Question: How is henna made?

Henna




Henna (Arabic: حِنَّاء‎) also known as Mehndi (Hindi: मेंहदी) is a dye prepared from the plant Lawsonia inermis, also known as hina, the henna tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet,[1] the sole species of the genus Lawsonia.
Henna can also refer to the temporary body art resulting from the staining of the skin from the dyes (see also mehndi). Henna has been used since antiquity to dye skin, hair and fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk, wool and leather. Historically, henna was used in the Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, near and Middle East, Carthage, other parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. The name is used in other skin and hair dyes, such as black henna and neutral henna, neither of which is derived from the henna plant.[2][3]
Etymology

The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء‎ (ALA-LC: ḥinnāʾ; pronounced [ħɪnˈnæːʔ]) or, colloquially حنا‎, loosely pronounced as /ħinna/.
Preparation and application
Body art
Whole, unbroken henna leaves will not stain the skin. Henna will not stain skin until the lawsone molecules are made available (released) from the henna leaf. However, dried henna leaves will stain the skin if they are mashed into a paste. The lawsone will gradually migrate from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a stain.

Since it is difficult to form intricate patterns from coarsely crushed leaves, henna is commonly traded as a powder[4] made by drying, milling and sifting the leaves. The dry powder is mixed with one of a number of liquids, including water, lemon juice, strong tea, and other ingredients, depending on the tradition. Many artists use sugar or molasses in the paste to improve consistency to keep it stuck to the skin better. The henna mix must rest between 1 to 48 hours before use in order to release the lawsone from the leaf matter. The timing depends on the crop of henna being used. Essential oils with high levels of monoterpene alcohols, such as tea tree, cajeput, or lavender, will improve skin stain characteristics. Other essential oils, such as eucalyptus and clove, are also useful but are too irritating and should not be used on skin.

The paste can be applied with many traditional and innovative tools, starting with a basic stick or twig. In Morocco, a syringe is common. A plastic cone similar to those used to pipe icing onto cakes is used in the Indian culture. In the Western world, a cone is common, as is a Jacquard bottle, which is otherwise used to paint silk fabric. A light stain may be achieved within minutes, but the longer the paste is left on the skin, the darker and longer lasting the stain will be, so it needs to be left on as long as possible.  To prevent it from drying or falling off the skin, the paste is often sealed down by dabbing a sugar/lemon mix over the dried paste or adding some form of sugar to the paste.  After time the dry paste is simply brushed or scraped away. The paste should be kept on the skin for a minimum of 4 to 6 hours. but longer times and even wearing the paste overnight is a common practice. Removal should not be done with water, as water interferes with the oxidation process of stain development. Cooking oil may be used to loosen dry paste. 
Henna stains are orange when the paste is first removed, but darken over the following three days to a deep reddish brown due to oxidation. Soles and palms have the thickest layer of skin and so take up the most lawsone, and take it to the greatest depth, so that hands and feet will have the darkest and most long-lasting stains. Some also believe that steaming or warming the henna pattern will darken the stain, either during the time the paste is still on the skin, or after the paste has been removed. It is debatable whether this adds to the color of the end result as well. After the stain reaches its peak color, it holds for a few days, then gradually wears off by way of exfoliation, typically within 1 to 3 weeks. Adding drops of lemon juice to your new hand of henna will make it last longer.
Natural henna pastes containing only henna powder, a liquid (water, lemon juice, etc) and an essential oil (lavender, cajeput, tee tree etc) are not "shelf stable," meaning they expire quickly, and cannot be left out on a shelf for over 1 week without losing their ability to stain the skin.
The leaf of the henna plant contains a finite amount of Lawsone molecule. As a result, once the powder has been mixed into a paste, this leaching of dye molecule into the mixture will only occur for an average of 2-6 days. If a paste will not be used within the first few days after mixing, it can be frozen for up to 4 months to halt the dye release, for thawing and use at a later time. Commercially packaged pastes that remain able to stain the skin longer than 7 days without refrigeration or freezing contain other chemicals besides henna that may be dangerous to the skin. After the initial 7 day release of lawsone dye, the henna leaf is spent, therefore any dye created by these commercial cones on the skin after this time period is actually the result of other compounds in the product. These chemicals are often undisclosed on packaging, and have a wide range of colors including what appears to be a natural looking color stain produced by dyes such as Sodium Picramate. These products often do not contain any henna. There are many adulterated henna pastes such as these, and others, for sale today that are erroneously marketed as "natural", "pure", or "organic", all containing potentially dangerous undisclosed additives. The length of time a premanufactured paste takes to arrive in the hands of consumers is typically longer than the 7-day dye release window of henna, therefore one can reasonably expect that any premade mass produced cone that is not shipped frozen is a potentially harmful adulterated chemical variety.
Henna only stains the skin one color, a variation of reddish brown, at full maturity 3 days after application.
Powdered fresh henna, unlike premixed paste, can be easily shipped all over the world and stored for many years in a well-sealed package. 
Body art quality henna is often more finely sifted than henna powders for hair.
Hair/Eyebrow dye
History


In Ancient Egypt, Ahmose-Henuttamehu (17th Dynasty, 1574 BCE): Henuttamehu was probably a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahmose Inhapy. Smith reports that the mummy of Henuttamehu's own hair had been dyed a bright red at the sides, probably with henna.[5]
In Europe, henna was popular among women connected to the aesthetic movement and the Pre-Raphaelite artists of England in the 1800s. Dante Gabriel Rossetti's wife and muse, Elizabeth Siddal, had naturally bright red hair. Contrary to the cultural tradition in Britain that considered red hair unattractive, the Pre-Raphaelites fetishized red hair. Siddal was portrayed by Rossetti in many paintings that emphasized her flowing red hair.[6] The other Pre-Raphaelites, including Evelyn De Morgan and Frederick Sandys, academic classicists such as Frederic Leighton, and French painters such as Gaston Bussière and the Impressionists further popularized the association of henna-dyed hair and young bohemian women.
Opera singer Adelina Patti is sometimes credited with popularizing the use of henna in Europe in the late nineteenth century. Parisian courtesan Cora Pearl was often referred to as La Lune Rousse (the red-haired moon) for dying her hair red. In her memoirs, she relates an incident when she dyed her pet dog's fur to match her own hair.[7] By the 1950s, Lucille Ball popularized "henna rinse" as her character, Lucy Ricardo, called it on the television show I Love Lucy. It gained popularity among young people in the 1960s through growing interest in Eastern cultures.[8]
Muslim men may use henna as a dye for hair and most particularly their beards. This is considered sunnah, a commendable tradition of the Prophet Muhammad. Furthermore, a hadith (narration of the Prophet) holds that he encouraged Muslim women to dye their nails with henna to demonstrate femininity and distinguish their hands from those of men. Thus, some Muslim women in the Middle East apply henna to their finger and toenails as well as their hands.
Today

Commercially packaged henna, intended for use as a cosmetic hair dye, is available in many countries, and is now popular in India, as well as the Middle East, Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States. The color that results from dying with henna depends on the original color of the hair, as well as the quality of the henna, and can range from orange to auburn to burgundy. Henna can be mixed with other natural hair dyes including Cassia obovata for lighter shades of red or even blond, or with indigo to achieve brown and black shades. Some products sold as "henna" include these other natural dyes. Others may include metal salts that can interact with other chemical treatments, or oils and waxes that may inhibit the dye, or dyes which may be allergens.
Apart from Henna being used for dying on hair, it has been recently used as a temporal substitute to eyebrow pencil or even eyebrow embroidery. Eyebrow henna is a quick and effective replacement to daily application of eyebrow makeup which helps save time for anyone that wants a well-defined eyebrow.[9]
Traditions of henna as body art

The different words for henna in ancient languages imply that it had more than one point of discovery and origin, as well as different pathways of daily and ceremonial use.
It is important to note that the modern term “Henna tattoo” is a marketing term only.  Henna does not tattoo the skin and is not considered tattooing.

Henna has been used to adorn young women's bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations since the late Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean. The earliest text mentioning henna in the context of marriage and fertility celebrations comes from the Ugaritic legend of Baal and Anath,[10] which has references to women marking themselves with henna in preparation to meet their husbands, and Anath adorning herself with henna to celebrate a victory over the enemies of Baal.
Wall paintings excavated at Akrotiri (dating prior to the eruption of Thera in 1680BCE) show women with markings consistent with henna on their nails, palms and soles, in a tableau consistent with the henna bridal description from Ugarit.[11] Many statuettes of young women dating between 1500 and 500BCE along the Mediterranean coastline have raised hands with markings consistent with henna. This early connection between young, fertile women and henna seems to be the origin of the Night of the Henna, which is now celebrated worldwide.
The Night of the Henna was celebrated by most groups in the areas where henna grew naturally: Jews,[12] Muslims,[13] Sikhs, Hindus and Zoroastrians, among others, all celebrated marriages and weddings by adorning the bride, and often the groom, with henna.
Across the henna-growing region, Purim,[12] Eid,[14] Diwali,[15] Karva Chauth, Passover, Nowruz, Mawlid, and most saints' days were celebrated with some henna. Favorite horses, donkeys, and salukis had their hooves, paws, and tails hennaed. Battle victories, births, circumcision, birthdays, Zār, as well as weddings, usually included some henna as part of the celebration. Bridal henna nights remain an important custom in many of these areas, particularly among traditional families.

Henna was regarded as having Barakah ("blessings"), and was applied for luck as well as joy and beauty.[16] Brides typically had the most henna, and the most complex patterns, to support their greatest joy and wishes for luck. Some bridal traditions were very complex, such as those in Yemen, where the Jewish bridal henna process took four or five days to complete, with multiple applications and resist work.
The fashion of "Bridal Mehndi" in North Indian, Bangladesh, Northern Libya and in Pakistan is currently growing in complexity and elaboration, with new innovations in glitter, gilding, and fine-line work. Recent technological innovations in grinding, sifting, temperature control, and packaging henna, as well as government encouragement for henna cultivation, have improved dye content and artistic potential for henna.
Though traditional henna artists were Nai caste in India, and barbering castes in other countries (lower social classes), talented contemporary henna artists can command high fees for their work. Women in countries where women are discouraged from working outside the home can find socially acceptable, lucrative work doing henna.[17] Morocco, Mauritania,[18] Yemen, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates India and many other countries have thriving women's henna businesses. These businesses are often open all night for Eid, Diwali and Karva Chauth. Many women may work together during a large wedding, wherein hundreds of guests have henna applied to their body parts. This particular event at a marriage is known as the Mehndi Celebration or Mehndi Night, and is mainly held for the bride and groom.
Regions

Bridal henna nights are a popular tradition in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, South East Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East and the Indian subcontinent.[19]
Algeria
In Algeria, brides receive gifts of jewelry and have henna painted on their hands prior to their weddings.[20]
Afghanistan
Afganistani tradition holds that henna brings good luck and happiness. [21]
Bulgaria
In an attempt to ritually clean a bride before her wedding day, bulgarian gypsies decorate the bride with a blot of henna.[21] This blot symbolizes the drop of blood on the couples' sheets after consummating the marriage and breaking the female's hymen.[21] The tradition also holds that the longer the henna lasts, the longer the husband will love his new bride.[21]
Egypt
In Egypt, the bride gathers with her friends the night before her wedding day to celebrate the henna night. [21]
Iran
In Iran, henna is believed to be a magical and protective plant that when applied to one's body, can bring happiness, integrity, and fortune to one's life, protect one from the evil eye and guarantee an afterlife in heaven.[22] The most common use of henna is among the long wedding rituals practiced in Iran is the henna ritual held for both, bride and groom during the wedding week which is called ḥanā-bandān.[22] The ceremony is held prior to the wedding and is a traditional farewell ritual for newlyweds before they officially start their life together in their own house.[22] The ceremonies take place in the presence of family members, friends, relatives, neighbors, and guests.[22]
Malaysia
In Malaysia, henna is used to adorn the bride and groom's hands before the wedding at a berinai ceremony.[23]
Morocco

In Morocco, henna is applied symbolically when individuals go through life cycle events.[24] Moroccans refer to the paste as henna and the designs as naqsh, which means painting or inscription.[24] In Morocco, there are two types of henna artists: non-specialists, who traditionally partake in wedding rituals, and specialists, who partake in tourism and decorative henna.[25] Nqaasha, the low-end Henna specialists, are known for attracting tourists, which they refer to as gazelles or international tourists, in artisan slang.[26]
For Moroccan Jews, a wedding festival can last up to 5 days, with 2 days involving henna art.[27] One of these days is referred to as azmomeg (meaning unknown), and is the Thursday before the wedding where guests are invited to apply henna to the bride.[27] The other henna ceremony occurs after the wedding ceremony, called the Day of Henna.[27] On this day, typically an older woman applies henna to the bride after she dips in the mikveh to ward off evil spirits who may be jealous of the newlyweds.[28] The groom is also painted with henna after the wedding.[28] During the groom's henna painting, he commonly wears black clothing, this tradition emerged from the Pact of Umar as the Jews were not permitted to dress similar to colorful Muslim dress in Morocco.[28]
India
In India, Hindu and Muslim women use to make motifs and tattoos on hands and foot on occasions like weddings and engagements. Muslim women also apply it during Eid ul fitr, Eidul Adha, milad and other events. [29]. In wedding ceremonies, there is one day solely dedicated for adorning the bride and groom in Mehndi, also known as ‘Mehndi ki raat.’  
Israel
In Israel, some Middle Eastern communities and families: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim, host henna parties the night or week before a wedding, according to familial customs.[30] The use of henna in this region can be traced as far back to the Song of Songs in which the author wrote, "My beloved is to me a cluster of henna blossoms in the vineyards of Engedi."[31] While not an Israeli custom, Mizrahi Jews who have immigrated to Israel continue their familial customs in the state, such as the Yemenite Jews.[32]
Somalia
In Somalia, henna is used for practical purposes such as dying hair and coloring one's nails.[33] It is also applied to the hands and feet of young Somali women in preparation for their weddings.[33]
Tunisia
In Tunisia, the Jewish wedding custom acts to clean the bride by bathing her, removing her body hair and painting her with henna.[34] The procession begins 8 days before the wedding ceremony when a basket is delivered to the bride, which contains henna.[35] The mother of the groom supervises the procession in order to ensure all is being done correctly.[34] Today, the groom accompanies the bride in the ritual at the henna party, but the majority of henna painting is done on the bride's body.[35]
Turkey
During the Victorian era, Turkey was a major exporter of henna for use in dying hair.[36] Henna parties were commonly practiced in Turkey similarly to other Arab countries, but they are not commonly practiced in the region today.[37]
Yemen
For Yemenite Jews, the purpose of a henna party is to ward off evil from the couple before their wedding. [38] In some areas, the party has evolved from tradition to an opportunity for the family to show off their wealth in the dressing of the bride.[38] For other communities, it is practiced as a ritual that has been passed on for generations.[38] The dressing of the bride is typically done by a post-menopausal woman in the bride's family.[38] Often, the dresser of the bride sings to the bride as she is dressed in exquisite designs.[38] These songs discuss marriage, what married life is like, and address the feelings a bride may have before her wedding.[38] The costumes worn by Yemenite brides to their henna parties is considered some of the most exquisite attire in the Yemenite community.[38] These outfits include robes, headwear, and often several pounds of silver jewelry.[38] This jewelry often holds fresh green herbs to ward off the Jinn in keeping with the ritual element of the party.[38]
The zavfa is the procession of the bride from her mother's house to the Henna Party.[39] During the zavfa, the guests of the party sing traditional songs to the bride and bang on tin plates and drums to ward off evil.[39] Today, it is common for the groom to join in on this aspect of the ritual, although traditionally it was only for the bride.[39] During the party, guests eat, sing, and dance.[39] Initially, the singing and dancing was to ward off the Jinn with loud noises, but today these elements are associated with the mitzvah of entertaining the bride and groom on their wedding day.[39]
In the middle of the party, the bride returns to her home to be painted in henna mixed by her mother.[40] The mixture consists of rose water, eggs, cognac, salt, and shadab, believed to be a magical herb that repels evil.[40] The bride changes into a less elaborate outfit and incense are burned while she is painted with henna.[40] Then, another zavfa (procession) occurs as the bride returns to her party.[40]
Back at the henna party, the bride sits on stage while family members and friends come up to her to have their palms marked with blots of henna.[41] These marks represent many the long-lasting marriage as henna remains for many days.[41] It also represents the blood from breaking the hymen upon consummating the marriage on the wedding night.[41] Others add that the red stain on the hands of the guests are to mislead the evil spirits of the Jinn who are looking for the bride.[41] After the painting, the party ends after lasting about 4 or 5 hours.[41]

Health effects
Henna is known to be dangerous to people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency), which is more common in males than females. Infants and children of particular ethnic groups, mainly from the Middle East and North Africa, are especially vulnerable.[42][43]
Though user accounts cite few other negative effects of natural henna paste, save for occasional mild allergic reactions (often associated with lemon juice or essential oils in a paste and not the henna itself), pre-mixed commercial henna body art pastes may have undisclosed ingredients added to darken stain, or to alter stain color. The health risks involved in pre-mixed paste can be significant. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does consider these risks to be adulterants and therefore illegal for use on skin.[44] Some commercial pastes have been noted to include: p-Phenylenediamine, sodium picramate, amaranth (dye) (red dye #2 banned in the US in 1976), silver nitrate, carmine, pyrogallol, disperse orange dye, and chromium.[45] These have been found to cause allergic reactions, chronic inflammatory reactions, or late-onset allergic reactions to hairdressing products and textile dyes.[46][47]
Regulation
The U.S. FDA has not approved henna for direct application to the skin. It is, however grandfathered in as a hair dye, and can only be imported for that purpose.[44][48] Henna imported into the U.S. that appears to be for use as body art is subject to seizure,[49] but prosecution is rare. Commercial Henna products that are adulterated often claim to be 100% natural on product packaging in order to pass import regulations in other countries.
Varieties
Natural henna
Natural henna produces a rich red-brown stain which can darken in the days after it is first applied. It is sometimes referred to as "red henna" to differentiate it from products sold as "black henna" or "neutral henna," which may not actually contain henna, but are instead made from other plants or dyes.
Neutral henna
Neutral henna does not change the color of hair. This is not henna powder; it is usually the powder of the plant Senna italica (often referred to by the synonym Cassia obovata) or closely related Cassia and Senna species.
Black henna

Black henna powder may be derived from indigo (from the plant Indigofera tinctoria). It may also contain unlisted dyes and chemicals[50] such as para-phenylenediamine (PPD), which can stain skin black quickly, but can cause severe allergic reactions and permanent scarring if left on for more than 2–3 days. The FDA specifically forbids PPD to be used for this purpose, and may prosecute those who produce black henna.[51] Artists who injure clients with black henna in the U.S. may be sued for damages.[52]
The name arose from imports of plant-based hair dyes into the West in the late 19th century. Partly fermented, dried indigo was called black henna because it could be used in combination with henna to dye hair black. This gave rise to the belief that there was such a thing as black henna which could dye skin black. Indigo will not dye skin black. Pictures of indigenous people with black body art (either alkalized henna or from some other source) also fed the belief that there was such a thing as black henna.
para-Phenylenediamine
In the 1990s, henna artists in Africa, India, Bali, the Arabian Peninsula and the West began to experiment with PPD-based black hair dye, applying it as a thick paste as they would apply henna, in an effort to find something that would quickly make jet-black temporary body art. PPD can cause severe allergic reactions, with blistering, intense itching, permanent scarring, and permanent chemical sensitivities.[53][54] Estimates of allergic reactions range between 3% and 15%. Henna does not cause these injuries.[55] Black henna made with PPD can cause lifelong sensitization to coal tar derivatives[56] while black henna made with gasoline, kerosene, lighter fluid, paint thinner, and benzene has been linked to adult leukemia.[57]
The most frequent serious health consequence of having a black henna temporary tattoo is sensitization to hair dye and related chemicals.  If a person has had a black henna tattoo and later dyes their hair with chemical hair dye, the allergic reaction may be life-threatening and require hospitalization.[58] Because of the epidemic of PPD allergic reactions, chemical hair dye products now post warnings on the labels: "Temporary black henna tattoos may increase your risk of allergy.  Do not colour your hair if: ... – you have experienced a reaction to a temporary black henna tattoo in the past."[59]
PPD is illegal for use on skin in western countries, though enforcement is difficult.  Physicians have urged governments to legislate against black henna because of the frequency and severity of injuries, especially to children.[60] To assist the prosecution of vendors, government agencies encourage citizens to report injuries and illegal use of PPD black henna.[61][62]  When used in hair dye, the PPD amount must be below 6%, and application instructions warn that the dye must not touch the scalp and must be quickly rinsed away. Black henna pastes have PPD percentages from 10% to 80%, and are left on the skin for half an hour.[45][63]
PPD black henna use is widespread, particularly in tourist areas.[64] Because the blistering reaction appears 3 to 12 days after the application, most tourists have left and do not return to show how much damage the artist has done. This permits the artists to continue injuring others, unaware they are causing severe injuries. The high-profit margins of black henna and the demand for body art that emulates "tribal tattoos" further encourage artists to deny the dangers.[65][66]
It is not difficult to recognize and avoid PPD black henna:[67]
if a paste stains skin on the torso black in less than ½ hour, it has PPD in it.
if the paste is mixed with peroxide, or if peroxide is wiped over the design to bring out the color, it has PPD in it.
Anyone who has an itching and blistering reaction to a black body stain should go to a doctor, and report that they have had an application of PPD to their skin.
PPD sensitivity is lifelong. A person who has become sensitized through black henna tattoos may have future allergic reactions to perfumes, printer ink, chemical hair dyes, textile dye, photographic developer, sunscreen and some medications. A person who has had a black henna tattoo should consult their physician about the health consequences of PPD sensitization.
See also
Achiote (urucum, annatto), another plant that stains skin orange-red
Genipapo, a plant that stains the skin blue-black


Further reading