Question: Who was the last kind of Sparta?

List of kings of Sparta


This list of kings of Sparta details the important rulers of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta in the Peloponnese.
Sparta was unusual among the Greek city-states in that it maintained its kingship past the Archaic age. It was even more unusual in that it had two kings simultaneously, which were called the archagetai,[1][n 1] coming from two separate lines. According to tradition, the two lines, the Agiads and Eurypontids, were respectively descended from the twins Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Heracles who supposedly conquered Sparta two generations after the Trojan War. The dynasties themselves, however, were named after the twins' grandsons, the kings Agis I and Eurypon, respectively. The Agiad line was regarded as being senior to the Eurypontid line.[3]
Although there are lists of the earlier purported Kings of Sparta, there is little evidence for the existence of any kings before the middle of the sixth century BC or so.
Spartan kings received a recurring posthumous hero cult like that of the Doric kings of Cyrene.[4] The kings' firstborns sons, as heirs apparent, were the only Spartan boys expressly exempt from the Agoge; however, they were allowed to take part if they so wished, and this endowed them with increased prestige when they ascended the throne.
Legendary kings
The ancient Greeks named males after their fathers, producing a patronymic by infixing -id-; for example, the sons of Atreus were the Atreids. In the case of royal houses the patronymic formed from the founder or an early significant figure became the age of the dynasty. A ruling family might in this way have a number of dynastic names; for example, Agis I named the Agiads, but he was a Heraclid, and so were his descendants.
In cases where the descent was not known or was scantily known the Greeks made a few standard assumptions based on their cultural ideology. A people was treated as a tribe, presumed to have descended from an ancestor bearing its name. He must have been a king, who founded a dynasty of his name. This mythologizing extended even to place names. They were presumed to have been named after kings and divinities. Kings often became divinities, in their religion.
Lelegids
The Lelegid were the descendants of Lelex (a back formation), ancestor of the Leleges, a Pelasgian tribe inhabiting the Eurotas valley before the Greeks, who, according to the mythological descent, amalgamated with the Greeks.








YearLelegidOther notable informationc. 1600 BCLelexson of Poseidon or Helios, or he was said to be autochthonousc. 1575 BCMylesson of Lelexc. 1550 BCEurotasson of Myles, father of Sparta
Lacedaemonids
The Lacedaemonids contain Greeks from the age of legend, now treated as being the Bronze Age in Greece. In the language of mythologic descent, the kingship passed from the Leleges to the Greeks.




















YearLacedaemonidOther notable informationc.Lacedaemonson of Zeus, husband of Spartac.Amyklasson of Lacedaemon. He founded Amyklaic.Argalusson of Amyklasc.Kynortasson of Amyklasc.Perieresson of Kynortasc.Oibalosson of Kynortasc.Tyndareos(First reign); son of Oibalos and father of Helenc.Hippocoonson of Oibalos and brother of Tyndareosc.Tyndareos(Second reign)
Years with no dates (only "c.") are unknown
Atreids
The Atreidai (Latin Atreidae) belong to the Late Bronze Age, or Mycenaean Period. In mythology these were the Perseides. As the name of Atreus is attested in Hittite documents, this dynasty may well be proto-historic.










YearAtreidOther notable informationc.  1250 BCMenelausson of Atreus and husband of Helenc. 1150's BCOrestesson of Agamemnon and nephew of Menelausc.Tisamenosson of Orestesc. 1100 BCDionhusband of Iphitea, the daughter of Prognaus
Years with no dates (only "c.") are unknown
Heraclids
The Spartan kings as Heracleidae claimed descent from Heracles, who through his mother was descended from Perseus. Disallowed the Peloponnesus, he embarked on a life of wandering. They became ascendant in the Eurotas valley with the Dorians who, at least in legend, entered it during an invasion called the return of the Heracleidae; driving out the Atreids and at least some of the Mycenaean population.







YearHeraclidOther notable informationc.Aristodemosson of Aristomachus and husband of Argeiac.Theras (regent)son of Autesion and brother of Aristodemus's wife Argeia;[n 2] served as regent for his nephews, Eurysthenes and Procles.
Years with no dates (only "c.") are unknown
Agiad dynasty
The dynasty was named after its second king, Agis.






































































YearAgiadOther notable informationc. 930 BCEurysthenesReturn of the Heracleidaec. 930 – 900 BC[n 3]Agis ISubjugated the Helotsc. 900 – 870 BCEchestratusExpelled the Cynurensians[n 4] that were in power.c. 870 – 840 BCLabotas[n 5]c. 840 – 820 BCDoryssusc. 820 – 790 BCAgesilaus Ic. 790 – 760 BCArchelausc. 760 – 758 BCTeleclusKilled by the Messeniansc. 758 – 741 BCAlcamenesFirst Messenian War beginsc. 741 – 665 BCPolydorusFirst Messenian War ends; killed by the Spartan nobleman Polemarchus[5]c. 665 – 640 BCEurycratesc. 640 – 615 BCAnaxanderc. 615 – 590 BCEurycratidesc. 590 – 560 BCLeonc. 560 – 520 BCAnaxandridas IIBattle of the Fettersc. 520 – 490 BCCleomenes IGreco-Persian Wars beginsc. 490 – 480 BCLeonidas IBattle of Thermopylaec. 480 – 459 BCPleistarchusFirst Peloponnesian War beginsc. 459 – 445 BC, 426 – 409 BCPleistoanaxSecond Peloponnesian War beginsc. 445 – 426 BC, 409 – 395 BCPausaniasHelped restore democracy in Athens; Spartan hegemonyc. 395 – 380 BCAgesipolis ICorinthian War beginsc. 380 – 371 BCCleombrotus Ic. 371 – 369 BCAgesipolis II[n 6]c. 369 – 309 BCCleomenes IIThird Sacred War beginsc. 309 – 265 BCAreus IKilled in battle against Aristodemus, the tyrant of Megalopolisc. 265 – 262 BCAcrotatus IIc. 262 – 254 BCAreus II[6]c. 254 – 242 BCLeonidas IIBriefly deposed while in exile avoiding trialc. 242 – 241 BCCleombrotus IIc. 241 – 235 BCLeonidas IIc. 235 – 222 BCCleomenes IIIExiled after the Battle of SellasiaFollowing the Battle of Sellasia, the dual monarchy remained vacant until Cleomenes III's death in 219.c. 219 – 215 BCAgesipolis IIIlast Agiad, deposed by the Eurypontid Lycurgus
Eurypontid dynasty
The dynasty is named after its third king Eurypon. Not shown is Lycurgus, the lawgiver, a younger son of the Eurypontids, who served a brief regency either for the infant Charilaus (780–750 BC) or for Labotas (870–840 BC) the Agiad.




















YearEurypontidOther notable informationc. 930 BCProclesReturn of the Heracleidaec. 890 BCSoos[n 7][7]Son of Procles and father of Eurypon.c. 890 – 860 BCEuryponc. 860 – 830 BCPrytanisc. 830 – 800 BCPolydectesc. 800 – 780 BCEunomusc.  780 – 750 BCCharilausWard and nephew of the Spartan reformer Lycurgus; War with the Argives; destroyed the border-town of Aegys; Battle of Tegea.c. 750 – 725 BCNicanderc. 725 – 675 BCTheopompusFirst Messenian War



Currently known two lists of kings:




According to Herodotus, VIII: 131












YearEurypontidOther notable informationc. 675 – 645 BCAnaxandridas IArchidamus IAnaxilasLeotychidas IHippocratidas

According to Pausanias, III, 7: 5-6








YearEurypontidOther notable informationc. 645 – 625 BCZeuxidamusc. 625 – 600 BCAnaxidamusc. 600 – 575 BCArchidamus I

















































YearEurypontidOther notable informationc. 575 – 550 BCAgasiclesContemporary with Leonc.  550 – 515 BCAristonBattle of the Fetters.c. 515 – 491 BCDemaratusdeposedc. 491 – 469 BCLeotychidas IIgreat grandson of Hippocratidas, Greco-Persian Warsc. 469 – 427 BCArchidamus IISecond Peloponnesian War beginsc. 427 – 401 BC[n 8]Agis IISpartan hegemony; Attacked Epidaurus, Leuctra,[n 9] Caryae, Orchomenos, and Mantineia; Invaded the Argolis; Council of war[n 10] formed to check his powers.c. 401[n 8] – 360 BCAgesilaus IICorinthian War beginsc. 360 – 338 BCArchidamus IIIThird Sacred War beginsc. 338 – 331 BCAgis IIIc. 331 – 305 BCEudamidas Ic. 305 – 275 BCArchidamus IVc. 275 – 245 BCEudamidas IIc. 245 – 241 BCAgis IVc. 241 – 228 BCEudamidas IIIc. 228 – 227 BCArchidamus Vc. 227 – 222 BCEucleidasActually an Agiad; installed by  Cleomenes III[n 11] in place of Archidamus V. Died in the Battle of Sellasia.Following the Battle of Sellasia, the dual monarchy remained vacant until Cleomenes III's death in 219.c. 219 – 210 BCLycurgusdeposes the Agiad Agesipolis III and ruled alonec. 210 – 206 BCPelopsson of Lycurgus
Sole kings









YearTyrantsOther notable informationc.  210–207 BCMachanidasregent for Pelopsc.  206–192 BCNabisfirst regent for Pelops, then usurper, claiming descent from the Eurypontid king Demaratusc. 192 BCLaconicuslast known king of Sparta from Heraclid dynasty
The Achaean League annexed Sparta in 192 BC.
Notes and references
Notes

References

Further reading
The Cyclopædia, Volume 20. By Abraham Rees. Page + (List of kings of Sparta on pg. ).
Sir William Smith, : Partly Based Upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Harper & Brothers, 1851.
Sir William Smith. . J. Murray, 1890.
Sir William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: . J. Murray, 1876.
William Smith (Ed.) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: . J. Murray, 1880.


 by Jona Lendering