Question: When was the Toronto District School Board established?

Toronto District School Board





The Toronto District School Board (TDSB; known as English-language Public District School Board No. 12 prior to 1999[3]) is the English-language public-secular school board for Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  The minority public-secular francophone (Conseil scolaire Viamonde), public-separate anglophone (Toronto Catholic District School Board), and public-separate francophone (Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir) communities of Toronto also have their own publicly funded school boards and schools that operate in the same area, but which are independent of the TDSB. Its headquarters are in the district of North York.[4] The TDSB is Canada's largest school board and the fourth largest school board in North America.
History
Early History of Education in Toronto
The earliest schools in Toronto were in private homes, often run by members of the clergy. Public funding for schools began with the establishment of the Home District Grammar School. Notably, it was not governed by an elected school board. Voting for the city's first elected school board took place in 1816 following the passage of the Common School Act. The board, as per the regulations of the act, had three members: Eli Playter, Dr. Thomas D. Morrison, and Jesse Ketchum.[5] The board governed the Common School at York which was located on the same grounds as the Grammar School. However, this lasted only four years before the school and its associated school board were shut down in favour of the creation of the Central School which was placed under the control of an unelected board and marked an attempt to bring public schools under Anglican religious control.[5] Control of this board in Toronto was then subsumed under a provincial Board of Education in 1824, itself merged into the Council of King's College, a body charged with obtaining a university for the province.
In 1831, Upper Canada College was created to replace the Home District Grammar School with state funding in the form of an initial crown lands grant of 6,000 acres, later supplemented by an additional 60,000 acres.[5] In contrast, common schools in this era, the equivalent of today's elementary schools, were woefully underfunded. Funding for the schools was derived from the sale of crown lands, but the lands chosen to support education were undesirable and couldn't command a high enough price to sustain the common schools. In addition to undesirability, the acreage devoted to funding the common schools initially granted in 1816 was later reduced by half. These deficiencies began to be addressed by the School Act of 1844 and culminated in the creation of local public school boards across the province including the Toronto Public School Board.
The Toronto Public School Board
The Toronto Public School Board (TPSB) was created in 1847 to oversee elementary education in Toronto.[6] However, the date of creation of the board is also given as 1850 as this was when trustee elections under a ward system started.[7] Legislation toward the creation of local, public school boards began with the School Act of 1844, which stipulated municipal contributions toward the salaries of teachers. The Toronto Public School Board continued to govern the city's elementary schools until 1904 when, following a city referendum, it was merged with the Collegiate Institute Board, which oversaw the city's secondary schools, and the Technical School Board, which oversaw the Toronto Technical School, to form the Toronto Board of Education.[8][9]
Six trustees were appointed to the original 1847 board by the municipal council of Toronto to serve with the mayor.[6] The board was composed entirely of white men until the election of the first female trustee Augusta Stowe-Gullen in 1892.[10] The board was created after the passage of the Common School Act of 1846 spearheaded by Egerton Ryerson, architect of both publicly funded schooling and the residential school system. The Act also called for the creation of a provincial normal school which would become the Toronto Normal School. Prior to the 1846 Common School Act, individual schools were governed by boards created under the Grammar School Act of 1807 and the Common Schools Act of 1816.[7] Like all boards of education at the time, the Toronto Public School Board was responsible for raising money to fund schools in addition to grants provided by the provincial government. However, they were not empowered to make these levies compulsory until the passage of the Common School Act in 1850[11] brought on in part by the closure of schools in Toronto in 1848 due to lack of funds.[5][12] This act also allowed for the creation of separate schools boards in Ontario including racially segregated schools.[13][14] In Toronto, the act allowed for the creation of a Catholic school board which would eventually become today's Toronto Catholic District School Board. While elementary schooling across the province was not made free by law until 1871, the 1850 Common School Act allowed for individual boards to entirely fund their schools through public funds. The Toronto Public School Board voted to do so in 1851, making elementary schooling in the city free. Minutes from the first meetings of the Toronto Public School Board have been preserved by the .
Schools of the Toronto Public School Board
When the Toronto Public School Board was first created, elementary or common schools in the city did not have dedicated buildings but instead, "the thousand-odd children who were registered as common school pupils were accommodated in rented premises--a dozen or so small halls and houses, designated by numbers."[5] This changed shortly after the election of the first board when six schools identical in architecture were built, one in each ward of the city. More schools with distinct designs were built over the coming decades. Some of these original schools are listed in the order of their construction below:
Louisa St. School (1852)
The Park School (1853)
George St. School (1853)
John St. School (1855)
Victoria St. School (1855)
Phoebe St. School (1855)
 (1858)
Givins St. School (1859)
Elizabeth St. School (1868)
York St. School (1870)
Bathurst St. School (1872)
 (1872)
Parliament St. School (1872)
The six original schools have since been demolished with only the Park School having been replaced with a new school.[5] As the student population grew, rented premises continued to be used to accommodate students, especially in the case of auxiliary schools where attendance was lower and the schools were more similar to county schools.
Members of the Toronto Public School Board
The first elections for the school board were held on September 3rd, 1850. Two trustees were elected to represent each of the six wards in the city.

Notably, this list includes many prominent families of Toronto. Positions on the board were unpaid and were dominated by members of wealthy families who could afford to spend time in meetings and advocating for board policies. J.D. Ridout and G.P. Ridout were sons of Thomas Ridout a politician and chairman of the Home District Council. The Gooderham name is known best for its connection to Gooderham and Worts a Canadian distillery since purchased by Hiram Walker and whose buildings have been retained and restored in Toronto's Distillery District. Joshua George Beard served on the board for twenty years in addition to serving as a city alderman and was elected the 10th Mayor of Toronto in 1854.[15] Gooderham, David Paterson, and E.F. Whittemore were directors of Consumer's Gas Works[16] a Toronto gas distribution company since acquired by Enbridge whose buildings remain prominent in Toronto including the Consumer's Gas Building and as performance and rehearsal spaces for Canadian Stage.[17] James L. Robinson was George W. Allan's partner in law[18] and son of Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet of Toronto. John Hawkins Hagarty would go on to become Chief Justice of Ontario. Perhaps most notable for his lack of distinction, James Price was a builder[5] and his sole presence as a trustee from more humble roots speaks to the composition of the Toronto Public School Board in this era. Dr. Joseph Workman was elected chair of the school board. In addition to serving on the board for five years, he was Superintendent of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, now the Queen Street Mental Health Centre of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.[19][20] Workman was one of the prime supporters of the campaign to build publicly-owned schools.
Notable Figures of the Toronto Public School Board
George Anthony Barber, the board's first Local Superintendent, and the father of Canadian cricket.[21][22]
Rev. James Porter, the board's second Local Superintendent. He worked to increase attendance at Toronto's public schools[23] and reported to Egerton Ryerson on the construction of a new school for the board, Elizabeth St School.[24]
Jesse Ketchum, a supporter of schooling responsible for many donations to the board[24] and after whom the current Toronto District School Board school, , is named.
James L. Hughes, principal of the Toronto Normal School's Model School and Chief Inspector for the Toronto Public School Board.[25]
Characteristics of Schooling in the Toronto Public School Board
Schooling in the era of the Toronto Public School Board was markedly different from modern schooling. In these large urban schools, students were separated by gender but taught in large, mixed-age classes of often over 100 students.[5] Students were taught out of readers and exams were conducted orally and only available to the best students from each school division. The technology of schooling was different as well. Students often were seated on long benches, or "forms". The introduction of the individual desk was a technological advancement advocated by some as a means of preventing students from distracting each other. Urban schools were often early adopters of these new technologies. This meant that the Toronto Public School Board was a leader in adopting blackboards, which other school boards were slower to introduce.[26] Teachers were also often expected to lodge in the school. In the Toronto Public School Board, provisions were made for a room for the teacher in the basements of the first six schools. At this time, secondary schools, or grammar schools, were not free. However, the Toronto Public School Board provided scholarships for the top achieving boys to attend these all-male institutions.[5] A provincial grant incentivized the creation of school libraries, and in 1858 the board had 2,837 volumes. An 1862 motion for the introduction of gymnasiums was met with some resistance as they were considered an expensive addition outside the scope of the academic disciplines of schools. Ultimately, the Select Committee voted against the recommendation.
TPSB Industrial Schools
Schooling for children living in poverty was a concern of many of the Chief Inspectors of the TPSB, including Inspector Hughes. He and others campaigned for the passage of legislation to allow for the creation of industrial schools, similar to those created in England. In the meantime, a class for expelled students was created in a church mission run by theAnglican Grace Church. The space was provided for free by the church and the class was staffed by the TPSB, who provided Esther Frances How who would go on to be widely remembered for her work at the school.[5] Although the Ontario Industrial Schools Act was passed in 1874, industrial schools were not built in Toronto until 1887 when the province provided funding to support the construction of such schools. The first two industrial schools in Toronto were the Victoria Industrial School for Boys and the Alexandra School for Girls. The schools were both part of the Industrial Schools Association of Toronto.
Victoria Industrial School for Boys
Built in 1887, the Victoria Industrial School for Boys was the destination for youth convicted of crimes and "incorrigible" youth until it was closed in 1934. Boys at the school were housed in "cottages," two to three story brick buildings housing as many as forty boys and quite unlike the wood-frame houses in nearby Mimico.[27] In the "cottages," the boys were supervised by a man and woman, usually husband and wife.[28][29] However, despite the homely setting, the school was often a place of violence for the boys there including such treatment as being handcuffed to the bed, beaten, and placed on bread-and-water diets. These abuses were the focus of investigations by the province as well as reporting in the Toronto Daily Star.[30] Although the school was operated locally, the school was increasingly populated by boys from across the province.[31] The site was used for the education of inmates under various names including the Mimico Correctional Centre and is now home to the Toronto South Detention Centre.
Alexandra School for Girls
Opened in 1892, the Alexandra School for Girls was located to the east of the then-bounds of the City of Toronto in Scarborough to the north of the intersection of present-day Blantyre Ave and Kingston Rd.[32] The school was opened under the leadership of Superintendent Lucy W. Brooking.[33] The population of the school increased with a reduction in the number of women housed at the Mercer Refuge. A number of factors including poverty led girls to be place at the school rather than other institutions such as the Toronto Girls' Home.[34]
The Toronto Collegiate Institute Board
The Collegiate Institute Board was created in 1807 to oversee what we would now call secondary schools. Unlike the Toronto Public School Board whose trustees were elected, the Collegiate Institute Board was appointed. In its earliest years, Bishop Strachan influenced appointments, but starting in 1841 trustees were appointed by the provincial executive government and my municipal council from 1853-1904.[5] Dean H.J. Grasset is most associated with the board, having served on the board for ten years.[35] Until the late 1880's the board was only responsible for one school, but this changed with the annexation of Parkdale in 1889, leading the Parkdale High School to be renamed the Jameson Avenue Collegiate Institute, and the construction of Harbord Collegiate Institute in 1892. The addition of schools meant that the Toronto High School was renamed the Jarvis Collegiate Institute in 1890, though the school did not move to its current location until 1924.
The Toronto Technical School Board
The Technical School Board was created to oversee a single school, the Toronto Technical School. Classes were first offered in 1892 in St. Lawrence Hall, but when enrollment exceeded expectations they were moved to Old Wycliffe Hall, now part of the University of Toronto campus. In 1901, classes were moved to the Stewart Building due to growing enrollment. Finally, the school moved to its current location in 1915 and is now known as the Central Technical School due to the construction of addition technical schools in the board. Members of the Technical School Board were also appointed but by a different process than members of the Collegiate Institute Board. Members of the Technical School Board were appointed by municipal council, the Architectural Guild, the Trades and Labour Council, and the Association of Stationary Engineers.[5] After amalgamation in 1904, members of the board became part of a special committee of the Toronto Board of Education. Dr. A.C.McKay was an early champion of technical education.[36]
The Toronto Board of Education
The Toronto Board of Education, officially the Board of Education for the City of Toronto, governed education in pre-amalgamation Toronto from 1904 to 1998. It was created from the merger of the existing boards of education in the city (The Toronto Public School Board, the Toronto Collegiate Institute Board, and the Toronto Technical School Board) following a municipal referendum in 1904.[37][38] The board governed education in Toronto until the passage of , a bill passed by the Conservative Mike Harris government despite public opposition[39], which amalgamated boards of education across the province. The Act immediately followed legislation which amalgamated municipalities such as  which made changes to the City of Toronto Act to amalgamate seven municipalities and create the current City of Toronto.
The Toronto District School Board
The TDSB was created in 1998 following the merger of the Board of Education for the City of York, the East York Board of Education, the North York Board of Education, the Scarborough Board of Education, the Etobicoke Board of Education and the Toronto Board of Education.
The Metropolitan Toronto School Board, a "super-ordinate umbrella board" created in 1953 to coordinate activities and to apportion tax revenues equitably across the school boards within Metro Toronto, was dissolved at this time, with its functions merged into the new board.[40] The Metropolitan Toronto School Board's head office was located at the former York Mills Public School site on Campbell Crescent (built 1956 and demolished 2004).[41][42]
TDSB headquarters was located at 155 College Street, the former offices of the Toronto Board of Education.[43] TDSB head office moved from 155 College Street to 5050 Yonge Street, which was previously occupied by the North York Board of Education.[44]
Organization
The school board's organizational mission is "to enable all students to reach high levels of achievement and to acquire the knowledge, skills, and values they need to become responsible members of a democratic society."[45]
The TDSB is the largest school board in Canada[46] and the 4th largest in North America.[47] The record was previously held by the Metropolitan Separate School Board with over 100,000 students until 1998 what is now the Toronto Catholic District School Board.
There are more than 250,000 students[48] in nearly 600 schools within the TDSB. Of these schools, 451 offer elementary education, 102 offer secondary level education, and there are five adult day schools. The TDSB has 16 alternative elementary schools as well as 20 alternative secondary schools. TDSB has approximately 31,000 permanent and 8,000 temporary staff, which includes 10,000 elementary school teachers and 5,800 at the secondary level.[49]
Parent and Community involvement occurs at all levels of the school board system, from parental involvement at local schools, the involvement of local organizations at the school level and formal advisory committees at the Board level.[50]
There has also been an effort to include more student involvement in the Toronto District School Board. The "Super Council" is an organization which acts as a student council for the entire board.[51] There has also been an attempt to place student input in the TDSB's Equity Department through the second, and last, board-wide student group: Students Working Against Great Injustice.[52] Both groups have put together various events and have had much success in giving input towards the decisions of the Board.[53]
The TDSB actively recruits students from outside of Canada, and attracts students from Kindergarten to Grade 12, charging international students up to $14,000 per year to study in Toronto.[54]
Director of Education
The current Director of Education is Dr. John Malloy, who is serving on an interim basis during an 18-month period since January 4, 2016, replacing Donna Quan. Malloy is also currently serving as an Assistant Deputy Minister and Chief Student Achievement Officer with the Ontario Ministry of Education.
Before returning to Toronto, Malloy served as director for the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board and before that, as a Superintendent of Education with the York Region District School Board and the Durham Catholic District School Board (formerly the Durham Region Roman Catholic Separate School Board) as well as teacher and school administrator for the Metropolitan Separate School Board (most notably Cardinal Carter and Cardinal Newman).
Former directors
Donna Quan (2013–2015) – was acting in 2013, left to work for York University (as adjunct professor) and Ministry of Education
Chris Spence (2009–2013) – resigned due to a plagiarism scandal and teaching license revoked (2016)
Gerry Connelly (2005–2009) – retired from TDSB and now special advisor on Education Policy for The Learning Partnership and adjunct professor at York University
David Reid (2001–2005) – now with Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
Marguerite Jackson (1998–2001) – now CEO of the Education Quality and Accountability Office
Community involvement
The TDSB's Parent and Community Involvement Policy describes ways in which "parents, the community, students, staff and the Board" are working together.[50]  One option is the Parent Involvement Advisory Committee.[55]
Parents can design and propose a new school in the TDSB. There is a 2-year process for review, approval and opening the school.[56]
Controversies
Financial issues

In 2002, the Government of Ontario stripped all power and authority from the school board trustees because they failed to balance the board's budget. Paul Christie was appointed by the province to serve as supervisor of the Toronto District School Board, with authority for all financial and administrative functions of the Board. This allowed Christie to supersede the authority of elected school trustees. The provincial government argued that the appointment was necessary, as the TDSB had not submitted a budget to the Ontario Minister of Education as legally required. Representatives of the TDSB claimed that they could not find the necessary operating expenses for the year, given provincial regulations which prohibited deficit spending.  Christie balanced the TDSB's budget through a dramatic spending reduction of $90 million. Under his watch, the TDSB eliminated many secretarial positions, phased out school-community advisors, child and youth counsellors, and attendance counsellors and reduced the number of vice-principals, cut outdoor education and adult education, and re-evaluated the position of social workers in the system. Christie's staff reports were not made public, and some critics argued that there were no adequate checks or balances on his authority.[57]
Blackstone Partners carried out a review in 2006.[58] They submitted a 113-page report in January 2007.[58] Blackstone Partners were "asked to determine if the facilities division had "effective governance.""[58] The report showed "high costs of repairs, lots of workers and spotty results, and managerial “silos” that made it hard for principals to figure out whom to approach to get a job done."[58] Blackstone Partners gave 43 recommendations in the report.[58] The school board claims a few have been carried out and others are in the works.[58] When surveyed about a wide range of topics, the worst result was the school board’s maintenance and construction division.[58] Eighty percent of principals didn't believe the maintenance and construction division delivered good value for the money[58] TDSB director Chris Spence "To use a football analogy, we are trying to move the yardstick. There is no quick fix."[58] The Toronto Star reported that in recent investigation showed little has changed since that review.[58] A high school principal "raised questions about the $143 cost of installing a pencil sharpener and the $19,000 cost of installing a sign on the school's front lawn."[59]

In 2007, again due to alleged mismanagement by the trustees, the board will try to submit a budget with a deficit of $84 million.
The school board wants $3.6 million from the Toronto Star before it releases a database.[62] The database shows "work orders showing what taxpayers have been charged for maintenance and construction projects at local schools."[62] In June 2012, the Toronto Star asked for "an electronic copy showing three years of work at the TDSB."[62] The Toronto Star stated that "the request was made under the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act."[62]
The Ontario Ministry of Education Froze funding for the school board's buildings project.[63] The ministry cited the possibility of a $10 million to $11 million cost overrun for the retrofit of Nelson Mandela Park Public School.[63] The project was originally priced at $21.7 million.[63] Some of the school board's trustees are "outraged". Laurel Broten, Ontario's Minister of Education, stated, "We are not happy they don’t know why" when talking about the overrun.[63] She also stated that a supervisor may be sent in.[63]
The Maintenance and Construction Skilled Trades Council gets 0.5% on all outside contracts even though it does not perform the work.[64] Several contractors have stated that "contractors sometimes inflate their price for school board work to pay Hazel’s group."[64] Maintenance and Construction Skilled Trades Council are unable to do all the maintenance and construction work.[64] TDSB spokesperson Shari Schwartz-Maltz said "the dues are considered a "temporary union membership." The TDSB does not charge the trades council rent for its offices on school board property.[64] The school board's trustees want to stop paying the fee.[65]
Employees of the school board visited bars, bought groceries and filled the gas tanks of their cars using "public money" and while on the job.[66]
Contract with Trade Council
A top official from the Toronto District School Board stated that he has concerns about a "controversial contract" between the Trades Council and the Ontario Government and claims that the contract with the trades council is "politically motivated."[67] Chris Bolton, the Chairman of the school board, stated that the Trade Council is a "major contributors to the Liberals" and even campaigned for the Liberals.[67] A government spokesperson stated that Education Minister Laurel Broten decision to retain the Trade Council's services "nothing to do with politics."[67]
Terms of the contract includes:
"The TDSB will not be allowed to hire outside workers for some jobs."[67] The school board won't be allowed to hire outside workers even if it would cost taxpayers less.[67]
"The trades council is still allowed to choose all new workers for the publicly funded school board."[67] The Toronto District School Board, who pays the workers, doesn't have a say on who is hired.[67]
A structured shift system will be preserved where the morning and afternoon shifts overlaps.[67] This requires the school board to maintain extra trucks and vehicles.[67] The school board has estimated "it could have sold off up to 300 trucks and other vehicles that would not be needed if the afternoon shift started when the morning shift ended."[67]
Immigration Act charges
In 2001, Toronto School Board Trustee Sam Basra was convicted of Immigration Act charges and was forced under the Education Act to resign his seat.  He pleaded guilty in August 2001 to selling fake offers of employment to potential immigrants for US$1,500.00 each.  This came to light after being tipped by a former employee, police raided Basra's paralegal firm and found 250 false letters of employment.  In March 2001 Arjan Singh launched a $15 million lawsuit against Basra alleging that while doing paralegal work, Basra forged documents to make him think his rights case was active more than a year after it was closed.  After much infighting among the trustees and inaction from then Chair of the Board Donna Cansfield to make an appointment to fill the vacant trustee seat left by Basra, a by-election was called for April 2002 costing the board $160,000.00.  Stan Nemiroff defeated former Mayor of Etobicoke Bruce Sinclair in the by-election to become the new Ward 1 trustee representing Etobicoke North.[68]
Ethnic origins and disability-related issues
In December 2001, a $70 million class-action lawsuit was filed against the Toronto District School Board on behalf of the parents of special needs students who were sent home during the boards support workers strike in April 2001.  The suit claimed that 27,000 special needs students were discriminated against on the basis of their disabilities because they were sent home during the month-long strike while the schools stayed open for their able-bodied counterparts. The claims were based on the fact that they were not permitted to go to school and missed a month of school while everyone else was able to go. The suit also claimed that the Toronto District School Board should stop treating special needs students as lesser students.  The four-week strike, led by 13,000 support workers, ended in early May 2001.[69]
On November 14, 2005, the Ontario Human Rights Commission reached a settlement with the Toronto District School Board following a Commission-initiated complaint against the Board in July 2005. On July 7, 2005, the commission initiated a complaint against the Board in the public interest and on behalf of racialized students and students with disabilities alleging that the application of the Safe Schools Act and the Board's policies on discipline are having a disproportionate impact on racial minority students and students with disabilities.  The complaint alleges that the Board had failed to meet its duty to accommodate racialized students and students with disabilities in the application of discipline, including providing adequate alternative education services for racial minority students and students with disabilities who are suspended or expelled and that the above amounts to a failure on the part of the Board to provide equal access to education services and that it constitutes discrimination and contravenes sections 1, 11 and 9 of the Ontario Human Rights Code. The TDSB accepts and acknowledges a widespread perception that the application of Ontario's school disciplinary legislation, regulations and policies can have a discriminatory effect on students from racialized communities and students with disabilities and further exacerbate their already disadvantaged position in society.
In 2005, controversy erupted when the TDSB's Board Chair Sheila Ward and Executive Officer of Student and Community Equity, Lloyd McKell, spoke in favour of "Black-focused schools."[70] The proposal brought about a media backlash, as many interpreted this as a "Black-only" school. After long and sometimes raucous debate, the proposal for an Afrocentric school was adopted, and registration began.[71] Similar controversy had taken place in the North York Board of Education in the 1980s, when the board attempted to turn Georges Vanier Secondary School into a black-only school.
"Explicit" sex-ed brochures
Wade Vroom,[72] an "occasional teacher" at Delta alternative school, "pinned up brochures meant to advise gay bar and bath house patrons on safe sex procedures"[73] in a grade seven and eight classroom.[72] Liz Sandals, the minister for education, stated that it was "totally inappropriate."[73] Sandals also stated, "clearly, from what was described in the media, the materials that were being used are totally inappropriate and are in no way connected to the Ontario health and phys ed curriculum" and "I’m relieved that Toronto District School Board (TDSB) has gotten rid of the material and that the teacher is no longer in the classroom."[73] He had been "ordered  to work from home pending an investigation."[72] Sandals called it a "one off."[73] Sandals stated how this type of material would not be included in the new Ontario curriculum.[73] Lisa MacLeod, the critic for education from the Progressive Conservative Party, stated "parents have not asked for this type of sexually explicit information to be made available to their children.[73] The fact that an Ontario teacher felt comfortable enough to post it speaks to the cozy relationship the Liberal government has with their unions."[73] MacLeod feels that the Toronto District School Board is "clearly out of control when it comes to this."[73] She also stated that "this is not the first time something like has occurred there - and I think the government really has to put their foot down and make it known that that type of material is unacceptable."[73] A spokesman for the school board claimed that the teacher had "good intentions."[74] MacLeod criticized the spokesman and thinks that the school board should fire someone for the material being posted.[73] The AIDS Committee of Toronto, who published one of the brochures, stated that the intended material published by them was for adults.[72] The Toronto Sun asked in an article, "if the teacher now being paid to be at home, or any adult, were to pass out this material in a park, would the police not be called?"[75] and when is the TDSB going to notify police about a brochure teaching children?"safer sucking tips?"[75] A spokesman for the board stated, "At this time, police have not been notified."[75] Toronto Police Service investigated the brochures[76] and decided that no charges would be pressed against Vroom because it "didn't meet Criminal Code criteria to lay charges for exposing children to obscene material or corrupting the morals of children."[77] Vroom was later reinstated after the issue had been "resolved."[72]
School violence
A number of violent encounters and tragedies have sparked growing concern, raising doubts on the ability of the TDSB to provide a safe educational environment. Stakeholders believe that the TDSB is failing on their promise of a harmonious learning environment for Toronto's youth. The Toronto District School Board location is known for having a high rate of violence among youths. The year 2013 saw the highest number of youths killed by guns in the district of Toronto including 7 teens who were 16 years old at the time of the incidents. Media statistics have estimated that Toronto's shooting victims, all males in 2013, have gotten younger. Their average age is estimated to be around 22 years old, down from 26 years old in 2012.[78]
Past incidents
The first incident of violence directly affecting a TDSB high school occurred in 2007, when Jordan Manners, a 15-year-old student, was shot and killed in the hallway of C.W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute.[79]  It has been 10 years since the incident and the situation has not improved. After the highly publicized death of Manners, the safety and security of TDSB schools was scrutinized and questioned.[80] Prior to the Jordan Manners’ shooting, 81% of CW Jefferys reported feeling safe at schools after the shooting this dropped 37 percentage points to 44%.[81] A panel was set up after the Jordan Manners shooting to address the issue of school safety.[81] However, The TDSB has been accused of, "failing to take immediate steps, there are areas where they have chosen not to follow the panel's recommendations.".[80]
A similar incident also took place on September 16, 2008, when a 16-year-old boy was shot in the chest in the parking lot of Bendale Business and Technical Institute following an altercation involving several people. The victim was subsequently hospitalized in critical condition. The next day, Toronto Police announced it had made two arrests in the case; 18-year-old Mark Deicsics, was charged with armed robbery.[82] The incident prompted authorities to lock down not only Bendale, but three other nearby schools (David and Mary Thomson Collegiate Institute) for almost three hours.[82][83]
In September 2009, a Grade 11 student was stabbed during lunch hour at Bloor Collegiate Institute.[84] Katherine Evans, the principal of the school, stated that this was the first stabbing at the school that she's aware of.[84] For about two hours, the school was in "secure mode" where nobody was allowed in or out of the building.[84] However, the school wasn't in lockdown as students were allowed to move around the school.[84]
On September 23, 2014, another outbreak of violence occurred when Hammid Aminzada, a 19-year-old North Albion Collegiate Institute student, was fatally stabbed on school grounds after attempting to break up a fight between two students.[85] The TDSB director of education Donna Quan announced that the board would "soon begin an independent review into the facts surrounding the events leading to and following the death of Hamid and to determine if more can be done to prevent such deaths and to improve support and engagement of students and families".[85] As a response, the TDSB sent out a press release on October 20, 2014, it listed and reviewed the facts surrounding the events leading up to and after the reported incident. In it they stated they would appoint a steering team to examine the circumstances pertaining to the occurrence and assess both the system and crisis response procedures.[86]
Past violence-prevention initiatives
In the late 1990s The Tory Government implemented a deliberate strategy to eliminate violence and illegal behavior on school grounds. This effort has been referred to as “Safe Schools Culture” which had a destructive effect on disenfranchised youth, especially African-Canadian. This approach lead to mass suspensions and other forms of conventional discipline that did not take into account the complex needs of the youth. The zero tolerance philosophy lead to abundant suspensions and expulsions under a “one size fits all” mentality. The culture tended toward pushing youths out of schools without essential support systems.[81]
Current violence-prevention initiatives
Today, steps against the violence in schools have led to the implementation of the School's Community Safety Advisory Panel following any major incident of violence on school grounds. The panel is responsible for conducting an independent review into the facts surrounding the events leading to and following the particular incident.[85] "The reviews will assist us in understanding the circumstances around this tragic incident to ensure that we continue moving the gains we’ve made in creating safe and caring school environments out to our school communities".[85] Additionally, every second year the Toronto District School Board conducts a School Climate Survey within their schools to gain direct results and understanding from students, school staff and parents about the overall school climate. These surveys are used to make informed planning decisions about programs to help prevent bullying and promote a safe and inclusive school environment.[87]
School mosque
In 2011, it was revealed that a TDSB school, Valley Park Middle School, had been holding Muslim prayer services  for students in its cafeteria during school hours.  The prayer services lasted 30 to 40 minutes, and were led by an imam from a nearby mosque.[88]
School administration were required to prepare the mosque, and non-Muslim students attended classes during the prayer sessions and were not allowed in the cafeteria.[89]  During the prayers, boys and girls were separated by benches, with girls placed behind the boys.  Menstruating girls were prohibited from participating, but could observe from the back row.[90] The Huffington Post commented:
This school is allowing children to skip class so that they can pray during school hours in a secular public school system, all the while instilling the misconceived notion that menstruating girls are somehow unclean and should be pushed to the back of the figurative bus, which in this case is represented by the cafeteria turned makeshift mosque.[90]
Responding to criticism, local school board trustee Gerri Gershon said "This is so sad... this is part of our religious accommodation policy".[88]
Culture of fear
In 2014, the Province of Ontario appointed Margaret Wilson to lead an independent review of operational issues at the TDSB.  Wilson conducted over sixty interviews, and reviewed documents, letters, and hundreds of emails.  Her conclusion was that a "climate of fear" existed within the TDSB.[91]  Wilson wrote:
I saw little recognition among experienced trustees that they might be responsible for at least some of the 'climate of fear'...nor did I see any recognition among very senior staff that they too had a part in creating that climate.[91]
Wilson stated that many employees believed their phones and computers were being monitored.[91]
Wilson submitted ten recommendations to Liz Sandals, the  Minister of Education.[91]  Sandals commented about the report: "The culture of fear, which may have started at the upper levels of the board, is getting dangerously close to the classroom...we have to stop that."[92]
In April 2015—three months after the release of the Wilson Report—it was revealed that the TDSB had placed a covert camera inside a clock located in the office of a TDSB principal.  About the incident, Wilson commented "It did strike me as part of the whole climate at the board".  Following that revelation, TDSB Director Donna Quan issued a statement assuring "there are currently no hidden cameras in any office of a principal/vice-principal employed by the TDSB."[93]
The TDSB held no public inquiry into the culture of fear, and offered no compensation to those affected.  In 2016, the new director John Malloy said:
Everyone who meets me wants to talk about the culture of fear and I understand that, fine, but what I have to be talking about or I won’t be effective in this role, is what we can do to move forward.[94]
Removing the word "chief" from job titles
In 2017, it was reported that the TDSB was ending the use of the word "chief" in job titles out of respect for Indigenous communities.  The decision was inspired by the final report of Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, though the final report "did not explicitly call for the removal of titles such as chief from non-Indigenous applications".[95] Marcus Gee commented in The Globe and Mail: "The idea was so ridiculous that it had to be in jest... It does nothing for the Indigenous community. It does nothing for the cause of Indigenous rights. In fact, by making something out of nothing, it discredits that cause, tainting it with the scent of wild-eyed zealotry."[96]
Exposing students to cameras
In 2018 questions were raised regarding Schwartz-Maltz's choice to subject two elementary students to international attention after they were allegedly targeted by a violent attacker.[97]
School building architecture
Many of the TDSB stock of school buildings outside of the old City of Toronto were built after World War II and during the 1950s. These are typically Mid-Century modern in style with two- to three-storey brick façade and large double hung windows are mostly found in older areas of suburbs. Post-modern schools are brick with casement windows appeared from the 1970s onwards.
Schools

See also

Toronto Catholic District School Board, the English-language Catholic school board that also operates in Toronto
Conseil scolaire Viamonde, the French-language school board that also operates in Toronto
Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud, the French-language Catholic school board in Toronto
List of school districts in Ontario



Further reading
MacLellan, Duncan (Ryerson University Department of Politics and Public Administration). "." (working paper) () - Presented to the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, June 1, 2007.
Rushowy, Kristin. "." Toronto Star. Thursday January 10, 2013.



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