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# 52013DC0494

**COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Public-private partnerships in Horizon 2020: a powerful tool to deliver on innovation and growth in Europe /\* COM/2013/0494 final \*/**

  

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Public-private partnerships in Horizon
2020: a powerful tool to deliver on innovation and growth in Europe

(Text with EEA relevance)

1.           Political context

Europe must invest
more and better in research and innovation. More research and innovation are
critical in order to create sustainable economic growth and jobs and to
reinforce Europe's international competitiveness. Research and innovation also
help us address major challenges such as combatting climate change, securing a
steady supply of clean energy or meeting the cost of an ageing population. However,
progress is slow towards the Europe 2020 objective of investing 3% of GDP in
R&D, with particular weaknesses in private investments.

The European Commission is working to
address this under-investment. The Europe 2020[1]
strategy and in particular the Innovation Union[2]
flagship initiative are providing a better environment for innovation. The
Commission's proposals for the next EU research and innovation programme, Horizon
2020[3] foresee funding along the entire
value chain, from fundamental research through to market introduction.

A key element of Horizon 2020 is the
proposal to join forces with the private sector and with Member States, to
achieve results that one country or company is less likely to achieve alone.
Accompanying this Communication are Commission legislative proposals to
establish public-private partnerships and public-public partnerships with
Member States under Horizon 2020.

The package represents a total investment
over the next 7 years of EUR 22 billion whereby EUR 8 billion from Horizon 2020
will leverage EUR 10 billion from industry, and close to EUR 4 billion from
Member States. This will provide vital funding for large-scale, longer-term,
risky research and innovation initiatives. These are essential for EU
leadership in strategic, globally competitive technology sectors that provide
high quality jobs (currently over 4 million such jobs) and contribute to
meeting the EU objective of 20% of GDP coming from manufacturing by 2020. The partnerships
will deliver major benefits to society, such as lower carbon emissions,
alternatives to fossil fuels, and new treatments to combat poverty related
diseases and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.

The Commission is presenting these legislative
proposals at this stage so that the necessary legislative decisions can be
taken in time to launch the partnerships at the start of Horizon 2020. This
responds directly to the call from the European Council to prioritise the
impact of the Multiannual Financial Framework on growth and jobs.

Collectively, these partnerships will
implement major elements of Innovation Union and the EU Industrial Policy[4], the strategy on Key Enabling
Technologies[5],
and make substantial contributions to climate, energy, digital agenda,
transport, health and other EU policies.

This Communication also presents the
Commission's approach to using other forms of public-private partnerships to
implement Horizon 2020. A strategy for strengthening the advice it receives
from industry and other stakeholders through European Technology Platforms and
the Commission task forces on industrial policy will be presented in
forthcoming Staff Working Documents.

2.           The need for EU public-private
partnerships in research and innovation

Research and innovation are high
risk activities and there is no guarantee of success. If the risk of failure is
too large, the private sector may be unwilling to invest, even if the economic
and societal returns could potentially be very large. In addition, the economic
benefits of research investments may be captured by others, meaning that individual
firms will be unwilling to invest, or there may be compelling policy reasons
which limit the size of the market and therefore the potential return (e.g.
when developing new antibiotics where microbial resistance is a growing
concern).

These general market failures provide
a strong rationale for public support to private research and innovation
activities. However, in a number of cases, the importance of the sectors, the complexity
of the challenges and technologies, the long time periods involved and the
scale of investment needed are such that public support to individual projects
is not effective. It is for these cases that structured partnerships are needed
between the public and the private sector to jointly develop, fund and
implement ambitious research and innovation agendas. For this reason, public-private
partnerships in research are increasingly being used by
policy makers across the world as a tool to deliver on their growth agendas.

For sectors that operate at
European and international levels, and where the scale of the investments are
beyond the means of individual Member States, the most effective approach will
be to establish such partnerships at EU level. More specifically, public-private
partnerships in research and innovation provide
powerful and much needed tools to deliver on the objectives of Horizon 2020 for
a number of reasons:

–
They enable a long-term, strategic approach to
research and innovation and reduce uncertainties by allowing for long-term
commitments;

–
They provide a legal structure to pool resources
and to gather critical mass, which enables a scale of effort that individual
firms would not be able to achieve including through smart specialisation and
combination of Horizon 2020 and European Structural and Investment funding;

–
They make research and innovation funding across
the EU more efficient by sharing financial, human and infrastructure resources,
thereby reducing the risk of fragmentation, and leading to economies of scale
and reduced costs for all partners involved;

–
They can better address complex challenges as
they help develop interdisciplinary approaches and allow for a more efficient
sharing of knowledge and expertise;

–
They facilitate the creation of an internal
market for innovative products and services, by advancing jointly on critical
issues such as access to finance, standardisation and norm setting;

–
They enable innovative technologies to get faster
to the market, including by allowing companies to collaborate and share
information, thereby accelerating the learning process;

–
They can provide the right framework for
international companies to anchor their research and innovation investments in
Europe and benefit from European strengths such as a well trained workforce,
diversity in approaches and sectorial creativity; and

–
They enable the scale of research and innovation
effort needed to address critical societal challenges and major EU policy
objectives under the Europe 2020 strategy.

3.           Joint Technology initiatives: lessons
learnt

EU level public-private partnerships in research
and innovation were first introduced in the current 7th research
Framework Programme (FP7). A major form of implementation was through Joint
Technology Initiatives (JTIs), whereby the Union and industry jointly fund and
implement certain areas of FP7. JTIs are implemented through dedicated legal
entities - Joint Undertakings - established under what was then the equivalent
of the current Article 187 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European
Union (TFEU).

Five JTIs have been established under FP7, in
the areas of aeronautics (Clean Sky), pharmaceutical research (Innovative
Medicines Initiative), fuel cells and hydrogen (FCH), embedded systems
(ARTEMIS) and nanoelectronics (ENIAC). All of these are subject to regular
monitoring, review and evaluation[6].
The Commission's Communication on 'Partnering in Research and Innovation'[7] took stock of these experiences
and pointed both to major achievements and to recommendations for further
improvement.

In terms of achievements, it was noted that
public-private partnerships in general are increasingly being used by policy
makers across the world as a tool to deliver on their growth agendas.
Evaluations also noted that public-private partnerships in general, and JTIs in
particular, represent an innovative way of implementing the Union's research
and innovation policy. They bring together the frontrunners in terms of
research and innovation in the industrial sectors concerned and allow them to
focus and align their efforts around strategic research and innovation agendas.

The launch of JTIs was considered well
justified on the basis of identified market failures, the long term nature of
the required activities and the scale of the commitment needed to achieve the
necessary breakthroughs.

In FP7, the JTIs represented a total Union
contribution of EUR 3.12 billion, matched by an industry investment of EUR 4.66
billion. JTIs have proven to be successful in attracting a high level of
industrial participation in their activities, including SMEs who represent about
28% of the participants.

In addition, and even though the JTIs have
only been fully operational for a limited time, the interim evaluations have
acknowledged the progress made and the first signs of impact. The Fuel Cells
and Hydrogen JTI, for instance, has put in place a significant project
portfolio of strategic importance and some early market applications such as
forklifts and small back-up power units have been achieved. The interim
evaluation of the Clean Sky JTI confirmed that it is successfully stimulating
developments towards its strategic environmental targets by focusing on
radically new technological concepts. For the Innovative Medicines Initiative
JTI, the interim evaluation noted good progress in improving the ecosystem for
drug development in Europe, for instance through better exploiting data, more
effective approaches to predict adverse drug effects, development of novel
biomarkers and faster and cheaper clinical trials. The interim evaluations of
the ENIAC and ARTEMIS JTIs highlighted their catalyst role in increasing the
engagement of private sector champions in a framework in which national and
European public authorities can support topics of high strategic value. It was strongly
recommended to continue with a similar initiative under Horizon 2020,
considering that no single organisation or Member State could possibly address
all the challenges of the electronics sector in Europe.

The reports and interim evaluations also
pointed towards some weaknesses in the current JTIs. This concerned in
particular the need for stronger commitments from industry partners, with
clearer measurement of these commitments and the associated leverage effect. There
is also a need to provide more clarity on how JTIs are established, to equip
them with clearer objectives and to ensure greater openness towards new
participants. The report of the JTI Sherpa Group in addition made a number of
recommendations to simplify and streamline the running of JTIs, including
through a specific financial framework appropriate to their needs. Stakeholders
have also raised concerns about the different rules and procedures that apply
for each JTI and which may vary between JTIs and with those applicable under
FP7. All of these concerns have been addressed in the proposed JTIs under Horizon
2020.

4.           Joint Technology Initiatives in Horizon
2020

The proposed regulatory framework for Horizon
2020 allows for far reaching types of engagement between the Union and the
private sector, including Joint Technology Initiatives established under Article
187 TFEU. These must address the objectives of Horizon 2020, including the
integration of research and innovation activities. The Horizon 2020 Regulation
sets out a number of criteria which must be met when selecting areas for public-private
partnerships. The legislation also foresees a single set of rules that will
apply to all parts of Horizon 2020, including the JTIs, unless there is a well
justified need for a specific derogation.

4.1.        Identification of JTIs to
be established at the start of Horizon 2020

Following from the experience gathered
during FP7, the new legislative basis under Horizon 2020, and the clear
commitments from the industry partners, the Commission is presenting legislative
proposals for JTIs to be established at the start of Horizon 2020. The full
justification of the proposed initiatives is set out in the accompanying
ex-ante impact assessment documents.

The JTIs all address strategic technologies
that will underpin growth and jobs in globally competitive sectors. All of the
sectors involved are already or are fast emerging as strongholds of a
knowledge-based European economy. Over 4 million are currently employed in
these sectors and in all cases there are growing global markets which EU
industry is well positioned to capture if it can build and maintain
technological leadership and there are clear links to the objectives of the
Europe 2020 strategy as illustrated in the graph below. There is an urgent need
to secure the necessary major investments in Europe at a time of limited
financial resources. Furthermore, these areas suffer from well identified
market failures associated with long-term, risky research and innovation, which
means the private sector alone is unable to commit the necessary resources.

The proposed JTIs build on a successful
track record under FP7. Four of these represent the next stage for JTIs
established under FP7 (including the electronics systems and components JTI
that merges the existing ARTEMIS and ENIAC JTIs). The Bio-based Industries JTI has
been identified as a new initiative following the European bioeconomy strategy[8].

Each JTI proposed has clearly defined
objectives to achieve breakthroughs in the following areas:

–
Innovative Medicines: to improve European citizens’ health and wellbeing by providing
new and more effective diagnostics and treatments such as new antimicrobial treatments;

–
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: to develop commercially viable, clean, solutions that use hydrogen
as an energy carrier and of fuel cells as energy converters;

–
Clean Sky: to
radically reduce the environmental impact of the next generation of aircraft;

–
Bio-based Industries: to develop new and competitive bio-based value chains that replace
the need for fossil fuels and have a strong impact on rural development;

–
Electronic Components and Systems: to keep Europe at the forefront of electronic components and
systems and bridge faster the gap to exploitation.

These five JTIs are expected to mobilise a total investment of over EUR
17 billion, of which the EU budget contribution will be up to EUR 6.4 billion. The
table below provides the details of the investment for each of the JTIs.

JTI || Investment in JTI (EUR)

from EU (Horizon 2020) || from industry partners and other sources

Innovative Medicines || 1725 million || 1725 million

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen || 700 million || 700 million[9]

Clean Sky || 1800 million || 2250 million

Bio-based Industries || 1000 million || 2800 million

Electronic components and systems || 1215 million || 3600 million[10] (of which 1200 million from Member States)

Total || 6440 million || 9875 million from industry + 1200 million from Member States

4.2.        Key features of JTIs under
Horizon 2020

The Commission proposals represent significantly
more ambitious partnerships than the current generation of JTIs.

JTIs will have clearer and more ambitious
objectives, contributing directly to competitiveness and EU policy goals. Each JTI has measurable specific objectives and key performance
indicators, which will allow closer monitoring and evaluation. The objectives go
considerably beyond those established for FP7. The objectives also incorporate
a stronger emphasis on innovation and impact, allowing innovations to bridge
the valley of death between research and commercial application. For example,
the objectives of the new Fuel Cell and Hydrogen JTI address the price and
performance barriers that need to be overcome for the technology to be
commercially viable. Furthermore, many of the objectives directly support EU
policy goals. For example, the Bio-based Industry JTI will develop technologies
that will allow the production of bio-fuels from non-food crops, thereby
allowing farmers and industry to meet EU renewables targets. Finally, the
objectives target the development of key enabling technologies, such as
electronics, that will underpin the competitiveness of a wide range of European
industries.

JTIs will have improved governance to
ensure openness to new participants, the allocation of funding on the basis of
excellence, and better links with national activities. The substantial majority of the EU contribution will be allocated
through open calls for proposals using essentially the same rules as the rest
of Horizon 2020. In all cases, the initiatives are open to new partners. For
example the new Innovative Medicines JTI sets aside part of the EU contribution
for new partners. The new Clean Sky JTI will run an open competitive process to
select core partners for its demonstrators and demonstration platforms. Several
of the new JTIs will focus more on demonstration activities, and this is
expected to increase the relevance for a wider range of organisations.

JTIs under Horizon 2020 will aim at
establishing a closer link with similar activities at Member State and regional level. For each JTI, the group of Member State representatives will
therefore be reinforced. These groups will play an important advisory role,
will receive full information about the implementation of the JTIs and will
also be called upon to inform the JTI about relevant national activities and
link the activities of the JTI to downstream deployment. For the JTI on
Electronic Components and Systems in particular, Member States will also
directly contribute to the funding of the JTI.

By linking, where appropriate, to Structural
and Investment Funds support mechanisms for deployment, synergies between
Union-led actions and Member States' or regions' development policies can be
improved and help Member States to increase their competitiveness and better
address the investment challenge in relevant priority areas.

Major simplification will be achieved,
both in terms of the implementation structures and simpler rules for
participants. JTIs under Horizon 2020 will benefit
from a number of implementation features that will make them better fit for
purpose[11].
This includes:

–
a legal framework that is better suited to
strong industrial involvement and major simplification achieved by making full
use of the new provisions in the Financial Regulation (where dedicated
provisions on public-private partnerships have been included allowing to
implement the 'ideal house' scenario for JTIs, e.g. explicit recognition of
JTIs as public-private partnership bodies with the possibility to adopt their
own 'light' Financial Regulation adapted to their specific needs); and

–
uniform application of the Horizon 2020 Rules
for Participation to enhance predictability for the participants, with
derogations only in very exceptional and duly justified cases. This will mean
the JTIs benefit from the major simplifications to be introduced in Horizon
2020.

JTIs incorporate stronger commitments
from industry, including substantial financial commitments at least
commensurate with the EU budget contribution. Across
the JTIs the direct commitments of industry total close to EUR 10 billion euro.
As was the case in FP7, some of these commitments will come from the costs of funding
projects resulting from the calls launched through the JTI and which are not
fully reimbursed from the EU contribution. In addition, the industry partners will
make commitments beyond these normal co-funding arrangements, where they will
bring in activities and investments that will not receive any reimbursement
from Horizon 2020. For example, in the case of the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen JTI,
the current contribution from industry is largely through their participation
in co-funded activities, whereas for the future JTI this type of contribution
will be augmented by at least EUR 300 million in additional commitments. In the
case of the Clean Sky JTI these addititonal commitments are close to EUR 1
billion, and for the Biobased Industries JTI they are at least EUR 1.8 billion.
These additional commitments will be directly linked to the objectives of the
JTI and will contribute to their achievement. The industry partners will make
specific commitments of this kind as part of the annual implementation process,
which will then be subject to verification and monitoring. In case the industry
commitments do not meet the necessary levels, the Commission will have the
right to reduce or withhold the EU contribution, or to wind up the Joint Undertaking.
This provides the necessary flexibility in case there are major unforeseen
changes that reduce the relevance of the JTI objectives.

5.           Other partnerships in Horizon 2020

5.1.        Contractual public-private
Partnerships

Complementing the JTIs, the Commission in
FP7 also engaged in structured partnerships with the private sector to seek
direct input into the preparation of the work programmes in areas which were
defined upfront and which are of great industrial relevance. Unlike JTIs, such
partnerships do not require additional legislation because the funding is
implemented by the Commission through the normal procedures.

Three such partnerships were launched under
the European Economic Recovery Plan[12],
and implemented through calls with a total Union contribution of EUR 1.6
billion. The calls have been highly relevant to industry with about half of the
project funding allocated to industry, and about 30% to SMEs[13].

Building on this experience, the Horizon
2020 proposals also allow for such partnerships. To improve transparency, these
partnerships will be based on a contractual agreement between the Commission
and the industry partners, setting out the objectives, commitments, key
performance indicators and outputs to be delivered.

Contractual public-private partnerships are
being considered in the following areas:

–
Factories of the Future;

–
Energy-efficient Buildings;

–
Green Vehicles;

–
Future Internet[14];

–
Sustainable Process Industry;

–
Robotics;

–
Photonics;

–
High Performance Computing.

The first four areas would take forward public-private
partnerships established under FP7. In all cases, they represent large parts of
the European economy and the need for public-private partnerships has been
identified in Commission documents, such as the Communication on an update to
the Industrial Policy, the Communication on a European strategy for Key
Enabling Technologies[15],
the Communication on High-Performance Computing[16] or the proposals for Horizon
2020.

For each of these areas, the industry
proposals are expected to provide clear roadmaps, developed in open
consultation with other interested parties, which describe the vision, research
and innovation content and expected impact, including in terms of growth and
jobs. They are also expected to clarify the nature and extent of the industry's
commitments and the leverage effect of the public-private partnership. They
will focus particularly on close to market activities.

In addition, the public-private
partnerships should also aim at exploiting synergies with European Structural
and Investment Funds, notably in relation to the regional and national smart
specialisation strategies.

The Commission will assess the industry
proposals, including through the use of external expertise, against the
criteria established under the Horizon 2020 Regulation. In the case of a
positive assessment, the results of which will be made publicly available, a Memorandum
of Understanding will be concluded between the Commission and the private
partners, on the basis of a Commission Decision. This will set out:

–
The general and specific objectives of the
partnership;

–
The commitments made by the private partners,
which are expected to be substantial and at a comparable level to the foreseen
Union contribution, and may include the administrative costs of the public-private
partnership as well as industry funded demonstration, training, clustering,
awareness-raising and monitoring activities;

–
The key performance indicators and the expected
results, including the impacts in terms of exploitation in Europe;

–
The indicative financial envelope for the Union
contribution for the period 2014-2020 (subject to approval by the Budgetary
Authority through the annual budgetary procedure);

–
A monitoring and review mechanism, using key
performance indicators and with a possibility for adjustment. This will also
provide the basis for the Commission to terminate a partnership in case the
industry partners fall short on their commitments;

–
The governance structure, including the
mechanism by which the Commission will seek advice from the private partners on
the research and innovation activities to be proposed
for financial support under Horizon 2020.

For those areas where the industry proposal
is evaluated to meet the required criteria, the Commission will aim to conclude
the necessary Memorandum of Understanding in time to launch the public-private
partnerships activities in the first Horizon 2020 work programme.

5.2.        Public-public and other partnerships

The Commission will also make use of other
forms of partnering for the implementation of Horizon 2020. The Commission is
presenting four legislative proposals to establish public-public partnerships with
Member States under Article 185 TFEU for the joint implementation of national
research programmes. These proposals cover:

–
The second European and Developing Countries
Clinical Trials Partnership: to contribute to the
reduction of the social and economic burden of Poverty Related Diseases;

–
The European Metrology Programme for Research
and Innovation: to provide appropriate, integrated
and fit-for-purpose metrology solutions supporting innovation and industrial
competitiveness as well as measurement technologies addressing societal
challenges such as energy, environment and health;

–
Eurostars 2: to
stimulate economic growth and job creation by enhancing the competitiveness of
R&D performing SMEs;

–
The Active and Assisted Living Research and
Development Programme: to improve the quality of
life for the elderly and their careers and to increase the sustainability of
care systems by enhancing the availability of ICT based products and services
for active and healthy ageing.

In addition to the public-private
partnerships, Horizon 2020 will also make use of advice coming from other forms
of partnership such as the European Innovation Partnerships[17] and the Joint Programming
Initiatives[18]
as well as from European Technology Platforms. Also under Horizon 2020, the
European Institute of Innovation and Technology will establish Knowledge and
Innovation Communities[19]
bringing together, under structured long-term partnerships, the education,
research and business sectors.

The two forthcoming FET Flagships,[20] Graphene and Human Brain
Project, aim to create large-scale long-term European partnerships. They
complement the public-private partnerships as they are science-driven at the
outset, while the industrial participation will build up over the ten-year
duration of the Flagships.

Besides JTIs, the SESAR[21]
(Single European Sky ATM Research) Joint Undertaking (SJU) was established as another
form of public-private partnership on the basis of Article 187 TFEU to
coordinate the SESAR project, the technical pillar of the Single European Sky
initiative which aims at modernising Air Traffic Management in Europe. Due to its specific policy-oriented activities, SESAR was not set up as a JTI,
although it does maintain close links with the Clean Sky JTI. The Commission is
proposing to extend the SESAR JU under Horizon 2020. This extension will
ensure that the coordination of research and innovation in the field of ATM is
continued under Horizon 2020 in full consistency with the Single European Sky
(SES) policy objectives.

6.           Outlook

Public-private partnerships with a strong industry
input and commitment are indispensable elements of achieving the objectives of Horizon
2020 and the Europe 2020 strategy. This Communication has outlined how the
approach to public-private partnerships will be strengthened in Horizon 2020,
on the basis of increased transparency, clearer objectives, a stronger focus on
close to the market activities, stronger industry commitment and major
simplification.

The activities of the JTIs, contractual
public-private partnerships, public-public partnerships and other related
initiatives such as the Joint Programming Initiatives, the EIT KICs or the
European Innovation Partnerships will be implemented in a way that maximises
synergies and increases overall impact, in particular where they address common
objectives. Full use should in this respect be made of the possibilities
offered by the fact that all EU level research and innovation funding has been
brought together in a single programme, Horizon 2020. Synergies should
especially be sought in linking activities across the innovation cycle, from research
outcomes to closer to market activities, in order to help boost
entrepreneurship and business creation in fields of major relevance to the
European economy.

Given their high impact on jobs and growth,
the Commission calls upon the European Parliament and the Council to conclude
the necessary legislative decisions to launch these partnerships at the start
of Horizon 2020. Through the proposed governance arrangements, the Commission
will regularly monitor, report, and evaluate the progress of the JTIs and other
partnerships.

Experience demonstrates that the
establishment of Joint Undertakings requires considerable time and effort and
should only be pursued where there is a major strategic research and innovation
objective that cannot be met through the normal Horizon 2020 implementation.
The Commission will therefore only consider the need for future such
initiatives where there is a clear case based on the criteria under Horizon
2020 and a clear strategic policy need. The Commission does, however, consider
that the scale of research and innovation effort and the policy need to
complete the Single European Railway Area and build EU leadership in rail
technologies presents a good case for a potential Joint Undertaking in the
railway sector and will work with the industry to develop a proposal.

[1]               COM(2010) 2020

[2]               COM(2010) 546

[3]               COM(2011) 808/809/810/811/812

[4]               COM(2012) 582

[5]               COM(2012) 341

[6]               Interim evaluations of the JTIs and the Commission's
response to these are available at http://ec.europa.eu/research/jti/index\_en.cfm,
as is the report of the JTI Sherpa Group

[7]               COM(2011) 572

[8]               COM(2012) 60

[9]               This amount is composed of contributions from the
members of the Joint Undertaking or their constituent entities (at least EUR
400 million) as well as from non-member entities through participation in the
activities.

[10]             This amount is composed of contributions from the
members of the Joint Undertaking or their constituent entities (at least EUR
1700 million from private members) as well as from non-member entities through
participation in the activities.

[11]             As requested by the JTI Sherpa Report: http://ec.europa.eu/research/jti/pdf/jti-sherpas-report-2010\_en.pdf

[12]             COM(2008) 800

[13]             In addition, for the Future Internet initiative EUR 300
million has been invested by the Union, of which about 50% has gone to
industry.

[14]             Follow-up to the ongoing Future Internet PPP focused on
wired and wireless 5G network infrastructures

[15]             COM(2012) 341

[16]             COM(2012) 45

[17]             http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/index\_en.cfm?pg=eip

[18]             http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/joint-programming\_en.html

[19]             http://eit.europa.eu/kics/

[20]             http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/fet-flagships

[21]             http://www.sesarju.eu/

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