Question: What is the opposite of feminism?

Masculism







Part of a series onMasculism
Movements

Men's movement
Mythopoetic men's movement
Men's liberation movement
Men's rights movement
Fathers' rights movement
Intactivism
Meninism
Topics and issues


Topics
Sex differences in humans
Human male sexuality
Gender equality

(Misandry
Hegemonic masculinity)


Gender roles
Machismo


Gender studies (Men's studies)

Men in feminism

(Pro-feminism
Anti-feminism)

Issues

Violence against men

Circumcision controversies

(Genital mutilation
Forced circumcision)

Rape

(Prison rape
False accusation of rape)
Rape of males

Domestic violence (against men)
Violence against LGBT people

(Homophobia
Gay bashing
Transphobia)

Conscription

Reproductive Rights
Paternal rights and abortion
No-fault divorce

By country


Men's rights
India
Fathers' rights

Australia
Italy
United Kingdom
United States

Lists and categories

Index of masculism topics
Category:Men's movement
Category:Men's organizations
See also

International Men's Dayvt
Masculism or masculinism may variously refer to advocacy of the rights or needs of men and boys; and the adherence to or promotion of attributes (opinions, values, attitudes, habits) regarded as typical of men and boys.[1][2][3]
Definition and scope
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines masculism, or synonymously masculinism, as the "advocacy of the rights of men; adherence to or promotion of opinions, values, etc., regarded as typical of men; (more generally) anti-feminism, machismo."[4][5]
However, philosopher Ferrell Christensen differentiates "masculism" from "masculinism", defining the latter as promoting the attributes of manliness.[2] 
Political scientist Georgia Duerst-Lahti also distinguishes the two terms, with masculism expressing the ethos of the early gender-egalitarian men's movement, while masculinism refers to the ideology of patriarchy.[6][7]
Christensen differentiates between "progressive masculism" and an "extremist version". The former welcomes many of the societal changes promoted by feminists, while believing that some measures reducing sexism against women have increased it against men.[2] Nicholas Davidson, in his book The Failure of Feminism, describes an extremist version of masculism which he termed "virism": "What ails society is 'effeminacy'. The improvement of society requires that the influence of female values be decreased and the influence of male values increased…."[2][8]
Gender theories, which have frequently focused on woman-based or feminist approaches, have come to examine oppression in a masculist society also from the perspectives of men, many of whom are also subjected by that society.[9] From a feminist perspective to philosophy, masculinism seeks to value and include only male views, and claim "that anything that cannot be reduced or translated in men's experience should be excluded from the subject-matter of philosophy.[1]
Topic areas of interest

Education and employment
Many masculists oppose co-educational schooling, believing that single-sex schools better promote the well-being of boys.[10] Other masculists and equity feminists say that boys lag behind girls in educational achievement.[11]
Data from the U.S. in 1994 reported that men suffer 94% of workplace fatalities. Masculist Warren Farrell has argued that men do a disproportionate share of dirty, physically demanding, and hazardous jobs.[3]
Violence and suicide




Part of a series onViolence against men
Issues
Domestic violence
outline
against men
management
Forced genital mutilation
Forced circumcision
Involuntary castration
Involuntary penis removal
Shame-stroke
Human trafficking
Groom kidnapping
Killing
Androcide
Patricide
Mariticide
Fratricide
Avunculicide
Sexual assault and rape
Rape
Prison rape
Statutory
Male rape
Sexual violence
Related topics
Reverse sexism
Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
Men's rights movement
Masculist views on violence
Sentencing disparityvt

Masculists cite higher rates of suicide in men than women.[10] Masculists express concern about violence against men being depicted as humorous, in the media and elsewhere.[12]
They also express concern about violence against men being ignored or minimized in comparison to violence against women,[10][13] some asserting gender symmetry in domestic violence.[10] Another of their concerns is that traditional assumptions of female innocence or sympathy for women, termed benevolent sexism, may lead to unequal penalties for women and men who commit similar crimes,[12] to lack of sympathy for male victims in domestic violence cases, and to dismissal of female-on-male sexual assault and sexual harassment cases.
Custody

According to David Benatar, head of philosophy at the University of Cape Town, "Custody law is perhaps the best-known area of men's rights activism", as it is more likely in most parts of the world for the mother to obtain custody of children in case of divorce. He argues: "When the man is the primary care-giver his chances of winning custody are lower than when the woman is the primary care-giver. Even when the case is not contested by the mother, he's still not as likely to get custody as when the woman's claim is uncontested".[14]
South African masculist evangelical movements
In the wake of the abolition of apartheid, South Africa has seen a resurgence of masculist Christian evangelical groups, led by two complementary men's and women's movements, the Mighty Men movement and the Worthy Women movement.[15] The Mighty Men movement harkens back to the Victorian idea of Muscular Christianity[16] and the movement does not lead discussions about institutionalized racism.[17] Feminist scholars argue that the movement's lack of attention to women's rights and their historical struggle with racial equality makes it a threat to women and to the stability of the country.[16][17] Scholar Miranda Pillay argues that the Mighty Men movement appeal lies in its resistance to gender equality as incompatible with Christian values, and in raising patriarchy to a "hyper-normative status," beyond challenge by other claims to power.[18]
The Worthy Women movement is a women's auxiliary to Mighty Men in advocating men</i>ism, a belief in the inherent superiority of men over women.[15] Their leader is Gretha Wiid. She blames South Africa's disorder on the liberation of women, and aims to restore the nation through its families, making women again subservient to their men.[19] Her success is attributed to her balancing claims that God created the gender hierarchy, but that women are no less valuable than men,[20] and that restoration of traditional gender roles relieves existential anxiety in post-apartheid South Africa.[15]
Reactions
Criticisms and responses
Some critics believe masculism  focuses on male superiority or male dominance (i.e. androcentrism)[21] to the exclusion of women.[1] Some masculinists believe that differentiated gender roles are natural.  There is some evidence for social influences (e.g. gender division of labor, socialization) as the sole or primary origin of gender differentiation.[22][23] Some parts of the masculinist movement have to some extent borrowed concepts from evolutionary psychology: this theory argues that adaptation during prehistory resulted in complementary but different roles for the different genders, and that this balance has been destabilized by feminism since the 1960s.[10]
Feminism
Some masculinists have been described as explicitly antifeminist by feminist activists.[10] According to Blais and Dupuis-Déri, "the contents of [masculinist] websites and the testimony of feminists that we questioned confirm that masculinists are generally critical of even moderate feminists and feminists at the head of official feminist organizations."[10] Some masculinist activism has involved disruption of events organized by feminists and lawsuits against feminist academics, journalists, or activists.[10] Furthermore, masculinist actions are sometimes extreme; father's rights activists have bombed family courts in Australia and have issued bomb threats in the UK, although it is ambiguous whether there was public and organized militant group involvement.[10] They have also engaged in "tire-slashing, the mailing of excrement-filled packages, threats against politicians and their children."[10] Spokesmen for these groups have also spoken out against public awareness campaigns to prevent sexual assault, arguing that they portray a negative image of men, and one masculinist group harassed administrators of dozens of battered women's shelters and women's centers.[10][24]
Philosopher Ferrell Christensen states that if masculism and feminism refer to the belief that men/women are systematically discriminated against, and that this discrimination should be eliminated, there is not necessarily a conflict between feminism and masculism, and some assert that they are both.[2] However, many believe that one sex is more discriminated against, and thus use one label and reject the other.[2]
See also


Identity politics
Manosphere
Masculine psychology
Masculinity
Men's liberation
Men's movement
Men's rights movement
Men's studies

Men's organizations
Fathers 4 Justice
International Men's Day (19 November)
Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Australia, India, United States, Singapore, United Kingdom, Malta, South Africa, Hungary, Ireland, Ghana and Canada
Save Indian Family
Notable people associated with masculism
Warren Farrell
Robert Bly
Books
Manliness (2006)



Bibliography
Books

Antithesis of: 


The title is a play on the Christian theological terms church militant and church triumphant.

Thesis

Journal articles

Websites
 of Aristotle asserts excellence varies with social role, including gender.