Question: When was BOAC founded?

British Overseas Airways Corporation





British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state-owned airline created in 1939 by the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. It continued operating overseas services throughout World War II. After the passing of the Civil Aviation Act of 1946, European and South American services passed to two further state-owned airlines, British European Airways (BEA) and British South American Airways (BSAA). BOAC absorbed BSAA in 1949, but BEA continued to operate British domestic and European routes for the next quarter century. A 1971 Act of Parliament merged BOAC and BEA, effective 31 March 1974, forming today's British Airways.[1]
History
War years
On 24 November 1939, BOAC was created by Act of Parliament to become the British state airline, formed from the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. The companies had been operating together since war was declared on 3 September 1939, when their operations were evacuated from the London area to Bristol. On 1 April 1940, BOAC started operations as a single company. Following the Fall of France (22 June 1940), BOAC aircraft kept wartime Britain connected with its colonies and the allied world, often under enemy fire, and initially with desperate shortages of long-range aircraft. During the war, the airline was sometimes loosely referred to as 'British Airways', and aircraft and equipment were marked with combinations of that title and/or the Speedbird symbol and/or the Union Flag.[1]

BOAC inherited Imperial Airways' flying boat services to British colonies in Africa and Asia, but with the wartime loss of the route over Italy and France to Cairo these were replaced by the expatriate 'Horseshoe Route', with Cairo as a hub, and Sydney and Durban as termini. Linking Britain to the Horseshoe Route taxed the resources of BOAC. Although Spain denied access, Portugal welcomed BOAC's civilian aircraft at Lisbon. However, the Mediterranean route from Lisbon or Gibraltar to Egypt via Malta risked enemy attack, so the long West Africa route had to be employed (over-water via Lisbon, Bathurst, Freetown, Lagos), then by landplane to Khartoum on the Horseshoe Route. The Empire routes had contained landplane sectors, but the Armstrong Whitworth Ensign and de Havilland Albatross ordered to replace the Handley Page HP.42 'Heracles' biplanes had proved disappointing, leaving the Short Empire flying boats as the backbone of the wartime fleet. (Only a handful of these had long range tanks but many were eventually upgraded with larger tankage and operated at overload weights).
The Empire flying-boats were at their limit on the 1,900 mile Lisbon-Bathurst sector. Refuelling at Las Palmas in the Canary Islands was permitted by Spain for some Empire flying-boat flights in 1940 and 1941. In 1941 longer range Consolidated Catalinas, Boeing 314As (and later converted Short Sunderlands) were introduced to guarantee non-stop Lisbon to Bathurst sectors (thus eliminating the need to refuel at Las Palmas). BOAC's flying-boat base for Britain was shifted from Southampton to Poole, Dorset, but many flights used Foynes in Éire (Ireland), reached by shuttle flight from Whitchurch. Use of Foynes reduced the chance of enemy interception or friendly fire incidents over the English Channel. BOAC had large bases at Durban, Asmara, Alexandria and a pilots' school at Soroti, Uganda.
Experimental flights had been made across the North Atlantic pre-war by Imperial Airways Empire flying-boats with improved fuel capacity, some using in flight refuelling, culminating in a series of mail/courier flights  made by BOAC's Clare and Clyde to La Guardia in camouflage during the Battle of Britain. These were BOAC's first New York services. In 1941, BOAC was tasked with operating a 'Return Ferry Service' from Prestwick to Montreal to reposition ferry pilots who had flown American-built bombers from Canada, and they were provided with RAF Consolidated Liberators with a very basic passenger conversion. This was the first sustained North Atlantic landplane service. 
By September 1944 BOAC had made 1,000 transatlantic crossings.[2]
In late 1942, the new hard-surface airport at Lisbon permitted the use of civil registered Liberators to North and West Africa and Egypt.
Arguably, BOAC's most famous wartime route was the 'Ball-bearing Run' from Leuchars to Stockholm (Bromma) in neutral Sweden. Initially flown with Lockheed 14s and Lockheed Hudson transports, the unsuitable Armstrong Whitworth Whitley "civilianised" bombers were also used between 9 August and 24 October 1942 ("Civilianised" meant that all the armaments and unnecessary guns and turrets had been removed, a legal requirement for operating a commercial civilian service to a neutral country). The much faster civilian registered de Havilland Mosquitoes were introduced by BOAC in 1943. The significance of the ball-bearings is debatable, but these night flights were an important diplomatic gesture of support for neutral Sweden which had two DC-3s shot down on its own service to Britain. Other types used to Sweden included Lockheed Lodestars, Consolidated Liberators, and the sole Curtiss CW-20 (C-46 prototype) which BOAC had purchased; these types had more payload, and some had the range to avoid the German-controlled Skaggerak direct route.
Between 1939 and 1945  6,000 passengers were transported by BOAC between Stockholm and Great Britain.[3]
Early post-war operations




At the end of the war, BOAC's fleet consisted of Lockheed Lodestars, lend-lease Douglas DC-3s, Liberators, converted Sunderlands, and the first Avro Lancastrians, Avro Yorks, and Handley Page Haltons. The Short Empire, Short S.26 and Boeing 314A flying boats, plus the AW Ensigns, were due to be withdrawn. The Corporation's aircraft, bases and personnel were scattered around the world, and it took a decade to reorganise it into an efficient unit at Heathrow. In 1943, the Brabazon Committee had laid down a set of civil aircraft transport types for the British aircraft industry to produce, but these were to be several years in coming, and particularly in the case of the tailwheel Avro Tudor, not what BOAC wanted.
Since 1941, the advanced pressurised Lockheed Constellation had been under development, and in 1946 BOAC was permitted to use dollars to purchase an initial fleet of five for the prestigious North Atlantic route (there were no equivalent British types available). Throughout the whole of BOAC's existence, the argument over buying American or (often delayed) British products continued, and Parliament, the press, British manufacturers and the unions accused BOAC management of only wanting American aircraft. Whilst the major world airlines abandoned flying-boats at the end of WWII, BOAC continued with theirs until 1950, and even introduced the new Short Solent on the leisurely Nile route to South Africa. In 1948, the unpressurised Yorks were still operating passenger services as far afield as Nairobi (Kenya), Accra (Gold Coast, later Ghana), Delhi and Calcutta (India), and the type continued to operate freight schedules until late 1957.[4]
After its first six Lockheed 049 Constellations, BOAC had to use some ingenuity to increase its Constellation fleet. In 1947, Aerlínte Éireann in Ireland bought five new Lockheed 749 Constellations, and prepared to launch a transatlantic service with assistance and crew-training from Captains O.P. Jones and J.C. Kelly-Rogers of BOAC. The project was abandoned in February 1948, and BOAC were able to buy the almost new 749s without dollar expenditure four months later. This enabled BOAC to serve Australia with Constellations from 1949. A total of 25 Constellations passed through the BOAC fleet, including 12 749As obtained from Capital Airlines in the mid-1950s, with BOAC's older 049s in part exchange.
BOAC was also permitted to spend dollars on six new Boeing 377 Stratocruisers for its key transatlantic routes from October 1949, offering a double-deck non-stop eastbound service from New York City to London Airport (later Heathrow). However, because of the prevailing westerly winds, the westbound flights needed re-fuelling at Shannon and Gander before reaching New York. Another four Stratocruisers were taken over from a frustrated SAS order and seven were bought secondhand in the mid-1950s. The Handley Page Hermes and Canadair DC-4M Argonaut joined the BOAC fleet between 1949 and 1950, replacing the last of the non-pressurised types on passenger services. When service entry of the Bristol Britannia was delayed in late 1956, BOAC was permitted to purchase ten new Douglas DC-7Cs. These long-range aircraft enabled BOAC to operate non-stop westbound flights from London and Manchester to New York and other US East Coast destinations,[5] in competition with DC-7Cs of Pan American World Airways and Lockheed Super Constellations of Trans World Airlines (TWA). This was the first purchase of aircraft direct from the Douglas Aircraft Company in BOAC's history.
Introduction of jets


In May 1952 BOAC was the first airline to introduce a passenger jet into airline service. This was the de Havilland Comet which flew via Nairobi to Johannesburg and via the Far East to Tokyo. All Comet 1 aircraft were grounded in April 1954 after four Comets crashed, the second last being a BOAC aircraft at altitude. Examination of the wreckage recovered from the Mediterranean sea-bed and observation of a sample fuselage in a pressurisation test-tank at Farnborough revealed that the repeated pressurisation / depressurisation cycles of airline operation could cause fatigue cracks in the thin aluminium alloy skin of the Comet leading to the skins ripping away explosively at altitude and disintegration of the aircraft.
Later jet airliners including the revised Comet 4 were designed to be fail-safe: in the event of, for example, a skin-failure due to cracking the damage would be localised and not catastrophic. In October 1958 BOAC operated the first transatlantic jet service with the larger and longer-range Comet 4. In the 1950s turbine powered airliners were developing rapidly, and the Comet and the seriously delayed Bristol Britannia were soon rendered obsolescent by the flight of the swept-wing Boeing 367–80 (707 prototype) in 1954.
Revenue Passenger-Kilometres, scheduled flights only, in millions























YearTraffic1947456195084519551,61019603,76519657,02919699,682197111,444
Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1947–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–1971

In 1953 Vickers had started building the swept wing VC-7/V-1000 with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofan engines, but BOAC short-sightedly decided the Britannia and Comet 4 would be adequate for its purposes, and when the military version of the V-1000 was cancelled in 1955 the 75% complete prototype was scrapped. In October 1956 BOAC ordered 15 Boeing 707s with Conway engines (briefly the most economical commercial engine option). They entered service in 1960. (The British airworthiness authorities insisted on tail-fin modifications which Boeing made available to all 707 users.) Sir Giles Guthrie,[6] who took charge of BOAC in 1964, preferred Boeing aircraft for economic reasons, and indeed BOAC began turning a profit in the late 1960s. After a row in Parliament the government instructed BOAC to purchase 17 Vickers VC10 aircraft from a 30-aircraft order which Guthrie had cancelled.[7] The Standard VC10 had higher operating costs than the 707, largely due to BOAC's requirement at the design stage for the aircraft to have excellent hot and high performance for Commonwealth (African/Asian) routes, but the larger Super VC10 was a success with American passengers on the North Atlantic and was profitable.

The next major order of Boeing aircraft was for 11 747-100s. On 22 April 1970 BOAC received its first 747, but the aircraft did not enter commercial service until 14 April 1971 due to BOAC's inability to settle crewing and pay rates with the British Air Line Pilots' Association. BOAC's successor British Airways later became the largest Boeing customer outside North America.
Merger with BEA
The first attempt at a merger of BOAC with BEA arose in 1953 out of inconclusive attempts between the two airlines to negotiate air rights through the British colony of Cyprus. The Chairman of BOAC, Miles Thomas, was in favour of the idea as a potential solution to a disagreement between the two airlines as to which should serve the increasingly important oil regions of the Middle East, and he had backing for his proposal from the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time, Rab Butler. However, opposition from the Treasury blocked the idea, and an agreement was reached instead to allow BEA to serve Ankara in Turkey, and in return to leave all routes east and south of Cyprus to BOAC. Paradoxically, through its effective control of Cyprus Airways, BEA was able to continue to serve destinations ceded to BOAC, including Beirut and Cairo by using Cyprus Airways as its proxy.[8]
However, it was only following the recommendations of the 1969 Edwards Report that a new British Airways Board, combining BEA and BOAC, was constituted on 1 April 1972.[9] This event coincided with the establishment of the CAA, the UK's new, unified regulator for the air transport industry.[10]
BOAC would have become one of the first operators of the Concorde, had it not merged to become British Airways. BA's Concordes carried registrations of G-BOAA to G-BOAG. The first Concorde delivered to British Airways was registered G-BOAC.
Other BOAC companies
BOAC Associated Companies
BOAC held shareholdings in a number of other airlines operating in several parts of the British Commonwealth through a subsidiary, BOAC Associated Companies. These included Aden Airways, Bahamas Airways, Ghana Airways, Gulf Aviation and Nigeria Airways. In the late 1950s BOAC Associated Companies was declared to have holdings in eighteen companies.
BOAC-Cunard Ltd

In 1962, BOAC and Cunard formed BOAC-Cunard Ltd to operate scheduled services to North America, the Caribbean and South America. BOAC provided 70% of the new company's capital and eight Boeing 707s. The independent Cunard Eagle Airways, of which Cunard held a 60% shareholding, provided two more 707s.
BOAC-Cunard leased any spare capacity to BOAC which could use it to supplement the main BOAC fleet at peak demand, and in a reciprocal arrangement BOAC would provide capacity to BOAC-Cunard on some operations when it had a shortfall.
The effect of this arrangement was to remove competition on western routes.[11] The operation was dissolved in 1966.
Destinations

The following is an incomplete list of destinations historically served by BOAC:[12][13][14]

Abadan – Abadan International Airport
Abu Dhabi - Al Bateen Executive Airport
Adelaide - Adelaide Airport
Accra – Kotoka International Airport
Aden – Aden International Airport
Alexandria – Alexandria International Airport
Amman – Amman Civil Airport
Amsterdam – Schiphol Airport
Anchorage – Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Antigua – V. C. Bird International Airport
Arak – Arak Airport
Asmara – Yohannes IV International Airport
Auckland – Auckland Airport
Baghdad – Saddam International Airport
Bahrain – Bahrain International Airport
Bandar Lengeh – Bandar Lengeh Airport
Bangkok – Don Mueang International Airport
Banjul – Banjul International Airport
Barcelona – Barcelona–El Prat Airport
Basra – Basra International Airport
Beirut – Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport
Belfast – Belfast International Airport
Bermuda – L.F. Wade International Airport
Birmingham – Birmingham Airport
Blantyre – Chileka International Airport
Bogota – El Dorado International Airport
Bombay – Sahar International Airport
Bordeaux – Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport
Boston – Logan International Airport
Bowen – Bowen Airport
Bridgetown – Grantley Adams International Airport
Brisbane – Brisbane Airport
Buenos Aires – Ezeiza International Airport
Bushehr – Bushehr Airport
Cairo – Payne Airfield
Caracas – Simón Bolívar International Airport
Calcutta – Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
Casablanca – Mohammed V International Airport
Chicago – Chicago O'Hare International Airport
Colombo – Ratmalana Airport
Dakar – Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport
Dar es Salaam – Julius Nyerere International Airport
Damascus – Damascus International Airport
Darwin – Darwin International Airport
Delhi – Safdarjung Airport
Denver - Stapleton International Airport
Detroit – Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
Doha – Doha International Airport
Durban – Louis Botha Airport
Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Airport
Edinburgh – Edinburgh Airport
Entebbe – Entebbe International Airport
Frankfurt – Frankfurt am Main Airport
Freeport – Grand Bahama International Airport
Freetown – Freetown-Lungi International Airport
Gander – Gander International Airport
Georgetown – Cheddi Jagan International Airport
Glasgow – Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport
Hong Kong – Hong Kong International Airport
Honolulu – John Rodgers Airport
Istanbul – Istanbul Atatürk Airport
Jakarta – Halim Perdanakusuma Airport
Jeddah – King Abdulaziz International Airport
Johannesburg – Jan Smuts International Airport
Kallang – Kallang Airport
Kano – Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport
Kampala – Entebbe International Airport
Karachi – Jinnah International Airport
Kano – Kano Airport
Khartoum – Khartoum International Airport
Kingston – Palisadoes Airport
Kolkata – Dum Dum Airport
Kuala Lumpur – Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport
Kuwait – Kuwait International Airport
Lagos – Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Las Palmas – Gando Airport
Lima – Jorge Chávez International Airport
Lisbon – Portela International Airport
Livingstone – Livingstone Airport
London – London Heathrow International Airport
Los Angeles – Los Angeles International Airport
Luxor – Luxor International Airport
Lusaka – Lusaka International Airport
Manchester – Manchester Ringway International Airport
Madrid – Madrid–Barajas Airport
Malta – Malta International Airport
Manila - Manila International Airport
Marseille – Marseille Provence Airport
Mauritius – Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport
Melbourne – Essendon Airport
Mexico City – Benito Juárez International Airport
Miami – Miami International Airport
Montego Bay – Montego Bay International Airport
Montevideo – Carrasco International Airport
Montreal – Montreal-Trudeau International Airport
Moscow – Moscow Vnukovo Airport
Nadi – Nadi International Airport
Nairobi – Nairobi International Airport
Nassau – Lynden Pindling International Airport
New York City – Idlewild International Airport
Ndola – Ndola Airport
Nicosia – Nicosia International Airport
Nouadhibou – Nouadhibou International Airport
Osaka – Osaka International Airport
Perth – Perth Airport
Portland - Portland International Airport
Port of Spain – Piarco International Airport
Prague – Prague Ruzyne Airport
Rangoon – Yangon International Airport
Recife – Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport
Rio de Janeiro – Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport
Rome – Rome Ciampino Airport
Saint Lucia – Hewanorra International Airport
Salisbury – Harare International Airport
San Francisco – San Francisco International Airport
Santiago – Los Cerrillos Airport
São Paulo – Congonhas-São Paulo Airport
Seattle - Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
Seoul - Gimpo International Airport
Shanghai – Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
Shannon – Shannon Airport
Singapore – Singapore International Airport
Sourabaya – Juanda International Airport
Southampton – Southampton Airport
Stockholm – Stockholm Bromma Airport
Sydney – Kingsford Smith International Airport
Tel Aviv – Ben Gurion Airport
Tehran – Tehran Mehrabad International Airport
Tokyo – Haneda International Airport
Toronto – Toronto Pearson International Airport
Trinidad – Piarco International Airport
Tripoli – Tripoli Idris International Airport
Vancouver - Vancouver International Airport
Victoria Falls – Victoria Falls Airport
Vienna – Vienna International Airport
Zurich – Zurich-Kloten Airport

Aircraft operated




Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde (test flown by BOAC, then to British Airways for passenger service)
Airspeed Consul (1949-54)
Airspeed Oxford (1948-53)
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.15 Atalanta (1933-41)
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.27 Ensign (1939-46)
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley V (1942-43)
Avro Lancaster (1944-49)
Avro Lancastrian (1945-51)
Avro Tudor (1946-51)
Avro York (1944-57)
Boeing 314A Clipper (1941-48)
Boeing 377 Stratocruiser (1949-60)
Boeing 707-300 & -400 (1960-74)
Boeing 747-100 (1969-74)
Bristol Britannia (1955-66)
Canadair C-4 Argonaut (1949-60)
Consolidated Model 28 Catalina (1940-45)
Consolidated Model 32 Liberator (1941-51)
Curtis Wright CW-20 - one aircraft (1941-43)
de Havilland DH.86 Express (1934-41)
de Havilland DH.91 Albatross (1938-43)
de Havilland DH.95 Flamingo (1940-44)
de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito (1943-45)
de Havilland DH.104 Dove (1946-60)
de Havilland DH.106 Comet (1952-54 & 1958-69)
Douglas DC-3/C-47 Dakota (1943-50)
Douglas DC-7C (1956-65)
Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor- one Danish Airlines aircraft interned (1940-42)
Handley Page H.P.70 Halifax/Halton (1946-48)
Handley Page H.P.81 Hermes (1949-57)
Lockheed 10 Electra (1937-44)
Lockheed 14 Super Electra (1938-44)
Lockheed 18 Lodestar (1941-48)
Lockheed 414 Hudson (1941-45)
Lockheed L-049 & L-749 Constellation (1946-59)
Short S.23, S.30 & S.33 Empire (1937-47)
Short S.25 Sunderland/Hythe (1942-49)
Short S.25 Sandringham (1947-60)
Short S.26 (1939-47)
Short S.45 Solent (1946-60)
Vickers VC10 & Super VC10  (1964-1974)
Vickers Viking (1946-47)
Vickers Warwick - one aircraft (1944-45)
Vickers Wellington (1942-43)

Dates above are for service with BOAC or its forerunners[15], those still in service in 1974 subsequently passed to British Airways.
Incidents and accident
1940s
On 22 April 1940, Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra G-AKFD Loch Invar crashed 10 miles off course at Beinn Uird, near Loch Lomond, Scotland, killing the three crew.[16]
On 23 May 1940, Armstrong Whitworth Ensign G-ADSZ Elysean stalled and crashed at Merville Airport after the crew diverted to avoid an attack by a German fighter.[17]
On 23 May 1940, Armstrong Whitworth Ensign G-ADTA Euryalus was damaged during a crash at RAF Lympne. It had been  one of six that escaped a Luftwaffe raid on Merville Airfield, France. The intended destination was Croydon. Approaching the English coast, first she lost her port inner engine and the pilot diverted to RAF Hawkinge. Her starboard inner engine also had to be shut down shortly afterwards. The pilot changed course for Lympne. On landing, the starboard undercarriage failed to lock down, causing the wing to drag on the ground and the aircraft to go through a fence. Euryalus was flown to RAF Hamble in June, but it was decided to cannibalise her to repair G-ADSU Euterpe which had been damaged in an accident at Bonnington on 15 December 1939. Euryalus was scrapped in September 1942.[18]
On 1 September 1941, Consolidated Liberator C I AM915 crashed into a hill outside Campbeltown, Argyll, after a flight from Montreal, killing all four crew and six passengers.[19]
On 29 December 1941, Short Empire G-ADUX Cassiopeia crashed after striking debris on takeoff from Sabang, Indonesia, killing four.[20]
On 30 January 1942, Short Empire G-AEUH Corio was shot down by seven Japanese fighter aircraft and crashed off West Timor, killing 13 of 18 on board. The aircraft was owned by BOAC, but was operated by Qantas.
On 15 February 1942, Consolidated Liberator C I G-AGDR was shot down by a Royal Air Force Supermarine Spitfire in error over the English Channel near Plymouth, England. All five crew and four passengers (including Townsend Griffiss) were killed.
On 28 February 1942, Short Empire G-AETZ Circe was shot down over the Pacific between Cilacap and Broome by a Japanese fighter, killing all 22 on board. This crash is the worst ever accident involving the Short Empire. The aircraft was operating for Qantas.[21]
On 22 March 1942, Short Empire G-AEUF struck debris while landing and crashed at Port Darwin, Australia, killing two of 11 passengers on board; all four crew survived.[22]
On 24 September 1942, Short Empire G-AFCZ Clare broke up and sank following a forced landing in the Atlantic off Senegal due to engine failure; all 19 on board died.[23]
On 9 January 1943, Short S.26 G-AFCK Golden Horn crashed in the Tagus River near Lisbon while attempting an emergency landing due to an in-flight fire, killing 13 of 15 on board. The aircraft was on a test flight following replacement of an engine.[24]
On 15 February 1943, de Havilland Flamingo G-AFYE crashed at Asmara, Eritrea after going into a vertical dive from 800 feet (240m) during a test flight, killing both pilots.[25]
On 23 March 1943, Consolidated PBY Catalina G-AGDA Dog-Able crashed on landing at Poole Harbor during a training flight, killing three of six on board.[26]
On 4 April 1943, Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar (C-56B) G-AGEJ was possibly shot down by a Junkers Ju 88 of Luftwaffe 10/NJG 3 and crashed 31mi off Skagen, Denmark, killing all seven on board.[27]
On 1 June 1943, Flight 777, a Douglas DC-3 G-AGBB was shot down over the Bay of Biscay by eight German Junkers Ju 88s of KG 40. All seventeen crew and passengers were killed, including actor Leslie Howard.[28] There has been widespread speculation that the downing was an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[29] The aircraft was owned and operated by KLM, flying for BOAC.
On 16 June 1943, Lockheed Hudson IV FK459 stalled and crashed while turning for approach to Khartoum Civil Airport due to fuel starvation and engine failure, killing all 17 on board. The aircraft was an RAF military transport operating for BOAC.[30]
On 30 June 1943, Lockheed Hudson IV FK618 spiraled down and crashed near Khartoum, Sudan killing all 16 on board. The aircraft, an RAF military transport operating for BOAC, was probably overloaded.[31]
On 28 July 1943, Short Sunderland 3 G-AGES, crashed into a hill in Dingle Peninsula near the village of Brandon in Ireland on a flight from Lisbon to Foynes. The crash killed 10 passengers and crew out of 25 on board.[32]
On 17 August 1943, de Havilland Mosquito G-AGGF crashed near Glenshee, Perthshire.[33]
On 25 October 1943, de Havilland Mosquito G-AGGG crashed near RAF Leuchars.[33]
On 5 November 1943, Short Sunderland 3 G-AGIB crashed in the desert 75 miles south-southwest of Sollum, Libya after a portion of the right wing and float separated following an in-flight fire probably caused by an electrical problem; all 19 on board died.[34]
On 17 December 1943, Lockheed Lodestar G-AGDE crashed into the sea off Leuchars, Scotland on a flight from RAF Leuchars to Stockholm-Bromma Airport. The accident killed all 10 passengers and crew on board the flight.[35]
On 3 January 1944, de Havilland Mosquito G-AGGD stalled on landing at Såtenäs, Sweden and was written off.[33]
On 19 August 1944, de Havilland Mosquito G-AGKP crashed into the North Sea off Leuchars, Fife. All three people on board were killed.[33]
On 29 August 1944, Lockheed C-60A G-AGIH crashed after striking the top of Mount Kinnekulle near Lidköping, Sweden, killing 11 of 15 on board.[36]
On 29 August 1944, de Havilland Mosquito G-AGKR disappeared on a flight from Gothenburg, Sweden to RAF Leuchars with the loss of both crew.[33]
On 29 November 1944, Lockheed Lodestar G-AGBW struck the side of Kinangop Peak, Kenya while descending for Nairobi in bad weather, killing all 11 on board; the wreckage was found on 1 January 1945.[37]
On 21 February 1946, Consolidated Liberator II G-AGEM crashed on landing at Charlottetown, Canada due to icing, killing one of 14 on board.[38]
On 23 March 1946, Avro Lancastrian I G-AGLX disappeared between Sri Lanka and the Cocos Islands with ten on board. The aircraft was owned by BOAC, but was operated by Qantas.[39]
On 14 August 1946, Douglas Dakota III G-AGHT crashed at Luqa Airport due to fuel starvation after the auxiliary fuel tanks were selected by mistake, killing one of five on board.[40]
On 20 August 1946, Avro Lancastrian 1 G-AGMF crashed at Rouen, France when the crew failed to correctly establish the aircraft's position during descent, killing eight of nine on board.[41]
On 11 January 1947, Douglas Dakota III G-AGJX crashed at Stowting, Kent whilst on an international scheduled flight from Heathrow to West Africa via Bordeaux. A number of attempts were made to divert in poor weather. The aircraft crashed whilst attempting to land at Lympne. Eight people were killed and eight injured of the five crew and 11 passengers.
On 16 July 1947, Avro York C.1 G-AGNR crashed at Az-Zubair, Iran due to pilot and ATC errors, killing all six crew; all 12 passengers survived.[42]
On 23 August 1947, Short Sandringham 5 G-AHZB crashed on landing at Bahrain Marine Air Base due to the pilot using an incorrect procedure for landing and takeoff, killing ten of 26 on board.[43]
On 19 November 1947, Short Sunderland 3 G-AGHW struck high ground at Brightstone Down in poor visibility due to navigation errors by the pilot, killing one of four on board.[44]
On 14 July 1948, Douglas Dakota IV G-AGKN crashed into cloud-covered cliffs near Toulon, France, killing all six on board.[45]
1950s
On 26 May 1952, Handley Page Hermes IV G-ALDN force-landed 71mi from Atar, Mauritania, due to fuel starvation after the aircraft had flown off course for several hours as a result of navigation and pilot errors. The aircraft had taken off from Tripoli, Libya, with the intended destination of Kano, Nigeria. All on board survived, but the first officer died of heat stroke five days later while awaiting rescue.
On 2 May 1953, Flight 783/057, a de Havilland Comet I G-ALYV crashed 25 miles north-west of Calcutta, India, after suffering structural failure while climbing through 7,500ft in a severe storm. The crash occurred shortly after take-off from Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport (then known as Dum Dum Airport) on a flight to Delhi, and killed all 43 passengers and crew on board.[46]
On 10 January 1954, Flight 781, a de Havilland Comet I, G-ALYP, took off from Ciampino Airport in Rome, Italy, en route to Heathrow Airport in London, England; as it was reaching cruising altitude it suffered an explosive decompression and crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea near Elba, killing all 35 on board.
On 13 March 1954, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation, G-ALAM, crashed at Kallang Airport, Singapore, when it landed short and struck a sea wall after a flight from Jakarta, killing 33 people out of 40 passengers and crew on board. Pilot fatigue was cited as a contributing cause, and inadequate rescue services were implicitly blamed for some of the fatalities.
On 8 April 1954, de Havilland Comet I G-ALYY was operating South African Airways Flight 201 at night when it suffered what was almost certainly an explosive decompression at altitude and crashed into the sea near the island of Stromboli, off the Italian coast near Naples. The wreckage was never recovered, but all known evidence pointed to a repeat of the recent accident to G-ALYP. The aircraft was operating for South African Airways on charter from BOAC, with an SAA crew.
Early on Christmas Day 25 December 1954, at 0330 hours, a BOAC Boeing 377 Stratocruiser G-ALSA crashed on landing at Prestwick, killing 28 of the 36 passengers and crew on board. The aircraft was en route from London to New York when, on approach to an intermediate stop at Prestwick, it entered a steep descent before levelling out too late and too severely, hitting the ground short of the runway. A number of factors The crash was attributed to a number of factors, including pilot fatigue (the captain was well over his duty limit due to the flight being delayed), the landing lights at Prestwick being out of action due to repair and the First Officer either not hearing a command from the Captain for landing lights (which may have helped judge the low cloud base) or mistakenly hitting the flaps, causing the aircraft to stall.[47]
On 21 September 1955, Canadair Argonaut G-ALHL crashed during a storm at Tripoli International Airport after a flight from London and Rome. The aircraft, which was making its fourth attempt to land in the severe weather conditions, struck trees short of the runway. The accident and ensuing fire killed 15 passengers and crew out of 47 people on board.[48]
On 24 June 1956, Canadair Argonaut G-ALHE crashed after taking off from Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport on a flight to Tripoli International Airport. The aircraft had reached 200ft when it encountered a microburst, causing an abrupt loss of speed and altitude. With the Argonaut barely 20ft above the ground the captain regained control, but too late to avoid colliding with a large baobab tree. The crash killed 32 passengers and crew out of 45 people on board.
On 24 December 1958, a Bristol Britannia 312 G-AOVD crashed during a test flight near Winkton, England, killing nine of 12 on board.
1960s
On 5 March 1966, Flight 911, a Boeing 707 G-APFE, crashed on Mount Fuji after experiencing clear air turbulence. All 124 on board died.
On 9 April 1968, Flight 712[49] a Rolls-Royce Conway engine exploded and broke off from the wing of a Boeing 707 G-ARWE ("Whisky-Echo") following take-off from London Heathrow Airport causing an uncontained wing fire. A successful emergency landing at Heathrow was carried out, but a stewardess and four passengers were killed and 38 other passengers were injured as the fire spread during evacuation. The stewardess, Barbara Jane Harrison, was awarded a posthumous George Cross for her part in helping passengers escape.
1970s
On 9 September 1970, Flight 775, operated by Vickers VC10 G-ASGN, became the first British plane to be hijacked as part of the Dawson's Field hijackings.
On 23 July 1971, BOAC Flight 045, from London to Khartoum, was forced by military jets to land at Benghazi at 3.30am. New Sudanese President Babiker El Nur, instated a week previously in a political coup, was instructed to leave the aircraft, otherwise the fighter planes would bomb it. President Babiker El Nur quickly agreed to leave in order to save the lives of the other passengers. He was quickly taken off the aircraft along with his companion, Major Farouk Osman Hamadullah, to be held at gunpoint. Despite the best efforts to save the President and his staff-member, both men were ultimately executed.[50]
On 3 August 1971, BOAC Flight 600, operated by a Boeing 747 from Montreal to London, was diverted to Denver, Colorado due to a bomb hoax inspired by a TV film Doomsday Flight. The aircraft travelled 3,200 miles out of its way to land in Denver. The supposed bomb was thought to be triggered by flying below 5,000 feet. Denver's airport was above 5,000 feet.[51]
Non-fatal accidents
1940s
On 14 September 1940, Short Scylla G-ACJJ Scylla was destroyed in a windstorm while parked at Drem, United Kingdom.[52]
On 6 October 1940, de Havilland Albatross G-AFDL Fingal crashed at Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire during a ferry flight; all three on board survived.[53]
On 24 November 1940, Douglas DC-3 G-AGBI and Armstrong Whitworth Ensign II G-ADTC were destroyed on the ground at Whitchurch Airfield during a German daylight bombing raid.[54][55]
On 20 December 1940, de Havilland Albatross G-AFDI Frobisher was destroyed on the ground by a German air raid while parked at Whitchurch Airfield.[56]
On 15 February 1941, Short Empire G-AFCX Clyde was wrecked in a gale at Lisbon, Portugal.[33][57]
On 23 June 1942, Lockheed Hudson III G-AGDF ditched in the Gullmarsfjorden off Skredewick, Sweden after one engine failed and the other caught fire; all 10 on board survived.[58]
On 16 July 1943, de Havilland Albatross G-AFDK Fortuna crashed while on approach to Shannon Airport due to wing failure; all 14 on board survived.[59]
On 21 April 1944, Douglas C-47 G-AGFZ was written off following a landing accident at Bromma Airport; the aircraft was sold to AB Aerotransport for spare parts.[60]
On 2 May 1945, Lockheed C-60A G-AGLI ditched in the Baltic Sea in Sikeåfjärden off Västerbotten, Sweden after the crew became disorientated; all nine on board survived and were rescued by locals.[61]
1950s
On 26 October 1952, de Havilland Comet 1A G-ALYZ failed to gain altitude and crashed on takeoff from Ciampino Airport due to pilot error; all 43 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off, resulting in the first hull-loss of the Comet.[62]
On 25 July 1953, de Havilland Comet 1 G-ALYR experienced a runway excursion while taxiing at Dum Dum Airport. While taxiing, the crew used the landing lights because the taxi lights were too dim. In a left turn While alternating between the left and right lights, the pilot took his hand off the steering wheel, causing the steering to center. The right side main landing gear left the runway; right side engine power was increased and this caused the landing gear to be forced up into the wing, causing severe damage. All 42 on board survived; the aircraft was written off.[63]
1960s
On 14 March 1960, de Havilland Comet 4 G-APDS struck a ridge while on approach to Barajas Airport, tearing off the landing gear wheels and port side wing fuel tank and damaging the port wing flaps. The pilot abandoned the approach and performed an emergency landing with the damaged gear down. All 32 on board survived and the aircraft was repaired and returned to service. The aircraft was flying too low during the approach.[64]
On 22 August 1960, de Havilland Comet 4 G-APDB took off from a runway at Cairo International Airport that was under construction. The port side main landing gear fell into a hole, breaking off the axles and wheels; all 60 on board survived and the aircraft was repaired and returned to service.[65]
On 24 December 1960, Boeing 707-436 G-APFN overran the runway on landing at Heathrow Airport; all 106 on board survived and the aircraft was repaired and returned to service. The aircraft had come in too fast and landed too far down the runway as a result.[66]
On 9 March 1964, de Havilland Comet 4 G-APDN suffered a tailstrike while landing at Mehrabad Airport, damaging the underside of the fuselage and control of the elevators was lost, but the aircraft continued the landing without further incident. All 57 on board survived.[67]
In popular culture
The Beatles song Back in the U.S.S.R. references a flight from Miami Beach aboard a BOAC aircraft.[68][69]
See also

Miles Thomas, Chairman of BOAC at the time of the 1950s Comet crashes.

Notes

Further reading
Cooper, Barbara, ed. B.O.A.C Book of Flight. London: Max Parrish, 1959.
Higham, Robin. Speedbird: The Complete History of BOAC.  London: I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 491 page scholarly history. ISBN978-1-78076-462-7.
Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN0-85177-834-8.
Munson, Kenneth. Pictorial History of BOAC and Imperial Airways. London: Ian Allan, 1970. ISBN0-7110-0136-7.
Penrose, Harald. Wings Across the World: An Illustrated History of British Airways. London: Cassell, 1980 ISBN0-304-30697-5.
Scholefield, R.A. Manchester Airport. Sutton Publishing, 1998. ISBN0-7509-1954-X.
Woodley, Charles. BOAC: An Illustrated History. Stroud, England: Tempus, 2004. ISBN0-7524-3161-7.






, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

 in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW