Question: Who first landed the quadruple axel?

Quad (figure skating)



A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least three but less than four revolutions.[1] Most quadruple jumps have 3 1/2 revolutions; the quadruple Axel has 4 1/2 revolutions, although no figure skater to date has completed this jump in competition. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly skated in the discipline. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not having one in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap.[2][3] The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. In 2002, Miki Ando became the first woman to do so, and she remains one of only two women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in competition.
History of first jumps
In singles competition for men:
On March 25, 1988, at the World Championships in Budapest, Hungary,  Kurt Browning, a  Canadian, landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) in competition.
On March 7, 1998, at the Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow and, in particular, a quad Salchow in combination.
On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quad Lutz in a sanctioned competition.[4][5][6][7][8] On November 12, he landed a ratified quad Lutz at the NHK Trophy, becoming the first skater to land successfully a quad Lutz in international competition.
On April 22, 2016, in the short program at the Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, United States, Shoma Uno landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition.[9]
On September 30, 2016, in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada, Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first ratified quadruple loop (also known as the "Rittberger" in Europe) in competition.[10]
No quadruple Axel has yet been ratified.
No quadruple combinations (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified.
In singles competition for women:
On December 14, 2002, in the free skate at the Junior Grand Prix Final, Miki Ando landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow in competition.
On March 10, 2018, in the long program at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships, Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple toe loop in competition. She is also the second woman to land a ratified quadruple Salchow, making her the first woman to complete two quads in one program, and two different types of quads in one program.[11]
On September 7, 2018, in the long program at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix in Kaunas, Lithuania, Alexandra Trusova became the first woman to land a quad jump in combination, landing the quad toe loop that was followed by a triple toe loop.
On October 12, 2018, in the long program at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix in Yerevan, Armenia, Alexandra Trusova becomes the first lady to land a quad Lutz in international competition.
In pair skating competition:
In 1977, during their free skate at the European Championships, Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai performed the first ever quadruple twist lift in competition[12]
On November 17, 2007, in the free skate at the Trophee Eric Bompard competition in Paris, France, Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent landed the first ratified throw quadruple Salchow jump.
Timeline of major events

Men
1983
Mark Cockerell (USA) lands quads in training at the US National Sports Festival, but decides not to try it during his performance.[13]
1984
Alexander Fadeyev (USSR) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[14]
1986
Jozef Sabovčík (CZE) attempts a quad toe at the European Championships. It was approved at the time but a few weeks later ruled invalid because of a touchdown with his free foot.[15]
1987
Brian Boitano (USA) makes a quad toe attempt at the World Championships but falls and loses his title to Brian Orser (CAN).[16]
1988
Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first ratified quadruple jump, a toe loop, at the World Championships (with three turns on the landing).[15][17][18] Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen."[15]
Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.[17]
1989
Kurt Browning (CAN) lands a quad toe loop at the World Championships but touchdown with free foot.[18]
1990
Alexei Urmanov (USSR) becomes the first Soviet skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December.
Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but touches down with free foot at the European Championships in January
1991
Erik Larson (USA) attempts a slide spiral into a quad toe lands it and turns out at the NHK Trophy.
Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot Axel/quad Salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed.
Alexei Urmanov (RUS) lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January.
Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.[19] He later said that he had studied VHS tapes of Browning, Boitano, Fadeev, and Sabovcik to master the quad.[20]
1992
Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but stepping out on landing at the European Championships in January.[21]
Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands the first quad (toe loop) in Olympic competition but touches down with the right hand.
Petr Barna (CZE) lands a huge quad toe-loop but touch down with free foot.[22]
1993
Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
1994
Zhang Min (CHN) lands a quad toe cleanly at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer.
Elvis Stojko (CAN) attempts a quad toe-triple toe combination at the World Championships, but steps out on the landing.
1995
Vassily Eremenko (UKR) falls on a quad toe attempt at the European Championships in January
Michael Weiss (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
Francis Gastellu (FRA) lands a quad toe at the French Nationals.[23][24]
1996
Guo Zhengxin (CHN) landed a quad-toe-double toe at the World Championships.[25]
1997
Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.[26]
Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.[20]
A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition: Ilia Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN).
Guo Zhengxin (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance.
Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships.
Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop).
17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series and attempts a quad Salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt is ruled a two-footed landing.
1998
Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall).
Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad Salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple Salchow and the first quad Salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is ratified by the ISU a month later.[27]
Ilia Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program.
The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June.
Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad Salchow at the Goodwill Games in July.
Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly.
Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt.
1999
Zhang Min (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[28]
Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships.[29]
Ilia Klimkin (RUS) becomes the first man to land two different quadruple jumps (salchow and toe loop) in a program at the 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy.[30]
Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at 1999 Skate America in October; he landed a quad salchow, quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe as a solo jump.[15]
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs the world's first quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy.
2000
Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program at the World Championships, including one in combination[31]
Todd Eldredge (USA) lands his first quadruple jump in competition at the Masters of Figure Skating.
2001
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) at the World Championships.
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) falls on a quad lutz attempt at the Cup of Russia.
2002
Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands a quad-triple combination jump in his short program at the 2002 Olympics.[32]
Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympic-winning long program: 1) a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe, toe-triple toe, double loop) combination and 2) a quadruple toe loop.[33]
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympics long program: a quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop attempt (step out on the last jump) and a solo quad toe.[34]
Zhang Min (CHN) is the first to land three quadruple jumps in the long program at the Olympic Games.[35]
Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a quad salchow-triple toe loop combination in his Olympic short program.
Timothy Goebel (USA) lands two quad salchow (one in combination with a triple toe loop) and one quad toe loop during his Olympic free program.
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands the first quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia.
2003
Takeshi Honda (JPN) lands three quadruple jumps in his long program at the 2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[36]
2006
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination in his Olympic-winning free skate.
Stephane Lambiel (CHE) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination during his free skate at the Olympics. He attempts a second quad past the halfway point, but steps out and touches down with his hand.[37]
Brian Joubert (FRA) lands three quads (a quad toe in combination with double toe, a quad Salchow and a second quad toe) in competition at the Cup of Russia. He became the first European to perform it, and the first skater to land three quads in a free program under the ISU Judging System.[38]
2008
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple loop) at the Canadian Championships (at the age of 17), being the second one to do so.
Jeffrey Buttle (CAN) won at the 2008 World Championships. He became the first Champion whom without attempting a quad since Todd Eldredge in 1996. This led to criticism from silver-medal winner Brian Joubert and U.S. champion Evan Lysacek.[39]
2010
Evan Lysacek (USA) won the gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics without attempting a quad. This led to heavy criticism from silver-medal winner Evgeni Plushenko who landed a quad toe-triple toe combination in both his short program and free skate.[40]
Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the World Championships, but the jump is underrotated.[41]
Kevin van der Perren (BEL) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple toe) combination in competition at the World Championships in Torino, Italy.
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first skater to successfully land two quadruple jumps (quad salchow-triple toe loop and quad toe-loop) in a short program at the 2010 Skate Canada International.[42]
Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the Grand Prix Final, but the jump is downgraded.
2011
Brandon Mroz (USA) lands a quad Lutz in the short program at the 2011 Colorado Springs Invitational.[4][5] The U.S. Figure Skating-sanctioned competition was a small non-ISU event with three men's entries, making it unclear whether the accomplishment would be recognized by the International Skating Union.[5][43] On October 26, the ISU announced it had ratified the jump as the first quad Lutz to be performed in a sanctioned competition.[6][7] World Champion Patrick Chan of Canada commented, "I don't think it can be an official ISU record until [Mroz] has done it in an ISU event."[44]
Adam Rippon attempted quad Lutz in his free skating at the 2011 Skate Canada, but the jump was downgraded and two-footed.[45]
On November 12, 2011, Brandon Mroz (USA) landed a quad Lutz as his opening jump in the men's short program at the NHK Trophy in Sapporo, Japan, becoming the first skater to land a quadruple lutz in international competition.[46]
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2011 Cup of China. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[47]
2012
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2012 World Team Trophy. The jump was underrotated, then he fell.[48]
Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the second European skater to land three quads (two salchows and a toe-loop) in a free program and the first one to do it with a quad-triple combination (4S+3T) at the 2012 Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia.
2013
Brian Joubert (FRA) becomes the first skater to land more than 100 quadruple jumps in his career at international competitions.[49]
Vladislav Sesganov (RUS) becomes the first European skater to have landed quadruple Lutz in a competition at the 2013 International Cup of Nice.[50]
Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the first skater to land three quads twice in the same season after the 2012-13 Grand Prix Final and the 2013 European Championships. In both programs he did two quad Salchows and a quad toe loop, the first Salchow in combination with a triple toe loop.
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first figure skater to land five quads in one competition
2014
Gordei Gorshkov (RUS) at a domestic competition (2nd stage of 2014 SPB Cup) attempts quad loop. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[51]
2015
Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Latvia attempts the quad loop. The jump was downgraded and received a fall deduction.[52] He also attempts quad loop at a JGP in Poland but the jump is underrotated.[53]
Boyang Jin (CHN) at a domestic competition (2015 National Grand Prix) lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Lutz.[54]
Boyang Jin (CHN) lands a successful quad Lutz - triple toe-loop (4Lz-3T) combination during his senior debut, the short program at the 2015 ISU Grand Prix event, Cup of China. The jump combination earned +1.29 GOE and Jin became the first man to land a positively graded 4Lz in an official ISU competition and the first man to jump a 4Lz in combination. Jin landed two successful quads in his short program. During the free skate Jin attempted four quads, landing a 4Lz, 4T-2T, 4T, but falling on his 4S attempt. He earned +2.14 GOE on his 4Lz, landing it for the second time in one competition.
Boyang Jin (CHN) at the 2015-16 Grand Prix Final lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Salchow.[55]
2016
Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first American to have landed two quads (4T and 4S) in his short program, four quads (4T-2T, 4S-2T-2Lo, 4T and 4S) in the free skate, and also six quads in two programs.[56]
Boyang Jin (CHN) at his debut Four Continents Championships in Taipei landed six clean quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate.
Shoma Uno (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple flip in the competition at the 2016 Team Challenge Cup.[57][58][59][60]
Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Slovenia landed quad loop but stepped out on the landing. The jump was counted as fully rotated.
Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple loop in competition at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International.[61]
Nathan Chen (USA) attempts five quads in a single program for the first time in his free skate at 2016 Finlandia Trophy: a quad Lutz, a quad flip, a quad toe loop, a quad toe loop-double toe loop-double loop combination and a quad Salchow. However, only his quad toe combination is landed cleanly as he falls on the first quad toe and the quad salchow.
2017
Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first skater in history to land 1) four different types of quads in a free skating program (Lutz, flip, toeloop, Salchow), 2) five quads in total in a free skating program, and 3) seven quads in total in both his short program and free skating.[62]
Shoma Uno (JPN) successfully lands a quad loop in his free skate at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He also lands a quad flip and two quad toe loops in the same programs.[63]
Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first competitor to land three quads in the second half of a free skating program.[64]
Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to have landed five different types of quads across various competitions: toe loop, Salchow, loop, flip and Lutz, following his successful quadruple loop at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.
Yaroslav Paniot (UKR) successfully lands a quad flip in his free skate at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.
Mikhail Kolyada (RUS) successfully lands a quad Lutz in his free skate at the 2017 Ondrej Nepela Memorial.
Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) successfully lands a quad Lutz at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup (Cup of Russia).
Alexander Samarin (RUS) became the first European skater to land a quad Lutz in combination with a triple toe in international competitions at the 2017 Skate Canada.
Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to land two quad Lutz jumps in a free skating and three quad Lutz jumps in a single competition at the 2017 Skate America.
Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the youngest person to land a quad Lutz jump in international competition, at the age of 15. He did so in his free skate at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb.
2018
Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2018 Winter Olympics Team event (men's short) became the first skater to land a quad flip at the Olympics.[65]
Vincent Zhou (USA) became the first skater to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics.[66]
Nathan Chen (USA) was the first to land six quads in a free skate (five of them cleanly), also at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[65]
Vincent Zhou (USA) successfully lands a quad flip in competition at the World Championships.
Stephen Gogolev (CAN) became the youngest person to land quad Lutz, quad Salchow and quad toe in international competition, at the age of 13. He landed three quad jumps in his free skate at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Slovakia.
Dmitri Aliev (RUS) became the first European skater to have completed three quadruple jumps (toe loop, Lutz and Salchow) in international competitions. He added the quad Lutz during the 2018 Winter Olympics and the quad Salchow during the 2018 Lombardia Trophy.
Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the first European skater to have completed quad loop in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Golden Bear in Zagreb.
Artur Dmitriev Jr. (RUS) became the first skater to have attempted quad axel in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. His jump was recognized as quad axel in the protocols, though it was downgraded. [67]
Women
1989
Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad toe loop at the European Championships; first quad attempt by a woman in a major competition. She also falls on a quad Salchow attempt.
1991
Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad attempt at the World Championships.
1992
Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad toe loop at the Olympics and later repeats this at the World Championships.[68][69]
1996
Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad Salchow at the World Championships, but lands forward and falls.[70]
2001
Sasha Cohen (USA) lands a quad Salchow in warmup and practice at Skate America, but her attempt in the long program ends up aborted.[71]
2002
Miki Ando (JPN) becomes the first woman to land a rotated quadruple (a Salchow) at the Junior Grand Prix Final.[72]
2017
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands an underrotated quad Salchow at the JGP Australia at the age of 13.[73]
2018
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands a rotated quad Salchow at the Russia Cup Final, she also falls on a quad toe loop attempt.
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands a ratified quad Salchow and a ratified quad toe loop with positive grades of execution at the 2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships.[11]
Alexandra Trusova lands a quad toe loop-triple toe loop combination at the JGP in Kaunas, Lithuania. She also lands an underrotated quad Lutz.
Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) attempts a quad Lutz at the JGP Canada but falls.
Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) lands two quad Lutzes at the 2nd Stage of the Cup of Russia. The first was in combination with a triple toe loop although she stepped out on the landing.
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands a rotated quad Lutz at the JGP in Yerevan, Armenia.
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands a quad Lutz in combination with a triple toe loop at the fourth stage of the Cup of Russia.
Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) and Alexandra Trusova (RUS) both land a quad Lutz at the Russian National Championships.
Pairs
1977
Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai (URS) perform the first ever quadruple twist lift at the European Championships.
1987
Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov (URS) perform a quadruple twist at the World Championships.[74]
2000
Dan Zhang and Hao Zhang (CHN) perform the first quadruple twist in a Junior competition at the Junior World Championships.[75]
2002
Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw Salchow at the Olympics. She lands, then falls, and the jump is not ratified.
2004
Ding Yang and Ren Zhongfei (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing is two-footed.
2007
Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent (USA) became the first pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard.[76]
2008
Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the second pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2008 European Championships. They also were the first pair to land a quadruple Salchow at the Russian and World Championships.
2011
Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) successfully perform a quadruple twist at JGP Innsbruck, Austria.[77]
2012
Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) became the first pair to attempt two quadruples, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple twist, in a program at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships; the landing for the quadruple-throw Salchow is two-footed.[78]
2014
Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete a quadruple-throw salchow in domestic competition[79]
2015
Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) at a domestic competition (1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop. The landing for the quadruple-throw loop is two-footed, then she falls.[80]
Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw Lutz, but she falls after the quad Lutz attempt.
Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the first pair to perform two quadruple-throws in one program, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop, at the ISU competition - 2015 Cup of China, although the landing for the loop is two-footed. It is also the first attempt to perform the quadruple-throw loop at the international competition.[81]
2017
Vanessa James and Morgan Cipres (FRA) at the 2017 European Figure Skating Championships attempt a quad Salchow throw, but the landing was two-footed.
2018
Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete the first quadruple-throw salchow in Olympic competition.[82][83][84]
Execution
A jump harness is often employed in training quads.[85] Max Aaron stated that the smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt: "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in the right place, anything will throw you off."[85] Ross Miner stated that the quality of the ice sometimes plays a role but more on the quad salchow than the toe loop.[85] Practicing quads increases the risk of injury as well as wear and tear on a skater's body.[85][86]
See also
Quadruple jump controversy