google-research-datasets/tydiqa huggingface dataset:
Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu was built around 1450–1460.[21] Its construction appears to date to the period of the two great Inca rulers, Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui (1438–1471) and Túpac Inca Yupanqui (1472–1493).[22][23]:xxxvi There is a consensus among archaeologists that Pachacutec ordered the construction of the royal estate for himself, most likely after his successful military campaign. Though Machu Picchu is considered to be a "royal" estate, surprisingly, the estate would not have been passed down in the line of succession. It was only used for approximately 80 years before being abandoned seemingly due to destruction of the Spanish Conquests in other parts of the Inca Empire.[21] It is possible that most of its inhabitants died from smallpox introduced by travellers before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area.[24]

Question: Who built the city of Machu Picchu?
Answer: Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui
Wolfgang Ketterle

Wolfgang Ketterle (born 21 October 1957) is a German physicist and professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research has focused on experiments that trap and cool atoms to temperatures close to absolute zero,[1] and he led one of the first groups to realize Bose–Einstein condensation in these systems in 1995.[2] For this achievement, as well as early fundamental studies of condensates, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001, together with Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman.[3]

Question: Who won the Nobel prize for physics in 2001?
Answer: Wolfgang Ketterle
Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars

Serbia was involved in the Yugoslav Wars in the period between 1991 and 1999 - the war in Slovenia, the war in Croatia, the war in Bosnia and the war in Kosovo. During this period from 1991 to 1997, Slobodan Milošević was the President of Serbia, Serbia was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has established that Milošević was in control of Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the wars there from 1991 to 1995.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Question: When was the Serbian War?
Answer: period between 1991 and 1999
Dom Pérignon

Dom Pérignon (/ˌdɒmpɛrɪnˈjɒn/; French pronunciation:​[dɔ̃ peʁiɲɔ̃]) is a brand of vintage Champagne produced by the Champagne house Moët & Chandon and serves as that house's prestige champagne. It is named after Dom Pérignon, a Benedictine monk who was an important quality pioneer for Champagne wine but who, contrary to popular myths, did not discover the champagne method for making sparkling wines.[1]

Question: What is the most expensive Champagne?
Answer: Dom Pérignon
Cats (musical)

Directed by Trevor Nunn and choreographed by Gillian Lynne, Cats first opened in the West End in 1981 and then with the same creative team on Broadway in 1982. It won numerous awards, including Best Musical at both the Laurence Olivier Awards and the Tony Awards. The London production ran for 21 years and the Broadway production ran for 18 years, both setting new records. Actresses Elaine Paige and Betty Buckley became particularly associated with the musical. One actress, Marlene Danielle, performed in the Broadway production for its entire run (from 1982 until 2000).[1]

Question: When did the musical Cats premier?
Answer: 1981
Kamen Rider

Produced by Toru Hirayama(平山 亨,Hirayama Tōru) and designed by Shotaro Ishinomori (creator of Cyborg 009), Kamen Rider premiered on April 3, 1971 initially intended as an adaptation of Ishinomori's Skull Man. He and Hirayama redesigned the main character to resemble a grasshopper. The hero Takeshi Hongo, played by actor and stuntman Hiroshi Fujioka, was described as a transformed human(改造人間,kaizō ningen) (cyborg). During the filming of episode 10, Fujioka was thrown from his motorcycle during a stunt and broke both legs. His character was phased out until the introduction of another transformed human, Hayato Ichimonji (played by Takeshi Sasaki) was introduced in episode 14. The return of Fujioka and his character, Hongo, in episode 53 united the two actors and Kamen Riders 1 and 2 appeared in every show of the first half of the Shōwa series. The series from April 1971 to January 1976 (Kamen Rider, V3, X, Amazon, Stronger) included a recurring mentor, Tobei Tachibana.

Question: When did Kamen Rider first premier?
Answer: April 3, 1971
History of the United States Republican Party

The first anti-Nebraska local meeting where Republican was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a Ripon, Wisconsin schoolhouse on March 20, 1854.[6] The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the name Republican was held near Jackson, Michigan on July 6, 1854. It declared their new party opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates. The Midwest took the lead in forming state party tickets while the eastern states lagged a year or so. There were no efforts to organize the party in the South, apart from St. Louis and a few areas adjacent to free states. The party initially had its base in the Northeast and Midwest.

Question: When was the U.S. Republican party formed?
Answer: March 20, 1854
Pysanka

A pysanka (Ukrainian: писанка, plural: pysanky) is a Ukrainian Easter egg, decorated with traditional Ukrainian folk designs using a wax-resist method.  The word pysanka comes from the verb pysaty, "to write" or "to in scribe", as the designs are not painted on, but written (inscribed) with beeswax.

Question: What does pysanka mean?
Answer: Ukrainian Easter egg
Tornado climatology

Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development.[1] The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley.[2] Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe, South Africa, Philippines, Bangladesh, parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern and southeast Brazil, northern Mexico, New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.[3][4]

Question: Where are tornadoes most common in the world?
Answer: United States
History of biochemistry

One of the most prolific of these modern biochemists was Hans Krebs who made huge contributions to the study of metabolism.[27] Krebs was a student of extremely important Otto Warburg, and wrote a biography of Warburg by that title in which he presents Warburg as being educated to do for biological chemistry what Fischer did for organic chemistry.  Which he did. Krebs discovered the urea cycle and later, working with Hans Kornberg, the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.[28][29][30] These discoveries led to Krebs being awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology in 1953,[31] which was shared with the German biochemist Fritz Albert Lipmann who also codiscovered the essential cofactor coenzyme A.

Question: Who first identified metabolism?
Answer: Hans Krebs
Climate of Uranus

Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal thermal flux.[1][14] Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun.[1] Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is 1.06±0.08 times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere.[23][24] In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only 0.042±0.047W/m², which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075W/m².[23] The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49K (−224°C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.[23][24]

Question: What is the temperature of Uranus?
Answer: −224°C
List of Game of Thrones episodes

As of August27,2017, 73 episodes of Game of Throneshave aired, concluding theseventh season. The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes and premiere on April 14, 2019.[10][11][12] The show's episodes have won numerous awards including three Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]

Question: How many episodes does Game of Thrones have?
Answer: 7
Xenoblade Chronicles 2

Xenoblade Chronicles 2[lower-alpha 1] is an action role-playing game developed by Monolith Soft and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch video game console. The game is part of the Xenoblade Chronicles series, serving as a sequel to the first Xenoblade Chronicles, and was released worldwide on December 1, 2017. A large story-based downloadable content (DLC) addition, titled Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country, was released in September 2018.

Question: When did Xenoblade Chronicles 2 release?
Answer: September 2018
Koa'e Fault Zone

The Koa’e Fault Zone (pronounced coe-wah-hee) is a series of fault scarps connecting the East and Southwest Rift Zones on Kilauea Volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii. The fault zone intersects the East Rift near the Pauahi Crater and extends nearly 12 kilometers in an east-northeast direction towards the westernmost boundary near Mauna Iki and the Southwest Rift Zone.  Boundaries of the Koa’e Fault Zone also cover 2 kilometers in a north-south orientation along the 12 kilometer length. It is believed that the fault zone has been active for tens of thousands of years. The area is infrequently visited by park patrons due to the lack of eruptive activity and closure of certain areas to the general public.

Question: Where is the fault line for Hawaii located?
Answer: east-northeast direction towards the westernmost boundary near Mauna Iki and the Southwest Rift Zone
Rugby union in Wales

Wales' four professional rugby regions play in the Pro14 league and take part in the European Rugby Champions Cup, European Rugby Challenge Cup and Anglo-Welsh Cup. The first two of these competitions, set to launch in 2014–15, replace the now-defunct Heineken Cup and Amlin Challenge Cup. Since 2006 they have also competed in the Anglo-Welsh Cup against clubs from the English Premiership.

Question: How many rugby teams does Wales have?
Answer: four
Instant camera

The invention of commercially viable instant cameras which were easy to use is generally credited to American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the model 95 Land Camera, in 1948, a year after unveiling instant film in New York City.  The earliest instant camera, which consisted of a camera and portable wet darkroom in a single compartment, was invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock.[1]

Question: When was the Polaroid camera developed?
Answer: 1948
Amplifier

The first practical device that could amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912.  Vacuum tubes were used in almost all amplifiers until the 1960s–1970s when the transistor, invented in 1947, replaced them.  Today, most amplifiers use transistors, but vacuum tubes continue to be used in some applications.

Question: When was the first power amplifier created?
Answer: around 1912
Microwave oven

The development of the cavity magnetron in the UK made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (microwaves). American engineer Percy Spencer is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after World War II from radar technology developed during the war. Named the "Radarange", it was first sold in 1946. Raytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was first introduced by Tappan in 1955, but these units were still too large and expensive for general home use. Sharp Corporation introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable between 1964 and 1966. The countertop microwave oven was first introduced in 1967 by the Amana Corporation. After Sharp introduced low-cost microwave ovens affordable for residential use in the late 1970s, their use spread into commercial and residential kitchens around the world. In addition to their use in cooking food, types of microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes.

Question: Who invented the microwave oven?
Answer: Percy Spencer
Hustle (TV series)

Hustle is a British television crime drama series starring Adrian Lester, Robert Glenister and Robert Vaughn. Created by Tony Jordan, it was produced by Kudos Film and Television, and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom. The show premiered on 24 February 2004, and ran for eight series, with its final episode aired on 17 February 2012.[1] The show's premise is on a group of con artists who specialise in "long cons" - extended forms of deceptive frauds that require greater commitment, but offer higher rewards than simple confidence tricks. The show most notable qualities is on plots that involve behind-the-scenes action that the viewers are unaware of until near the end of an episode, as well as fantasy scenes and occasional breaches of the fourth wall by the main actors.

Question: What station did Hustle air on?
Answer: BBC One
St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

Saint Patrick's Cathedral (Irish: Ard-Eaglais Naomh Pádraig) in Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1191, is the National Cathedral of the Church of Ireland. With its 43-metre (141ft) spire, St. Patrick's is the tallest church (not Cathedral) in Ireland and the largest.[1] Christ Church Cathedral, also a Church of Ireland cathedral in Dublin, is designated as the local Cathedral of the diocese of Dublin and Glendalough.[2]

Question: What is the largest cathedral in Ireland?
Answer: Saint Patrick's Cathedral
Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute (lower concentration of solvent). In biological systems, the solvent is typically water, but osmosis can occur in other liquids, supercritical liquids, and even gases.[11][12]

Question: How is osmosis achieved?
Answer: Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute (lower concentration of solvent)
Economy of the Middle East

Qatar currently enjoys the region's highest per capita GDP at $101,000.[42]  It has derived its wealth from exploiting its natural gas reserves.  With the revenues from its hydrocarbon industries Qatar has established a rentier economy.  Qatar has also established the largest per capita sovereign wealth fund in the world.  With a population under one million, the government has not found it necessary to diversify its economy.

Question: What is the wealthiest country in the Middle East?
Answer: Qatar
Rhodesia

Rhodesia (/roʊˈdiːʒə/, /roʊˈdiːʃə/[1]) was a country in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the de facto successor state to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which had been self-governing since achieving responsible government in 1923. A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by South Africa to the south, Bechuanaland (later Botswana) to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique (a Portuguese province until 1975) to the east.

Question: Where is Rhodesia?
Answer: in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979
Alberta

Alberta (/ælˈbɜːrtə/(listen)) is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census,[1] it is Canada's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres (250,000sqmi). Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.[5] The premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015.

Question: How large is Alberta, Canada?
Answer: 660,000 square kilometres
Anschluss

Anschluss (German:[ˈʔanʃlʊs](listen) "joining") refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.[1] The word's German spelling, until the German orthography reform of 1996, was Anschluß[2] and it was also known as the Anschluss Österreichs (pronunciation, German: Annexation of Austria).

Question: When did the Nazis occupy Austria?
Answer: 12 March 1938
Silent Hill (video game)

Silent Hill[lower-alpha 1] is a survival horror video game for the PlayStation published by Konami and developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. The first installment in the Silent Hill series, the game was released in North America in January 1999, and in Japan and Europe later that year. Silent Hill uses a third-person view, with real-time rendering of 3D environments. To mitigate limitations of the console hardware, developers liberally used fog and darkness to muddle the graphics. Unlike earlier survival horror games that focused on protagonists with combat training, the player character of Silent Hill is an "everyman".[1]

Question: Who published the Silent Hill series?
Answer: Konami
Nationalism

Nationalism as derived from the noun designating 'nations' is a newer word; in English the term dates from 1844, although the concept is older.[17] It became important in the 19th century.[18] The term increasingly became negative in its connotations after 1914.  Glenda Sluga notes that "The twentieth century, a time of profound disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of globalism."[19]

Question: When was the term nationalism first used?
Answer: 1844
AIDS

HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic.[1] As of 2017, approximately 36.9million people are living with HIV globally.[2] In 2018, approximately 43% are women.[2] There were about 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.[2]  The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study, in a report published in The Lancet, estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005, to about 2.6 million per year, but remained stable from 2005 to 2015.[3]

Question: How many people die from AIDs each year?
Answer: about 940,000
Demographics of Spain

As of 1 January 2018, Spain had a total population of 46,659,302, which represents a 0.28% increase since 2017.[1] The CIA Factbook (2011) gives a racial description of "composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types" under "ethnic groups" instead of the usual breakdown of ethnic composition. This reflects the formation of the modern Kingdom of Spain by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms, like León, Castile, Navarre, the Crown of Aragon, and Granada, among others.

Question: What is the population of Spain?
Answer: As of 1 January 2018, Spain had a total population of 46,659,302
UFO (TV series)

A single season of 26 episodes (including the pilot) was filmed over the course of more than a year; a five-month production break was caused by the closure of MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the show was initially made. Production then moved to Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire. UFO was first broadcast in the UK and Canada in 1970, and in US syndication over the next two years.

Question: How many episodes of the British TV show UFO were there?
Answer: 26
CanAm Highway

CanAm Highway  is an international highway that connects Mexico to Canada through the United States. It travels along U.S. Route 85 (US85) and Interstate 25 (I-25), passing through six U.S. states (Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota) and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.[1]  The CanAm highway in Canada comprises  Saskatchewan Highway 35 (SK 35), SK 39, SK 6, SK 3, and SK 2.[2]  The route continues south in Mexico as Mexican Federal Highway 45 (Fed. 45), and north in Canada as SK 102 but are not labeled the CanAm highway.

Question: What highway connects from Texas to Canada?
Answer: CanAm Highway
Gastroenteritis

The first usage of "gastroenteritis" was in 1825.[79] Before this time it was commonly known as typhoid fever or "cholera morbus", among others, or less specifically as "griping of the guts", "surfeit", "flux", "colic", "bowel complaint", or any one of a number of other archaic names for acute diarrhea.[80] Cholera morbus is a historical term that was used to refer to gastroenteritis rather than specifically cholera.[81]

Question: When was the term gastroenteritis first used?
Answer: 1825
Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc; French pronunciation:​[ʒan daʁk]; 6 January c.1412– 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans), is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. She was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France. Joan claimed to have received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.

Question: When did Joan of Arc die?
Answer: 30 May 1431
Han Hyo-joo

Han Hyo-joo (born February 22, 1987) is a South Korean film and television actress. She is best known for her leading roles in television drama series: Spring Waltz (2006); Brilliant Legacy (2009);  Dong Yi (2010) and W (2016); as well as the film Cold Eyes (2013), for which she won Best Actress at the 34th Blue Dragon Film Awards, and romance film The Beauty Inside (2015).

Question: How old is Han Hyo-joo?
Answer: born February 22, 1987
Fastest animals

The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which has a recorded speed of 109.4–120.7km/h (68.0–75.0mph).[1] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a diving speed of 389km/h (242mph).[2] The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin, which has a recorded speed of 129km/h (80mph).[3]

Question: What is the fastest swimming animal?
Answer: black marlin
Aerosol

An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.[1] Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, dust, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols are haze, particulate air pollutants and smoke.[1] The liquid or solid particles have diameters typically <1μm; larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear-cut. In general conversation, aerosol usually refers to an aerosol spray that delivers a consumer product from a can or similar container. Other technological applications of aerosols include dispersal of pesticides, medical treatment of respiratory illnesses, and convincing technology.[2] Diseases can also spread by means of small droplets in the breath, also called aerosols (or sometimes bioaerosols).[3]

Question: What is an aerosol?
Answer: suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas