google-research-datasets/tydiqa huggingface dataset:
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth

The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is −89.2°C (−128.6°F; 184.0K) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on July 21, 1983 by ground measurements.[1]

Question: What is the coldest place on Earth?
Answer: Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica
Polyvinyl chloride

PVC was accidentally synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann.[10] The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20th century the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts. Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use.

Question: Who developed PVC?
Answer: Eugen Baumann
Rib cage

The rib cage is the arrangement of ribs attached to the vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, that encloses and protects the heart and lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs in 12 pairs, the sternum and xiphoid process, the costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

Question: How many ribs do humans have?
Answer: 24 ribs
Manuel I of Portugal

Manuel's mother was the granddaughter of King John I of Portugal, whereas his father was the second surviving son of King Edward of Portugal and the younger brother of King Afonso V of Portugal. In 1495, Manuel succeeded his first cousin, King John II of Portugal, who was also his brother-in-law, as husband to Manuel's sister, Eleanor of Viseu.

Question: When did King Manuel I become king of Portugal?
Answer: 1495
Cello

The direct ancestor to the violoncello was the bass violin. Monteverdi referred to the instrument as "basso de viola da braccio" in Orfeo (1607). Although the first bass violin, possibly invented as early as 1538, was most likely inspired by the viol, it was created to be used in consort with the violin. The bass violin was actually often referred to as a "violone", or "large viola", as were the viols of the same period. Instruments that share features with both the bass violin and the viola da gamba appear in Italian art of the early 16th century.

Question: When was the cello invented?
Answer: 1607
War on Poverty

The War on Poverty is the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on Wednesday, January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent.  The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.

Question: When did LBJ start his War on Poverty?
Answer: Wednesday, January 8, 1964
Red dwarf

Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun, but because of their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be easily observed. From Earth, not one is visible to the naked eye.[1] Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf (Type M5, apparent magnitude 11.05), as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars. According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way.[2]

Question: What is the most common type of star?
Answer: Red dwarfs
Dynasties in Chinese history

One might incorrectly infer from viewing historical timelines that transitions between dynasties occur abruptly and smoothly. Rather, dynasties were often established before the complete overthrow of an existing reign, or continued for a time after they had been effectively defeated. For example, the conventional date 1645 marks the year in which the Qing dynasty armies overthrew the preceding Ming dynasty, according to the dynastic cycle of China. However, the Qing dynasty was established in 1636 (or even 1616, albeit under a different name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not deposed until 1663. This change of ruling houses was a messy and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost twenty years to extend their control over the whole of China. It is therefore inaccurate to assume China changed suddenly and all at once in the year 1645.

Question: What dynasty united the kingdoms of China?
Answer: Qing
Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill

The Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill, also known as the Havana Declaration, was issued following the first meeting in February 2016 between Pope Francis, who as the Bishop of Rome is the pontiff of the Catholic Church, and Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), the largest of the Eastern Orthodox churches. This was the first time leaders of the Roman Church and the Moscow Patriarchate had met. While the meeting was also seen as a symbolic moment in the history of relations between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox churches as a community, which had split in the Great Schism of 1054, centuries before the Moscow Patriarchate was constituted, it was not expected to lead to any immediate rapprochement between them.[1]

Question: What year was the Havana Declaration released?
Answer: February 2016
Sorghum

One species, Sorghum bicolor,[7] native to Africa with many cultivated forms now,[8] is an important crop worldwide, used for food (as grain and in sorghum syrup or "sorghum molasses"), animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Most varieties are drought- and heat-tolerant, and are especially important in arid regions, where the grain is one of the staples for poor and rural people. These varieties form important components of forage in many tropical regions. S. bicolor is an important food crop in Africa, Central America, and South Asia, and is the fifth-most important cereal crop grown in the world.[9]

Question: What is sorghum used for?
Answer: food (as grain and in sorghum syrup or "sorghum molasses"), animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels
Asmodeus

Asmodeus (/ˌæzməˈdiːəs/; Greek: Ασμοδαίος, Asmodaios) or Ashmedai (/ˈæʃmɪˌdaɪ/; Hebrew: אַשְמְדּאָי‎, ʾAšmədʾāy, Ashema Deva; see below for other variations) is a king of demons,[1] or in Judeo-Islamic lore the king of the earthly spirits (shedim/jinn),[2][3] mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which he is the primary antagonist.[4] In the Binsfeld's classification of demons, Asmodeus represents Lust. The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends; for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon.

Question: Who is the king of all demons?
Answer: Asmodeus
Kent County Cricket Club

Kent County Cricket Club is one of the eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Kent. The club was first founded in 1842 but teams representing the county have played top-class cricket since the early 18th century and the club has always held first-class status. Kent have competed in the County Championship since the official start of the competition in 1890 and have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England. The club's limited overs team is called the Kent Spitfires after the Supermarine Spitfire.

Question: How old is the Kent County Cricket Club?
Answer: founded in 1842
Laws of the Game (association football)

The actual law book had long contained 50 pages more of material, organized in numerous sections, that included many diagrams but were not officially part of the main 17 laws. In 2007, many of these additional sections along with much of the material from the FIFA Questions and Answers (Q&A), were restructured and put into a new "Additional Instructions and Guidelines for the Referee" section. In the 2016/2017 revision of the Laws, the material from this section was folded into the Laws themselves.

Question: How many rules are there for modern soccer?
Answer: main 17 laws
Johannesburg

The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, making it the most populous city in South Africa.[4] In the same year, the population of Johannesburg's urban agglomeration was put at 7,860,781.[5] The land area of the municipal city (1,645km2 (635sqmi)) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364/km2 (6,120/sqmi).

Question: How large is Johannesburg's population?
Answer: 4,434,827
2020 Summer Olympics

The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad(Japanese:第三十二回オリンピック競技大会,Hepburn:Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai)[1] and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020.

Question: When is the next Summer Games?
Answer: 24 July to 9 August 2020
List of Zatch Bell! episodes

The series premiered on April 6, 2003 and ended on March 26, 2006 with one hundred and fifty episodes in total.[1] Viz Media later bought the rights to air the series where it aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami block and YTV. The dubbed episodes of Zatch Bell! discontinued airing after episode seventy-seven on Cartoon Network on December 23, 2006 while the Canadian YTV station discontinued the series on episode one-hundred and four.[2]

Question: How many episodes did Zatch Bell have?
Answer: one hundred and fifty
DuPont

E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, commonly referred to as DuPont (/djuːˈpɒnt/),[2] is an American conglomerate that was founded in July 1802 in Wilmington, Delaware, as a gunpowder mill by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont.

Question: When was Dupont founded?
Answer: July 1802
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship

Following this Burke would go on to feud with Juan Rivera who at the time was referred to as "TNT". Both wrestlers had been involved in a mid-card feud prior to this. Rivera won the championship on February 9, 1990, eventually losing it to Abdullah the Butcher, who lost it to Colón. The title was held up numerous times in 1991, as part of feuds between Colón, Greg Valentine and Dino Bravo.[1]

Question: When did Juan Rivera win the WWC Universal Heavyweight title?
Answer: February 9, 1990
Sardinia

Sardinia is politically a region of Italy, whose official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna / Regione Autònoma de Sardigna (Autonomous Region of Sardinia),[3] and enjoys some degree of domestic autonomy granted by a specific Statute.[4] It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city, with Cagliari being the region's capital and its largest city as well. Sardinia's indigenous language and the other minority languages (Sassarese, Corsican Gallurese, Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy "equal dignity" with Italian.[5]

Question: What is the largest city in Sardinia?
Answer: Cagliari
History of ITV

The history of ITV, the United Kingdom "Independent Television" commercial network, goes back to 1954.[1] As of 29 February 2016, there are fifteen regional licences for the ITV Network, shared between two owners: ITV plc (13 licences), and the STV Group (2 licences).

Question: When did the network ITV begin?
Answer: 1954
Maize

An influential 2002 study by Matsuoka et al. has demonstrated that, rather than the multiple independent domestications model, all maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The study also demonstrated that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread from this region over the Americas along two major paths. This is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands.[10][11]

Question: What is the oldest known variety of maize?
Answer: Mexican highlands
John Kerr (governor-general)

Sir John Robert Kerr, AK,GCMG,GCVO,QC  (24 September 1914 – 24 March 1991) was the 18th Governor-General of Australia. He dismissed the Labor government of Gough Whitlam on 11 November 1975, marking the climax of the most significant constitutional crisis in Australian history. He had previously been the 13th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales.

Question: When was Sir John Robert Kerr born?
Answer: 24 September 1914
Musca

The pattern of the brightest stars resembles that of Ursa Minor, in that the stars form a pattern reminiscent of a bowl with a handle.[12] Lying south-southeast of Acrux in neighbouring Crux is Alpha Muscae.[16] It is the brightest star in the constellation with an apparent magnitude of 2.7. Lying around 310 light-years away, it is a blue-white star of spectral type B2IV-V that is around 4520 times as luminous and 8 times as massive as the Sun. The star is a Beta Cephei variable with about 4.7 times the Sun's diameter, and pulsates every 2.2hours, varying by 1% in brightness. A nearby star of magnitude13 may or may not be a companion star.[17] Marking the fly's tail is Gamma Muscae,[16] a blue-white star of spectral type B5V that varies between magnitudes 3.84 and 3.86 over a period of 2.7days. It is a variable of a different type, classed as a slowly pulsating B star, a type of variable.[18]  It is around five times as massive as our Sun.[19]

Question: What is the brightest star in the constellation Musca?
Answer: Alpha Muscae
Tales of Innocence

Tales of Innocence(Japanese:テイルズオブイノセンス,Hepburn:Teiruzu Obu Inosensu) is an action role-playing video game, developed and released for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Vita. Innocence is the ninth main installment in the Tales series, developed by Alfa System and published by Bandai Namco Games. It was released in December 2007. A remake for the Vita developed by 7th Chord, Tales of Innocence R(テイルズオブイノセンス アール,Teiruzu Obu Inosensu Āru), was released in January 2012. Multiple elements are carried over from previous entries in the series, including the action-based Linear Motion Battle System. Innocence R includes both an updated battle system and additional story content. Both versions remain exclusive to Asia.

Question: When was Tales of Innocence released?
Answer: December 2007
Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

As of the 2010 census, Holyoke, Massachusetts had the largest Puerto Rican population, per capita, of any city in the United States outside Puerto Rico proper, with 44.7% or 17,826 residents being of Puerto Rican heritage, comprising 92.4% of all Latinos in the community.[1] From a combination of farming programs instituted by the US Department of Labor after World War II, and the housing and mills that characterized Holyoke prior to deindustrialization, Puerto Ricans began settling in the city in the mid-1950s, with many arriving during the wave of Puerto Rican immigration to the Northeastern United States in the 1980s.[1][2] A combination of white flight as former generations of mill workers left the city, and a sustained influx of migrants in subsequent generations transformed the demographic from a minority of about 13% of the population in 1980,[3] to the largest single demographic by ancestry in a span of three decades.

Question: How many Puerto Ricans live in Holyoke?
Answer: 44.7% or 17,826
Gatwick Airport

Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which cover areas of 98,000m2 (117,000sqyd) and 160,000m2 (190,000sqyd) respectively.[8] It operates as a single-runway airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316m (10,879ft). A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, can only be used if that is out of use. In 2018, 46.1million passengers passed through the airport, a 1.1% increase compared with 2017.[9] As of 2019, Gatwick is the second busiest airport in the world to only operate one runway (after Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport) with a passenger use of 46 million in 2018.[10]

Question: How old is London Gatwick Airport?
Answer: opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933
World War I casualties

The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I were about 40 million: estimates range from 15 to 19million deaths and about 23million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

Question: How many people died in World War 1?
Answer: 40 million
Anglican Church of Australia

Census data shows that as a percentage of population Anglican affiliation peaked in 1921 at 43.7%, and the number of persons indicating Anglican affiliation peaked in 1991 at 4 million. In the 2011 there were 3,679,907 Anglicans, representing 17.1 per cent of the population. (See accompanying graph.)

Question: What is the Anglican population of Australia?
Answer: 3,679,907
Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov, the eldest of eleven children,[9] was born in Ryazan, Russian Empire. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village Russian orthodox priest.[10] His mother, Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play gorodki; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities.[11] Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov was seriously injured when he fell from a high wall onto a stone pavement. As a result of the injuries he sustained[12] he did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old.[9]

Question: Where was the psychologist Pavlov from?
Answer: Ryazan, Russian Empire
College rugby

There are over 900 college teams—male and female—registered with USA Rugby.[1] There are over 32,000 college players registered with USA Rugby, making college rugby the largest section of USA Rugby's membership.[2]

Question: How many colleges in the U.S. have rugby teams?
Answer: over 900
Moons of Uranus

Uranus, the seventh planet of the Solar System, has 27 known moons, all of which are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.[1] Uranus's moons are divided into three groups: thirteen inner moons, five major moons, and nine irregular moons. The inner moons are small dark bodies that share common properties and origins with Uranus's rings. The five major moons are massive enough to have reached hydrostatic equilibrium, and four of them show signs of internally driven processes such as canyon formation and volcanism on their surfaces.[2] The largest of these five, Titania, is 1,578km in diameter and the eighth-largest moon in the Solar System, and about one-twentieth the mass the Earth's Moon. The orbits of the regular moons are nearly coplanar with Uranus's equator, which is tilted 97.77° to its orbit. Uranus's irregular moons have elliptical and strongly inclined (mostly retrograde) orbits at large distances from the planet.[3]

Question: How many moons does Uranus have?
Answer: 27
Tobin tax

Tobin suggested his currency transaction tax in 1972 in his Janeway Lectures at Princeton, shortly after the Bretton Woods system of monetary management ended in 1971.[2] Prior to 1971, one of the chief features of the Bretton Woods system was an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold. Then, on August 15, 1971, United States President Richard Nixon announced that the United States dollar would no longer be convertible to gold, effectively ending the system. This action created the situation whereby the U.S. dollar became the sole backing of currencies and a reserve currency for the member states of the Bretton Woods system, leading the system to collapse in the face of increasing financial strain in that same year. In that context, Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include an international charge on foreign-exchange transactions.

Question: When did the Tobin tax originate?
Answer: 1972
Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)

Sophie Dorothea arrived in St Petersburg that September, converted to the Russian Orthodox Church, and took the name Maria Feodorovna. She married Paul on 26 September 1776. In spite of her husband's difficult character, Maria Feodorovna made a success of her marriage. During the long reign of her mother-in-law, the Russian Empress, Catherine II, Maria and Paul were completely excluded from any political influence, as mother and son mistrusted each other. Maria Feodorovna sided with her husband and lost the initial affection Catherine II had for her. Paul and Maria were forced to live in isolation at Gatchina, but they were devoted to each other and had ten children including: Tsar Alexander I, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Queen Catherine of Wurttemberg and Queen Anna Pavlovna of the Netherlands.

Question: When did Paul I and Sophie Dorothea get married?
Answer: 26 September 1776
Muscle

The term muscle is derived from the Latin musculus meaning "little mouse" perhaps because of the shape of certain muscles or because contracting muscles look like mice moving under the skin.[3][4]

Question: What is the origin of the word muscle?
Answer: Latin musculus
Tornado Alley

The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a research project to study severe weather in areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, South Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, and Minnesota. It is largely a media-driven term although tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas[2] and storm chasers have long recognized the Great Plains tornado belt.[3]

Question: What states are included in Tornado Alley?
Answer: exas, Oklahoma, Kansas, South Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, and Minnesota
Foie gras

The technique of gavage dates as far back as 2500 BC, when the ancient Egyptians began keeping birds for food and deliberately fattened the birds through force-feeding.[6] Today, France is by far the largest producer and consumer of foie gras, though it is produced and consumed worldwide, particularly in other European nations, the United States, and China.[7]

Question: What is the number one producer of foie gras in the world?
Answer: France
Cambodian Americans

At the 2010 US Census, there were 276,667 people of Cambodian descent living in the United States, concentrated in California and Massachusetts.

Question: What is the population of Cambodian-Americans?
Answer: 276,667