google-research-datasets/tydiqa huggingface dataset:
John Charles Daly

Daly's first foray into television was as a panelist on the game show Celebrity Time.[4] This led to a job in 1950 as the host and moderator on a new panel show produced by Goodson–Todman, What's My Line? The show lasted 17 years with Daly hosting all but four episodes of the weekly series.

Question: Who was the first host of the game show "What's My Line?"?
Answer: Daly
Glomma

The Glomma, or Glåma, is Norway's longest and most voluminous river. With a total length of 621 kilometres (386 miles), it has a drainage basin that covers fully 13% of Norway's surface area, all in the southern part of the country.[2]

Question: What is the longest river in Norway?
Answer: Glomma
Scrapie

The name scrapie is derived from one of the clinical signs of the condition, wherein affected animals will compulsively scrape off their fleeces against rocks, trees, or fences.  The disease apparently causes an itching sensation in the animals.  Other clinical signs include excessive lip smacking, altered gaits, and convulsive collapse.[6]

Question: Why is Scrapie called such?
Answer: derived from one of the clinical signs of the condition, wherein affected animals will compulsively scrape off their fleeces
Department of Public Works (Queensland)

The rapid expansion of the university sees it outgrow its inner-city location and move to the suburb of St Lucia. Construction starts in 1937 under the Bureau of Industry. By 1946, responsibility has moved to the Public Works Department.[4]

Question: When was the Queensland Department of Public Works founded?
Answer: 1946
Lanthanide

All of the lanthanides form Ln2Q3 (Q= S, Se, Te).[15] The sesquisulfides can be produced by reaction of the elements or (with the exception of Eu2S3) sulfidizing the oxide (Ln2O3) with H2S.[15] The sesquisulfides, Ln2S3 generally lose sulfur when heated and can form a range of compositions between Ln2S3 and Ln3S4. The sesquisulfides are insulators but some of the Ln3S4 are metallic conductors (e.g. Ce3S4) formulated (Ln3+)3 (S2−)4 (e−), while others (e.g. Eu3S4 and Sm3S4) are semiconductors.[15] Structurally the sesquisulfides adopt structures that vary according to the size of the Ln metal. The lighter and larger lanthanides favoring 7-coordinate metal atoms, the heaviest and smallest lanthanides (Yb and Lu) favoring 6 coordination and the rest structures with a mixture of 6 and 7 coordination.[15] Polymorphism is common amongst the sesquisulfides.[52] The colors of the sesquisulfides vary metal to metal and depend on the polymorphic form. The colors of the γ-sesquisulfides are La2S3, white/yellow; Ce2S3, dark red; Pr2S3, green;  Nd2S3, light green; Gd2S3, sand; Tb2S3, light yellow and Dy2S3, orange.[53] The shade of γ-Ce2S3 can be varied by doping with Na or Ca with hues ranging from dark red to yellow,[43][53] and Ce2S3 based pigments are used commercially and are seen as low toxicity substitutes for cadmium based pigments.[53]

Question: What is the heaviest lanthanide?
Answer: Yb
RCA Records

In May 2011, Doug Morris was appointed chairman of Sony Music Entertainment.  Focused on A&R, Morris named J/RCA A&R president Peter Edge chairman and CEO of RCA Music Group. Tom Corson was named president and COO.[43]  In October of that year, the Jive, Arista and J imprints were folded into RCA, and RCA Music Group was renamed RCA Records, making it a standalone label under the Sony Music umbrella.  Multiple artists from the Jive, Arista and J imprints were shifted to RCA.[44][45][46][47]

Question: Who is head of RCA Records?
Answer: Peter Edge
Sweet Home Alabama

"Sweet Home Alabama" is a song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd that first appeared in 1974 on their second album, Second Helping.

Question: Who sung "Sweet Home Alabama?"
Answer: Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd
Haitian Revolution

In the early 21st century, historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops.[93] According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics, "Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died, as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers."[94] Yellow fever caused the most deaths. Geggus points out that at least 3 of every 5 British troops sent there in 1791–1797 died of disease.[95][96] There has been considerable debate over whether the number of deaths caused by disease was exaggerated.[97]

Question: How many died in the Haitian Revolution?
Answer: 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops
History of agriculture

Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC. From around 9500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops– emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas, and flax– were cultivated in the Levant. Rye may have been cultivated earlier but this remains controversial. Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC with earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC, followed by sheep between 11,000 BC and 9000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8500 BC. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7000 BC. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5000 BC. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 8000 BC and 5000 BC, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4000 BC. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3600 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC.

Question: When did agriculture begin?
Answer: 5700 BC
Weighing scale

The balance (also balance scale, beam balance and laboratory balance) was the first mass measuring instrument invented.[1] In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal lever with arms of equal length–the beam–and a weighing pan[7] suspended from each arm (hence the plural name "scales" for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. Technically, a balance compares weight rather than mass, but, in a given gravitational field (such as Earth's gravity), the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, so the standard masses used with balances are usually labeled in units of mass (e.g. g or kg).

Question: What was the first digital scale?
Answer: The balance
Ray

Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point Ray (graph theory), an infinite sequence of vertices such that each vertex appears at most once in the sequence and each two consecutive vertices in the sequence are the two endpoints of an edge in the graph Ray (optics), an idealized narrow beam of light Ray (quantum theory), an equivalence class of state-vectors representing the same state

Question: What is a ray in geometry?
Answer: half of a line proceeding from an initial point
Breast milk

Human milk contains 0.8% to 0.9% protein, 4.5% fat, 7.1% carbohydrates, and 0.2% ash (minerals).[37] Carbohydrates are mainly lactose; several lactose-based oligosaccharides have been identified as minor components. The fat fraction contains specific triglycerides of palmitic and oleic acid (O-P-O triglycerides), and also lipids with trans bonds (see: trans fat). The lipids are vaccenic acid, and Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) accounting for up to 6% of the human milk fat.[38][39]

Question: How much protein is in human breast milk?
Answer: 0.8% to 0.9% protein
Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.

Question: When did the Hundred Years' War begin?
Answer: 1337
Members of the Australian Senate, 2016–2019

This is a list of members of the Australian Senate following the 2016 double dissolution election on 2 July 2016. All 76 senators were elected due to the election being the result of a double dissolution, and not an ordinary half-senate election. The terms of half of the senators representing each of the six states of Australia were allocated six-year terms ending on 30 June 2022 with the remainder allocated three-year terms ending on 30 June 2019. The terms of senators from the states can only be truncated if another double dissolution election is called. The terms of senators from the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory end on the next dissolution of the House of Representatives.

Question: How many members are in the Senate of Australia?
Answer: 76
Iftah Ya Simsim

Iftah Ya Simsim (Arabic: افتح يا سمسم‎; meaning "Open Sesame") is the first international co-production of the American children's television series Sesame Street created in the Arab world.  It premiered in Kuwait on September 14, 1979 and was broadcast in 22 Arabic-speaking countries, running until April 6, 1990. The program continued to be well-known decades after it went off the air. In 1978, educators, mass media officers, and social planners agreed to adopt Sesame Street as a feasible and economical solution for the low attendance in preschools and illiteracy that plagued the region.  They approached the Children's Television Workshop (CTW), the producers of the American show, and purchased the rights to create an Arab version for US$2.5 million.

Question: When was Iftah Ya Simsim born?
Answer: September 14, 1979
Taiga

Taiga is the world's second-largest land biome, after deserts and xeric shrublands, covering 17×10^6km2 (6.6×10^6sqmi) or 11.5% of the land area of the Earth.[4] The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada. The taiga is the terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps. Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia. The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature. This climate is classified as Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd and Dwd in the Köppen climate classification scheme,[5] meaning that the short summer (24h average 10°C (50°F) or more) lasts 1–3 months and always less than 4 months. In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between −6°C (21°F) and −50°C (−58°F).[6] There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic Cfc climate with milder winters, whilst the extreme south and (in Eurasia) west of the taiga reaches into humid continental climates (Dfb, Dwb) with longer summers. The mean annual temperature generally varies from −5°C to 5°C (23°F to 41°F),[7] but there are taiga areas in eastern Siberia and interior Alaska-Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to −10°C (14°F).[8][9] According to some sources, the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3°C (37°F).[10] Discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperature below 0°C, whilst in the Dfd and Dwd climate zones continuous permafrost occurs and restricts growth to very shallow-rooted trees like Siberian larch. The winters, with average temperatures below freezing, last five to seven months. Temperatures vary from −54°C to 30°C (−65°F to 86°F) throughout the whole year. The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid. In much of the taiga, −20°C (−4°F) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18°C (64°F) an average summer day.

Question: How many miles does the Taiga cover?
Answer: (6.6×10^6
Blue-footed booby

The natural breeding habitats of the blue-footed booby are the tropical and subtropical islands of the Pacific Ocean. It can be found from the Gulf of California down along the western coasts of Central and South America down to Peru. Approximately one half of all breeding pairs nest on the Galápagos Islands.[3] Its diet mainly consists of fish, which it obtains by diving and sometimes swimming underwater in search of its prey. It sometimes hunts alone, but usually hunts in groups.[4]

Question: What do blue-footed boobies eat?
Answer: Its diet mainly consists of fish
Turner Field

The ballpark was built in the Southeastern Atlanta neighborhood of Summerhill.[8] across the street from the former home of the Braves, Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, which was demolished in the summer of 1997 and replaced with a parking lot. The parking lot is painted with the field location and configuration of the old ballpark. The section of the outfield wall with the monument marking where Hank Aaron's 715th home run went over it was reinstalled in its original location, and still stands today. From 2002 to 2004, the failed Fanplex entertainment center was located adjacent to the stadium's parking lot. The stadium contained 5,372 club seats, 64 luxury suites, and three party suites.

Question: When was Turner Field demolished?
Answer: 1997
List of Georgia Bulldogs head football coaches

The Georgia Bulldogs college football team represents the University of Georgia in the East Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Bulldogs compete as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The school has had 26head coaches since it began play during the 1892 season.[1] Kirby Smart is the current head coach of the bulldogs.

Question: Who is head coach for the Georgia Bulldogs?
Answer: Kirby Smart
List of Nobel laureates in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

Question: When was the first Nobel Prize for literature awarded?
Answer: 1901
Shinkansen

The Tōkaidō Shinkansen began service on 1 October 1964, in time for the first Tokyo Olympics.[17] The conventional Limited Express service took six hours and 40 minutes from Tokyo to Osaka, but the Shinkansen made the trip in just four hours, shortened to three hours and ten minutes by 1965. It enabled day trips between Tokyo and Osaka, the two largest metropolises in Japan, changed the style of business and life of the Japanese people significantly, and increased new traffic demand. The service was an immediate success, reaching the 100million passenger mark in less than three years on 13 July 1967, and one billion passengers in 1976. Sixteen-car trains were introduced for Expo '70 in Osaka. With an average of 23,000 passengers per hour in each direction in 1992, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen was the world's busiest high-speed rail line.[18] As of 2014, the train's 50th anniversary, daily passenger traffic had risen to 391,000 which, spread out over its 18-hour schedule, represented an average of just under 22,000 passengers an hour.[19]

Question: When was the first bullet train built?
Answer: 1 October 1964
Written Chinese

Various current Chinese characters have been traced back to the late Shang Dynasty about 1200–1050 BC,[6][7][8] but the process of creating characters is thought to have begun some centuries earlier.[9]  After a period of variation and evolution, Chinese characters were standardized under the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC).[10]  Over the millennia, these characters have evolved into well-developed styles of Chinese calligraphy.[11] As the varieties of Chinese diverged, a situation of diglossia developed, with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties able to communicate through writing using Classical Chinese.[12] In the early 20th century, Classical Chinese was replaced in this role by written vernacular Chinese, corresponding to the standard spoken language ("Mandarin"). Although most other varieties of Chinese are not written, there are traditions of written Cantonese, written Shanghainese and written Hokkien, among others.

Question: When did the Chinese writing system develop?
Answer: 1200–1050 BC
Septic tank

A septic tank consists of one or more concrete or plastic tanks of between 4000 and 7500 liters (1,000 and 2,000 gallons); one end is connected to an inlet wastewater pipe and the other to a septic drain field. Generally these pipe connections are made with a T pipe, allowing liquid to enter and exit without disturbing any crust on the surface. Today, the design of the tank usually incorporates two chambers, each equipped with a manhole cover, and separated by a dividing wall with openings located about midway between the floor and roof of the tank.

Question: How big is the average septic tank?
Answer: between 4000 and 7500 liters (1,000 and 2,000 gallons)
Ischemia

The word ischemia (/ɪˈskiːmiə/) is from Greek ἴσχαιμος iskhaimos, "staunching blood" from ἴσχω iskhο, "keep back, restrain" and αἷμα haima, "blood".

Question: What are the origins of the word ischemic?
Answer: Greek
Maternal mortality in the United States

In response to the high maternal mortality ratio, in 2013 the Department of State to created the Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force.  According to Amnesty International's 2010 report, five medical conditions collectively account for 74% of maternal deaths in the US.

Question: What percentage of women in the U.S. die from complications during birth?
Answer: 74%
Green pheasant

The green pheasant (Phasianus versicolor), also known as Japanese green pheasant, is native to the Japanese archipelago, to which it is  endemic.[1][3] It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the common pheasant.[4] It is the national bird of Japan.[5]

Question: What is Japan's national bird?
Answer: green pheasant
History of British newspapers

At the beginning of the 17th century, the right to print was strictly controlled in England. This was probably the reason why the first newspaper in the English language was printed in Rome by Joris Veseler around 1620. This followed the style established by Veseler's earlier Dutch paper Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. However, when the English started printing their own papers in London, they reverted to the pamphlet format used by contemporary books. The publication of these newsbooks was suspended between 1632 and 1638 by order of the Star Chamber.  After they resumed publication, the era of these newsbooks lasted until the publication of the Oxford Gazette in 1665.

Question: What was the first newspaper ever printed in the U.K.?
Answer: Oxford Gazette
Rachel

Rachel (Hebrew: רָחֵל‎ Rāḥêl, meaning ewe[2]) was a Biblical figure best known for her infertility.  The site revered as her burial place (Rachel's Tomb) is one of the holiest sites in Judaism.[3]  Rachel was the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel.  Rachel's father was Laban.  Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife.  Her aunt Rebekah was Jacob's mother.[4]

Question: Where did the biblical character Rachel live?
Answer: Israel
The Secret of NIMH

The Secret of NIMH is a 1982 American animated dark fantasy adventure film directed by Don Bluth in his directorial debut. It is an adaptation of Robert C. O'Brien's 1971 children's novel Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH. The film was produced by Aurora Productions and released by MGM/UA Entertainment Company for United Artists and features the voices of Elizabeth Hartman, Dom DeLuise, Arthur Malet, Derek Jacobi, Hermione Baddeley, John Carradine, Peter Strauss, and Paul Shenar. The "Mrs. Frisby" name in the novel had to be changed to "Mrs. Brisby" during production due to trademark concerns with Frisbee discs. It was followed in 1998 by a direct-to-video sequel called The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue, which was made without Bluth's involvement or input. In 2015, a CGI/live action remake was reported to be in the works.[2]

Question: When was the book The Secret of NIMH first published?
Answer: 1982
MP3

In the aspects of MP3 pertaining to audio compression—the aspect of the standard most apparent to end-users (and for which is it best known)—MP3 uses lossy data-compression to encode data using inexact approximations and the partial discarding of data. This allows a large reduction in file sizes when compared to uncompressed audio. The combination of small size and acceptable fidelity led to a boom in the distribution of music over the Internet in the mid- to late-1990s, with MP3 serving as an enabling technology at a time when bandwidth and storage were still at a premium.  The MP3 format soon became associated with controversies surrounding copyright infringement, music piracy, and the file ripping/sharing services MP3.com and Napster, among others. With  the advent of portable media players, a product category also including smartphones, MP3 support remains near-universal.

Question: When were MP3s invented?
Answer: mid- to late-1990s
Woolwich

Woolwich (/ˈwʊlɪtʃ, -ɪdʒ/) is a district of south-east London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. Originally a town in Kent, it has been part of the London metropolitan area since the 19th century.[1] In 1965, most of the former Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich became part of Greenwich Borough, of which it remains the administrative centre.

Question: When did Woolwich become a district of London?
Answer: 19th century
Loki

Loki is more formally introduced by High in chapter 34, where he is "reckoned among the Æsir", and High states that Loki is called by some "the Æsir's calumniator", "originator of deceits", and "the disgrace of all gods and men". High says that Loki's alternative name is Lopt, that he is the son of the male jötunn Fárbauti, his mother is "Laufey or Nál", and his brothers are Helblindi and Býleistr. High describes Loki as "pleasing and handsome" in appearance, malicious in character, "very capricious in behaviour", and as possessing "to a greater degree than others" learned cunning, and "tricks for every purpose", often getting the Æsir into trouble, and then getting them out of it with his trickery. Loki's wife is named Sigyn, and they have a son named "Nari or Narfi". Otherwise, Loki had three children with the female jötunn Angrboða from Jötunheimr; the wolf Fenrir, the serpent Jörmungandr, and the female being Hel. The gods realized that these three children were being raised in Jötunheimr, and expected trouble from them partially due to the nature of Angrboða, but worse yet Loki.[41] In chapter 35, Gangleri comments that Loki produced a "pretty terrible"—yet important—family.[42]

Question: Who are Loki's three children?
Answer: jötunn Angrboða from Jötunheimr; the wolf Fenrir, the serpent Jörmungandr, and the female being Hel