Question: What is the longest article in the French Constitution?

French Fifth Republic



The Fifth Republic, France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958.[1] The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential, or dual-executive, system[2] that split powers between a Prime Minister as head of government and a President as head of state.[3][4] De Gaulle, who was the first French President elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation").[5]
The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest political regime, after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the Ancien Régime (Late Middle Ages – 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940).










Part of a series on theHistory of France
Prehistory
Palaeolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Ancient Greek colonies 600 BC – 49 BC Celtic Gaul  until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC – 486 AD
Early Middle Ages Franks Merovingians 481–751 Carolingians 751–987
Middle Ages Direct Capetians 987–1328 Valois 1328–1498
Early modern
Ancien Régime
 Valois-Orléans kings 1498–1515 Valois-Angoulême kings 1515–1589 Bourbon kings 1589–1792
Long 19th century French Revolution 1789–1799 Kingdom of France 1791–92 First Republic 1792–1804 First Empire 1804–1814 Restoration 1814–1830 July Monarchy 1830–1848 Second Republic 1848–1852 Second Empire 1852–1870 Third Republic 1870–1940
20th century Third Republic 1870–1940 Free FranceVichy France 1940–1944 Provisional Republic 1944–1946 Fourth Republic 1946–1958 Fifth Republic 1958–present
Timeline
 Franceportalvt
Origins
The trigger for the collapse of the French Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from the Metropole. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as European settlers and many native Jews, who wanted to stay part of France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war. Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the "Algérie française" movement to defeat separation.[6]
Charles de Gaulle, who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. De Gaulle was carried to power by the inability of the parliament to choose a government, popular protest, and the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voting for their dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention.[7]
The Fourth Republic suffered from a lack of political consensus, a weak executive, and governments forming and falling in quick succession since 1946. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, Prime Ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms.[8]
De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The President, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government;[9] on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France,[1] and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.).[10] These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958.[11] The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958.[12] Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic.
The new constitution contained transitional clauses (articles 90–92) extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained President of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed. On 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France by an electoral college.[13] The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the Constitutional Council, proclaimed the results of the election on 9 January 1959. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as Prime Minister.
The 1958 constitution also replaced the French Union with the French Community, which allowed fourteen member territories (these did not include Algeria) to assert their independence.[14] 1960 became known as the "Year of Africa" because of this wave of newly independent states.[15] Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962.
Evolution
The president was initially elected by an electoral college, but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by the citizens, and held a referendum on the change. Although the method and intent of de Gaulle in that referendum were contested by most political groups except for the Gaullists, the change was approved by the French electorate.[16] The Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum.[17]
The president is now elected every five years, changed from seven by a constitutional referendum in 2000, to reduce the probability of cohabitation due to former differences in the length of terms for the National Assembly and Presidency. The President is elected in one or two rounds of voting: if one candidate gets a majority of votes in the first round that person is president-elect; if no one gets a majority in the first round, the two candidates with the greatest number of votes go to a second round.
Two major changes occurred in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances.[18] Traditionally, France operated according to parliamentary supremacy: no authority was empowered to rule on whether statutes passed by Parliament respected the constitutional rights of the citizens.[19] In 1971, the Constitutional Council, arguing that the preamble of the Constitution referenced the rights defined in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the preamble of the 1946 Constitution, concluded that statutes must respect these rights and declared partially unconstitutional a statute because it violated freedom of association.[20] However, only the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, and the President of each house of Parliament could ask for a constitutional review before a statute was signed into law, which greatly reduced the likelihood of such a review if all these officeholders happened to be from the same side of politics, which was the case at the time. In 1974, a constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the National Assembly or 60 members of the Senate.[21] From that date, the opposition has been able to have controversial new statutes examined for constitutionality.[22]
Presidents of the Fifth Republic

Socialist (PS)
Centrist (CD)
Centrist (REM)
Republican (UDF)
Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR)
Neo-Gaullist (UMP)

Source: 
President image gallery

Charles de Gaulle
(1890–1970)
Served 1959–1969
Alain Poher
(1909–1996)
Served 1969, 1974 (as interim)
Georges Pompidou
(1911–1974)
Served 1969–1974
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
(b. 1926)
Served 1974–1981
François Mitterrand
(1916–1996)
Served 1981–1995
Jacques Chirac
(b. 1932)
Served 1995–2007
Nicolas Sarkozy
(b. 1955)
Served 2007–2012
François Hollande
(b. 1954)
Served 2012–2017
Emmanuel Macron
(b. 1977)
Incumbent since May 2017

Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic


Socialist (PS)
Centrist (REM)
Republican (UDF)
Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR)
Neo-Gaullist (UMP; LR)

Source: 
Institutions of the Fifth Republic


See also
Politics of France
List of French possessions and colonies
French colonial empire
Guinean constitutional referendum, 1958


Further reading

Atkin, Nicholas. The Fifth French Republic (European History in Perspective)  (2005) 
Bell, David S. and John Gaffney, eds. The Presidents of the French Fifth Republic (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 219pp.
Bell,David, et al. A Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders since 1870 (1990), 400 short articles by experts
Bell, David S., and Byron Criddle. Exceptional Socialists: The Case of the French Socialist Party (2014)
Berstein, Serge, and Jean-Pierre Rioux. The Pompidou Years, 1969-1974 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (2000) 
Brouard, Sylvain et al. The French Fifth Republic at Fifty: Beyond Stereotypes (French Politics, Society and Culture) (2009)
Chabal, Emile, ed. France since the 1970s: History, Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty (2015) 
Cole, Alistair. François Mitterrand: A study in political leadership (1994)
Corbett, Anne, and Bob Moon, eds. Education in France: continuity and change in the Mitterrand years 1981-1995 (Routledge, 2002)
Fenby, Jonathan The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (2010) pp 375-635.
Fenby, Jonathan France: A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror (2016) pp 359-484
Gaffney, John. Political Leadership in France. From Charles de Gaulle to Nicolas Sarkozy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)

Jackson, Julian. De Gaulle (2018) 887pp; the most recent major biography
Kulski, W. W. De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic (1966) 
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., et al. eds. French Presidential Elections (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012) 232 pages; studies of four presidential contests over the past two decades.
Nester, William R. De Gaulle's Legacy: The Art of Power in France's Fifth Republic (2014)
Praud, Jocelyne and Sandrine Dauphin, eds. Parity Democracy: Women's Political Representation in Fifth Republic France (2011)
Rogoff, Martin A. French Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials (Durham, Carolina Academic Press, 2010.
Short, Philip. Mitterrand: A Study in Ambiguity (2013)
Thody, Philip. The Fifth French Republic: Presidents, Politics and Personalities: A Study of French Political Culture (1998) 
Wall, Irwin. France Votes: The Election of François Hollande (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.)
Williams, Charles. The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General De Gaulle (1997), 560pp. 
In French



—(in English)