Source: EURLEX
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**COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES**

**Brussels,** **28.09.1095**
**COM(95)** **443 final**

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES OF

THE EUROPEAN UNION

**ANNUAL** **REPORT** **1995**

**(presented by the Commission)**

SUMMARY

_This Annual_ _Report_ _by the_ _Commission_ _on_ _research_ _activities_ _represents a_ _new_ _departure._ _It appears_
_at_ _a_ _moment_ _when_ _the_ _new research Framework_ _Programme,_ _which will_ _run_ _to the_ _end_ _of the_ _ccnturx,_
_.has_ _been launched in an_ _enlarged European Union_ _and a new_ _Commission_ _has_ _taken_ _office._

The requ:-cment for an annual report was introduced at Article 130 P of the Treaty. The initiative,
owed much to the interests of the European Parliament. However, the Commission itself has been
increasingly active in seeking to ensure greater openness with regard to its activities and the provision
of information. It is very much in this spirit that this first report has been produced. It is the
Commission's hope that it will contribute further to that atmosphere of constructive collaboration
between the Community institutions which lead to the timely adoption of the Fourth Framework
Programme on 26 April 1994 and of the corresponding specific programmes before the end of 1994.

With this annual report a window is opened on the whole wide spectrum of Community research
activities now grouped under the common umbrella of the Framework Programme. It also offers a
"snapshot" of the situation at the end of 1994 as well as an overview of the work programme and
milestones for 1995. The 1995 Report covers the results obtained in 1994 from research activities
undertaken mainly under the Third Framework Programme (1990-1994). The description of the 1995
work programme deals with the start of the Fourth Framework Programme (1994-1998).

For Community research policy, **1994** was a most active as well as challenging year. No fewer-than
25 legal texts were needed to implement the Fourth Framework Programme:

_The_ _Framework Programme_ _itself_ _(both European Community_ _and Euratom texts) and the_ _eighteen_
_specific_ _programmes;_ _two programmes_ _covering the activities of the Joint_ _Research_ _Centre of the_
_Community (JRC) and the_ _competitive_ _scientific and technical activities in support of_ _Community_
_policies; two_ _decisions covering_ _the rules for_ _participation_ _in_ _Community research_ _programmes;_ _and_
_finally the_ _rules_ _for the_ _dissemination_ _of results._

In July, during an informal meeting of the Council of Research Ministers, the first debate on the
coordination of Member States' science and technology policies, took place. Subsequently, in October
1994, the Commission presented its Communication "Achieving coordination through cooperation".

Furthermore, 1994 also saw the creation by the Commission of the European Science and Technology
Assembly which brings together distinguished representatives of industrial research and the scientific
world so as to improve the links between the Commission and the research community.

Members of the European Economic Area participated fully in the non-nuclear research programmes
of the Community. The European Union was also active in the arena of international scientific and
technical cooperation and conclusion of bilateral agreements: signature with Australia; conclusion of
negotiations with Canada; and start of negotiations with Switzerland and with Israel.

In addition, the Commission has continued activities to promote discussion on science and technology
in their general cultural context in Europe in the 1'ramework of the "European Science and Technology
Forum"? It also organized the European week lor scientific culture in November 1994.

_Research activities_ _in_ _1994_ _- and the_ _importance_ _of the Community's_ _research efforts ingeneral_ - _can_
_be summed up in just a few figures relating to Third Framework_ _Programme_ _activities,_ _covering_
_Member States and_ _countries_ _of_ _the European Economic_ _Area and of_ _EFT_ _A,_ _and_ _including_ _also the_
_most important_ _accompanying_ _measures: 6 101 new projects involving_ _18 2bl_ _participants were_
_launched in_ _1994;_ _a total of_ _10 976 projects_ _were running at the end of_ _1994;_ _in_ _1994,_ _Community_
_support amounted to 1 936_ _MECUs_ _in total_ _payments_ _(JRC_ _exci)._ _They_ _represented no_ _fewer than_
_16 407_ _transnational coliabomtive_ _links in_ _multi-partner cost-shared actions between research_ _teams_
_spread_ _throughout_ _the_ _Community_ _or the_ _European_ _Economic Area._

In 1995, the Commission will ensure the efficient implementation of the specific programmes of the
Fourth Framework Programme, taking increasing account of the needs of the citizen and of the
market. This has involved, inter alia, a very active and user-focused campaign of publicity and
information days on the programmes' first formal calls for proposals on 15 December 1994.

The funds allocated to the Framework Programme should be adapted following the accession of the
three new Member States, Austria, Finland, and Sweden. Furthermore, the discussion on
supplementary funding of the Framework Programme, to be decided by June 1996, will be initiated;
the Commission expects to make proposals later this year.

The Commission will furthermore pave the way for new initiatives, new approaches. The European
Union faces problems such as unemployment, widespread changes in society and a rapid pace of
technical innovation. The achievements of Community research in helping to develop new options and
responses to these challenges should therefore be more visible to its citizens. Concrete steps should
be rapidly taken further to increase the coherence and effectiveness of research activities in the
Community, based on a consensus among all concerned about the approach to be followed.

The Commissioners concerned therefore agreed to set up a number of "Task Forces" which should
help to bring together Community, national and other efforts in common projects of industrial interest,
thereby increasing their impact. The instruments already laid down in the Treaty but under-used in
the past may prove to be useful tools: Articles 130 K, L and N - which provide for supplementary
programmes, Community participation in programmes undertaken by several Member States and joint
undertakings. The Commission will put forward further ideas to help focus the debate. The vital
relationship between research and industry is a theme which merits particular attention.

Other major topics which the Commission plans to address this year include the whole innovation
process - where the Framework Programme's special support for small and medium-sized enterprises
is particularly important; an overall strategy for international research cooperation; research in the
information society; and further simplification of management procedures together with further
progress on improving programme evaluations.

// _is the_ _Commission's hope_ _that_ _readers_ _will_ _find this_ _annual report_ _convenient_ _and_ _informative,_ _both_
_for those already_ _involved_ _in_ _Community research_ _and for those who discover it_ _through_ _this report._
_It is the aim that it should be_ _seen_ _as a useful reference document, a_ _common knowledge base_ _for_
_researchers,_ _enterprises,_ _research_ _organisations,_ _research_ _policy_ _planners,_ _politicians_ _and_ _indeed_ _all_
_those_ _who_ _have the_ _competitiveness_ _of the_ _European Union_ _and the_ _welfare_ _of_ _its citizens close_ _to their_
_hearts._

INDEX

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVITIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

ANNUAL R E P O R T 1995

SUMMARY

I t

Page

INTRODUCTION _l<k_

P A R T ONE 2-21

**EUROPEAN UNION RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL**

**DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION (RTD)**
**Summary of activities in 1994 and of work programmes for 1995**

POLICY DEVELOPMENTS: Fourth Framework Programme and Coordination 2

**Activities 1994** - Launch of the Fourth Framework Programme and renewed 2
commitment to coordination, concentration and stimulation
Prospects **for** 1995 - Bringing research in Europe closer to the needs of 6
industry and society.

RTD PROGRAMMES: Achievements and prospects 8
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 12

DISSEMINATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF RESULTS 14

TRAINING AND MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS 17

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 18
MANAGEMENT I [9 ]

_**Ac**_

**PART** **TWO** **22 61**

**RTD ACHIEVEMENTS IN 1994**

INFORMATION^ AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES 22

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES 30

ENVIRONMENT 33

LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES 37

ENERGY 42

TRANSPORT 48

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 49

DISSEMINATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF RESULTS 56

HUMAN CAPITAL AND MOBILITY 59

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 60

**PART** **THREE** 62-30

**WORK PROGRAMMES** **FOR 1995**

FIRST ACTIVITY: RTD programmes 62
SECOND ACTIVITY: International cooperation 75
THIRD ACTIVITY: Dissemination and optimization of results 76
FOURTH ACTIVITY: Training and mobility of researchers 77
JRC and COMPETITIVE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 79

**PART FOUR** 81-107

ANNEXES

ANNEX I: Tables 1 to 10 on activities in 1994 82

(Number and nature of projects, participants, links, level of
funding, etc.)
ANNEX II: Table 11 on work programmes for 1995 94
(Calendar for calls for proposals and selection procedure)
ANNEX III: Funding (FP3, FP4, evolution in annual FP commitments) 100
ANNEX IV: Major steps in the adoption of Framework Programme decisions 103
(FP3, FP4, OJ references)
ANNEX V: List of Programme Evaluations and Impact Studies 105
ANNEX VI: List of acronyms 106

INTRODUCTION

This report is the first of its kind Article 130 P of the KC Treaty was introduced by the Treaty on European Union and
slates':

_"At the beginning of_ _each_ _year the Commission shall send a report to the European Parliament and the Council. The_
_report shall include information on research and technological development activities and the_ _dissémination_ _of results_
_during the orevious year, and the work programme for the current year. "_

The Commission sees this report as an important opportunity to present an overall picture of the research activities of the
European Union in an open and accessible way, thus helping wider understanding of their importance and contribution to
the prosperity and social "well-being" of the European Union.

The Fourth Framework Programme introduced new obligations on continuous monitoring and evaluation of the Community
RTD programmes. At the meeting of the Council of Ministers (Research) in December 1994, the Commission outlined a
new strategy for the evaluation of Community research programmes in the light of these new obligations. In the future, this
annual report could form a constituent part of the overall assessment process [2] .

For evident reasons, this 1995 report cannot lake full account of the new evaluation strategy, which has yet to be finalized,
nor of all the obligations under the Fourth Framework Programme and its specific programmes, which are just now being
implemented.

In practice, the report on 1994 refers principally to activities under the Third Framework Programme (and those
accompanying measures (Actions de Préparation, d'Accompagnement et de Suivi, APAS) which arc being continued under
the Fourth Framework Programme). The report on the work programme for 1995 concerns essentially the Fourth
Framework Programme.

The Treaty foresees the report as being presented "at the beginning of each year ...". However, taking into account that
the report must, to a large extent, be based on reliable statistical and budgetary data, the availability of these data will be
a determining factor for the timing of publication.

The report falls into four parts. The first and main part of the report, "European Union research, technological
development and demonstration: Summary of activities in 1994 and of work programmes for 1995", provides a synthesis
of the results of 1994 and the plans for 1995. The second part, "Activities in 1994", presents some of the important
research results from each of the specific programmes in more detail. Part three, "Work programmes for 1995",
summarizes the activities foreseen in 1995 for each of the specific programmes. Finally, the **last part,** "Annexes", gives
graphs, tables, and lists of factual dau. such as key statistics on projects, funding, participants, research links, etc., major
dates and documents in the adoption of the Third and Fourth Framework Programmes, and lists of publications and
acronyms, together with an overall calendar for calls for proposals and selection of research projects.

**This** **text** **is quoted in Article 4(1) second paragraph in the** **two** **decision*** **(KC** **and** **Kuratoui) enacting the** **Fourth** **Framework Programme**
**Thus** **the** **obligation is accepted for** **the** **totality** **of framework** **programme activities.** **Furthermore,** **in the decisions (both EC and** **Euratom)**
**determining** **the** **rules for participation in Community research** **programmes** **and the rules for** **dissémination** **of** **results,** **article 10 (1) and**
**article 4(1) respectively, reference is made to the** **animal repoit** **in the following way:**

_**"The**_ _**annual report that the**_ _**Commission**_ _**submits to the**_ _**European Parliament**_ _**and the Council, in accordance with article 4 (I) of**_ _**Decision**_
**A'°** **(refcreuce** **to the relevant Framework Programme** **decision],** _**shall**_ _**contain**_ _**information on the**_ _**implementation**_ _**of this Decision."**_
**Finally,** **it should** **be** **born in mind that the Fourth Framework** **Programme** **was adopted according to the provisions introduced by the Treaty**
**on European** **Union,** **whereas** **die** **Third Framework** **Programme,** **to winch** **die** **retrospective part of this report essentially** **refers,** **was adopted**
**according to** **the** **Single Act.**

**It should be noted that the** **Scientific** **and Technical Research** **Coiiunittec.** **CRIiST.** **which advises the Commission and the** **Council,** **already in**
**the context of its evaluation report on the Second Framework Programme** **rcconuncuded** **that:** _**'Vie**_ _**statistical**_ _**resume**_ _**presented in**_ _**Annex**_ _**I,**_
_**on the basis of**_ _**an annual**_ _**analysis,**_ _**should**_ _**constitute**_ _**the basis of**_ _**the annual report**_ _**from the**_ _**Commission pnnutedfor in**_ _**article 130**_ _**I'**_ _**of**_ _**the**_
_**Maastricht**_ _**Treaty.**_ _**'**_ **The statistics presented in the present report correspond closely to those of** **the CRI-ST** **report.**

PART ONE

EUROPEAN UNION RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION (RTD>
**Summary** **of activities in 1994 and of work programmes for 1995**

**POLICY DEVELOPMENTS: Fourth Framework Programme and Coordination**

**Achievements 1994: Launch of the Fourth Framework Programme and renewed**
**commitment to coordination, concentration and stimulation.**

_During 1994, overall_ _Community_ _RTD policy for the period 1994-1998 was_ _discussed_ _and finalized_
_in_ _accordance_ _with the provisions of the_ _Treaty_ _on European_ _Union,_ _which was_ _ratified_ _in_ _November_
_1993,_ _and with the_ _**White**_ _**Paper**_ _on_ _**"Growth, Competitiveness and**_ _**Employment",**_ _which analyzed_
_and confirmed the key role of_ _research_ _and development for the European_ _Union._ _Specifically, the_
_**Fourth Framework**_ _**Programme (1994-1998)**_ _**and, following the Commissions proposals in March**_
_**1994, the**_ _**corresponding**_ _20_ _specific_ _**programmes**_ _were_ _adopted._ _The overall_ _**rules for participation**_
_in the_ _Community programmes_ _**and for**_ _**dissemination**_ _**of results**_ _were agreed_ _upon;_ _the Commission_
_had tabled its proposals in_ _February._ _Finally, the specific programmes were_ _implemented_ _with the_
_adoption by the_ _Commission_ _of the_ _**work programmes**_ _and the publication of_ _calls_ _for proposals._
_Subsequent to debate in the European Parliament and between research_ _ministers,_ _the Commission_
_presented the_ _**Communication "Achieving**_ _**coordination through**_ _**cooperation**_ **".**

In its analysis in the White Paper of the contribution of research and technological development to
growth, competitiveness and employment, the Commission concluded that in particular there is need
for: an increased level of RTD funding, greater coordination of national and Community RTD policies
and improvements in the capacity to convert scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements
into industrial and commercial successes. Specific recommendations included

- Improved coordination of national and Community policies

 - Establishment of operational mechanisms for technology transfer

 - Concentration of efforts on areas pinpointed as **responding** to new needs and markets

 - Definition of new large-scale projects with national bodies and companies.

**Fourth** Framework Programme **(1994-1998)**

The Framework Programme is established as the essential instrument for implementing the European
Union's policy on research, technological development and demonstration. Furthermore, in accordance
with the Treaty on European Union, all Community research is now assembled under the common
umbrella of The Fourth Framework Programme (1994-1998). Links with other Community policies
have also been strengthened and the overall structure of the programme has become clearer,

reflecting directly the different types of actions mentioned in the Treaty (Article 130 G). This has
helped to emphasize the importance of certain activities of a more "horizontal" nature, namely
international scientific cooperation, dissemination and optimization of results and training and mobility
of researchers.

The Fourth Framework Programme was adopted on 26 April 1994 and the corresponding 20 specific
programmes were agreed upon in the course of 1994, (cf. Part Four, Annex IV, for milestones in the
decision process and references of decisions in the Official Journal). This means that they were
proposed, negotiated and adopted within about two years - or quicker than proved possible for the
Third Framework Programme. Bearing in mind the constraints imposed by the combination of the codecision procedure (Article 189 b of the Treaty) between the European Parliament and _the_ Council
of Ministers and the unanimity rule, this represents a genuine tour de force. It could not have been
done without the determination of the Institutions to reach a successful conclusion before the end of
1994, closing date of the Third Framework Programme, and thereby to ensure the continuity of
Community research activities.

The major characteristics of the Fourth Framework Programme as compared to the Third Framework
Programme may be summarized as follows:

- The funding of ECU **12 300 million** **[1]** was sufficient to ensure the continuity of Community
research. **Supplementary funding may be added** by 30 June 1996.

 - Better **coordination** of research efforts.

 - A higher **priority** is attributed to fields of **industrial** interest, as well as to those related to
the **environment** and **to life sciences and technologies.**

 - A number of **new priority areas** appear in the Framework Programme, in particular
**transport** and **targeted socio-economic research** which are the subject of two distinct specific

programmes.

 - Greater importance is attributed to the **dissemination and exploitation of research results.**

***** **New means of implementation** are introduced to allow for improved efficiency and impact;
for example **thematic networks** and **focused clusters** group research partners from different
disciplines around a common objective, with a particular emphasis on the participation of
users. In addition, **demonstration projects** are - as set out in the Treaty - explicitly covered
by the Framework Programme.

 - The participation of **small and medium** sized **enterprises** (SMEs) is encouraged in most
programmes by simplified procedures and specific measures, including feasibility awards and
funding for cooperative research (inspired by the CRAFT pilot initiative under the Industrial
and Materials Technologies Programme of the Third Framework Programme).

 - **Administrative burdens** on proposers are **reduced** and **transparency increased** through
fixed dates for calls for proposals; simpler and harmonized information packages, and

**excluding the funding for the participation in the Framework Programme of the countries of the European Economic** **Area,** **which in 1994**
**amounted to ECU 166 million. In April** **1995,** **the Commission made a proposal for the adaptation of funding under the Fourth Framework**
**Programme by 7** **9E** **following the accession of** **Austria,** **Finland and Sweden to the European Union.**

application and contract negotiation forms; synchronized or joint selection procedures across
programmes etc.

- The specific character of the Community's own research centre, the Joint Research **Centre**
(JRC), is confirmed. However, the future financing of its activities will be based increasingly
on a competitive approach.

- There is the first opportunity for the gradual "phasing-in" of research activities of interest to
th^ coal and steel industries which were hitherto conducted under the aegis of the ECSC
Treaty.

On 21 November 1994, the Council adopted **common rules governing participation in Community**
**RTD activities and dissemination of results.** The rules governing participation were previously
included under each of the specific programmes, whereas the rules for dissemination were set out for
the Third Framework Programme by Council Decision 92/272/CEE implemented by Commission
Regulation 94/1990/CE.

**Improving the coordination of national and European Union RTD policies**

**Concrete initiatives were taken with the aim of improving the coordination of national and**
**Community RTD** **policies** **[2]** **.** Following **a** resolution of the European Parliament in May 1994, the
European Union's Research and Education Ministers held an informal meeting in Schwerin in July
1994 at the invitation of the German Presidency. Subsequently, in October 1994, the Commission
adopted the Communication "Achieving coordination through cooperation" (COM(94)438).

This Communication addressed a major challenge for European RTD, highlighted also in the White
Paper, namely to **counteract the effects of the fragmentation in Europe of RTD policies.** At
present, only an amount equivalent to 13 % of public RTD resources are mobilised by European
cooperative RTD frameworks. The communication presented arguments and general lines of action
for increased coordination of the remainder, subject to common intents and interests, and in
accordance with the principle of subsidiarity. It focused on action at three levels: defining policies;
their implementation; and international cooperation. More specifically, it pointed to the effective
implementation of **"supplementary programmes"** (Art. 130 K) and **"participations in Member**
States' **initiatives"** (Art. 130 L) as opportunities which deserve due consideration. This could, for
example, provide an appropriate response to the need for increased European coordination in relation
to industrial RTD. A precondition of coordination is a **systematic** exchange **of relevant and**
**comparable information on national RTD policies.** Such efforts should help identify and focus on
concrete topics of general interest and areas where greater cooperation and coordination could be
fruitful.

The perceived need for increased European coordination in RTD has been a major issue during the
latest discussions on the future role of the Committee for Scientific and Technical Research **(CREST).**
It has been realized that the mandate of CREST should be reconsidered in the light of the central role

Article 130 H of the Treaty states:

" /. _The_ _Community_ _and_ _the_ _Member_ _Stales_ _shall coordinate their_ _research_ _and technological development_ _activities_ _so as to ensure_ _tluit_ _national_
_policies and_ _Community_ _policy are mutually consistent._

_2._ _In_ _close cooperation with the Member States, the Commission may take any useful initiative to promote the coordination referred to in_
_paragraph_ _I._ _'_

assigned to European RTD - as a key Community instrument. Discussions have led to the conclusion
that CREST should play an important role in the medium and long term development of RTD policy,
in particular as regards coordination between national activities and with Community activities and
in the preparation of future Framework Programmes. In this context, the reinforcement of CRESTs
role in the evaluation of RTD programmes is also considered to be beneficial.

Coordination implies a need to develop further a common "corpus of knowledge" regarding
developments in science and technology in the wider context of industrial competitiveness and societal
needs.

The inclusion in the Framework Programme of a specific programme of targeted socio-economic
**research** (TSER) and the creation of the **Seville Institute for Prospective Technological** Studies of
the JRC are major steps forward in this respect. The programme covers evaluation of science and
technology policy options, research on education and training, and research into social integration and
exclusion in Europe. The TSER programme foresees the creation of the **European Technology**
**Assessment Network** **(ETAN)** which will link experts in the field of science and technology policy
studies and decision-makers at European level.

The publication of the first **European Report on Science and Technology Indicators** in October
1994 was another major achievement aiming at the pooling Europe-wide of quantitative information
on science and technology. This important new tool will be published by the Commission every two
years as a result of the joint efforts of the specialized institutions of the Member States, the national
bodies and the international institutions with expertise in the field together with Commission staff. The
report addresses six major issues: the place of Europe's science and technology in a world context;
industrial RTD and competitiveness; European RTD diversity, convergence and cohesion; RTD
cooperation in Europe; the European Union as a world partner; and, finally, European attitudes
towards science and technology.

When considering these new initiatives, the existing activities promoting coordination should not be
forgotten. **Concerted actions,** which by definition imply support for the coordination of national
activities through such means as workshops and conferences, short-term scientific missions,
publications and travel expenses for EU delegates etc., are well-known measures in the Framework
Programme, notably in the programmes on measurement and testing and biomedicine and health. In
total 365 new concerted actions were started in 1994 and 3205 were underway by end 1994.

In order to strengthen the coherence of RTD activities undertaken in Europe, closer coordination has
**also been sought** between Community **RTD** activities **and** other **European** and international
**governmental and non-governmental scientific organizations** and the many networks of researchers
they have set up.

**COST (Cooperation in** Science and Technology) contributes to the coordination through concertation
of nationally funded research in the 25 European COST member countries. In 1994, 36 new COST
actions were started, bringing the total number to 115. Furthermore, coordination has progressed
pragmatically on a case-by-case basis between the Community and the pan-European initiative,
**Eureka.** Outstanding examples of effective coordination are the close relationships established between
the Community programmes for marine science and technology (MAST) and for road transport
(DRIVE) and the Eureka activities Euromar and Prometheus, respectively. Finally, links have been
**reinforced** between the Community **and** European research organizations such as CERN (Centre
Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory) and ESA
(European Space Agency). More specifically, the Commission has concluded administrative
arrangements with CERN on 10 October 1994, and with EMBL on 18 January 1995.

**Advice and studies in the preparation of future RTD policy**

The European Science and Technology Assembly (ESTA), announced in the White Paper, was
founded by the Commission on 16 March 1994 and acts as a high-level research advisory body for
the Commission. It is composed of one hundred distinguished scientists and industrial researchers
appointed by the Commission in their personal capacity, drawn from national and European research
organisations and centres, universities, and industrial enterprises and organisations. At the
Commission's request, the Assembly will deliver opinions on the implementation of the European
Union's RTD policy and more specifically the Framework programme and the specific programmes,
in particular on the scientific and technical content of the programmes and certain aspects of their
management. On its own initiative, the Assembly will deliver reports and draft opinions on various
aspects of the Unions's RTD policy or world wide science and technology trends and implications.

The **Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee** **(IRDAC)** will continue to offer
its particular advice and expertise to the Commission.

The **European Science and Technology Forum** has been created in order to stimulate ideas and
discussion on socio-economic, ethical, legal, historical and cultural aspects of science and technology
in Europe. The Forum brings together academic and industrial researchers, political decision-makers,
representatives of government bodies and specialists in selected fields in conferences which have been
prepared in depth through studies and preparatory seminars. In 1994, five very well received projects
were organised. A European Week of Scientific Culture was also held.

In addition, a number of studies have been launched or completed in order to prepare coming
framework programmes. Some illustrative examples are the launch of a study on the definition of
public research budgets in the Member States, on industry's diversification in relation to military
research, on the assessment of critical technologies in Europe, on European and international
cooperation in technology foresight, and on the design of European collaborative programmes. The
"Eurobarometer" studies conducted at regular intervals have shown the improvement of the perception
of science and technology by the public.

**Prospects for 1995: Bringing research in Europe closer to the needs of industry and**
**society**

**Concentrating resources on major challenges**

In line with the Commission's Communication "Achieving coordination through cooperation", all the
available options under the Treaty should be used in order to exploit to the full the Community's RTD
potential and to generate concrete results. The priorities identified in the Commission's
Communication on "An industrial competitiveness policy for the European Union" include the
promotion of intangible investment, such as research and training, and the need to take fuller account
of the market.

A number of _Task_ _Forces_ have been set up in Order to launch _**common**_ _**projects**_ _of_ _**industrial**_ _**interest.**_
The Task Forces cover themes such as:

"the car of tomorrow",
"educational software multimedia",

"new generation aircraft",
"vaccines and viral diseases",
"the railways of the future",
"intermodality of transport";

This approach will be continued covering other possible areas of public and industrial interest such
as the environment or the maritime industries. Task Forces should mobilise all available expertise,
closely associating industry, including SMEs, and especially user groups, so as to have their views
on the technical priorities, as well as consulting relevant interest groups and national bodies. Task
Forces **will** conduct a detailed economic, scientific and technical analysis of the prospects. They will
propose clustering of projects by identifying relevant areas of the work programmes and by screening
projects, including on-going ones, decided under the specific programmes. Task Forces will
furthermore make proposals for the possible updating and adaptation of work programmes and for new
initiatives, in particular for the possible application of Articles 130 K, L and N of the Treaty,
concerning the implementation of supplementary programmes, Community participation in Member
States' initiatives and the creation of joint undertakings.

The preliminary results of the work of these Task Forces will be taken into account and their work
further discussed in a number of communications announced in the general Work Programme of the
Commission for 1995. They include Communications or Green Papers on the links between research
and industry; on the role of research in the Information society; on the promotion of innovation
policies; on the prenormative dimension of Community research programmes; on new means of
cooperation provided for in Articles 130 K and L of the Treaty; and on the instruments of cooperation
in accordance with Article 130 N of the Treaty.

In addition, the Commission will present proposals for Supplementary funding of the Framework
Programme, as foreseen in the,Framework programme decisions, with a view to the possible launch
of the first supplementary programmes.

The Commission has proposed the adaptation of the financial provisions of the two Framework
Programmes as a consequence of the enlargement of the Union. An increase of 7 % of the funding
of the Framework Programmes, or supplementary funding of ECU 861 million, is proposed in order
to maintain the existing level of research effort in the enlarged European Union. This figure
corresponds to the increase decided at the budget trialogue last November to be applied to the budget
for the Community's internal policies; it also corresponds approximately to the percentage contribution
to the Fourth EC Framework Programme from the three new Member States, had they still been
members of the European Economic Area in 1995 (7,01 _%)_ and to the percentage contribution to the
non-nuclear programmes of the Third Framework Programme from these countries in 1994 (6,87 %).

**Further practical steps to improve coordination**

The Communication "Achieving coordination through cooperation" has been extensively discussed in
various fora, within and outside the institutional framework of the Community. These discussions will
be continued in 1995 with a view to the adoption of a Council Resolution and the identification of
priority areas for concrete actions.

Further steps in defining the future role of CREST will be taken in parallel with discussions on
coordination. One question to be examined is the interaction between CREST and other European
bodies with an interest in RTD.

8

Following a Call for expressions of interest published in March 1995 in the framework of the new
programme on targeted socio-economic research, the European Technology Assessment Network,
ET AN, is being set up in order to facilitate analysis and comparison of research and innovation in
Europe. Such a network can, in the long term, help reconcile the points of view of those responsible
for research, Members of Parliament, experts on social and economic questions etc. on the common
problems which are facing us and on the lines of action to be pursued at national and European level.
Its activities concerning exchanges of information and research experience should be demand-driven,
guided by the users, namely national governments, Members of Parliament, the Commission,
industrialists and all the relevant players on the socio-economic scene. In this context, ideas on the
coordination between the activities of national centres and of the Seville Institute for Prospective
Technological Studies will be put forward in a working document.

**RTD** PROGRAMMES: Achievements **and** prospects

**Activities in 1994**

_The level of_ _Community_ _RTD activity can be easily illustrated by some key figures relating to Third_
_Framework_ _Programme_ _activities,_ _covering_ _Member States and_ _countries_ _of the_ _European_ _Economic_
_Area and_ _of EFT_ _A,_ _and_ _including also_ _the most_ _important accompanying_ _measures:_ _6101_ _new projects_
_involving 18_ _261_ _participants were launched in 1994; a total of_ _10 976_ _projects were_ _running_ _at the_
_end of_ _1994;_ _in 1994,_ _Community_ _support amounted to 1 936 MECUs in total payments_ _(excl._ _the_
_Joint Research_ _Centre)._ _They represented no_ _fewer than_ _16_ _407 transnational_ _collaborative_ _links in_
_multi-partner cost-shared_ _actions_ _between research teams spread throughout the_ _Community_ _or the_
_European Economic_ _Area._ _More details are given in the tables in Part_ _Four,_ _Annex_ _1._ _The activities_
_of_ _each_ _RTD programme and the results obtained in_ _1994_ _are set out in more detail in Part Two of_
_this report._ _In the_ _following,_ _some_ _representative_ _points are_ _highlighted._

According to the Treaty (Article 130F), the Community RTD activities have a two-fold objective:
_"...strengthening tlie_ _scientific and technological bases of Community industry and encouraging it_
_to become more_ _competitive_ _at international_ _level,_ _while_ _promoting all the_ _research activities deemed_
_necessary by virtue of other_ _Chapters_ _of this_ _Treaty._ _"._ The specific programmes of the Framework
programme contribute generally to both objectives; the examples of results presented below are
intended to illustrate this rather than give a comprehensive description of the objectives and scope of
each of the programmes.

The following cites some specific examples of research activities related to the competitiveness of
European industry:

In the information technologies programme (ESPRIT), 109 actions were launched in the context of
the European software Systems Initiative (ESSI) which aims at disseminating software best practices.
It also provided seed funds for the European Software Institute (ESI), founded by 15 major software
players who started the Europe-wide software process training action. ESSI actions have found
particularly high acceptance with SMEs where interest is strong for best practice related to new
software technologies with a view to improving their industrial competitiveness.

Another example from this programme includes the initiatives related to Computer Integrated
Manufacturing and Engineering (CIME). Advanced information technologies systems have been
developed for Co-design and concurrent engineering of integrated systems for industrial
communications and automation; moreover, major contributions have been made to various
standardisation activities, for example in the area of mechanical design. A number of test cases were

completed under the feasibility phase of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems initiative (IMS)
involving participants not only from Europe but also from Japan, the US and other regions.

In the field of advanced communications technologies, prototypes of integrated communications
systems have been developed within projects carried out in close collaboration with users in several
sectors, such as transport, manufacturing, culture, publishing, construction, trade and banking.
Techno-economic studies and development of network interconnections' standards were included in
these projects.

Miniaturised technology is booming. In the frame of the **industrial and materials technologies**
programme, recent progress in micro-electronics has given rise to prototypes of "micro-motors": tiny
motors whose size is of the order of 1 millimetre or even smaller. They can be applied to a wide
range of uses, for example, in the medical field, with micro-surgery, implanted pumps, and more.
Their manufacture, however, raises enormous technical problems. These motors are extremely
vulnerable to all physical forces (a grain of dust or a particle of grease is enough to stop them) and
they are also difficult to assemble. This is why four organisations have joined hands in studying the
design of micro-machines with the help of 3-dimensional mathematical models and examining the
mechanical and deformation related properties of components, attempting to solve friction problems
through the use of electrostatic forces. In order to keep the weight of the micro-motor as low as
possible, the partners are working on glue-based assembly techniques.

Under the **biotechnology** programme, 7 Industrial Platforms have been created at the initiative of
interested companies and are active in particular technology sectors. Industrial Platforms provide
contractors and Commission services with expert advice on industrially relevant topics, thus promoting
a dynamic interaction beneficial to all parties. As regards scientific results, significant advances have
been made in the field of industrial microorganisms; new ones which can live under extreme
conditions have been isolated and characterized.

Some concrete results **contributing** **to other Community policies and to the needs of the society.**
and thus to the second general objective of Community **RTD** activities, deserve mention here:

Research on the natural _**environment**_ has generated information usable in implementing or refining
the European Union's environmental policies and management. Successful examples drawn from the
two **programmes in the area of environment** are: the development of a new functional approach to
wetland assessment and protection; the understanding of the complex pollution process in the Western
Mediterranean Sea; the development of a hydrodynamical and ecological model of the reaction of high
mountains lakes to pollution, as a contribution to the Alpine Convention; and the understanding of the
mechanisms of the physical processes that shape the coastline.

The **programme** on **measurement and testing** contributed significantly to the operation of the
_**Internal market**_ by providing the scientific and technical basis for more than 30 European standards.
Of particular interest to industry are the projects on the testing of materials (metals, ceramics, coatings
etc.) and construction. A European-wide project to develop improved methods for determining the
resistance and reaction to fire of upholstered furniture not only lays the basis for future standards and
possible legislation, but also provided training for Member States who have yet to develop their test
facilities in this field.

Contributions to _health_ and _**consumer protection**_ policies come from both the **Biomedicine and health**
**programme** and from the **agriculture and agro-industry programme.** Three major projects
concentrated on developing effective vaccines to prevent infection by the HIV virus and designing
drugs which suppress the progress of AIDS. A methodology has been developed to evaluate the safety

10

of a transgenic tomato; this methodology will prove very useful for the preparation of guidelines for
the evaluation of novel foods.

**The** Telematics Systems of **General Interest programme** also contributed to _health policies_ and to
other policies such as _**transport, the internal**_ _market, culture,_ _**and**_ _education and training._ A
"multimedia teleschool" which allows a tutor to have face-to face contact with many learners at
different locations rias been developed in the framework of this programme. Twenty interactive
courses on such subjects as foreign language learning, telecommunications, and environmental
awareness, have been held by the Teleschool for more than 1600 executive learners form major
companies in 12 countries.

In terms of the _Common_ _**Agriculture**_ _**Policy**_ and rural development, new projects in the **programme**
**on agriculture and agro-industry, including fisheries,** will produce much needed data and
indications of how quantitative models will be used in agriculture in the future. In addition, support
to the _**Common**_ _Fisheries Policy_ has been provided through the increased knowledge of the major
stocks for European fisheries in the Atlantic ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea.

In the _energy_ field, new tools for strategic analysis and modelling have been developed within the
**energy programmes** to analyze the complex energy-environment-economic system and its future
trends with the objective of defining a global energy RTD strategy for the European Union. A new
generation of mathematical models was developed to characterise this complex system both at
European and world scale. An accounting framework was developed to evaluate costs in different fuel
cycles (nuclear, coal, gas and renewables) within a joint Community-US collaboration. Within the
**thermonuclear fusion programme,** the design of the first experimental fusion reactor, ITER, has
progressed in the frame of the quadripartite Agreement ITER-EDA (Engineering Design Activities)
between Euratom, Japan, Russia and the USA. An industrial grouping was selected to contribute to
the Euratom participation to the overall design of ITER.

Last but not least, a number of activities have been carried out to strengthen the links with the
Community's _regional_ _**and structural**_ _policies,_ taking into account the Communication of the
Commission of 12 May 1993 "Cohesion and **RTD** policy" (COM(93) 203). The less favoured regions
have profited from the RTD Framework Programme at different levels, in particular by:

the choice of research themes (such as desertification, renewable energy, traditional
manufacturing, rural areas, marine sciences etc.)
measures in favour of SMEs (like the CRAFT-initiative launched under the industrial
technologies programme and extended to other programmes)
networking measures
the importance attributed to dissemination of research results and technology transfer in
particular in the context of the VALUE II and the SPRINT programmes
specific actions such as the Human Capital and Mobility Programme.

In addition, a series of activities (including studies, seminars and pilot actions) were launched in
coordination with the activities undertaken in the context of the Structural Funds. Examples of such
activities are the "Awareness seminars" in Objective 1 regions (in Lisbon and Dublin) and the
following studies: a vademecum of RTD actions eligible for structural funding; RTD networks
between Objective I regions and industrialised regions; RTD profile of Objective 1 regions, and on
RTD in rural areas and islands; a directory of projects (1989-93) under the STRIDE Programme
(Science and Technology for Regional Innovation and Development in Europe). Furthermore, a pilot
project financed by the Structural Funds made it possible to test a mechanism for the ecploitation of
results of Community research in Objective 1 regions. The experience gained in this context will be

11

used when deciding on the activities to be carried out under the third action of the Fourth Framework
Programme.

All these efforts seem to have had a positive effect on the overall research capacity of the less
favoured regions. The number of participations from the Objective 1 region has increased significantly
from the Second to the Third Framework Programme by around 13 %.

A number of other examples of projects within different fields which have proved successful for
industry rvr have satisfied societal needs are included in Part Two on Achievements in 1994 (RTD
results).

Major initiatives in 1995

_For all programmes the key_ _objective_ _for 1995 is the efficient implementation of the new specific_
_programmes in_ _most cases through_ _calls for proposals, selection of proposals and_ _the_ _start of projects._
_More detailed_ _descriptions_ _are in Part_ _Three_ _of this report. However, with the_ _implementation_ _of the_
_Fourth_ _Framework Programme_ _a number of new features are introduced in the_ _specific_ _programmes;_
_they are highlighted in the following:_

In the field of information and communication technologies, the three specific programmes will
contribute to the emergence of a "Knowledge-based Europe"; to the creation of the Information society
(based on the recommendations of the European Council and the G7 meeting on the subject); and to
the development of a "European Digital Industry". User needs will be taken into account to a greater
extent than before, in particular in the areas of multimedia technologies, software and telematics
applications which are expected to be carriers of new markets and new jobs.

One of the main tasks of the two programmes in the field of industrial technologies is to prepare for
the "Factory of the Future" in the context of sustainable development, including research aiming at
an improved working environment, and new production technologies, materials and organisation
models. Research into standards and measurement, and transport technologies, will contribute to the
implementation of other Community policies, such as the internal market and transport.

The two programmes in the area of the environment will focus on: the fundamental mechanisms of
climate and natural systems - terrestrial, atmospheric and marine (global change); environmental
technologies, including marine technologies and the use of space techniques for Earth observation; and
the social dimensions of environmental change. In order to ensure coordination of efforts at
international level, activities will be developed in close collaboration with the European Network for
Research on Global Change (ENRICH) and other international bodies.

Three specific programmes on life sciences and technologies will serve a twin objective; they will
contribute to strengthening Europe's strategic position in this promising field, and aim at improving
the quality of life by adding "life to years" and not just "years to life". This will be achieved by
research into biotechnologies, food products, drug evaluation, major diseases (such as cancer and
AIDS), the human genome and the brain. In addition, provision has been made for research on legal,
ethical and social aspects of life sciences and technologies. Negotiations, by Member States of the
European Union, are under way in the Council of Europe for the finalisation of the text of the
framework Bioethical Convention. The conclusion of this Convention by the Committee of Ministers
of the Council of Europe is foreseen for 1995. A proposal for the participation by the European
Community in this convention as a contracting party is likely to be submitted to the Council in due

course.

12

The three programmes on energy will be implemented with the aim of: increasing the efficiency of
energy use (fuel cells, batteries etc.); improving present technologies (nuclear safety, reduction of
C0 2 -emissions etc.); promoting the development of future energy sources (renewable energy, fusion,
etc.) and encouraging socio-economic factors to be taken into account. Demonstration projects on
efficient energy technologies will be continued. In the field of nuclear fusion the main focus of the
activities will be the engineering design of ITER; an Interim Report will be issued in 1995. Supporting
plasma physics and" plasma engineering R&D will be pursued on JET (Joint European Torus) and on
the specialized devices in the Associations. The activities on fusion technology, safety and social
acceptability of fusion power will be expanded.

The new transport programme will contribute to the definition of a genuine European transport policy
which will be implemented through the development of high-performance trans-European networks.
The research will cover all forms of transport (rail, air, urban, road, maritime and river) with a view
to making them efficient, compatible, coordinated, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable.

For the first time, a programme in the field of targeted socio-economic research will be implemented.
It covers the evaluation of science and technology policy options, research on education and training,
and research into social integration and exclusion in Europe. The European Technology Assessment
Network (ETAN) is an important component of this programme.

**INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION**

Activities in **1994**

_During_ _the_ _past year,_ _international scientific cooperation_ _has_ _become_ _an_ _even more significant aspect_
_of the_ _European Union's research_ _activities._ _This is_ _illustrated both_ _by the_ _opening_ _up to_ _international_
_cooperation of most of the specific programmes of the Fourth_ _Framework programme_ _and by the_
_adoption of a specific programme (the "Second_ _Activity ")_ _providing a_ _coherent_ _frame_ _for_ _international_
_cooperation._ _In_ _addition,_ _concrete initiatives were undertaken_ _to_ _establish relations_ _or_ _expand existing_
_cooperative arrangements with a number of_ _countries,_ _and to reinforce links with the European_
_organizations specialized in scientific cooperation._

Several factors lay behind these initiatives, such as:

the Union's responsibilities towards the part of Europe which was separated from the West
for 50 years
the wish to help the regions on the Union's Eastern and Mediterranean flanks and developing
countries profit from science in solving the serious problems facing them
the technology "boost" induced by the Union's participation in joint ventures of mutual

interest with the major technological powers
the need for improved coordination and rationalization of the activities undertaken within the
various European cooperation frameworks.

**Countries of Central and Eastern Europe and New Independent States**

The European Union has undertaken a number of initiatives in order to strengthen scientific and
technical cooperation with these countries, based on the criterion of mutual interest. The aim is to
promote research and technological development in these countries as an essential factor in their social
and economic development and in the consolidation of their democratic outlook.

**13**

A particular effort was made under the PECO initiative to facilitate the participation of scientists
**from** Central and Eastern European countries and from the NIS in five specific programmes **of**
the **Third** Framework Programme: environment, biomedicine and health, non-nuclear energies,
nuclear fission safety and human capital and mobility. Within a budget of ECU 29.5 million, 238
priority projects were selected together with 160 projets on a reserve list. Continuing the activities
undertaken in 1992 and 1993, the COPERNICUS 1994 scheme was launched with a budget of ECU
67 million. 220 joint research projects and networks were selected with more than one thousand
partners. Special emphasis was given to strengthening the relations between universities, research
institutions and industry from Eastern and Western Europe.

The **International** Association for the Promotion of Cooperation with Scientists from the New
**Independent** States of the Former Soviet Union (INTAS) was set up in June 1993. Present members
are the European Community, its fifteen Member States, Norway and Switzerland. 459 projects with
a budget of ECU 21 million were selected. The pilot phase of INT AS was prolonged till the end of
1995. Furthermore, in 1994 the Community continued its support for the International Science and
**Technology Centre** **(ISTC)** created in November 1992 by the European Union, the United States,
Japan and Russia in order to encourage military scientists and engineers from the former Soviet Union
to retrain for civilian occupations and speed up the disarmament process. The first round of projects
supported more than 8200 scientists and engineers.

**Industrialized** Countries **and International** Programmes

Scientific and technical cooperation with industrialized countries contributes to a concerted
development of science and technology on a worldwide level and facilitates the access of European
scientists and engineers to the RTD results of the World's technological "heavy-weights".

In the area of **bilateral** relations, the Council authorized the Commission to negotiate an agreement
with _Switzerland,_ allowing for its participation in the entire Framework Programme (1994-1998), and
an agreement with _Israel,_ which will enable it to participate in all the non-nuclear programmes of
the Fourth Framework Programme. An agreement was signed with _Australia_ and entered into force
on 25 July 1994, and negotiations concluded on a similar agreement with _Canada._ These two
agreements will allow reciprocal participation in certain research programmes, on a project-by-project
basis. In addition, the _United_ _States of America_ and _South Africa_ approached the Commission with
requests for framework agreements on cooperation in science and technology. Enhanced cooperation
with _Japan_ was reflected by the setting up in 1994 of the Euro-Japanese Science and Technology
Forum, by two joint seminars in the field of energy and environment, and by an increased number
of fellowships allowing European scientists and engineers to study in Japan.

In the context of the _European Economic Area,_ Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were
fully associated with the specific programmes of the Third Framework Programme, and, during 1994,
an extension of the EEA Agreement to cover also the Fourth Framework Programme was agreed.

**Multilateral cooperation** arrangements have also undergone significant developments. The _HFSP_
(Human Frontier Science Programme) has been continued, and progress was achieved in the pilot
phase of the _IMS_ (Intelligent Manufacturing Systems) initiative. The Community has also become
an essential partner in both the _Megascience Forum_ of the OECD and in the _Carnegie Group_
involving the G7 countries and Russia.

14

Mediterranean and developing countries

In addition to _the specific programme on Life sciences and technologies in developing countries_
under the Third Framework Programme, two schemes of a geographical nature outside the Framework
Programme, _A VICENNE_ (concerning the Mediterranean countries), and /SC (International Scientific
Cooperation - related to the Asia, Latin America and Mediterranean countries) have been carried out.
These three schemes accounted in all for the launch of around 400 research projects and bursaries in
1994.

A seminar on "Europe of Research and the Mediterranean" on 21 and 22 March 1995 in SophiaAntipolis was organised at the initiative of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research in
liaison with the Commission.

**Major initiatives in 1995:**

In the Fourth Framework Programme, a single programme (the second activity) will be the vehicle
for cooperation on RTD with third countries and with international organizations. This programme
will in the future include activities previously conducted under headings such as those mentioned
above: PECO, COPERNICUS, ISC, and AVICENNE, and also under the former programme for
cooperation with developing countries. In this way, the Community's contribution will be more
apparent to its partners outside the European Union.

The multitude and the diversity of the above activities emphasizes the growing need for a coherent
overall strategy for scientific and technical cooperation with third countries and with international
organizations, which takes properly into account the opportunities, the responsibilities and the interests
of the Community. -The Commission will stimulate discussion through communications on an overall
strategy and on the perspectives of cooperation in science and technology with the New Independent
States (NIS), including through proposals for continuing activities presently covered by INT AS once
its pilot phase has concluded at the end of 1995.

More specifically, it is foreseen that agreements associating Israel and Switzerland with the Fourth
Framework Programme will be concluded. The scientific and technical cooperation agreement with
Canada was signed in June 1995. In addition, a memorandum of understanding with Canada in the
area of nuclear fusion is expected to be signed. A negotiating mandate for a continuation of the IMS
initiative was agreed by the Council of Ministers (Research) on 10 March 1995.

**DISSEMINATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF RESULTS**

Activities in **1994**

_The White Paper stressed the need for improved translation of RTD results into marketable_
_innovations. This_ _challenge_ _has been_ _acknowledged_ _by the Community for_ _some_ _years and indeed in_
_1990_ _a programme was adopted alongside the Third_ _Framework_ _Programme,_ _specifically_ _dedicated_
_to the_ _dissemination_ _and_ _exploitation_ _of results. It had a budget_ _corresponding_ _to 1 % of the amount_
_of the whole_ _Framework_ _Programme and has contributed considerably to making industry, and in_
_particular SMEs, aware of_ _Community_ _research programmes and results which might meet their_
_technological needs._

The activities of the centralized action (VALUE-programme) include the establishment of an
infrastructure for dissemination and exploitation of results, notably the Community RTD information

15

Service, CORDIS, a network of pilot Value Relay centres in every Member State, and support for
exploitation projects related to Community RTD projects.

Furthermore, an initiative outside the Framework Programme, **SPRINT,** has promoted technology
transfer and absorption of new technologies - whether or not the fruit of Community RTD - by
industry, with particular attention to SMEs. SPRINT activities included networks of technology
brokers, dissemination of innovation management methods, a science park consulting scheme, and a
"European Innovation Observatory".

**tr>...**
Experience with these programmes, and also for example with the programme on industrial and
materials technologies (BRITE-EURAM), has shown that the exploitation of results is most successful
if there is **a** clear statement of company strategy and proposed exploitation routes agreed amongst the
partners from **the** outset. This is the reason why, in the Brite-Euram programme, projects started in
**1994** **were** subject to rigorous selection procedures where such forward planning was specifically taken
into account **and** will be subject also to strict management and progress control.

**The following** examples, drawn both from the different programmes and from the centralized action,
**illustrate the** variety of measures used to enhance exploitation and show the attention given to it:

development of **European or international standards** (for example almost 500 in the
programme for communications technologies)

establishment of **patents** (around 50 in each of the biotechnology, the agricultural and the
communications technologies programmes)

conclusion of **technology transfer licences** (about **350** in the communications technologies
programme)

**mid-term review seminars arranged for consortia** to prepare the conclusion and the
exploitation phase of projects

the production of **easy-to-read** "success stories" for wide dissemination

**circulation of information on the main characteristics of results and potential applications**
**through VALUE Relay Centres**

dissemination through the **CORDIS** database or through project catalogues of all results
obtained through the programmes

onward transfer of projects requiring **exploitation assistance** via the VALUE programme.

organisation of **scientific meetings** (conferences, symposia, seminars and workshops) and
publication of their proceedings or other scientific reports.

promotion of **mobility of researchers** (transfer of know-how and experience often being the
most effective way of transferring technology)

**sales of certified reference materials** (measurements and testing programme)

16

creation of data **banks** of **biological** materials, such as malaria antigens and genomes
(programmes for biosciences and technologies in developing countries and for biomedicine and
health)

exhibitions (Fusion)

**Major** **initiativesMn** **1995:**

A Green Paper on the promotion of innovation policies in the European Union will be presented with
the aim both of stimulating the transfer of RTD results into innovations of commercial interest to
industry and examining other factors (both obstacles and incentives) which affect successful
innovation.

The role of SMEs is important for economic growth and competitiveness bearing in mind their
potential in terms of flexibility and capacity to adapt rapidly to the changing market situation. The
specific measures to promote SME participation which have been introduced in practically all
programmes should help to exploit this potential. Nevertheless, SMEs may play an even more
important role as users of results from Community RTD projects.

The effort in the field of dissemination and optimization of results will be further rationalised and
emphasized under the Fourth Framework Programme, notably by the implementation of a specific
programme for the dissemination and optimization of the results of activities in the field of RTD,
including demonstration, covering i.a. activities formerly developed under VALUE and SPRINT, and
by the coordination of activities of this programme with those of the specific programmes in this field.
The new programme for dissemination and optimization of RTD results will implement in a horizontal
way one of the four main lines of the Fourth Framework Programme (the "Third Activity") by
integrating in a coherent manner initiatives formerly carried out at various levels in this field.
Its main tools of action are:

the improved CORDIS integrated information system on RTD results, accessible on-line and
off-line;
the technology validation and technology transfer projects;
an enlarged network of redefined relay centres for dissemination of RTD results;
the innovation observatory and other schemes for assisting in the promotion of innovation in
areas such as science parks, quality assessment design, etc.

The programme will help the regions of the Community least favoured by the RTD programmes and
will contribute to economic and social cohesion. It is closely linked to various initiatives in these
domains and takes account of the Communication from the Commission on cohesion and RTD policy
(COM (93)203 final). The major initiative is the call for proposals launched jointly by different
Commission Services, that is to be published in mid September 1995, for the selection of a number
of pilot regions in which to carry out Regional Technology Plans and Technology Transfer projects.
A second example of a new measure in this area is the technical and management assistance,
particularly in the less-favoured regions of the Community which is foreseen for public and private
financial intermediaries in Member States. The aim is to offer SMEs the opportunity of obtaining
participative co-funding, with particular reference to facilitating the evaluation of technological
projects to be submitted by SMEs and allowing optimum exploitation of the research results.

The implementation arrangements of the rules for dissemination set out by the Council for the Fourth
Framework Programme are to be adopted by the Commission.

17

The Commission has established an interservice coordination group for dissemination **and**
**exploitation** composed of representatives from all the RTD programmes. Its main purpose is
interprogramme coordination and the drawing up of a Common Action Plan in this field.

**TRAINING AND MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS**

**Activities in 1994**

_The rationale behind_ _the Community's_ _activities in the field of training and_ _mobility_ _of_ _researchers_ _is_
_to_ _increase_ _and_ _develop the human resources_ _devoted_ _to scientific_ _research._ _Although_ _Europe possesses_
_a human capital in the_ _field_ _of_ _research which ranks high_ _in the_ _world,_ _its_ _utilization_ _is_ _often hampered_
_by the lack of effective transnational cooperation and mobility._ _Indeed,_ _in the past, European_
_researchers often formed stronger links with_ _laboratories_ _across the Atlantic rather than with those_
_in a neighbouring_ _country._ _For these_ _reasons,_ _raising_ _the quality of_ _advanced training_ _and_ _increasing_
_the number of_ _researchers_ _in_ _Europe_ _has been a_ _clear policy_ _aim of the_ _Community's_ _RTD framework_
_programmes. In_ _1994_ _alone,_ _around_ _1500_ _new_ _bursaries_ _and networks_ _contracts_ _were signed under_
_the_ _Community_ _programme._

The Commission's White Paper on Competitiveness, Growth and Employment underlines the need to
invest in the European Union's human capital, at all levels. It states that the qualifications of
researchers, their ability to meet the needs of developing industries and the extent to which the capital
they represent is utilized, are essential factors in renewing growth, strengthening competitiveness and
boosting employment in the Community. In particular, bold policy initiatives in the areas of training
and scientific research are called for.

The central features of the Human Capital and Mobility (HCM) Programme under the Third
Framework Programme have been to support the human infrastructure of research at the European
level - networking, access to large-scale facilities (that is, scientific installations which are rare or
unique in Europe and needed to perform excellent research), training of young researchers (doctoral
or post-doctoral fellowships), and high-level scientific meetings ("Euroconferences").

Projects could be proposed in all fields of the exact, natural and economic sciences. In the areas of
social and human sciences, the programme covered activities likely to improve European
competitiveness and bring about sustainable economic development. The research is non-targeted in
that it is selected by the researchers themselves to pursue their own lines of enquiry. Given the nature
of a free-research programme, the Commission's experience has been that proposals have tended to
come in the basic sciences, with a correspondingly low participation rate from industry. However, in
those disciplines which are of more obvious relevance to industry, such as engineering, the
participation rate from companies has been significantly higher. Concerning basic research, it should
be underlined that over the long-term, advances in research often feed through to commercial
application, and in the meantime provide a focus for the continual development of high-level
researchers, on which the prosperity of western Europe ultimately depends.

**Major initiatives 1995**

The links between the two Community policies which are related to immaterial investment, research

18

and education and training, will be strengthened in the context of the Fourth RTD Framework
Programme:

The new programme "Targeted socio-economic research" (within the First Activity of Fourth
Framework Programme) includes work in the field of research on education.

The support for the advanced training of researchers is a permanent feature throughout the
Community's RTD programmes, and a specific programme ("Training and Mobility of
Researchers", which constitutes the Fourth Activity of the Framework Programme) is devoted
to the stimulation of training and mobility of researchers within Europe. This programme is
a continuation of the HCM programme; however, a number of significant developments,
which are summarized below, have been initiated.

A more flexible 'research training grant' scheme, common to all research programmes offering
research training grants, will be established. For 1995, an interim scheme will be set up taking into
account the legal, financial and social conditions of the host countries.

The network activity will show a substantial increase, in terms of funding level per partner, as
compared with the previous programme. In this way the Commission is seeking to support real
advanced training, and not only researcher mobility.

Considerable efforts are being made to stimulate greater industrial involvement in the programme
through the more systematic and targeted dissemination of information about the programme to
industry and through an increased participation of assessors and reviewers from industrial laboratories
at the time of evaluating proposals.

In parallell, cohesion aspects associated to the diffrent activities of the programme have been improved
as compared with the previous HCM programme. Those aspects are also under study by an "ad hoc"
working group.

Last but not least, serious consideration should be given to the fact that participation in a research
project funded by the European Union is in itself valuable training and experience in how to
collaborate in and extract the maximum benefit from transnational research activities.

**JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE**

**Activities in 1994**

_The Joint_ _Research_ _Centre_ _(JRC)_ _plays a unique and_ _valuable_ _role in the_ _European_ _Union's research_
_policy. As a repository of_ _specialised_ _skills,_ _it represents a uniquely_ _independent source_ _of objective_
_and neutral_ _knowledge_ _in particular fields,_ _especially those linked to_ _the_ _implementation of_ _the_ _Union's_
_major_ _policies._ _The_ _negotiation_ _of the Fourth_ _Framework_ _Programme was the occasion for a further_
_in-depth review of the_ _situation_ _of the JRC and its role within the framework of_ _Community_ _research,_
_to which the_ _Council,_ _Parliament_ _and_ _Commission_ _made very active_ _contributions._ _The institutional_
_role_ _oftlie_ _JRC and its_ _contribution_ _not only to_ _research_ _policy but also to other_ _Community_ _policies_
_were_ _emphasized._ _But_ _the Fourth Framework Programme_ _also_ _introduced a major_ _innovation;_ _it opens_
_up the JRC to a greater extent to the outside_ _world,_ _encouraging it to pursue its activities on a_
_competitive basis in the_ _same_ _way as the other public_ _and_ _private_ _research bodies existing_ _in Europe._
_In this manner, the JRC will be able to participate, through networks or consortia, in the_
_implementation of_ _the specific_ _programmes by replying to_ _Calls_ _for Proposals._

19

In 1994, major developments also took place in areas which fall within the remit of the JRC:

preparations were made, jointly with ESA and the national space agencies, to set up an **Earth**
**observation data centre,**

the **European** **Centre for the validation** of **alternative methods** aimed at reducing or
eliminating laboratory experimentation on animals was inaugurated at the JRC Institute in
Irora

technological advances were achieved in such varied fields as the development of **new**
**materials intended for clean energy technologies** and the campaign to **eliminate fraud** in
the implementation of the **Common Agricultural Policy,**

in the nuclear field, the JRC made a very notable contribution to the campaign to **stamp out**
**illegal trading in radioactive materials,** by putting its expertise at the disposal of the
Community and national authorities.

On the administrative side, it was decided that the JRCs **Board of Governors** would have **a** more
prominent role. An **advisory Scientific and Industrial Group** was also set up to provide **the** Director
General of the JRC and the Board of Governors with recommendations on the JRCs scientific and

technical activities.

**Major initiatives in 1995**

The **JRC** is actively tightening its links with the fabric of European research. For example, **the Seville**
**Institute for Prospective Technological Studies** will participate in the ET AN network for technology
assessment to be established in the context of the targeted socio-economic research programme. The
work accomplished by the Institute's European Science and Technology Observatory will help supply
the responsible politicians and Europe's industrialists with the information they need on scientific
developments and technological innovations.

Some 30 work schedules define the single projects and make up the JRC Work programme for 1995,
as approved by the JRC Board of Governors. Amongst the new features in these programmes are the
emphasis on environmental technologies throughout the programmes on environment and climate,
industrial technologies and materials technologies and non-nuclear energy as well as the new strategic
studies under socio-economic research.

In 1995, activities intended for **scientific and technical support to Community Policies** will for the
first time be conducted in the framework of a **competitive approach.** The implementation of this
research will be assigned to research bodies, including universities, undertakings and the JRC.

**MANAGEMENT**

**Activities in 1994**

**Evaluation and impact studies**

The evaluation of programmes is essential both to assess the cost-efficiency of the implementation of
programmes and to prepare for new programmes or actions. For this reason, the future strategy for

**20**

evaluation was one of the major topics during the discussions between the Institutions on the Fourth
Framework Programme. In December 1994, Commission services presented a **note to** CREST **on**
**a method for** coherent monitoring **and** evaluation of the Framework programme **and of** the
specific programmes. The approach complies with the rather complex obligations as regards
evaluation and permanent monitoring set out in the decisions on the Fourth Framework Programme
and the corresponding specific programmes, while avoiding bureaucracy and evaluation for its own
sake. CREST set _up_ an ad hoc group with the mandate to provide it with advice on this subject.

Complementary to the evaluation of programmes are the so-called national impact studies. These are
carried out with two aims: to assess the effects of Community RTD policy on the national research
landscape in each Member State, and to examine the interactions between Community and national
policies. The main findings resulting from the studies conducted in each of the Member States, on the
basis of interviews and questionnaires, is currently being summarized in a synthesis report. Some of
the salient points are given below.

Most respondents regarded their EU projects as being in their core technology area, thus forming an
integral part of their RTD portfolios. There was some evidence that SMEs were more likely to be
involved in a core area, probably because they have less scope for diversification in their RTD
activities. **As a percentage of the total RTD budget of participating RTD units,** Community
funding varies greatly depending on the country (and on the size of participating firms). Nevertheless,
it is generally significant for all types of organization and is widely perceived to be increasing. Most
of the participants surveyed indicated that it would have been **impossible to launch the research**
**projects without Community funding and/ or there would have been considerable time-delays.**
In many cases the opportunity of applying for Community support provided the catalyst for consortia
to form, whether or not they were successful in obtaining Community funding. The findings further
suggest that **transnational collaboration** is mostly built upon and expands on existing networks of
scientific cooperation with fragments of previous groupings also combining to form new teams.

Part Four, Annex V, provides a list of programme evaluations and impact studies from 1994.

**Management: Simplification and harmonization**

With the objective of bringing greater **visibility, transparency and efficiency** to all stages of the
implementation process, a new approach has been introduced into the management of Community
RTD programmes. A number of initiatives have been adopted to simplify and harmonize management
procedures, including

**publication** of calls **for** proposals **on** four fixed dates **a** year (15 March, 15 June, 15
September and 15 December)

regular **rotation of the experts** employed by the Commission for project evaluation. The
experts are now replaced after three evaluation sessions, or after three years

publication of a **"management manual",** a valuable tool for researchers offering an insight
into the handling of project proposals and an introduction to contract negotiation.

establishment of simpler and **more user-friendly application forms:** the administrative section
has been harmonized for the majority of programmes, and the scientific/ technical section,
although specific to each programme, has now a common structure.

adoption of a harmonized model for the programme information packages.

21

simplification of the contract negotiation forms: a simplified standard contract form has
been the subject of a very extensive consultation of the scientific society and of industry.

improvements to the measures specifically designed for SMEs, based on experience gained
under the existing schemes (CRAFT, feasibility awards, VALUE and SPRINT).

increased and transparent inter-programme coordination: joint or synchronized calls for
proposals and project evaluations in specific cross-programme areas, guidance to proposers
on. cross-programme projects, creation of inter-service groups on specific issues (for example,
task forces, interservice group on dissemination and exploitation of results).

All these initiatives have left the fundamental principles unchanged. Community support for RTD is
based on equality of access to the programmes for all, and equality of opportunity for all participants.
The administrative procedures are designed to guarantee that the projects supported are selected on
the basis of their quality and their contribution to the Community policies.

As regards numbers of Commission personnel, it has been kept largely constant despite the steady
growth in annual levels of Community RTD funding. At December 31, 1994, the total number of
officials, temporary agents or auxiliaries on the research budget (direct and indirect actions) was 3497
persons. The number foreseen for 1995 is 3623 persons.

**Major initiatives in 1995:**

**The simplification and** acceleration of procedures **for** the **evaluation,** the selection and the
**funding of RTD** projects is of permanent concern to the Commission. It is essential that researchers
and industry should not be unduly hampered by delays, which to a certain extent are nonetheless
inevitable in the management of large sums of public money. The simplified contract forms, which
will be finalized shortly, and the more generalized use of special measures for SMEs are examples
of initiatives pointing in that direction.

Regarding Community **RTD** programme monitoring and evaluation, a Communication based on
the approach outlined earlier by the Commission and on the comments from CREST in particular, will
set out the Commission's intentions. The Commission services will also launch the first monitoring
exercise.

**22**

PART TWO

RTD ACHIEVEMENTS IN 1994

**INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES**

**INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (IT)**

**Objectives**

The main objectives of the IT Programme (ESPRIT III) are :

-to strengthen the scientific and technological basis of European IT industry through cooperative R&D
activities,
-to encourage European industry to become more competitive at international level while paving the
way to standardisation,
-to contribute, interalia, to the strengthening of the economic and social cohesion of the European
Union through high quality research.

The programme was formally divided in the following areas :
/ : _Micro-electronics_

_2 : Information_ _Processing Systems_ _and Software_
_3 : Advanced_ _Business_ _and_ _Home_ _Systems ; Peripherals_

_4 :_ _Computer-integrated Manufacturing_ _and_ _Engineering_ _(CIME)_
_5 : Basic Research._

This last area is an upstream activity whose results feed into several of the more industrially oriented
(downstream) sectors of the programme.

**S/T** Progress

The last ESPRIT III call for proposals took place in spring 1993. A total of 202 projects were selected
for funding from 1277 proposals received. By shortening administrative delays, 24 contracts were
signed before the end of 1993 and the remaining 178 contracts by the beginning of 1994.

Taking into account industrial priorities, two activities were emphasised in the course of the work
programme implementation of Area 2, namely : High Performance Computing and Networking; the
European Software Systems Initiative (ESSI) which aims at disseminating software best practices. In
addition, the Open Microprocessor Systems Initiative (OMI), a horizontal activity across various
programme areas, aims at providing Europe with capability in micro-processor systems and to promote
their use in application systems; it has pioneered the new concept of a "focused cluster" - a set of
projects and accompanying measures contributing in a complementary fashion to a well defined
industrial objective.

The following examples may illustrate a few of the programme's results and dissemination activities
among several hundred significant achievements that the 1995 programme's evaluation will further

23

analyze :

- Seven European semi-conductor companies announced the availability of a common 0.5/x. CMOS
production process technology. The technology resulted from a collaborative ESPRIT founded RTD
project undertaken in the context of the EUREKA project "Joint European submicron Silicon
project" (JESSI)^ The results can be exploited throughout the Union in the development of highly
complex application specific components for systems applications.

- In the software area, ESSI launched 109 actions and provided seed funds for the European Software
Institute (ESI), founded by 15 major software players who started the Europe-wide software process
training action. ESSI actions have found particularly high acceptance with SMEs where interest is
strong for best practice related to new software technologies with the view of improving their
industrial competitiveness.

- The successful GOLDRUSH parallel processing system based on ESPRIT results was launched.
The METKIT project provides practical material for systematic measurement of software process
performances; it has been used to instruct more than 5000 European software professionals and is
used in over 60 major organisations in Europe and now also in the USA.

- Shortening design cycles, lowering development costs and improving quality are major goals of
parallel computer simulation pursued by some hundred European organisations. 34 codes are being
developed from a wide range of application areas including the automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding, energy supply and chemical industries. The SYNAPSE-1 neural computer won the
German Award for best innovation recently brought to market.

- MULTIDOC, a multimedia electronic folder management system developed by SMEs, is now
installed in public administrations and the banking sector. The Personal Communication Computer,
combining multimedia and video communications, was successfully launched in 1994.

- For OMI, 1994 has been a turning point both in software and hardware. For example, the PIBus,
an interconnect bus for on-chip systems, is fundamental as the basic building block that will pave
the way towards inter-operability of cells at hardware level ; its design tool-kit is now freely
distributed.

- In the CIME area, the main results are advanced IT developments for co-design and concurrent
engineering integrated systems for industrial communications and automation ; moreover, major
contributions have been made to various standardisation activities, for example in the area of
mechanical design (ISO STEP). A number of test cases were completed under the feasibility phase
of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems initiative (IMS) involving participants not only from
Europe but also Japan, the US and other regions. The main phase of IMS is now under discussion.

- In Long Term Research, 95 projects, 45 working groups and 13 networks of excellence were
running in 1994. Besides major achievements in basic research, many projects gave rise to
technology breakthroughs with a direct industrial impact. For example, the Maintainable Real Time
System (MARS) is a time-triggered architecture for distributed fault tolerant systems ; it has been
acquired by several companies, in particular in the automotive industry.

Among many other accompanying measures, an Information Technology European Awards Scheme,
the ITEA, was announced in 1994 under the auspices of Euro-CASE, the European Council of

**24**

Applied Sciences and Engineering. The prices will be distributed in November 1995. Three Grand
Prizes of 200,000 Ecu each and twenty Finalist Prizes of 5,000 Ecu each will be awarded. They are
open to any European organisations and will reward novel products with a high IT content and evident
market potential. ITEA could in particular be an efficient instrument of promotion for innovative
SMEs.

The European IT Conference, EITC '94, took place in June 1994 as the successor to the ESPRIT
Conference Week. The conference had technical days which concentrated on trends in the specific
research ereas and a forum which examined societal and economic issues related to IT. At the same
time, the exhibition focused on themes of IT use (workplace, mobility, leisure) in the context of which
the results of about 60 ESPRIT projects were embedded. About 1600 people attended the conference
and some 3000 people visited the exhibition.

1994 has also been devoted to the preparation of the new IT programme. On the one hand, about 50
thematic Industrial Working Groups were consulted on various programmes' subareas. On the other
hand, and because of the new programme's orientations, a special effort had been made to consult
users. For this purpose, 6 Industrial Advisory Panels had been set up which convened about 90
experts and as many organisations' representatives in areas such as Capital Goods, consumer Goods,
Producer and Consumer services. Furthermore, more than 25 information days were organised during
the second part of 1994, not only in Brussels but also in the main cities of the different EU and EFTA
countries.

**R&D IN ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE (RACE)**

**Objectives**

The main objective of the programme is "the introduction of integrated broadband communication,
taking into account the evolving integrated services digital networks and national introduction
strategies, progressing to Community-wide services by 1995".

**S/T** progress

A call for proposals for research projects was made in May 1993, leading to the launching of 25 new
projects in 1994. The research projects of Phase II of the RACE programme cover eight priority

areas:

_1._ _Research and_ _development_ _into integrated broadband_ _communication_ _(IBC):_
Work in this area has led to a clear definition of the principal concepts of broadband communication.
Optical network models have been developed, as have enhanced components and systems. The work
has resulted in a Community and European approach to the specification of broadband network
infrastructures.

2. _Intelligence in networks and flexible management of_ _means_ _of_ _communication:_
An architecture has been produced for defining interconnectable networks and a service system
management has been developed. The work has paved the way for common functional specifications
for standardization bodies such as ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) and ITU
(International Telecommunication Union).

25

_3._ _Mobile and personal_ _communication:_
The research projects in this area have contributed to the definition of the standards necessary for the
third generation of mobile communication (UMTS-Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems).
They have also studied the problems of using microwave frequencies for mobile broadband systems
(MBS).

_4. Image and data_ _communication:_
Project work in this area has led to the development of interconnection technologies for transmitting
images by^cable, optical fibre, radio and satellite and via ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). It has
also contributed to the development of multimedia services and to the preparation of coding-decoding
systems and audiovisual standards (MPEG-2 - Moving Picture Expert Group-2).

_5. Integrated service_ _technologies:_
This area deals with all the needs of a market in advanced, high-performance telecommunications
services, taking account of new user requirements in an environment of interoperability and
profitability. The projects have therefore worked on the development of interfaces to exploit the new
technologies. They have helped develop and test a harmonized architecture for the definition of
services and have paved the way for common functional specifications with a view to forthcoming
standardization (IN/TMN - Intelligent Network / Telecommunications Management Network).

_6. Technologies for_ _information_ _security:_
This area covers the quality and reliability of information transmitted or used in advanced
communications applications and services. The projects have contributed to the development of
technologies for information security and to the preparation of standards for use in open, distributed
and heterogeneous advanced communications systems.

7. _Experiments in_ _advanced_ _communications:_
The aim here is to verify the feasibility of integrated communication systems. The projects looking
at user requirements have led to the development of prototype integrated communication systems in
several application sectors, including transport, production, manufacture, culture, publishing,
construction, commerce and banking. Techno-economic studies have been carried out with a view
to the forthcoming use and implementation of integrated systems on the market. Projects have also
contributed to the development of network interconnection standards.

_8. Interoperability and_ _testing_ _infrastructure:_
This horizontal area underpins all the other areas referred to above, its objective being to ensure that
the components of a network are consistent with interoperability at all levels. The projects have
therefore contributed to tests on the interconnection of broadband network components at test sites,
on the interconnection of test sites and on applications across interconnected sites. They have also
helped, through testing, to pave the way for standards (UNI - User Network Interface).

Virtually all the main manufacturers and suppliers of telecommunications equipment are taking part
in the RACE programme projects, as are the operators in the communications sector. In addition, the
EU Member States and the EFTA States are equally well represented in the programme. SME
representation stands at 40%.

Over 60% of projects include participants from the less favoured regions of the European Union and
almost 20% of participants come from undertakings located in countries eligible for support from the
cohesion funds. Through this high level of participation these undertakings are helping to transfer

26

technology and to disseminate results towards their regions.

Many technical and scientific cooperation links have been set up with ETSI, CEN/Cenelec (European
Committee for Electro-technical Standardization), EBU (European Broadcasting Union) and other
standardization bodies. Links have also been established with ETNO (European Telecommunications
Network Operator^ Group) and Eurescom (European Institute for. Research and Strategic Studies in
Telecommunications). Scientific collaboration also exists with COST and EUREKA.

Regular il ter-project concertation is an essential feature of the RACE programme: all the projects take
part in technical meetings held every two months or so. The results are integrated and consolidated
by a central project, particularly as regards common functional and practical specifications.

DIGITAL IMAGE TRANSMISSION AND DISPLAY

In June 1993 the Council adopted a resolution on advanced TV systems and asked the Commission
to present a communication on digital television with a view to reaching an agreement on the
Community prospects for development and standardization. The European Parliament subsequently
approved a budget of ECU 12 million for preparatory work in the field of digital image transmission
and display. The objectives were:

- to pave the way for and accelerate European consensus on the technical specifications for the
transmission of digitized images and on a joint strategic approach to systems implementation;

- to finalize demonstrations of digitized image transmission systems;

- to assess the economic consequences of a transition to digitized image transmission systems.

A call for proposals was made in 1993. The Commission received 22 proposals, 7 of which were
selected as preparatory actions. Another 4 proposals were selected in 1994.

**TELEMATIC SYSTEMS OF GENERAL INTEREST**

**Objectives**

The Telematics Systems of General Interest programme seeks to :

- improve the overall performance of large public services throughout the Union by overcoming the
technological, social and economic challenges that confront them ;

- strengthen the scientific and technological base of European industry, particularly in strategic
sectors of applications of advanced technology, with a view to assisting European industry to
become more competitive at the international level ;

- reinforce the economic and social cohesion of the Union and promote its overall harmonious
development ;

- contribute to the successful completion of the internal market.

**S/T** progress

The programme was launched in 1992 ; the majority of projects finished before the end Of 1994. The
Telematics Systems of General Interest programme has produced a large number of successful results
in the form of specifications for new systems, tools and applications, architectures, hardware and
software standards, common procedures, models, and impact or cost-benefit analyses. One example

27

is given below for each area of the programme.

/. _Administrations :_
The European Water Traffic Information System, under the auspices of the EWTIS project, set up an
information network between European ports. The central database supplies details of each vessel and
its route and indicates whether the ship is carrying dangerous goods. This information is made rapidly
available to the search and rescue organisations in the event of an emergency at sea.

_2._ _Transport :_
The SOCRATES and ACCEPT projects have developed traffic information and route guidance
systems for drivers that can be used across Europe in their native language, based on cellular radio
and broadcasting. Tests using cars equipped with the resultant RDS-TMC receivers (radio data systemtraffic message channel) or with a cellular radio system have been carried out in motorway corridors
and in cities, and pre-standards have been produced for location referencing and for an enhanced data
format for digital road maps.

_3._ _Health care :_
A pilot project, DIABCARD, has developed a chipcard-based medical information system designed
for the care of patients with chronic diseases. The project has focused on diabetes mellitus, one of the
most prevalent chronic diseases, afflicting about 20 million people in the European Union, most of
them elderly. It examined ways of improving the treatment of the disease by enhancing communication
between general practitioners, hospitals and the patients themselves at home.

_4. Education and_ _Training_ _:_
One project has set up a "multimedia teleschool", which allows a tutor to have face-to-face contact
with many learners at different locations. The teleschool has held 20 interactive courses on such
subjects as foreign language learning, telecommunications, and environmental awareness for more than
1600 executive learners from major companies in 12 countries.

5. _Libraries_ :
New projects and accompanying measures were selected and negotiated in 1994, completing the
coverage of the Libraries workprogramme. Significant results are already emerging from projects
launched in the previous years, for instance in library networking based on open standards (document
delivery and search and retrieval in remote library catalogues); in imaging systems for access to
photographic, map and slides collections; in optical character recognition in conjunction with hypertext
and other technologies e.g. for the creation of structured machine readable catalogue records. Many
projects focus on new innovative library services, for instance : equipping mobile libraries to provide
modern electronic library services in rural areas; or access to a sound archive in conjunction with
the corresponding bibliographic references. Attention has been paid to copyright and a platform was
created to sensitize libraries across the EU to these issues.

_6. Linguistic Research and_ _Engineering_ _:_
Pilot applications incorporating more advanced language technologies in various fields such as
medicine, law, software and aeronautics, have been identified as a highly effective way of transferring
technology from research laboratories to industry.

_7. Rural Areas :_
The RUTOTEL project has developed a multimedia terminal which will make it easier for tourists to
plan holidays off the beaten track. People planning a journey could start with a map of a selected

**28**

region displayed on a computer terminal. They could then zoom in on a more precise area where
leisure amenities and areas of scenic beauty could be highlighted. Moving pictures accompanied by
sound would show what particular sites really look like. The computer would then provide lists of
available accommodation, lists of local guides and other practical information. Ultimately, the
customer should be able to book the holiday directly on the computer terminal.

In order to prepare the future activities in Telematics Applications a Call for Preparatory and
Accompanying Measures was launched in March 1994 resulting in projects and feasibility studies in
telematics engineering (6 projects), language engineering (13 projects), information engineering (22
projects and 7 studies), air traffic management (14 projects), and telematics for urban areas (9
projects). In addition, different Commission Services launched a joint Call for accompanying
measures in education and training.

The programme brings together the users and providers of telematic services and products, allowing
the users to become more aware of the potential benefits brought by the technology and the providers
to become more aware of the needs of the users, be they intermediate- or end-users.

This contact builds confidence on both sides and encourages increased investment and the development
of a wider range of new systems and services, thus stimulating job creation. The Telematics Systems
of General Interest programme promotes market development, which should result in stronger and
steady demand for telematics based services. The use of telematics helps European industry to produce
better products at lower costs, hence increasing industrial competitiveness. Training of employees
becomes cheaper, easier and more effective. Health care, education, transport, libraries and other
public services are encouraged to switch resources from overheads to services to the public, ensuring
a better quality of life for Europe's citizens.

The Telematics Systems of General Interest programme had an excellent record in terms of SME
participation, with SMEs representing some 50% of the companies involved (though this is an average
figure spanning a wide range - 29 to 63 % - depending on the sector).

In May 1994, the Commission submitted to the European Parliament and the Council a report on the
mid-term review of the Telematics Systems of General Interest programme, its implementation and
its results. The review found that the programme was succeeding in developing practical applications
for the new technologies, and was clearly driven by users, involving people likely to operate, benefit
from and ultimately buy the telematic applications being developed.

The review board - an independent team of industrialists and academics - recommended that the
Commission integrate the different areas of the programme to give a wider perspective to the research
and allow the development of a long-term strategic plan, stressing that the programme should be seen
as a long-term venture. The board welcomed the Commission's plan to bring the seven research areas
together under a common management. It also praised the regular meetings held between project
representatives to exchange information, noting that this had demonstrably helped build cohesion
between users and suppliers. Finally it noted that the lack of a common, cheap, readily available
infrastructure was holding back the take-up of the results of telematics projects. It said that concerted
public investment is the only realistic way to build up this infrastructure, and that the programme was
central to this task.

29

TIDE (Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly people)

Information and communication technologies can make a strong contribution to improving the quality
of life of disabled and elderly people. These technologies can facilitate their social and economic
integration in the community and enable them to live as independently as possible. The approach is
to take existing technology and match it to the capabilities of disabled and elderly users. This covers
a wide range of devices and services, from Braille screens to enable blind people to access the new
graphical interfaces to today's computers, through robot arms for wheelchairs, to adapted interfaces
to smart t house technology. Stimulating coherence in this market through technical standards, new
relationships between sector actors etc. so as to improve the competitiveness of European industry and
the quality of life for these citizens, are the major results to be obtained from this Community
initiative.

A pilot phase (1992-1994) with 18 MECU funded 21 projects and a study. A second phase called the
Bridge Phase (1993-1997) with 42 MECU is funding 55 projects and horizontal actions. In the Fourth
Framework Programme the TIDE activities will be followed up as a sub-programme of the
Telematics Applications programme.

The Pilot Phase has recently been evaluated in 1994 by a technical committee including disabled users
and senior researchers who were supervised by a high level review board. The overall result of this
evaluation is very positive. The review board characterised the TIDE Pilot Phase as :

- Remarkably successful in mobilising the sector - enabling large companies, SMEs and users to
work together

- Investment in TIDE has been extremely worthwhile, especially considering the short time frame
and modest resources

- TIDE focuses on users and has demonstrated the benefits delivered to them.

The recommendations of the Review Board following the evaluation highlight some major emphases
for the follow on of TIDE Bridge and Telematics Phases. These are that :

- Users must continue to be involved. They must be involved at all the stages of the project

- Manufacturers right across Europe should include the requirements of disabled and elderly people
at the design stage of their products ("design for all").

MULTIMEDIA PUBLICATIONS

In order to prepare the ground for activities in the new area of Information Engineering in the
Telematics Applications programme under the Fourth Framework Programme, a budget of 4 MECU
was made available for exploratory actions in multimedia publishing. A call for proposals for
exploratory actions in multimedia publishing, published on 15th March 1994 (ref. O.J. C78/51), led
to the submission of 412 proposals.

22 projects were selected for funding within five areas, namely electronic newspapers and magazines,
multimedia catalogues, multimedia asset trading (including advertising), STM publishing and technical
services/documentation. Partners in the successful consortia include major European publishers,
research organisations, specialist SME's and user groups.

Results due in mid-1995 will provide focus to RTD activities in the Information Engineering sector
of the Telematics Applications Programme (1994-1998).

**30**

To prepare the Information Engineering contribution to the Telematics Applications workprogramme,
more than 600 experts representing academia, industry and user groups, cooperated with the
Commission's services in an intensive consultation phase.

**INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES**

**INDUSTRIAL & MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES** **("BRITE-EURAM** **n")**

**Objectives**

The basis of the programme on Industrial and Materials Technologies continues to be the revitalization
of the European manufacturing industry by reinforcing its scientific and technological base through
research and development work. Its main objectives are :

- to increase the competitiveness of European industry in the face of strong international challenges,
particularly in strategic sectors of advanced technology;

- to strengthen European economic and social cohesion consistent with the pursuit of scientific and
technical excellence.

A number of other strategic aims complement the overall objectives of the programme :

- to increase implementation of advanced technologies by small and medium sized enterprises
(SMEs);  
- to increase involvement of manufacturing SMEs in European RTD thereby developing links with
other enterprises and to better manage their resources;

- to encourage and diversify the training of research workers and engineers for modern European
industry;

- to give full consideration to the social, human and environmental impact of new technologies;

- to concentrate the effort necessary for the appropriate dissemination and exploitation of results.

The programme is formally sub-divided into the following three areas :

/. /. _Raw materials and_ _recycling_
_1.2. Materials_
_2._ _Design and_ _manufacturing_
_3._ _Aeronautics research_

S/T Progress

The means to achieving the objectives of the programme included the promotion of multisectoral and
multidisciplinary collaboration in basic technical research and the implementation of new technologies
by end users. The acquisition of scientific and technical knowledge both at a fundamental level and
at a level necessary for establishing standards and codes of good practice remain important. All these
elements facilitate the effective transfer of technologies.

During 1994 the main activity was the initiation of the remaining research contracts selected under
the second call for proposals for Brite-EuRam II (deadline February 26, 1993). 654 new research
contracts were the subject of financial commitments, of which 568 (accompanying measures excluded)
were signed and started, corresponding to 158 collaborative research contracts, involving industry

31

research centre-university partnerships, 267 cooperative research contracts (CRAFT), 42 training
grants, 77 feasibility/expansion awards and 24 targeted research actions;

142 collaborative projects finished during the year. These will be evaluated in April 1995. The
results of the evaluation of projects completed in 1993 have shown the continuous trend of successful
achievements of Brite-EuRam projects : 75 % achieved their objectives and, on average, 1 ECU
invested in research generates 6 ECU of potential economic impact within the 5 years following the
completion of the project. This is the first time direct financial evidence of the benefits of
Commiss.'on sponsored RTD has been demonstrated from within a single programme.

During 1994, as in each year, the programme arranged for the evaluation of finished projects with the
assistance of independent consultants. It included interviews and analyses of indicators such as
management, collaboration, research performance, economic benefits, SME involvement, environment
and societal impacts and exploitation strategy. In general, the following data were obtained:

48 % of the results obtained would lead to at least 5 applications; 58 % of the results could
be applied to at least 3 different industrial sectors;
38 % of the projects analyzed were expected to lead to financial gains of at least 5 MECU
within the next 5 years;
74 % of the results were estimated to be likely to be "on market" within 3 years;
67 % of the SMEs participating stated that they had achieved a significant boost to their
capacity to innovate and had improved their competitiveness.

From a qualitative viewpoint, the growing experience within Brite-EuRam shows that the exploitation
of results becomes really effective if there is a clear statement of company strategy and proposed
exploitation routes amongst the partners from the start. For this reason, _the_ projects which began in
1994, as a result of the second call for proposals, were subject to rigorous selection procedures and
will be subject also to strict management and progress control. During 1994, the stringency of midterm and final assessments on projects was brought into line with the indicators employed in the
annual evaluation report and analysis referred to above.

The programme was characterized by a range of "success stories".

The textile industry uses enormous amounts of water and energy: it takes around one kilogram of
water and assorted chemicals to process every kilogram of textile. Treating the resulting waste water
is difficult and expensive, and so, despite recent environmental concerns, most of it is still dumped
into Europe's rivers and seas. In today's difficult economic climate, an environmental friendlier
solution must also pay for itself economically if it is to be enthusiastically taken up by industry. Just
such a solution has resulted from a BRITE-EURAM project, involving 5 partners. The secret of the
new system is a special polymer. Designed to be semi-permeable and resistant to heat, acidity and the
chemical attacks of the waste water, the polymer is produced in large sheets. These are rolled into
long cylinders and the waste water passed through them. The salts and other impurities are removed
through reverse osmose. In addition to drastically reducing the quantity of chemicals dumped in
Europoe's waterways, the system allows 90% of the water to be recycled. This means it pays for itself
in two years, and as a result has already been adopted by some textile factories. In addition, it is
equally applicable to other industries, multiplying both environmental and economic benefits
throughout Europe.

**32**

Another project of an industrial nature shows the capacity of Europe to resist successfully to the
international technological competition, in particular Japan and America, in the field of integrated
components liabilities. The constant miniaturization of the components in the electronic industry
requires the development of new technologies for the integration of the liability components: a
multi-layer ceramic technology was optimized to obtain a miniaturized monolithe, multipurpose
component; its applications are multiple in the field of filters for the motor industry, the electric
household appliances, etc ...

Mechanics, one of the strong points in Europe, is also one of the important fields of the programme.
A project brings a solution to the problem of the ball bearings- and smooth bearings in the precision
engineering, being subjected to important constraints and to a high temperature. Within the framework
of cooperation between various institutes and companies, a thermoplastic slip system was developed,
as well as the lubrication system for two applications in micromechanics.

Various conferences and workshops were held throughout the year with partial support from the
Programme, which culminated in the "Fifth EC Conference on RTD on Industrial Technologies" held
in Brussels over December 8-12, 1994. This event was attended by 1500 people and was an excellent
opportunity to review the achievements of Brite-EuRam II and to present the next programme on
"Industrial and Materials Technologies 1994-98" - Brite-EuRam **III.**

**MEASUREMENTS** & **TESTING**

**Objectives** 

The aim of the programme is to improve measurements, testing techniques and chemical analyses
where they are not sufficiently accurate to enable laboratories to agree on their results, to satisfy the
new challenges facing industry or for the purposes of monitoring the environment, food quality or
health. The programme is sub-divided into four areas, namely:

/. _Support to regulations and_ _directives_
_2._ _Sectorial testing problems_
_3._ _Common means of_ _calibration_ _for the_ _Community_

_4. The development_ _Of new measurement_ _methods._

**S/T Progress**

During 1994, as well as funding the remaining projects from a call for proposals on area four, the
programme concentrated its efforts on areas two and three. Particular emphasis was placed upon
research in support of the development of written standards required for the operation of the Internal
Market and of certified reference materials necessary for the use of such written standards.

By the development and improvement of analytical and test methods, reference materials and transfer
standards, the programme has contributed significantly to a number of Community policies.

Notable activities in support of the Common Agricultural policy seek to improve the detection of
growth hormones and veterinary drugs in farm animals, to characterize animal feedstuff s chemically,
biologically and medicinally and to detect fraud resulting from the adulteration of agricultural products
(e.g. butter, olive.oil, durum wheat pasta) by lower grade ingredients. Consumer protection will also
be enhanced by the development of better methods to detect food contamination by potential packaging

33

materials and for the more accurate labelling of products for vitamins and dietary fibre in foods.

In the environmental field, the programme has continued to act as a source of high grade reference
materials and coordination necessary to ensure accurate and comparable results in the monitoring of
chemical pollution. The quality assurance scheme, originally developed for the monitoring of the
North Sea, is being extended to the Mediterranean. It now involves more than 200 laboratories and
has promoted mutually beneficial cooperation with countries outside the European Union. A similar
scheme for the monitoring of microbiological activity in the seas surrounding the Union is under
development. Of relevance to both industry and health and safety are the improvements in the
detection and determination of hazardous substances.

In the biomedical field, as well supporting the development of a number of novel real time biosensors
for use in both clinical and industrial applications, the programme has assisted in the development,
coordination and harmonization of European External Quality Assurance Schemes (EQAS) in the fields
of clinical chemistry and microbiology.

The specific call for proposals on novel instrumentation gave industry, and in particular the SME's
which dominate the field, the chance to both solve measurement problems and develop the basis of
future products. Applications ranged from the on-line monitoring of robots, industrial discharges and
the quality of food to miniaturized systems for patient monitoring during surgical interventions.

By supporting improvement of the scientific and technical basis of more than 30 European Standards
being developed by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, many of which are covered by Commission
mandates, the programme also contributed significantly to the operation of the Internal Market. Of
particular interest to industry are the projects on the testing of materials (metals, ceramics, coatings
etc) and construction and other products. A European wide project to develop improved methods for
determining the resistance and reaction to fire of upholstered furniture not only lays the basis for
future standards and possible legislation, but also provided training for Member states who have yet
to develop their test facilities in this field.

The sales of BCR (Bureau Communautaire de Référence) certified reference materials continued to
grow and to be an effective way of disseminating results and promoting improved quality control of
measurements within the Union.
In addition, the organisation of more than 30 workshops and training courses centred around the
results of clusters of projects enabled those not directly involved to benefit, as well as allowing the
identification of future needs, particularly those of industry.

**ENVIRONMENT**

**ENVIRONMENT**

**Objectives**

The programme directs research activities towards an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms
of the environment and towards devising and implementing integrated prevention strategies in all areas
of human activity. It provides a response to the scientific challenges which arise from global change
and continuity in scientific support for the environmental policy of the Union.

**34**

In addition, the programme supports multidisciplinary research to study all the elements which make
up the biosphere and follow its historical development. Such research tends to examine both the
relationship between man and his natural environment and his relationship with his economic, social
and cultural environment etc., since these form an indivisible whole.

S/T Progress

/. _Global Change and Natural_ _Environment_

_1.1._ _Research on Climate :_
A substantial contribution was provided through many research projects to areas such as

(a) the reconstruction and modelling of the evolution of the climate system in the past, in particular
during the quaternary period, in order to understand better how the climate may evolve under the
influence of human factors

(b) the understanding, the description and the forecasting of climatic change resulting from the
enhanced greenhouse effect due to human activities, in order to provide the scientific basis for
preventive and adaptative measures.

Community action also covered climate change impacts on natural resources, forest agriculture and
ground water, on land degradation and desertification in the Mediterranean area and on forest fires.
Scientific information generated within these projects is necessary for the progressive setting up of
sustainable management strategies, and protection measures.

Example of this can be found in the frame of the MEDALUS project (aiming at investigating the
desertification processes in Mediterranean areas) : a CD-ROM was produced which contains
information about the extensive field programme, the complete set of field and weather data and the
MEDALUS model which forecasts hillslope vegetation, hydrology and soil changes.

_1.2. Research on atmosphere :_
The preliminary analysis of the measurements made at the occasion of the Second European
Stratospheric Arctic and Middle Latitude Experiment (SESAME) launched in 1994 to study the
stratospheric chemistry and the ozone depletion indicated that the total ozone over European middle
latitude has been a few percent below the long term average. This ozone decline is broadly consistent
with the long term trends in total ozone that have been observed over the last 10 years. A correlation
between ozone concentration in the stratosphere and the UVB radiation has also been shown.

SESAME is a European contribution to the on-going World Meteorological Organisation/United
Nations Environment Programme assessment of the ozone layer, required by the Montreal Protocol
on substances that deplete the ozone layer. SESAME is supported by the EU and many national
funding agencies (55 research groups from 21 countries are involved), and is a good example of the
significant results that can be achieved through coordinated national and EC RTD activities.

_1.3. Research on Ecosystems :_
Research on the natural environment has also generated scientific information usable to implement or
refine EU and Member States environmental policy and management. Successful examples of such
a contribution are

(a) the development of a new functional approach to wetland assessment intended to improve the EU
policy on wetland habitat protection

35

(b) the understanding of the complex pollution process in the Western Mediterranean sea and the
related coastal areas

(c) the development of an hydrodynamical - ecological model of the reaction of high mountains lakes
to pollution, as a scientific contribution to the Alpine Convention.

2. _Technologies_ _and_ _engineering_ _for the environment :_
Innovation products in the field of environmental technologies were presented to new users and
technology transfer between companies in different regions of Europe was promoted at the occasion
of the European Innovation Convention (Stuttgart, 11 and 12 of October 1994).

In the field of waste recycling, a workshop was organised to explore requirements for further research
investigations that could alleviate environmental pollution, addressing a wide range of waste producing
sectors. In the perspective of the EU Environmental policy, needs for technical assistance in
characterising and quantifying hazardous wastes and needs in identifying barriers to recycling and
measures to reduce disposal problems have been identified.

Progress achieved in the area of environmental technology by RTD projects funded under the
environment programme have been reviewed in a number of sectoral oriented workshops : pulp and
paper industry, metal finishing processes, bleaching of textiles, sugar crystallisation, substitute for
halons, brick-making, cement industry. Similar reviews have also been organised for plastics
recycling, biological and chemical and physical wastewater treatment, integrated wastewater treatment
and emission abatement (including photocatalysis).

New techniques for environmental monitoring have been developed in particular in the field of
biosensors techniques.

_3._ _Research on_ _economic_ _and social aspects of_ _environmental_ _issues :_
Under this research area several projects have provided substantial support to other community
policies, providing in particular the scientific basis which could be used into the future elaboration of
environmental policies, i.e. research projects on implementation of EU policies related to climate
change, acidification, waste management and others. The integration of environmental factors into
other policy areas, such as agriculture, transport and urban planning, has also been addressed.

Other themes of Community interest which are treated in this area are: green accounting, the relations
between environment and employment and environmental awareness and behaviour.

Concerning the evolution of S&T cooperation through Community, it should be pointed out that the
research on economic and societal aspects of the environment has contributed to the development of
a network of experts from different disciplines (sociology, economy, law, natural sciences) throughout
the EU and Central and Eastern European countries.

_4._ _Technological_ _and natural risks :_
In the field of technological risks, a suite of new methods has been developed for the risk assessment
of chemical compounds, in order to improve the coverage and reliability of EU risk assessment
schemes.

The activities in the field of natural risks contributed to fulfil the general objective of understanding
the courses, mechanisms and consequences of hazardous environmental phenomena (telluric,
meteorological and hydrogeological hazards, including research on forest fires and floods).

36

"SPACE" and "SPOT IV"

- The objective of the "SPACE" action is to facilitate the development and exploitation of earth
observation applications and, in particular, to contribute to the setting up of a European operation
system in the field of environmental observation and research.

This action takes into consideration (a) the need to develop synergies and complementarities with
other EU RTD programmes and national and ESA Space Programmes (b) the need expressed by
other f EU sectoral policies, (c) the benefit that could emerge from the development of a competitive
European space industry (d) the advantage that could come from the development of an
international cooperation in the area of space, (e) the need to set up appropriate legal instruments
to frame the development of new market opportunities and satellite communication services.

- The objective of the "SPOT IV" action is to support the development of the space instrument
"végétation". This space instrument will be designed for the observation of continental ecosystems.
It will provide data usable for the implementation of several community policies such as
agriculture, research and development and international cooperation.

These actions (a) prepared the ground for integrating information from remote sensing into the
Community statistical systems (b) contributed to the design of an operational airborne remote sensing
system (c) contributed to research and observation projects on tropical forests (TREES project) and
to the better understanding of global processes associated with tropical vegetation burning (FIRE
project).
Concrete actions in the field of space research were implemented mainly by the JRC.

**MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** **(MAST-II)**

**Objectives**

The aims of the programme are to

- contribute to establishing a scientific and technological basis for the exploration, exploitation,
management and protection of European coastal waters and of the seas surrounding the
Community Member States.

introduce the necessary Community dimension to various on-going research activities, and to
aim to achieve a balance in the marine scientific potential between the various areas of the
European Community.

**S/T** Progress

The launch of 25 new shared-cost actions brings the total to 93 involving 660 partnerships.

These new projects cover most major topics in each of the main research areas of the programme:
_1-5. Marine Science_ _(including Large-Scale Targeted_ _projects),_
_2._ _Coastal_ _lone Science_ _and Engineering,_
_3._ _Marine Technology._
5 of them are aimed at the assessment of any possible risk likely to affect the marine environment
in association with research, monitoring and surveying in marine sciences and technologies.

37

More specifically, the main results can be summarized as follows .

- Consolidation of the two large-scale targeted projects initiated in 1993:

. the Mediterranean Targeted Project (MTP), involving 180 scientists from 70 scientific

institutions in 14 EEA Countries.

. the North Atlantic Targeted Project (NATP), involving 110 scientists from 32 institutions in 10

EEA countries.

These 2 projects seek to promote trans-European cooperation on a hitherto unparalleled scale.
The MTP is in this respect even more innovative than the NATP, due to a weaker tradition of
international collaboration in the Mediterranean.

- Continuation of the G8-Coastal Morphodynamics project, which is contributing in a unique
way to the formation of a large network of European institutes with both academic and
commercial interests in 12 EEA countries. It is acknowledged, notably in Japan and the USA,
that the synergy and collaborations achieved through MAST-II has put Europe in the world
lead on research on coastal physical processes.

- Launching of a concerted action on the application of high performance computing techniques
in marine sciences and in model intercomparison.

- Launching of several Supporting Initiatives (area IV of the programme) on océanographie data
management: Assistance in data management for the MTP; electronic data publishing and
delivery of reference data bases.

- Co-organization of the 2nd European Conference on underwater acoustics, Copenhagen, 4-8
July 1994. Underwater Acoustics is a major research topic in MAST-II Marine Technology.
The conference, attended from such diverse countries (apart from EU-EFTA), as PECO, USA,
Canada, South Africa, China, India, has demonstrated the strong status of European research
in this field.

**LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES**

**BIOTECHNOLOGY**

**Objectives**

The objectives of this programme are to

- extend the objectives of the BRIDGE programme;

 - carry out prenormative research with emphasis on the safety assessment of new techniques and
novel products;

 - monitor the ethical, social and economic implication of biotechnology;

 - use throughout the programme information technology for collecting, pooling,
analyzing,distributing or simulating data;

 - carry out research at the level of molecules, cells, organisms and populations.

**38**

Four research areas are supported by the Community :
/. _Molecular_ _approaches_
_2:_ _Cellular and_ _Organism_ _approaches_
_3:_ _Ecology and_ _population_ _biology_
_4: Horizontal activities_ _common_ _to all areas_

S/T Progress

Several innovative approaches to research and training support such as the B (Basic), G (Generic) [1],
and PTP (Projects of Technological Priority) [2] projects, Industrial Platforms and decentralised
management and training are serving to enhance the cohesion and efficiency of Community and
Member States' research programmes.

Industrial platforms have been created at the initiative of interested companies in a particular industrial
sector and the amount and type of information going to the Industrial Platforms is regulated by the
contractors as they hold the intellectual property over the results generated in the frame of the
Community programme. Industrial Platforms provide contractors and Commission services with expert
advice on industrially relevant topics related to the project, thus promoting a dynamic interaction
which is beneficial to all parties. At present 7 Industrial Platforms have been established and are
active, each under a different technology focus. As many as 128 companies participate in the different
platforms of which 52 are small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), representing about 41% of the
total. Two additional platforms are in the process of being established.

The following could be considered as the major RTD results:

Improvement of the understanding of catalytic mechanisms of enzymes associated with biological
membranes, interaction of antibodies with antigens and the relationship between structure and
function of receptors.

- The DNA sequencing activities, carried out by many closely coordinated networks of European
laboratories, has lead to the sequencing of an important part of the yeast genome (14 Mb), the
_Bacillus subtilis_ genome (4 Mb) and the much larger (100 Mb) _Arabidopsis_ genome.

- Studies in animal reproduction, mapping of the bovine and pig genomes were carried out seeking
to improve animal husbandry.
In the alternatives to animal experiments in pharmaco-toxicology field, G-projects have already
developed several new _in vitro_ assays facilitating the prediction, in a rather sensitive way, of
some major immunotoxic reactions.
In the plant biotechnology area, it has been possible to organize five networks with mechanisms
of internal and external coordination. The whole activity is included into a Project of
Technological Priority (PTP) for making steps in directions pointing at desirable future
applications, namely: plant development, reactions to abiotic stress, storage processes e.g. in the
grain or in the tuber, nitrogen utilization efficiency and transposition of results into the applied
research of peripheral countries.
Significant advances have been made in the different research topics dealing with industrial
microorganisms. A G-project on the biotechnology of extremophile microorganisms found new

Twenty-three G-projects have been supported covering aspects of Areas 1, 2 and 3

Nine PTP projects are supported for research work on genomes and on plant biology.

39

exciting results in the field of extremophily. New exotic micro-organisms that can live under
extreme conditions have been isolated and characterized.

The information centre known as BIODOC has continued to monitor biotechnology developments
worldwide and to provide an information resource for Commission services, Member State
Administrations and interested members of the public.

The European Biotechnology Information Service (EBIS) with an Inter-service Editorial Board has
continuée [1] to provide information to the wider community and a means of access to relevant
documents. It has become closely linked to the activities of the Commission's Biotechnology
Coordination Committee (BCC) in the Secretariat General.

**BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH (BIOMED I)**

**Objectives**

The objective of the programme is to contribute to an improvement in the efficacy of medical and
health research, pooling European resources and applying the results throughout the Community.
Priority has been given to four areas :

/. _Development of_ _coordinated research_ _on prevention, care and health systems._
_2._ _Major health problems and_ _diseases_ _of great socioeconomic impact_ _including_ _AIDS, cancer,_
_cardiovascular_ _disease,_ _mental illness and_ _age-related_ _problems._
_3._ _Human genome analysis._
_4. Research on_ _biomedical_ _ethics._

S/T **Progress**

Following calls for proposals, the programme was implemented mainly through concerted
actions, which bring together accumulated expertise in research networks.

In 1994, from a list Of 303 proposals declared eligible in 1993 for Community funding, 140
projects for concerted actions and 1 project for a cost-shared action have been selected for a total
commitment of 38,092,650 ECU. Among accompanying measures, 45 contracts for research
fellowships have been concluded, for a total commitment of 3.035 MECU.

An example of specific results achieved in 1994 which should be mentioned is an important meeting
on Pharmaceutical Research which was held in Brussels in December 1994, on the prospects for
European clinical trials. The meeting gathered together eminent scientists, representatives of the
pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities. Among the activities was an important round table
discussion on the ethics, necessary controls and rationale for conducting clinical trials during
pregnancy. The proceedings of the meeting will be published by mid-1995.

A meeting focusing on Cancer Research at the European Level was organized in Brussels in December
1994. The 57 project leaders of the Cancer Research Area of BIOMED 1 were invited to attend
discussions about their work. The projects are grouped as follows: basic research (30), clinical
research (16), screening studies and research (3), chemoprevention studies and research (3),

**40**

epidemiological studies and research (5). The aim of this discussion was to summarize the various
activities and to discuss the progress of these projects (results to be published end 1995).

Specific EU projects that concentrated on developing effective vaccines to prevent infection by the
HIV virus and devising drugs which suppress progression of AIDS in 1994 are:

"The Monkey "Models for AIDS Research", which has developed a vaccine for Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus, or SIV, in macaques.

"Eurçpean Vaccine against AIDS" (EVA), which is also developing vaccines against SIV.
"Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of New Antiviral Compounds against AIDS", which is
screening more than 10,000 compounds for future treatment of AIDS patients.

In the framework of the international Human Genome Project, close links have been strengthened with
the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) representing genome scientists with offices for Europe
(London), the Americas (Bethesda), and Pacific (Osaka). The Commission was again represented at
its Human Genome conferences (London - UK 1991, Nice - France 1992, Kobe - Japan 1993,
Washington - USA 1994, Heidelberg - Germany 1996) and provided a substantial contribution to the
HUGO programme on Single Chromosome Workshops with regard to participation of European
genome researchers. The Commission is also involved in the recent HUGO initiative, started at the
1994 conference in Washington with a first follow-up meeting in London in January 1995, on
patentability and free access to cDNA sequence data balancing researchers' and commercial interests.

**AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-INDUSTRY, INCLUDING FISHERIES (AIR)**

**Objectives**

The specific objectives of the AIR programme are to

- increase the viability and competitiveness of the agricultural and agro-industrial sector, especially
in the less developed regions and in those regions where agriculture suffers from chronic structural
problems,

 - provide a better match between production of biological resources and their use by consumers and
industry, in particular to encourage the potential non-food uses for agricultural production

 - encourage the participation of SMEs in this programme,

 - provide healthy foods for consumers,
protect the environment,

 - support the Common Agriculture and Fisheries Policies.

**S/T Progress**

17 % of the proposals submitted to the third call for proposals of the AIR programme were selected
for funding and received contracts in 1994. 85 projects submitted to the second call and evaluated
in 1993 were selected and received contracts in 1994.

Competitiveness of the agricultural and agro-industrial sector: Primary producers, industry and
the European science base have collaborated with a view to establishing a competitive advantage for
the Community. The development of a significant number of high technology SMEs have been
supported. Research for and technology transfer to the lower technology SMEs has usually been
provided by research associations and cooperatives acting as participants on their behalf.

41

Processes have been developed to enhance quality while maintaining safety of food products, e.g.
novel shaped tubular heat exchangers, continuous microwave tubular heater, on-line sensors for the
detection of fouling/ microbial contamination in food processing equipment. A method for
establishing Eucalyptus plantations in drier areas has been developed. A new dehuller has been
developed for small seeds as have processes for the transformation of rapeseed oil into 'green
chemicals'. Oral vaccines have been developed for salmonids and maricultured fish.

**Coordination of national research activities:** The cooperation between researchers achieved through
concerted ..actions has been very effective in establishing networks, coordinating their research
activities and establishing new collaborative research projects.

A particularly successful concerted action has produced a simple and practical guide for the
implementation of HACCP, a system for the quality and safety control of foodstuffs in the food
industries. Concerted actions on resistant starch and sensorial analysis have greatly improved the
scientific bases in these fields and have generated interesting collaborative projects.

**Support to the Common Fisheries Policy:** The projects funded have improved the knowledge of the
major stocks of the European fisheries in the Atlantic ocean and in the Mediterranean sea. The
behaviour of fishing gear and their interaction with the marine environment have been further
understood.

The control of diseases in aquaculture has improved, its interaction with the environment have been
studied and the way has been paved for the genetic improvement of reared species. Methods to ensure
the quality and hygiene of fish species with limited consumption have been developed.

**Support to the Common Agriculture Policy:** The projects funded are responding to the needs of
the reformed CAP and rural development. Emphasis has been placed on non-food and its primary
production. Interesting new research has been launched on extensification, low input and organic
farming, on the use of set-aside land and the special needs of regions lagging behind in development.

Certain problems of plant health and animal health which are vital for the Community as a whole have
received special attention. In terms of the CAP and rural development new projects will produce much
needed data and indications of how quantitative models will be used in agriculture in future. There
has been more research supported at the interface between agriculture and the environment on aspects
of soils, waste, water and fertiliser use.

Methodology has been developed to evaluate the safety of a transgenic tomato. This methodology will
be very useful for the preparation of guidelines for the evaluation of novel foods by the scientific
committee for food.

Lactic bacteria based starter cultures for malolactic fermentation for direct inoculation have been
developed and are now being commercialized.

**42**

**ENERGY**

**NON-NUCLEAR** **ENERGY (JOULE II)**

**Objectives**

The objective of the programme is to contribute to the development of new non-nuclear energy options
by paying increasing attention to those emerging energy technologies which, despite their large
potential and environmental soundness, have not yet had a substantial market penetration.

The emphasis in the programme was on energy technologies having the potential to reduce the
environmental impact of energy supply and in particular C0 2 emissions, without pre-empting other
important objectives such as improving security of energy supply, strengthening the competitiveness
of the European energy industry or contributing to rural development and internal cohesion.

**S/T Progress**

The bulk of the JOULE-II programme has been implemented following two general calls for
proposals, the first in September 1991 and the second in April 1993. Globally JOULE II over its life
span supported some 400 projects for a Community budget of about 260 MECU, this not including
the budget for the participation in the projects of organisations from EFTA countries and from Central
and Eastern European countries. The participation of industry in the projects has increased from the
previous years and particularly that of SMEs for highly-innovative technologies.

Significant progress has been obtained in all four areas of the programme as is shown in the
following examples.

In the area _analysis of_ _strategies_ _and modelling_ new tools have been developed to analyze the
complex energy-environment-economic system and its future trends with the objective to define a
global "energy RTD" strategy for the Union. A new generation of mathematical models was
developed to characterise this complex systems both at European and world scale. An accounting
framework was developed to evaluate external costs in different fuel cycles (nuclear, coal, gas and
renewables) within a joint EC-US collaboration.

In the area _fossil fuels,_ the programme covered two distinct themes: reduction of harmful
emissions, including greenhouse gases, during combustion, and better understanding of
hydrocarbon reservoirs to improve supply and enhance the competitiveness of European industry.
The "clean coal" area addressed combustion of solid fuels, residues and wastes, paying particular
attention to the emission reduction that can be achieved by controlled co-combustion of coal with
biomass or with sewage sludge. In the "hydrocarbons" area, significant advances have been made
in understanding the influence of fuel composition (especially diesel fuel) on pollutant formation,
while the emphasis in the exploration and production sector has been on understanding the
mechanisms that control fluid occurrence and mobility within reservoir structures. The importance
of this work has been emphasised by the fact that, while most of the projects were originated by
universities or research institutes, in many cases the larger oil companies have joined
subsequently, invariably at their own expense.

**43**

In the area _renewable_ _energies_ progress was achieved in all sectors. In "wind energy", highly
innovative MW-sized wind turbines, which are expected to become the next commercial
generation, were developed together with European manufacturers with a view to consolidate
Europe's leading position on the world market. Significant results have been achieved in
"photovoltaics" and particularly in thin-film solar cells (for CuInS^ cells the highest efficiency at
world scale was recorded). "Building" projects of excellence using renewable energies were
developed together with leading European architects, including the new Reichstag in Berlin . The
two first European pilot projects in the field of "wave energy" started in the Azores and Scotland
which wisi be rated at 0.5 and 2 MW. In "biomass", a breakthrough was achieved in the
liquefaction of ligno-cellulosic material via pyrolysis. Upgrading of bio-crude oil was obtained
though a new electrochemical method.

In the area _rational use of_ _energy,_ work addressed different end-use sectors. In "industry",
advanced unit operations and generic system engineering models were developed along with
innovative methodologies and design procedures. In the "building" sector, emphasis was on the
integration of low-energy components with renewable energies. More corrosion resistant electrodes
for molten-carbonate "fuel cells" were identified and the scale-up of solid-oxide fuel cells to 7 kW
was achieved. New lithium-carbon liquid and solid polymer batteries have been developed with
specific energy exceeding 95 kWh/kg suitable for electric vehicles. A study on flywheels energy
storage for vehicles indicated favourable economics compared to advanced batteries. A better
knowledge and control of "combustion processes" was achieved by simplifying chemical kinetics,
simulating turbulent combustion and developing new diagnostic tools.

JOULE II has promoted innovation in a sector of strategic importance for Europe as a whole
through the support of multi-national consortia merging research establishments, industry,
universities and energy suppliers on projects of European-wide significance.

THERMIE

The THERMIE Programme, with a budget of 700 MECU for the period 1990-1994, has allowed the
EC to support the demonstration and dissemination of new clean and efficient energy technologies
through 3 main areas of activity. The first area, to which 85% of the budget was allocated, has
covered financial support for energy technology projects in the field of rational use of energy,
renewable energy sources, solid fuels and hydrocarbons.Up to 15% of the THERMIE budget was
allocated to the second area of activity which covers the associated measures designed to help
technologies achieve more widespread application.

Three types of projects were eligible for financial support under the THERMIE regulation : innovative
projects for the first commercial application of new energy technologies ; dissemination projects which
aim to promote the use of existing energy technologies under different economic and geographical
conditions ; and targeted projects set up to develop technologies of a strategic nature which could not
be developed otherwise. Thus, during the five-year-implementation of THERMIE, the Community has
supported 713 sectoral projects amounting to some 573 MECU.

The associated measures includes market studies and evaluation of market potential, monitoring and
evaluation of projects, dissemination of information on energy technologies (through the organisation
of exhibitions, seminars and workshops, participation at energy-related fairs, press-reiated activities
and the production of a wide range of publications). Most of the associated measures have been
carried out by the OPET Network (Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technology), set up

**44**

in 1991 by the Commission. In December 1994 this was composed of nearly 50 such organisations
throughout the European Union, complemented by 15 EC Energy Centres established in Central and
Eastern Europe and the CIS. By December 1994, 1200 specific actions had been implemented for
approximately 47 MECU. Specific actions have also been undertaken in third countries where a
potential market for the deployment of EU energy technologies exists (Latin America, Mediterranean
region, South East Asia, EFTA countries, US, Japan).

In order to avoid duplications and to achieve the best use of available funds, the third area of the
programme implementation has been devoted to the coordination of THERMIE's activities with those
of similar programmes executed in the Member States and with other Community support instruments
such as ALTENER, SAVE, JOULE, TACIS, PHARE, etc.

From 1995, the bulk of THERMIE will be carried out within the Fourth Framework Programme
RTD. Those THERMIE activities which are out of scope are the subject of a separate Commission
proposal, THERMIE II.

RENEWABLE ENERGIES

The main purpose of this action was to provide a bridge between the renewablerenergy activities in
the Third Framework Programme and a new line of action in the Fourth Framework Programme for
the large scale integration of renewable energies. Five areas for the application of renewable energies
have been identified:

1. Integration of renewable energies in regions;
2. Water desalination plants powered by renewable energies for Mediterranean area;
3. The development of "bio-electricity";
4. Urban planning maximizing the use of renewable energies;
5. Photovoltaic electricity generation in cooperation between Europe and developing countries.

The choice of these particular application fields is justified by the assumption that renewable energies
are expected to make a large impact in the short to medium term. Particular care was exerted on the
need to consider both technological problems and related socio-economic issues.

Within the 1994 budgetary procedure, a special budget of 25 MECU was allocated to activities in
the field of renewable energies. This action has been implemented through a call for proposals which
met a very large response. Out of the 340 proposals received, the Commission retained 80 projects
for priority funding. Out of the 25MECU engaged in 1994, contracts were signed for 19 MECU prior
end December, while the remaining ones are expected to be signed beginning 1995.

The activities will continue in the Non-Nuclear Energy programme in the Fourth Framework
Programme. Building on the preliminary results of these preparatory action, important initiatives will
be set up for large-scale introduction of renewable energies in the five sectors which foresee the start
of pilot projects.

**NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY**

**Objectives**

The research related to the nuclear fission safety under the third framework programme up to 1994
were implemented through actions in the following areas: radioactive waste management and storage,

**45**

reactor safety, decommissioning of nuclear installations, TELEMAN (remote handling) and radiation
protection research.

S/T Progress

The _radioactive waste_ _management_ _and_ _storage_ _programme_ is subdivided into: "waste management
and associated R&D projects" (management systems; waste treatment; safety of the multi-barrier
system of geological disposal) and "construction and/or operation of underground research facilities".
In 1994 three research contracts have been launched: in situ research on gas release in saliferous
backfill, modelling of thermo-mechanical behaviour of clay, and natural analogue in a cryptokarsts
area. Several work programmes have been extended to adapt them to newly identified research needs.
The research activities, specially in situ and underground laboratory investigations have permitted
essential progress to be made in a "confidence building" process and provide a scientific and technical
basis for a better safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal.

The reinforced concerted action in 1994 on _reactor_ _safety_ continued to investigate the confinement of
radioactivity under severe accident conditions in PWRs and BWRs. The action comprises eight
projects. Good progress was made in developing a consensus in this safety area at the level of the
European Union was achieved with regard to the existing know-how, its application to outstanding
problems and their solution. A few preliminary results merit mentioning, such as: (i) the consensus
obtained in understanding the chemistry involved in the interactions of molten materials in comparison
with the more traditional thermo-mechanical approach, (ii) the feasibility of ex-vessel molten core
cooling systems and an assessment of reactor passive safety features.

The main areas of the programme on _decommissioning of nuclear installations_ are: research and
development projects, identification of guiding principles, testing of new techniques in practice,
including four pilot projects. Most of the research projects were concluded and the results were
reviewed at the conference on "Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations". Contracts on pilot
decommissioning projects and some on the testing of dismantling techniques under real conditions
were extended. Two decommissioning data bases (EC DB TOOL and EC DB COST) are being
developed to take advantage of all the results and experience gained since 1979.

The _TELEMAN_ activities in 1994 included projects on: photogrammetry and telemetry, a master-slave
manipulator, a radiation-tolerant gripper, and a legged robot. Two projects directly included SMEs
directed at exploiting the results. Two handbooks on environmental tolerance were published and an
EC/ESA database has been developed. The mid-term evaluation of the programme made particular
mention of its exploitation potential, the large number of patents, publications and research degrees,
the network of industrialists, researchers and academics and its active management.

_Radiation protection_ research contributes to the continuing development of radiation protection
philosophy and practices. The programme contained three elements: human exposure to radiation and
radioactivity, consequences of radiation exposure to man, and risks and management of radiation
exposure. The programme has continued to mark significant progress as is indicated in the following
examples.

- The products of some DNA repair genes form part of the transcription complex which reads the
DNA genetic code. Two contractors have been awarded the prestigious Jeantet Prize for their part
in this work.
An important new agent, code named LIHOPO, has been synthesised and developed which is the

46

best compound investigated up to now for the removal of plutonium from the body.
European collaboration in dosimetry research has been a main contributor to the development of
coherent and universally applicable dosimetric concepts and procedures made by the international
committees ICRP and ICRU which are important for the revision of the Basic Safety Standards.
Optimisation of dose reduction methods and quality criteria for adult and paediatric radiology are
improving the safety of patients during the day-to-day medical use of ionizing radiation.
A better understanding of the influence of living conditions and other physico-chemical variables
on indoor air quality has improved the estimate of lung dose from indoor Radon.

- The measurement of radioactive contamination among different organs and animal products have
reached a stage such that appropriate animal husbandry can reduce the transfer of radioactivity into
the human food chain.

- A comprehensive decision support system, RODOS, for the off site management of nuclear
emergencies in Europe is being developed by 18 European institutes to provide the basis for a
European wide emergency response network.

COOPERATION WITH THE SOVIET UNION IN THE FIELD OF

NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY (COSU)

Since 1992, the Commission has been supporting a EC/CIS collaborative programme on the
consequences of the Chernobyl accident notably in the fields of health effects, environmental
consequences and emergency management. A total EC funding of 22 MECU is allocated to this
programme, in which 16 collaborative projects are being implemented involving about 200 laboratories
(80 from the EU, and 120 from the CIS). So faf\ this programme has produced important results. Its
most notable results are briefly summarised below:

_Health effects_

Cooperation with TACIS and ECHO programmes has enabled crucial medical equipment and
training to be provided to improve the treatment of the thyroid cancer victims.
The possible treatments for radiation injuries to the skin of fire fighters and clean-up workers
involved in the accident are being optimised.

- The protocol defining how bone marrow transplantation can be successfully applied for the
treatment of victims of high dose accidental irradiation is being set up.

_Environmental_ _consequences_

_-_
The dose to the rural population is considerably higher than expected.
Natural production systems like forests and meadows recycle the radionuclides so that the
contamination is not eliminated as rapidly as had been anticipated.

- The insight in the behaviour of Caesium has gained an enormous momentum so that for
example an optimal planning of soil based restoration techniques will be possible.

_Emergency_ _management_ _issues_

An on-line decision support system to aid management of possible future nuclear accidents is
currently being installed in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

- The adoption of overly restrictive intervention levels after the accident has resulted in increased
anxiety among the affected population and placed a major burden on the national economies.

Synopses of each collaborative project can be made available for the First International Conference
of the European Union, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine, and Belarus on the consequences of the
Chernobyl accident to be held in Minsk on 18-22 March 1996.

47

**CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION**

**Objectives**

The long-term objective is "the joint creation of safe, environmentally sound prototype reactors" based
on fusion by magnetic confinement.

The first priority objective of the programme is "to provide the scientific and technological base, to
establishtfsnvironmental and safety criteria and to prepare industry for the construction of a Next Step
device", the first experimental fusion reactor. Other objectives are: to proceed along the demonstration
of the safety and environmental feasibility of fusion power; to enlarge the involvement of European
industry; to determine the reactor potential of toroidal magnetic configurations akin to the Tokamak.

**S/T Progress**

All magnetic fusion research is integrated into one Community programme which presents itself as
a single body in its relations with other fusion programmes in the world. The Commission is
responsible for the implementation of the programme which is executed mainly through contracts of
Association with Member States (plus Switzerland) or organisations within Member States, the JET
Joint Undertaking, the NET Agreement which takes account of the Euratom participation in the ITEREDA, the JRC, contracts of limited duration (in particular with organisations in Member States
without Association) and industrial contracts. Community financial participation continued to be about
25% of the running expenditure of the Associations, 45% of capital cost of projects having been
awarded priority status, 80% of JET expenditure.

In **1994,** the advisory committee, CCFP, concluded an assessment of the medium-term devices and
facilities planning which has been instrumental in the preparation of the 1994-1998 programme
decision. Through the multipartite Agreement for "Promotion of Staff Mobility", the mobility of
scientists and engineers was developed. In coordination with the "Human Capital and Mobility"
programme, fellowships were awarded. Industry has been encouraged to participate more fully in the
programme, in particular through the setting up of fusion-industry workshops. An itinerant exhibition
was further developed and attracted a large public.

/. _Next Step design :_

- The Next Step design has progressed in the frame of the quadripartite Agreement on cooperation
(Euratom, Japan, Russia and the USA) in the Engineering Design Activities (EDA) for ITER
(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, the Next Step at world level); the Outline
Design report was issued in January 1994; Protocol 1 was completed and Protocol 2 (covering the
period up to the scheduled completion of the EDA in July 1998) signed on 21 March 1994.

- An industrial grouping was selected to contribute to the overall design activities for the Next Step:
lists of qualified firms have been established for R&D and the supply of prototypes for the Next
Step.

_2._ _Longer-term technical_ _developments_ _:_

- The Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power (SEAFP) was performed as a
collaborative effort by the NET Team, the Euratom-UKAEA Association and a temporary
grouping of industries, and with the participation of other Associations and the JRC (report to be
issued in 1995);

- The conceptual design of a powerful source of high-energy neutrons for fusion-relevant materials

48

has started in the multilateral framework (presently Euratom, Japan, USA) of an Implementing
Agreement of the International Energy Agency.

_3._ _JET :_
A major upgrading of the device, including the installation of a pumped diverter in order to establish
reliable methods of plasma purity control and essential for supporting the Next Step design, was
completed and plasma operation successfully resumed showing improvements in the power handling
capability of the device.

_4. Support programme :_

_Scientific support to the Next Step and to JET:_ progress in the understanding and control of
confinement, plasma-wall interaction, fuelling and exhaust, as well as heating and current drive
was achieved on the specialised devices and in the accompanying programmes; divertor plasmas
have been obtained with enhanced radiation and reduced power load; a new tokamak started
operation for studying elongated plasmas-cross section; new diagnostics were developed.

_Studies on alternative lines in toroidal magnetic_ _confinement:_ high densities have been obtained
without disruption in a stellarator; the operational range of a reversed-field pinch was extended
to higher currents ; further diagnostics were developed (e.g., polarimetry).

TRANSPORT

A number of studies were started in continuation of some of the EURET activities under the second
Framework Programme. The aim was to bridge-the period between the end of the Euret Programme
and the start of the Transport Specific Programme of the Fourth Framework Programme, as well as
to prepare the ground for the new transport RTD activities. These activities are mainly designed in
support of the Common Transport Policy, and in particular are aimed at helping to establish
sustainable mobility.

The studies had two major objectives:

- To continue to work further in the field of traffic management for aviation, maritime transport and
rail transport in establishing functional and operational specifications. The established cooperation
between users and industry was thus continued.

- To prepare new activities of the transport programme under the Framework Programme, notably
in the field of strategy, road and urban transport. These studies aim at a qualitative assessment of
the state-of-art in these fields within the EU Member States. They will provide the necessary
instruments to guide and steer further activities at a European level and help coordinate national
activities.

A call for tender was launched resulting in 29 selected proposals financed at 100 % of the actual costs
(Study contracts). Another call for proposals in the air sector was also launched in close coordination
between different Commission Services which resulted in two cost shared actions. Most of the studies
and cost shared actions took off during the summer of 1994. The first interim results have been
delivered according to schedule. The concrete results will be available only between April and
September of 1995.

49

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (STD)

Objectives

The objectives of the programme are the following :

- continuing the strengthening of research capacities both in the developing countries (DCs) and
in the Member States in the subject areas identified as priority for third world development
(agriculture, health, nutrition and environment in tropics and subtropics) through joint research
actions.

- improving coordination at the European level, the development of cooperation between DCs, the
consolidation, intensification and expansion of links created in the first phases of the programme
between Community partners and those from DCs.
- réalisation of significant progress on mobilising themes linked to development needs, including
environmental protection and the rational management of natural resources in order to contribute
to the improvement of standards of living and health status of DC populations, particularly the
poorest.

- valorisation of the work of certain European teams involved in other Community S&T
programmes by offering them the possibility to broaden their field of investigation and to diversify
their methodological approaches to tropical environments.

- attainment of added value for the different national initiatives in these areas due to the Community
dimension of the programme.

S/T Progress

The last call for proposals of this programme, from which projects were selected in 1994, had a
deliberately reduced scope in order to favour sectors which had been insufficiently covered in previous
calls for proposals. Thus, the balance between the different thematic components of the programme
given in the technical annex was attained. Of the contracts signed in 1994, 25% concern problems
linked to environmental protection by means of better management of natural resources, 14% cover
health systems research and 12% relate to local processing of food products - all three themes being
of major interest for the future of DC populations.

The 79 contracts signed in 1994 enabled the mobilisation of 348 teams (included the participants who
received no Community funding) - 205 of which are in Europe and 143 in DCs according to the
following split : 9 in Mediterranean, 48 in Latin America, 34 in Asia and 52 in ACP countries. This
shows the level of mobilisation in the South and the common interest of the themes covered (the low
participation of the Mediterranean countries is explained by the existence of Avicenne which is
exclusively targeted to that region).

The objective of strengthening "South-South" cooperation was also achieved since it should be noted
that two thirds of the contracts have at least two southern partners and 31 % have more than two. In
addition, although the minimum number of European partners is two, 45% of contracts have a greater
number. The activities of networks such as the European Tropical Forest Research Network or the
European International Pest Management Working Group created under this programme have also had
a significant effect in strengthening Europeancooperation. This programme has also contributed to the

50

basis for a future European strategy in the area of international agricultural research for development.

Results have been summarized in various publications, including a first volume of results obtained in
the sub-programme agriculture of STD2 (1987-1990), the catalogue of contracts resulting from the
1st call for proposals, in both agriculture and health, a document on the "Needs and perspectives of
télédétection in developing countries", "l'Europe et la coopération scientifique et technique sur l'eau",
four publications giving an account of results obtained in the health sector (research on vaccines,
health systems research, biology of parasitism and research on schistosomiasis). A data bank on
malaria ?atigens has also been created.

The programme has facilitated the organisation of 16 workshops, colloquia or seminars in 1994, in
order to disseminate results, to'encourage contacts between scientists from the North and South, and
to enable the latter to join the international scientific community. The following examples of meetings
may be cited : management of soil and water resources in the Mediterranean region ; conference on
an inventory of resources and management of tropical forest; international symposium on systems
research in agriculture an rural development; workshop on the technical and logistical problems of
vaccine preparation; development of appropriate methodologies for the validation of health interaction
strategies in DCs ; conference on leighmaniasis and its vectors.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION (ISC)

Focusing on the development of cooperative links in science and technology between the Community
and Asian, Latin American and Mediterranean developing countries, this action supports joint research
projects, fellowships and information exchange (including scientific meetings) in subjects of mutual
interest.

National science and technology cooperation authorities in the third countries play a key role in the
programme by defining, together with Commission services in the framework of Joint Committees,
the subjects to be covered by cooperation, promoting the programme among their scientific
communities and presenting proposals.

Examples of subjects chosen as priority areas for joint activity include water research with Mexico,
biotechnology with China and geological hazards with Andean countries ; some other countries
preferred to maintain a wide field in the pursuit of excellence. Promotional actions included published
calls for proposals, preparatory fellowships and workshops on specific topics. As a result of these
actions, 544 joint research project proposals and 321 fellowship candidatures were received from the
national authorities : following scientific evaluation with the aid of independent experts and references,
144 research projects and 102 fellows were selected for retention, representing an EC financial
contribution of 26.3 million ECUs.

The research projects cover the full range of natural and exact sciences ; whilst about twenty projects
are in basic subjects, the majority are in applied fields such as industrial materials, fine chemistry,
monitoring and control of environmental pollution, earth sciences, biotechnology, agriculture and
public health. These projects give European partners the opportunity to interact with a diverse range
of scientists and to have access to new environments, biological material and scientific challenges. The
partner countries with the largest number of projects are Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Mexico and
Israel which together account for 63% of the projects. Most projects, especially in the third countries,
involve university departments. Results are thus obtained not only in terms of research output but also
in wider terms through general invigoration of teaching and other activities.

**(8)**

**51**

**In general this combination of instruments, including dialogue with** partner countries, development
**of research contacts and project preparation, joint scientific work** and project follow-up, which has
**been** **built up in the light of experience since the initiative's** modest beginning in the mid 1980s, has
**been appreciated both at a political level and by the** various scientific communities. However, the
**problems associated with having a wide range of research** topics eligible for support have been
**recognized and are being addressed in the Fourth Framework** Programme. In line with
**recommendations** **from** **the** **external evaluation** **panel,** **S&T** cooperation with Developing Countries has
**been rationalised by combining certain features of** **this** **action with** those of the STD programme into
**a single programme.**

**AVICENNE**

**The main objective consist of promoting scientific and technological** cooperation between countries
**bordering the Mediterranean and the EU and** is **concerned** principally with creating synergy for
**regional impact in the Mediterranean basin on research themes of mutual** interest.

**Since the AVICENNE initiative has only been in operation since** 1992, and the average length of
**contracts is three years, the first series of final results will not be** available until 1996. However, it
**is important to note that :**

**-** **The programme objectives have been accomplished, in** so **far** as strong partnerships have been
**forged in the whole of** **the** **region in the S&T sectors covered; the quality** and the **quantity** of **the**
**joint** **research projects** **submitted in 1994 is far superior to those of** **the** two previous years. Of the
**208 participants involved in the 38 contracts in 1994, 175 are** public research institutions and 33
**are** **SME's** **(= 19% of participants).**

**-** **The competitiveness of** **all** **public** **and** **private sector EU partners** has been reinforced through this
**activity,as** **:**

**. certain major problems in the Mediterranean may be** studied more fully given the direct access

**that is available to the whole of** **the** **Mediterranean** basin as **well** as to the appropriate expertise
**of the third Mediterranean associated partners.**
**. certain technologies available in** **the EU.as** **well** as **the relevant** know-how, can be adapted to

**specific situations in third Mediterranean countries and, in** consequence, be applied there.
. **the knowledge** **and** **know-how of** **EU** **participants on certain** S&T problems faced mainly by this

**region can only be enhanced through** such cooperation, (with a consequent impact on
**competitiveness).**

**Public health, treatment of waste water, reduction of** pollution in the Mediterranean, utilisation
**of renewable energies in Mediterranean** economies, are some of the themes systematically
**addressed in this initiative. The results** of the research work undertaken aim to improve
**immediately the living conditions of** those societies concerned.

- **The AVICENNE Initiative falls within** the horizontal activities supporting the Renewed
**Mediterranean Policy of the Community.**

52

COOPERATION WITH CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND

THE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION

COPERNICUS

The aim of these activities was to promote, through an international effort, research and technological
development in these countries as an essential element for their social and economic development and
for their democratic consolidation, and to further, in the interest of both sides, cooperation between
scientists in these countries and in the Union.

A call for proposals COPERNICUS 1994 was announced in January 1994 in cooperation between the
three general directorates for research, industry and telecommunications, information market and
exploitation of research. The call was open for partners from the Union and from central and eastern
Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania,
Slovak Republic and Slovenia). Partners from the former Soviet Union and from the ten EFTA
countries could also participate on certain conditions. The call comprised six fields, namely:

information technology, including high performance computing, information systems, opto
electronics, micro-electronics and electronic data exchange

- communication technologies, telematics and language engineering
manufacturing, production, processing andmaterials, including computer-integrated manufacturing,
robotics, etc.
measurement and testing
agro- and food industries
biotechnology.

The call got a very positive response from potential partners. About 1 650 proposals for a total sum
of about 550 MECU were received, which after evaluation by independent experts resulted in the
selection of 220 high quality projects for funding within a budget of about 67 MECU. The greater part
of the contracts for these projects were signed before the end of 1994. The majority of the projects comprising both joint research projects and concerted actions (networks) - will run over three years.
With a total of more than one thousand partners from universities, research institutions and industry
from the whole of eastern and western Europe, this activity will considerably strengthen the existing
framework for scientific cooperation and further the expressed aims of the programme.

I NT AS (International Association for the Promotion of Cooperation with Scientists from the Newly
Indépendant States of the Former Soviet Union)

The major events and activities of INTAS during 1994 were :

 - the completion of the 51 contracts of the Emergency Action of June 1993 out of the 1019 projects
selected by INTAS following the calls for proposals in 1992, 1993 and 1994. Regarding payments,
4,4 MECU were paid by 30.11.94 out of the 46 MECU committed.

 - the issuing of an open Call for declarations of intent with deadline 8 April 1994, the evaluation
of the 4,074 proposals received, and the selection of 459 projects with a commitment of 21
MECU.

 - the prolongation of the pilot phase of INTAS till the end of 1995

 - the conduction of an independent evaluation of INTAS activities.
All these developments must be viewed in relation to the multi-national aspects of the activities of the
Association and the ever-changing political, economic, legal and social environment within the
scientific community of the NIS.

**53**

INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (ISTC)
In 1994 the Community continued its support for the ISTC created in November 1992 by the European
Union, the United States, Japan and Russia in order to encourage military scientists and engineers
from the former Soviet Union to retrain for civilian occupations and speed up the desarmament
process. The first round of projects sponsored more than 8200 scientists and engineers.

INDUSTRIALIZED THIRD COUNTRIES OUTSIDE EUROPE

The overall objective of cooperation with industrialized third countries outside Europe is the promotion
of the interests of the Community by the contribution to a concerted development of science and
technology at World level and by facilitating the access of European researchers and engineers to
scientific and technological work in these countries.

A cooperation agreement in the field of science and technology between the European Union and
**Australia** was signed on 23.2.1994 and entered into force on 25.7.1994. It foresees the reciprocal
participation in programmes in six areas, on a project-by-project basis. The first meeting of the Joint
Science and Technology Cooperation Committee was held on 11.10.1994.

Following the adoption of a negotiating mandate by the Council in 1993, a scientific and technological
cooperation agreement, similar to the one with Australia, has been negotiated with **Canada.** It was
signed in June 1995.

On 29.09.1994, the Council authorized the Commission to negotiate a cooperation agreement in
science and technology with **Israel** in view of its association to the non-nuclear programmes of the
Fourth Framework Programme. The negotiations started immediately and the conclusion of the
agreement is foreseen before the end of 1995.

After an exploratory mission to **South Africa** in October 1994, the Commission received in December
a South African proposal for negotiating a cooperation agreement in science and technology.

By the end of May, the Commission received an American proposal for the negotiation of a
framework agreement of cooperation in science and technology between the European Union and the
**United States.** Contacts were established between the Commission and the American authorities
immediately after. The 18 and 19 October, the fourth meeting of the Task Force on Research and
Biotechnology between the Community and the United States was held.

The scientific an technical cooperation with **Japan** was pursued with the first meeting of the EuroJapanese Forum for science and Technology in Tokyo on 8 June. At this occasion, the Commission
also met the Ministers responsible for universities and RTD and attended the seventh meeting of the
Carnegie Group. In December 1994, a high level joint seminar on Human Resources took place in
Brussels. In the field of energy and environment, two joint seminars were organized; one on the
catalysis and another one on the effects of C0 2 . During 1994, the Japan fellowship scheme was
reenforced; 71 young European scientists and engineers obtained bursaries of up till two years in a
public or private Japanese laboratory. Despite the various sources of funding (Community, joint,
Japanese), the selection was ensured by the Commission.

More specifically in the field of information technologies, telecommunications, telematics and
electronic data exchange, activities were carried out to promote international science and technology
cooperation, where such cooperation was mutually advantageous to the European Union and the third

**54**

country in question. These activities helped to strenghthen the links between scientific cooperation and
industrial cooperation, in support of the Union's approach to encourage the internationalization of
European firms. These activities contributed to the development of a future global information
infrastructure and the training of persons capable of using and promoting it, to the development of
centres of excellence in developing countries, and to profit from advances in research in indutrialized
countries, such as Japan, the United States and Canada.

Following a thorough evaluation procedure conducted by independent experts and based on the
scientific t ç.xcellence and the industrial potential, projects have been launched with the general aim to
create and develop research networks between the Community and research centres in the most
advanced developing countries. Other means of cooperation included information exchange, such as
workshops, seminars and fact-finding missions.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The main objective of closer cooperation with European scientific international organizations and
initiatives is to enhance the coherence of the overall "European Research Area", and to optimize the
use of the often unique expertise built up within such organizations by virtue of their need to create
unique environments and infrastructures in support of their main activities.

Thus in 1994, administrative arrangements were signed between the Commission and the European
Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) on the one hand and between the Commission and the European
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) on the other hand. These administrative arrangements
effectively create the means for more systematic information exchange and complement the new
possibilities for such organizations to participate in the Framework Programme. In both cases, this
follows a number of years of successful case by case collaboration, leading for example in the case
of CERN to the development and use of a new high powered supercomputer and the wider European
use of CERN's particular expertise in the areas of superconductivity and computer based
communications networks. It is worth noting that the "World-Wide-Web", essentially a set of
extremely effective and user-friendly computer communications services now becoming available
throughout the EUROPANET and the INTERNET, originated and was developed at CERN.

The Commission continued to work closely with the relevant OECD committees, in particular the
Committee on Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) and the Megascience Forum, which discusses
issues such as astronomy, deep drilling, global change and oceanography, as well as the management
and organization of large scale international projects in such areas.

The Commission also continued its work with the European Space Agency (ESA), with which it has
established well structured modes of work, including six Joint Working Groups in the areas of earth
observation, telecommunications, industrial policy, international relations, RTD and education and
training. The Commission's role is essentially one of promoter and user of space technology,
particularly in the area of earth observation.

The Commission also continued its regular meetings with relevant United Nations agencies,
particularly UNESCO, in which the focus of discussions has been on the issue of surface water. The
Commission cooperates with the UN-ECE, notably to produce the ECE Inventory of Safety Guidelines
in Biotechnology.

55

COST

The objective of COST is to coordinate, on a European level, nationally funded research in the 25
COST member countries. COST actions usually involve basic or pre-competitive research or activities
of public utility. Actions may be proposed by any COST country or by the European Commission,
which may also participate in any COST action as a full member. The necessity for coordination with
COST activities is recognized in the texts of several of the specific programmes of the Fourth
Framework Programme. The Commission provides the scientific secretariat for COST and thus helps
ensure cooperation and coordination with the relevant Community specific RTD programmes in order
to optimize information flow and avoid duplication of effort. In addition, the secretariat includes a
number of seconded national experts from Member States, contributing also to coordination.

In 1994, 36 new COST Actions entered into force, bringing the total number to 115. An average of
12 countries participate in each Action. In addition, 27 institutes from non-COST countries participate

- on an Action by Action basis, in 17 actions. The European Commission has to date signed the
Memoranda of Understanding of 6 COST Actions. The total Community COST budget for
coordination of national scientific and technical activities amounted to ECU 8 million in 1994.
Updated information on COST activities is available on the Community RTD Information System,
CORDIS.

1994 has also seen the introduction of a new Technical Committee in the domain of Agriculture and
Biotechnology in addition to those already existing in Telecommunications, Transport, Materials,
Meteorology, Social Sciences, Chemistry, Urban Civil Engineering and Forestry and Forestry
Products. Furthermore, two working groups have been established to investigate the potential for
COST Actions in the domains of Neuroscience and Physics.

EUREKA

The objective of EUREKA is to increase European productivity and competitiveness through closer
cooperation between firms and research institutes in advanced technologies, developing products,
processes and services with a worldwide market potential.
The complementarity of this initiative and the Framework Programme is systematically exploited,
while respecting their specific characteristics. The Commission is a member of the Eureka
management structures at all levels. All new Eureka project proposals are screened by Commission
staff for duplication of research work carried out or under way in a Community context, and for the
possibility of participation or for the transfer of results in both directions. The Community participates
in a steadily increasing number of Eureka activities and Eureka is explicitly mentioned in the texts of
the Fourth Framework Programme and its specific programmes. The Community is further active
in the provision of supporting measures, in particular with regard to standard-setting and regulation.
A publicly accessible version of the Eureka database is located on the Community database host
ECHO.

The Commission participates in a total of 14 ongoing projects and 9 Umbrella initiatives, which
correspond most closely to the areas of Community programmes. It has been involved in a further six
finished projects, with an overall financial participation of 265.2 MECU out of a total financial
volume for all these projects of 5697 MECU.

56

The Joint Research Centre continued as leader of two major projects, CEFIR in the new materials area
and the Mobile Analytical Laboratory, in the area of the environment, bringing both projects towards
a successful completion of their initial phases. The latter project has developed an advanced mobile
analytical laboratory for the analysis of air, soil and water samples. In addition, the Commission has
continued as leader of the EUROCAIRN project, the successor of COSINE, which the Commission
also leads, and which set up the first operational "pan-European information highway",
EUROPANET, which is being used daily by thousands of researchers across Europe (and which is
a descendant of the first international pilot packet - switched networks set up in 1972 by the COST
11 project). The next generation of such networks is being defined in close collaboration with the
Commission services within EUROCAIRN.

**CENTRALIZED ACTION FOR THE DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION OF**

**KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM THE SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES OF**

**RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNITY**

**(VALUE II)**

**Objectives**

The general aim of the centralized action for the dissemination and exploitation of knowledge resulting
from Community research activities, carried out under this action, is to give specific added value to
the RTD activities which are the subject of the third Framework Programme for 1990 to 1994. On
the one hand, it provides the necessary continuity for some of the measures carried out under the
Value programme; on the other, it introduces new topics concerned particularly with the repercussions
of research and technological development activities and their results on society as a whole.

**S/T Progress**

1994 saw the evaluation and selection of proposals resulting from a call for proposals for exploitation
projects in 1993 and the subsequent negotiation of contracts for the 45 projects selected. It should be
noted that, in spite of the small budget available (3,5 MECU), this call for proposals was met with
great interest, 311 proposals having been received.

The time needed for exploiting the results of pre-competitive research, such as those of Community
programmes, varies according to the sector of activity : whereas a computer programme may require
only two or three years, the process may take up to 10 years for a new pharmaceutical product.
Nevertheless, an increasing number of exploitation projects launched in recent years are now starting
to produce results - the technical and economical viability of which is being tested - or to encourage
the establishment of new activities such as companies starting up around the exploitation of a project.
Other exploitation activities have also been continued under EUREKA projects with a more generous
budget (e.g. a project for a vaccine against AIDS). In addition to their economic impact, thee projects
may have a positive social and environmental impact (e.g. a project for recycling waste plastic
materials).

Other activities have been conducted in conjunction with these specific programmes and have made
it possible to identify over 150 exploitable or transferable research results, which have been
disseminated via the network of relay centres. Specific activities, such as the "Flair flow" project,
cofmanced by VALUE II, have also permitted more targeted dissemination in a given sector, such as

57

the agri-food industry.

With the support of the network of relay centres, 150 "VALUE cross road days" (VACRO DAYS)
were organized in the Community in 1994 with a view to making local industry aware of the existence
of research results which might meet their technological needs (550 research results were presented
in this way). This activity was supplemented by other promotional activities such as participation in
specialized exhibitions, conferences or European-scale events with a view to increasing awareness of
the achievements of Community activities in research and technological development.

In the field of patents, the collaboration embarked upon with the European Patents Office continued,
particularly in connection with a project aimed at the development of a multimedia self-training
product on optical disk.

The year 1994 has been a time of consolidation for the Relay centres pilot network launched in early

1993 for a two-years period. Following the entering into force of the EEA Agreement after 1.1.1994,
the network with its initial 27 centres has widened up to its current 32 relay centres covering also the
EFTA countries signatories to the agreement. The network has carried out an important number of
actions in 1994, in the field of dissemination of information on the specific programmes, but mainly
it has developed a number of very efficient tools for assisting the exploitation of the results; this has
allowed it to increasingly become one of the basic pillars of a European infrastructure for the
dissemination and transfer of scientific and technological knowledge, which constitutes a basic need
expressed by the European industry. Some provisions have been taken to ensure the transition between
the Value relay centres activities and the new network under the Fourth Framework Programme,
through a supplement of funds (bridge funding) covering the activities of the current network for some
months (May-August), as the current contracts expire on the 30.04.1995.

The Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) offered during the year

1994 over 100 000 documents which were structured in nine databases. These are accessible via the
main public European networks as well as on CD-Rom. More than 13 000 CORDIS users are
registered. In addition to these computer based services, CORDIS offers a variety of printed products
for a wider awareness of the Community research an technological development activities.

The specific needs of the more peripheral and least favoured regions (LFR) of the Community have
been taken into account notably in both the VALUE II and the SPRINT programme. Promotion of
such activities in LFRs followed three major axes.

First, information and dissemination of RTD results was carried out through awareness seminars and
VACRO DAYS in LFRs supported by the demonstration of the CORDIS on-line service on RTD
programmes, projects and results. Secondly, RTD exploitation and technology transfer was promoted
in particular in LFRs through the creation of the network of Relay Centres, of which more than 30%
are located in LFRs; and by VALUE II or SPRINT projects involving at least one beneficiary from
the LFRs. In addition 22 studies, of which 10 are in LFRs, on Regional Innovation and Technology
Transfer Strategies and Infrastructures were launched.

Finally, pilot activities have been continued or initiated as joint actions between different Commission
Services in Less Favoured Regions (LFR) : Regional Technology Plans in eight regions and VALOR
technology transfer projects in two regions. The former are strategic studies for the definition of
regional innovation policy. The latter aim at the definition of a specific industrialisation methodology
through the funding of projects for the exploitation of new technologies in favour of industrial SMEs

58

in LFRs. Pilot activities resulted in, for example, 34 exploratory awards and technology transfer
projects for the benefit of SMEs. The experience gained from these pilot initiatives will be used when
deciding on the activities to be carried out under the third action of the fourth Framework Programme.

STRATEGIC PROGRAMME FOR INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (SPRINT)

SPRINT has the objective to promote innovation and technology transfer to SMEs. SPRINT
disseminates new technologies and innovation by integrating national innovation infrastructure into a
European network, by supporting projects which are of particular demonstration value for innovative
technologies, by coordinating national innovation promotion policies and, in association with this,
carrying out innovation monitoring, by means of the European Innovation Monitoring System (EIMS).

The extension of activities and corresponding budget of SPRINT to cover 1994 has allowed further
significant results and has demonstrated the continuing success of the programme and the importance
of its main lines of action. These are highlighted in the following description of SPRINT initiatives
for 1994.

/. _Facilitating the diffusion of_ _new technologies_ _to firms :_
The activities of some 50 networks of research and technology organisations, involving in total more
than 250 centres were actively pursued. A major event resulting from the 21 Specific Projects for
technology transfer was the conference on "The role of technology transfer projects in the innovation
process" in February 1995. Following the recommendations of an evaluation study, private type
networks will continue concentrating on signing technology transfer contracts, whereas the public type
networks will be organising "Technology Transfer Campaigns".

2. _Strengthening the_ _European_ _innovation and_ _technology_ _transfer_ _infrastructure_ _:_

Helping promoters better to design and plan science parks and other innovation centres was further
promoted through the 1993 calls for proposals, including : feasibility studies of science parks,
evaluation of existing science parks, and Regional Innovation and technology Transfer Strategies and
Infrastructure.

The MINT scheme (Managing the Integration of New Technology) was launched in 1993 and about
half of the 1000 consultancy assignments originally planned have been conducted to date. The scheme
has met with total success in some Member States (particularly those where SMEs prevail and the
national/regional system of innovation is less developed), whereas in others, it is still progressing
through the experimental phase.

Innovation Management techniques were continuously encouraged. The European design Prize was
awarded for the fourth time ; SPRINT subsidised the fifth European Value Management Conference
in October; The book "Quality promotion in Europe"was published.

_3._ _Improving the_ _awareness_ _and_ _understanding_ _of_ _innovation_ _and_ _exchanging experiences_ _on national_
_and Community_ _innovation_ _policy;_
In the framework of the European Innovation Monitoring System (EIMS). five workshops were
organised with the aim of systematic exchange of experience and best practice between professionals
and policy makers within the Community and the Commission itself.

A number of studies have ended in 1994 with publications including "An integrated approach to
European innovation and technology diffusion policy, a Maastricht memorandum", "Investment,

59

innovation an competitiveness : sectorial performance within the triad", and "Survey of the innovation
infrastructure in Central an Eastern Europe". The Community Innovation Survey has highlighted a
number of important facts in the context of innovation in Europe.

Specific activities for the exploitation of the results of Community research in 1994 included studies,
development of training and demonstration tools; measurements and type approvals; technical and
economic verification; patenting activities outside VALUE (5 new files opened, 40 patent applications
filed regarding 15 new inventions, 134 patents granted for 26 inventions); trade or service mark
registration (12 applications filed, 25 pending applications granted); organisation in June of the third
PATINNOVA conference in Copenhagen, for the first time in cooperation with the European Patent
Office.

**HUMAN CAPITAL AND MOBILITY**

**Objectives**

The principal aim of the programme was to contribute to a quantitative and qualitative increase in the
human resources devoted to research and technological development. Research projects were selected
on a "bottom-up" basis as the proposals were devised essentially by the researchers themselves without
the restriction of target areas being established by the programme.

The programme covered all areas of science and technology. Concerning the social and human
sciences, fields which contribute to improvements in European competitiveness and the development
of a sound economy were also covered. This enabled projects to be accepted in management sciences;
the interface between science, technology and society; and the acceptance and comprehension of
scientific and technological advances by the public, among others.

The programme contained provision for four training activities : fellowship grants, networks, access
to large-scale facilities, and euroconferences.

S/T **Progress**

The HCM programme has become widely known. It has made a significant impact on European
research institutions and among individual researchers themselves. Competition for selection of
projects were severe and rejection rates were as high as 60-80% of proposals submitted. Furthermore,
of those projects selected, funds awaded were the subject of steep reductions in budget compared with
the levels requested. Thus the apparently high figures for the number of projects supported, fall far
short of the expectations raised among the European research community by the HCM programme
when it was launched.

In 1994, 1461 new contracts were signed. They can be divided as follows :

- individual grants ' 781 contracts

- institutional grants 241 contracts

- networks 284 contracts

- large scale installations 23 contracts

**N.B.** **: For individual grants, there is a noticeable difference between** **(lie** **number of signed contracts and committed contracts.**

60

- Euroconferences 132 contracts

The HCM programme has been, by definition a training programme at the highest level. The focus
of all the activities supported under the programme has been on the development of the careers of
young researchers. In this way it has contributed to the evolution of European research, science and
technology. The programme has also been an instrument to assist the process of cohesion as it contains
specific measures in favour of the Community's less-favoured regions.

A major conference was held in Rostock in July 1994 to bring together research fellows working in
Germany, who had come from other countries under the HCM fellowship scheme. This was a pilot
project intended to produce effective feedback about the operation of the programme from the research
fellows themselves. The results of the conference are due to be published, and the Rostock event will
serve as a model for future conferences.

As the first results of the HCM programme began to feed through, a system for making the
information available through the Commission's Cordis database was established. The first fruits of
this exercise should be available during the start of 1995. During 1994 the Commission organised an
extensive information campaign concerning the new programme, which included information days,
publications, press releases. Plans were laid to disseminate documentation, including proposal forms,
on-line as well as in print.

In September 1994, the finals of the EU Contest for Young Scientists was held in Luxembourg, hosted
by Commissioner René Steichen and under the patronage of Prince Henri, the Heriditary Grand Duke
of Luxembourg. The finals, which attracted wide press coverage, marked the ultimate stage for over
10.000 school-aged scientists who had entered their national competitions the previous year.

Throughout the HCM programme, initiatives were launched which, in the long term, should
have a positive impact on less-favoured regions. These include return fellowships
which enable researchers from less-favoured regions to work and contribute to the research effort at
home; the inclusion of specific measures for research networks; better dissemination of information;
targeted laboratory courses; the first attribution of grants to confirmed researchers acting in the
capacity of visiting scientists to institutes in less-favoured regions. The large-scale facilities scheme
contributed efficiently to the widespread utilization throughout the Community of important research
installations which are rare in Europe, expensive and essential for successful RTD. Since such
facilities tend to be located outside the less-favoured areas, a high number of researchers from lessfavoured regions benefitted.

**JOINT** RESEARCH CENTRE

**Objectives and** S/T Progress

Specific research programmes

The major task of the JRC in 1994 was to contribute to the implementation of the EC's third
Framework Programme in its final year. This contribution accounted for 66% of the JRC budget, and
was carried out, in particular, through activities included in the following specific programmes:

61

The Industrial and Materials Technologies programme encompassed research on advanced materials
executed by the Institute for Advanced Materials, and on the working environment, executed by the
Institute for Safety Technology, the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics and by the
Environment Institute.

The Measurement and Testing programme encompassed research projects on measurements and
reference materials^ carried out by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, and
research projects on reference methods for non nuclear energies (photovoltaic systems) and the
assessment of the reliability of structures, executed by the Institute for Systems Engineering and
Informatics-and by the Institute for Safety Technology.

**The Environment Protection** programme consisted of research projects executed by the Environment
Institute on atmospheric pollution, and on soil, water and waste pollution. It also encompassed
applications of remote sensing techniques, executed by the Institute for Remote Sensing Applications,
and research activities on industrial hazards executed by the Institute for Safety Technology and by
the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics.

**The Nuclear Fission Safety** programme encompassed a number of research activities ranging from
reactor safety executed by the Institute for Safety Technology, to research activities on nuclear
safeguards and fissile materials management, executed by the Institute for Safety Technology and the
Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, and to research activities on nuclear fuels and
actinides executed by the Institute for Transuranium Elements.

**The Fusion Technology and** Safety programme is executed by the Institute for Safety Technology,
the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, and the Institute for Advanced Materials,
responding to requests from the European Fusion Programme.

**The Human Capital and Mobility** programme of the JRC continued with increased activities in 1994
and covered all Institutes. The Board of Governors of the JRC approved during 1994, 96 individual
fellowships at post doctoral level, 7 networks involving JRC participation, two institutional fellowships
in association with universities, and JRC participation in one large scale facility.

**S/T Support for Community policies**

In addition to the contribution to the Framework Programme, JRC scientific and technical expertise
was made available to other Directorate General of the Commission at their request for support in the
formulation and implementation of Community policies. In 1994, the support for Environmental policy
accounted for 27.8% of the total support budget. Support for Energy policy accounted for 27.3% and
support for the Common Agricultural Policy for 14.2%.

In 1994 the JRC published 951 papers and 30 JRC patents were granted. The detailed lists of JRC
publications and patents are published each year in the "Publications Bulletin".

The JRC has offered its scientific expertise to external customers since 1988, and has attracted orders
worth more than 83 Mioecu over the seven years since this activity was initiated. Industry remains
the most important JRC customer, with 57% of orders. Research organisations account for 21%.

**62**

PART THREE

WORK PROGRAMMES 1995 [1 ]

**FIRST ACTIVITY : RTD PROGRAMMES**

**TELEMATICS APPLICATIONS OF COMMON INTEREST**

**Objectives**

The main objectives of the new Telematics Applications Programme are :

- to improve the competitiveness of all European industry and the efficiency of services of
public interest;

- to stimulate job creation through the development of applications of information and/or
communications technologies in such areas as telework and teleservices;

- to enhance the quality of life for citizens, in particular by facilitating their access to the
emerging information and communications infrastructure;

 - to promote research activities necessary for other common policies.

**Means**

The new focus of RTD in the specific programme on telematics applications is the emerging
information and communications infrastructure, which will provide the basis of the information
society of the future. The RTD areas proposed are those most vital to the development of the
infrastructure, taking into account the need for selectivity and concentration of effort. Information
and communication technologies can be used in often complex set-ups to offer all sorts of users,
particularly those in public services and private individuals, new ranges of products and services to
meet basic economic and social needs. Research an technological development in telematic
applications makes it possible to establish a link between progress in ICT and user needs. It also
enables telematic systems and services to develop in parallel with technological progress, making
them easier to use. The impact of research of this kind is considerable, provided that the telematic
solutions developed are well suited to user requirements and that account is taken of the need for
European-level interworking.

The key criteria by which proposals will be selected include the following : user involvement at
every stage of the project ; anticipation, as far as possible, of the needs of disabled and elderly
people; cost-effective solutions to real user problems ; user-friendliness of the solutions developed.

The new programme will take account of the recommendations made in 1994 by the European
Council concerning the emergence of an information society in Europe. The Council emphasized
in particular the importance of new applications for investment and employment, in the areas of
teleworking and teleservices for education and training, for health care or for transport.

cfr. **Part Four Annex II, table** **11** on the calendar for calls for proposals **and selection procedures**

63

It is noteworthy that the new Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly people (TIDE)
workprogramme is now part of the overall Telematics Workplan. It was developed alongside the
other Telematics Applications areas by 65 invited experts, including users and user organisations,
and includes all the technological areas covered by the TIDE Pilot and Bridge Phases with some
reorganisation, as well as a new activity designed to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of
those providing services to disabled and elderly people by using information and communications
technology.

**Specific'activities** **foreseen in 1995**

A general call for proposals was launched on 15 December 1994; it will be followed by more
focused calls on 15 March and 15 September 1995. The RTD work in the Telematics Applications
Programme will be strongly linked to policy and project work in the domains of Information
Society, G7 follow-up, interconnection of research and universities networks, Trans-European
Telecommunications Networks, transport telematics, and education and training (in the latter case
through amongst others the Task Force on educational multimedia software).

**COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES (ACTS)**

**Objectives**

The objective is to develop advanced communication systems and services for economic
development and social cohesion in Europe, taking account of the rapid evolution in technologies,
the changing regulatory situation and opportunities for development of advanced trans-European
networks and services.

The aims are to support European policies for early deployment and effective use of advanced
communications in consolidation of the internal market, and to enable European industry to
compete effectively in global markets. The work will enable the rebalancing of public and private
investments in communications, transport, energy use and environment protection, as well as
experimentation in advanced service provision. In conjunction with the work in the specific
programme on information technologies, it will provide a common technological basis for
applications research and development in the specific programme on telematic systems and will
prepare the ground for the development of a European market for information services.

Means

One typical feature of the ACTS programme is that nearly twenty 'National Hosts' which serve as
high-technology communication platforms are put at the disposal of the projects. These 'National
Hosts' are inter-connected and represent the first top-European infrastructure in telecomunications.
It should also be noted that the ACTS programme is open to the cooperation with third countries
outside the EEA (European Economic Area) and will, therefore, contribute to the global
development of the Information Society.

Specific activities foreseen in **1995**

Following the call for proposals of September 15, 1994, the closing date for the submission of
project proposals was 15 March 1995. The evaluation of the proposals received will take place
immediately after that date. Once the projects are evaluated and selected, work can be started in

64

the course of the second quarter 1995.

**INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES**

**Objectives**

- To help enhance the quality of life and improve the competitiveness of all European industry

- To contribute to the establishment of an information infrastructure in Europe

- To strengthen the scientific and technological base of European industry

- To promote preparatory and validation activities with a view to standardisation.

**Means**

The IT programme encompasses new orientations both in technical content and in implementation.
Turning first to implementation, the programme puts a greater emphasis on networks of excellence,
and makes use of supplier-user collaborations. It introduces a number of focused clusters, a new RTD
modality which builds on the experience of the Open Microprocessor Systems Initiative (OMI) under
ESPRIT III.

A network of excellence brings together industry, users, universities and research centres with a
common research objective. It combines the critical mass of centres of excellence with the benefits
for training and technology transfer deriving from geographical spread. 13 networks of excellence
have already been launched under **ESPRIT III,** involving more than 500 research teams.

User-supplier-collaborations supplement joint research projects : supplier enterprises and users
between them form a consortium to pursue demonstrably new RTD, with the users having a particular
interest in taking up and exploiting the results of the collaboration.

Focused clusters represent a major innovative modality in this specific programme. A cluster is a set
of activities covering a number of technology areas geared towards a single well-defined goal. As well
as collaborative research projects, a cluster may incorporate other kinds of activity, as its specific
needs dictate. These may include networks of excellence, association of suppliers and users, cooperation with Eureka, co-ordination with national initiatives, international co-operation, dissemination
of results, or training initiatives. Individual activities within a cluster may have a duration shorter than
the life span of the whole cluster.

Participation in the programme will be further facilitated for all potential participants by the
streamlining of management procedures. The aims are to simplify the call and evaluation process, and
reduce the cost of preparing proposals. There will be more frequent calls for proposals, with each call
focusing on particular selected topics within the programme. Each year there will be a call on one or
more of four fixed dates - 15 March, 15 June, 15 September or 15 December. Specific procedures
to help SMEs are being established, including for example covering an exploratory phase of project
proposals. Ways of simplifying contracts are being worked out.

The technical content equally reflects the new emphases on infrastructure, access, use and usability,
and best practice.

Part of the programme addresses the more basic or underpinning technologies - software technologies

65

(ST), technologies for components and subsystems (TCS), and multimedia technologies (MT). In
addition four focused clusters are proposed, in part intersecting with the underpinning technology
areas, as well as including activities with more of an application focus : technologies for business
processes (TBP), integrations in manufacturing (IIM), high performance computing and networking
(HPCN), and the open microprocessor systems initiative (OMI). Finally to complement the more
downstream activities part of the programme is dedicated to long term research (LTR).

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

i.

Following the overall call for proposals on 15 December 1994, there will be more focused calls on
each of the four fixed dates in 1995.

**INDUSTRIAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES**

**Objectives**

The Workprogramme is defined according to short, medium and long term industrial objectives rather
than according to technological fields. The Workprogramme is equally applicable to all industries,
materials, processes and products and it is intended to facilitate the rapid use of results and the active
participation of all partners, in particular SMEs.

In the short term, priority will be given to the research making it possible to adapt existing
technologies, or to develop new industrial technologies, which produce a competitive leverage, in
particular for the competitiveness of sectors having a lower technological level.

In the medium term, research will be concentrated on industries which are already developing
innovative technologies and strategies, making it possible to strengthen their competitiveness as well
as making better use of human resources.

In the long term, research will concentrate on strategic technologies, more fundamental and high-risk,
for the production and design of products likely to allow the creation of new industries or markets in
a context of sustainable growth in the future.

**Means**

The workprogramme includes quantified industrial objectives, related to the proposed research
sub-areas. These quantified objectives are guide targets aimed at providing proposers with all
indication of challenges that, taking the present state of the art as starting point, industry may achieve
within the time ranges proposed.

The short, medium and long term research tasks suggested should have the potential to produce results
in consonance with the indicative objectives provided for the given time range. In the context of this
programme, short term is considered less than 5 years, medium term to be 4 to 10 years and long
term greater than 8 years, though it is recognised that these ranges are likely to be different for
different industrial sectors.

The quantified objectives and the classification of research tasks into short, medium and long-term,
are general orientations to assist proposers and are not linked to eligibility criteria of proposals, budget
allocation or modalities of programme implementation. It will be the task of the proposers on a project

66

by project basis, to identify in detail the expected impacts of the results, as well as the timescale on
which these may he industrially implemented.

The expected research output should be composed not only of technologies and methodologies, but
also of their validation in experimental technical and economic terms, including where appropriate
their demonstration^.

Initiatives enabling potential owners and users to have access possible to results as quickly and as
widely as possible will be the subject of special attention, taking due account of legitimate intellectual
and industrial property rights. This could include attention to the incorporation of the results into
standards and codes of practice. These activities although not explicitly mentioned within early
research task, represent an important complementary objective of the programme.

In view of the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, research activities linked with steel products and process
innovation will gradually be taken over in the context of this programme on the condition that the precompetitive and multisectoral nature is respected.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

The general call for proposals on 15 December 1994 will lead to the start of proposals by the end of
the year.

**STANDARDS, MEASUREMENTS & TESTING**

**Objectives**

The objectives of the programme are, for all fields of measurement and testing:

- to improve the competitive position of European industry, in particular SMEs, by the promotion
of better measurements and tests in the research and development, better definition and control of
the quality of products, more efficient in-process measurements, improved written standards and
technical assistance to the mutual recognition of certificates in accordance with the Global Approach
to Conformity Assessment;

- to promote research and other technical support necessary for the development and implementation
of other Community policies (Single Market, environment, agriculture, health, transport and
protection of the Community's external frontiers) and, when appropriate, the European standards
necessary for their implementation;

 - to support the further development of the European measurement infrastructure by facilitating the
coordination of national activities, the development of measurement standards, of advanced methods
and systems and the mutual recognition of results and accreditation systems;

 - to promote the dissemination and application of good measurement practice throughout Europe,
particularly in the less favoured regions.

**Means**

Time limited calls for proposals will focus efforts on the competitive needs industry and on the

67

development of a harmonised European measurement infrastructure and the provision of the sound
scientific and technical base required in support of Community policies. In addition, dedicated calls
for proposals restricted to specified topics provide a flexible and rapid response to research which is
urgently required in support of Community policy and related European standards.
The importance of the coordination of national activities in the improvement of the European
measurement and testing infrastructure is recognised by the increased use of thematic networks and
training courses.

**Specific'.ictivities** **foreseen in 1995**

The general call for proposals on 15 December 1994 will be followed by more focused calls on 15
March, 15 June and 15 December 1995.

**ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE**

**Objectives**

The objectives are to understand processes underlying climatic and environmental change, in order
to identify and assess the effects of human activity. Detailed analysis of human and social behaviour
and of the patterns of economic development responsible for adverse effects on the environment will
be carried out in parallel with the study of natural processes.

- to improve assessment of the consequences of climatic and other environmental change for the
natural environment and for society.

- to contribute to the technological development necessary for environmental observation, monitoring
and research, including methodologies and technologies for the monitoring, warning and
management of natural hazards, impact of products on the environment, from the stage of raw
materials incorporated into these products up to their final use and disposal, will also be taken into

account.

- to contribute to the development of a comprehensive European earth observation for environmental
observation and research.

**Means**

Research supportive of the science base should aim at specific research communities, networks and
international programmes. Research aimed at underpinning the development and implementation of
the Union's environment policy should reflect the needs of the Community programme of Policy and
Action in relation to the Environment and Sustainable Development and of the European Environment
Agency. Potential industrial exploitation of project results should be facilitated by direction to specific
industry communities and fora, particularly for those involving SMEs.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

An overall call for proposals was launched in January 1995 and contract signatures are expected as
from October 1995. A call for proposals in two further areas relating to space techniques applied to
environmental monitoring and research (theme c) was launched in June 1995.

**68**

**MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY**

**Objectives**

To understand the functioning of marine systems at basin scales, in order to prepare for sustainable
use of the oceans consistent with the preservation of marine environmental quality and to determine
their role in global change.

**Means**

The study of processes in the seas around Europe (physics, chemistry, biology and geology) will be
expanded to address extreme marine environments e.g. the deep-sea floor and the Arctic ocean. The
concept of large scale "targeted" projects, initially applied in 2 areas (the Mediterranean and the
North-East Atlantic), will now be also applied in the Baltic and in a zone extending from the Gibraltar
strait to the Canaries and the Azores.

The general area of coastal zone science and engineering is now refocused as "strategic" marine
research, in order to make it more applicable in managing the marine environment considered as a
resource and as human living space. In marine technology, more importance will be given to research
on bioactive substances, on submarine geotechnics, on instruments and platforms for use in hostile sea
conditions (deep sea, under ice, ...).

On the implementation side, it is intended to introduce several innovations : more concerted actions,
technology stimulation for SMEs, and measures for the dissemination of results of earlier MAST

programmes.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

An overall call for proposals was launched on 15 December 1994 and contract signatures are expected
as from October 1995.

**BIOTECHNOLOGY**

**Objectives**

It will be the responsibility of the Community to promote under the Biotechnology programme further
research work where society would expect the highest returns. This points to privileged areas for the
exploitation of new knowledge, all of which experience in common an acute need for cross-linking
connected topics and/or integrating large groups of experts on an international scale. Such an
integrative approach must also be taken in order to:

 - ensure safety when using living cells in the production process,

 - give commensurate importance to the European contribution to international genome projects,

 - promote reasonable development of agriculture, taking environmental protection into account, and
taking appropriate account of animal protection, in so far as, for example, genetic modification of
animals and crops or health is involved;

69

- overcome the purely academic distinctions between specialist areas such as neurobiology,
endocrinology or immunology with a view to unravelling cellular and molecular interactions.

**Means**

This programme has been selective in choosing three approaches, each one with a specific goal and
restricted to identified scientific areas.

1. With a view to harvesting the highest potential returns on R&D in the medium term, four scientific
areas \viil benefit from **concentrated means.** Task-oriented projects should aim to have measurable
impacts, and significantly change the state of the art. A multidisciplinary integrated approach is
recommended.

2. Other four scientific areas will be the focus of **concertation efforts** where coordination and
building upon national research programmes will be of primary interest. The aims will be to
maintain the high potential for innovative breakthroughs in key areas of research which tend to be
developed **in** relative isolation within Member States, and to increase the value-added effects from
the interaction and harmonization of on-going activities across borders.

3. With a view to linking academic institutions, research laboratories and industry (particularly
SMEs), thus further enhancing public understanding and clarifying value-laden issues in relation
to applications of biotechnology, four **horizontal activities** will be supported in areas essential to
the exploitation of the life sciences. These activities may require special attention in respect of other
factors such as socio-economic or ethical issues.

These approaches will be implemented through a wider range of participation modalities that will
ensure the balanced involvement of key players and users: shared cost integrated projects, shared cost
RTD projects, concerted actions, demonstration activities, preparatory awards for SMEs, preparatory,
accompanying and support measures, platforms or "extended audiences" and training fellowships.

Measures intended to encourage the participation of SMEs, in particular technology stimulation
measures and links between science parks and biotechnology SMEs taking account of the needs of
those from less advanced regions, will be implemented.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

The first overall call for proposals was launched on 17 January 1995 and contract signatures are
expected as from October 1995. It will be followed by a second one on 15 September, with deadline
for submission of proposals on 15 December 1995.

**BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH**

**Objectives**

The specific programme of research and technological development, including demonstration, in the
field of biomedicine and health (1994-1998) proposes research that is essential to any strategy to
protect the health of the citizens and to fight diseases. Furthermore the programme tends to strengthen
the scientific basis of the competitiveness of the European health industry and to promote the transfer
of research results into clinical practice. This programme will continue the efforts of the

**70**

previous programme but with a broader scope and increased emphasis on the needs of patients, health
care professionals, health industries and the Union as a whole.

It will cover seven target areas being:
_1) Pharmaceuticals Research;_
_2) Research on Biomedical_ _Technology_ _and_ _Engineering;_
_3) Brain Research;_
_4) Research on Diseases with Major_ _Socioeconomic_ _Impact;_
_5) Human_ _Genome_ _Research;_
_6) Public Health_ _Research,_ _including Health Services Research;_

_7) Research on_ _Biomedical_ _Ethics_ _(notably_ _ethical aspects of_ _areas_ _1 through 6)._

**Means**

Under area 4 (Research on Diseases with Major Socioeconomic Impact) research will provide
fundamental answers, by integration of basic and clinical research, to improve prevention, diagnosis
and treatment of diseases such as cancer, AIDS and other infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases,
chronic diseases, orphan illnesses, and will also concentrate on occupational and environmental health.
A major novelty, made possible by art. 129 of the Treaty of the European Union is the explicit
inclusion of Public Health in the programme. Furthermore, Pharmaceuticals research and Brain
research have now became separate areas. The programme will also involve horizontal activities such
as research into the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSA) and demonstration projects for evaluating
the performance of new technologies and approaches.

Within this programme it is intended to go beyond concertation only and to participate in cost sharing
research in specific areas (Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical technology and engineering, Brain, Human
Genome).

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

In order to implement the programme a first overall call for proposals was launched on 17/1/95 with
a deadline of 31/3/95.

**AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, INCLUDING** **AGRO-INDUSTRY,FOOD**
**TECHNOLOGIES,** **FORESTRY,AQUACULTURE AND** **RURAL DEVELOPMENT**

**Objectives**

The general objectives of the action are to:

- promote cooperation between industries, research centres and universities in the fields covered by
the programme,

- harmonize research in the food and non-food primary production sectors of agriculture,
horticulture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture and its links with the input and processing
industries,

- contribute to the improvement of the competitiveness of the European agro-industrial and primary
production sectors, by developing new technologies,new systems and methods of production which

*****

*****

71

are compatible with sustainable growth and the needs of the consumers,

improve the quality of agricultural, forestry and fisheries products in general and of foodstuffs in
particular,

support the implementation of the common agriculture and fisheries policies, and other Community
policies (internal market and environment), the rural development and the maintenance of
employment in rural areas,

- contribute to matching production and use of biological raw materials.

**Means**

The programme will be implemented through shared-cost projects, concerted actions and
accompanying measures. There are three new types of shared-cost activities with respect to the **AIR**
programme. **Cooperative research projects** which will enable groups of agricultural and agroindustrial SMEs with no or inadequate R&D means of their own to engage third parties to carry out
research on their behalf to solve common or similar problems. **Exploratory awards** to help all types
of SMEs with the preparation of shared-cost projects. **Thematic networks** which will bring together
research carried out by manufacturers and processors, primary producers, end-users, universities and
research centres on generic technologies, in order to facilitate incorporation and transfer of
technology.

Demonstration projects will be implemented. In these projects the resources of interdisciplinary skills
of producers of new technologies or of new systems and methods of production will be combined with
those of technology users to show, on a meaningful scale of operations, the techno- and socioeconomic advantages offered by state-of-the-art concepts with respect to existing practices.

In accordance with the views of the European Parliament on ethical and social assessment of Life
Sciences and Technologies programmes, the ELSA (Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects) activities are
also a new concept in the Agriculture and fisheries programme. Its main objectives are to understand
and improve the communication process, in particular, to consumers, environmental and animal
welfare groups and other social players in the area.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

The first call for proposals on 15 December 1994 will be followed by two others in June and
December 1995.

**NON NUCLEAR ENERGY**

**Objectives**

The prime objectives of the non-nuclear energy programme 1994-1998 (JOULE-THERMIE) are to
improve energy security in the broadest sense and, recognizing the concern for the protection of the
environment, to reduce the impact of the production and use of energy, in particular the emissions of
C0 2 . Within this frame, the programme also aims to contribute to the achievement of other important
policy objectives, such as strengthening the technological basis of industry -with benefits for the
economy, employment and export potential-, improving social and economic cohesion and contributing

72

to cooperation with third countries (in particular PECO and developing countries).

**Means**

The new programme combines continuation with novelty. While RTD actions will mostly be carried
along the same technological axes as for the previous programme, i.e. rational use of energy,
renewable energies and fossil fuels, many new elements have been added. First, the programme
merges within one single instrument both R&D and demonstration actions which had previously been
carried out separately within the JOULE and THERMIE programmes. Secondly, it introduces a new
activity in support of an overall energy RTD strategy encompassing the whole chain from basic
research to dissemination. Thirdly, it boosts the support in favour of renewable energies by doubling
their R&D funding level as compared to the previous JOULE programmes.
The scientific and technical objectives of the programme have been finalized on the basis of the results
of a seminar on energy research with the direct involvement of Europe's major actors in the energy
field. The work programme will be implemented in close coordination between DG XII (for the R&D
component) and DG XVII (for the demonstration and dissemination components).

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

The first call for proposals for both R&D and demonstration closed on 24 March 1995 with a view
to starting the first projects by autumn 1995. A second call for proposals restricted to demonstration
activities is planned for September 1995. Furthermore, the programme has launched an open call for
proposals to disseminate the results of the programme and to foster the participation of SMEs, for
which 5% of the programme budget is earmarked.

**NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY**

**Objectives**

The main objective of the Nuclear Fission Safety Programme (1994-1998) is to achieve a maximum
level of safety for all stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and that workers, the population and the
environment are protected from all radiological consequences of nuclear energy production. This
remit also includes ensuring that regulation maintains pace with the developments in the nuclear
industry and also contributing to the acceptance of the industry by the public. The programme has five
main activity areas: _Exploring Innovative_ _Approaches;_ _Reactor_ _Safety;_ _Radioactive_ _Waste Management_
_and Disposal and_ _Decommissioning;_ _Radiological Impact_ _on_ _Man and the_ _Environment;_ _and Mastering_
_Events of the Past._

**Means**

The new programme has been restructured to take the need for innovation and priority definition into
account while preserving continuity. New elements have been added, such as new concepts of reactor
design, and the topics previously addressed in the COSU programme on the Consequences of the
Chernobyl Accident have been expanded to include other radioactively contaminated areas and taken
up in the programme. The implementation of the programme will be made by means of both shared
cost and concerted actions. The programme has been finalised following the seminar on energy
research which involved the major organisations involved in the energy field.

73

**Specific activities** foreseen **in 1995**

A call for proposals has been issued with a first deadline on 20 March 1995, evaluation in April and
May and a planned start of the first projects towards the end of the year. The second deadline for
proposals is scheduled on 28 February 1996. The call for proposals for concerted actions remains open
until 1 November 1997.

**CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION**

**Objectives**

The priority objective of the programme is to establish the engineering design of the Next Step within
the framework of the quadripartite cooperation on the ITER-EDA. Possible improvements to concepts
in plasma physics and plasma engineering will be investigated, while assessing their technical
feasibility, and long-term technology developments required for progressing toward the exploitation
of fusion as an energy source will be carried out. The results of such studies will be of benefit both
in the operation of ITER and, in the longer term, in the conceptual definition of DEMO, a
demonstration reactor capable of producing significant quantities of electricity.

**Means and specific activities foreseen in 1995**

This programme does **not** proceed by means of calls for proposals and corresponding
Workprogrammes.

- _Next Step activities:_
The ITER-EDA will be pursued and includes the design proper by the Joint Central Team (JCT) and
by the Home Teams (HT) of the 4 ITER Parties, plus the supporting R&D in physics and technology
by the HTs. The ITER-EDA Interim Report will be issued in 1995. Euratom Next Step activities other
than the participation in the JCT are coordinated by the NET Team: supporting plasma physics and
plasma engineering R&D will be pursued on JET and on the specialised devices in the Associations.
An extension of JET until the end of 1999 for the benefit of ITER is under consideration.

- _Concept_ _improvements:_
Proposals for upgrading devices and for the construction of new ones are being examined or might
be submitted in the course of 1995. A proposal for joining the activities of three Associations is under
consideration.

- _Long-term_ _technology:_
The activities will be continued and expanded on development of tritium breeding blankets, radiation
resistant and low-activation materials (including the conceptual design of a high-energy neutron source)
and further analysis of the safety and social acceptability of fusion power.

**TRANSPORT**

**Objectives**

The Transport Programme aims through research to contribute to achieving the objectives of the
Common Transport Policy, namely efficient and cost-effective transport networks for goods and
passengers under the best possible environmental, social and energy consumption conditions.

74

The main objectives of the proposed programme are:

- to develop a more efficient, safer and more environmentally friendly transport system for
passengers and goods;

- to facilitate the interconnection and interoperability of the separate transport networks;

- to increase the efficiency of each individual mode and improve cooperation between them;

- to promote the design and management of infrastructure with a view to reducing the damage the
environment and improving the quality/price ratio;

- to provide industry, transport operators and users and authorities with the appropriate
decision-making instruments based on better knowledge and understanding of mobility, traffic
flows, their interactions and interdependencies.

**Means**

The means is a European approach that is developed to exploit the synergy between the different
Community and national activities, as well as those of other international organizations.The research
activities will be developed at two levels:

- a European strategic level,

- a network optimization level(combined transport, rail transport, air transport, urban transport,
maritime transport, road transport).

Most of the actions will be carried out through shared cost actions, concerted actions, preparatory,
accompanying and support measures, research Studies.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

The first call for proposals covering ail areas of the programme closed on 15 March 1995 and will
be followed by a second call in September 1995, closing in December 1995.

**TARGETED SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH**

**Objectives**

The targeted socio-economic research activities aim at elucidating future decision-making by
developing a shared knowledge base on the challenges facing Europe, based on research and other
work in three inter-related areas:

 - _evaluation of science and_ _technology_ _policy options,_

_* research on_ _education_ _and training,_

_* research on social_ _integration_ _and social exclusion in Europe._

Evaluation of science and technology policy options for Europe will provide a common knowledge
base for decision-makers in the fields of science and technology policy at regional, national and
European level and for all those responsible for other areas of activity in which science and technology
play a role, with the ultimate objective of encouraging greater consistency and closer coordination of

75

RTD efforts and policies in Europe.

The objectives of the Community's research activities on education and training must be to support
the efforts made by Member States to strengthen the links between research, education and training
and to improve their education and training systems through research and dissemination of good
practice and innovation. The objective is to help to promote the development in Europe of a society
in which lifelong learning and education permanently play a central role.

Poverty rid social exclusion are major problems facing the Member States; Research into social
integration and social exclusion is necessary in order to gain a fuller understanding of these problems
so that remedies can be found.

**Means**

This new programme will mainly support on a shared cost-basis RTD projects and thematic networks,
and will also implement a number of horizontal measures such as the establishment of the European
Technology Assessment Network (ETAN), which should operate in close cooperation with the main
bodies actively involved in evaluation of science and technology options in Europe. The intention is
to make the best use of the expertise available from various socio-economic circles and to circulate
information on the research and other work in progress in the European Union.

The European Science and Technology Observatory of the Institute for Prospective Technological
Studies of the JRC will provide an information service on progress in science and technology and
ensure surveillance of scientific developments and technological innovation.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

A first general call for proposals was launched on 15 March 1995, together with a call for expression
of interest concerning membership of ET AN.

**SECOND ACTIVITY :**

**INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH THIRD COUNTRIES AND**

**INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS**

**Objectives**

The objectives of the programme are to add value to Community RTD, and to improve coordination
with other Community instruments and synergy with Member States' activities in order to avoid
duplication and better define the Community's areas of activity on the basis of the subsidiarity
principle.

It is the centralized activity for international cooperation and targets four geographic areas: _A.l,_ _other_
_fora_ _for S&T_ _cooperation_ _in_ _Europe;_ _A._ _2,_ _Central European countries and the_ _independent_ _states of_
_the former Soviet_ _Union;_ _B,_ _industrialized_ _non-European countries and C,_ _developing_ _countries._

**Means**

The instruments, tuned to the needs and opportunities of RTD cooperations with partners in these four
geographic areas, include concertation, dialogue, concerted and cost-shared action, accompanying

76

measures as well as, in certain cases, financial support for the participation of third country
participants in other specific programmes of the Fourth Framework Programme (areas A.2 and C).

In appropriate cases, interfaces with other specific programmes will be developed to enhance synergy
and added value, for example with Environment and Climate, Marine Science and Technology and
Non-nuclear energy programmes.

It is intended to further reinforce the network of Community programme managers and EUREKA
project coordinators, to organize joint conventions, promotional and brokerage events, and to reinforce
links with other research fora, while enhancing the use of counselling and information distribution
networks (VALUE, OPETs etc.) at Community, EUREKA and member state levels, by researchers
and industry.

Specific activities foreseen in 1995

Three calls are foreseen in 1995. The first one concerns fellowships in Japan and Korea _(area_ _B)._ The
second one concerns _area C;_ activities will be targeted on three principal interrelated sectors of
general importance: sustainable management of renewable natural resources, sustainable improvement
of agricultural and agro-industrial production and health as well as on other areas of mutual interest:
information and communication technologies. The third call concerns _area_ _A.2;_ activities will seek
to help safeguarding the RTD potential, to help solving RTD problems of social, economic and
ecological importance and to intensify cooperation in the areas of RTD where these countries are at
a world class level.

Concerning international organizations, it is planned to put into effect the closer collaboration aimed
at in the administrative arrangements with CERN and the EMBL, to arrive at closer ties with other
European international organizations, and to maintain the close relationship with ES A, ESF, OECD
and UNESCO. Approximately 25 new COST Actions will be launched in addition to preparatory work
on physics and neuroscience. An evaluation of COST is envisaged, covering structures, mechanisms
and results.

An agreement with Canada is signed, negotiations for agreements with Switzerland and Israel are
expected to be completed, and negotiations for agreements with the USA and South Africa are
expected to start.

THIRD ACTIVITY

DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES IN THE

FIELD OF RTD

Objectives

The Third Activity under the Fourth Framework Programme for the dissemination and exploitation
of results combines in a single programme both the continuation of existing projects in this field and,
more generally, activities relating to innovation and technology transfer.
This approach, based on the complementary nature of research and innovation, takes account of both
the non-linear and the complex and interactive nature of the innovation process. The work programme
for the implementation of the specific programme for dissemination and exploitation therefore centres
round the following three objectives :

**77**

 - _making the_ _business environment_ _more favourable to_ _innovation_ _and the_ _absorption_ _of technologies_

_* promoting the dissemination of_ _knowledge_ _and technology within the European Union (Single_
_Market effect)_
 - _making_ _research results_ _and_ _technologies which_ _are_ _likely_ _to meet the_ _needs_ _of_ _businesses_ _available_
_throughout the Union._

Because of the nature of its activities, the Third Activity under the Fourth Framework Programme is
central to the problems of competitiveness as defined by the White Paper and also directly contributes
towards tSe objectives of the Framework Programme as set out in Article 130f of the Treaty.

**Means**

The Third Activity shall focus, in particular, on

pilot and experimental actions, observatory and studies for assisting in promoting innovation

in objective 1 regions (EIMS);
networks for promoting technology transfer and innovation;
support activities for technology transfer and validation projects;
dissemination and information service (CORDIS).

The CORDIS information service will offer a wide range of on-line and off-line services, the quality
of _the_ information will be further improved and gateways will be established providing access to
national information systems also aimed at disseminating scientific and technological information.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

Following the advance announcement of 15.12.1994, a call for proposals has been published on
the 17.1.1995. An initial call for proposals was published on 15 December 1994 with the aim of
establishing a network of about 45 relay centres to provide a basis for a European infrastructure
for disseminating technologies and promoting them on the basis of the needs of industry, including
the promotion of the Community RTD programmes and their results.

A second call for proposals was published on 15 March 1995 with a view to supporting technology
validation and transfer projects and thus contributing to the implementation, at European level, of
an efficient tool for facilitating validation, transfer and integrations of new technologies int the
economic and social fabric, and promoting an innovation culture.

Other calls for proposals in 1995 concern the following areas : EIMS (European Innovation
Monitoring System), financial environment, regional action and support for science parks,
innovation management techniques, experimental networks and services. The common aim is to
contribute to an improvement in the innovation environment in the European Union.

**FOURTH ACTIVITY:**

**TRAINING AND MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS**

**Objectives**

The aim of the programme is to promote, through the stimulation of training and mobility of
researchers, a quantitative and qualitative increase of human resources within the Community and

78

associated States. Its general objectives are the following :

*****

*****

*****

to stimulate training through research and, by means of cooperation, to foster better utilization of
high-level researchers in the Community,

to improve the mobility of European researchers throughout the Community, encouraging mobility
both between universities, research institutes and industry and between disciplines, thus better
exploiting the research potential in the different disciplines,

to promote, for instance through networks, transnational cooperation on research activities proposed
essentially by the scientists themselves and not eligible for support under the first activity,

to facilitate the access of all European researchers to existing large-scale facilities that are essential
for high-quality research,

- to improve the scientific and technological cohesion of the Community and contribute to the
attainment of a general level of scientific excellence by offering research opportunities to scientific
institutions and researchers from all regions of the Community. As was the case under the "Human
Capital and Mobility" programme (1992- to 1994), the return to their region of origin of
researchers originating from the less-favoured regions will be encouraged and financed.

This activity will cover the exact, natural, economic and management sciences, as well as those social
and human sciences that contribute to the Community's objectives in research, technological
development and demonstration.

**Means**

A number of significant developments, with respect to the former programme, have been initiated in
each of the four main activities and are summarized below.

_Research training grants_

A more flexible 'research training grant' scheme, common to all research programmes offering grants,
will be established. This will enable researchers and their prospective host institute better to tailor
the research project exactly to the applicant's career and the host institute's research needs.

_Networks_

Funding under the TMR networks activity will show a substantial increase compared with funding
under the previous programme. Each partner in a network should receive, on average, about ECU
70 000 per year, per laboratory. This amount, several times larger than the sum allocated under
HCM, should lead, on the basis of 5 to 10 laboratories per network, to contracts falling in the range
of ECU 1 to 2 million. In this way the Commission is seeking to support real advanced training, and
not only researcher mobility.

_Access to large-scale facilities_

In addition to continuing to promote access for researchers to large-scale facilities, financing will be
awarded to support improvements to facilities, with the aim of promoting a more efficient use of the

installations.

79

_Accompanying measures_
The Euroconference activity is brought under the accompanying measures, which also will provide
support for more direct training actions, such as summer schools and practical training courses. These
latter are intended to draw on the needs and potential of industry in relation to advanced research
training. Also under this heading, the Commission intends to undertake a series of studies relating to
the more effective equal opportunities and higher participation in the programme of researchers from
industry and those working in less-favoured regions.

**Specific'** **activities foreseen in** **1995**

The new programme, Training and Mobility of Researchers (TMR), was officially launched on 17
January 1995, with the publication of the call for proposals. First contracts for the research training
grants, access to large-scale facilities and accompanying measures should be issued before the end of
the year. In the case of the substantially more complex networks contracts, signatures are not foreseen
until 1996. In 1995, the Commission intends to contract with an independent expert consultancy to
investigate the participation of women in the programme and examine the possibilities for improving
equal opportunities. In addition, work on the provision of advanced training for researchers through
modern telematics may be the subject of a study in 1995, in cooperation with other services of the
Commission working in this area.

Concerning the results of the HCM fellowship scheme and the development of its successor under
TMR, the research training grants scheme, the Commission plans to hold a second 'fellowship
seminar' this time in France, bringing together a large number of fellows who are undertaking
research in one country.

The European Union Contest for Young Scientists, which is the EU's annual showcase of scientific
talent will, in 1995, take place in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the UK. Contestants from over 20 countries
will take part.

**JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE AND COMPETITIVE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES**

**JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE**

**Objectives**

The Joint Research Centre (JRC) will conduct strategic and applied research. It will therefore be an
integral part of European science and technology. The JRC will also contribute to the establishment
of the scientific and technical bases needed for the formulation and implementation of various
Community policies. The specific programme concerning the work for the EC will be carried out on
the one hand by means of direct action and on the other by means of activities suited to a competitive
approach and intended for scientific and technical support to Community policies. The specific
programme concerning the work for the EAEC will be carried out by means of direct action.

Means

The JRC research contributions to the various lines of the Framework Programme are planned in such
a way that they are complementary to the corresponding work of the Specific Programmes (shared cost
action programmes). This is particularly significant with the Centre for Earth Observation action on
the Environment and Climate line as well as for the research on the same line on global change.

**80**

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

The implementation of the above programmes is planned in 1995 in some 30 workschedules that
define the single projects and make up the JRC Workprogramme, as approved by the JRC Board of
Governors. Amongst the new features in these programmes are the emphasis on environmental
technologies throughout the programmes on environment and climate, industrial technologies and
materials technologies and non-nuclear energy as well as the new strategic studies under
socio-economic research.

**COMPETITIVE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES**

**Objectives and means**

This new action of competitive support activities is carried out by means of work suited to a
competitive approach in the context of a customer/contractor relationship. It is intended for scientific
and technical support to Community policies. The implementation of this research will be assigned
to research bodies and centres, including the JRC, universities or undertakings.

The Commission has entrusted the implementation of this action to its Secretariat General, together
with the Directorates General responsible for the various Community policies.

**Specific activities foreseen in 1995**

For **1995** the resources available have been allocated to 72 projects, falling within the areas of
Information and Communication Technologies, Industrial Technologies, Environment, Life Sciences
and Technologies, Energy, Socio-Economic Research and Dissemination and Exploitation of Research
Results. This contributes to Union policies, notably on industry, agriculture, environment, energy,
consumer protection, transport and exploitation of research results. The Directorates General
concerned will manage the resources for the projects according to the Financial Regulations as
applicable to the Research Budget.

**81**

PART FOUR

ANNEXES

**Annex I**

**Tables 1-10** summarize Community RTD activities in **1994** in a quantitative form (number and nature of
projects, participants, transnational links, level of funding etc.). The figures relate to Third Framework
Programme activities and to major APAS'es (Actions de Préparation, d'Accompagnement et de Suivi) ; they
include participation from Member States as well as from countries of the European Economic Area and of
EFTA.

Consequently and in order to ensure consistency, figures relating to earlier Framework Programmes are not
included, nor are data on amendments to contracts. Only in a relatively few cases, for example the non-nuclear
energy programme, would such activities have represented a relatively high proportion of the overall activities
in 1994.

The abbreviation "n/a" used in these tables means "not applicable" or "not available".

**Tables 5-10** concern only shared-cost actions.

**Annex II**

**Table 11** gives an overall view of the **1995** calendar for project selection procedures in each of the specific
programmes, as well as the total budget appropriations (commitments) for each of them in 1995 according to
the revised budget for 1995.

Annex HI

This annex provides two tables on the amounts and indicative breakdown of the Third and Fourth Framework
Programmes, respectively, and a graph showing the evolution in annual Framework Programme commitments.

**Annex** IV

Two tables present the major steps in the adoption of the Third and Fourth Framework Programme decisions
(main dates and document references, length of adoption procedure).

Annex V

This annex gives à list of _the_ major Community research programme evaluation and impact studies completed
or published in 1994

Annex VI

List of main abbreviations or acronyms used

_**Table**_ _**1**_

**RTD activities in 1994: All programmes (FP3) /APAS - New projects and** **all** **projects by type of activity**

New projects (RTD contracts signed in 1994)

All projects

Average EC
contribution

per project

MECU

0,464

0,078

0,174

n/a

     

n/a

     

Number of

projects under

way
at 31.12.94(2)

6.786

775

3.205

210

10.976

n/a

     

Payments 1994

Total

MECU

1.689,36

58,20

44,94

143,45

1.935,95

n/a

     

Number of

participants

11.903

2.906

3.267

185

18.261

Average Average
number of number of

participants per Member States

project per project

4,0 2,4

1.1 n/a

9,0 n/a

n/a n/a

     -     

Shared-cost actions

Preparatory, monitoring and

support measures

Concerted actions

Fusion (including J E T and

administration/support) (3) (4)

TOTAL

Total EC

contribution

MECU(l)

1.378,40

203,87

63,57

209,00

1.854,84

Number of

projects

2.970

2.615

365

151

6.101

1) Sum total EC contribution for each new project, as stipulated in the contract (i.e. for entire project duration)
2) Projects under way at 31.12.1994 = signed contracts with a completion date for research work after 31.12.1994
3) Only the controlled thermonuclear fusion programme
4) Only 2 projects with several participants, all the others with only one

Direct actions 
Joint Research Centre (5)

TOTAL

296,02 n/a

2.150,86

n/a

n/a

n/a

6.101

18.261

5) For direct actions, only commitments 1994 are given

**co**

_**Table 2**_

**RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes** **(FP3)/APAS** **- New projects (contracts signed in 1994)**

Preparatory,
monitoring and

support

measures

Total EC

contribution( 1)

MECU

15,90

5,94

0,51

2,09

2,37

5,45

7,27

3,87

1,92

0,84

97,73

12,26

0,05

5,45

28,00

I V

Concerted

Actions

Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994)

Average

number of MS

(2) per project

3,1

5,1

1,5
2,0

2,8

3,7

3,9

2,8

3,8

2,0

2,1

3,6

1,0

n/a

4,8

2,9

Average EC

contribution

per project

1,400

1,840

0,349

0,370

0,305

0,395

0,481

0,298

0,386

0,185

0,373

0,203

0,020

n/a

0,135

0.081

Names of specific programmes (FP3)
Information Technologies
Communication Technologies
Telematics Systems

Industrial and Materials Technologies (3)
Measurement and Testing (4)

Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies
Biotechnology
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries

Biomedical and Health Research

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries
Non-nuclear Energies

Nuclear Fission Safetv

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (including JET and administration/support) (5X6)
Human Capital and Mobility

Centralized Action

Names of APAS

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS
International Scientific Cooperation
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3
Renewable Energies
SPRINT: Technology Transfer
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People

Others

**Total EC**

**contribution 1)**

**MECU**

**249,20**

**46,00**
**35,60**

**261,05**

**26,57**

**104,25**

**16,36**
**39,30**

**159,97**

**43,20**

**29,43**
**36,07**

**0,86**

**209,00**

**197,64**

**17,16**

**39,46**
**29,30**

**24,02**

**19,21**
**24,40**
**176,00**

**18,60**

**52.19**

**1.854,84**

**Number of**

**projects**

**178**

**25**

**102**

**706**

**87**

**264**

**34**

**132**

**414**

**233**

**79**

**178**

**43**

**151**

**1.461**

**213**

**216**

**327**

**289**

**53**

**269**

**293**

**Number of**

**participants**

**983**

**223**

**496**

**1.836**

**273**

**1.175**

**120**

**316**

**1.954**

**1.858**

**306**

**473**

**43**

**185**

**3.436**

**269**

**810**

**547**

**838**

**235**

**663**

**457**

Shared-cost

actions

Total EC

contribution 1)

MECU

249,20

46,00

18,30

254,74

26,06

102,15

13,99

33,46

136,90

2,48

29,43

34,15

0,02

209,00

99,91

4,90

39,40

23,84

20,13

19,21

24,40

148,00

17,50

34,23

1.587,40

Total EC

contribution 1)

MECU

1,40

0,38

0,39

15,80

36,85

3,89

0,183

0,090

0,083

0,362

0,091
0,601

0,600

n/a

**31**

**323**

**6.101**

**31**

**734**

**18.261**

1,11

13.11

203,87

Average

number of

participants per

oroiect

5,5

8,9

4,9

2,6

3,1
4,5

3,5

2,4

4,7

8,0

3,9

2,7

1,0

n/a

2,4

1.3

3,8

1,7

2,9

4,4

2,5

1,6

1,0

n/a

1,5

1,3

1,0

3,2

2,1

n/a

n/a

n/a

Others **52.19** **323** **734** n/a n/a n/a 34,23 13.11 4,86

TOTAL **1.854,84** **6.101** **18.261** - - - 1.587,40 203,87 63,57

**1** **) Sum total EC contribution for each new project, as stipulated in the contract (i.e. for the entire project duration)**
**2) MS : Member States**
**3) In addition to those signing the contracts, there are a further 466 laboratories actively participating in projects**
**4) In addition to those signing the contracts, there are a further 559 laboratories actively participating in projects**
**5) Includes 72 MECU for JET and 22 MECU for administration/support**
**6) Only 2 projects with several participants, all the others with only one**

TOTAL

_**Table**_ _**3**_

RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/AP

AS - Total projects (1) in ]

1994 and overall

1994 payments

total MECU

407,52

118,74

73,53
224,15

11,65

104,89

30,28
50,84

70,47

40,60

24,34

65,29

17,84
143,45

132,07

14,63

39,68

34,27

10,69

5,88

18,82

122,96

16,22

157.14

1.935,95

Overall EC

contribution

MECU (4)

1.478,43

n/a'

n/a

748,92

55,77

303,43

100,60
165,68

177,10
161,58
104,52

239,46

45,12

551,42

544,22

n/a

70,36

125,76

31,61

19,21

n/a

n/a

n/a

80,83

     

Names of specific programmes (FP3)
Information Technologies
Communication Technologies
Telematics Systems
Industrial and Materials Technologies
Measurement and Testing
Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies
Biotechnology
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries
Biomedical and Health Research

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries
Non-nuclear Energies

Nuclear Fission Safetv

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (including JET and administration/support)
Human Capital and Mobility

Centralized Action

Names of APAS

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS
International Scientific Cooperation
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3
Renewable Energies
SPRINT: Technology Transfer
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People

Others

TOTAL

Number of

projects under

way at
31.12.1994m

630

120

246

898

166

513

107

276

289

500

260

350

86

210

2.944

234

474

478

321

Overall

number of

projects(3)

719

n/a

n/a

1.577

184

603

112

302

289

522

286

431

96

396

3.413

n/a

1.543

1.212

370

53

n/a

n/a

n/a

1.148

     

53

478

1.010

57

276

10.976

1) Projects = signed contracts
2) Projects under way at 31.12.1994 = signed contracts with a completion date for research work after 31.12.1994
3) Overall number of projects = total number of projects since the beginning of the specific programme or APAS
4) Overall EC contribution = total Community contribution (cf. footnote page 1 of Table 1)

_**Table**_ _**4**_

**RTD activities in 1994** **:** **Specific programmes** **(FP3)/APAS** **- selection procedures**

**OJ** **refs.** **and** **dates** **of**

**calls** **for** **proposals**

**Specific Programme(s) (FP3)/ Areas** **of** **work programme**

**Number** **of**

**proposals** **(1)**

**received**

```
  285

  669

  367

  522

  693

```

**Projects selected**

**EC contribution**

**MECU**

```
  466

  374

  264

  265

  125

```

**%** **of** **total**

**number**

**3 5 %**

**3 7 %**

**2 8 %**

**24%**

**2 2 %**

**INFORMATION** **TECHNOLOGIES**

**Micro-electronics**

**- Information Processing Systems** **and** **Software**

**- Advanced Business** **and** **Home Systems** **;** **Peripherals**

**- Computer Integrated Manufacturing**

**- Basic Research**

**C198 (27/07/91)**

**C67 (10/03/93)**

**Number**

**99**

**244**

**101**

**126**

**155**

**COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES** **C149** **(29/5/93)** **2 0 0** **25** **13%** **46**

**(TELEMATICS (STIG)**

**2 2 %**

**2 8 %**

**n/a**

**6 3 %**

**4 1 %**

**3 2 %**

**1 8 %**

**24%**

**8 3 %**

**- Telematics Engineering**

**- Libraries**

**INDUSTRIAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES**

1. Materials - raw materials / 2. Design and manufacture / 3. Aeronautics research

**Areas** **1,** **2 and 3 :** **Cooperative Research (CRAFT** **Step II)** **-** **OPEN CALL**

**- proposals received** **9/93 -** **1** **2/93** **(Collaborative** **RTD)**

**- proposals received** **1/94 • 3/94** **(Collaborative** **RTD)**

**• proposals received** **3/94 • 7/94** **(Collaborative** **RTD)**

**IMEASUREMENT** **AND TESTING**

| l . Support to Directives / 2. Support to standardization / 3. Common means of calibration / 4. Methods and

measurement

**• Areas** **1.** **2 and 3 :**

**- Area** **4**

**- Areas** **2 and 3**

**ENVIRONMENT**

**-** **1 .** **Participation** **in** **global changes programmes**

**-** **2.** **Technologies** **and** **engineering** **for the** **environment**

**-** **3.** **Rosoarch** **on** **economic** **and** **social aspects** **of** **environmental issues**

**-** **<l** **Technological** **and** **natural risks**

**C78 (15/03/94)**

**C310** **(16/11/93)**

**27**

**124**

**1.5**

**11**

**n/a**

**7.7**

**8,9**

**23**

**5,4**

**9,8**

**13**

**C33** **(24/12/91)** **n/a**

**32**

**56**

**196**

**C178 (15/07/92)** **closed**

**11/09/92**

**C178 (15/07/92)** **closed**

**3 0 / 0 9 / 9 2**

**0 3 3 8 ( 1 5 / 1 2 / 9 3 )** **closed**

**15/04/94**

**103**

**57**

**59**

**6**

**35**

**n/a**

**20**

**23**

**62**

**18**

**14**

**49**

**C139** **(18/05/93)** **1401** **258** **18%** **113**

_**°0**_

_**Table 4**_

**RTD activities in 1994 : Specific programmes** **(FP3)/APAS** **- selection procedures**

**OJ** **refs.** **and dates of**

**calls for proposals**

**Specific Programme(s) (FP3)/ Areas of work programme**

**MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES**

**Number of**

**proposals (1)**

**received**

**19**

**9**

**4**

**Number**

**3** _**/**_

**2**

**3**

**3**

**Projects selected**

**EC contribution**

**MECU**

**0,7**

**0,9**

**1.4**

**2,2**

**% of total**

**number**

**5 0 %**

**1 1 %**

**3 3 %**

**75%**

**- Concerted actions**

**- Risk assessment**

**B I O T E C H N O L O G Y**

**- Information Infrastructure**

**C163** **(15/6/94)**

**C203 (27/7/93)**

**C78** **(15/3/94)**

**C78 (15/03/94)**

**C78 (15/03/94)**

**26**

**25%**

**- Scientific Studies**

**98**

**- Scientific Studies** **C78 (15/03/94)** **98** **26** **25%** **1,5**

**AGRICULTURAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH**

**-** **1.** **Primary production in agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries**

**- 2. Inputs to agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries**

**- 3. Processing of biological raw materials from agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries**

**- 4. End uses and products**

**BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH** **RESEARCH**

**-** **1.** **Development of coordinated research on prevention, care and health systems**

**| - 2. Major health problems and diseases of great socio-economic impact**

**- 4. Research on biomedical ethics**

**- 3. Human genome analysis**

**TRAINING (research scholarships)**

**These projects arise from the remaining part of 303 proposals declared eligible for community contribution in July** **1993**

**LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES**

**- 2nd call for proposals**

**" These projects arise from a remainder of proposals from** **1993** **and a financial complement available in 1994.**

**- 3rd call for proposals**

**C251 (15/09/93)** **684** **123** **18%** **56**

```
C324 (10.12.92)

C324 (10.12.92)

L267 (24.09.91)

```

**C198** **(05/08/92)**

```
115

435

```

```
140"

 1

 45

```

**3 8 '**

**49**

**1 %**

**1 0 %**

**1 7 % '**

**37**

**1,2**

**3**

**14**

**19**

**C163 (15/06/93)** **499**

**NON NUCLEAR ENERGY** **no calls**

**NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY** **no calls**

_Table_ _4_

RTD activities in 1994 : Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS                                 - selection procedures

OJ refs. and dates of

calls for proposals

Specific Programme(s) (FP3)/ Areas of work programme

**H U M A N C A P I T A L A N D** **M O B I L I T Y**

 - Institutional grants

C163 (15/6/94)

C 258 (15/9/94)

C 357 (15/12/94)

Number of

proposals (1)

received

**(")**

Projects selected

% of total
Number

number

EC contribution

MECU

```
  33

  64

  83

  18

   6

  3.5

  92

```

866 241

```
3838

974

 0

225

```

```
850

279

 0

134

45

318

```

```
28%

22%

29%

60%

16%

14%

```

 - Individual grants

 - Networks

 - Large scale installations

 - Euroconferences

|( * (Part of these proposals were received in 1993

CENTRALIZED ACTION (VALUE) : Dissemination and optimization of results

S/T Cooperation with the countries of Eastern and Central Europe (COPERNICUS)

Permanent calls

for proposals

```
C252 (16/9/93) 289

C30 (01/02/94) 2216

```

International scientific Cooperation (ISC) 253 77 3 0 % 8,7

[Participation in the Third Framework Programme of the countries from Eastern and Central Europe and from the **new**

indépendant states of the former Sovjet Union (PECO)

4 6 0 241 5 2 % 10

Renewable energies C78 (15/03/94) 3 4 0 80 2 4 % 24

SPRINT (Science parks) 94/EE/07 80 41 5 1 % 2.4

ITHERMIE C189 (13/07/93) **559** 196 3 5 % 148

JTIDE C111 21/04/93 293 55 19% 42

Other preparatory, accompanying and support measures Different calls 1855 **196**

1 ) Number of proposals = number of proposals eligible for the selection procedure

10% 37

_Co_

_**Table 5**_

**RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS- New projects - Shared-cost actions (SCA)**

**Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) classified by number of participants per project**

5

Number of

projects

18

2

10

29

9

38

4

9

29

0

18

9

0

61

3

19

TOTAL

Number of

projects

178

25

26

535

76

234

18

57

142

2

79

69

1

151

305

38

209

144

219

53

269

196

31

64

3121

6

Number of

projects

25

2

4

38

1

30

4

4

31

0

5

6

0

61

1

21

7

5

6

n/a

n/a

15

266

9

Number of

projects

8

1

10

1

10

4

0

2

0

28

2

7

Number of

projects

14

6

2

28

3

10

3

3

14

0

7

0

46

1

3

1

2

1

8

n/a

n/a

3

155

8

Number of

projects

9

3

1

19

6

7

3

6

0

1

3

0

35

5

1

3

6

n/a

n/a

2

110

4

Number of

projects

16

3

5

27

10

59

2

2

28

0

23

15

0

10

3

2 1

7 10

n'a n/a

n/a n/a

0 5

76 156

Number of participants

Names of specific programmes (FP3)

Information Technologies

Communication Technologies

Telematics Systems

Industrial and Materials Technologies (1)

Measurement and Testing (2)

Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies

Biotechnology

Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries

Biomedical and Health Research

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries

Non-nuclear Energies

Nuclear Fission Safety

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Human Capital and Mobility

Centralized Action

Names of APAS

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS

International Scientific Cooperation

PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3

Renewable Energies

SPRINT: Technology Transfer

Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies

_TIDE:_ Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People

Others

TOTAL

**1 )** **Cfr footnote 3) in table 2**

**2) Cfr footnote 4) in table 2**

1

**Number of**

**projects**

**53**

**271**

**25**

**1**

**31**

**0**

**6**

**2**

**1**

**149**

**21**

**S**

**6**

**7**

**12**

2

**Number of**

**projects**

**4**

**82**

**7**

**15**

**3**

**2**

**5**

**6**

**0**

**0**

**10**

**56**

**89**

**114**

**41**

**29**

**50**

**14**

**7**

**n/a**

**n/a**

**6**

**297**

3

**Number of**

**projects**

**7**

**4**

**9**

**13**

**53**

**2**

**1**

**15**

**0**

**20**

**14**

**0**

**0**

**12**

52

14

19

9

13

n/a

n/a

13

323

10+

Number of

projects

24

7

22

1

12

2

4

12

0

1

5

0

2

43

4

1

3

14

11

11

n/a

n/a

17

314

**2** **5**

**192** **9**

**n/a** **n/a**

**n/a** **n/a**

**0** **3**

**787** **410**

**0 ***

_**Table 6**_

**RTD activities in 1994 - Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects - Shared-cost actions (SCA)**

**Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) classified by the number of** **countries** **(EC/EEA/EFTA) participating in each project**

7

Number of

projects

8

Number of

projects

6

Number of

projects

3

**Number of**

**project»**

4

Number of

projects

5

Number of

projects

9

Numb* - of

projects

Total

number of

project»

10-tv"

Number of

project»

N u m b e r of p a r t i c i p a t i n g c o u n t r i e s ( E C / E F T A ) 

**Number of**

project»

2

**Number of**

**projects**

TOTAL

Project»

Involving

third

countries (1)

Number

Project»

involving Int.
orgs. |

Number I

Name» of Jpeciilc programmes (FP3) H 1

Information Technologies | 55

Communication Technologies

Telematics Systems

30

9

7

65

8

53

2

7

35

0

2

7

0

78

4

3

6

17

n/a

n/a

18

351

3|

1

9

2

j
lj
n/a |

17

3

1

n/a

2

39 |

-sib

Industrial and Materials Technologies

Measurement and Testing

Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies

Biotechnology

Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries

Biomedical and Health Research

334

25

1

' 1

31

0

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries | 11

Non-nuclear Energies _\_ _2_

Nuclear Fission Safety

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

1

149

14

2

71

1

205

129

207

1

10

640

Human Capital and Mobility I 20

Centralized Action _\_ 8

Name» of APAS J

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 1 124

International Scientific Cooperation | 105

PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 1 218

Renewable Energies | 2

SPRINT: Technology Transfer 1 198

Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies |n/a

TIDE Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People **In/a**

Oihers 1 2

TOTAL 1 1287

1 ) Third countries other than EEA/EFTA members

n/a

n/a

**15**

**5**

**36**

13

**36**

**2**

**18**

**2**

**50**

**22**

**0**

**3**

**7**

**65**

33

**1**

**18**

**5**

**8**

339

**n/a**

n/a

18

5

0

25

5

29

4

5

22

0

7

0

89

4

1

3

12

10

239

n/a

n/a

**42**

**3**

13

**66**

**18**

**92**

**7**

**7**

**50**

**0**

**16**

**22**

**0**

**29**

13

**16**

**6**

**18**

**10**

**20**

448

n/a

n/a

6

2

6

2

14

1

2

15

0

3

0

47

1

0

6

7

4

116

n/a

n/a

5

4

1

1

3

6

2

1

0

1

0

18

1

0

6

1

50

n/a

n/a

2

1

0

2

1

1

0

1

0

12

0

7

1

28

n/a

n/a

4

1

1

1

1

2

0

4

0

2

6

0

5

0

27

178

25

26

535

76

234

18

57

142

2

79

69

1

151

305

38

209

144

219

53

269

196

31

64

3121

n/a

n/a

1

1

1

1

0

0

3

0

2

0

9

n/a

n/a

_Table 7_

**RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects - Shared-cost actions**

**Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) classified by contract value of project**

EC contribution to projects (MECU)

Names of specific programmes (FP3)

Information Technologies

Communication Technologies

Telematics Systems

Industrial and Materials Technologies

Measurement and Testing

Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies

Biotechnology

Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries

Biomedical and Health Research

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries

Non-nuclear Energies

Nuclear Fission Safety

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Human Capital and Mobility

Centralized Action

Names of APAS

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS

International Scientific Cooperation

PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3

Renewable Energies

SPRINT: Technology Transfer

Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies

TIDE: Telematics for the integration of Disabled and Elderly People

Others

TOTAL

1 ) The total contribution to a project is MECU 0.1 or **leu**

0,25<0,5

**Number of**

**projects**

**48**

**2**

**9**

**86**

**24**

**121**

**2**

**4**

**22**

**0**

**49**

**.** **35**

**0**

**10**

**108**

**39**

**4**

**8**

**15**

1.<K1,5

Number of

projects

21

5

1

44

1

6

5

3

40

2

4

0

3

0

0

1

3

5,0<10 '

Number of

projects

2

0

0

0

3

0

0

0<0,1(1)

**Number of**

**projects**

**8**

**270**

**9**

**6**

**1**

**27**

**0**

**2**

**1**

**1**

**96**

**22**

**17**

**54**

**20**

**162**

**3**

**187**

**n/a**

**n/a**

**23**

**909**

**47**

**25**

**81**

**n/a**

**n/a**

**3**

**709**

0,1<0^5

**Number of**

**projects**

**18**

**14**

**23**

**26**

**40**

**2**

**1**

**0**

**14**

**14**

**0**

**13**

**134**

**21**

**114**

**119**

**27**

**613**

>20

Number of

projects

TOTAL

Number of

projects

1(K20

Number of

projects

1,5<2

Number of

projects

24

3

50

5

0

0

4

2

0

|
2 178

25

26|

535

76

234

18

57

142

2

79

69

1

151

305

38

209

144

219

53

269

196

31

64

3121

_**o**_

**n/a**

**n/a**

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

1

6

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

5

n/a

n/a

0,5<1

Number of

projects

26

5

2

49

16

61

8

19

67

0

14

14

0

8

39

2

2

7

n/a

n/a

9

348

1

n/a n/a

n/a n/a

1

141

0

88

2,0<5

Number of

projects

29

10

13

3

8

0

1

0

10

0

0

n/a

n/a

0

74

_**Table**_ _**8**_

**RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS** **-** **New projects (contracts signed** **in** **1994)** **-** **Shared-cost actions**

**Distribution of** **total** **Community contribution (in MECU) and of** **participation** **(numbers) by type of participant**

SME(2)

RB(3) I HEI(4) I INT. ORGS. (5)

Type of participant

Namri of ipeclflc programme! (FPJ)

Information Technologie»

Communication Technologies

Telematics Systems

Industrial and Materials Technologies

Measurement and Testing

Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies

Biotechnology
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries (6)

Biomedical and Health Research

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries

Non-nuclear Energies

Nuclear Fission Safety

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Human Capital and Mobility

Centralized Action

Name» of APAS

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS

International Scientific Cooperation

PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countrie» and the NIS in FP3

Renewable Energie»

SPRINT: Technology Transfer

Thermie: Non-nuclear Energie»

TIDE: Telematic» for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People

Others

TOTAL (6)

**(** **I** **) LE: Large enterprise»**

**(2) SME: Small and medium-sized enterprises**

**(3) RB: Research bodies**

**(4)** **HE1:** **Higher education institutes**

**(5)** **Int.** **org.: international organizations**

**(6) Doe» not include** **figures** **from DG VI**

LE(1)

OTHER

TOTAL

**EC** **contrtb.**

**MECU**

**82,11**

**17,00**

**82,41**

**1,76**

**2,78**

**0,50**

**0,62**

**1,86**

**0,00**

**6,38**

**0,00**

**n/a**

**0.51**

**n/a**

**0,34**

**0.29**

**1,08**

**3,00**

**n/a**

**n/a**

**2.16**

**202,82**

EC contrtb.

MECU

47,68

6,40

n/a

54,15

13,89

42,26

7,84

10,69

23,53

1,24

13,29

11,80

0,02

n/a

32,56

n/a

15,91

7.59

i 11,891

4.41

3.40

n/a

n/a

[ 6.01

1 314,55

79

102

n/a

n/a

79

3380

**Parttclp.**

**Number**

**236**

**44**

**372**

**17**

**36**

**3**

**6**

**18**

**0**

**39**

**0**

**20**

**11**

**17**

**9**

**1**

**14**

**14**

**100**

**n/a**

**n/a**

**25**

**982**

**EC contrtb.**

**MECU**

**83,63**

**8,50**

**n/a**

**69,24**

**2,18**

**3,61**
**0,96**

**0.73**

**4,08**

**0,00**

**0,05**

**5,95**

**0,00**

**n/a**

**0.50**

**n/a**

**2.36**

**0,07**

**0,44**

**5.96**

**6.40**

**n/a**

**n/a**

**5.10**

**199,74**

Parttclp.

Number

333

41

23

744

32

34

7

9

42

0

1

66

0

18

17

42

69

1

18

69

140

n/a

n/a

8

1714

Parttclp. | EC contrtb.

Number | MECU

Partlclp.

Number

146

32

13

278

152

495

53

85

145

2

138

139

1

111

569

14

311

111

325

EC contrtb.

MECU

34,91

6,80

n/a

47,78

8,07

51,40

4.37

18.83

19,96

1.24

15,07

8.37

0,00

n/a

62,07

n/a

19,43

15.84

7.04

4.06

2.00

n/a

n/a

3,58

330,80

265

41

259

54

553

37

132

118

2

156

112

0

25

1446

14

385

247

225

48

77

n/a

n/a

40

4236

EC contrlb.

MECU

7,30

n/a

1.16

0,16

1.19

0.31

0,96

0.35

0,00

1.02

1,66

0,00

n/a

2.34

n/a

1.37

0,35

0,38

3,65

7,80

n/a

n/a

1.15

31.14

Partlclp.

Number

64

78

12

7

18

4

7

4

0

11

8

0

5

50

23

31

4

14

24

175

n/a

n/a

8

547

EC contrlb.

MECU

249,20

46,00

18,30

254,73

26,06

102,15

13,99

33,46

136,90

2,48

29,43

34,15

0,02

209.00

99,91

4,90

39,40

23,84

20,13

19,21

24,40

148,00

17,50

34,24

1.587,40

Partlclp.

Number

983

223

114

1665

262

1145

104

241

829

4

306

364

1

185

2113

110

805

364

599

235

663

360

n/a

413

12088

**^D**

Partlclp.

Number

3

1

0

9

2

0

0

0

6

20

0

3

1

69

n/a

n/a

3

117

0,00

n/a

1,92

0,00

0,09

0,05

1.80

n/a

n/a

0,03

7,31

n/a

0,87

0,00

0.91

1,64

0.00

0,00

_**Table**_ _**9**_

**RTD activities in** **1994:** **Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects (contracts signed in 1994) - Shared-cost actions**

**Objective** **1** **regions**

Overall EC contribution

(MECU)

Number of projects

Participation (Numbrr)

Objective 1

118,10

n/a

n/a

35,83

1,77

13,77

1,65

2,76

7,16

0,00

2,66

5,18

0,00

n/a

14,76

0,15

2,67

1,17
0,68

4,62

6,70

n/a

n/a

0,31

219,93

Total

983

223

114

1665

262

1145

104

241

829

4

306

364

Objective 1

119

n/a

16

283

16

158

8

20

61

0

32

75

0

n/a

Names of specific programmes (FP3)
Information Technologies
Communication Technologies

Telematics Svstems

Industrial and Materials Technologies
Measurement and Testing

Environment

Marine Sciences and Technologies
Biotechnology
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries (1)

Biomedical and Health Research

Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries
Non-nuclear Energies •
Nuclear Fission Safety

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Human Capital and Mobility

Centralized Action

Names of APAS

COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS

International Scientific Cooperation
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3
Renewable Energies
SPRINT: Technology Transfer
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People

Others

TOTAL (1)

(1) Does not include figures from DG VI

Total

178

25

26

535

76

234

18

57

142

2

79

69

Objective 1

64

n/a

8

167

14

103

5

15

33

0

26

35

0

n/a

1

151

305

203

7

42

327

9

49

1

185

2113

Total

_s_

249,20

46,00

18,30

254,74

26,06

102,15

13,99

33,46

136,90

2,48

29,43

34,15

0,02

209,00

99,91

4,90

39,40

23,84

20,13

19,21

24,40

148,00

17,50
34,24

1.587,40

38

209

144

219

53

269

196

31

64

3121

110

805

364

599

235

663

360

n/a

413

12088

16

28

33

45

n/a

n/a

10

854

16

28

65

55

n/a

n/a

12

1349

_**Table**_ _**10**_

**RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects (contracts signed in 1994) Shared-cost actions**

**Total collaborative links (1) within and between countries (EC + EEA)** _**/**_

Italy

141

96

684

254

360

863

76

872

4

245

134

605

33

0

41

74

44

4526

Luxemb.

4

1

6

1

1

5

1

4

0

1

1

4

0

0

0

0

0

29

Netherlands

179

1)4

503

86

185

411

44

245

1

268

96

469

36

0

51

84

38

2810

Portugal

90

40

191

69

151

209

30

134

1

96

120

206

8

0

16

21

11

1393

U.K.

264

173

1046

224

435

894

118

605

4

469

206

859

50

0

103

151

67

5668

Greece

103

55

271

0

128

285

23

254

1

86

69

224

0

0

0

0

0

1499

Spain

132

69

455

128

470

555

44

360

1

185

151

435

25

0

30

54

26

3120

Germany

**391**

**215**

**1520**

**271**

**455**

**1072**

**113**

**684**

**6**

**503**

**191**

**1046**

**64**

**0**

**90**

**179**

**74**

**6874**

France

381

165

1072

285

555

1468

95

863

5

411

209

894

45

0

81

130

60

6719

Ireland

32

31

113

23

44

95

27

76

1

44

30

118

2

0

8

14

7

665

Austria

20

18

64

25

45

2

33

0

36

8

50

0

0

0

0

301

Iceland

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Finland

17

27

74

26

60

7

44

0

38

11

67

371

Belgium

Denmark

Germany

Greece

Spain

France

Ireland

Belgium

**304**

**69**

**391**

**103**

**132**

**381**

**32**

Norway

31

48

90

30

81

8

41

0

51

16

103

0

0

499

Sweden

71

60

179

54

130

14

74

0

84

21

151

0

838

**Italy** **|** **141**

**Luxembourg** **1** **4**

**Netherlands** **|** **179**

Portugal

United Kingdom

(Austria

[Iceland

Norway

**90**

**264**

**20**

**0**

**31**

Denmark

**69**

**76**

**215**

**55**

**69**

**165**

**31**

**96**

**1**

**114**

**40**

**173**

**IS**

**0**

**48**

**60**

**27**

**1257**

**Sweden** **1** **71**

**Finland** **|** **17**

**TOTAL** **|** **2229**

**(1** **) The sum of collaborative links in each project**

_**TABLE**_ _**11**_
**RTD activities in 1995** **:1995** **work programme** **-** **Specific programmes** **(FP4)**

**Timetable** **of** **calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget.**

**Tech. stim.**

(SME **measures)**

C357 pll (15/12/94)

15/06/95

C357 p9 (15/12/94)

**Annex II**

Anticipated date of

initial contract

signature

    

/09/95

/01/96

/06/96

/06/96

/07/95

09/95

/09/95

/09/95

/09/95

Specific programme (FP4) and

Areas of the Workprogramme

TELEMATICS

A. Telematics for services of public interest

1. Administrations

2. Transport
U Telematics for knowledge

3. Telematics for research

4. Education and training
C. Telematics for improving employment and quality of life

6. Urban and rural areas

7. Healthcare

9. Telematics for the environment (exploratory action)

D. Horizontal RTD Activities

12. Language engineering
E. Support actions
Specific measures in favour of SMEs

B.5. Libraries

D. 11. Telematics engineering
D.12. Language engineering
D. 13. Information engineering

C.8. Elderly and disabled people

A.2. Transport

Specific measures in favour of SMEs

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ACTS) (all areas:)

1. Interactive digital multimedia services

2. Photonic technologies
3. High-speed networking
4. Mobility and personal communications networks
5. Intelligence in networks and service engineering
6. Quality, security and safety of comm. services

and systems

7. Horizontal actions

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (all areas:)

1. Software technologies
2. Technologies for components and subsystems

3. Multimedia systems
4. Long-term research
5. Open microprocessor systems initiative
6. High performance computing and networking
7. Technologies for business processes
8. Integration in manufacturing

Dates and OJ ref.

**of calls Tor Proposals**

**(or Expressions of**

**Interest)**

C357 **pll** (15/12/94)

C64 p4 (15/03/95)

15/09/95

15/09/95

1/8/94 (Exp. Int.)

first announcement

C 258 p5 (15/9/94)

final announcement

C357 p5 (15/12794)

C357 p9 (15/12/94)

15/03/95

15/06/95

15/12/95

15/12/95

01/10/94 (Exp. Int.)

15/03/95

15/03/95

15/02/95 (first step)

15/03/95

15/02/95 (first step)

15/03/95

15/03/95

Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates
**Projects** Techn. Stkn.

(SME measures)

open up to 15/02/96

Contracts

negotiation

procedure

(period)»

/05/95

_/_

/09/95

/02/96

/ 02/96

05/05 - 26/06/95

01/06 - 01/10/95

01/06 - 01/10/95

01/06 - 01/10/95

01/06 - 01/10/95

Total 1995

Budget

(Mecu)

294

210,7

457,5

Selection

procedure

(period)»

                         - • *

27/03 - 7/4/95

                                                         -                                                         

     

/06/95

/01/96

/01/96

16/03 - 04/05/95

15/03 - 01/06/95

15/03 - 01/06/95

15/03 - 01/06/95

15/03 - 01/06795

**^D**
###### 1"

_TABLE 11_
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4)

Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget.

Tech. stim.

(SME measures)

C357p3 (15/12/94)

**15/12/94**

C357 p45 (15/12/94]

Advance notice

C12 p 5 (17/01/95)

Anticipated date of

initial contract

signature

»

11/95

11/95

/11/95

/11-12/1995

/10-/11/9S

01/96

03/96

/04-/05/96

/10/95

Specific programme (FP4) and

Areas of the Workprogramme

1. Software technologies
2. Technologies for components and subsystems

4. Long-term research
6. High performance computing and networking
7. Technologies for business processes

l [:] ncused call (subareas of areas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8,)

Focused calls

INDUSTRIAL & MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES

(all areas:)

1. Production technologies
2. Materials and Technologies for product innovation
3. Technologies for transport means

Thematic networks

Establishment of expert list (industrial and materials techn./ standards,
measurement and testing / ECSC steel research)

STANDARDS, MEASUREMENTS & TESTING

I. Measurements for quality European products

Thematic networks :

1. Measurements for quality European products

11. Research related to written standards and technical

support to trade
III. Measurements related to the needs of society

Themes 11 and HI (shared cost actions)

Themes I, 11, HI (acccompanying measures)

Standardization activities or CEN and of ETSI

Focused call

ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE

A. Natural environment, environmental quality

and global change
B. Environmental technologies
C. Space techniques applied to environmental monitoring and research
(only concerted actions under C.l.l. Methodological research)

1). Human dimensions of environment! change

Dates and OJ ref.

of calls for Proposals

(or Expressions of

interest)

C64 pl5 (15/03/95)

C148 p 39 (15/06/95)

15/09/95

15/12/95

C 357 p3 (15/12/94)

C 357 p3 (15/12/94)

C 148 p 15 (15/06/95)

**(Exp.** **int.)**

C357 p7 **(15/12/94)**

C357 p7 (15/12/94)

C 148 p6 (15/06/95)
C 148 p6 (15/06/95)

C 148 p7 (15/06/95)

15/12/95

C357 p45 (15/12/94)

Advance notice

C12 p 5 (17/01/95)

**CO** V

15/06/95

20/04/95 (first step)
20/04/95 (first step)

15/06/95

15/09/95

15/12/95

15/03/95

open up to 17/12/97

**19/04/95**

**open up** to 17/12/97

15/11/95

open up to 30/07/98

25/10/95

27/04/95

*****

Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates
Projects Techn. Stim.

(SME measures)

Contracts

negotiation

procedure

(period)*

15/09 -15/12/95

15/09 - 15/12/95

_j_

/12/95

from 17/7/95

/10-11/95

/08-/09/95

_/l_ 1-12/95

/01-02/96

/02-/03/96

from 07/95

Total 1995

Budget

(Mecu)

285,5

38,2

166,5

open up to
12/0671996(awards/RTD projects)

ll/06/97(awards/coop. projects)

17/12/97 (coop, projects)

open up to
12/06/96 (awards/RTD projects)
11/06/97 (awards/coop, projects)

17/12/97 (coop, projects)

open
up to 12/06796 (awards)
27/03/97 (coop, projects)

Selection

procedure

(period)»

15/06 -15/09/95.,

15/06 - 15/09/95

15/09 - 01/12/95

15/12/95

19/4 - 25/5/95

/07/95

/07/9S

/07/95

/12/95

/01/96

/05 - /07/95

JLuueiaoie 01 cans ior proposais ana seiecuuu proceuare. ouugei.

Anticipated date of

initial contract

signature

   1996

/11/95

ni/95

/01/96

/11/95

/01/96

/11/95

/11/95

/11/95

/11/95

16/10/95

/11/95

Specific programme (FP4) and

Areas of the Workprogranune

C. Space techniques (Cl.l. and C.1.2.)

C. Space techniques (accompanying measures)

(establishment or expert list (environment and climate / marine science and

technology)

MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

A. Marine science

1. Marine systems research

2. Extreme marine environments

3. Regional seas research
B. Strategic marine research

1. Coastal and shelf sea research

a. Coastal physical processes and morphodynamics
b. Structure and dynamics of shelf and coastal sea ecosystems
c. Methods for monitoring, forecasting and management

of shelf seas and coastal zones

2. Coastal engineering and natural defences

C. Marine technology

1. Generic technologies
2. Advanced systems

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Cell factories

2. Genome analysis (incl. SME awards)
3. Plant and animal biotechnology (incl. SME awards)
4. Cell communication in neurosciences (only SME awards)

5. Immunology, transdisease vaccinology (incl. SME awards)

6. Structural biology (only SME awards)
7. Prenormative research, biodiversity, social acceptance (only SME awards)

X. Infrastructure (incl. SME awards)

Horizontal activities

K.-dahltahincnt of expert list

All arms

HIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH (all areas:)

1. Pharmaceuticals research

2. Research on biomedical technology and engineering

3. Brain research

4. Research on diseases with major socio-economic

impact: from basic research into clinical practice
5. Human genome research
ft. I\iblic-health research, inlcuding health services research

Dates and OJ ref.

**of calls for Proposals**

**(or Expressions of**

**interest)**

**C148** **pll** **(15/06/95)**

**C148 plO** **(15/06/95)**

**C148** **P** **17** **(15/06/95)**

**Exp.** **int.**

**C357 p42 (15/12/94)**

**C357 p44 (15/12/94)**

**advance notice**

**C12 pl3** **(17/01/95)**

**C148** **pl9 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **int.)**

**15/09/95**

**C357 pl7 (15/12/94)**

**advance notice**

**C12** **p7 (17/01/95)**

**Tech. stim.**

**(SME measures)**

**C148** **pll (15/8/95)**

**C357 p42 (15/12/94)**

**C357 p44 (15/12/94)**

**advance notice**

**C12 pl3 (17/01/95)**

**15/09/95**

**15/09/95**

**15/3/95**

**15/3/95**

**15/6/95**

**15/3/95**

**15/6/95**

**15/3/95**

**15/3/95**

**15/3/95**

**15/3/95**

**24/03/95**

**15/01/96** **(7)**

**31/03/95**

**•**

Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates
**Projects** Techn. Stim.

(SME measures)

Contracts

negotiation

procedure

(period)*

end '95

/

07-10/95

07-10/95

11-12/95

07-10/95

11-12/95

07-10/95

07-10/95

07-10/95

07-10/95

17/7 - 10/11/95

/09-10/95

Total 1995

Budget

(Mecu)

74,3

66,9

38,2

12/06/96 (awards)

27/03/97 (coop, projects)

open up to
11/06797 (awards)
17/12/97 (coop, projects)

24/03/95

Selection

procedure

(period)»

Autumn '95

.•y

     

/06/95

/06/95

/10/95

/06/95

/10/95

/06/95

/06/95

/06/95

/06/95

18/4 - 17/7/95

/05-07/95

_TABLE 11_
RTD activities in 1995 : 1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4)

Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget.

Anticipated date of

initial contract

signature

   

/09/95

/02/96

/09/96

from /06/95

,11   - 12/95

Specific programme (FP4) and

Areas of the Workprogramme

7. Research on biomedical ethics

8. Horizontal activities : ethical, legal and social aspects and demonstrations

Fellowships

Areas 1,2,3 and 5

Areas 4, 6, 7 and 8

All areas

Establishment of expert list

AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES

1. Integrated production and processing
3.1 Consumer nutrition and well-being
3.2 New and optimized food materials
4. Agriculture, forestry and rural development
5. Fisheries and aquaculture
6. Objectives addressed by concertation

Shared cost and concerted actions

2. Scaling up and processing methodology
3.3 Advanced and optimized technologies

and processes

3.4 Generic food science

Demonstration projects areas 1,2 and 3

Establishment of expert list

1. Integrated production and processing chains
4. Agriculture, forestry and rural development

5. Fisheries & aquaculture
(>. Objectives addressed bv concentration

All areas of the work programmes

NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY (Joule-Thermie)

1. Rational use of energy
2. Renewable energies

3. Fossil fuels

4. Energy research, development, demonstration and dissemination strategy

^ Diwrmwtion of encrgv technologies

Ksl.iMisluiu-nt of expert list

Dates and OJ ref.

**of calls for Proposals**

**(or Expressions of**

**interest)**

C357 p 17 (15/12/94)

advance notice

C12 p7 (17/01/95)

**C148 p21 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **int.)**

**C357 pl9 (15/12/94)**

**C148 p41(15/06/95)**

C148 **p25 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **int.)**

**/12/95**

**C357 p21 (15/12/94)**

C357 p21 (15/12/94)

C14N p25 (15/06/95)

(Exp int.')

**Tech. stim.**

(SME **measures)**

**C148** **p41** **(15/06/95)**

**C357 pl9 (15/12/94)**

**C357 p21 (15/12/94)**

C357 p21 (15/12/94

**31/03/96**

**31/12/96**

**31/12/97**

**15/03/95**

**15/09/95**

**/03/96**

**24/03/95**

open up to 17/12/95

Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates
**Projects** Techn. Stim.

(SME measures)

Contracts

negotiation

procedure

(period)*

_J_

/07 -11/95

/01- 04/96

/07  - 11/96

from /OS - 06/95

,'09- 10/95

Total 1995

Budget

(Mecu)

122,1

320,1

open up to
12/06/96 (awards/RTD projects)
11/06/97 (awards coop, projects)

17/12/97 (coop, projects)

open up to
15/09/95 (awards/RTD projects)
13/09/96 (awards/Demo projects)

11/06/97 (awards/coop, projects)

17/12/97 (coop, projects)

Selection

procedure

(period)*

/04-07/95

/11-12/95

/05 - 06/96

from /03- 04/95

/04 - 07/95

(24/05/95 for area 4 (Joule))

_TABLE 11_

RTD activities in 1995 : 1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4)

Tuuetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget.

##### **1**

Selection

procedure

(period)*

/04 - 07/95

spring '96

/07-09/95

Specific programme (FI'4) and

Areas of the Workprogranune

Thermie

NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY (all areas)

A. Exploring innovative approaches
11. Reactor safety
C. Radioactive waste management and disposal and decommissioning
D. Radiological impact on man and the environment
E. Mastering events of the past

Concerted actions and thematic networks (all areas)

Establishment of expert list

CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION

Establishment of expert list

TRANSPORT (all areas:)

1. Strategic research

_2._ Network optimization
2.1. Rail transport
2.2. Integrated transport chains

2.3. Air transport

2.4. Urban transport
2.5. Water-borne transport

2.6. Road transport

TARGET SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH

(.ill ureas except horizontal measured:)

1. Evaluation of science and technology policy options
_2._ Research on education and training
3. Research into social integration and social exlcusion in

Europe

Membership in ETA.N (European Technology Assessment Network)

Establishment of expert list

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

\ 2 . Cent nil and Eastern Europe and the NIS

Dates and OJ ref.

of calls for Proposals

(or Expressions of

interest)

/09/95

C357 p36 **(31/12/94)**

advance notice

C12 p3 (17/01/95)

**C148** **p26 (15/06/95)**

(Exp. **Int.)**

**C148 p28** **(15/06/95)**

(Exp. int.)

C357 **p23 (15/12/94)**

advance notice

C12 p8 (17/01/95)

**15/09/95**

**C357 p 24 (15/12/94)**

advance notice

C25 p4 (01/02/95)

notice

C64 p 17 (15/03/95)

C67 **p 7** ( **15/03/95)**

**C148** **p30 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **Int.)**

/09/95

Total 1995

Budget

(Mecu)

72,1

271,7

39,3

14,8

59,9

Anticipated date of

initial contract

signature

    

_111_   - 12/95

/10 -11/95

/12/95

Tech. stim.

(SME measures)

Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates
Projects Techn. Stim.

(SME measures)

Contracts

negotiation

procedure

(period)*

/

/09- 10/95

/ 06 - 07/95

/10 - 11/95

20/03/95

2rf/02/96

open up to 01/11/97

15/03/9S

**15/12/95**

**08/06/95**

**05/05/95**

**'**

1

**e*3**

_**TABLE**_ _**11**_

**RTD activities in 1995** **:1995** **work programme - Specific programmes (FP4)**

**Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget.**

Specific programme (FP4) and

Areas of the Workprogramme

B. Cooperation with non-European industrialized third countries

Fellowships (Japan and Korea)

(.'. Cooperation with the developing countries

Studies and accompanying measures

DISSEMINATION ANT» OPTIMIZATION OF RESULTS

A. Dissemination and exploitation

VALUE Relav Centers

Technology validation and transfer projects

B. Dissemination of technology to enterprises (regional actions/science parks)

TRAINING AND MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS

1. Research networks

2. Access to large scale-facilities

3. Training through research
4. Accompanying measures

3. Training through research
4. Accompanying measures

Kstahli.ihmcnl of expert list

HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES

Establishment of expert list (RTD Programmes)

Accompanying measures in favour of SMEs

(Establishment of expert list)

Task Force Multimedia educational software (p.m)

(Establishment of expert list)

1' for iht RID projicl.

Dates and OJ ref.

**of calls for Proposals**

**(or Expressions of**

**interest)**

**C38** **p 10 (15/02/95)**

**C357 p 36 (15/012/94)**

**advance notice**

**C38 p 9** **(15/02/95)**

**notice**

**C64 p 8 (15/03/95)**

**C64 p 5 (15/03/95)**

**(Exp.** **Int.)**

**C357 p 5 (15/12/94)**

**advance notice**

**C12 p 9 (17/01/95)**

**C64 p 14 (15/03/95)**

**C148 p36 (15/06/95)**

**C357 p 38 (15/12/94)**

**advance notice**

**C12** **p 11 (17/01/95)**

**C148 p37 (15/06/95)**

**C148 pl3** **(15/06/95L**

**(Exp.** **Int.)**

**C148 p34 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **Int.)**

**C148** **p32 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **Int.)**

**C148 p43 (15/06/95)**

**(Exp.** **Int.)**

Selection

procedure

(period)*

10/07 - 29/09/95

(first selection) _>_

_106_ -09/95

      
/09/95 - 01/96

/05/95

/07/95

/10/95

/11/95

/05 - 09/95

/05 - 09/95

/04 - 08/95

**Annex II**

Anticipated date of

initial contract

signature

   
27/11/95

15/12/95

15/06/96

/07/95

/11/95

/12/95

1996

Autumn '95

Autumn '95

Autumn '95

**Tech. stim.**

**(SME measures)**

Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates
**Projects** Techn. Stim.

(SME measures)

Contracts

negotiation

procedure

(period)*

01/10 - 27/11/95

/09  - 12/95

_/_
/01 - 05/96

/06/95

/10/95

/11/95

late'95/start '96

/09/95

/09/95

/08/95

Total 1995

Budget

(Mecu)

73,2

121,6

**open**

**01/06/95 (Japan)**
**31/03/95 (Korea)**

**15/06/95 (Human vaccine/**

**lifestock health research) |**
**36/09/95 (All** **other topics)**

**15/03/95**

**15/06/95**

**15/09/95**

**15/06/95**

**18/04/95**

**15/05,(15/09,15/12/95)**

**18/04,(30/09/95)**

**15/09/95**

**2/10/95**

**25/07/95**

**• o**

Annex **III**

**RECAPITULATION OF** **FIGURES(')**
**FOURTH** EC **RTD FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME** AND EAEC **FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME (1994-1998)**

Amounts foreseen and indicative breakdown

_/ CO_

FOURTH EC FRAMEWORK

PROGRAMME (MECU)

EAEC FRAMEWORK

PROGRAMME(MECU)

**TOTAL**

(MECU)

**3405**

843

630

1932

**1995**

1707

288

**1080**

852

228

**1572**

552

336

684

**2256**

1002

414

840

**240**

**138**

JRC

**(*)**

**11**

11

**195**

90

105

**294**

294

**47**

**47**

**20**

**20**

**33**

JRC

**(*)**

**300**

254

46

Shared

cost

actions

**954**

160

794

**FIRST AREA OF** **ACTIVITY**

**Information and communications**

**technologies**

**1** . Telematics,,
2. Communication technologies
3. Information technologies

**Industrial Technologies**
**4.** Industrial and materials technologies
5. Measurements and testing

**Environment**

6.Environment and climate

7. Marine sciences and technologies

**Life sciences and technologies**
8. Biotechnology
9.Biomedicine and health

10. Agriculture and fisheries

**Energy**

**1** 1. Non-nuclear energy
12. Nuclear fission safety
13.Controlled thermonuclear fusion

**Transport**

14. Transport

**Targeted socio-economic research**

15.Targeted socio-economic research

**SECOND AREA OF ACTIVITY**

**16.Cooperation** **with third countries**
**and international organizations**

**THIRD AREA OF ACTIVITY**

**17.** **Dissemination and optimization** of
**results**

**FOURTH AREA OF ACTIVITY**

**18.** **Training and mobility** of
**researchers**

Shared cost

actions

**3384**

843

630

1911

**1790**

1617

173

**760**

532

228

**1495**

552

336

607

**967**

967

**240**

**105**

Support to
other

DCs

**10**

10

**10**

10

**26**

26

**30**

**30**

**15**

15

**540** **540**

**293** **37** **330**

**744** **744**

**TOTAL** **10318** **600** **128** **954** **300**

11046 1254 12300 (i)

- 19 et 20 : JRC SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES

**( )** **Tbese figures** **correspond** **to those** **inrfim***H** **in the Framework Programmes Dedstoos: they do not take** **account** **of the** **recenl** **proposals from the** **Commission concerning a 7 % increase** **of the total** **amount ol** **the** _**\\**_

**following the enlargement of the** **Union.**

**RECAPITULATION OF FIGURES**

**THIRD COMMUNITY RTD FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND SUPPLEMENT (1990-1994)**

**Annex** **III**

_**/of**_

**TOTAL**

**(MECU)**

**2490,84**

**THIRD FRAMEWORK**

**PROGRAMME (MECU)**

**SUPPLEMENT TO**

**THE THIRD**

**FRAMEWORK**

**PROGRAMME**

**(MECU)**

**Shared cost**

**actions**

**178,20**

**64,35**

**49,50**

**99,00**
**18,81**

**54,45**

**13,86**

**21,78**

**43,56**

**17,82**

**14,85**

**103,95**

**33,66**

**108,90**

**68,31**

**9,00**

**JRC (*)**

**77,22**
**91,08**

**148,50**

**161,37**

**41,58**

**24,75**

**JRC** **(*)**

**I. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES**

**1.** **Information and communication technologies**

**Information technologies**

**Communication technologies**
**Development of telematics systems of general**

**interest**

**2.** **Industrial and materials technologies**

**Industrial and materials technologies**
**Measurement and testing**

**H.** **MANAGEMENT OP NATURAL RESOURCES**

**3.** **Environment**

**Environment**

**Marine sciences and technologies**

**4.** **Life sciences and technologies**

**Biotechnology**

**Agricultural and** **agro-industrial** **research**

**Biomedical and health research**

**Life sciences and technologies for developing**

**countries**

**5. Energy**

**Non-nuclear energies**
**Nuclear fission safety**

**Controlled nuclear fusion**

**m .** **MANAGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL**

**RESOURCES**

**6. Human capital and mobility**

**Human capital and mobility**

**Centralized action for dissemination and**

**optimization of results**

**Shared cost**

**actions**

**1338,48**

**484,11**

**376,20**

663,30
47,52

**261,40**

**102,96**

**162,36**

**329,67**

**131,67**

**109,89**

**155,43**

**35,64**

**411,84**

488,07

57,00

**1516,68**

**548,46**

**425,70**

**839,52**

**157,41**

**464,35**

**116,82**

**184,14**
**373,23**
**149,49**
**124,74**

**259,38**

**230,67**

**562,32**

_996,93_

**581,17**

**831,60**

**1052,37**

**581,13**

**66,00**

**TOTAL** **5155,54** **544,5** **900**

5700 **900** **6600**

*** JRC PROGRAMME**

annex III
### **COMMUNITY RESEARCH - COMMITMENTS**

MECUS (1992 prices)

3.500

3.000

2.500

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

YEARS            - > *> *> * [} ]

1984-87      - 1987-91 _M_ 1990-94 H Suppl.Financ. H 1994-98 CD APAS

These figures correspond to those indicated in the Framework Programme Decisions;
they will be updated in accordance with future decisions on funding.

RTD POLICY

EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG XII - SCIENCE. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Source XII-UC2

Vers 950504

Ref 84S8erg PRE

Annex IV

**DECISION PROCESS - FOURTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES (1994-1998)**

DECISION

DATE

26/04/94

26/04/94

23/11/94

27/07/94

23/11/94

27/07/94

23/11/94

15/12/94

23/11/94

15/12/94

15/12/94

23/11/94

23/11/94

15/12/94

8/12/94

15/12/94

15/12/94

23/11/94

15/12/94

15/12/94

15/12'94

15/12/94

COMMISSION

FROPOSAL

DATE

16/06/93

16/06/93

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

30/03/94

COMMISSION

PROPOSAL

O.J. REF.

C230/93/4

C230/93/35

C228/94/I

C228/94/22

C228'94/34

C228/94/52

C228/94/68

C228/94/78

C228/94/96

C228/94/107

C228/94/119

C228/94/131

C228/94/I43

CU 3/94/4

Cil 3/94/15

C228/94/164

C228/94/177

C228/94/I88

C228/94/198

C228/94/209

C228/94/219

Cil 3/94/24

E.l'.

OPINION

DATE

18/11/93(1)

09/02/94(2)

20/04/94(3)

18/11/93

05/05/94

05/05/94

05/05/94

05/05/94

05/05/94

17/11/94

05/05/94

18/11/94

17/11/94

05/05/94

05/05/94

18/11/94

17/11/94

18/11/94

05/05/94

05/05/94

18/11/94

05/05/94

05/05/94

17/11/94

I'KUtJIUMMtNAMt

FRAMEWORK PROGRA.MMF. 1994-98 - EC

I RAMEWORK PROGRAMME 1994-98 - EAEC

Telematics

Communication technologies

Information technologies

Industrial and materials technologies

Measurements and testing

Fnvironment and climate

Marine sciences and technologies

Biotechnology

Biomedicine and health

Agriculture and fisheries

Non-nuclear energy

Nuclear fission safety

Controlled thermonuclear fusion

Transport

Targeted socio-economic research

Cooperation with third countries and int. organizations

Dissemination and optimization of results

Training and mobility of researchers

JRC (EC) + competitive ST support

JRC (EAEC)

COMMISSION

PROPOSAL

REF.

COM (93) 276 FINAL

COM (93) 276 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 70 FINAL

COM (94) 70 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 68 FINAL

COM (94) 70 FINAL

DECISION

O.J. DATE

18/05,94

6/05/94

22/12 94

26/08 94

22/12/94

26/08'94

22/12/94

31/12/94

22/12'94

31/12/94

31/12 94

22 12 94

22/12/94

31/1294

21/12'94

31/12 94

31/1294

22/12'94

31/1294

31/12 94

31/1294

31/12/94

(spec, progr. :)

~

DECISION

O.J. REF.

_i_

i

Ll 26/94/1

LI 15/94/31

L334/94/I

L222/94/35

L33 4/94/24

L222/94/16

L334/94/47

L361/94/1

L334/94/59

L361/94/25

L361/94/40

L334/94/73

L334/94/87

L361/94/143

L331/94/22

L361/94/56

L361/94/77

L334/94/109

L361/94/101

L361/94/90

L361/94/U4

L361/94/132

WEEKS FOR

DECISION

44,9

44,9

34

17

34

17

34

37.1

34

37,1

37,1

34

34

37,1

36,1

37,1

37.1

34

37,1

37,1

37.1

37,1

Average

34

**DECISION PROCESS - THIRD FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND SPECIFIC PROGRAiMMES** Annex IV

994)

COMMISSION

PROPOSAL

O.J. REF.

C243/89/4

C225/92/9

Cl 7490 T

Cl 74/90/9

Cl 74/90/19

Cl 74/90/28

Cl 74/90/3 5

C174/90/40

Cl 74/90/48

Cl 74/90/53

Cl 74/90/60

Cl 74/90/65

C174/90/72

Cl74 90'77

Cl 74/90/85

C247/90'2

C261/90/8

- C 5 3/91/39

COUNCIL 1 WEEKS FOR

DECISION j DECISION

O J . DATE j_

PROGRAMME NAME COMMISSION

PROPOSAL

REF.

FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF COMMUNITY RTD FOR 1990-1994 | COM (89) 397 FINAL

SUPPLEMENTARY FUNDING OF THE FP 90-94 | COM (92) 309 FINAL

(1990-1
COMMISSION

E.P.

OPINION

DATE

14/12/89

18/11/92

12/12/90(1)

12/06/91(2)

12/12/90(1)

15/05/91(2)

22/11/90(1)

15/05/91(2)

12/12/90(1)

10/07/91(2)

20/11/91(1)

11/03/92(2)

22/11/90(1)

15/05/91(2)

22/11/90(1)

15/05/91(2)

09/10/91(1)

12/02/92(2)

24/01/91(1)

10/07/91(2)

12/12/90(1)

10/07/91(2)

12/12/90(1)

15/05/91(2)

24/01/91(1)

10/07/91(2)

15/05/91(1)

15/01/92(2)

12/07/91

10/12/91

11/12/91(1)

08/04/92(2)

COUNCIL

DECISION

O.J. REF.

Ll '-7/90/28

L69/93/43

L2I8'91 22 '

L192/91.8

Ll 92/91/18

L2 69/91/30

L126/92/12

Ll 92/91/29

L192/9U1

L107/92/11

L265/91/33

L267/9125

L196/91/31

L2 5 7/91/3 7

L10792 1

L3 3 6/91 '42

L375 '91 11

L141/92T

23 05 92 | 65.7

1

1 Average :

COUNCIL

DECISION

DATE

23/04/90

15/03/93

X 07 91

7/06/91

7/06/91

9/09/91

29/04/92

. 7/06/91

7/06/91

26/03/92

9/09/91

9/09/91

7/06/91

9/09/91

16.03/92

28/11/91

1912/91

29/04/92

34

34."

5 8."

54,3

54.3

67

100,3

53,6

53.6

95.4

67

67

53,6

67

94

61.9

64,3

1

PROPOSAL

DATE

28/08/89

15/07/92

23 05.90

23/05/90

23/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

28/05/90

2805/90

28/05/90

14/09/90

25/09/90

25/01/91

8 05 90

10 03 93

6 OS 9!

16 07.91

160791

25/09/91

12/05/92

16/07/91

16 07 91

24/04/92

21 09,91

24 09,91

19 07/91

14 09 91

24 04 92

7 12 91

311291

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES "

TELEMATIC SYSTEMS IN AltEAS OF GENERAL INTEREST

INDUSTRIAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES

MEASUREMENTS AND TESTING

ENVIRONMENT

MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIE

BIOTECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURE AND AGO-INDUSTRY

BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH

LIFE SCIENCES .AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

NON-NUCLEAR ENERGIES

HI 'MAN CAPITAL AND MOBILITY

NI 'CLEAR FISSION SAFETY

CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION

CENTRALIZED ACTION ON DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION OF

KNOWLEDGE

COM (90) 153 FINAL

COM (90) 154 FINAL

COM (90) 155 FINAL

COM (90) 156 FINAL

COM (90) 157 FINAL

COM (90) 158 FINAL

COM (90) 159 FINAL

COM (90) 160 FINAL

COM (90) 161 FINAL

COM (90) 162 FINAL

COM (90) 163 FINAL

COM (90) 164 FINAL

COM (90) 165 FINAL

COM (90) 343 FINAL

COM (90) 441 FINAL

COM (90) 611 FINAL

1 67 - 4

_/c_

Annex V

**REPORTS ON EVALUATIONS OF THE RTD PROGRAMMES PUBLISHED IN 1994**

"Evaluation of the Fisheries and Aquaculture EUR 15279
Research Programme (FAR)" (1988-1992)

"Evaluation of the DOSES Programme" (1989-1993)

"Evaluation of the Community's Research Programme
on Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations"
(1989-1993)

"Evaluation of the Programme
Human Genome Analysis" (1990 - 1991)

"Evaluation of the JOULE Programme (1989 - 1992)"

"Evaluation of the MONITOR Programme
(1989 - 1993)"

"Mid-term evaluation of the Human Capital and
Mobility Programme"

"Evaluation of the MAST-I Programme"

"Evaluation of the Radiation Protection"

Research Action" (1990 - 1991 & 1992 - 1993)

"Mid-term evaluation of the TELEMAN Programme"

EUR 15328

EUR 15329

EUR 15706

EUR 15759

EUR 15782

EUR 15783

EUR 15867

EUR 15878

EUR 15868

**STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF EC S&T POLICY ON NATIONAL S&T POLICIES**

**WERE COMPLETED FOR:**

Ireland

Spain
The Netherlands

Denmark

Germany

Italy
Greece

Belgium

EUR Reports are available through the Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities - Fax + 352 48 85 73/486817

Annex VI

MAIN ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMES USED

ACP countries African, Caribean, and Pacific countries
ACTS Advanced Communication Technologies and Services (Specific RTD programme)
AIR Agriculture and Agro-industry, including fisheries (Specific RTD programme)
ALTENER Alternative Energy programme
APAS Actions de Préparation, d'Accompagnement et de Suivi
AVICENNE Scientific and technological cooperation with Maghreb countries and other countries within the Mediterranean Sea
NCR Bureau Communautaire de Référence

BIOMED Biomedicine and Health (specific RTD programme)
BRIDGE Biotechnology Research for Innovation, Development and Growth in Europe (specific **RTD** programme under FP3)
BRITE-EURAM Basic Research in Industrial Technologies for Europe - EUropcan Research in Advanced Materials (Specific **RTD** programme)
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CCFP Consultative Committee for the Fusion Programme
CEN/Cenelec Comité Européen de Normalisation /Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechniquc
CERN Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States of the former Soviet Union
COPERNICUS Cooperation in Science and Technology with Central and Eastern Europe
CORDIS Community Research and Development Information Service
COST European Cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research
COSU Cooperation with the Soviet Union in the Field of Nuclear Fission Safety
CRAFT Cooperative Research Action for Technology
CREST Scieniilical and Technical Research Committee (advices the European Commission and the Conseil)
CSTP Committee lor Scientific and Technological Policy (OECD)
DC Developing Countries
EAEC European Atomic Energy Community
EC European Community
ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN)
ECHO European Commission Host Organisation
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
fifZA European Economic Area
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory
ENRICH European Network for Research on Global Change
ESA European Space Agency
ESF European Science Foundation
ESPRIT European Strategic Programme for Research and development in Information Technologies (specific RTD programme)
ESTA European Science and Technology Assembly
ETAN European Technology Assessment Network

MAIN ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMES USED Annex VI

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

F:U European Union

EUREKA European Research Coordination Agency
E [:] URET European REsearch for Transport (specific RTD programme under FP2)

FP Framework Programme

HCM Human Capital and Mobility (Specific RTD programme under FP3)

HFSP Human Frontier Science Programme

IMS Intelligent Manufacturing Systems

INTAS International Association for the Promotion of Cooperation with Scientists from the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union (INTAS)

IRDAC Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee of the European Commission

ISC International Scientific Cooperation

1STC International Science and Technology Centre (Moscow)

IT Information Technologies

ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

ITER-EDA ITER- Engineering Design Activities

JET Joint European Torus

JOULE Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or long-term Energy supply (specific RTD programme)

JRC Joint Research Centre

MAST Marine Science and Technology (specific RTD programme)

NIS New Independent States of the former Soviet Union

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OJ Official Journal

OPET Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technology

PECO Pays de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale

PHARE Pologne-Hongrie : Actions pour la Reconversion Economique

RACE Research and development programme in Advanced Communications technologies for Europe (Specific RTD programme)

RTD Research and Technological Development including Demonstration projects

SAVE Special Actions programme for Vigorous Energy efficiency

SMEs Small and Medium sized Enterprises

SPRINT Strategic PRogrammc for INnovation and Technology Transfer

STD Science and Technology for Development (specific RTD programme)

TACIS Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia

TELEMAN TELEMANipulation dans des environnements nucléaires dangereux et perturbés

TIDE Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly people

TMR Training and Mobility of Researchers (specific RTD programmes under FP4)

TSER Targeted Socio-Economic Research (specific RTD programme)

VALUE VALorisation et utilisation des résultats de la recherche pour l'Europe

O

**> 0**

## **_m_**

**ISSN 0254-1475**

**COM(95)** **443 final**

# **DOCUMENTS**

EN 15

Catalogue number : CB-CO-95-484-EN-C

ISBN 92-77-93760-2

Office for Officiai Publications of the European Communities

L-2985 Luxembourg