google-research-datasets/tydiqa huggingface dataset:
Rhône

At Martigny, where it receives the waters of the Drance on its left bank, the Rhône makes a strong turn towards the north. Heading toward Lake Geneva, the valley narrows, a feature that has long given the Rhône valley strategic importance for the control of the Alpine passes. The Rhône then marks the boundary between the cantons of Valais (left bank) and Vaud (right bank), separating the Valais Chablais and Chablais Vaudois. It enters Lake Geneva near Le Bouveret.

Question: What river runs through the Rhone valley?
Answer: Rhône
American Football League

The American Football League (AFL) was a major professional American football league that operated for ten seasons from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the older National Football League (NFL). The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence. It was more successful than earlier rivals to the NFL with the same name, the 1926, 1936 and 1940 leagues, and the later All-America Football Conference (which existed between 1944 and 1950 but only played between 1946 and 1949).

Question: When did the American Football League end?
Answer: 1969
Irrational number

In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being incommensurable, meaning that they share no "measure" in common, that is, there is no length ("the measure"), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself.

Question: What is an irrational number?
Answer: all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers
Pteranodon

Pteranodon was the first pterosaur found outside of Europe. Its fossils first were found by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1870, in the Late Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of western Kansas. These chalk beds were deposited at the bottom of what was once the Western Interior Seaway, a large shallow sea over what now is the midsection of the North American continent. These first specimens, YPM 1160 and YPM 1161, consisted of partial wing bones, as well as a tooth from the prehistoric fish Xiphactinus, which Marsh mistakenly believed to belong to this new pterosaur (all known pterosaurs up to that point had teeth). In 1871, Marsh named the find "Pterodactylus oweni", assigning it to the well-known (but much smaller) European genus Pterodactylus. Marsh also collected more wing bones of the large pterosaur in 1871. Realizing that the name he had chosen had already been used for Harry Seeley's European pterosaur species Pterodactylus oweni in 1864, Marsh re-named his giant North American pterosaur Pterodactylus occidentalis, meaning "Western wing finger," in his 1872 description of the new specimen. He also named two additional species, based on size differences: Pterodactylus ingens (the largest specimen so far), and Pterodactylus velox (the smallest).[6]

Question: When was the first Pteranodon fossil found?
Answer: 1870
The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

The first season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 24, 2007, to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes. An unaired pilot also exists. The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only Big Bang Theory DVD set not to have one. The reissued Blu-ray, was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set. The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo. Two of the main cast, Sheldon and Leonard, are named after actor, director, and producer Sheldon Leonard.[1]

Question: When did The Big Bang Theory first air on television?
Answer: September 24, 2007
Jennifer Carpenter

Jennifer Leann Carpenter (born December 7, 1979) is an American actress. She is known for playing Debra Morgan, the adoptive sister of the title character of the Showtime series Dexter, for which she earned a Saturn Award in 2009, and also for playing Rebecca Harris in the CBS television series Limitless.

Question: Who is Dexter's sister?
Answer: Debra Morgan
Axel jump

In the early years of skating, jumping was the exclusive domain of men.  Sonja Henie is generally acknowledged as the first female skater to perform an Axel jump.  Today, however, her Axel technique (preserved in her many films) would be considered very poor, since her jumps were badly pre-rotated without a "step up", giving them more the character of a jumped spin. In 1953, Carol Heiss was the first woman to perform a double Axel. Thirty-five years later, Midori Ito (JPN) became the first woman to land the triple Axel jump in competition, when she first performed it at the 1988 NHK Trophy. Since then, eight other women (Tonya Harding (USA), Yukari Nakano (JPN), Ludmila Nelidina (RUS), Mao Asada (JPN), Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS), Rika Kihira (JPN), Mirai Nagasu (USA), and Alysa Liu (USA)) have succeeded in completing the jump in international competition, while another woman, Kimmie Meissner (USA), first completed the jump at the 2005 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. Midori Ito (JPN), Mao Asada (JPN), and Mirai Nagasu (USA) are the only women who have landed triple Axel jumps in Olympic games. Tonya Harding (USA) was the first woman to land two triple Axel jumps in the same competition (1991 Skate America). Mao Asada (JPN) was the first junior ladies competitor in history to land the triple Axel jump successfully, at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. This feat was next accomplished by fellow Japanese skater Rika Kihira who landed the jump at the 2016 JGP Ljubljana. Mao Asada (JPN) was the first woman to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition (2010 Winter Olympics). Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS) is the first woman to land four triple jumps in a short program including a triple Axel: 3A, 3Lz, 3T-3T (2015 World Championships) Rika Kihira (JPN) was the first woman to land a triple Axel-triple toeloop combination (2017-2018 JGP Final). Mirai Nagasu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup in Moscow, Russia. She was the first female athlete from the United States ever to land the triple Axel jump during an Olympic competition, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[2] Alysa Liu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2018 CS Asian Figure Skating Trophy, making her the youngest female athlete in history to land the jump successfully in international competition, at 12 years old.

Question: Who was the first female skater to land the triple axel?
Answer: Sonja Henie
Colony of New Zealand

The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907, created as a Crown colony. The power of the British Government was vested in a governor, but the colony was granted self-government in 1852. The 1852 Constitution was inaugurated after the first parliament was elected in 1853, and the first government of New Zealand was formed in 1856. The Colony of New Zealand had three capitals: Old Russell (1841), Auckland (1841–1865), and Wellington (after 1865). In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand with a more explicit recognition of self-government within the British Empire.

Question: What kind of colony was New Zealand?
Answer: Crown colony
Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

The former Philip Livingston Magnet Academy is located along Northern Boulevard in the West Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a large brick building predominantly in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with some Art Deco touches inside, erected during the 1930s. Additions were made in the 1960s. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Philip Livingston Junior High School,[2] the only purpose-built public school building in the city so recognized.[lower-alpha 1]

Question: When was the Philip Livingston Magnet Academy established?
Answer: during the 1930s
Atlantic Records

In 2004, Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group.[2] Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14, 2006, at age 83.[3]

Question: Who owns the Atlantic Recording Corporation?
Answer: Craig Kallman
List of longest novels

This is a list of the longest novels over 500,000 words published through a mainstream publisher. The longest novel is Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus, originally published (1649–54) in ten parts, each part in three volumes. Artamène is generally attributed to Madeleine de Scudéry.[1]

Question: What is the longest novel ever written?
Answer: Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus
Philip Melanchthon

Philip Melanchthon[lower-alpha 1] (born Philipp Schwartzerdt;[lower-alpha 2] 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and molder of Protestantism. After Luther himself, he is the primary founder of Lutheranism.[1]

Question: When was Philip Melanchthon born?
Answer: 16 February 1497
Adventure game

An adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving.[1] The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of literary genres. Many adventure games (text and graphic) are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult.[2] Colossal Cave Adventure is identified as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include Zork, King's Quest, The Secret of Monkey Island, and Myst.

Question: What is an adventure game?
Answer: a video game in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving
Constantinople

Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, translit.Kōnstantinoúpolis; Latin: Cōnstantīnopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman Empire (1453–1923). It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330.[5] The city was located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul.

Question: When was Constantinople established?
Answer: 11 May 330
Andean Volcanic Belt

The South Volcanic Zone (SVZ) extends roughly from Central Chile's Andes at the latitude of Santiago, at ca. 33°S,  to Cerro Arenales in Aysén Region at ca. 46°S, a distance of well over 870mi(1,400km). The arc has formed due to subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate along the Peru–Chile Trench. The northern boundary of the SVZ is marked by the flat-slab subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge, which is believed to have produced a volcanic gap called the Pampean flat-slab segment in the Norte Chico region since the late Miocene. The southern end of the SVZ is marked by the Chile Triple Junction where the Chile Rise subducts under South America at the Taitao Peninsula giving origin to the Patagonian Volcanic Gap. Further south lies the Austral Volcanic Zone.

Question: How long is the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes?
Answer: 870mi
Speed limits in Germany

General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government. All limits are multiples of 5km/h. There are two default speed limits: 50km/h (31mph) inside built-up areas and  100km/h (62mph) outside built-up areas. While parts of the autobahns and many other freeway-style highways have posted limits up to 130km/h (81mph) based on accident experience, congestion and other factors, many rural sections have no general speed limit. The German Highway Code (Straßenverkehrsordnung) section on speed begins with the requirement [1] which may be rendered in English:

Question: How fast can you drive on the Autobahn?
Answer: 130km/h
Freedom of Information Act (United States)

The Freedom of Information Act was initially introduced as the bill S. 1160 in the 89th Congress. When the two-page bill was signed into law it became Pub.L., 80Stat., enacted July4, 1966, but had an effective date of one year after the date of enactment, or July 4, 1967. The law set up the structure of FOIA as we know it today.

Question: When was the Freedom of Information Act first put into effect?
Answer: July 4, 1967
Amazonian (Mars)

The Amazonian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by low rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and by cold, hyperarid conditions broadly similar to those on Mars today.[1][2] The transition from the preceding Hesperian period is somewhat poorly defined. The Amazonian is thought to have begun around 3 billion years ago, although error bars on this date are extremely large (~500 million years).[3] The period is sometimes subdivided into the Early, Middle, and Late Amazonian. The Amazonian continues to the present day.

Question: When was the Amazonian period?
Answer: The Amazonian is thought to have begun around 3 billion years ago, although error bars on this date are extremely large (~500 million years).[3] The period is sometimes subdivided into the Early, Middle, and Late Amazonian. The Amazonian continues to the present day
Capybara

The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a mammal native to South America. It is the largest living rodent in the world. Also called chigüire, chigüiro (in Colombia and Venezuela) and carpincho, it is a member of the genus Hydrochoerus, of which the only other extant member is the lesser capybara (Hydrochoerus isthmius).  Its close relatives include guinea pigs and rock cavies, and it is more distantly related to the agouti, the chinchilla, and the coypu. The capybara inhabits savannas and dense forests and lives near bodies of water. It is a highly social species and can be found in groups as large as 100 individuals, but usually lives in groups of 10–20 individuals. The capybara is not a threatened species but it is hunted for its meat and hide and also for grease from its thick fatty skin, which is used in the pharmaceutical trade.[2]

Question: What is the largest species of rodent?
Answer: capybara
Demographics of Liberia

According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects[4], Liberia's total population was 4,613,823 in 2016. This is compared to 911,000 in 1950.[2]

Question: How many people live in Liberia?
Answer: 4,613,823
Roux

Roux (/ˈruː/) is flour and fat cooked together and used to thicken sauces.[1] Roux is typically made from equal parts of flour and fat by weight.[2] The flour is added to the melted fat or oil on the stove top, blended until smooth, and cooked to the desired level of brownness.  Butter, vegetable oils, bacon drippings or lard are commonly used fats. Roux is used as a thickening agent for gravy, sauces, soups and stews. It provides the base for a dish, and other ingredients are added after the roux is complete.

Question: What's in a roux?
Answer: flour and fat
Sue (dinosaur)

Sue[lower-alpha 1] is the nickname given to FMNH PR 2081, which is the largest, most extensive and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex specimen ever found, at over 90% recovered by bulk.[2] It was discovered in August 1990, by Sue Hendrickson, an explorer and fossil collector, and was named after her. After ownership disputes were settled, the fossil was auctioned in October 1997, for US $8.3 million, the highest amount ever paid for a dinosaur fossil, and is now a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.[3]

Question: What is the biggest fossil?
Answer: FMNH PR 2081
Doom (1993 video game)

Doom (typeset as DOOM in official documents and stylized as DooM in other media)[1] is a 1993 first-person shooter (FPS) video game by id Software. It is considered one of the most significant and influential titles in video game history, for having helped to pioneer the now-ubiquitous first-person shooter. The original game was divided into three nine-level episodes and was distributed via shareware and mail order. The Ultimate Doom, an updated release of the original game featuring a fourth episode, was released in 1995 and sold at retail.

Question: Who created Doom video game?
Answer: id Software
Old Isisford District Hospital

The former Isisford District Hospital is a timber-framed and -clad complex with corrugated iron roofing, located in western central Queensland. Established in 1892, with additions between 1902 and 1961, it functioned as a hospital to 1970 and as a clinic until 2011. It is a fine example of a district hospital and demonstrates the evolution of Queensland district hospitals from the 1890s in accordance with changes to community needs, health practices and hospital legislation.[1]

Question: When was Old Isisford District Hospital established?
Answer: 1892
Luminous intensity

In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela(cd), an SI base unit.

Question: What unit of measurement is used to measure light intensity?
Answer: luminous intensity
President of the People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman. He was elected at the founding session of the National People's Congress in 1955. At the 2nd NPC in 1959, Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi, first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party. Liu was reelected as State Chairman at the 3rd NPC in Jan 1965. However, in 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party Vice Chairman. A few months later Liu was apparently placed under house arrest, and after a prolonged power struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on 31 October 1968, including the post of State Chairman.  This was in violation of the Constitution, which required a vote by the NPC to remove the State Chairman.

Question: Who was the first president of the People's Republic of China?
Answer: Mao Zedong
Himalayas

The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people,[5] and are spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan.  Some of the world's major rivers — the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra — rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people.  The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the region, helping to keep the monsoon rains on the Indian plain and limiting rainfall on the Tibetan plateau. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of the Indian subcontinent; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism.

Question: How many people live in the Himalayas?
Answer: 52.7 million people
B.B. King

Riley B. King (September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015), known professionally as B.B. King, was an American blues singer, electric guitarist, songwriter, and record producer.  King introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists.[2]

Question: When was BB King born?
Answer: September 16, 1925
Volkswagen

Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949, but sold only two units in America that first year. On entry to the U.S. market, the VW was briefly sold as a Victory Wagon. Volkswagen of America was formed in April 1955 to standardise sales and service in the United States. Production of the Type 1 Volkswagen Beetle increased dramatically over the years, the total reaching one million in 1955.

Question: When was Volkswagen first introduced in the U.S.?
Answer: 1949
Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a state in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989, and the predecessor of the modern democratic Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million inhabitants near the end of its existence, it was the most populous state of the Eastern Bloc after the Soviet Union.[1] Having a unitary Marxist–Leninist communist government, it was also one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact. The official capital since 1947 and largest city was Warsaw, followed by industrial Łódź and cultural Kraków.

Question: When was the Polish People’s Republic established?
Answer: 1947
New Japan Pro-Wrestling

New Japan Pro-Wrestling Co., Ltd.(新日本プロレスリング株式会社,Shin Nihon Puroresuringu Kabushiki-kaisha) (NJPW)[4] is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion based in Nakano, Tokyo. Founded in January 1972 by Antonio Inoki, the promotion was sold to Yuke's, who later sold it to Bushiroad in 2012. TV Asahi and Amuse, Inc. own minority shares of the company.[4] Naoki Sugabayashi has served as the promotion's Chairman since September 2013,[6] while Harold Meij has served as the President of the promotion since May 2018.[3]

Question: When was the New Japan Pro Wrestling created?
Answer: January 1972
Turkish Armed Forces

The current Chief of the General staff is General Yaşar Güler. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, he acts as the Commander in Chief on behalf of the President of Turkey, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.[10] Commanding the Armed Forces and establishing the policies and programs related with the preparation for combat of personnel, intelligence, operations, organization, training and logistic services are the responsibilities of the General Staff. Furthermore, the General Staff coordinates the military relations of the TAF with NATO member states and other friendly nations.

Question: Who is top commander of the Turkish Armed Forces?
Answer: General Yaşar Güler
Grandia (video game)

Grandia[lower-alpha 1] is a role-playing video game, developed by Game Arts and published by ESP Software for the Sega Saturn console as the first game in their Grandia series. Released in Japan in 1997, the game was ported to the PlayStation in 1999, with an English version of the game appearing on the platform in North America in the following September by Sony Computer Entertainment, and in Europe in 2000 by Ubi Soft. The game was produced by much of the same staff who worked on the company's previous role-playing endeavor, the Lunar series, including producer Yoichi Miyagi and composer Noriyuki Iwadare.

Question: What was the first video game published by ESP Software?
Answer: Grandia
The Ashes

The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the Test series. If the test series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes retains the trophy. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, The Sporting Times, immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".[1] The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882–83 series played in Australia, before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour the quest to regain the Ashes.

Question: When was the Ashes series first played?
Answer: 1882