Question: Nchi ya India inatumia mfumo gani wa elimu?

Sosholojia


Sosholojia ni fani ya sayansi inayochunguza mwenendo wa kijamii, yaani binadamu katika maisha ya jamii: unavyoanza, unayoendelea, unavyojipanga na unavyosababisha miundo.[1]
Kwa maneno mengine, sosholojia inamsoma mtu katika mahusiano yake: mtu na mtu, mtu na watu (kundi) na hivyo huweza kugundua tabia zake mbalimbali.
Somo hilo linahusiana na masomo mengine, kama vile anthropolojia, historia, saikolojia na uchumi.
Ni mojawapo kati ya sayansi za jamii nayo inatumia mbinu tofauti za kutambua hali halisi,
halafu inazichunguza kimpango.
Jina
Jina la fani hii linatokana na Kilatini ("socius" yaani "mwenzi") na Kigiriki ("λογία, logia" yaani "elimu") pamoja. 
Aliyeunganisha kwa mara ya kwanza maneno hayo (mwaka 1780) ni mwandishi Mfaransa Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836), lakini alichoandika kilichelewa kuchapwa.[2] Mwaka 1838 alifanya vilevile Mfaransa mwingine, mwanafalsafa wa sayansi Auguste Comte (1798–1857).[3] Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society.[4]
Faida ya fani hii
Kujifunza sosholojia ni kujifunza kuangalia dunia kwa mapana zaidi, yaani kutoka nje ya mipaka ya tafsiri zetu tulizojiwekea kijuujuu. Ni kukubali changamoto ya kuchunguza upya yale yote tunayoyajua kwa maana za kawaida: matokeo ya uchunguzi huo pengine hupingana na kile tulichokidhani mwanzoni na hivyo kutuwezesha kuuona ukweli katika hali mpya.
Sosholojia hutusaidia kuelewa hali halisi ya jamii ili kuchangia urekebishaji au utengenezaji wa sera mpya. Hutusaidia pia kukuza ujuzi wetu wa jamii mbalimbali na wa mahusiano yetu kijamii, yakiwa mazuri au mabaya vilevile. Hutusaidia tena kuelewa jumuia zetu kubwa au ndogo kama watu wanaoishi pamoja wakifuata mila na desturi za aina moja na kuwa na lengo moja. Hutusaidia kuelewa aina mbalimbali za utamaduni ili kurahisisha ushirikiano.
Historia ya sosholojia
Pamoja na kwamba mizizi ya sosholojia inapatikana katika maandishi ya wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki Plato na Aristotle, somo hilo lilipata kujitegemea katika karne ya 19 likakua haraka katika karne ya 20.
Mababa wake ni hasa Auguste Comte (1798-1857) na Herbert Spencer (1820-1903).
Wengineo ni Karl Marx (1818-1883), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) na Max Weber (1864-1920).
Tanbihi

Marejeo

Aby, Stephen H. Sociology: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources, 3rd edn. Littleton, Colorado, Libraries Unlimited Inc., 2005, ISBN 1-56308-947-5 OCLC
Babbie, Earl R.. 2003. The Practice of Social Research, 10th edition. Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., ISBN 0-534-62029-9 OCLC
Collins, Randall. 1994. Four Sociological Traditions. Oxford, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-508208-7 OCLC
Coser, Lewis A., Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971. ISBN 0-15-555128-0.
Giddens, Anthony. 2006. Sociology (5th edition), Polity, Cambridge. ISBN 0-7456-3378-1 OCLC

Lipset, Seymour Martin and Everett Carll Ladd. "The Politics of American Sociologists," American Journal of Sociology (1972) 78#1 pp.67–104 

Merton, Robert K.. 1959. Social Theory and Social Structure. Toward the codification of theory and research, Glencoe: Ill. (Revised and enlarged edition) OCLC
OCLC

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Nisbet, Robert A. 1967. The Sociological Tradition, London, Heinemann Educational Books. ISBN 1-56000-667-6 OCLC
Ritzer, George and Douglas J. Goodman. 2004.  Sociological Theory, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-281718-6 OCLC
Scott, John & Marshall, Gordon (eds) A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed). Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-860986-8, OCLC
Wallace, Ruth A. & Alison Wolf. 1995. Contemporary Sociological Theory: Continuing the Classical Tradition, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-036245-X OCLC
White, Harrison C.. 2008. Identity and Control. How Social Formations Emerge. (2nd ed., Completely rev. ed.) Princeton, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13714-8 OCLC
Willis, Evan. 1996. The Sociological Quest: An introduction to the study of social life, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2367-2 OCLC

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