Source: EURLEX
Language: en
Format: md

![european flag](./../../../images/eclogo.jpg)EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 7.12.2018

COM(2018) 795 final

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence

1. 
   INTRODUCTION – THE EUROPEAN AI STRATEGY

Like electricity in the past, artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming our world. It is at our fingertips, when we translate texts online or use a mobile app to find the best way to go to our next destination. At home, a smart thermostat can reduce energy bills by up to 25% by analysing the habits of the people who live in the house and adjusting the temperature accordingly
[1](#footnote2)
. In healthcare, algorithms can help dermatologists make better diagnosis, for example detecting 95% of skin cancers by learning from large sets of medical images
[2](#footnote3)
.

By making sense of vast amounts of data to offer efficient solutions, AI improves products, processes and business models in all economic sectors. It can help companies identify which machines will need maintenance before they break down. AI also transforms public services.

Artificial Intelligence refers to systems that display intelligent behaviour by analysing their environment and taking action — with some degree of autonomy — to achieve specific goals. We are using AI on a daily basis, for example to block email spam or speak with digital assistants.

Growth in computing power, availability of data and progress in algorithms have turned AI into one of the most important technologies of the 21st century.

The changes brought by AI also raise concerns. Workers fear they will lose their job because of automation, consumers wonder who is responsible in case a wrong decision is taken by an AI-based system, small companies do not know how to apply AI to their business, AI start-ups do not find the resources and talent they need in Europe, and international competition is fiercer than ever with massive investments in the US and China.

To address these challenges and make the most of the opportunities offered by AI, the Commission published a European strategy
[3](#footnote4)
 in April 2018. The Commission proposed an approach that places people at the centre of the development of AI (human-centric AI) and encourages the use of this powerful technology to help solve the world’s biggest challenges: from curing diseases to fighting climate change and anticipating natural disasters, to making transport safer
[4](#footnote5)
 and fighting crime and improving cybersecurity. 

This strategy supports an ethical, secure and cutting-edge AI made in Europe. It builds on Europe's scientific and industrial strengths
[5](#footnote6)
 and is based on three pillars: increasing public and private investments in AI, preparing for socio-economic changes, and ensuring an appropriate ethical and legal framework. To ensure its success, coordination at European level is essential.

2. 
   THE COORDINATED PLAN ON AI – OVERVIEW

In its strategy on AI for Europe, the Commission proposed to work with Member States on a coordinated plan on AI by the end of 2018, with the aim to maximise the impact of investments at EU and national levels, encourage synergies and cooperation across the EU, exchange best practices and collectively define the way forward to ensure that the EU as a whole can compete globally. The proposal of a coordinated plan built on the declaration of cooperation on AI launched in April 2018 at the Digital Day and signed by all Member States and Norway
[6](#footnote7)
. It was endorsed by the European Council in June 2018
[7](#footnote8)
.

Member States (as part of the group on digitising European industry and AI), Norway, Switzerland and the Commission prepared the plan during several meetings between June and November 2018. Exchanges also took place during Competitiveness Council meetings under the Austrian Presidency of the EU.

During these meetings, Member States and the Commission identified a series of common actions to increase investments, pool data – the raw material for AI -, foster talent and ensure trust
[8](#footnote9)
, building on the European strategy. They prioritised areas of public interest, such as healthcare, transport and mobility, safety, security and energy, as well as important economic sectors such as manufacturing and financial services.

The result of this joint work, the coordinated plan, is the annex to this Communication. It details actions to be started in 2019-2020 and prepares the ground for activities in the following years. It will be reviewed and updated annually.

This Communication highlights the main objectives and initiatives of the plan.

2.1. Common objectives and complementary efforts

The coordinated plan provides a strategic framework for national AI strategies. As of today, five Member States have already adopted a national AI strategy with a dedicated budget
[9](#footnote10)
. All other Member States are encouraged to develop their national AI strategy by mid-2019, building on the work done at the European level. These are expected to outline investment levels and implementation measures.

In the course of next year, Member States and the Commission will also agree on common indicators to monitor AI uptake and development in the Union and the success rate of the strategies in place, with the support of the AI Watch developed by the Joint Research Centre of the Commission
[10](#footnote11)
.

Europe is currently behind in private investments in AI
[11](#footnote12)
. Without major efforts, the EU risks losing out on the opportunities offered by AI, facing a brain-drain and being a consumer of solutions developed elsewhere. This is why the European AI strategy has set ambitious, yet realistic, targets: in the Union, public and private investments in AI must be scaled up in order to reach the target of EUR 20 billion per year over the next decade. As a first step, the Commission is increasing investment in AI under the research and innovation framework programme Horizon 2020 to EUR 1.5 billion in the period 2018-2020. This amount corresponds to a 70% increase relative to period 2014-2017. If Member States and the private sector make similar efforts, total investments in the Union will grow to more than EUR 20 billion for the period 2018-2020
[12](#footnote13)
, thus positioning the Union to further increase efforts over the next decade, with investment gradually reaching EUR 20 billion per year. This would correspond to an annual investment of EUR 7 billion by the public sector (Member States and Commission), on par with other continents. The Commission proposed, under the next programming period 2021-2027, that the Union invests in AI at least EUR 1 billion per year from Horizon Europe and the Digital Europe programmes
[13](#footnote14)
.

Taking these targets into account, Member States have agreed that ambition is required and that national efforts need to be increased. Coordinated public efforts will help leverage more private investments.

While public investment plays an important role, an important duty for regulators is to eliminate the obstacles due to fragmented markets. Products and services are increasingly interlinked and digitised. In this context, it is of utmost importance to avoid market fragmentation in strategic sectors such as artificial intelligence, including by strengthening key enablers (e.g. common standards and fast communication networks). A real Single Market with an integral digital dimension
[14](#footnote15)
 will make it easier for businesses to scale up and trade across borders and thereby further boost investments.

2.2. 
   Towards a European AI public-private partnership and more financing for start-ups and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises
[15](#footnote16)

Member States and the Commission will also reinforce cooperation with the private sector. The Commission will bring companies and research organisations together to develop a common strategic research agenda on AI, defining priorities in line with the needs of the market and encouraging exchanges between sectors and across borders. This will pave the way for a new research and innovation partnership on AI, fostering collaboration between academia and industry in Europe. As part of this contractual partnership, the private sector is expected to commit to specific and high investments in AI. This partnership will build on existing partnerships in robotics and big data
[16](#footnote17)
, representing EUR 4.4 billion of investments, of which the majority (EUR 3.2 billion) comes from the industry. Stakeholders have already confirmed their support for setting up an AI partnership
[17](#footnote18)
.

Moreover, the Commission aims at making available resources for start-ups and innovators in AI and blockchain to help them grow their business. EUR 100 million should be initially mobilised in 2020, which could be further complemented through the participation of interested national promotional banks and other institutions. This could help prepare for strengthening access to finance for AI under the InvestEU programme from 2021 onwards.

At the same time, the Commission is making progress in setting up the European Innovation Council to support cutting-edge technologies and the most innovative start-ups. In response to the call of the European Council in June 2018
[18](#footnote19)
, a new pilot initiative
[19](#footnote20)
 will be launched in early 2019 and will include support for the next generation of human-centric AI technologies.

2.3. 
   Strengthening excellence in trustworthy AI technologies and broad diffusion
[20](#footnote21)

Member States and the Commission aim to scale up national research capacities and reach critical mass through tighter networks of European AI research excellence centres. The objective is to foster cooperation among the best research teams in Europe, so that by joining forces they can tackle major scientific and technological challenges in AI more efficiently.

Bringing state-of-the-art AI applications to the market requires experimenting and testing in real-world environments. As part of the implementation of the Digitising European Industry strategy
[21](#footnote22)
 adopted in 2016, the Commission is already supporting large-scale pilots and experiments in areas such as smart farming, smart cities and connected and autonomous vehicles.

Lessons will be drawn from these pilots and experiments. To optimise investment and avoid duplication of efforts, the Commission proposes that several large-scale reference test sites, open to all actors across Europe, will be developed using up to EUR 1.5 billion from the AI strand of the proposed Digital Europe programme, building on the strong base of existing centres of excellence in Member States. Examples of testing facilities that Member States are putting in place include the cross-border testing of connected and autonomous driving
[22](#footnote23)
 and real scale experimentation of smart hospitals. In the case of connected and autonomous mobility, the identification of such testing facilities and the tests themselves will be coordinated, first, by the single EU-wide platform referred to in the EU strategy for mobility of the future
[23](#footnote24)
 and, subsequently, by the corresponding partnership to be established under Horizon Europe.

It is equally important to foster the broadest possible uptake of AI in the economy, in particular by start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises. By raising public awareness and sharing the latest scientific advances and tried and tested state-of-the-art technologies developed in Europe, we can ensure that every company, small or large, high-tech or not, as well as the public sector, can grasp these digital opportunities. The proposed new Digital Europe programme provides for co-investment by Member States and the Commission in digital innovation hubs across Europe, including via the Cohesion Policy funds. The programme will further facilitate the diffusion of AI capacity in each Member State and will link to an AI on-demand-platform
[24](#footnote25)
. To this end, in 2019 Member States will identify AI digital innovation hubs in their territory.

2.4. 
   Adapting our learning and training programmes and systems to better prepare our society for AI
[25](#footnote26)

Rapid technological progress means that the world of work will be significantly transformed, and sooner rather than later. In particular, technological changes will modify the skills required of workers, meaning that potentially very large numbers of workers will need to up-skill. Thus, more focus needs to be put on life-long learning. One specific aspect of change concerns those workers who will actually design and implement the AI solutions of the future. Almost all Member States are facing shortages of Information and communications technology professionals, and there are currently more than 600 000 vacancies for digital experts
[26](#footnote27)
. Moreover, talented researchers and promising start-ups frequently receive interesting offers from abroad. For example, in 2017 there were 240 000 Europeans in Silicon Valley
[27](#footnote28)
, many of whom entered the US to fill a specific job in the tech industry. Europe must be able to train, attract and retain talent of this kind, and encourage entrepreneurship, diversity and gender balance.

Member States will therefore exchange best practices on how to reinforce excellence and retain talented workers, as well as on how to step up and accelerate efforts to fully introduce and exploit the possibilities offered by the current legal migration acquis, including the blue card
[28](#footnote29)
, to attract talent. The blue card is a work permit allowing high-skilled non-EU citizens to work and live in the EU. Skills should also be covered in the national AI strategies which are to be published by mid-2019. The strategies should address AI-relevant skills within the formal education cycle, including in vocational training and higher education, as well as ways to improve opportunities for Masters and PhDs in AI.

The Commission will support Masters and PhDs in AI through the proposed closer cooperation between AI research excellence centres and, more broadly, the EU’s research and innovation programmes. Interdisciplinarity will be supported by encouraging joint degrees, for example in law or psychology and AI. Moreover, digital skills that facilitate the development and use of AI, should be included in all education and training curricula.

Given the disruptive nature of many of the technological advances, policy-makers will develop strategies to deal with employment changes in order to ensure inclusiveness, as the pace with which some jobs will disappear and others appear is likely to accelerate, while business models and the way tasks or jobs are performed will change. This may make it necessary to modify current labour market and social protection arrangements to support transitions in the labour market. The Commission has established a high-level expert group on the impact of the digital transformation on EU labour markets that will deliver a report addressing these issues in spring 2019
[29](#footnote30)
.

2.5. 
   Building up the European data space essential for AI in Europe, including for the public sector
[30](#footnote31)

Further developments in AI require a well-functioning data ecosystem built on trust, data availability and infrastructure
[31](#footnote32)
. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
[32](#footnote33)
 is the anchor of trust in the single market for data. It has established a new global standard with a strong focus on the rights of individuals, reflecting European values, and is an important element of ensuring trust in AI. This trust is especially important when it comes to the processing of healthcare data for applications driven by AI.  The Commission would like to encourage the European Data Protection Board to develop guidelines on the issue of the processing of personal data in the context of research. This will facilitate the development of large cross-country research datasets that can be used for AI.

AI needs vast amounts of data to be developed. Machine learning, a type of AI, works by identifying patterns in available data and then applying the knowledge to new data. The larger a data set, the better AI can learn and discover even subtle relations in the data.

Once trained, algorithms can correctly classify objects that they have never seen, in more and more cases with accuracies that exceed those of humans. Hence, access to data is a key ingredient for a competitive AI landscape, which the EU should facilitate in full respect of personal data protection rules.

The entry into application of the free flow of non-personal data Regulation
[33](#footnote34)
 in the course of 2019 will help unlock data, in particular machine-generated data, and greatly ease the cross-border operation of businesses in the Union. Openness to international data flows will continue to be ensured in full respect of the EU rules for the protection of personal data and in accordance with applicable legal instruments, including free trade agreements.

Agreement on the review of the Public Sector Information Directive
[34](#footnote35)
 will also increase the amount of data available for innovation.

The creation of common European data spaces in a number of areas such as manufacturing or energy will constitute a major asset for European innovators and businesses. These common European data spaces will aggregate data, both for public sector and for business-to-business, across Europe and make them available to train AI
[35](#footnote36)
 on a scale that will enable the development of new products and services. Rapid development and adoption of European rules such as interoperability requirements and standards is essential,. The Union must also provide support to ensure the seamless access to, exchange and reuse of such data sets. The identification of high-value data sets by Member States will help make them more openly reusable. The Commission also contributes with large quantities of earth observation data and information from its flagship Copernicus programme.

AI applications in healthcare are particularly promising. In 2020 the Commission will support via Horizon 2020 — in coordination with Member States — the development of a common database of health images (anonymised, and based on patients voluntarily donating their data). This image database will initially be dedicated to the most common forms of cancer, using AI to improve diagnosis and treatment. The work will meet all necessary regulatory, security, and ethical requirements.

AI tools are crucial to the future work of public administrations. Member States and the Commission will engage in peer learning and discuss areas for joint procurement of AI solutions, including cybersecurity, as well as specific challenges for the public sector. When AI is implemented, for example, for security and law enforcement, particular legal and ethical challenges arise, considering that public administrations are bound to act as prescribed by law, that they need to motivate their decisions and that their acts are subject to judicial review by administrative courts.

Finally, computing capacity is essential to process data. The European High-Performance Computing Initiative
[36](#footnote37)
 (EuroHPC) is pooling resources to develop the next generation of supercomputers to process big data and train AI. In that context, the ongoing partnership with Member States and industry on microelectronic components and systems (ECSEL
[37](#footnote38)
) as well as the European Processor Initiative
[38](#footnote39)
, which aims at creating low-power processor technology for high-performance computing, data-centres and autonomous vehicles, are key to developing an independent and innovative European ecosystem in high-end chip design.

2.6. 
   Developing ethics guidelines with a global perspective and ensuring an innovation-friendly legal framework
[39](#footnote40)

To gain trust, which is necessary for societies to accept and use AI, the technology should be predictable, responsible, verifiable, respect fundamental rights and follow ethical rules. Otherwise, the use of AI may lead to undesirable outcomes, such as creating an echo chamber where people only receive information which corresponds to their opinions, or reinforcing discrimination, as in the case where an algorithm turned racist within 24 hours due to exposure to racist material
[40](#footnote41)
.

Crucially, humans should understand how AI makes decisions. Europe can become a global leader in developing and using AI for good and promoting a human-centric approach and ethics-by-design principles.

To anchor such principles more firmly in the development and use of AI, the Commission appointed an independent AI high-level expert group with the task of developing draft AI ethics guidelines. A first version will be published by the end of 2018 and the experts will present their final version of the guidelines to the Commission in March 2019 after wide consultation through the European AI Alliance
[41](#footnote42)
. The ambition is then to bring Europe’s ethical approach to the global stage. The Commission is opening up cooperation to all non-EU countries that are willing to share the same values.

Further developments in AI also require a regulatory framework that is flexible enough to promote innovation while ensuring high levels of protection and safety. The Commission is in the process of assessing whether the national and EU safety and liability frameworks are fit for purpose in light of these new challenges or whether any gaps should be addressed. To this end the Commission will publish by mid-2019 a report on the potential gaps in and orientations for the safety and liability frameworks for AI.

2.7. 
   Security-related aspects of AI applications and infrastructure, and international security agenda

There is a need to better understand how AI can impact security in three dimensions: how AI could enhance the objectives of the security sector; how AI technologies can be protected from attacks; and how to address any potential abuse of AI for malicious purposes.

The increasing potential and sensitivity of AI applications in many areas of the digital economy and society, such as autonomous mobility or avoiding power blackouts, means it is highly relevant to establish cybersecurity requirements for AI.
[42](#footnote43)

The application of AI in weapons systems has the potential to fundamentally change armed conflicts and therefore raises serious concerns and questions. The Union will continue to stress that international law, including International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law, applies fully to all weapons systems, including autonomous weapons systems, and that States remain responsible and accountable for their development and use in armed conflict. The EU's position further remains that human control must be retained in decisions on the use of lethal force and built into the full life-cycle of any weapons system
[43](#footnote44)
.

3. 
   CONCLUSIONS

AI is already a part of our daily lives, but its potential is much larger than we have seen so far. For Europe to become a leading player in AI, it needs to build on its strengths and support the development of an ethical, secure and cutting-edge AI made in Europe.

The Commission therefore invites:

·the European Council to endorse the coordinated plan;

·Member States to implement the coordinated plan, including the development of national AI strategies by mid-2019, outlining investment levels and implementation measures;

·the co-legislators to swiftly adopt the remaining legislative initiatives which are essential for the success of the European AI strategy, including the proposals put forward in the context of the next multi-annual financial framework.

:   [(1)](#footnoteref2)

     
       
    <https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/la-tribune-de-l-energie-avec-erdf/cinq-objets-connectes-pour-economiser-l-energie-545571.html>
:   [(2)](#footnoteref3)

     
       
    <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/may/29/skin-cancer-computer-learns-to-detect-skin-cancer-more-accurately-than-a-doctor>
:   [(3)](#footnoteref4)

     
       COM(2018) 237
:   [(4)](#footnoteref5)

     
       It is estimated that around 90% of road accidents are caused by human errors, see COM(2016) 787.
:   [(5)](#footnoteref6)

     
       Europe has world-class researchers and start-ups in AI, is a leader in robotics and business-to-business software/platforms. Its strong transport, healthcare and manufacturing sectors should be at the forefront of AI.
:   [(6)](#footnoteref7)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-member-states-sign-cooperate-artificial-intelligence>
:   [(7)](#footnoteref8)

     
       
    <https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/29/20180628-euco-conclusions-final/>
:   [(8)](#footnoteref9)

     
       All of these actions must comply with the EU rules on competition law and state aid.
:   [(9)](#footnoteref10)

     
       France, Finland, Sweden, the UK and Germany have targeted AI strategies in place. Some countries, like Denmark, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Ireland and Norway include AI related actions in their broader digitisation strategies. Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Spain are in the process of developing strategies.
:   [(10)](#footnoteref11)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/ai-watch_en>
:   [(11)](#footnoteref12)

     
       Europe totalled around EUR 2.4-3.2 billion in 2016, compared with EUR 6.5-9.7 billion in Asia and EUR 12.1-18.6 billion in North America. Source: 10 imperatives for Europe in the age of AI and automation, McKinsey, 2017.
:   [(12)](#footnoteref13)

     
       This may include investments from European Structural and Investment Funds. Five regions have AI related priorities in their smart specialisation strategies: Lower Saxony [DE], Pohjois-Savo [FI], Łódzkie [PL], North-West [RO] and North-East [RO]. See: 
    <http://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/map>
:   [(13)](#footnoteref14)

     
       The proposals for the next multiannual financial framework, in particular the new Digital Europe Programme and Horizon Europe, the most ambitious ever EU research and innovation framework programme, support the European AI strategy.
:   [(14)](#footnoteref15)

    See the Commission’s recent communication “The Single Market in a changing world” (COM(2018)772).
:   [(15)](#footnoteref16)

     
       See section B of the coordinated plan for details on the proposed actions.
:   [(16)](#footnoteref17)

     
       Public-private partnerships on robotics (‘SPARC’) and big data (‘Big Data Value’) represent EUR 1.2 billion in public investment plus EUR 3.2 billion in private investment for 2014-2020, giving EUR 4.4 billion in total.
:   [(17)](#footnoteref18)

     
       The Big Data Value Association, the private partner in the big data public-private partnership, has adopted a position paper on AI which includes a recommendation to move towards a partnership on AI (November 2018). 
    <http://bdva.eu/sites/default/files/AI-Position-Statement-BDVA-Final-12112018.pdf>
:   [(18)](#footnoteref19)

     
       
    <https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/29/20180628-euco-conclusions-final/>
:   [(19)](#footnoteref20)

     
       In 2018 alone, 74 innovative SME-projects and start-ups have been funded to develop AI related innovations in the European Innovation Council pilot phase.
:   [(20)](#footnoteref21)

     
       See section C of coordinated plan for details on proposed actions.
:   [(21)](#footnoteref22)

     
       COM(2016) 180
:   [(22)](#footnoteref23)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/cross-border-corridors-connected-and-automated-mobility-cam>
:   [(23)](#footnoteref24)

    COM(2018) 283
:   [(24)](#footnoteref25)

     
       
    <http://ai4eu.org/>
:   [(25)](#footnoteref26)

     
       See section D of coordinated plan for details on proposed actions.
:   [(26)](#footnoteref27)

     
       
    <https://www.pocbigdata.eu/monitorICTonlinevacancies/general_info/>
:   [(27)](#footnoteref28)

     
       
    <https://jointventure.org/images/stories/pdf/index2018.pdf>
:   [(28)](#footnoteref29)

     
       Council Directive 2009/50/EC on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment. The Commission made a proposal to review this act - COM(2016) 378.
:   [(29)](#footnoteref30)

    https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/appointment-members-high-level-expert-group-impact-digital-transformation-eu-labour-markets
:   [(30)](#footnoteref31)

     
       See sections E and G of the coordinated plan for details of the proposed actions.
:   [(31)](#footnoteref32)

     
       "Data is the lifeline of AI" see chapter 12 of the Joint Research Centre Report on "Artificial Intelligence: a European Perspective" 
    <https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/artificial-intelligence-european-perspective>
:   [(32)](#footnoteref33)

     
       Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
:   [(33)](#footnoteref34)

     
       Regulation (eu) 2018/1807 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 on a framework for the free flow of non-personal data in the European Union
:   [(34)](#footnoteref35)

     
       Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the re-use of public sector information (recast) COM(2018) 234.
:   [(35)](#footnoteref36)

     
       Links to data repositories will be made available through the AI-on-demand platform, providing services to the AI community.
:   [(36)](#footnoteref37)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/eurohpc-joint-undertaking>
:   [(37)](#footnoteref38)

     
       
    <https://www.ecsel.eu/>
:   [(38)](#footnoteref39)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/european-processor-initiative-consortium-develop-europes-microprocessors-future-supercomputers>
:   [(39)](#footnoteref40)

     
       See sections F and H of coordinated plan for details on proposed actions.
:   [(40)](#footnoteref41)

     
       
    <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/24/tay-microsofts-ai-chatbot-gets-a-crash-course-in-racism-from-twitter>
:   [(41)](#footnoteref42)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/european-ai-alliance>
:   [(42)](#footnoteref43)

     
       This principle is set out in the Cybersecurity Joint Communication of September 2017 (JOIN(2017) 450).
:   [(43)](#footnoteref44)

     
       The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy will, with the support of the Commission, build on consultations in the United Nations, the Global Tech Panel, and other multilateral fora, and coordinate proposals for addressing these complex security challenges.

[Top](#document1)

![european flag](./../../../images/eclogo.jpg)EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 7.12.2018

COM(2018) 795 final

ANNEX

to the

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence

Coordinated Plan on the Development and Use of 
  
Artificial Intelligence Made in Europe – 2018

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help us address some of the world's biggest challenges. It can enable doctors to improve diagnoses and develop therapies for diseases for which none exist yet; it can reduce energy consumption by optimising resources; it can contribute to a cleaner environment by lessening the need for pesticides; it can help improve weather prediction and anticipate disasters; and so on. The list is virtually endless. AI will be the main driver of economic and productivity growth and will contribute to the sustainability and viability of the industrial base in Europe
[1](#footnote2)
. Like the steam engine or electricity in the past, AI is transforming the world.

The Union aims to develop trusted AI based on ethical and societal values building on its Charter of Fundamental Rights. People should not only trust AI, but also benefit from the use of AI for their personal and professional lives. Europe aims at creating an innovation friendly ecosystem for AI: an environment where economic players find the infrastructure, research facilities, testing environments, financial means, legal framework and adequate skills levels to invest in and deploy AI. Overall, the ambition is for Europe to become the world-leading region for developing and deploying cutting-edge, ethical and secure AI, promoting a human-centric approach in the global context.

AI has been high on the agenda of the Council of the EU since the Digital Summit organised by the Estonian Presidency in September 2017. The Communication “Artificial Intelligence for Europe” of 25 April 2018
[2](#footnote3)
 proposes a European strategy in support of this goal. The Communication also proposes a coordinated plan on the development of AI in Europe
[3](#footnote4)
, to be drawn up with the Member States by the end of 2018. This was endorsed by the European Council
[4](#footnote5)
. The present document responds to this request. Only if Member States and the Commission work together will Europe be able to turn vision into reality.

The coordinated plan builds on a "declaration of cooperation" that was signed by all EU Member States and Norway in the context of the Digital Day 2018
[5](#footnote6)
, emphasising the willingness to cooperate more closely on AI. The Austrian Presidency of the EU also included AI as a priority in the context of the transformation of the industry
[6](#footnote7)
.

The main goals of the coordinated plan are to maximise the impact of investments at EU and national levels, encourage synergies and cooperation across the EU, including on ethics, foster the exchange of best practices and collectively define the way forward. By working together the Union can maximise its impact to compete globally.

The Member States' Group on Digitising European Industry and AI and the Commission discussed between June and November 2018 possible strands for cooperation. In order to accommodate the fast pace of the AI-induced change in societies and economies Member States, Norway and Switzerland agreed to put in place a rolling coordinated plan that is to be monitored and reviewed annually, so as to ensure it remains up to date. The present document is the first edition of this plan and mainly comprises activities for 2019 and 2020, with emphasis on planned EU-level activities under the current financial framework. The plan is expected to run into the next decade, possibly until 2027, in line with the next multi-annual financial framework.
[7](#footnote8)
 

A need for coordinated action has been identified in the fields of investment, excellence in and diffusion of AI, data availability, societal challenges, ethics and the regulatory framework. Actions concern both private and public sectors with many synergies.

“AI made in Europe” meeting citizens’ aspirations, responding to societal needs, and boosting competitiveness

The coordinated plan will maximise the benefits of AI for all Europeans by fostering the development of trusted AI that corresponds to European ethical values, and citizens’ aspirations. Europe will progressively increase its effort in public interest areas such as healthcare, transport, security, education and energy as well as in other areas such as manufacturing and financial services (including through blockchain).

This plan brings together a set of concrete and complementary actions at EU, national and regional level
[8](#footnote9)
 in view of:

-Boosting investments and reinforcing excellence in AI technologies and applications which are trustworthy and “ethical and secure by design”. Investments shall take place in a stable regulatory context which enables experimentation and supports disruptive innovation across the EU, ensuring the widest and best use of AI by the European economy and society.

-Building on Europe’s strengths, to develop and implement in partnership with industry and Member States shared agendas for industry-academia collaborative Research and Development (R&D) and innovation.

-Adapting learning and skilling programmes and systems to prepare Europe’s society and its future generations for AI.

-Building up essential capacities in Europe underpinning AI such as data spaces and world-class reference sites for testing and experimentation.

-Making public administrations in Europe frontrunners in the use of AI.

-Implementing, on the basis of expert work, clear ethics guidelines for the development and the use of AI in full respect of fundamental rights, with a view to set global ethical standards and be a world leader in ethical, trusted AI.

-Where needed, reviewing the existing national and European legal framework to better adapt them to specific challenges.

Key enablers

Progress in AI opens the door to new opportunities in areas such as personalised and precision healthcare, mobility (autonomous driving
[9](#footnote10)
), fintech, advanced manufacturing, space-based applications, smart power grids, sustainable circular and bio economy, improved detection and investigation of criminal activities (e.g. money laundering, tax fraud), media, etc.

This digital transformation requires in many cases a significant upgrading of the currently available infrastructure. The effective implementation of AI will require the completion of the Digital Single Market and its regulatory framework including the swift adoption of the Commission proposal for a European Cybersecurity Industrial, Technology and Research Competence Centre and the Network of National Coordination Centres
[10](#footnote11)
, reinforced connectivity through spectrum coordination, very fast 5G mobile networks and optical fibres, next generation clouds, as well as satellite technologies
[11](#footnote12)
. High-performance computing and AI will increasingly intertwine as we transit to a future using new computing, storage and communication technologies. Furthermore, infrastructures should be both accessible and affordable to ensure an inclusive AI adoption across Europe, particularly by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Industry, and in particular small and young companies, will need to be in a position to be aware and able to integrate these technologies in new products, services and related production processes and technologies, including by upskilling and reskilling their workforce. Standardisation will also be essential for the development of AI in the Digital Single Market, helping notably to ensure interoperability.

A paradigm change is also required in cases where data needs to be processed locally (for example in connected automated driving that must be able to take swift decisions without waiting for an answer from a remote server). This trend drives demand for advanced, low-power semiconductor technologies. New paradigms beyond scaling are already emerging and new energy-efficient computing architectures (such as neuromorphic and quantum) will be needed to ensure sustainable use of energy. Ongoing partnerships between the Member States and the Union through joint undertakings such as ECSEL
[12](#footnote13)
 (for electronic components and systems), EuroHPC (high-performing computing)
[13](#footnote14)
 as well as the quantum flagship under the Research and Innovation Programme Horizon 2020 (H2020) are key to processing big data and sustain further developments in AI.

Member States and the Commission will continuously support the deployment of the key enablers and will mainstream AI in the related initiatives.

The coordinated plan links to the ongoing parallel strategies in these areas.

A.Strategic actions and coordination

The Commission put forward its approach to AI in the Communication “Artificial Intelligence for Europe” published in April 2018, resting on three pillars:

·Boosting the EU's technological and industrial capacity and AI uptake across the economy, both by the private and public sectors;

·Preparing for socio-economic changes brought about by AI;

·Ensuring an appropriate ethical and legal framework, based on the Union's values and in line with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

As announced in the April Communication, the Commission has tasked a High-level Expert Group on AI to draft AI ethics guidelines. The High-Level Expert Group will also propose policy recommendations on investments and the regulatory framework.

The Commission has also tasked the Expert Group on Liability and New Technologies to assist the Commission in drawing up guidance on the implementation of the Product Liability Directive and in developing EU-wide principles which can serve as guidelines for possible adaptations of applicable laws at EU and national level.

The Commission's Expert Group for the Observatory of the Online Platform Economy will additionally explore policy issues in AI-related regulatory areas, such as data access
[14](#footnote15)
, online advertising and the role of algorithms in the digital platform economy.

Moreover, the Commission also established a High-Level Expert Group on the impact of digital transformation on EU labour markets which will deliver a report addressing strategies to deal with employment disruption in spring 2019
[15](#footnote16)
.

Investment levels for AI in the Union are low and fragmented, relative to other parts of the world such as the US and China. To remedy this shortcoming, the April Communication sets an ambitious objective, aiming to increase investment and reach a total (public and private sectors combined) of at least EUR 20 billion in the period 2018-2020, and to increase investments progressively to EUR 20 billion per year in the course of the next decade.

The Commission is increasing investments in AI under the research and innovation framework programme Horizon 2020 to EUR 1.5 billion in the period 2018-2020, constituting a 70% increase compared to 2014-2017. Under the next multi-annual financial framework, the Commission has proposed to dedicate at least EUR 1 billion per year from Horizon Europe
[16](#footnote17)
 and the Digital Europe Programme
[17](#footnote18)
 to AI. Options to mobilise resources from the European Fund for Strategic Investments and the European structural and investment funds are being explored. For example the European Regional Development Fund is expected to invest in AI based on the next generation of Smart Specialisation Strategies.

As of today, France, Finland, Sweden, the UK and Germany have targeted AI strategies in place. Some countries like Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Ireland and Norway include AI related actions in a broader digitalisation strategy. Moreover, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Spain are in the process of developing strategies.
[18](#footnote19)
 In order to maximise investments, pool important resources such as data, provide a seamless regulatory environment, all Member States need to put in place national AI strategies, in line with their intentions expressed in the Digital Day Declaration of Cooperation on AI, including support measures.

Member States and the Commission will monitor progress of the implementation of the plan on annual basis.
[19](#footnote20)

|  |
| --- |
| üBy mid-2019 all Member States are encouraged to put in place - and share with other Member States and the Commission - national AI strategies or programmes or add AI dimensions in other relevant strategies and programmes [20](#footnote21)  outlining investment levels and implementation measures, taking into account this coordinated plan. The exact form, contents and governance of the national AI strategies will be up to each Member State to decide based on national characteristics [21](#footnote22) .   üDiscussions between Member States and the Commission will be steered by the Member States' Group on Digitising European Industry and Artificial Intelligence (MS Group on DEI and AI), assisted on technical matters by a Sherpa Group [22](#footnote23) . The group will meet at least biannually. It will ensure coordination across different national Ministries and other stakeholders, for example from industry, academia and civil society. Dedicated Member States' groups [23](#footnote24)  will provide the necessary input in the different areas covered by the plan. The Member States and the Commission will also organise topical workshops.  üTo assess impacts, in 2019 Member States and the Commission will identify relevant investment parameters and comparable benchmarks for uptake so as to achieve common targets. Progress will be monitored annually. |

B.Maximising investments through partnerships

To facilitate and reinforce investment in AI, and to maximise its impact in both the public and the private sectors, joint efforts between the Commission, Member States and the private sector are necessary. Only if both the Commission and Member States direct their investments in the same direction through joint programming and leverage significant private investments, will Europe as a whole have an impact and establish its strategic autonomy in AI.

·Paving the way to a new partnership on AI: AI is addressed today in different Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) under Horizon 2020, notably the Robotics and the Big Data PPPs with separate Research & Innovation agendas. The academic research community is also organised in networks such as EurAI, the European association for AI. The Commission, with support from the Member States, will work together with industry and academia on a common Research and Innovation Agenda in AI. Building on Europe’s strengths, it will aim at the development of a dynamic EU-wide AI innovation ecosystem, fostering close cooperation between industry and academia, and reinforcing competitiveness across the whole AI value chain. For that, it will facilitate discussions with initially stakeholders from the robotics and big data PPP, but later expanding to representatives of all relevant stakeholders from industry and research institutes to develop a common strategic research and innovation agenda for AI. The Commission is planning to set up a Leaders' Group.

·Teaming up for investment in AI: It is key for Europe to identify and invest in the next generation of AI and to roll it out widely. One important element is making available sufficient investment for start-ups in their early stage as well as for companies in their scale-up phase. To this end, the Commission aims at making available resources for start-ups and innovators in AI and blockchain in their early stage as well as for companies in their scale-up phase, using existing instruments such as the European Fund for Strategic Investments, Horizon 2020 and the European Investment Fund. EUR 100 million should be initially mobilised in 2020. As certain early applications of blockchain utilising mining (Bitcoin) consume high amounts of energy, in the investment selection criteria for such a financial programme, the Commission will give preference to supporting newer energy efficient blockchain infrastructures and applications. Activities could focus on (i) financing a portfolio of innovative AI/blockchain companies; (ii) developing a dynamic EU-wide investors community focusing on AI; (iii) multiplying investments at the national level by involving the national promotional banks (NPBs) that are willing to participate; (iv) incentivising private sector investments and (v) making Europe become more attractive for start-ups to stay and grow. In the following years, AI and blockchain could be further supported through the InvestEU Programme.

·As a follow-up of the European Council conclusions of June 2018
[24](#footnote25)
, the European Commission is preparing an enhanced pilot for a European Innovation Council (EIC) to support the scale-up of innovative companies (start-ups and SMEs) carrying out breakthrough market creating innovation, as well as breakthrough science and key enabling technologies that could lead to disruptive innovation.

|  |
| --- |
| Maximising investment:  üIn 2019, the Commission will bring together the stakeholders initially including the robotics and big data PPPs but later expanding to other involved parties, in order to develop a common strategic research and innovation agenda for AI, to be supported starting in 2020. For that, it will set up a Leaders' Group representing the stakeholders at CEO level from industry and research institutes to develop the agenda and ensure commitment at the highest level in its implementation, paving the way to a new partnership in AI (first meeting early 2019).  üThe Commission aims at making available resources for start-ups and innovators in AI and blockchain in their early stage as well as for companies in their scale-up phase, using existing instruments such as the European Fund for Strategic Investments, Horizon 2020 and the European Investment Fund. EUR 100 million should be initially mobilised in 2020. The Commission will also launch an investment support programme to facilitate portfolio development, co-investment with Member States and private investors, and in order to raise the awareness of start-ups and other companies, including both traditional and innovative SMEs, facilitating engagement in otherwise risky projects. This will help prepare for strengthening access to finance for AI under the InvestEU programme.  üMember States can actively support the process through the participation of national promotional banks, and taking part in awareness raising support programmes.  üThe European Innovation Council will support disruptive innovation through the enhanced European Innovation Council pilot which will in particular support cutting-edge, high reward research and innovation projects that aim to demonstrate a new technological paradigm in fields such as for example Human centric AI, through a fund totalling EUR 100 million in 2019-2020.  üMember States are encouraged to explore the implementation of innovation vouchers, small grants and loans targeting SMEs in their digital transformation, including notably the integration of AI in products, process and business models. |

C.From the lab to the market: (i) building up research excellence, (ii) establishing world-reference testing facilities and (iii) accelerating AI take-up through Digital Innovation Hubs.

The Commission and the Member States acknowledge the importance of continuing to strengthen their science base
[25](#footnote26)
 and support research and innovation in order to ensure competitiveness in technology, address innovation challenges, as well as facilitate the transfer of research results to industry.

The Commission will reinforce its investment in research and innovation throughout Horizon 2020, and mainstream AI in all the topics where its benefit can be developed or exploited. For example, it will be necessary that substantial funding is allocated to AI for security purposes, namely, on the one hand to prevent the malicious use of AI technologies utilized by malevolent actors for criminal activities or terrorism, and on the other hand to deploy AI tools and solutions in support of law enforcement agencies to better prevent, detect and investigate criminal activities and terrorism.
[26](#footnote27)

For AI made in Europe one key principle will be “ethics by design” whereby ethical and legal principles, on the basis of the General Data Protection Regulation, competition law compliance, absence of data bias are implemented since the beginning of the design process. When defining the operational requirements, it is also important to take into account the interactions between humans and AI systems. The Commission will explore how to introduce an "ethics by design" principle in relevant calls for proposals under the research programme.

Another key principle will be “security by design”, whereby cybersecurity, the protection of victims and the facilitation of law enforcement activities should be taken into account from the beginning of the design process.

In addition, the Commission will work towards reinforcing European AI excellence centres, establishing world reference testing facilities and accelerating the uptake of AI through Digital Innovation Hubs, making sure that Europe benefits from the results of the research activities.

The Commission will maintain a geographical balance on its efforts to reinforce Digital Innovation Hubs and will encourage geographical coverage in the networks of excellence centres and testing facilities and will encourage complementarities with Cohesion Policy investments.While Europe has undeniable strengths with its many leading research centres, joining forces is essential in order to be competitive at the global level. Europe will scale up national research capacities and reach a critical mass through tighter networks of European AI research excellence centres
[27](#footnote28)
. The objective is to foster cooperation among the best research teams in Europe, joining forces to tackle more efficiently major scientific and technological challenges in AI and mobilise industry to be integrated in and find synergies with the research teams.

Establishing world-reference testing facilities
[28](#footnote29)
: An important step in bringing technology to market relates to experimenting and testing state-of-the art technology in real-world environments. To optimise investment and avoid duplication or competing efforts, a limited number of AI specialised large-scale reference sites should be developed and be opened to all actors across Europe.

Examples of such testing facilities include the cross-border testing of connected and autonomous driving, test sites for autonomous shipping and the creation of data spaces. The Commission and the Member States will identify the need for new large-scale testing facilities for the latest AI technologies in key areas such as mobility, healthcare, manufacturing, agro-food or security. These testing facilities may include regulatory sandboxes (i.e. areas where regulation is limited or favourable to testing new products and services) in selected areas where the law provides regulatory authorities with sufficient leeway, relaxing specific legal and regulatory requirements for the duration of the sandbox.

Accelerating AI take-up through Digital Innovation Hubs: Equally important will be fostering the uptake of AI in the wider economy, in particular by SMEs. This includes transmitting knowledge and scientific advances generated in European AI research excellence centres as well as technologies validated in the testing facilities above. Digital Innovation Hubs (DIH) can help ensure that every company, small or large, high-tech or not, as well as the public sector, can grasp the digital opportunities. With technical universities or research organisations at the core, DIHs act as one-stop-shops where companies and the public sector can get access to technology, testing and technical support, financing advice, market intelligence and networking opportunities. More specifically, in the area of AI, DIH can help SMEs and public administrations identify necessary datasets, develop algorithms, train AI and they can link to computing facilities building on the “AI-on on-demand” platform. They can help training professionals from the SMEs in the use of AI solutions and advise on existing financial support. They link both to the research excellence centres and to available testing facilities.

Similarly, the current eleven nodes of the Digital Knowledge and Innovation Communities of the European Institute of Technology & Innovation bring together prominent actors of the digital sectors in targeted regions.

|  |
| --- |
| i) Strengthening research excellence through networks of European AI research excellence centres:  üIn 2019, Member States will map national AI research excellence centres and their competences and further support their EU-wide cooperation and networking through national programmes.  üThe Commission plans to fund networks of AI research excellence centres with EUR 50 million in 2020 through Horizon 2020, supporting collaborative research addressing industrial and scientific challenges identified by such networks in joint research agendas.  üMember States are encouraged to mobilise their industry to be integrated in or develop synergies with the networks of AI research excellence centres. |

|  |
| --- |
| (ii) Establishing world-reference testing facilities  ü2018-20, Member States and the Commission will:  üBuilding on a first set of 5G cross-border corridors for connected and autonomous driving [29](#footnote30) , support additional testing corridors with up to EUR 30 million in 2020 through Horizon 2020.  üWork on the development of platforms and large-scale pilots integrating AI elements in areas such as energy, healthcare, manufacturing, geo‑information and agriculture. For 2019-20, the Commission will make available EUR 160 million from Horizon 2020.  üIn 2019 and 2020, under the ECSEL Joint Undertaking [30](#footnote31) , AI and data analytics will be integrated in lighthouse initiatives in manufacturing, mobility and personalized medicine, with a total budget of around EUR 200 million, from components up to full systems.  In total, the Commission will make available around EUR 390 million in developing platforms and large-scale pilots in the period 2019-20; it is expected that this investment will be matched with close to EUR 200 million from Member States and EUR 550 million from the private sector.   Beyond 2020,  üUnder the Digital Europe Programme, the Commission envisages making available around EUR 1.5 billion to establish world-leading testing and experimentation sites for AI-powered products and services throughout Europe. These test sites will be identified and developed in close collaboration with Member States in 2019, who will provide a mapping of existing national test sites and will cover the whole AI supply chain from components (neuromorphic computing and quantum technologies) up to integrated applications in areas like health, mobility, energy, security, safety and industrial production.  üMember States will be encouraged to match the investments in the Digital Europe Programme so that an overall investment volume of EUR 3 billion is available. The use of other sources of funding, such as the European Regional Development Fund, will also be encouraged. |

|  |
| --- |
| (iii) Accelerating AI take-up through Digital Innovation Hubs (DIH)  üIn 2019 Member States are invited to strengthen their networks of Digital Innovation Hubs with a focus on supporting their local SME communities in the digital transformation. Member States will be asked to identify the DIHs that have AI competence.  üIn 2019 and 2020 the Commission will make available more than EUR 100 million for Digital Innovation Hubs in selected, AI-relevant areas (Big Data, Smart Manufacturing). This includes activities for regions where currently few Digital Innovations Hubs exist, such as in the EU13 countries.  üIn addition, the European Institute of Technology (EIT) activities will contribute to the adoption of AI by the public and private sectors. Between 2018 and 2020, the Union will invest in activities to support EIT Digital and its network of nodes across the Union. This investment will focus on the digital transformation of industries, cities, health, infrastructure, and finance, notably to adapt to the opportunities offered by AI.  üBeyond 2020, funding from the Digital Europe Programme is proposed to contribute to establishing Digital Innovation Hubs in every Member State ensuring a broad geographical representation (possibly with, on average, one in every NUTS2 region [31](#footnote32) ). It is envisaged that the Union will provide up to EUR 900 million to support the development of these hubs, an amount to be matched by similar amounts from Member States. Horizon Europe is expected to enable Digital Innovation Hubs to engage further in digital transformation experiments and support up to 10 000 SMEs throughout Europe. |

D.Skills and life-long learning

Talent is one essential ingredient for AI to be developed and used. AI and digitalisation are rapidly transforming society and the economy as a whole, including the work environment. In Europe, there is a significant and persistent ICT skills gap. Demand for skills in emerging areas such as AI are particularly acute and the problem is growing as the offer lags behind the market. Almost all Member States are facing shortages of ICT professionals, including in the area of AI
[32](#footnote33)
. The current offer of specialised higher education programmes is limited and not equally available in all Member States.
[33](#footnote34)
 

Poor general technical knowledge in the broader population hampers the accessibility and uptake of AI-based solutions. Access to the necessary skills should be fostered in primary and secondary schools, although training of teachers remains an important challenge. Fast track retraining programmes need to be designed in order to enable the population to gain experience in AI. Technology like Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) could be used to scale up learning. The topic of AI needs to become part of non-technical study-programmes through formal and informal education, so as to provide the future workforce with knowledge needed to operate and navigate in a working environment where AI will be part of the day-to-day tasks.

Beside ICT skills, other skills are equally important for a human-centred AI development. Ethics and other non-STEM skills are equally important and should be part of the talent fostering chapter of AI national and international strategies. Furthermore, re- and up-skilling should be accompanied by the modernisation of labour market and social policies in order to better cope with more frequent labour market transitions.

Difficulties in attracting and retaining talent in Europe contribute to the skills gap. Talented researchers and promising start-ups frequently receive attractive offers from abroad. In 2017, 38% of Silicon Valley’s population were foreigners who had entered the US to fill a specific job in the tech industry, and 8% of them were European
[34](#footnote35)
. Action is in particular needed to attract and retain the best talent in Europe and to create a competitive environment. Closer cooperation with industry will help to ensure the relevance of the learning content to labour market needs.

The Commission adopted a Digital Education Action Plan
[35](#footnote36)
 to support technology-use and digital competence development in education. As announced in the April Communication, the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is in the process of integrating AI across curricula in the education courses it supports, at Master and PhD level, and the Digital Opportunity Traineeships pilot (2018-20)
[36](#footnote37)
 makes available internships in advanced digital skills for Erasmus students. The Blueprint on sectoral cooperation on skills supports the development of sectoral strategies to address the skills gaps
[37](#footnote38)
, and improve multidisciplinary approaches by integrating elements of AI into other disciplines.

Mutual recognition of certification, including for studies in new disciplines such as AI, is important. In May 2018, the Commission made a proposal for a Council Recommendation
[38](#footnote39)
 on promoting automatic mutual recognition of higher education and upper secondary education diplomas and the outcomes of learning periods abroad. The proposed Council Recommendation invites Member States to make a political commitment to take steps to introduce automatic recognition by 2025.

|  |
| --- |
| Talent, skills and life-long learning  üSkills and education are domains that fall to a large extent under national, and sometimes regional, competences. However, Union level action is important in order to share experiences and seize common opportunities.  üMember States are encouraged to :  üExchange best practices on (i) how to reinforce excellence and to retain AI talent in Europe and (ii) on the re- and upskilling of the current workforce (in 2019).  üExchange best practices on how to make full use of the possibilities offered by the EU Blue Card system to attract and retain highly-skilled AI professionals in the EU and accelerate its implementation and on how to facilitate AI-related entrepreneurship (by the end of 2019).  üInclude the skills dimension in the national AI strategies (by mid-2019) and map the national education offer, the skills needs (AI also needs to be part of/integrated in other disciplines such as law, human sciences, environment, health) and the training priorities for AI, paying particular attention to inclusion and to attracting more women to AI studies (by end 2020). Strategies should address the whole cycle of formal education, vocational training, higher education and post-docs. At the same time, more focus should be put on life-long learning, in order to allow also people already in employment to acquire and improve their skills related to AI.  üExplore how AI could be incorporated into the curricula of programmes for secondary and tertiary education, including vocational training. Commission will issue a report with the support of the Member States on this by early 2020 and support model actions in selected regions.  üthe Commission will:   üInclude a component of common PhD programmes and post-PhD programmes in the call for strengthening the AI research excellence centres in 2020 with a focus on industrial challenges. The ambition is to establish a unique and world-recognised brand for a European programme for industrially-oriented PhDs in AI and to keep researchers in Europe after they complete their PhDs. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions [39](#footnote40)  will contribute to this objective.  üExplore avenues to support the inclusion of AI modules in multi-disciplinary Master programmes (e.g. in e-health, fintech, e-government) and in adult training programmes with the focus on people with higher education and work experience.  üMember States and Commission will work together and develop material to be used in awareness campaigns on the benefits of AI.  üBeyond 2020 the Commission proposes that the Union provides a total of EUR 700 million to support advanced skills (for AI, HPC and cybersecurity) as part of the Digital Europe Programme through  üMaster degrees,  üOn-the-job trainings and traineeships for young people and professionals needing to gain experience  üShort-term trainings for the workforce to become knowledgeable in AI.  üMainstream ethical principles developed by the Union in the training schemes and programmes proposed above. |

E.Data: a cornerstone for AI - Creating a Common European Data Space

The current expansion of AI is fuelled by the availability of large data sets combined with increases in computing power and connectivity. Making secure, robust quality data available for a broad range of users across borders is a cornerstone of European policy. Openness to international data flows will continue to be ensured in full respect of the EU rules for the protection of personal data and in accordance with applicable legal instruments, including free trade agreements that the EU concludes with its partners and Commission adequacy findings as regards the level of personal data protection in third countries. Full implementation of sectoral legislation, improving access to and re-use of information (e.g. the INSPIRE
[40](#footnote41)
 Directive) will provide the domain-specific data needed to support powerful AI applications for the public sector, for analytical or policy monitoring purposes
[41](#footnote42)
.

Where data relating to individuals is processed, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) lays down the rules applicable to the collection, use and sharing of such personal data. Additionally, the recently adopted Regulation on the free flow of non-personal data further facilitates cross-border data flows across the Union as a cornerstone of the Digital Single Market. Consideration will also be given to blockchain-based, fully GDPR- and privacy-compliant solutions for sharing and providing access to data. Proposed rules
[42](#footnote43)
 on trading practices between online intermediation services such as market places, app stores, or accommodation booking platforms, set the conditions for predictable and transparent data use amongst hosting services and their business users. Such measures are intended to bring further fairness and trust in business relations and valuable use of data in the online platforms ecosystem.

Action is needed to facilitate sharing of data held by public and private sectors by creating a common European Data Space
[43](#footnote44)
: a seamless digital area with the scale that will enable the development of new products and services based on data. In particular, data generated and held by the public sector is often of very high quality and constitutes a major asset for European innovators and businesses.

For increased usage, data within a space should me made interoperable as much as possible, notably by agreeing on aiming for data formats that are open, FAIR, machine readable, standardised and documented, both in the interaction between public and private sectors, within sectors and across sectors
[44](#footnote45)
.

The Public Sector Information (PSI) directive
[45](#footnote46)
 sets the framework for the reuse of such data by businesses. Actions should focus on making datasets more easily accessible in practice, notably to start-ups and SMEs and facilitating aggregation. Of particular importance are design and implementation of interoperable data and meta-data formats as well as the deployment of standardised Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) based on the European Interoperability Framework (EIF)
[46](#footnote47)
.

These actions will complement efforts by the Member States to promote the accessibility, interoperability and re-usability of data in the sectors of high relevance for AI, such as health
[47](#footnote48)
, (see points below), environment, mobility, security, migration and a sustainable and circular bioeconomy and food system.

|  |
| --- |
| Data  AI for areas of public interest: Member States are encouraged to cooperate with the Commission to:  üIdentify public data sets to be made more openly reusable across the Union, especially those suitable for training AI applications. This may be supported by a mandate to establish a list of high-value datasets as provided for by the recast proposal of the Public Sector Information Directive, currently under negotiation.  üInvest together in the necessary tools to facilitate access to, connectivity, interoperability and aggregation of public data including the development of relevant Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for accessing data of dynamic nature. The action will support the definition and application of data and metadata standards in close cooperation with relevant stakeholders (e.g. European standardisation bodies). The Commission is planning to make available up to EUR 100 million from Horizon 2020 (H2020) and Connecting Europe Facility (CEF).  üSupport the development and operations of a data infrastructure to enable the management and sharing of data in real-time and the experimentation through a data sandbox of data-driven AI-powered services, for governments and public administrations at large, including for secure cross-border trans-European IT systems. Such services are provided through the Public Open Data service infrastructure funded under CEF, which already supports the deployment of the European Data Portal [48](#footnote49)  for facilitating discovery and access to European public data assets including those from Member States Open Data initiatives at the national, regional and local levels.  üEnsure the further development of the European Open Science Cloud as a key asset for the best use of AI in science and technology and in applications ranging from advanced medicine to environment and climate change. Include training and testing of data related algorithms to maximise the benefits of Open Data.  üSupport the development of blockchain-based and other secure solutions for giving access to data and securing the integrity of data. The Commission is planning to make available EUR 27 million under H2020 in this area.  üHealth is particularly primed to benefit from AI. Patient information, medical records, diagnostic results, and clinical studies are just a few of the data sources available in healthcare. The Commission proposes, as a matter of priority, to concentrate on two big projects:  (I)Following commitments made by 19 Member States towards building a research cohort of at least 1 million sequenced genomes accessible in the EU by 2022 [49](#footnote50) , the Commission will support an initiative on linking genomics repositories. The Commission will also support building rare disease registries. Organisational, regulatory, security, ethical and technical compliance and interoperability will be duly taken into account. This will be instrumental in allowing AI technologies to be studied, developed and trialled with a view to identifying new knowledge, support clinical research and decision making.  (II)In 2020, the Commission will support – in coordination with Member States – the development of common database of health images initially dedicated to the most common forms of cancer (anonymised, and based on data donorship by patients). The work must meet all necessary organisational, regulatory, security, ethical and technical requirements. It will be combined with relevant AI tools to improve diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.  Overall, the initial EU contribution to these initiatives will be around EUR 35 million from the Horizon 2020 programme. Member States are encouraged to match this amount.  These initiatives and investments will be a basis for larger scale, common health data space with possible support, starting in 2021, from the Digital Europe Programme.  üGeo-information /Earth Observation: The EU's Copernicus Programme is the biggest provider of earth observation and monitoring information worldwide. Copernicus has adopted a free, full and open data policy and has launched advanced Data and Information Access Services (DIAS), which co-locate a massive amount of structured data and computing capacities. Building on this, the Commission proposes to develop and deploy AI capacities using Copernicus data and infrastructures to foster geo-location based services for climate, agriculture, air quality, emissions, the marine environment, water management, security and migration monitoring and citizen science [50](#footnote51) . It will also launch initiatives to support AI powered exploitation of Earth observation data and information in the public and private sectors.  üLinguistic data: The Commission language resources used for the deployment of AI enabled automated translation and natural language processing services are among the most downloaded datasets on the European Data Portal. To further improve such services, the Commission is planning to make available an additional EUR 10 million from the Connecting Europe Facility to collect further language resources for languages less represented on the web.  Industrial data platforms: The Commission has already launched Research and Development actions on platforms for secure and controlled sharing of proprietary data under Horizon 2020 including industrial data spaces and personal data spaces [51](#footnote52) . On the basis of the Commission Communication "Towards a common European data space" [52](#footnote53) , a set of guidelines [53](#footnote54)  with the aim of providing a toolbox for sharing of data by holders, users, or both was published. Building on this, the Commission will:  üIn 2019, support strategic, next-generation digital industrial platforms through large scale federating projects with an investment of EUR 50 million from Horizon 2020 programme.  üMember States are encouraged to connect existing and planned national investments in platforms with EU level activities in order to ensure scale up and interoperability.  üBeyond 2020, the Commission proposes that the Union co-invests with Member States and the private sector in the creation of a common European Data Space that makes data easily available for re-use to innovators, businesses and public sector for up to EUR 1 billion through the Digital Europe Programme, as part of its AI section.  üParticular attention will be given to developing local ecosystems at the regional and sub-regional levels bringing together local businesses and SMEs, public administrations, training centres, Digital Innovation Hubs and technology infrastructures developing and sharing algorithms trained on high quality local data to address local problems. In this way upskilling and training are linked to local data spaces to foster innovation.  Support centre for data sharing: The Commission will launch by mid-2019 a Support Centre for data sharing, to propose model contracts for the sharing of private sector data, provide practical advice, best practices and methodologies for data sharing and data analytics to all European actors in the data economy.  European High-Performance Computing initiative (EuroHPC): The Commission and Member States will work together on the timely implementation of the EuroHPC initiative in order to develop a pan-European supercomputing infrastructure, which will be critical for AI. |

F.Ethics by design and regulatory framework

An appropriate and predictable, ethical and regulatory framework that relies on effective safeguards for the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms is vital for citizens to trust AI and for companies, in need of investment security, to take up new business opportunities. Spearheading the ethics agenda, while fostering innovation, has the potential to become a competitive advantage for European businesses on the global marketplace. In addition, the emerging uptake of AI in the public sector is also bound to raise similar ethical and fundamental rights concerns which need to be addressed up-stream.

As announced in the “Artificial Intelligence for Europe” strategy, the Commission tasked a High-Level Expert Group on AI to draft AI ethics guidelines
[54](#footnote55)
. A first draft of these guidelines will be ready in December 2018, and a final version is expected for March 2019, after wide consultation through the European AI Alliance
[55](#footnote56)
. One key principle will be “ethics by design” by which ethical principles are embedded in AI products and services right at the beginning of the design process.

It is important that legislation offers the right framework for AI-driven innovation and uptake of AI solutions, while addressing possible risks raised by the use of, and interactions with the technology, including cybersecurity concerns. This means to provide for “cybersecurity" in the sense of preventing abuse (e.g. hacking or manipulation of the AI algorithms or manipulation of the data processed by the AI algorithm), as well as for the inclusion of mechanisms to ensure the safety of consumers and effective redress to victims in case of damage and to facilitate investigations if the AI system is compromised. AI cyber security requirements would need to be specified and should benefit from the certification scheme under the proposed European Cybersecurity Certification Framework
[56](#footnote57)
. Moreover, in case of businesses acting in security relevant fields (e.g. financial institutions, producers of radio-active materials, etc.) the use of certain AI products and processes serves public interest therefore their use may be made compulsory.

An adequate safety and liability framework guaranteeing a high level of safety and effective redress mechanisms for victims in case of damages is essential for building trust in AI.

Moreover, with the appropriate safeguards in place, regulatory sandboxes, and other methods for policy experimentation and development, can play an important role to encourage AI based innovation for areas where the law provides regulatory authorities with a sufficient margin of manoeuvre. In 2019, a focus will be put on assessing whether the regulatory framework in Europe is fit for purpose for AI-enabled technologies in general and for connected and automated driving in particular.

Innovation Deals
[57](#footnote58)
 can serve as tools within the boundaries of existing legislation for assessing regulatory barriers linked to the development and deployment of AI. Innovation Deals are voluntary cooperation agreements between the EU, innovators, and national, regional and local authorities. The objective of an Innovation Deal is to gain an in-depth understanding of how an EU rule or regulation works in practice. If the rule or regulation is found to be an obstacle to innovations, the deal will make it visible and feed into possible further action.

Other important elements for creating an integrated European home market for AI-enhanced products, services and applications are, for example, data protection and privacy
[58](#footnote59)
, consumer protection and compliance with competition law by design. In addition, important considerations for the development and uptake of AI in particular in areas with a high societal and policy stake are related to fairness, transparency and accountability of algorithmic decision-making and related governance models
[59](#footnote60)
 and impact of AI on human behaviour
[60](#footnote61)
.

Finally, intellectual property (IP) issues should also be explored, to ensure that the related regulatory framework properly addresses a number of challenges that are specific to AI, and is thus able to promote its development effectively.

|  |
| --- |
| Ethics by design and the regulatory framework  üThe Commission tasked a High-Level Expert Group on AI to draft AI ethics guidelines. A final version is expected for March 2019.  üThe Commission will firmly respect and anchor the “ethics by design” principle in its calls for proposals that deal with artificial intelligence.  üThe Commission, taking into account the input from the Member States, is assessing whether and to what extent the existing legislation is fit for purpose to allow for the new opportunities and tackle the challenges raised by AI, taking into account the policy recommendations proposed by the AI High-Level Expert Group.  üBy mid-2019, the Commission will publish a report on potential gaps in and orientations for the safety and liability framework for AI.  üThe Commission is ready to support stakeholders on the application of EU rules to the development and deployment of AI, for example in the fields of competition and State aid, where necessary and in the appropriate format.  üIn 2019 Member States and Commission will discuss the creation of environments [61](#footnote62)  that are conducive to innovation such as regulatory sandboxes [62](#footnote63) , and public testing arrangements for specific AI applications in Europe. Following these discussions Member States will be encouraged to create such environments and public testing arrangements for AI solutions by the end of 2020. To this end, Member States will be encouraged to establish a one-stop-shop for companies that are developing AI applications to discuss the specific needs for the creation of such environments and testing arrangements. |

G.AI for the Public Sector

AI applications can contribute to better public services in a variety of ways, for example by enabling smarter analytical capabilities and better understanding of real-time processes (e.g. population, economic, environmental and climate change) in economy, society and environment, including the detection of criminal activities such as tax fraud and money laundering.

AI-enabled solutions can deliver shorter and richer feedback loops for all levels of governance, providing an opportunity to speed up, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery. They have the potential to:

·increase the quality and consistency of services delivered,

·improve the design and implementation of policy measures,

·allow more efficient and targeted interventions,

·enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public procurement, and

·strengthen security, identity management, improve health and employment services.

For beneficiaries of public support, AI-enabled decision can simplify the relationship between authorities and beneficiaries through the integration of wider public interest or regulatory considerations in daily decision-making (through targeted communication, behavioural nudges etc.)

AI can improve citizen-government interaction through conversational systems (including digital assistants and government chatbots), multilingual services and automated translation. Efforts are also under way to apply AI in the social and health sector, to support doctor’s decision making, or to support early recognition of young people’s marginalisation.
[63](#footnote64)

As outlined above, concrete measures are proposed to open up public sector data for the use by AI applications in areas of public interest such as for medical images or genomics.

Member States are encouraged to engage in peer-learning with other Member States, especially with respect to regulatory sandboxes and testing arrangements.

|  |
| --- |
| AI for the public sector  üBuilding on and scaling up current investments engaged under the Digital Service Infrastructure actions in the current Connecting Europe Facility Programme and ISA2 Programme, the Union will progressively increase efforts for the take-up of AI in areas of public interest, such as healthcare, transport, security and education. Beyond 2020 under the proposed Digital Europe Programme, Member States and the Union will co-invest in the full deployment of EU-wide AI-enabled services in areas of public interest.  üIn 2019, Member States and the Commission are planning to engage in peer-learning and EU-wide exchange of best practices, experiences and data [64](#footnote65) . They will work together to produce an overview of the relevant applications already in place in the Member States, their impact and added value in support of public service delivery. The Commission is also ready to assist public buyers, for instance by setting up an assistance hub for purchasing AI and cybersecurity solutions. One concrete example is the framework of the European Public Employment Services (PES) Network, where national PES will exchange best practices on AI in service delivery, in matching and automatic processes. [65](#footnote66)    üMember States are encouraged to work with the Commission to identify areas for joint procurement of AI solutions, leading to efficiency gains and better value for money. One concrete example are AI-powered self-healing systems in cybersecurity where the combined buying power of the Union and all Member States can facilitate the development and scaling up of EU-developed solutions. The aim is to issue a joint report by mid-2019 to describe areas where joint procurement is envisaged. Beyond 2020 the Commission proposes to begin work under the new Digital Europe Programme.  üIn 2019, the Commission is planning to offer eTranslation, the AI-enabled automatic translation service developed under the Connecting Europe Facility, to public administrations in Member States. The Commission proposals for the Horizon Europe and the Digital Europe programmes foresee investments in further developing natural language processing services and tools to enhance multilingualism in the public sector.  üIn 2020, in line with the Tallinn Ministerial Declaration on eGovernment, Member States, with the support of the Commission, and in particular exploiting the role of the DIHs proposed under the next multi-annual financial framework, are encouraged to devote resources for experimentation with AI-enabled services to understand better the added value and potential impact of AI-enabled public services and policy making. AI-based solutions will also benefit the justice [66](#footnote67)  and law enforcement sectors. Another promising public application sector is the monitoring and enforcement of single market rules for goods, services and people.  üMember States and the Commission are planning to continue to develop integrated earth observation and AI machine learning solutions to support evidence-based policy making, implementation and monitoring in areas such as climate change, environmental protection, agriculture, urban development, disaster response, migration, infrastructure monitoring. |

H.International cooperation

With AI currently being discussed all around the world and in many international fora such as the UN, OECD, the G7 or the G20
[67](#footnote68)
, international outreach is crucially important. The development of AI will benefit from international cooperation, in particular among advanced countries with research and innovation strengths and investments in AI. The joint development of international standards will facilitate AI deployment and acceptance. The Union will promote the AI ethics guidelines internationally and open up a dialogue and cooperation with all non-EU countries and stakeholders from third countries that are willing to share the same values.

To make these efforts a success, however, Member States and the Union should attempt to align bilateral outreach efforts related to AI between individual Member States and third countries and pool their efforts pushing for a responsible development of AI at the global level. The Union needs to speak with one voice to third countries and the world at-large on this topic. In synergy with activities of the Member States, the EU should also seek alliances with stakeholders - tech companies, academia and other parties - to engage in a multi-stakeholder alliance at the global level for responsible AI.

Moreover, the Union will organise an international ministerial meeting on AI in the first half of 2019 with the aim of forging a global consensus on the ethical implications of AI. Furthermore, the EU is using its Foreign Policy Instrument to engage with international partners on regulatory and ethical matters. Some Member States propose an intergovernmental process similar to the panel on Climate Change. As regards the international security dimension, the AI policy will build on the work of the High Representative in the Global Tech Panel and within the United Nations and other multilateral fora.

Finally, the Union will contribute its expertise and dedicated financial means to anchor AI more firmly in development policy. Artificial intelligence is destined to make impactful contributions to global challenges as well as development policy. AI-powered precision farming, for example, promises to reduce pesticides, fertiliser and water consumption, making it an ideal technology to help a growing population in the developing world. AI can also be used to model weather, climate and other natural phenomena so that local populations can e.g. be warned in case of extreme weather conditions or imminent disasters and adapt in advance. AI and digital technologies can underpin affordable high-tech solutions including for people in precarious circumstances, while respecting ethical and privacy issues.

|  |
| --- |
| International Cooperation  üThe Union will reach out to its international partners and promote AI ethics guidelines internationally in the course of 2019.  üMember States and the Union are encouraged to align their international outreach efforts on AI and ensure that Europe sends consistent messages to the world.  üThe Union will organise an international ministerial meeting on AI in 2019 with the aim of forging a global consensus on the ethical implications of AI.   üThe Union will contribute its expertise and dedicated financial means to anchor AI more firmly in development policy. A particular focus will be given to Southern Mediterranean countries and Africa. |

Links:

Commission Communication 'Artificial Intelligence for Europe'

<https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/communication-artificial-intelligence-europe>
 

Declaration of cooperation on Artificial Intelligence

<https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-member-states-sign-cooperate-artificial-intelligence>
)

AI Alliance

<https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/european-ai-alliance>

:   [(1)](#footnoteref2)

     
       The High Level Strategy Groupon Industrial Technologies has recommended including AI as one of the Key Enabling Technologies due to its cross cutting enabling potential crucial for European Industry.

    <https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/28e1c485-476a-11e8-be1d-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>
:   [(2)](#footnoteref3)

     
       COM(2018) 237
:   [(3)](#footnoteref4)

     
       As spelled out in the above-mentioned Communication of 25 April 2018, Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems that display intelligent behaviour by analysing their environment and taking actions – with some degree of autonomy – to achieve specific goals. AI-based systems can be purely software-based, acting in the virtual world (e.g. voice assistants, image analysis software, search engines, speech and face recognition systems) or AI can be embedded in hardware devices (e.g. advanced robots, autonomous cars, drones or Internet of Things applications). We are using AI on a daily basis, e.g. to translate languages, generate subtitles in videos or to block email spam. Many AI technologies require data to improve their performance. Once they perform well, they can help improve and automate decision making in the same domain. For example, an AI system will be trained and then used to spot cyberattacks on the basis of data from the concerned network or system.
:   [(4)](#footnoteref5)

     
       
    <https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/29/20180628-euco-conclusions-final/>
:   [(5)](#footnoteref6)

     
       The Digital Day 2018, which took place on 10 April in Brussels, reached for joint commitments of Member States in relation to the digital future of Europe. The signing of the AI declaration takes place through a voluntary and participatory process.
:   [(6)](#footnoteref7)

     
       See Presidency note 
    [11972](tel:11972)
    /18 of 14 September 2018.
:   [(7)](#footnoteref8)

     
       All budget figures related to envisaged EU contributions from 2020 onwards are subject to the adoption of the underlying legal basis, work programmes and yearly budgets by the relevant authorities.
:   [(8)](#footnoteref9)

       All of these actions must comply with the EU rules on competition law and state aid.
:   [(9)](#footnoteref10)

     
       The Communication on connected and automated mobility recognised for example the benefits stemming from the progress in the field of AI, which will serve to open up new areas for business development and pave the way for new mobility services making transport safer, more accessible and sustainable.
:   [(10)](#footnoteref11)

     
       COM(2018) 630
:   [(11)](#footnoteref12)

       E.g. the EU-owned Global Satellite Navigation System Galileo.
:   [(12)](#footnoteref13)

     
       
    <https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/agencies/ecsel_en>
:   [(13)](#footnoteref14)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/blogposts/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-looking-ahead-2019-2020-and-beyond>
:   [(14)](#footnoteref15)

     
       Duch-Brown et al (2017), The economics of ownership, access and trade in digital data. Joint Research Centre Digital Economy Working Paper 2017-01. 
    <https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/economics-ownership-access-and-trade-digital-data>
:   [(15)](#footnoteref16)

    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/appointment-members-high-level-expert-group-impact-digital-transformation-eu-labour-markets>
:   [(16)](#footnoteref17)

     
       COM(2018) 435 and COM(2018) 436
:   [(17)](#footnoteref18)

     
       COM(2018) 434
:   [(18)](#footnoteref19)

     
       Five regions have AI related priorities in their Smart Specialisation Strategies and AI may play a role in the context of the digital industrial transition dimensions of the national or regional Smart Specialisation Strategies in view of the post-2020 ERDF programmes: Lower Saxony [DE], Pohjois-Savo [FI], Łódzkie [PL], North-West [RO] and North-East [RO]. See: 
    <http://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/map>
     . There are also other regions in Europe, for example in Belgium, with AI strategies.
:   [(19)](#footnoteref20)

     
       AI Watch developed by the Joint Research Centre will contribute to monitoring AI-related development and will provide a number of analyses necessary to support the implementation of the European AI initiative. Among others it will develop AI indexes addressing all dimensions relevant for policy making. Such information will be made available at the AI Watch portal 
    <https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/ai-watch_en>
:   [(20)](#footnoteref21)

     
       Including in the field of social inclusion and employment, eGovernment, eHealth, Key Enabling Technologies, skills, industrial transition / smart specialisation, etc.
:   [(21)](#footnoteref22)

     
       Member States and regions are encouraged to analyse digital – including AI - dimensions in the process for reviewing the Smart Specialisation Strategies in view of the future European Regional Development Fund investments.
:   [(22)](#footnoteref23)

     
       Representatives nominated by the Member States' Group on Digitising European Industry and Artificial Intelligence.
:   [(23)](#footnoteref24)

     
       Building on existing groups and respecting the specific governance of the different EU instruments involved.
:   [(24)](#footnoteref25)

     
       EUCO 9/18 – 28 June 2018.
:   [(25)](#footnoteref26)

     
       As an example, the European Research Council has funded over 150 cutting edge AI projects by Europe’s leading researchers in areas such as deep learning, neural networks, prediction, machine translation, natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, artificial agents and medical imaging as well as governance and standards.
:   [(26)](#footnoteref27)

     
       This would also enable businesses to enhance their security capacity. The Commission will discuss with the Secure Societies Programme Committee the inclusion of relevant actions in the Horizon 2020 Work Programme for 2020.
:   [(27)](#footnoteref28)

     
       An AI Excellence Centre is a research centre with a strong expertise in AI. The main purpose of such centres is to advance progress in specific fields of science and technology.
:   [(28)](#footnoteref29)

     
       A Reference Testing and Experimentation Facility is a technology infrastructure that has specific expertise and experience of testing mature technology in a given sector, under real or close to real conditions (smart hospital, clean rooms, smart city, experimental farm, corridor for connected and automated driving, etc.).
:   [(29)](#footnoteref30)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/new-5g-cross-border-corridors-connected-and-automated-mobility-baltics-will-allow-testing>
:   [(30)](#footnoteref31)

     
       The ECSEL Joint Undertaking is a tripartite model of co-investment of the Commission, Member States and the Industry to support research and innovation, including large scale demonstrations and pilots in the areas of microelectronics, small system integration and embedded software with special focus on integration projects.
:   [(31)](#footnoteref32)

     
       Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics, NUTS 2 are defined as basic regions for the application of regional policies.
:   [(32)](#footnoteref33)

     
       There is a lack of more than 80,000 professionals for data handling and management (1 per 20 scientists) 
    <http://www.pocbigdata.eu/monitorICTonlinevacancies/general_info/>
:   [(33)](#footnoteref34)

    <"In 2018, about two third of the EU Member States have less than 10 Master's programmes strongly focusing on AI. While AI modules are becoming relatively more common across different educational domains, still only one third of the EU Member States have more than 20 Master's programmes including at least one AI module". López-Cobo et al. (2018), Academic offer and demand for advanced profiles in the EU. Artificial Intelligence, High Performance Computing and Cybersecurity. Joint Research Centre Scientific Report.>
:   [(34)](#footnoteref35)

    <https://jointventure.org/images/stories/pdf/index2018.pdf>
:   [(35)](#footnoteref36)

     
       COM(2018) 22
:   [(36)](#footnoteref37)

       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/digital-opportunity-traineeships-boosting-digital-skills-job>
:   [(37)](#footnoteref38)

     
       
    <http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=16962&langId=en>
:   [(38)](#footnoteref39)

     
       COM(2018) 270
:   [(39)](#footnoteref40)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/>
:   [(40)](#footnoteref41)

     
       Directive 2007/2/EC
:   [(41)](#footnoteref42)

     
       Cetl V., Tomas R., Kotsev A., de Lima V.N., Smith R.S., Jobst M. (2019) Establishing Common Ground Through INSPIRE: The Legally-Driven European Spatial Data Infrastructure. In: Döllner J., Jobst M., Schmitz P. (eds) Service-Oriented Mapping. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Cham.
:   [(42)](#footnoteref43)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/business-business-trading-practices>
:   [(43)](#footnoteref44)

     
       
    <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2018:0232:FIN>
:   [(44)](#footnoteref45)

     
       See practices European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) It will foster best practices of global data findability and accessibility (FAIR data), 
    <https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-cloud>
:   [(45)](#footnoteref46)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/european-legislation-reuse-public-sector-information>
:   [(46)](#footnoteref47)

    <APIs facilitate sharing and use of government data between Member States through developing common approaches that should be promoted through experiments and applied research on APIs A study (APIs4DGov) has been started in 2018 by the Joint Research Centre. It aims to be participatory>
     and benefit from work performed in European public administrations at all levels and contributes to the implementation of the European Interoperability Framework and the Building Block approach adopted in the CEF telecom programme. 
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/new-study-digital-government-apis-apis4dgov-project>
:   [(47)](#footnoteref48)

     
       In the health field, such data sharing is for instance vital for the joint innovation investments prepared under the thematic Smart Specialisation Platform "Artificial Intelligence and Human Machine Interface. With Emilia-Romagna (IT), Autonomous Province of Trento (IT), Baden-Württemberg (DE), Navarra (ES), North Brabant (NL) and Örebro Län (SE) participating. See: 
    <http://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/artificial-intelligence>
:   [(48)](#footnoteref49)

     
       
    <https://www.europeandataportal.eu/en/homepage>
:   [(49)](#footnoteref50)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-countries-will-cooperate-linking-genomic-databases-across-borders>
:   [(50)](#footnoteref51)

     
       The Commission has already set up a Framework Partnership Agreement with the Member States to co-finance the use and mainstreaming of space data from Copernicus and Galileo in combination with data available from Members States and other sources.
:   [(51)](#footnoteref52)

     
       ICT-13-2018-2019 of 
    [H2020 work programme 2018-2020 Information and Communication Technologies](https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/calls/h2020-ict-2018-2020.html)
:   [(52)](#footnoteref53)

     
       
    <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2018:0232:FIN>
:   [(53)](#footnoteref54)

     
       
    <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1539766272141&uri=CELEX%3A52018SC0125>
:   [(54)](#footnoteref55)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/high-level-expert-group-artificial-intelligence>
    . This work builds on the work of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. 
    <http://ec.europa.eu/research/ege/pdf/ege_ai_statement_2018.pdf>
:   [(55)](#footnoteref56)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/european-ai-alliance>
:   [(56)](#footnoteref57)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/eu-cybersecurity-certification-framework>
:   [(57)](#footnoteref58)

     
       
    <https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/law-and-regulations/identifying-barriers-innovation_en>
:   [(58)](#footnoteref59)

     
       Building on the existing regulatory framework such as the General Data Protection regulation which entered into application in May 2018.
:   [(59)](#footnoteref60)

     
       Regulatory approaches in the 
    [General Data Protection Regulation](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679)
    , the 
    [Markets in Financial Instruments Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014L0065)
    , the 
    [proposal for a regulation on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services](https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/regulation-promoting-fairness-and-transparency-business-users-online-intermediation-services)
    , the 
    [Commission Recommendation on measures to effectively tackle illegal content online](https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/commission-recommendation-measures-effectively-tackle-illegal-content-online)
     proposal, all set a precedent and models for meaningful transparency and risk assessment and risk management. The Commission is further exploring (supported by the European Parliament AlgoAware pilot project) areas of concern and opportunities in algorithmic decision making in the online platforms environment, where different approaches to meaningful transparency, fairness and accountability can enhance trust. The analysis is carefully considering the balance set by the regulatory framework in place and the enforcement of recent rules, as well as technical, market and societal developments, and exploring policy and regulatory tools.
:   [(60)](#footnoteref61)

     
       The Joint Research Centre HUMAINT project aims to understand the impact of AI on human behaviour, with a focus on cognitive and socio-emotional capabilities and decision making (
    <https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/community/humaint>
    ).
:   [(61)](#footnoteref62)

     
       While regulatory sandboxing is a powerful and sometimes needed tool, in other circumstance innovation can be supported with softer approaches such as innovation centers and policy labs that advice and participate more or less hands on.
:   [(62)](#footnoteref63)

     
       For selected areas where the law provides regulatory authority with a sufficient margin of manoeuvre.
:   [(63)](#footnoteref64)

    <https://www.sitra.fi/en/news/artificial-intelligence-based-systems-help-achieve-better-services-cost-savings-social-health-sector/>
:   [(64)](#footnoteref65)

     
       The European Commission is walking the talk and deploying actions in the AI@EC action plan to support deployment of AI solutions in Tran-European Systems (TES) supporting key EU policy areas in cooperation with Member States.
:   [(65)](#footnoteref66)

     
       A second example is the activity foreseen under AI Watch to develop a methodology to identify risks and opportunities, drivers and barriers of the use AI in public service provision AI Watch will provide an overview of the use and added value of AI tools supporting public service delivery by looking at most relevant examples in prioritized public services. Based on the results of the analysis the task will draw up recommendations on the way forward for further development of AI based systems and solutions in government. Another example is the co-innovation initiatives between the European Commission and Member States on the deployment of AI-based solutions for smart public services.
:   [(66)](#footnoteref67)

     
       E.g. solutions based on predictive justice implementations and LegalTech applications.
:   [(67)](#footnoteref68)

     
       ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 42

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