Question: Who developed the categories for hurricanes?

Saffir–Simpson scale



The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS), formerly the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS), classifies hurricanes–Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms–into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds.








































Saffir–Simpson scaleCategoryWind speeds
(for 1-minute maximum sustained winds)m/sknots (kn)mphkm/hFive ≥ 70 m/s  ≥ 137 kn  ≥ 157 mph  ≥ 252 km/h Four 58–70 m/s  113–136 kn  130–156 mph  209–251 km/h Three 50–58 m/s  96–112 kn  111–129 mph  178–208 km/h Two 43–49 m/s  83–95 kn  96–110 mph  154–177 km/h One 33–42 m/s  64–82 kn  74–95 mph  119–153 km/h 













Related classifications
(for 1-minute maximum sustained winds)Tropical storm 18–32 m/s  34–63 kn  39–73 mph  63–118 km/h Tropical depression ≤ 17 m/s  ≤ 33 kn  ≤ 38 mph  ≤ 62 km/h 
To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical cyclone must have one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74mph (33m/s; 64kn; 119km/h) (Category1). The highest classification in the scale, Category5, consists of storms with sustained winds over 156mph (70m/s; 136kn; 251km/h). The classifications can provide some indication of the potential damage and flooding a hurricane will cause upon landfall.
Officially, the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is based on the highest average wind over a one-minute time span and used only to describe hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean and northern Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line. 
Other areas use different scales to label these storms, which are called cyclones or typhoons, depending on the area. These areas (except the JTWC) use three-minute or ten-minute averaged winds to determine the maximum sustained winds—which is an important difference and makes direct comparison with storms scaled with the Saffir–Simpson method difficult. 
There is some criticism of the SSHWS for not accounting for rain, storm surge, and other important factors, but SSHWS defenders say that part of the goal of SSHWS is to be straightforward and simple to understand.
History
The scale was developed in 1971 by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and meteorologist Robert Simpson, who at the time was director of the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC).[1] The scale was introduced to the general public in 1973,[2] and saw widespread use after Neil Frank replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974.[3]
The initial scale was developed by Herbert Saffir, a structural engineer, who in 1969 went on commission for the United Nations to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas.[4] While conducting the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane. Mirroring the utility of the Richter magnitude scale for describing earthquakes, he devised a 1–5 scale based on wind speed that showed expected damage to structures. Saffir gave the scale to the NHC, and Simpson added the effects of storm surge and flooding.
In 2009, the NHC made moves to eliminate pressure and storm surge ranges from the categories, transforming it into a pure wind scale, called the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (Experimental) [SSHWS].[5] The new scale became operational on May 15, 2010.[6] The scale excludes flood ranges, storm surge estimations, rainfall, and location, which means a Category2 hurricane that hits a major city will likely do far more cumulative damage than a Category5 hurricane that hits a rural area.[7] The agency cited various hurricanes as reasons for removing the "scientifically inaccurate" information, including Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane Ike (2008), which both had stronger than estimated storm surges, and Hurricane Charley (2004), which had weaker than estimated storm surge.[8] Since being removed from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, storm surge predicting and modeling is now handled with the use of computer numerical models such as ADCIRC and SLOSH.
In 2012, the NHC expanded the windspeed range for Category4 by 1mph in both directions, to 130–156mph, with corresponding changes in the other units (113–136kn, 209–251km/h), instead of 131–155mph (114–135kn, 210–249km/h). The NHC and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5knot increments, and then convert to mph and km/h with a similar rounding for other reports. So an intensity of 115kn is rated Category4, but the conversion to miles per hour (132.3mph) would round down to 130mph, making it appear to be a Category3 storm. Likewise, an intensity of 135kn (~155mph, and thus Category4) is 250.02km/h, which, according to the definition used before the change would be Category5. To resolve these issues, the NHC had been obliged to incorrectly report storms with wind speeds of 115kn as 135mph, and 135kn as 245km/h. The change in definition allows storms of 115kn to be correctly rounded down to 130mph, and storms of 135kn to be correctly reported as 250km/h, and still qualify as Category4. Since the NHC had previously rounded incorrectly to keep storms in Category4 in each unit of measure, the change does not affect the classification of storms from previous years.[5] The new scale became operational on May 15, 2012.[9]
Categories
The scale separates hurricanes into five different categories based on wind. The U.S. National Hurricane Center classifies hurricanes of Category3 and above as major hurricanes, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classifies typhoons of 150mph or greater (strong Category4 and Category5) as super typhoons (although all tropical cyclones can be very dangerous). Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 33ft (10.1m) for 10minutes, and then taking the average. By contrast, the U.S. National Weather Service, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center define sustained winds as average winds over a period of one minute, measured at the same 33ft (10.1m) height,[10][11] and that is the definition used for this scale. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.
The scale is roughly logarithmic in wind speed, and the top wind speed for Category“c” (c=1 ... 4; there is no upper limit for category5) can be expressed as 83×10(​c⁄15)miles per hour rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 – except that after the change mentioned above, Category4 is now widened by 1mph in each direction and that the calculated value for Category2 (c=2) is rounded down from 112.8mph to 110mph.
The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity.[12]
Category 1

Very dangerous winds will produce some damage
Category1 storms usually cause no significant structural damage to most well-constructed permanent structures; however, they can topple unanchored mobile homes, as well as uproot or snap weak trees. Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off. Coastal flooding and pier damage are often associated with Category1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threatening storms.[5]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category1 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Flossy (1956), Gladys (1968), Agnes (1972), Juan (1985), Ismael (1995), Claudette (2003), Gaston (2004), Stan (2005), Humberto (2007), Isaac (2012), Manuel (2013), Earl (2016),  Hermine (2016), Newton (2016), Franklin (2017), and Nate (2017).

Category 2

Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
Storms of Category2 intensity often damage roofing material (sometimes exposing the roof) and inflict damage upon poorly constructed doors and windows. Poorly constructed signs and piers can receive considerable damage and many trees are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes, whether anchored or not, are typically damaged and sometimes destroyed, and many manufactured homes also suffer structural damage. Small craft in unprotected anchorages may break their moorings. Extensive to near-total power outages and scattered loss of potable water are likely, possibly lasting many days.[5]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category2 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Able (1952), Alice (1954), Fifi (1974), Diana (1990), Calvin (1993), Gert (1993), Rosa (1994), Erin (1995), Alma (1996), Juan (2003), Alex (2010), Richard (2010), Tomas (2010), Carlotta (2012), Ernesto (2012), and Arthur (2014).

Category 3


Devastating damage will occur
Tropical cyclones of Category3 and higher are described as major hurricanes in the Atlantic or Eastern Pacific basins. These storms can cause some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, particularly those of wood frame or manufactured materials with minor curtain wall failures. Buildings that lack a solid foundation, such as mobile homes, are usually destroyed, and gable-end roofs are peeled off. Manufactured homes usually sustain severe and irreparable damage. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, while larger structures are struck by floating debris. A large number of trees are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. Additionally, terrain may be flooded well inland. Near-total to total power loss is likely for up to several weeks and water will likely also be lost or contaminated.[5]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category3 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Easy (1950), Carol (1954), Hilda (1955), Celia (1970), Ella (1970), Eloise (1975), Olivia (1975), Alicia (1983), Elena (1985), Roxanne (1995), Fran (1996), Isidore (2002), Jeanne (2004), Lane (2006), Karl (2010), and Otto (2016).

Category 4

Catastrophic damage will occur
Category4 hurricanes tend to produce more extensive curtainwall failures, with some complete structural failure on small residences. Heavy, irreparable damage and near complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are common. Mobile and manufactured homes are often flattened. Most trees, except for the heartiest, are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. These storms cause extensive beach erosion, while terrain may be flooded far inland. Total and long-lived electrical and water losses are to be expected, possibly for many weeks.[5]
The 1900 Galveston hurricane, the deadliest natural disaster to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that corresponds to a modern-day Category4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category4 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Hazel (1954), Flora (1963), Cleo (1964), Betsy (1965), Frederic (1979), Joan (1988), Iniki (1992), Luis (1995), Iris (2001), Charley (2004), Dennis (2005), Gustav (2008), Ike (2008), Joaquin (2015), Harvey (2017), and Michael (2018).

Category 5
 

Catastrophic damage will occur
Category5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially those with no interior supports, is common. Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is prevalent. Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8km) inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick or concrete/cement block and have hipped roofs with slopes of no less than 35degrees from horizontal and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters. Unless all of these requirements are met, the absolute destruction of a structure is certain.[5]
The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline, and many coastal structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are uprooted or snapped and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.[5]
Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category5 status include: "Cuba" (1924), "Okeechobee" (1928), "Bahamas" (1932), "Cuba–Brownsville" (1933), "Labor Day" (1935), Janet (1955), Camille (1969), Edith (1971), Anita (1977), David (1979), Gilbert (1988), Andrew (1992), Dean (2007), Felix (2007), Irma (2017),[13] and Maria (2017).[14] No Category5 hurricane is known to have made landfall at that strength in the eastern Pacific basin.
Criticism
Some scientists, including Kerry Emanuel and Lakshmi Kantha, have criticized the scale as being simplistic, indicating that the scale takes into account neither the physical size of a storm nor the amount of precipitation it produces.[7] Additionally, they and others point out that the Saffir–Simpson scale, unlike the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes, is not continuous, and is quantized into a small number of categories. Proposed replacement classifications include the Hurricane Intensity Index, which is based on the dynamic pressure caused by a storm's winds, and the Hurricane Hazard Index, which is based on surface wind speeds, the radius of maximum winds of the storm, and its translational velocity.[15][16] Both of these scales are continuous, akin to the Richter scale;[17] however, neither of these scales have been used by officials.
"Category 6"
After the series of powerful storm systems of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, as well as after Hurricane Patricia, a few newspaper columnists and scientists brought up the suggestion of introducing Category6, and they have suggested pegging Category6 to storms with winds greater than 174 or 180mph (78 or 80m/s; 151 or 156kn; 280 or 290km/h).[7][18] Fresh calls were made for consideration of the issue after Hurricane Irma in 2017,[19] which was the subject of a number of seemingly credible false news reports as a "Category6" storm,[20] partly in consequence of so many local politicians using the term. Only a few storms of this intensity have been recorded. Of the 33hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category5 status in the Atlantic, 18 had wind speeds at 175mph (78m/s; 152kn; 282km/h) or greater and only seven had wind speeds at 180mph (80m/s; 160kn; 290km/h) or greater (the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, Allen, Gilbert, Mitch, Rita, Wilma, and Irma). Of the 18hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category5 status in the eastern Pacific, only five had wind speeds at 175mph (78m/s; 152kn; 282km/h) or greater (Patsy, John, Linda, Rick, and Patricia), and only three had wind speeds at 180mph (80m/s; 160kn; 290km/h) or greater (Linda, Rick, and Patricia). Most storms which would be eligible for this category were typhoons in the western Pacific, most notably Typhoon Tip in 1979, with sustained winds of 190mph (310km/h),[21] and typhoons Haiyan and Meranti in 2013 and 2016, respectively, each with sustained winds of 195mph (314km/h). Occasionally, suggestions of using even higher wind speeds as the cutoff have been made. In a newspaper article published in November 2018, NOAA research scientist Jim Kossin said that the potential for more intense hurricanes was increasing as the climate warmed, and suggested that Category 6 would begin at 195mph (87m/s; 169kn; 314km/h), with a further hypothetical Category 7 beginning at 230mph (100m/s; 200kn; 370km/h).[22]
According to Robert Simpson, there are no reasons for a Category6 on the Saffir–Simpson Scale because it is designed to measure the potential damage of a hurricane to human-made structures. Simpson stated that "...when you get up into winds in excess of 155mph (249km/h) you have enough damage if that extreme wind sustains itself for as much as six seconds on a building it’s going to cause rupturing damages that are serious no matter how well it's engineered."[3] Nonetheless, the counties of Broward and Miami-Dade in Florida have building codes that require that critical infrastructure buildings be able to withstand Category5 winds.[23]
See also

Beaufort scale–Relates wind speed to observable conditions at sea and on land
Enhanced Fujita scale– For tornado intensity with damage correlated to wind speeds. The system was also intended for applicability in hurricanes, and is utilized by engineers in hurricane damage assessment.
Hurricane engineering
Hypercane
List of tropical cyclones
Rohn Emergency Scale for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
SLOSH for storm surge predicting and modeling
Tropical cyclone scales