back in January.


A winch on the boat allows instruments to be deployed at depths, reaching 300m, in order to collect data from the entire water column.


The 12m-long Maxlimer may be in Tonga, but it is being remotely controlled from 16,000km away in the small coastal village of Tollesbury in Essex.


"We use 5% of the fuel that an equivalent manned vessel doing the same job that we're doing now would use," Ashley said.


Once conditions improve, the boat will head back out to the underwater volcano to fill in remaining gaps in its map of the caldera.


The collected data will help us understand why the eruption had such a huge and violent impact, as well as help predict the nature of future eruptions.


"It was a real surprise because, when you find fossils, most of the time they've been pressed flat through pressure over time," Neville told BBC News.


"But when we prepared this one, to reveal its bones bit by bit, it was amazing because we suddenly realised its skull was uncrushed.


Mr Knight gave permission to Neville and Sally, and a team led from the University of Manchester, to investigate the bank further.


The haul included more fish, squids and even the bones of two ichthyosaurs, hugely successful marine reptiles that looked a bit like a large dolphin.


Interestingly for a marine setting, there is also fossilised wood and insects in the clay layer, suggesting land was not that far away.


There is particular interest because the specimens were extracted from a rare UK example of a time slice in the early Jurassic - the Toarcian Stage.


It is known for exceptional preservation, including of soft tissues, and the team has a fish, for example, in which it is possible to see the stomach contents.


"The last comparable exposure like this was the so-called Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, in Somerset, in the 1800s - that got built over," Sally said.


They recently uncovered the remains of mammoths in the nearby Cotswold Water Park, featured in a BBC documentary fronted by Sir David Attenborough.


They also made headlines with the discovery of thousands of fossilised echinoderms - starfish, sea urchins and brittle stars - in a quarry in the north of the county.


"These sites tell you there are still many nationally and indeed internationally significant fossil discoveries yet to be made in the UK," Dr Lomax said.


The intention is to stage a public display of the fossils at the Boho Bakery Café, which is very close to Court Farm, in October.


The gathered data indicates that at least 9.5 cubic km, perhaps as much as 10 cubic km, of material was displaced during the cataclysmic event.


"You can think of it as 'a shotgun blast' straight up into the sky," said marine geologist and Niwa project director Dr Kevin Mackay.


"Some of that material went beyond even the stratosphere into the mesosphere (57km in altitude) - the highest recorded eruption column in human history," he told BBC News.


The other third was material scraped off the top and the sides of Hunga-Tonga as debris fell back down to sweep out across the ocean bottom.


In water, their searing heat would have enveloped them in a frictionless steam cushion on which they could simply run and run at very high speed.


A large section was cut out of this data link despite lying 50km to the south of Hunga-Tonga and beyond a large hill on the seafloor.


"And yet, amazingly, just under the rim of the volcano, in places that avoided these density currents, you do find life. You find sponges. They dodged a bullet."


Waves were recorded across the Pacific but also in other ocean basins - in the Atlantic and even in the Mediterranean Sea.


"For the big local waves - in order to understand them correctly, I believe you also have to have this atmospheric coupling," she explained.


Operated by Sea-Kit International from a control room 16,000km away in Tollesbury, UK, this uncrewed vehicle was able to identify ongoing, albeit relatively subdued, volcanic activity.


The boat did this by tracing a persistent layer of glassy ash in the caldera back to its source - a new vent cone some 200m under water.


TESMaP was funded by the Nippon Foundation of Japan and organised with the help of Seabed2030, which is an international effort to properly chart Earth's ocean floor.


Those further south, including southern Europe or closer to the equator, are more likely to be able to see all the planets appear in a vertical line up into the sky.


Anyone looking through a telescope should be able to see details like the moons of Jupiter and perhaps cloud systems or dark markings on Jupiter and Mars, Dr Massey says.


Around three billion litres of water are lost through leaks across hundreds of thousands of miles of water pipe in England and Wales daily, says water industry economic regulator Ofwat.


According to Water UK, three companies - South East Water, South West Water, and Yorkshire Water - still have localised hosepipe bans in place following the summer drought.


"We're adopting the latest technology, including special in-pipe cameras; satellite imaging; thermal drone technology, high-tech probes, and artificial intelligence," it told BBC News.


At a suburban site, a team was carefully excavating - navigating the overlying sewer pipe, gas supply and electricity cables to locate an underground leak.


"This one wasn't visible - we detected it through monitoring flow in our network," said Colin Day from Essex and Suffolk Water.


Essex and Suffolk Water is testing "non-dig" repairs, including sealants that can be safely injected into pipes to repair cracks before they develop into a major leak.


A new generation of underground robotic pipe patrollers is being tested at the Integrated Civil and Infrastructure Research Centre (ICAIR) at the University of Sheffield.


They are being developed in collaboration with the water industry to patrol pipes and find cracks and weaknesses before they develop into leaks.


Holding the toy car-sized robot in his hand, Prof Horoshenkov explained: "They move along the pipe, taking pictures and they have a microphone to listen to the pipe.


Until then, each time there is a leak, the water companies will have to dig -  around the maze of sewer pipes, gas supplies and cables - to fix it.


The fault that resulted in the loss of Europe's premier small rocket, Vega-C, during a launch in December has been identified by investigators.


The European Space Agency (Esa) said on Friday the measures needed to address the failure meant that Vega-C would not fly again until later this year.


When it does finally return to the launch pad, it will be given the task of lofting Sentinel-1C, an eagerly awaited radar spacecraft owned by the European Union.


Nonetheless, a programme is now being put in place by the Italian rocket producer Avio to ensure components right across the Vega-C vehicle meet the highest quality possible in future.


A new insert material will be sourced, and a full-duration firing of a Zefiro 40 segment will be conducted on the ground to prove its robustness.


Satellite operators in Europe were already chasing a limited number of rocket rides, and December's failure has complicated their options still further.


The war in Ukraine, and the resulting western sanctions, mean Russian Soyuz rockets - a mainstay of European space operations - are no longer on the market.


Much of this additional data comes not from recent mapping efforts, however, but simply as a result of governments, institutions and companies agreeing to open up their archives.


"But they really needn't worry," said Jamie McMichael-Phillips, director of Seabed 2030, the organisation that is trying to corral world efforts to obtain a complete picture of Earth's ocean bottom.


"One depth value in an area the size of a European football pitch, 100m by 100m or thereabouts, isn't going to give away national or commercial secrets."


This is information required to improve the models that forecast future climate change - because it is the oceans that play a pivotal role in moving heat around the planet.


The UK's new polar ship, the RRS Sir David Attenborough, is equipped to map millions of sq km of ocean bottom over its career.


The yellow rectangle in the centre is a cover made of a synthetic material over the 8m-long array of transmitting transducers for the deep-water multibeam echosounding system.


Seabed 2030, which is funded by Japan's Nippon Foundation, is encouraging anyone who ventures away from the land to switch on their sonar equipment and take depth soundings.


The Texan financier is using a submersible to visit the deepest places in the world's oceans, but everywhere he goes his support ship switches on its echosounder.


When we go on an expedition we ask [Seabed 2030], 'what are your priority areas?'; and we divert a little bit to cover those areas."


It's clear, however, that to come close to obtaining a full picture of the shape of Earth's ocean bottom, there will need to be a step change in approach and capability.


There is a glimpse of how this will work in one line of data featured in the map at the top of this page.


Regulations will probably mean they have to be lean-crewed for the near future, but the goal eventually is to have them roving the ocean without anyone onboard.


Such ships could be sent out on long missions to map hard to reach areas at much lower cost than would be incurred by a conventional crewed vessel.


The utility company said the technology replaces the need for workers to carry out inspections, will provide more accurate readings about conditions and will help reduce emissions.


This method replaces 15 workers who would have traditionally carried out inspections - though this method will still be used in other parts of the network.


Scottish Water said the drones help cut down on staff working in dangerous conditions in confined spaces with the risk of hazardous gases.


It added this method could reduce carbon emissions from sewer surveys by as much as 80% by reducing the number of site vans and vehicle deliveries.


Iain Jones, the company's risk and life cycle planning manager, said: "Drones have been put into sewers elsewhere with limited capabilities and limited success.


"Some of the sewers pre-date the Victorian era and are more than 160 years-old and we need information to enable us to make good decisions about how to rehabilitate them if necessary."


PM Rishi Sunak should not go back on his pledge to re-join the EU's science research programme, the President of The Royal Society has warned.


Prof Smith told BBC News that ministers had consistently said that they were fully supportive of full association with the Horizon programme once the EU gave the green light.


"There is a great deal of concern and anxiety at the rumours that there is now a desire to renegotiate our association of the Horizon programme.


But BBC News understands that Mr Sunak is keen on an alternative research programme put together by ministers, known as "Plan B".


While no decision has yet been taken, one option under consideration is for a complete renegotiation of the terms of the Horizon agreement currently in place with the EU.


"There is an assumption that we are in charge of the renegotiation and that we can have the good bits and get out of the not so good bits.


''The whole thing is a package and the point is that the entire programme has in the past been good for the UK," he said.


EU member nations each contribute funds which are then allocated to individuals or organisations by expert scientists based on the merit of research proposals.


The government negotiated associate membership of the programme in the withdrawal agreement following Brexit, because it felt it was important for the UK to be involved.


"The turn of phrase we're trying to coin is that these precariously balanced rocks, or PBRs, are an 'inverse seismometer'," explains Anna.


"A normal seismometer records an event that has happened, whereas our PBR is still standing there, and so it records an earthquake that hasn't happened.


This is really useful information if you want to build a nuclear power station or waste repository; or maybe a major dam or bridge.


Knowing how robust that structure needs to be requires an understanding of the seismic hazards that could reasonably be foreseen during its lifetime.


Planners may be fortunate in that the location where they want to put up that new power station already has a detailed, instrumented record of seismic behaviour.


What Dylan and Anna have now shown is that any precariously balanced rocks in the vicinity can be used to constrain those models by excluding the most far-out-there possibilities.


These are tall chert blocks that have eroded free of the surrounding rock platform and as a consequence could fall over given the right amount of shaking.


Counting the amount of Be-10 in the blocks' surfaces therefore gives an estimate for how long the stones have been in their precarious situation.


"We all know we're on shaky ground in California, but our results show that it's not as shaky as we had feared.


Satellite Vu is attracting a lot of interest with its plans to fly a network of spacecraft to map heat signatures across the planet.


Such observations have long been made, but not at the resolution (3-4m) and frequency (several times a day) that the London firm is promising.


Dave was a quiet child and he rarely talked to anyone.


He  does not like  running like other kids and making noise.


Someone from the landed UFO spoke to Dave in an unexpectedly friendly tone:


He said that his people had been  observing Earth for one thousand years.


Listening to this the little boy Dave was silent for a little period.


So, while he pondered his options, he looked down at his hands.


That's when he had an epiphany and stretched his left arm.


The Alien Gygar was stained with the taste of candy bars.


He kept on eating another bite of the chocolate.


Gygar exclaimed, "This is the most amazing dish I've ever tasted!"


He asked Dave "And you claim you make it here on Earth?".


So Gygar returned without destroying earth and kept visiting Earth to eat chocolate.


Once Manoj and his friends were playing in an open place.


While they are playing an object which was large crashed into the playground.


The object was like an unidentified flying object (UFO).


Manoj and his friends came to the crashed site.


Suddenly a ball came rolling to them from the UFO.


Suddenly manoj grew 200 times larger than his original height.


Manoj removed the belt and he came to his original height once again.


Kiran took the belt from Manoj and started observing the belt.


They saw a robot which was lying on the floor.


Manoj clicked the ‘start’ button unknowingly and UFO started to fly.


After sometime they were landed on a planet.


They got out of the UFO and started walking.


Dave was at a party and eating his candy bar quietly in a corner, sitting on the grass in the park, and clutching the candy bar softly but firmly in his left palm.


He preferred to sit quietly in a corner and read a book, watch a movie, or, in this case, enjoy a candy bar.


In fact, he genuinely considered sobbing and fleeing, which is usually a smart idea when confronted with something terrifying, but Dave assumed it would be considered a forfeit, and Gygar would blow up the Earth.


Confused, Gygar opened one of his right hands and allowed the little human to place something brown in his green palm, half-covered by a plastic wrapper.


Ginger said that he needs that candy bar again and again and if they destroy the earth he would not be able to have candy bars.


Gygar shrugged and took a bite of chocolate.


Manoj picked it up and started observing it.


All his friends looked at him surprisingly.


He saw a symbol which represented a robot.


While all of them are observing the UFO.


Suddenly, many robots came and surrounded them.


The other kids liked Dave, but because of his quiet nature turned some of them off.


That day Dave unwrapped the candy bar and was about to take the first bite when he noticed lights above him.


He was surprised when he looked up as it was a spacecraft descending from the sky.


My name is Gygar and I am from the planet Ramzok many, many lightyears from here.” That was Alien.


His six-year-old shoulders were suddenly bearing the weight of the universe, and he wasn't sure he was equal to it.


Dave pretended to eat while explaining to the alien what he should do with the candy bar.


That's how this peaceful young guy saved the planet while also introducing chocolate to the farthest reaches of the universe.


The area just outside Earth's atmosphere is known as space, commonly known as outer space.


The Kármán Line, which is roughly 100 kilometres or 62 miles above the Earth, is where space officially begins.


There is no oxygen in space, unlike on Earth, which is why astronauts must travel in high-tech spacesuits.


Space is a vacuum, meaning it is absolutely devoid of any substance, such as air, making it absolutely quiet and dark.


Since sound is transmitted by air molecules, it is impossible for sound to exist in space without them.


Harry Styles' introspective-but-gossipy pop smash As It Was has been named the UK's most-streamed song of 2022.


It was also the biggest song globally on Spotify and Deezer, with Justin Bieber's Stay topping Apple's chart.


Styles has said the song is about "metamorphosis", as he reflects on loneliness, growing up and moving on.


Spotify said As It Was had been streamed a total of 1.5 billion times this year.


While Styles' hit was uniformly loved across the three streaming services, there was a huge divergence further down the chart.


Apple's audience leaned more towards pop, charting songs by Adele and Elton John that didn't appear in Spotify's list.


Deezer, which has a much smaller market share, restricted its charts to music released in 2022.


Taylor Swift was the most-played artist for those listeners, with Drake and Ed Sheeran in second and third place.


Meanwhile, LF System's Chaka Khan-sampling dance hit Afraid To Feel was the most Shazammed song of the year.


"Yaaasss! It's an honour that people want to discover and hear our music," said the Scottish duo.


Other streaming services, including YouTube and Amazon Music, have yet to release their figures.


And for the first time, they'll be shown how many times they pressed play on their favourite song.


But some of the people who work on the app are reluctant to make their results public.


"The music we enjoy throughout the year becomes like a soundtrack," said Oliver Schusser, vice president of Apple Music.


"It's really fun to be able to go back and relive those meaningful and memorable moments over again."


People cut back on video streaming services in their droves last year as the cost of living rose sharply.


Demand had picked up again at Christmas, Kantar said, but people were "quickly looking to cut back again".


Inflation, the rate at which prices rise, is at its highest level for about 40 years, hitting people's finances.


It was the only streaming service that they were subscribed to but chose to make the cut to help save costs.


Instead he and his partner use options that do not require an upfront subscription fee, such as Channel 4 on demand.


One of its main rivals, Walt Disney, has also continued to grow its streaming business despite cost-of-living pressures.


The Golden Globe Awards take place in Los Angeles later, but it is uncertain how many nominees will attend.


The Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) was accused of ethical lapses and a lack of diversity in 2021.


As a result, some stars denounced the Globes, but others are aware of the awards momentum a win there can bring.


The HFPA announced a series of reforms in an effort to restore faith following a string of damaging allegations.


While the 2022 Globes ceremony was pared down and not televised, this year they are attempting a comeback.


The HFPA will hope that announcing such big names in advance will encourage others to show up.


In 2021 he handed back his three Golden Globes in light of the controversy engulfing the HFPA.


Prior to the controversy, the Golden Globes were one of the more popular awards ceremonies with viewers.


One reason for the ceremony's high entertainment value was the often shrewd choice of presenter.


While not a household name in the UK, Carmichael is a well-known figure on the US comedy circuit.


"Tables heaped with free booze, [when] other awards are theatre seating and totally dry.


I quickly found that the threat of hearing something awful about themselves made them listen."


Inventive multiverse comedy-drama Everything Everywhere All at Once, starring Michelle Yeoh, follows with six.


Babylon, Damien Chazelle's reflection on 1920s Hollywood, has five nominations, as does Steven Spielberg's autobiographical The Fabelmans.


This is largely down to the crucial fact that the Globes ceremony is televised.


A well-received speech can put them on the radar of the large number of Academy voters who watch the Globes.


Austin Butler, Diego Calva and Barry Keoghan are among the younger nominees this year.


The interest is hardly surprising - Khan is among India's biggest and most-loved stars.


His fans endearingly refer to him as King Khan or the King of Bollywood.


Reports say there has been "exceptional response" to advanced ticket sales in the US, UAE, Germany and Australia.


The plot, described by fans as a crossover between James Bond and Mission Impossible films, is rather predictable.


A terrorist group is seeking to destroy India with "an attack they could not have imagined".


The two-and-half-minute trailer has excited fans and critics alike, who've been gushing over the scale of the project.


Khan has had a fair share of troubles with the press and critics in the past.


"Khan is one of the remaining few actors who represents that past which some sections want to be obliterated completely.


There have been sustained calls to boycott Pathaan and abusive hashtags have trended on social media.


"They will watch Pathaan first day first show because they have missed him on screen," she adds.


Chatterjee says he has "some reservations" about the movie, but it is "a daring idea".


And whether the gamble pays off or not, one thing is certain: "You don't miss a Shah Rukh Khan film," he says.


Netflix has launched its 'Basic with Ads' streaming plan in 12 countries - which it intends to expand over time.


It's a massive change for the tech giant, which pioneered the world of ad-free, subscription-based streaming.


But as rising costs and offerings from new rivals prompt audiences to quit, the company had to act.


In announcing the new service, Netflix said it was confident it now had a "price and plan for every fan".


Kaitlyn from South West London, told the BBC she had no plans to change.


More than a quarter had already moved to cut one, with concerns about cost ranking as the single biggest driver.


Disney, for example, is due to roll out an advert supported service in December in the US.


Netflix has said customers on its ad-supported plan will face an average of four to five minutes of adverts per hour.


"I wouldn't mind watching an advert if it meant it was cheaper," students Lottie and Frankie told the BBC.


Even if the audience is not large, it could still prove lucrative for Netflix.


Others, however, were "very keen to get involved in the initial launch phase", she added.


Netflix could generate $830m from commercials next year and more than $1bn by 2024, according to  estimates by Insider Intelligence.


But that's not the only thing questionable about Sima aunty - or the show.


She's still nicer to men - they are "good boys" while women are "inflexible" or "difficult" or even "superficial".


"You won't get 100%," she keeps reminding them, adding that "60-70%" is a reasonable expectation.


Critics also accuse the series of promoting stereotypes and say it makes no effort at diversity.


"It represents only one kind of people," says Shailaja Bajpayee, editorial adviser to The Print website.


And it has already been renewed for season three which will focus on matchmaking in the UK.


"Gone are the days when uncles and aunts and other relatives would suggest a match," Mr Nahata says.


And they're all looking for matches from the same background as in caste and religion.


You have one woman saying she doesn't just want a Gujarati match, but that he also must speak Gujarati.


"Some of the things we do and say and believe and have internalised over generations are cringey.


It's difficult to face those topics of conversations; it's difficult to see that reflected back at you."


But, she added, that by raising difficult topics, the series provided families an opportunity to have "tough conversations".


And this show is a hard-sell of a patriarchal construct - that marriage is a be-all and end-all."


"Over the course of my career I have been photographed and filmed by many talented men.


Even millennials - who would usually prefer memes, hyperbole and Reels - say they are enjoying her deep, thoughtful captions.


As one user put it: "The metaverse can be a quiet, graceful space, if you want it to be.


Of course, Aman is no stranger to fame and attention, both good and bad.


In the coming years, Aman would continue to be a trendsetter, experimenting with roles far ahead of their time.


"In the world of commercial Hindi cinema it is very easy to get stuck with labels.


Mind you, women have a very set thing to do - sing songs, look pretty," she told the BBC in 2013.


Aman's "Western image" was fiercely debated throughout her career but the actor remained comfortable in her skin.


Decades later, Aman is no longer the smouldering diva from the peak of her career.


Her thoughts about not wanting to dye her grey hair struck a chord with followers.


"I was initially reluctant to stop dyeing my hair, and was strongly advised against it...


In post after post, Aman insists that an older woman does not lose her beauty or agency.


"In general, as we age, men are bequeathed gravitas but women are at best offered sympathy," she writes.


Some women told the BBC that Aman's posts reminded them of their own vitality and agency.


Disney's streaming business has continued to grow - but its losses are rising too.


But the unit lost nearly $1.5bn - a hit that weighed on the company's overall bottom line.


Chief executive Bob Chapek said Disney+ had reached a "turning point" and would become profitable by 2024.


That was lower than analysts had expected, sending shares down more than 5% in after-hours trade.


"Quest for subscribers comes at a cost and success is not guaranteed," he said.


Mr Iger said that Disney's animation studio has sequels "in the works".


Meanwhile, the firm revealed its first fall in subscriber numbers since its Disney+ streaming service launched in 2019.


And Mr Iger said he would cut 7,000 jobs in a major shake-up of the entertainment giant.


In a call to investors, Mr Iger spoke about his plans to monetise some of its biggest franchises.


The latest instalments would be the third in the Frozen franchise and a second Zootopia.


There have already been four Toy Story films as well as last year's spin-off Lightyear.


The changes came alongside its latest quarterly figures, his first since he returned to Disney in November.


Mr Iger said the changes would "better position us to weather future disruption and global economic challenges".


Disney reported an 8% rise in sales to $23.5bn between October and December last year.


However, Disney+ reported a $1.5bn loss and its subscribers fell by around 2.4 million to 161.8 million.