Question: What was the first storm to make landfall in the 1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season?

1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season



The 1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season was the first on record in which two storms – Leon–Eline and Hudah – struck Mozambique at tropical cyclone intensity, or with maximum sustained winds of at least 120km/h (75mph).[1] The most notable storm of the season was Eline, which was the longest-lasting storm on record in the basin. It lasted for 29days while traversing the southern Indian Ocean, making the strongest landfall in decades along eastern Madagascar in late February. The storm was the first in a series of three storms that struck the country in early 2000, along with Gloria in March and Hudah in April. Collectively, the three storms killed at least 316people. The season started on November1, 1999, and ended for most of the basin on April30, 2000; for Mauritius and the Seychelles, the season continued until May15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin;[2]
Despite the destructive nature of the season, it began later than usual. Cyclone Astride originated toward the end of December, bringing rainfall and gusty winds to northern Madagascar while in the region. In January, cyclones Babiola and Connie both formed east of Madagascar and took southerly tracks. Connie passed near Réunion island, producing 1,752mm (69.0in) of rainfall in the mountainous peaks and killing two people. Eline, the longest lasting storm of the season, struck Mozambique while the country was experiencing its worst flooding in 50years, collectively causing around 700deaths and about $500million in damage. The storm also killed 12people in Zimbabwe and 21 in South Africa. Just two weeks after Eline struck Madagascar, Tropical Storm Gloria affected the same general region, bringing additional deaths and damage. Cyclone Hudah in April was the strongest storm of the season, reaching peak 10‑minute winds of 220km/h (140mph). It caused three deaths in Mozambique, although its effects were worse in Madagascar, where there were 111deaths. The final storm of the season was Tropical Storm Innocente, which dissipated on April24. In addition to the named storms, there were four unnamed tropical disturbances or storms, as well as one subtropical cyclone that formed in the southern Mozambique Channel.


Season summary

The Météo-France office (MFR) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin during the season. The agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique, which utilized the continuous satellite imagery in the basin since May 1998. Wind estimates were sustained over 10minutes, to be converted to 1‑minute winds by dividing by 0.88, as compared to a divisor of 0.80 in previous years.[3] Warnings on tropical cyclones in the region were from the coast of Africa to 90°E, south of the equator.[4] The Joint Typhoon Warning Center – a joint United States Navy– United States Air Force task force – also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the region.[5] Beginning this season, the MFR changed their method for labeling tropical disturbances, classifying them sequentially by number. In previous years, the agency labeled disturbances by letter and number of the subsequent unnamed storm.[3]
The season began later than usual, the third consecutive one to do so. There were no indications of tropical cyclogenesis before the middle of December, putting the season among the latest 20% since 1967 in terms of seasons' first storms. On December26, the MFR utilized the QuikSCAT satellite for the first time in the basin to assess a storm's intensity. During the season, 14tropical disturbances formed, which is near average, and they tended to last longer than normal. Eleven of these disturbances became tropical depressions, of which nine attained gale force winds and were named. In addition, four storms reached tropical cyclone intensity, or 10‑minute sustained winds of 120km/h (75mph). The 9named storms and 4tropical cyclones is also the basin average for each category in a given year. There were 61days in which a storm was active, greater than the median of 48 and more than double than the previous season. In general, storms formed south of 10°S, with the exception of the first storm Astride, and most storms generally tracked east to west due to a strong ridge east of Madagascar.[3]
Systems
Severe Tropical Storm Astride

On December23, a circulation with accompanying convection became evident about 400km (250mi) southeast of Diego Garcia,[3] becoming a tropical disturbance.[6] While moving to the south, the thunderstorms organized more,[3] aided by low wind shear, good outflow, warm waters, and its position beneath an anticyclone.[7] Curving west-southwestward due to a ridge to the south, the system intensified into a tropical depression and later Tropical Storm Astride on December25.[6] That day, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 03S.[7] The storm developed a large area of convection, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to a severe tropical storm on December26,[3] estimating 10‑minute winds of 95km/h (60mph).[6] On December27, the JTWC upgraded Astride to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane due to the appearance of an eye feature, estimating 1‑minute winds of 120km/h (75mph).[6] Later that day, the storm weakened unexpectedly, perhaps related to wind shear from a trough to the south. The convection deteriorated markedly, and the weakening storm turned more to the west-northwest on December29 due to a weaker ridge. Convection reorganized slightly, although it was dislocated from the center. Early on December30, the storm passed about 70km (45mi) northeast of Tromelin Island. Curving back to the west, Astride struck northeastern Madagascar between Vohemar and Antsiranana on December31 as a minimal tropical storm. It emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical depression, and despite forecasts to the contrary, it reintensified into a tropical storm before passing near Mayotte on January2. Early the next day, Astride weakened back to tropical depression status before moving ashore eastern Mozambique near Pemba, dissipating soon after.[3]
On Tromelin, Astride brought strong winds, including 10‑minute sustained winds of 101km/h (63mph) and gusts to 127km/h (79mph). No damage was reported in Madagascar during the storm's passage there. When Astride passed just south of Mayotte, it brought gusts to 76km/h (47mph), strong enough to knock over some banana trees and to destroy a stone house. The storm also dropped 150mm (5.9in) of rainfall over 24hours, including 41mm (1.6in) in one hour. Heavy rainfall accompanied Astride's final landfall, penetrating as far inland as Malawi.[3]

Tropical Cyclone Babiola

Toward the beginning of January, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) remained active across much of the basin, with low pressure and widespread thunderstorms. One such area persisted southeast of Diego Garcia and organized sufficiently to be classified as a tropical disturbance on January3.[3] That day, the JTWC issued the first of three tropical cyclone formation alerts, noting the increase in convection.[8] The system moved to the northeast along the southeastern edge of a ridge near the equator, but turned back to the southwest on January5. That day, convection increased over the center, after having previously been dislocated due to wind shear.[3] Late on January5, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 02S,[8] and on the next day, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Babiola. The storm accelerated to the southwest and continued to intensity. An irregular eye formed on January8, prompting the MFR to upgrade Babiola to tropical cyclone status.[3] The outflow and the eye became more pronounced after further strengthening, and the cyclone attained peak 10‑minute winds of 155km/h (100mph) on January9.[3] The JTWC, by contrast, estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 165km/h (105mph).[9]
Around the time of peak intensity, Babiola began turning more to the south due to an approaching trough. Late on January9, the cyclone passed about 400km (250mi) east of Rodrigues. Increased shear weakened the eyewall and convection,[3] and Babiola weakened below cyclone status on January11.[9] Early the next day, the JTWC discontinued advisories as the storm was beginning to become extratropical.[8][9] The MFR followed suit later on January12, although the agency continued to track Babiola. The storm shifted south-southwestward on January13 before resuming its southeast trajectory, influenced by a ridge to the south. On January14, the remnants of Babiola passed just west of Île Amsterdam, where gusts reached 90km/h (56mph). Later that day, the storm merged with the trough that had originally turned it to the southeast.[3]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Connie


An area of thunderstorms formed on January22 east of the northern tip of Madagascar, organizing into a tropical disturbance three days later. By late on January25, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Connie,[3] and on the same day the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 08S.[8] With favorable conditions, Connie gradually organized while initially stationary, later beginning a steady southeast motion on January26.[3] The JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on January27,[8] around the same time that the MFR upgraded Connie to tropical cyclone status. The storm's eye became well-defined as the winds increased, and the MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 185km/h (115mph) on January28; on the same day, the JTWC estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 220km/h (140mph). Increased shear weakened the storm as it curved southwestward, and late on January29 Connie passed about 130km (80mi) northwest of Réunion. The storm turned to the southeast again and became extratropical on February1, dissipating the next day.[3][8]
While passing northwest of Mauritius, the outer fringes of Connie brought heavy rains peaking at 647mm (25.5in) over the span of six days, or equivalent to a month's worth of precipitation. These rains helped relieve extreme drought conditions. The storm also produced gusts of 134km/h (83mph),[3] and one person died after falling off his roof.[10] The storm also brought heavy rainfall to Réunion, totaling 1,752mm (69.0in), of which 1,296mm (51.0in) occurred in over 24hours. Wind gusts there reached 155km/h (95mph) in Peite France. Many roads across the island were damaged, and about 40,000people lost power,[3] while more than 100homes were destroyed.[11] Two persons were killed,[12] and 600people were left homeless.[10] Although the agriculture sector suffered the most significant damages, overall damage was minor.[3]

Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne

The same monsoon trough that spawned Connie also produced an area of convection southeast of Diego Garcia on January28. The circulation slowly organized, and the MFR classified it as a tropical disturbance on January30. A nearby trough steered the system southeastward initially and later to the southwest. On January31, the system became a tropical depression, and later Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne the next day, reaching peak winds of 65km/h (40mph).[3] Also on February1, the JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Cyclone 10S, which estimated 1‑minute winds of 95km/h (60mph).[13] Increased wind shear removed the convection on February2, causing marked weakening,[3] and prompting the JTWC to discontinue advisories that day. This was despite forecasts of strengthening to near tropical cyclone status.[13] As a weak tropical disturbance, Damienne turned to a rapid westward motion, passing north of Rodrigues and Tromelin. The circulation dissipated on February7 off the northeast coast of Madagascar.[3]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon–Eline


On February1, a low-pressure area formed within the monsoon trough to the south of Indonesia, which would eventually become Tropical Cyclone Leon in the Australian basin,[3] as well as Tropical Cyclone 11S according to JTWC.[13] The storm tracked westward across much of the Indian Ocean, fluctuating in strength due to changes in the atmosphere. After crossing 90°E, the MFR began tracking the system as Tropical Storm Eline on February8. The storm continued westward across the Indian Ocean and intensified greatly as it approached the east coast of Madagascar. Late on February17, Eline made landfall near Mahanoro with 10‑minute winds of 165km/h (105mph), making it the strongest storm to hit the country in several decades. The storm rapidly weakened over land, but restrengthened in the Mozambique Channel to reach peak 10‑minute winds of 185km/h (115mph). On February22, Eline made landfall about 80km (50mi) south of Beira, Mozambique near peak intensity and quickly weakened over land. The well-defined circulation moved across southern African, finally dissipating over eastern Namibia on February29. Throughout its duration, Leon–Eline lasted 29days, a record longevity for a storm in the south-west Indian Ocean. The track was over 11,000km (6,800mi), or about 25% of the Earth's circumference.[3]
Eline struck while Madagascar was in the midst of a cholera epidemic that had killed over 1,000people.[14] The storm directly killed at least 64people in Madagascar, although Tropical Storm Gloria struck shortly thereafter, compounding upon the damage and making it difficult to discern the individual damage totals.[15] Damage from Eline was estimated at US$9million.[16] Collectively the two storms killed 205people in the country,[17] destroyed about half of the rice harvest,[18] and left 10,000homeless.[19] In the region around Vatomandry, where Eline made landfall, 65% of houses were damaged, 90% of crops were lost, and 75% of health facilities were wrecked.[20]
Before Eline struck Mozambique, the worst floods since 1951 had affected the nation since January, killing about 150people.[3][21][22] The additional rainfall and flooding from Eline created the country's worst natural disaster in a century.[23] The combined effects destroyed over 250,000ha (620,000 acres) of crop fields and killed 40,000cattle.[24] Eline's passage disrupted ongoing relief efforts,[25] with the port in Beira blocked for two weeks due to five sunken ships.[3] High levels along the Limpopo River isolated the town of Xai-Xai,[26] with water levels along the river reaching as high as 11m (36ft) above normal in some areas, as well as 15km (9.3mi) wide.[27] A dam broke along the river, flooding the town of Chokwe in the middle of the night and trapping several unprepared residents.[28] About 55people drowned in Sofala Province after rescue helicopters arrived too late to save them.[29] Around 20,000people in the capital city of Maputo lost their homes.[24] In addition to the floods, strong winds blew away many roofs and some entire houses made of mud.[30] The combined effects of the preceding floods and Eline left about 300,000people homeless,[24] about 700deaths, and damage estimated at $500million (2000USD).[3] The cyclone and the floods disrupted much of the economic progress Mozambique had made in the 1990s since the end of its civil war.[31]
Elsewhere in southern Africa, Eline brought strong winds and heavy rainfall when it crossed into eastern Zimbabwe, due to maintaining a well-defined structure.[3] Rivers overflowed their banks in the country,[32] damaging crops and houses while leaving 15,000people homeless.[32][33] The storm killed 12people in the country.[3] Flooding from the storm extended southward into Swaziland and South Africa. In the latter country, Eline dropped 503mm (19.8in) of rainfall in Levubu over three days, causing the Limpopo River to reach its highest level in 15years.[3] Officials opened dams along the Limpopo River to prevent structural damage, which caused higher levels along the river to the east.[34] At least 21people died in the country,[35] and about 80,000people were left homeless, forcing many people into churches and schools.[32] Damage in Limpopo Province alone was estimated at $300million (USD).[36] To the north, Eline dropped about 90mm (3.5in) of rainfall in southern Malawi, while gusty winds caused a power outage in Blantyre.[37] Farther west, rainfall rates of 50–100mm (2–4in) were also reported in Botswana.[3]

Severe Tropical Storm Felicia

While Eline was making landfall on Madagascar, another area of convection formed to its east on February17 within the ITCZ. Its structure was similar to a monsoon depression, due to a large circulation with weak winds near the center.[3] However, it was organized enough to be classified as a tropical disturbance on February18 to the southeast of Diego Garcia.[38] It moved southeastward with increasing convection, prompting the Mauritius Meteorological Service to name it Felicia while still as a tropical depression on February20. The convection however remained disorganized, and there were several small circulations within the broad gyre. After turning to the southwest due to a nearby trough, Felicia's circulation became more compact, as evidenced by a QuikSCAT pass. Outflow increased as wind shear decreased, and Felicia became a moderate tropical storm on February21.[3] On the same day, the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 12S.[13]
Late on February22, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, while the MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 110km/h (70mph).[38] This was based on a 100km (60mi) wide eye feature that had developed in the storm's center. Around the time of peak intensity, Felicia passed about 500km (310mi) southeast of Rodrigues. The interaction of the trough and a ridge to the east increased wind shear, causing the storm to weaken. On February24, the storm became extratropical while still maintaining a well-defined circulation. It slowed and looped back to the northwest due to a ridge to the south, gradually becoming less defined and dissipating on February26.[3]

Severe Tropical Storm Gloria


On February27, a circulation formed within the monsoon trough between Diego Garcia and St. Brandon, displaced due to wind shear,[3] but organized enough for the MFR to track it as Tropical Disturbance 8.[39] The shear gradually decreased, allowing the thunderstorms to organize as it moved westward.[40] On February28, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 15S,[40] and on February29 the MFR upgraded it to tropical depression status.[40] The depression turned west-northwestward before rounding a ridge and turning to the southwest.[3] The thunderstorms organized into a central dense overcast on March1, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to Moderate Tropical Storm Gloria only 150km (95mi) from the northeast coast of Madagascar. Gloria continued quickly to the southwest, gradually intensifying and developing an eye feature; on that basis, the MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 95km/h (60mph), or severe tropical storm status, by the time it made landfall 10km (6mi) north of Sambava.[3] Operationally, the JTWC upgraded Gloria to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, with 1‑minute winds of 120km/h (75mph),[40] although the agency downgraded the storm to the same peak as the MFR.[39] The structure initially remained well-defined, although the circulation became difficult to locate as it progressed through the country.[3] On March4, the system exited Madagascar into the Mozambique Channel with scattered thunderstorms slowly reforming. On the next day, the JTWC discontinued advisories,[40] although the MFR continued monitoring the system, labeling it as a tropical disturbance on March8. Later that day, Gloria made landfall near Inhambane in southeastern Mozambique before turning to a southward drift, dissipating on March10.[3]
As a developing disturbance, Gloria produced winds approaching gale-force on St. Brandon. Similar conditions were reported on Tromelin.[3] When Gloria struck Madagascar, it produced sustained winds of 72km/h (45mph) at Antalaha, about 70km (45mi) south of Sambava. The storm brought heavy rainfall,[3] with Mananjary reporting a two‑day total of 427mm (16.8in).[40] The rains from Gloria occurred less than two weeks after Cyclone Leon–Eline struck the country, bringing additional flooding, landslides, and damage.[3] In Sambava, near where Gloria moved ashore, the storm killed 18people,[3] destroyed hundreds of homes, and damaged a road connecting the area to the capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo.[40] Farther inland, the cyclone killed 40people at Andapa.[3] Overall, Gloria killed at least 66people, although the exact toll was initially unknown due to disrupted communications.[15] Before Gloria emerged into the Mozambique Channel, various news outlets noted the potential for the storm to affect storm-ravaged Mozambique. However, minimal rainfall accompanied Gloria's final landfall.[3] The rains were enough to delay flights for a day, which were transporting relief aid following Eline's devastating landfall in Mozambique.[41]

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah


A tropical low formed in the Australian basin on March24, moving westward due to a strong subtropical ridge to the south. Despite having intensified enough, the Bureau of Meteorology did not name the system, and on March25 the system crossed into the South-West Indian Ocean, whereupon it was named Hudah.[3][42] An eye formed, and the storm intensified into a tropical cyclone on March27 well to the southeast of Diego Garcia. The structure fluctuated due to dry air, although Hudah was able to intensify steadily on March31 after conditions became more favorable. The next day, the MFR upgraded it to a very intense tropical cyclone, estimating peak 10‑minute winds of 225km/h (140mph).[3] By contrast, the JTWC estimated 1‑minute winds of 235km/h (145mph).[43] Cyclone Hudah maintained peak winds until making landfall just southeast of Antalaha, Madagascar on April2. It weakened greatly over land, but like Eline it re-intensified over the Mozambique Channel. It re-attained tropical cyclone status on April5 and reached 10‑minute winds of 160km/h (100mph) by the time it made landfall on Mozambique near Pebane, Mozambique on April8. It dissipated by the next day.[3][43]
While in the vicinity, Hudah brought moderate winds to Rodrigues, St. Brandon, and Tromelin.[3] The cyclone affected the same parts of Madagascar that were previously impacted by Eline and Gloria.[44] Waves reached at least 8m (26ft) in height along the coast.[45] The storm was considered the worst to affect the Antalaha region in 20years,[43] where 90% of homes were destroyed. It was estimated that the storm left at least 100,000people homeless in Madagascar,[46] and there were 111deaths.[3]  In Mozambique, damage was much less than expected,[47] and the storm affected areas farther north in the country than where Eline struck.[3] Heavy rainfall occurred along the coast, but was insufficient to cause river flooding.[48] Strong winds damaged roofs and downed trees, mostly around Pebane,[47] and the storm killed three people.[3]

Subtropical Depression 13

On April6, a cold front exited the southeast coast of Africa into the Mozambique Channel, producing a small circulation on the next day southeast of Mozambique. On April7, the system organized into Subtropical Depression 13 and gradually separated from the dissipating cold front. A ridge to the south steered the depression northward as the system became better defined. However, persistent wind shear initially prevented convection from organizing over the center.[3] On April9, the depression turned northwestward toward Mozambique as thunderstorms increased,[43] aided by a decrease in wind shear through a shift in the jet stream.[3] The center came very close to the Mozambique coast near Inhambane.[43] Due to the small radius of maximum winds, the coastline was spared from strong gusts,[3] although the system dropped 93.8mm (3.69in) of rainfall in Inhambane over 48hours.[49]
The storm turned toward the east on April11 away from land. Convection organized thereafter into an eye feature, but was weaker than thunderstorms in typical tropical cyclones, resulting in its subtropical classification.[3] The MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 95km/h (60mph) on April12,[50] noting that the system should have been named, but also that its "structure has had no recent analogue in [the basin]."[3] Meanwhile, the JTWC issued three tropical cyclone formation alerts, but never issued advisories.[43] An increase in wind shear deteriorated the eye feature and the convection, promptly causing weakening. On April15, the circulation dissipated off the southwest coast of Madagascar.[3]

Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente

The final storm of the year had its origins in the Australian basin. An area of convection persisted on April8 to the southwest of Indonesia, developing a distinct center two days later while moving to the west. However, the thunderstorms were unable to organize due to wind shear. On April11, the MFR estimated that the system became a tropical disturbance, although since it was east of 90°E the agency did not issue advisories at that time.[3] On the next day, the system crossed into the basin and was classified as Tropical Disturbance 14.[43] Over the next few days, the convection waxed and waned, with the strongest winds in the northern periphery.[3] On April14, the JTWC began tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 26S.[43] The disturbance maintained a general west-southwest trajectory, influenced by a ridge to the south. After slowing down and encountering a more favorable environment, the system intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente on April17,[3] reaching peak 10‑minute winds of 70km/h (45mph).[51] Operationally, the MFR upgraded Innocente to storm status a day earlier, only to downgrade and re-upgrade;[43] it was maintained as a depression during this time.[51] The return of wind shear again caused weakening, beginning on April18. A weak circulation persisted for several days, turning to the northwest with brief increases in thunderstorms. On April24, Innocente dissipated, although the circulation drew moisture from the south to produce heavy rainfall on Mauritius, peaking at around 400mm (8in).[3]

Other systems

Throughout the latter half of January, thunderstorms persisted in the Mozambique Channel. On January12, the MFR classified an area of convection as Tropical Disturbance 3, although the agency ceased issuing advisories on the next day. Convection persisted, with an associated exposed circulation as of January22. Two days later, the MFR issued one bulletin on the system before dropping advisories. The JTWC tracked the system as an area of potential development until January26, when the thunderstorms weakened.[8] The disturbance brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Madagascar, which followed a prolonged drought. In Morombe, rainfall over 36hours accumulated to the average yearly total. This caused flooding and damage to crops and preceded devastating flooding that affected the nation over the subsequent months.[52]
Toward the end of February, the ITCZ produced a large area of convection in the eastern portion of the basin which would spawn two disturbances.[3] On February29, Tropical Disturbance 9 formed within the system well to the southeast of Diego Garcia.[53] The convection organized slightly despite easterly wind shear, which left the circulation exposed.[3] On March1, the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 17S,[54] estimating winds of tropical storm force the next day.[53] The MFR, by contrast, classified it as a tropical depression while moving generally southwestward. The convection weakened on March3 due to the wind shear, and the circulation steered more to the west-northwest. After nearly dissipating on March5, the thunderstorms reorganized, possibly due to influence from the monsoon. It turned back to the east, possibly due to interaction with the approaching Cyclone Norman in the Australian basin. Convection soon after diminished over the depression, and the system dissipated on March11 near 90°E.[3]
On March1, Tropical Disturbance 10 formed within the same system that spawned the previous depression, only farther to the west. It also encountered wind shear, preventing much intensification.[3] The system remained nearly stationary and failed to organize more. The MFR issued its last advisory on March3.[54] The MFR also issued bulletins on Norman as Tropical Disturbance 11,[54] which briefly entered the basin on March10 before dissipating.[55]
Storm names
A tropical disturbance is named when it reaches moderate tropical storm strength. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status west of 55°E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status between 55°E and 90°E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Mauritius assigns the appropriate name to the storm. A new annual list is used every year so no names are retired.[56]
This was the last season to feature all-female names in the basin.





Astride
Babiola
Connie
Damienne
Eline
Felicia
Gloria
Hudah
Innocente
Jonna(unused)
Kenetha(unused)
Lisanne(unused)
Maizy(unused)
Nella(unused)
Ortensia(unused)
Priscilla(unused)
Rebecca(unused)
Sophia(unused)
Terrence(unused)
Victorine(unused)
Wilna(unused)
Yanselma(unused)
See also

List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons: 1999, 2000
Pacific hurricane seasons: 1999, 2000
Pacific typhoon seasons: 1999, 2000
North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1999, 2000



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