Question: What other groups have formed in journalism in Japan?

Asahi Shimbun

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The Asahi Shimbun(朝日新聞, IPA:[aꜜsaçi ɕimbɯɴ], lit. "morning sun newspaper", English: Asahi News) is one of the five national newspapers in Japan. Its circulation, which was 7.96 million for its morning edition and 3.1 million for its evening edition as of June 2010,[4] was second behind that of Yomiuri Shimbun. The company has its registered headquarters in Osaka.
According to the Reuters Institute Digital Report 2018, public trust in Asahi Shimbun is the lowest among five major dailies in Japan.[5]
History

One of Japan's oldest and largest national daily newspapers, the Asahi Shimbun began publication in Osaka on 25 January 1879 as a small-print, four-page illustrated paper that sold for one sen (a hundredth of a yen) a copy, and had a circulation of approximately 3,000 copies. The three founding officers of a staff of twenty were Kimura Noboru (company president), Murayama Ryōhei (owner), and Tsuda Tei (managing editor). The company's first premises were at Minami-dōri, Edobori in Osaka. On 13 September of the same year, Asahi printed its first editorial.
In 1881, the Asahi adopted an all-news format, and enlisted Ueno Riichi as co-owner. From 1882, Asahi began to receive financial support from the Government and Mitsui, and hardened the management base. Then, under the leadership of Ueno, whose brother was one of the Mitsui managers, and Murayama, the Asahi began its steady ascent to national prominence. On 10 July 1888, the first issue of the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun was published from the Tokyo office at Motosukiyachō, Kyōbashi. The first issue was numbered No. 1,076 as it was a continuation of three small papers: Jiyū no Tomoshibi, Tomoshibi Shimbun and Mesamashi Shimbun.
On 1 April 1907, the renowned writer Natsume Sōseki, then 41, resigned his teaching positions at Tokyo Imperial University, now Tokyo University, to join the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun. This was soon after the publication of his novels Wagahai wa Neko de Aru (I Am a Cat) and Botchan, which made him the center of literary attention.
On 1 October 1908, Osaka Asahi Shimbun and Tokyo Asahi Shimbun were merged into a single unified corporation, Asahi Shimbun Gōshi Kaisha, with a capitalization of approximately 600,000 yen.
In 1918, because of its critical stance towards Terauchi Masatake's cabinet during the Rice Riots, government authorities suppressed an article in the Osaka Asahi, leading to a softening of its liberal views, and the resignation of many of its staff reporters in protest.
Indeed, the newspaper's liberal position led to its vandalization during the February 26 Incident of 1936, as well as repeated attacks from the right wing throughout this period (and for that matter, throughout its history).
From the latter half of the 1930s, Asahi ardently supported Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe's wartime government (called Konoe Shin Taisei, or Konoe's New Political Order) and criticized capitalism harshly under Taketora Ogata, the Editor in Chief of Asahi Shimbun. Influential editorial writers of Asahi such as Shintarō Ryū, Hiroo Sassa, and Hotsumi Ozaki (an informant for the famous spy Richard Sorge) were the center members of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai, which was a political think tank for Konoe.
Ogata was one of the leading members of the Genyōsha which had been formed in 1881 by Tōyama Mitsuru. The Genyōsha was an ultranationalist group of organized crime figures and those with far right-wing political beliefs. Kōki Hirota, who was later hanged as a Class A war criminal, was also a leading member of the Genyōsha and one of Ogata's best friends. Hirota was the chairman of Tōyama's funeral committee, and Ogata was the vice-chairman.
Ryū, who had been a Marxist economist of the Ōhara Institute for Social Research[6] before he entered Asahi, advocated centrally planned economies in his Nihon Keizai no Saihensei (Reorganization of Japanese Economies. 1939). And Sassa, a son of ultranationalistic politician Sassa Tomofusa, joined hands with far-right generals (they were called Kōdōha or Imperial Way Faction) and terrorists who had assassinated Junnosuke Inoue (ex–Minister of Finance), Baron Dan Takuma (chairman of the board of directors of the Mitsui zaibatsu) and Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi to support Konoe. In 1944, they attempted assassination of Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō (one of the leaders of Tōseiha or Control Group which conflicted with Kōdōha in the Japanese Army).
On 9 April 1937 the Kamikaze, a Mitsubishi aircraft sponsored by the Asahi Shimbun company and flown by Masaaki Iinuma, arrived in London, to the astonishment of the Western world. It was the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
On 1 September 1940, the Osaka Asahi Shimbun and the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun unified their names into the Asahi Shimbun.
On 1 January 1943, the publication of the Asahi Shimbun was stopped by the government after the newspaper published a critical essay contributed by Seigō Nakano, who was also one of the leading members of the Genyōsha and Ogata's best friend.
On 27 December 1943, Nagataka Murayama, a son-in-law of Murayama Ryōhei and the President of Asahi, removed Ogata from the Editor in Chief and relegated him to the Vice President to hold absolute power in Asahi.
On 22 July 1944, Ogata, Vice President of Asahi, became a Minister without Portfolio and the President of Cabinet Intelligence Agency in Kuniaki Koiso's cabinet.
On 7 April 1945, Hiroshi Shimomura, former Vice President of Asahi, became the Minister without Portfolio and the President of Cabinet Intelligence Agency in Kantarō Suzuki's cabinet.
On 17 August 1945, Ogata became the Minister without Portfolio and the Chief Cabinet Secretary and the President of Cabinet Intelligence Agency in Prince Higashikuni's cabinet.
On 5 November 1945, as a way of assuming responsibility for compromising the newspaper's principles during the war, the Asahi Shimbun's president and senior executives resigned en masse.
On 21 November 1946, the newspaper adopted the modern kana usage system (shin kanazukai).
On 30 November 1949, the Asahi Shimbun started to publish the serialized cartoon strip Sazae-san by Machiko Hasegawa. This was a landmark cartoon in Japan's postwar era.
Between 1954 and 1971, Asahi Shimbun published a glossy, large-format annual in English entitled This is Japan.
Between April and May 1989, the paper reported that a coral reef near Okinawa was defaced by "すさんだ心根の日本人" (a man with a Japanese dissolute mind). It later turned to be a report in which the reporter himself defaced the coral reef. This incident was called ja:朝日新聞珊瑚記事捏造事件 (the Asahi Shimbun coral article hoax incident). , and the president resigned to take responsibility for it.[7]
On 2 April 2001, the English-language daily, the International Herald Tribune/The Asahi Shimbun, was first published.
On 26 June 2007, Yoichi Funabashi was named the third editor-in-chief of Asahi Shimbun.
Shōichi Ueno, the newspaper's co-owner since 1997, died on 29 February 2016.[8]
When Shin-ichi Hakojima was CEO, they tied up with the International Herald Tribune and published an English-language newspaper, the International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun. It continued from April 2001 until February 2011.[9] It replaced Asahi's previous English-language daily, the Asahi Evening News. In 2010, this partnership was dissolved due to unprofitability and the Asahi Shimbun now operates the Asia & Japan Watch online portal for English readers.[9] The Tribune (now known as The International New York Times) cooperates with Asahi on Aera English, a glossy magazine for English learners.[10]
Political stance
The Asahi Shimbun is considered a rather left-leaning newspaper,[11][12][13] with a long tradition of reporting on big political scandals more often than its conservative counterparts.[14]
The Asahi newspaper supports the pacifist nature of Japan's post-war Constitution, and is opposed to the acceptance of the right of collective self-defense exercise in Japan.[15] The paper has also reported that politicians affiliated with the openly revisionist lobby Nippon Kaigi were trying to eliminate the so-called "peace clause" from the Constitution.[16]
The Asahi newspaper recognizes that the sexual slaves euphemistically referred to as 'comfort women' were actually forced into prostitution, but initially did not consider the involvement of the Japanese military in the forced recruitment of them in Korea.[17]
Controversies
Comfort women
In August 2014, the newspaper retracted the dubious testimonies of Seiji Yoshida used in several articles published in the 1980s and 1990s about comfort women. The paper drew ire from conservative media who, along with Abe's government, criticized it for damaging Japan's reputation abroad.,[17][18] some leveraging on this episode to imply that sexual slavery itself was a fabrication. The Asahi newspaper reaffirmed in its retracting article that "the fact that women were coerced into being sexual partners for Japanese soldiers cannot be erased" but also confirmed "No official documents were found that directly showed forcible taking away by the military on the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan, where the people living there were made "subjects" of the Japanese Empire under Japanese colonial rule. Prostitution agents were prevalent due to the poverty and patriarchal family system. For that reason, even if the military was not directly involved, it is said it was possible to gather many women through such methods as work-related scams and human trafficking.".[19][20]
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
In May 2014, the newspaper claimed that it have obtained a copy of the Yoshida Testimony, a supposedly nonpublic account given by Masao Yoshida who was the manager of the Fukushima Daiichi power plant when the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster occur, and the newspaper was trying to portray an image of cowardice onto workers in the plant by claiming the testimony stated that 90% of the plant's employee escaped from the power plant against the plant manager's order in four days after the incident occur.[21] Japanese journalist Ryusho Kadota, who have previously interviewed Yoshida and many other member of the work force in person, claim such incident have never occurred and that Asahi's report was mistaken.[22]。Asahi claimed their report were indeed based on their source and there are no fake nor mistake in their report, and further required the magazine which published the critique message to apologize and correct on what they have written.[23] However, in August, Sankei Shimbun and NHK also acquired the same testimony, and from their report, they have found no account on workers escaped from the plant against order from plant's manager.[24][25][24] which caused public and other media to cast doubt on accuracy of Asahi's report.[26] Then, in mid-September, when government announce they are going to make the testimony public, Asahi Shimbun changed their altitude, retracted the report and apologize and announced correction over their previous report.[27] As the incident occur merely a month after the previous reveal on fabrication related to the comfort women incident which was still affecting the newspaper deeply, its chairman resigned from the position as a result.[27] At the night after the newspaper admitted their mistakes in report, the chairman claims the result behind their mistake was erroneous interpretation and rating on the testimony, which gave themselves a mistaken impression on many staffs escaped from the plant and caused them to have written articles that are not correct.[28][29] The executive editor involved in the reporting was also relieved.[30] Asahi itself claims the reason behind the error was caused by memo written by staff of another nuclear power plant regarding stand by at lower dosage location within Fukushima Daiichi, and did not interview staffs directly. In response to this comment, analyst at other media like Sankei Shimbun consider the main problem with Asahi's reports being not open to accept different kind of fact and exclude information that does not fit with what they think about the situation.[31] The incident resulted in a decay in investigative journalism within the newspaper.[32]
Asahi Shimbun Asia Network
The Asahi Shimbun Asia Network (AAN) is a think tank that aims to promote information exchange in Asia and provide opportunities for scholars, researchers and journalists to share their ideas on pressing themes in Asia. It was established in 1999.[33] Their work includes annual international symposia and the publication of research reports.[34] In 2003, Gong Ro Myung was chosen as the new president of AAN.[33]
Symposia have included:
2008 Human Mobility and Regional Integration in Asia: The Current Situation of Higher Education and Labor Market and Policy Response[35]
Reports include such titles as:


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Asahi Prize

Established in 1929, the Asahi Prize is a prize awarded by the newspaper, since 1992 by the Asahi Shimbun Foundation, for achievements in scholarship or the arts that has made a lasting contribution to Japanese culture or society.[36][37]
Reproductions of past issues
Reproductions of past issues of the Asahi Shimbun are available in three major forms; as CD-ROMs, as microfilm, and as shukusatsuban (縮刷版, literally, "reduced-sized print editions"). Shukusatsuban is a technology popularized by Asahi Shimbun in the 1930s as a way to compress and archive newspapers by reducing the size of the print to fit multiple pages of a daily newspaper onto one page. Shukusatsuban are geared towards libraries and archives, and are usually organized and released by month. These resources are available at many leading research universities throughout the world (usually universities with reputable Japanese studies programs).
The Asahi Shimbun has a CD-ROM database consisting of an index of headlines and sub-headlines from the years 1945–1999. A much more expensive full-text searchable database is available only at the Harvard-Yenching Library at Harvard University, which notably includes advertisements in its index. Researchers using other university libraries would probably have to first use the CD-ROM index, and then look into the microfilm or shukusatsuban versions. Microfilm versions are available from 1888; shukusatsuban versions are available from 1931. Issues of the Asahi Shimbun printed since August 1984 are available through Lexis-Nexis Academic.
Offices
Osaka Head Office (registered headquarters): Nakanoshima Festival Tower East, 3-18, Nakanoshima Nichome, Kita-ku, Osaka
Tokyo Head Office: 3-2, Tsukiji Gochome, Chūō, Tokyo
Hokkaidō Office: 1-1, Kita-Nijo-nishi Itchome, Chūō-ku, Sapporo
Nagoya Head Office: 3-3, Sakae Itchome, Naka-ku, Nagoya
West Head Office: Riverwalk Kitakyushu, 1-1, Muromachi Itchome, Kokura Kita-ku, Kitakyushu
Fukuoka Office: 1-1, Hakata Ekimae Nichome, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka

Asahi Shimbun Building (2006)
Asahi Shimbun Building and Osaka Asahi Building (2012)
Asahi Shimbun Tokyo Head Office

Group companies
Nikkan Sports
Kanagawa Shimbun
International Herald Tribune/The Asahi Shimbun (Herald-Asahi, from the Japanese Wikipedia)
Asahi Sonorama
TV Asahi Holdings
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation
All-Nippon News Network
TV Asahi Channel (pay TV channels via CS)
Asahi Shimbun Foundation
FM OSAKA
See also

Media of Japan
Asahi characters
Kuri-chan, a yonkoma manga which ran in the newspaper from 1951 to 1965
Tensei Jingo



Further reading
Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp.59–67
Asahi Shimbun Shashi (Tokyo and Osaka: Asahi Shimbun Sha, 1990–1995. Official history of Asahi)
"Asahi Shimbun" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (Tokyo and New York: Kodansha, 1983).


 (in Japanese)
 (in English)

 (in English)
 Wiki collection of bibliographic works on Asahi Shimbun