Question: Were all the monarchy in Europe related to each other?

Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX

The royal descendants of Victoria (Queen of the United Kingdom) and of Christian IX (King of Denmark) currently occupy the thrones of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.  At the outbreak of the First World War their grandchildren occupied the thrones of Denmark, Greece, Norway, Germany, Romania, Russia, Spain and the United Kingdom.  For this, Queen Victoria was nicknamed "the grandmother of Europe" while King Christian IX was nicknamed "Father-in-law of Europe". Of the remaining kingdoms of Europe today, only Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands descends neither from Queen Victoria nor King Christian IX.[1]
Grandchildren
Queen Victoria arranged the marriage of her eldest son and heir-apparent, the future Edward VII, to Alexandra of Denmark, the eldest daughter of King Christian IX, which took place on 10 March 1863. Among their six children were George V (who was also Emperor of India throughout his reign) and his sister Maud of Wales (who would later marry their cousin King Haakon VII of Norway, another grandchild of Christian IX, on 22 July 1896). However, these two marriages were not the only unions amongst and between descendants of Victoria and Christian IX.
The second son of Christian IX, Prince William, became King of Greece as George I shortly after his sister Alexandra's marriage due to this new connection with the British Royal Family. On 27 October 1889 his son, later Constantine I of Greece, married Sophia of Prussia, a granddaughter of Victoria, forging another union between descendants of the British queen and the Danish king.
In 1865, Christian IX's second daughter, Princess Dagmar, became engaged to Tsarevich Nicholas of Russia, son and heir of Tsar Alexander II. Following the untimely death of her fiancé, Dagmar married Nicholas's younger brother, the Tsarevich Alexander in 1866, taking the Russian name Maria Feodorovna. Between 1881 and 1894, she was empress-consort of Russia. Her son, Nicholas II of Russia, married Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, yet another granddaughter of Queen Victoria, on 26 November 1894, and she became empress-consort as Alexandra Feodorovna.
Other grandchildren became monarchs in their own right or consorts. Christian X of Denmark was the elder brother of Haakon VII of Norway and thus another grandson of Christian IX of Denmark. William II, German Emperor and King of Prussia was the elder brother of Sophia of Prussia and thus another reigning grandson of Victoria.  Lastly, Victoria had two more granddaughters who became queens: Marie of Edinburgh, who married Ferdinand I of Romania, and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg who married Alfonso XIII of Spain.
Christian IX was therefore the grandfather of an emperor and two kings who all married granddaughters of Victoria, one of whom (Maud of Wales) was also a granddaughter of Christian IX.  In total, five of his grandsons were reigning sovereigns.
Victoria, meanwhile, was the grandmother of an emperor, a king-emperor, four queens consort and an empress consort.
First World War
During the First World War (1914–1918), many monarchs of countries from both sides were closely related due to their mutual descent from either Queen Victoria, King Christian IX or both.  The most commonly cited example is the fact that Nicholas, his wife, Alexandra, and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany were all first cousins of King George V of the United Kingdom.[2][3][4] Other countries who fought against Germany in addition to Russia and the United Kingdom were Romania, whose queen-consort, Marie, wife of King Ferdinand I, was a cousin of the Kaiser, and Greece, whose queen-consort, Sophia, wife of King Constantine I, was the Kaiser's own sister. 
Additionally, King George V was a first cousin, through King Christian IX, of both Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and King Constantine I of Greece. Shortly before the end of the war, Nicholas, his wife and children were executed by the Bolsheviks. Other first cousins of George V, whose countries were neutral during the war, were King Christian X of Denmark, Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain (queen-consort of King Alfonso XIII) and King Haakon VII of Norway (who was also George's brother-in-law via his marriage to George's sister, Maud).
Family tree of sovereign and consort grandchildren
The family tree below also attempts to show the relationship between close and extended family members referenced on this page.









Christian IX
 of DenmarkQueen VictoriaDagmar 
of DenmarkGeorge I 
of GreeceFrederick VIII
of DenmarkAlexandra 
of DenmarkEdward VIIVictoria
 Princess Royal
Empress of GermanyThe Princess
 Alice
Grand Duchess of HesseAlfred
 Duke of Saxe-
Coburg and GothaThe Princess
 BeatriceNicholas II 
of RussiaConstantine I
 of GreeceChristian X 
of DenmarkHaakon VII 
of NorwayMaud of
 WalesGeorge VWilliam II
 German EmperorSophia 
of Prussia
Queen of GreeceAlix 
of Hesse
Empress of all the RussiasMarie
of Edinburgh
Queen of RomaniaVictoria 
Eugenie
 of Battenberg
Queen of Spain
Present-day reigning descendants
The unions between descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX did not end with the First World War, despite the overthrows of both the German and Russian monarchies (along with House of Habsburg in Austria-Hungary).  On the contrary, nearly all European reigning kings and queens today are most closely related through their descent from Victoria, Christian or both.
Currently, there are seven kingdoms remaining in Europe:[5]

1.	Belgium: King Philippe & Queen Mathilde

2.	Denmark: Queen Margrethe II

3.	Norway: King Harald V & Queen Sonja

4.	Spain: King Felipe VI & Queen Letizia

5.	Sweden: King Carl XVI Gustaf & Queen Silvia

6.	United Kingdom: Queen Elizabeth II & Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

7.	Netherlands: King Willem-Alexander & Queen Máxima
King Harald V of Norway, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and King Felipe VI of Spain are all descended from both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX. The first two monarchs are great-grandchildren of the aforementioned union between Alexandra of Denmark (daughter of King Christian IX) and Edward VII (son of Queen Victoria). Harald V of Norway is actually descended from Christian IX three ways, twice through his father and once through his mother. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and his wife Elizabeth II are second cousins once removed through Christian IX and also third cousins as they are both great-great-grandchildren of Victoria. Margrethe II of Denmark is descended once each from Victoria and Christian IX. She is also a first cousin to Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden through Victoria's granddaughter Princess Margaret of Connaught. Felipe VI is descended from Victoria three ways and Christian IX twice. His father, King Juan Carlos I, is descended from Victoria and not Christian IX, while Juan Carlos' consort, Queen Sofía, is twice a descendant of Victoria and twice a great-great-granddaughter of Christian IX. 
King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is descended from Victoria, twice, as his parents were second cousins because they were both great-grandchildren of Victoria. in addition, Carl XVI Gustaf also descends on his maternal side from Victoria's half-sister Feodora. Although Carl XVI Gustaf is not a descendant of Christian IX; however, it should be noted that he descends on his maternal side from the parents of Christian IX through Christian IX's elder brother, Friedrich.
Conversely, Philippe, King of the Belgians is descended from King Christian IX but not Queen Victoria, although, he is a descendant of Victoria's maternal uncle (as well as her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's paternal uncle), Leopold I, King of the Belgians. Philippe's father, King Albert II, who abdicated in the summer of 2013, is a first cousin to Harald V of Norway through their grandfather Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland, married to Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, a granddaughter of Christian IX.
In summation, the monarchs of Norway, Denmark, Spain and the United Kingdom as well as the consort of the United Kingdom are descended from both Victoria and Christian IX. The King of Sweden is descended from Victoria and not Christian IX (although from one of his brothers). The King of the Belgians and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg are descended from Christian IX and not Victoria, though they are descendants of both Victoria's and her spouse's uncle Leopold I of Belgium.  The King of the Netherlands is the only monarch descended from neither Victoria nor Christian IX. (He is, however, a sixth cousin thrice removed of Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Harald V, Margrethe II and Carl XVI Gustaf through descent from Frederick, Prince of Wales; a sixth cousin four times removed of Felipe VI, also via descent from Frederick; and also a fourth cousin twice removed of Albert II through descent from William I of the Netherlands. Furthermore, William I of the Netherlands was also second cousin once removed to both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX, since he was the great-grandson of George II of Great Britain. Hence, all current reigning kings and queens in Europe, including the Netherlands, are related through the line of George II of Great Britain.)
Monarchs descended from Queen Victoria














Queen
 VictoriaAlice
of the United
 KingdomEdward VIIArthur
 Duke of Connaught 
and StrathearnLeopold
 Duke of AlbanyBeatrice
of the United
 KingdomVictoria
 Princess RoyalVictoria 
of Hesse and
 by RhineGeorge VMaud 
of WalesMargaret 
of ConnaughtCharles Edward
 Duke of Saxe-
Coburg and GothaVictoria
 Eugenie 
of BattenbergWilliam II
 German
 EmperorSophia 
of PrussiaAlice
 of BattenbergGeorge VIOlav V
 of NorwayIngrid 
of SwedenGustaf Adolf
 Duke of
 VästerbottenSibylla 
of Saxe-Coburg
 and GothaJuan
 Count of
 BarcelonaVictoria
 Louise
 of PrussiaPhilip 
 Duke of EdinburghElizabeth IIHarald V
 of NorwayMargrethe II
 of DenmarkCarl XVI Gustaf
 of SwedenFrederica 
of HanoverPaul 
of GreeceJuan Carlos
 I of SpainSophia 
of Greece 
and DenmarkFelipe VI
 of Spain
Monarchs descended from King Christian IX












Christian IX
 of DenmarkFrederick VIII 
of DenmarkAlexandra 
of DenmarkGeorge I
 of GreeceDagmar 
of DenmarkThyra 
of DenmarkChristian X
 of DenmarkIngeborg 
of DenmarkHaakon VII 
of NorwayMaud
 of WalesGeorge VAndrew 
of Greece 
and DenmarkConstantine I 
of GreeceNicholas II
 of Russia[N 1]Ernest Augustus
Duke of 
BrunswickFrederick IX
 of DenmarkAstrid 
of SwedenMärtha
 of SwedenOlav V 
of NorwayGeorge VI[N 2]Helen 
of Greece 
and DenmarkPaul 
of Greece[N 3]Frederica 
of HanoverMargrethe II 
of DenmarkJoséphine 
Charlotte 
of BelgiumAlbert II
 of Belgium[N 4]Harald V
 of NorwayElizabeth IIPhilip
 Duke of
 EdinburghMichael I
 of Romania[N 5]Constantine II
 of Greece[N 6]Sophia 
of Greece 
and DenmarkHenri of LuxembourgPhilippe 
of BelgiumFelipe VI
 of Spain
Notes

Common ancestry between Victoria and Christian IX
Because so many monarchs descend from both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX of Denmark, the relationship between these two monarchs is of some interest.  These monarchs were third cousins through their mutual descent from King George II of Great Britain.  This relationship occurs twice because the maternal grandparents of King Christian IX of Denmark, Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (1744–1836) and Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831), were both children of daughters of King George II of Great Britain (1660–1727), and thus first cousins.  Louise of Hesse-Kassel, wife of King Christian IX of Denmark, was a granddaughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse (1747–1837), the brother of the aforementioned Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel.
Thus King Christian IX of Denmark and his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel were second cousins to each other and third cousins to Queen Victoria.










George II 
of Great BritainFrederick
 Prince of WalesMary 
of Great BritainLouise 
of Great BritainGeorge III 
of the United KingdomPrince Frederick
 of Hesse-KasselCharles 
of Hesse-KasselLouise 
of DenmarkEdward
 Duke of Kent and StrathearnWilliam
 of Hesse-KasselLouise Caroline
 of Hesse-KasselQueen VictoriaLouise 
of Hesse-KasselChristian IX 
of Denmark
The longest living descendants of Victoria and Christian IX
Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone （aged 97years, 313days）
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh （age 98years, 104days）
Michael I of Romania（aged 96years, 41days）
Carl Johan Bernadotte（aged 95years, 187days）
Sigvard Bernadotte（aged 94years, 242days）
King Christian IX of Denmark
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh（age 98years, 104days）
Princess Margaret of Denmark （aged 97years, 1day)
Michael I of Romania（aged 96years, 41days）
Prince Andrew Romanov（age 96years, 244days）
Lennart Bernadotte（aged 95years, 227days)
Notes


Aronson, Theo. Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph and the Tragedy of European Monarchy 1910–1918
Aronson, Theo.  A Family of Kings: The Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark
Aronson, Theo.  Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria, 1973
Carter, Miranda. Three Emperors: Three Cousins, Three Empires and the Road to the First World War. London, Penguin. 2009. ISBN978-0-670-91556-9
Gelardi, Julia P. Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria
Potts, D. M. and W. T. W.  Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family