Question: Where did the San Ciriaco hurricane make landfall?

1899 San Ciriaco hurricane


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, also known as the 1899 Puerto Rico Hurricane or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1899, was the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record, and the second-longest-lived tropical cyclone globally on record (in terms of tropical duration) after Hurricane John in the Pacific. The third tropical cyclone and first major hurricane of the season, this storm was first observed southwest of Cape Verde on August3. It slowly strengthened while heading steadily west-northwestward across the Atlantic Ocean and reached hurricane status by late on August5. During the following 48hours, it deepened further, reaching Category4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) before crossing the Leeward Islands on August7. Later that day, the storm peaked winds of 150mph (240km/h). The storm weakened slightly before making landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico with winds of 140mph (220km/h) on August8. Several hours later, it emerged into the southwestern Atlantic as a Category3 hurricane. The system paralleled the north coast of Dominican Republic and then crossed the Bahamas, striking several islands. Thereafter, it began heading northward on August14, while centered east of Florida. Early on the following day, the storm re-curved northeastward and appeared to be heading out to sea. However, by August17, it turned back to the northwest and made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina early on the following day. No stronger hurricane has made landfall on the Outer Banks since the San Ciriaco hurricane.
The storm weakened after moving inland and fell to Category1 intensity by 1200UTC on August18. Later that day, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic. Now heading northeastward, it continued weakening, but maintained Category1 intensity. By late on August20, the storm curved eastward over the northwestern Atlantic. It also began losing tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 0000UTC on August22, while located about 325 miles (525km) south of Sable Island. However, after four days, the system regenerated into a tropical storm while located about 695 miles (1,120km) west-southwest of Flores Island in the Azores on August26. It moved slowly north-northwestward, until curving to the east on August29. Between August26 and September1, the storm did not differentiate in intensity, but began re-strengthening while turning southeastward on September2. Early on the following day, the storm again reached hurricane intensity. It curved northeastward and passed through the Azores on September3, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.
In Guadeloupe, the storm unroofed and flooded many houses. Communications were significantly disrupted in the interior portions of the island. Impact was severe in Montserrat, with nearly every building destroyed and 100deaths reported. About 200small houses were destroyed on Saint Kitts, with estates suffering considerable damage, while nearly all estates were destroyed on Saint Croix. Eleven deaths were reported on the island. In Puerto Rico, the system brought strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused extensive flooding. Approximately 250,000people were left without food and shelter. Additionally, telephone, telegraph, and electrical services were completely lost. Overall, damage totaled approximately $20million, with over half were losses inflicted on crops, particularly coffee. 
At the time, it was the costliest and worst tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. It was estimated that the storm caused 3,369fatalities on the island territory. In the Bahamas, strong winds and waves sank 50small crafts, most of them at Andros. Severe damage was reported in Nassau, with over 100buildings destroyed and many damaged, including the Government House. A few houses were also destroyed in Bimini. The death toll in the Bahamas was at least 125. In North Carolina, storm surge and rough sea destroyed fishing piers and bridges, as well as sank about 10vessels. Because Hatteras Island was almost entirely inundated with 4 to 10 feet (1.2 to 3.0m) of water, many homes were damaged, with much destruction at Diamond City. There were at least 20deaths in the state of North Carolina. In the Azores, the storm also caused one fatality and significant damage on some islands.
Meteorological history

A tropical storm of unknown origins developed about 480 miles (770km) southwest of the southwestern-most islands of Cape Verde at 00:00UTC on August3.[1] According to an article by the United States Hydrographic Office, the British steamship Grangense encountered the system later that day, while located about 1,800 miles (2,900km) east-southeast of Guadeloupe. According to the ship's log, there was a "sudden change in the weather", falling barometric pressures, and increasingly rough seas. Further, the storm "showed all the symptoms of a genuine West Indian hurricane underdeveloped." The captain, who followed a route from Europe to Brazil for many years, noted that he never experienced "any weather of cyclonic character so far to the eastward before".[2]
Thereafter, the storm strengthened and reached winds of 70mph (110km/h) early on August4. Intensification halted until late on the following day, at which time the storm reached hurricane status. Around 18:00UTC on August6, it became a Category2 hurricane. Early the next day, the system deepened to a Category3. While approaching the Lesser Antilles, it continued to strengthen, reaching Category4 status around midday on August7. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane passed through the Lesser Antilles and made landfall on Guadeloupe. At 18:00UTC on August7, the system attained its peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 150mph (240km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 930mbar (27inHg),[1] observed by a weather station on Montserrat.[3]

The hurricane weakened slightly while moving west-northward across the Caribbean Sea and made landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico late on August8 with winds of 140mph (220km/h).[1] August 8 was the namesday of Saint Cyriacus, hence the hurricane's nickname.[4] Several weather stations across the island reported low barometric pressures, with a reading as low as 939mbar (27.7inHg) in Guayama. Wind shifts were also experienced across the island, primarily in the south and the west. The storm crossed Puerto Rico in approximately six hours and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean late on August8, while weakening to a Category3 hurricane, with winds decreasing to 120mph (195km/h). The hurricane would maintain this intensity for more than nine days. Continuing west-northward, the hurricane brushed the north coast of Dominican Republic on August9. Thereafter, the system moved slowly northwestward through the Bahamas, striking Inagua on August10 and Andros Island on August12.[1] According to telephone and telegraph reports from the Weather Bureau, the storm was predicted to make landfall in Florida.[2]

However, the storm instead curved north-northwestward and struck Grand Bahama on August13.[1] The next day, officials at the Weather Bureau predicted that the hurricane would strike Charleston, South Carolina, at which time it would have weakened "into an ordinary blow".[2]
Instead, the storm eventually turned northeastward and moved parallel to the coast of the Southeastern United States for a few days. By early on August17, however, the hurricane re-curved northwestward. At 01:00UTC on August18, it made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina, with winds of 120mph (195km/h). Five hours later, the storm weakened to a Category2 hurricane. Around midday on August18, it fell to Category1 hurricane intensity while re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean. Thereafter, the storm drifted slowly east-northeastward before accelerating to the northeast after 12:00UTC on August19. It moved parallel to Long Island and New England, until curving just north of due east late on the following day.[1]
The system began losing tropical characteristics after interacting with a weather front and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on August22,[5][1] while situated about 325miles (525km) south of Sable Island, Nova Scotia. The extratropical system moved east-southeastward and then southeastward, while continuing to weaken. By August24, it curved eastward and then northeastward the next day.[1] Operationally, it was believed that the system remained extratropical. However, Partagas indicated that it regenerated into a tropical storm at 00:00UTC on August26,[5][1] while located about 695miles (1,120km) southwest of Flores Island, Azores. Initially, the rejuvenated system drifted slowly north-northwestward, before turning northward on August27. No change in intensity occurred for nearly a week. On August28, it curved northeastward and then eastward, while continuing to drift.[1]
By September1, the storm began to accelerate and moved east-southeastward. It resumed intensified the next day after curving southeast, and was upgraded to a hurricane early on September3,[1] based on barometric pressure data.[5] A few hours later, the hurricane attained a secondary peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 80mph (130km/h). Late on September3, the storm passed through the Azores, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. After becoming extratropical, the remnants moved rapidly northeastward and continued to weaken, before dissipating southwest of Ireland late on September4.[1] However, the Weather Bureau noted that gales prevailed offshore France until September12, when the system merged with a low pressure area.[6]
With just under 28days as a tropical cyclone, this system became the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record.[7]
Preparations
On August7, after stations in the Lesser Antilles reported a change in wind from the northeast to the northwest, the United States Weather Bureau ordered hurricane signals at Roseau, Dominica, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, and San Juan, Puerto Rico; later, a hurricane signal was raised at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Advisory messages were sent to other locations throughout the Caribbean, including Santo Domingo, Kingston, Jamaica, and Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Information was also telegraphed to major seaports along the Gulf and East coasts of the United States. On August9, hurricane signals were posted at Santiago de Cuba, while all vessels bound northward and eastward from Cuba were advised to remain in port.[6]
Impact

Lesser Antilles
While passing through the Leeward Islands, strong winds were reported on several islands.[2] In Guadeloupe, the storm unroofed and flooded many houses and buildings, including the American Consulate in Pointe-à-Pitre.[8] Communications were significantly disrupted in the interior portions of the island. Two schooners sunk and at least 23flat boats were pushed ashore in the Îles des Saintes archipelago of Guadeloupe.[9] Impact was severe in Montserrat, with nearly every building destroyed. The Courthouse and a school, both of which remained standing, became crowded with homeless women and children. One-hundred deaths and fourteen-hundred injuries were reported.[2]
In Saint Kitts, 5-minute sustained winds were 72mph (116km/h), while 1-minute sustained winds were as high as 120mph (190km/h). About 200small houses were destroyed on Saint Kitts, with estates suffering considerable damage. Despite the impact, no deaths occurred, which was attributed to ample warnings. On Nevis, the hurricane left "general destruction" and at least 21fatalities. Nearly all estates were demolished on Saint Croix, while almost every large building was deroofed. Eleven deaths were reported on the island.[2]
Puerto Rico

The San Ciriaco hurricane was described as the first major storm in Puerto Rico since the 1876 San Felipe hurricane. Approximately 250,000people were left without food and shelter. Overall, damage totaled approximately $35.8million, with over half were losses inflicted on crops, particularly coffee. At the time, it was the costliest and worst tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. The number of fatalities ranged from 3,100 to 3,400, with the official estimate being 3,369. The San Ciriaco hurricane is the deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Puerto Rico.[10]
Strong winds were reported throughout the island, reaching 85mph (137km/h) at many locations and over 100mph (160km/h) in Humacao, Mayagüez, and Ponce. Within the municipality of Ponce, 500people died, mostly from drowning. Streets were flooded, waterfront businesses were destroyed, and several government buildings were damaged. Telephone, telegraph, and electrical services were completely lost. Ponce was described as an image of "horrible desolation" by its municipal council. Impact was worst in Utuado, with damage exceeding $2.5million. In Humacao, 23 inches (580mm) of rain fell in only 24hours.[10]
Greater Antilles and Bahamas

In Dominican Republic, heavy rainfall caused the Ozama River to overflow its banks, sweeping away an iron bridge. A freshet was also reported along the Heina River in San Cristóbal Province, washing away many houses.[6]
The storm brought catastrophic impact to the Bahamas and at least 334deaths. Losses to boating vessels reached $50,000. On Inagua, three vessels were lost and a schooner was left stranded at Lantern Head, while other boats that were hauled up on the bay suffered severe damage. The public school house was demolished on Ragged Island, though dwellings escaped serious impact. Plantain and banana plantations were completely flattened at Deadman's Cay on Long Island. Three vessels were beached on Rum Cay, but only one was considerably damaged. About 10bushels of salt were lost. Two churches and a number of private homes were damaged on San Salvador Island. A few ships and vessels were destroyed, damaged, or lost on Eleuthera, leaving a few people missing.[11]
On San Salvador Island, two churches and many dwellings were destroyed.
Exuma was devastated by the storm. All boats and other forms of transportation on the island were destroyed, with several crews either completely lost or missing some few members. Several bodies washed ashore and were immediately buried. A total of 46deaths were reported at sea, with some victims as young as 8-years old. At Gray's Settlement, several houses, outbuildings, and a church were destroyed. Of the buildings that remained standing, many lost their roof. At Barritarri and Rolleville, churches were deroofed and several small buildings suffered complete destruction. Throughout the island, 97dwellings were destroyed and 131others were damaged, which did not include the number of kitchens, barns, and homes demolished at Alexandria and Stuart's Manor. Overall, the storm left at least 64fatalities on Exuma alone.[11]
Within the capital city of Nassau, fences and boundary walls separating businesses and properties were felled.[11] A fruit factory, a sponge warehouse, a dancing pavilion, and about 100smaller buildings were destroyed.[6] A few public buildings were damaged, including the prison and the Government House. Damage to homes in Nassau was light in comparison to the dwellings in the suburbs, where lower-class homes suffered extensive impact or were completely destroyed. A total of 44multi-family residences were demolished. Many adobes in Adelaide were flattened, forcing 12families to live in a church. Three people suffered serious injuries after a home near Gambier was destroyed. The entire community of Gambier was reportedly wiped out. Local agriculture also experienced significant impact, with two orchards alone losing many trees and thousands of fruits. All sisal plantations on the island were demolished.[11]
Of the 50small crafts capsized by strong winds and waves in the Bahamas, a majority of these were located at Andros Island.[6] Several settlements along the northern portions of the island were devastated, with numerous homes flattened and all crops were destroyed, including coconuts, corn, grapefruit, oranges, peas, and potatoes. At Red Bays, two churches were destroyed and many houses were washed away. Several sponging vessels were beached, resulting in an "astronomical" amount of casualties. Only seven homes remained standing at Nicholls Town. A church was demolished along the Staniard Creek. At Coakley Town, several houses were blown down, while a number of vessels sunk. Overall, at least 114deaths occurred on land alone. Several schooners were lost near Andros Island, while at least 30other schooners were driven ashore and severely damaged or demolished.[11]
United States and elsewhere
Offshore the United States between Florida and North Carolina, the Norwegian bark Drot encountered the hurricane. A large wave swept the captain and seven crew members overboard. The remaining men built a makeshift raft out of the ship's plank in order to survive. However, the raft split into two, with two men on one portion and six on the other. On the former raft, a person committed suicide by jumping into the raging sea, but the remaining man was eventually rescued by the German steamship Titania. Of the six men on the other raft, three of them intentionally jumped into the ocean and drowned. Because the remaining three men realized that they were facing starvation or death by dehydration, they drew locks to determine who would be cannibalized by the other two. The man who lost was killed and the two surviving people drank blood from his veins. One of the persons remaining then went insane and bit large chunks of flesh from the other man's face and chest. On August 31, two weeks after the ship sunk, the two survivors were finally rescued by the British steamer Woodruff.[11]
The Weather Bureau office in Jupiter, Florida, recorded sustained winds of 52mph (84km/h) and a gusts up to 63mph (101km/h). Winds downed all telegraph lines in the area, which disrupted telegraphic communications for about 48hours. Brief periods of heavy rainfall were also reported.[6] At The Breakers hotel in Palm Beach, storm surge ripped off the upper portion of the ocean deck, which consisted of railings, a canopy, and a flagpole.[12] Between Titusville and Miami, losses reached $5,000. Tides along the coast of South Carolina peaked at 2.8ft (0.85m), resulting in no coastal flooding. Well executed warnings were attributed to no fatalities in South Carolina.[6]

Strong winds were observed in coastal North Carolina, with sustained winds up to 93mph (150km/h) and gusts as high as 140mph (230km/h). However, the anemometer then blew away. According to the Weather Bureau, "the entire island" of Hatteras was submerged in 4 to 10ft (1.2 to 3.0m) of water due to storm surge.[13] A personal account Weather Bureau observer S. L. Doshoz noted that it was typical for 40to 50individuals in Hatteras to seek shelter in a home because of coastal flooding, only to be forced to venture to another dwelling due to rising water.[14] In only four houses, less than 1ft (0.30m) of water was recorded. All fishing piers and equipment were destroyed, while every bridge was swept away. About 10vessels, including a large steamship, were wrecked.[13]
Severe damage also occurred at Diamond City and Shackleford Banks, where nearly every house was swept away. A number of farm animals drowned. The tides unearthed caskets, damaging them and leaving bones scattered throughout the towns. After the storm, residents began abandoning the area and re-settled in other cities, most of them located elsewhere in the Outer Banks. On Ocracoke Island, the island was covered with 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 metres) of water. A total of 33homes were destroyed and nearly every other suffered damage. Additionally, two churches were demolished. Several cows, horses, and sheep drowned.[14] Among the ships that wrecked was the barkentine Priscilla. Rasmus Midgett, a United States Life-Saving Service member, single-handedly rescued 10people from the Priscilla. On October18, Midgett was awarded the Lifesaving Medal by Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage.[15] Heavy rains and strong winds as far inland as Raleigh resulted in "great damage" to crops. There were at least 20fatalities in North Carolina.[13]
Strong winds were also reported in Virginia. At Cape Henry, winds peaked at 68mph (109km/h) for five minutes. In Norfolk, five-minute sustained winds reached 42 miles per hour (68km/h). The storm was quite severe along the James River, with low-lying areas of Norfolk inundated by wind-driven tides, while livestock drowned in the flood waters at Suffolk. A "heavy northeastern storm" began in Petersburg the night of August17. Corn and tobacco suffered considerable damage as crops were leveled by strong winds.[16]
In the Azores, "several lives were lost" on São Miguel Island. Strong winds and heavy rainfall damaged many houses, inundated several roads, and toppled a number of telegraph poles.
Aftermath and records
Some wealthy citizens and local governments in Puerto Rico provided food and shelter in the immediate aftermath of the storm, but their resources were too limited to effectively handle the disaster. Following Military Governor George Whitefield Davis's initial assessment of damage, he requested that the federal government appeal to citizens for aid. In San Juan, Major John Van Hoff established a Board of Charities, which was staffed by military doctors and clergy. Davis requested that similar committees be developed and headed by three "people of respectability" in each town. At the time, the island was divided into 12military districts. Davis ordered that commanding officers assess damage in each district and report the number of citizens without food and shelter. Hundreds submitted petitions for tax relief, including 369 in Lares alone. The destruction of infrastructure made it difficult to deliver aid, especially because of a 11mi (18km) section of railroad destroyed between Añasco and Mayagüez. Many roads and bridges were rebuilt in the following months. However, because the railroads were privately owned, the government hesitated to begin repairs. Various municipal governments proposed 25 million to 30 million pesos in bonds to fund restoration efforts.[10]
On August24, the USAT McClellan departed the United States Quartermaster's dock in Brooklyn after being filled with supplies by the Puerto Rican Relief Committee of the Merchant's Association including 12,600vests for women, 4,800women's wrappers, 4,200undershirts for men, 600pairs of trousers, and 215children's garments. H. C. F. Koch & Co. also sent 265articles of women and children's clothing. Additionally, the Windsor Company donated one case of calico, the Renfrew Machinery Company contributed one case of gingham, the Hines Underwear Company gave away knit underwear, and the National Biscuit Company (now known as Nabisco) sent 30barrels of bread.[17]
In the Bahamas, the House of Assembly held a special session to vote for a measure that authorized expenditure for relief throughout the country. Additionally, Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain called on several vessels to distribute and render assistance to the Out Islands. The British Government enacted the Hurricane Warning Act, which ordered that hurricane signal flags be hoisted at Fort Charlotte and Fort Fincastle in the event of a hurricane. The new regulation also required these flags to be raised when the barometric pressure fell to a certain point. Additionally, the Imperial Lighthouse Service issued a set of signal flags to all lighthouses in the Bahamas.[11]
Hurricane San Ciriaco set many records on its path. Resulting in at least 3,369deaths in Puerto Rico, the storm was the deadliest hurricane to hit the island and the strongest at the time, until the Hurricane San Felipe Segundo made landfall in 1928 as a Category5 hurricane. It was also among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded.
Also, with an Accumulated cyclone energy of 73.57, it has the highest ACE of any Atlantic hurricane in history. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan became the second Atlantic hurricane to surpass an ACE value of 70, but did not surpass the San Ciriaco hurricane.
The San Ciriaco hurricane is also the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, lasting for 27.75days.[7]
Name

The hurricane earned its name by striking Puerto Rico on August 8, the Roman Catholic feast day devoted to Saint Cyriacus (San Ciriaco in Spanish). This was a common practice prior to the introduction of standardized hurricane names – for example, the 1867 San Narciso hurricane, the 1928 San Felipe hurricane, and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane were also named after the feast day on which they occurred.[18]

See also

History of Puerto Rico
List of Atlantic hurricane records
Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii
Hurricane John (1994)
1932 San Ciprian hurricane
Hurricane Maria



Further reading