Question: What kind of clay is found on Jeju?

Onggi


Onggi (Korean: 옹기, 甕器) is Korean earthenware, which is extensively used as tableware, as well as storage containers in Korea. It includes both unglazed earthenware fired near 600 to 700°C and pottery with a dark brown glaze that burnt over 1100°C.[1]The origin of onggi dates to around 4000 to 5000 BC.[3] The two types of earthenware are a patternless earthenware which is called mumun and a black and red earthenware. The former, a patternless earthenware, was made with lumps of clay including much fine sand; however, the predecessor of Goryeo celadon and Joseon white porcelain, a black/red earthenware, was being made with only lumps of clay. The color of earthenware is determined by the iron contained in the clay and the way of burning the pottery. The present onggi shape dates from the Joseon era. Many records about onggi are found in Sejong Sillok Jiriji (Korean: 세종실록지리지, "King Sejong's Treatise on Geography"): "There are three kilns that make the yellow onggi in Chogye-gun and Jinju-mok, Gyeongsang Province".[4]
History
Ong (甕, 瓮) is the Korean word for "pottery" and refers to the form of the bowl.
The pottery has been used since the prehistoric times and has been used as a store for storing food or for putting in the body. In the Three Kingdoms period, it is more importantly used for life, and there are large and small pottery on the tomb murals of Anak 3 in Goguryeo. Baekje and Silla records that they stored rice, liquor, oil, soy sauce, and salted fish. In the Goryeo Dynasty, according to the Song Dynasty in the first half of the twelfth century, according to the Dhikyong Dynasty, It is also used for drinking water storage. In the early period of the Joseon Dynasty, there were 104 'Onjang(옹장)' in 14 institutions such as Bongsung Temple, and there were two assistants according to ≪Ggyeong-guk Dae-jeon(경국대전)≫ in Joseon. In Sung-Hyun's ≪선화봉사 고려도경 宣和奉使高麗圖經≫, "Pottery is the most necessary vessel for people. Now, in Mapo and Noryangjin, mud baking is done as a clay pot, a kind of poison earthenware. " Thus, it can be seen that pottery has been used for life since prehistoric times.[5]
Uses
Compared to porcelain, onggi has a microporous structure and has been found to assist in the fermentation in food processing such as the preparation of gochujang (fermented chili pepper, bean and rice paste), doenjang (fermented bean paste), kimchi (fermented seasoned vegetables), and soy sauce. Onggi with proper porosity and permeability needs to be used in order to produce an optimally ripened quality in fermented foodstuff. Fine-tuned onggi containers are, in fact, suitable for many different kinds of fermented products.[6] Since early times, Korea has been famous for fermented foods. In ancient Chinese historiography, in the Biographies of the Wuhuan, Xianbei, and Dongyi (traditional Chinese: 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳) in the Records of Wèi (traditional Chinese: 魏志), which is part of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, there is this remark: "Goguryeo people have a custom of making fermented foods".[7] The abundance of soybean, which grows naturally in Korea, the fresh fishery resources from the sea surrounding the Korean Peninsula and a proper climate for microbial development, all give account of the importance of fermentation as food processing. However, onggi ware also contributed to the development of fermented dishes within Korean cuisine. Large onggi ware were stored on the jangdokdae, an elevated floor near the house.[8]
Features
Onggi, which are made by a specialized group of workmen called onggijang (Korean:옹기장), has been influenced by the characteristics and climate of the regions where it has been made. Therefore, there are shapes and sizes of onggi and ways of manufacturing it that vary from region to region.[9] Nevertheless, all onggi types share some properties. These are biodegradability, porosity, and its proof against rot as well as firmness or "vertebration".[10] Due to the low firing temperatures often used in producing onggi, they are rarely found archaeologically since the sherds return to the clay state or is used as  grog. Features of Onggi include Breathability, Stability, Bermentability, Economy, Porosity and Diversity of use.[11]
Breathability
By heating to a high temperature, the crystal water contained in the wall of the pottery vessel is discharged, and pores are generated, so that air flows between the inside and the outside of the pottery pot. For this reason, Onggi was recognized as a vessel for breathing from ancient times.[12]
Stability
The pores of the pottery wall act as pushing out the impurities formed on the inner surface, so that the contents have excellent storage ability that can be stored for a long time without decaying.[13]
Fermentability
The most important characteristic of our country food is fermented food. Fermented food is mostly fermented in Onggi. Tobacco, candlesticks, and cooked rice are containers made for fermentation purposes.[14]
Economy
Onggi tokas, glazes, etc. used in making Onggi can be easily obtained from around us, so Onggi was traded at a low price, which is not burdensome for ordinary people. Because of this economic efficiency, Onggi has been able to occupy the position of our life as a courage for a long time.[15]
Porosity

While burning onggi, the onggijang master glazes its surface. This glaze plays a key role in giving a waterproof surface and preventing leaks. Following up, many particles of sand are included in the body of the clay acting as passages for air. This way, air can move through onggi while water cannot. Koreans call this action "Onggi drawing breath." This is one of the most critical reasons to use onggi in making Korean fermented foods.[16][17]
Variety of Usage
Onggi is mainly used for food containers, but they are used for household appliances such as lamps, fireplaces, ashtrays, ashtrays, coins, and ink pads, and life utensils such as generals, retail caterpillars, chick water bottles. It was also used for instruments such as ceremonial instruments, and for percussion instruments such as cans, onion jugs, and wind instruments.[18][19]

Production method
It is made of clay with a lot of iron. First, the soil to make the pottery is put into the water and whipped out to remove sand and impurities. Then, when the water comes out from the fine sediment that you have received, it forms a bowl and is dried in the sun. Dry the dried-up bowl again in the sun, feed the lye, then dry it again. The glaze that is applied to the bowl is mixed with the soil and the wood with iron mixed in the pottery, and then the glaze is sifted through the sieve. After the glaze is fed into the bowl, the orchid or grass pattern is drawn on the body and dried thoroughly, then baked in a kiln and finished.[20]
The process of making Onggi is to first knead the soil, dry it in the shade and then with a tool to make it into a brick shape, and hit it on the floor into a plank shape. This is referred to as 'Panzhangjil(판장질)'. Then put it on a spinning wheel and iron it (batting) with a Ddukmae(떡매). The shape of the Onggi is determined by the speed and hand movements of the spinning wheel. Since the pottery culture was to disappear from the end of the 1960s due to the appearance of plastic and stainless steel bowls, the Ministry of Culture designated the Onggi Human Cultural Property in May 1989 as the Onggi Protecting Book. In 1990, Onggijang(Onggi technician) as Important Intangible Cultural Properties No. 96.[21][22]
Type of Onggi
The kinds of Onggi and its usage are as follows.
Jang-dok (장독): It is the container that stores the soy sauce. The soy sauce stirs meju(메주) in the winter, soaking in the winter, and soaking in the New Year.
The act of putting red pepper, charcoal, jujube in a handhold and putting a gold wire on a rope and cutting and attaching a bouquet or a sword pattern is a way of saying that "the house is ruined if the taste changes." .
The gold bars are intended to prevent irregularities that may be caught in the dipping sauces. The sod is always pale, meaning that the sour taste does not change at all times. The fact that the sushi line is reversed means that it will return to its original taste even if the taste has changed. Also, putting charcoal, red pepper, jujube etc was like black as charcoal, red like red pepper and sweet as sweetness.
Mul-hang (물항): In the old days, water was used as a drinking water in the creek and village wells, so a pot was needed to store water in each house. I used to stand on the side of the kitchen or to dig a part of the cooktop and use it.
After the strength of the Japanese colonial rule, the liquor was replaced with a standardized form in the unique form of transferring alcoholic beverages, which was made only by the licensed sake maker.

In general, the sake used in the sake brewery is the 'sake, stone, stone, number, doo, bottle, , 'Year', 'month', 'month', 'test' and so on, and sometimes the name of a zodiac or a dragon appears.
Ssal-hang (쌀항): Used as a container for grain storage in Kwang (광) and Daechung (대청). Onggi is highly breathable and absorbent, so it has the advantage that it can be stored for longer than putting the grain in another place. As a grain storage container, toxin poison (poison poison) was also used a lot.[23]
Ddong-hang (똥항): When digging the bottom of a conventional toilet (chugan) and storing the manure by storing it, when the manure was filled in the jar, it was used as a fertilizer in the paddy field South Korea
Mokyork-tong (목욕통): When the house was not equipped with bathing facilities, I washed my body using a spatula, which is a specially designed private bathtub. There is a small fire hole under the size enough for an adult to sit in. It was possible to use a private Shiru in such a rich house.
Shiru (시루): It is a container used to cook rice cake or rice and to raise bean sprouts. The rice paddy is broader than the height so that the rice can be ripened evenly, and the bean sprouts are tall and narrow.
Dong-i (동이): It is a container used to carry water, and its shape is long and its round shape is typical and its handles are on both sides. The ladies placed a gourd out of water to keep the water from overflowing, and put a toothed earring on the head and then a water jar on it.[24]
Cheongsu-Tong-i (청수통이): This container, which is very small and has a handle on both sides, was one of the family beliefs and was used to give intelligence to the curator of the Cheongsu-tong-i. In the first dawn, the water flowed from the well to the water well in advance of the other person. I laid the straw on the crossroads on the stand and I wished for the peace of the family and the health of the family.
Sorae-gi (소래기): Depending on the area also called sorae-gi, which has versatile uses, such as when a large amount of vegetables were washed or knocked down as cooking utensils during housework or as a lid of bath tubs or large jars. The diameter is much larger than the bottom diameter.
Nulbakji (널박지): It is widely used to wash vegetables or to wash clothes with a container spreading sideways at low height.
Ombakji (옴박지): It is also called a boom, with a container smaller than a small place. It was mainly used to wash rice, barley, sesame, and washing dishes, and it was also used as a form of folk belief in homicide in the house.
Chot-byeong (촛병): It is a container to put vinegar made to be able to put liquid on the shoulder. The liquor and taste changed, and the liquor was covered with wood or straw, placed on the side of the stew, and fermented. When the candle is about to deteriorate, he puts 3 bottles of yeast, 3 spoons of rice, and 3 charcoal flashed in a candle bottle.[25]
Jomdori (좀도리): To save food, it is a container that we put away a handful of grains to prepare rice for rice.
Jarabyeong (자라병): The shape of the jelly is similar to the name of the growing outdoors when you go out to drink a bottle made by twisting the paper. There is a small hole that can be opened.
This bottle, also known as the ear cup, is mainly made of liquid to make it easier for the snout to follow a small bottle.[26]
Guiddadanji (귀때단지): The vessel used to browse the grain or red pepper made the inner surface of the bowl bend without glazing.
Hwak-dok (확독): There are various sizes ranging from large venom, which is used to carry seafood to the vessels, to vessels that have been stored for a long period of time.
Kinds of cover: Onggi lids vary in name depending on their shape. In the form of a helmet, there is a lid with a bud in the center, a lid with a trapezoidal shape, a lid with a glaze in the center and a glaze-free lid. Generally, grains and water harvests were made by knitting wooden boards or straws without using lids.
Jilhwaro (질화로): It is a container made of vine (mud) and used in the room. When I lit it in the kitchen, I put a straw blanket here and put a bagon or a pharynx into the room.
Guidaeng-i (귀댕이): This so-called retail jade is used to feed manure.
Janggun (장군): It is called as a sake general, a moth or a dragon, depending on the contents contained in a container to carry alcohol, soy sauce, manure, and water. In the case of the muddy army, when the manure in the house was filled with manure, it was poured into the general, poured into the puddle and plowed into the puddle with the general holding the manure.[27][28][29][30]
See also
Korean pottery and porcelain
Earthenware
Pithos
Jangdokdae
Korea
Korea tradition


Literature
Changwon Jeonmun Daehak 창원전문대학 [Changwon College], "Balhyosikpumui pumjire michineun onggiui mulseongpyeongga" 발효식품의 품질에 미치는 옹기의 물성평가 [Property evaluation of onggi on the quality of fermented food]. Nongnimbu, 2004
Jeong Byeongrak. 옹기와의대화 [Conversation with Onggi]. Dongkwang Publisher 동광출판사. 1998. OCLC.
Lee Hoonseok and Chung Yangmo. Onggi. Daewonsa. 1993. OCLC.
Moon Yongrin 문용린 and Oh Hyeonseok 오현석, "A study on the actual state of scarce resources and the extinctive process", Gyoyuk Gwahak Gisulbu 교육기술과학부. [Ministry of Education, Science and Technology], 2004