google-research-datasets/tydiqa huggingface dataset:
Question: 2010 నాటికి ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్రములోని జిల్లాల సంఖ్య ఎంత ?

ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ జిల్లాలు




ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ జిల్లాల పటము
ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర్రం</b>లో 13 జిల్లాలు ఉన్నాయి. అనంతపురం జిల్లా అతి పెద్దది మరియు శ్రీకాకుళం జిల్లా అతిచిన్న జిల్లా. జిల్లాలను సాధారణముగా కోస్తాంధ్ర, రాయలసీమ ప్రాంతాలుగా విభజిస్తారు. కోస్తాంధ్రలో తూర్పు గోదావరి, పశ్చిమ గోదావరి, కృష్ణా, గుంటూరు, ప్రకాశం, శ్రీ పొట్టి శ్రీ రాములు నెల్లూరు, శ్రీకాకుళం, విజయనగరం, మరియు విశాఖపట్నంతో మొత్తం 9 జిల్లాలున్నాయి. రాయలసీమలో కర్నూలు, చిత్తూరు, వైఎస్ఆర్ కడప మరియు అనంతపురంతో 4 జిల్లాలున్నాయి.
జిల్లాల వివరాలు

జిల్లాల నైసర్గిక స్వరూపం

ఇవి కూడా చూడండి
తెలంగాణ
ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రెవిన్యూ డివిజన్లు
మూలాలు




జిల్లాలు
వర్గం:జాబితాలు
వర్గం:ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ సంబంధిత జాబితాలు
వర్గం:భారతదేశం సంబంధిత జాబితాలు జిల్లాలు
Question: పరమాణు సంఖ్య 65 గల మూలకం ఏది?

మూలకము


ఇప్పటివరకు తెలిసిన 120 మూలకాలలో, 90 మూలకాలు ప్రకృతిలో లభించేవి, మిగిలినవి కృత్రిమంగా తయారుచేసినవి.
మూలకాల ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసాల ఆధారంగా నీల్స్ బోర్ విస్తృత ఆవర్తన పట్టికను నిర్మించాడు. పట్టికలోని నిలువు వరుసలను 'గ్రూపు'లనీ, అడ్డు శ్రేణులను 'పీరియడ్'లనీ అంటారు. ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో 18 గ్రూపులు, 7 పీరియడ్ లు ఉన్నాయి. అన్ని మూలకాలను వాటి పరమాణు సంఖ్యల ఆరోహణ క్రమంలో అమర్చడం జరిగింది. ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో ఎడమ నుంచి కుడికి పోయిన కొద్దీ ఒక మూలకం పరమాణు సంఖ్య కంటే దాని తరువాత మూలకం పరమాణు సంఖ్య ఒక యూనిట్ పెరుగుతుంది. ఒక మూలకం ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసానికి దాని ముందు మూలకం ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసం కంటే ఒక ఎలక్ట్రాన్ అధికంగా ఉంటుంది. ఇలా ఆ పరమాణువులో చివరగా చేరే ఎలక్ట్రాన్ ను 'భేదపరచే ఎలక్ట్రాన్' అంటాం.
బ్లాకులుగా వర్గీకరణ: ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో మూలకాల ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసాల ఆధారంగా 4 బ్లాకులు ఉన్నాయి. ఒక మూలకంలో భేదపరిచే ఎలక్ట్రాన్ 's' ఉపకర్పరంలోకి పోతే ఆ మూలకాన్ని s బ్లాకులో చేర్చడం జరుగుతుంది. ఇదే విధంగా మిగిలిన మూడు p, d, f బ్లాకులు ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో చూపించడం జరిగింది. 's' బ్లాక్ ఎడమవైపు, 'p' బ్లాక్ కుడివైపు, 'd' బ్లాక్ s, p బ్లాక్ లకు మధ్యగానూ ఉన్నాయి. శక్తి స్థాయి క్రమానుసారంగా 'f' బ్లాక్ ను అమర్చినట్లయితే, ఆవర్తన పట్టిక చాలా పొడవుగా ఉంటుంది. కాబట్టి ఈ బ్లాక్ ను ఆవర్తన పట్టిక కింది భాగంలో ప్రత్యేకంగా చూపుతారు. ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసాలు ఆధారంగా మూలకాలను అమర్చితే నాలుగు బ్లాక్ లు ఏర్పడటమే కాకుండా బాహ్యకర్పరంలో ఒకే రకం ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసం గల మూలకాలు అన్నీ గ్రూపు అని పిలిచే ఒక నిలువు వరుసలో ఉంటాయి. ఒకే గ్రూపు మూలకాలన్నిటి మధ్య గట్టి పోలికలు ఉన్న రసాయన ధర్మాలుంటాయి.
గ్రూపులుగా వర్గీకరణ: బాహ్య కర్పరంలోని 's' ఆర్బిటాల్ లో ఒక ఎలక్ట్రాన్ గల (ns1) మూలకాలను 'I గ్రూపు మూలకాలు' అంటాం (ఉ.హైడ్రోజన్, ఆల్కలీ లోహాలు). బాహ్య కర్పరంలోని 's' ఆర్బిటాల్ లో రెండు ఎలక్ట్రాన్ లు గల (ns²) మూలకాలను 'II గ్రూపు మూలకాలు' అంటారు (ఉ.క్షార మృత్తిక లోహాలు). బాహ్యకర్పరంలో మూడు ఎలక్ట్రానులు, 's' లో రెండు, 'p' లో ఒకటి (ns² p1) 'III గ్రూపు మూలకాలు' అంటాం. ఇదే విధంగా నాలుగు, ఐదు, ఆరు, ఏడు, ఎనిమిది ఎలక్ట్రానులు వరసగా ఉన్న మూలకాలను IV, V, VI, VII, 0 గ్రూపు మూలకాలు అంటాం.
ధర్మాల ఆధారంగా వర్గీకరణ
జడవాయు మూలకాలు: ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో '0' గ్రూపుకు చెందిన మూలకాలను జడవాయువు మూలకాలు అంటారు. అవి: హీలియం-2, నియాన్-10, ఆర్గాన్-18, క్రిప్టాన్-36, జినాన్-54 మరియు రేడాన్-86.
ప్రాతినిధ్య మూలకాలు: ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో 's', 'p' బ్లాకు మూలకాలను ప్రాతినిధ్య మూలకాలంటారు. అవి: కొన్ని లోహాలు, అన్ని అలోహాలు, అర్ధలోహాలు.
పరివర్తన మూలకాలు: ఇవి 'd' బ్లాకు మూలకాలు.
అంతర్ పరివర్తన మూలకాలు: ఇవి 'f' బ్లాకు మూలకాలు.
వర్గీకరణ
మెండలియెవ్ ఆవర్తన పట్టిక
విస్తృత ఆవర్తన పట్టిక
విస్తృత ఆవర్తన పట్టిక
వర్గం:మూలకాలు
Question: How many seasons does The Professionals have?

List of The Professionals episodes

List of ''The Professionals'' episodes
This is a list of all The Professionals episodes.
Series overview
The Professionals was produced by Brian Clemens's Avengers Mark 1 Productions for London Weekend Television in five production blocks. These episodes were originally broadcast on the ITV network in a series of five scheduling runs. The transmission order of the episodes in these series was often different to the production order, but as each episode was typically a self-contained story with no references to other episodes this had little significance for viewers. Whilst earlier DVD releases tended to group the episodes in original ITV transmission order, Network's DVD & Blu-ray editions used production order.[1]

Production block 1 began in June 1977 with Old Dog New Tricks and consisted of 13 episodes, completing in January 1978. These were originally screened in a single run by LWT apart from Klansmen which was not broadcast due to concerns about the episode's racial content. As of 2016 this episode has still never been transmitted on UK terrestrial television.
Production block 2 began in June 1978 with Rogue and again consisted of 13 episodes. It was originally intended to complete during November 1978, however actor Lewis Collins suffered a broken leg, meaning that filming of last two episodes in the block (The Madness of Mickey Hamilton and Servant of Two Masters) had to be postponed, and were not mounted until March 1979, immediately prior to the making of Block 3. LWT broadcast 10 of the episodes as Series 2 of the show, holding back three for the third series.
Production block 3 began in April 1979 (continuing immediately on from the completion of the last two postponed episodes of block 2), and also consisted of 13 episodes, completing in November 1979. LWT broadcast half of these episodes as part of the show's third Series, using the rest in Series 4.
Production block 4 began in June 1980 with The Gun and again consisted of 13 episodes, completing in December 1980. LWT used half these episodes to make up the remainder of the show's 4th series, keeping the rest for transmission in series 5.
Production block 5 began in March 1981 with Cry Wolf and consisted of only 5 episodes, completing in May 1981. At this point the three main actors' contracts had expired, and Martin Shaw and Lewis Collins did not wish to renew them. LWT used these episodes to make up the remainder of the show's 5th series.
Episode list
Series One

*Transmitted on former UK satellite channel Super in 1987 
Series Two

Series Three

Series Four

Series Five
Question: ఐస్ క్రీమ్ చిత్ర కథానాయిక ఎవరు?

భరత్ అనే నేను

Main Page
భరత్ అనే నేను  2018లో కొరటాల శివ దర్శకత్వంలో విడుదలైన తెలుగు సినిమా.[4]మహేష్ బాబు కధానాయకుడుగా నటిస్తున్న ఈ చిత్రాన్ని డీవీవీ ఎంటర్‌టైన్‌మెంట్స్‌ పతాకంపై  డివివి దానయ్య నిర్మించగా కైరా అడ్వాణీ కథానాయికగా నటించింది. దేవి శ్రీ ప్రసాద్ బాణీలు అందించాడు.
కథ
భరత్‌ రామ్‌(మహేష్‌ బాబు)కు కొత్త విషయాలను నేర్చుకోవటమంటే చాలా ఇష్టం. అందుకే లండన్‌ ఆక్స్‌ఫోర్డ్‌ విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో డిగ్రీలు చేస్తూనే ఉంటాడు. అలాంటి సమయంలో తండ్రి రాఘవ(శరత్‌ కుమార్‌) మరణం అతని జీవితాన్ని మలుపు తిప్పుతుంది. ప్రజలకు సేవ చేయాలన్న ఉద్దేశంతో నవోదయం పార్టీని స్థాపించి ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా ఎదిగిన రాఘవ మృతితో పార్టీలో చీలిక రాకుండా ఉండేందుకు రాజకీయ గురువు వరద(ప్రకాశ్‌ రాజ్‌) భరత్‌ను ముఖ్యమంత్రిని చేస్తాడు. అదుపు తప్పిన ప్రజా జీవితాన్ని భరత్‌ తన మొండి నిర్ణయాలతో గాడిన పెట్టే యత్నం చేస్తుంటాడు. భరత్‌ దూకుడు స్వభావం రాజకీయ వ్యవస్థ మీద కూడా తీవ్ర ప్రభావం చూపుతుంది. ముఖ్యంగా ప్రతిపక్ష పార్టీ నాయకుడి కుమారుడి కేసులో భరత్‌కు తొలి ఎదురుదెబ్బ తగులుతుంది. ప్రజల నుంచి భరత్‌కు మద్ధతు పెరుగుతున్నా.. సొంత పార్టీ నుంచే  ప్రతిఘటన ఎదురవుతుంటుంది.  ఈ పోరాటంలో భరత్‌ ఎలాంటి సమస్యలు ఎదుర్కొన్నాడు..? వాటన్నింటిని అధిగమించి భరత్‌ తన వాగ్దానాలను ఎలా పూర్తి చేస్తాడు? అన్నదే మిగిలిన కథ.
తారాగణం
ఘట్టమనేని మహేష్‌ బాబు
కైరా అద్వానీ
ప్రకాశ్‌ రాజ్‌
శరత్‌ కుమార్‌
పోసాని కృష్ణమురళి
ఆమని
బ్రహ్మాజీ
రావు రమేష్‌
దేవరాజ్
పి. రవిశంకర్
అనీష్ కురువిల్లా
అజయ్
సితార
రాహుల్ రామకృష్ణ
జీవా
పృథ్వీరాజ్
జయలలిత
దేవదాస్ కనకాల
బెనర్జీ
ముఖ్తార్
యశ్ పాల్ శర్మ
సూర్య
శత్రు
సాంకేతికవర్గం
సంగీతం: దేవీశ్రీ ప్రసాద్‌
కథ-సంభాషణలు-స్క్రీన్‌ప్లే-దర్శకత్వం: కొరటాల శివ
నిర్మాత: డీవీవీ దానయ్య
ప్రచార చిత్రం
'చిన్నప్పుడు మా అమ్మ నాకు ఓ మాట చెప్పింది. ఒకసారి ప్రామిస్‌ చేసి ఆ మాట తప్పితే యు ఆర్‌ నాట్‌ కాల్డ్‌ ఎ మ్యాన్‌ అని. ఎప్పటికీ ఆ మాట తప్పలేదు, మర్చిపోలేదు. నా జీవితంలోనే అతి పెద్ద ప్రామిస్‌ చేయాల్సిన రోజు ఒకటి వచ్చింది. పెద్దదే కాదు కష్టమైంది కూడా'.. 'భరత్‌ అనే నేనూ..’ అన్న సంభాషణతో సాగిన చిత్ర ప్రచార చిత్రం మార్చి 6 , 2018 మంగళవారం  చిత్ర బృందం  విడుదల చేసింది. ఇందులో మహేశ్‌ ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా ప్రమాణం చేస్తూ కనిపించాడు. ఆయన వేషధారణ  మాత్రం ఓ రాజకీయ నాయకుడిలా లేకుండా చాలా స్టైలిష్‌గా ఉంది.
‘కానీ.. ఎంత కష్టమైనా ఆ మాట కూడా తప్పలేదు. బికాజ్‌ ఐ యామ్‌ ఎ మ్యాన్‌ (ఎందుకంటే నేను మనిషిని). విఆర్‌ లివింగ్‌ ఇన్‌ ఎ సొసైటీ (మనం సమాజంలో నివసిస్తున్నాం). ప్రతి ఒక్కళ్లకి భయం, బాధ్యత ఉండాలి.. ప్రామిస్‌’ అంటూ మహేశ్‌ చెప్పే డైలాగ్‌ మొత్తం టీజర్‌కు హైలైట్‌గా నిలిచింది.[5]
మూలాలు

బయటి లంకెలు
 on IMDb
యూటూబ్ లో చిత్ర ప్రచార చిత్రం
వర్గం:2018 తెలుగు సినిమాలు
వర్గం:ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు సినిమాలు
Question: William Mshindi alizaliwa mwaka upi?

William I wa Uingereza


Mfalme William I wa Uingereza anayejulikana pia kwa jina la William Mshindi (William the Conqueror) au kwa jina Kifaransa kama Guillaume alikuwa mtemi wa Normandi na mtawala wa mwisho wa nje aliyefaulu kuvamia Uingereza.[1]
Alizaliwa katika Normandi ambayo ni sehemu ya Ufaransa iliyokaliwa wakati ule na Wanormani waliokuwa watu wenye asili ya Skandinavia. Wzazi wake walikuwa mtemi Robert wa Normandi na mke wake wa kando Herleva. Baba alimpa cheo cha mtemi mteule alipokuwa na miaka 6 wakati alipoenda kujiunga na vita ya misalaba. Alipokuwa mbukwa alihitaji kupigania vita kwa miaka mingi dhidi ya watemi wadogo waliotaka kukamata cheo chake. Tangu mwaka 1054 alikuwa mshindi na kutokana na kifo cha mfalme wa Ufaransa aliweza kutawala Normandi kama mfalme mdogo.

Uingereza ilikaliwa wakati ule na Waanglia-Saksoni; lugha ya wakazi wengi ilikuwa Kianglia-Saksoni. Magharibi na kaskazini ya kisiwa cha Britania Kuu ilikuwa bado na wakazi asilia Wakelti na Wadenmark waliowahi kuunda makazi kwenye pwani la mashariki.  William alikuwa ndugu na mfalme Edward wa Uingereza (1042-1066) kwa sababu mamake Edward alikuwa shangazi wa babake William. Edward alimtembelea William katika Normandi akamahidi atakuwa mrithi wake. Lakini baada ya kifo cha Edward wakubwa wa Uingereza walimchagua mtemi Harold kuwa mfalme mpya.
Hivyo William aliandaa jeshi kubwa kwa kusudi la kujipatia kile alichoona kama haki yake. Harold alimsubiri lakini alilazimishwa kuhamia Uningereza wa kaskazini kwa sababu jeshi kutoka Denmark ilivamia kisiwa. Baada ya mapigano mbalimbali Harold alishinda Wadenmark alipopata habari za uvamizi wa William aliyefikisha jeshi lake kwa jahazi kwenye kusini. Tarehe 14 Oktoba jeshi lake lililochoka kutokana na mapigano na matembezi lilikuta Wanormandi atika mapigano ya Hastings. Harold aliuawa pamoja na wengi wa wakubwa wake.
William aliendelea kukamata au kuua wakubwa wa Waanglia-Saksoni. Akagawa nafasi za utemi za kieneo kwa ndugu zake kutoka Normandi. Hiyvo alianzisha kipindi cha historia ya Uingereza ambako makabaila wenye lugha ya Kifaransa walitawala watu raia wenye lugha ya Kianglia-Saksoni na Kikelti.
Baada ya kukamata utawala William aliamuru kuandikwa kwa orodha ya miji na viji vyote na ugawaji wa nchi chini ya watawala wapya. Orodha hii linajulikana kwa jina la Doomesday Book (kitabu cha siku ya kiyama) kwa sababu alitangaza ya kwamba ugawaji wa mali na hali uendelee hadi mwisho wa dunia.
William alielazimishwa kutetea himaya katika vita nyingi yake dhidi ya viongozi wazalendo Waingereza waliozidi kuasi dhidi yake, uvamizi kutoka Denmark, Waskoti kutoka kaskazini na pia dhidi ya mfalme wa Ufaransa aliyejaribu kuwa tena mkuu juu ya Normandi.

Aligonjeka na kufa mjini Rouen (Ufaransa) mwaka 1087 alipopigana na jeshi la mfalme wa Ufaransa.
Mwanawe Robert alikuwa mtemi wa Normandi na mdogo wake William II mfalme wa Uingereza.
William Mshindi alizikwa mjini Rouen.
Marejeo

Jamii:waliozaliwa 1020
Jamii:waliofariki 1087

Jamii:Watawala wa Uingereza
Jamii:Nasaba ya Normandi
Question: Ni mnyama yupi mkubwa zaidi porini?

Farasi


Farasi ni mnyama mkubwa katika ngeli ya mamalia. Wamefugwa na binadamu tangu maelfu ya miaka. Matumizi yao ni kubeba watu au mizigo au kufanya kazi ya kuvuta magari na plau. Wamefugwa pia kwa ajili ya nyama na maziwa yao.
Aina za farasi
Farasi afugwaye au Farasi-kaya ni nususpishi moja ya tatu za spishi Equus ferus. Nususpishi moja nyingine inabaki sasa na hii ni farasi pekee wa porini wa kweli inayobaki (Farasi wa Pzrewalski). Farasi wa Ulaya au Tarpani amekwisha sasa. Kuna farasi wengine porini mahali pengi duniani, lakini hawa ni farasi waliofugwa zamani na walitoroka kwenye pori. Familia ya Equidae ina spishi saba nyingine, kujumuisha punda na punda milia. 
Ufugaji umeleta aina nyingi za farasi; aina kubwa sana huwa na kilogramu 1,000 wakitumiwa kwa kazi nzitonzito za mashambani au msituni. 
Aina nyingi zatumiwa kwa usafiri kama farasi za kupanda. Aina za pekee zimefugwa kwa michezo, kwa mfano mashindano ya mbio au kuruka juu ya vizuizi.
Farasi wadogo wasiofikia urefu wa 1.48 m mbegani huitwa "poni"; asili yao ni mazingira baridi na ya mlimani penye uhaba wa chakula. Hao poni walifugwa kiasili kwa kazi za kubeba watu au mizigo na siku hizi wanafugwa mara nyingi kama farasi wa burudani kwa watoto hata nje ya maeneo yao ya asili. Maarufu ni kwa mfano poni wa Shetland. 
Historia
Asili ya farasi wote ni aina za farasi mwitu wa porini. Wataalamu huamini ya kwamba ufugaji ulianza wakati wa milenia ya tatu KK katika Asia. Utafiti wa genetiki unadokeza kuwa chanzo cha ufugaji wa farasi mwitu kilitokea mahali mbalimbali, si mahali pamoja tu. 
Mnamo mwaka 2000 KK matumizi ya farasi yameshasambaa kwenye sehemu kubwa ya mabara ya Asia na Ulaya. 
Makabila na mataifa waliotumia farasi walikuwa na faida katika shughuli za usafiri na vita. Baadaye iligunduliwa pia kwamba farasi anaweza kusaidia kwenye shughuli za kilimo kama kuvuta plau. 
Farasi waliwezesha watu kuvuka haraka maeneo makubwa ya savana za Asia. Makabila ya wahamiaji walitumia farasi. 
Wanyama hawa walibadilisha pia uso wa vita. Picha kwenye majengo ya Babeli, Mesopotamia na Misri ya Kale zinaonyesha jinsi gani magari yaliyovutwa na farasi yalivyobeba wanajeshi wawili au watatu. Magari haya yalihofiwa sana. Baadaye maendeleo ya teknolojia ya viti ya farasi yalisababisha kutokea kwa wanajeshi wa kupanda walioweza kushambulia kwa vikosi vikubwa.
Mahitaji ya vita yalisababisha pia ufugaji wa aina nzito sana za farasi walioweza kumbeba askari aliyevaa kinga ya feleji mwilini pamoja na silaha zake. 
Farasi walikuwa usafiri mkuu wa wanajeshi hadi karne ya 19. Kutokea kwa reli kuliwezesha usafiri wa haraka wa askari wengi katika nchi za Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini. Hata hivyo katika maeneo mengi ya dunia ni farasi waliobeba watu na mizigo ya jeshi. 
Kilimo cha Ulaya kilitegemea hasa farasi tangu zama za kati na kugunduliwa kwa mbinu za kufunga plau kwenye mabega ya mnyama bila ya kukaza shingo lake. Kugunduliwa kwa teknolojia hii kulisababisha kupanda kwa mazao Ulaya na kuongezeka kwa watu.

Jamii:Farasi na jamaa
Jamii:Wanyama wa Biblia
Question: เยาวชนคือผู้ที่มีช่วงอายุเท่าไหร่?

เยาวชน


เยาวชน (English: Youth) คือ ช่วงอายุระหว่างวัยเด็กกับวัยผู้ใหญ่
ความหมาย
ความหมายตาม พจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๕  เยาวชน หมายถึง บุคคลที่มีอายุไม่ต่ำกว่๑๔ ปีบริบูรณ์ แต่ยังไม่ถึง๑๘ปีบริบูรณ์ และไม่ใช่ผู้บรรลุนิติภาวะแล้วจากการจดทะเบียนสมรส  ในทางกฎหมายก็ถือว่าบุคคลที่มีอายุระหว่างนี้เป็นเยาวชนและหากต้องระวางโทษก็จะพิจารณาโทษแตกต่างจากผู้ใหญ่
ความหมายในระดับสากล โดย สหประชาชาติ ระบุว่า เยาวชน หมายถึง คนในวัยหนุ่มสาว คือ ผู้มีอายุระหว่าง ๑๕ - ๒๕ ปี หรือเป็นช่วงวัยหนุ่มสาว. เป็นช่วงหัวเลี้ยวหัวตอกระหว่างการเป็นเด็กและผู้ใหญ่. เป็นช่วงที่กังวลเกี่ยวกับรูปลักษณ์และสิ่งรอบตัวมากเป็นพิเศษ. ISBN 1-59033-727-1-1
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น


 ชุมชนของเยาวชนที่หลงใหลใน "การพัฒนาตนเอง" และ "กิจกรรมทำดีทุกรูปแบบ"




หมวดหมู่:ช่วงชีวิตมนุษย์
หมวดหมู่:เยาวชน
Question: เจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ เสียชีวิตที่ไหน?

สมเด็จพระนารายณ์รามาธิบดีศรีสุริโยพรรณ


สมเด็จพระนารายณ์รามาธิบดีศรีสุริโยพรรณ หรือ นักองค์เอง พระราชสมภพเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2316 ตรงกับในสมัยกรุงธนบุรี ทรงครองราชย์ขณะมีพระชนมายุเพียง 4 พรรษา ทรงราชาภิเษกเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2337 และเสด็จสวรรคตเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2340 หลังจากที่พระองค์ลี้ภัยในกรุงเทพฯ นาน 11 ปี
พระราชประวัติ
พระองค์เป็นพระราชโอรสของพระนารายน์ราชารามาธิบดีหรือนักองค์ตน พระมารดาคือนักนางไชย ประสูติเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2316 พระบิดาของพระองค์ดำเนินนโยบายต่างประเทศแบบนิยมเวียดนาม และขอกำลังทหารเวียดนามมาช่วยเมื่อเกิดความขัดแย้งกับไทย แต่เมื่อถีงปลายรัชกาล เวียดนามอ่อนแอลง นักองค์ตนจึงยอมอ่อนน้อมต่อพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช และมอบราชสมบัติให้นักองค์โนน ซึ่งนิยมไทยและพระเจ้าตากสินทรงให้การสนับสนุน พระบิดาของนักองค์เองทรงดำรงตำแหน่งอุปราชจนสิ้นพระชนม์ใน พ.ศ. 2320 ขณะนั้น นักองค์เองมีพระชนม์เพียง 4 พรรษา
ต่อมาใน พ.ศ. 2322 เกิดจลาจลในกัมพูชาเมื่อขุนนางไม่พอใจสมเด็จพระรามราชาหรือนักองค์โนน ผลสุดท้าย นักองค์โนนและพระโอรสถูกจับประหารชีวิต เจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ (มู) ได้ยกนักองค์เองขึ้นครองราชย์เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2323 ขณะมีพระชนม์ได้ 7 พรรษา ใน พ.ศ. 2325 ออกญายมราช (แบน) ร่วมกับออกญากลาโหม (สู) ฆ่าเจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ (มู) เสีย แต่ภายหลังเกิดแตกคอกันเอง ออกญายมราช (แบน) จึงฆ่าออกญากลาโหม (สู) เสีย แล้วตั้งตัวเป็นเจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ ต่อมา ใน พ.ศ. 2326 เจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ (แบน) แพ้ออกญามหาเทพเจ้าเมืองตโบงฆนุมที่นำทัพชาวจามเข้ามาตีพนมเปญ[1] จึงพานักองค์เองหนีมากรุงเทพฯ ขณะที่พระชนม์ได้ 10 พรรษา ซึ่งรัชกาลที่ 1 โปรดรับนักองค์เองเป็นราชบุตรบุญธรรม ให้สร้างตำหนักถวายที่ตำบลคอกกระบือ ส่วนออกญายมราช (แบน) ได้เป็นเจ้าพระยาอภัยภูเบศร์
ในขณะที่นักองค์เองลี้ภัยอยู่ที่กรุงเทพฯ เวียดนามเข้าไปมีอำนาจในกัมพูชา จัดให้ขุนนางเวียดนามมาปกครอง รัชกาลที่ 1 จึงโปรดให้เจ้าพระยาอภัยภูเบศร์เป็นผู้สำเร็จราชการเมืองเขมร ที่พระตะบอง รบกับเวียดนามจนได้รับชัยชนะ ตั้งเมืองหลวงที่เมืองอุดงค์มีชัยหรือเมืองบันทายเพชรได้ใน พ.ศ. 2333 ซึ่งเป็นปีเดียวกับที่องเชียงสือปราบกบฏไตเซินสำเร็จ
ต่อมาใน พ.ศ. 2337 รัชกาลที่ 1 โปรดให้นักองค์เองผนวช เมื่อลาสิกขาแล้วจึงให้ออกไปครองกรุงกัมพูชา เฉลิมพระนามว่า "สมเด็จพระนารายน์รามาธิบดี ศรีสุริโยพรรณ บรมสุรินทรามหาจักรพรรดิราช บรมนาถบพิตร เจ้ากรุงกัมพูชา"[1]โดยให้ออกญากลาโหม (ปก) พระพี่เลี้ยงเป็นเจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ (ปก) ส่วนเจ้าพระยาอภัยภูเบศร์ให้ครองพระตะบองและเสียมราฐขึ้นตรงต่อสยาม การขึ้นครองราชย์อีกครั้งของนักองค์เองทำให้ชาวกัมพูชาปลาบปลื้มหลังจากว่างกษัตริย์มานาน พระองค์โปรดให้สร้างพระราชวัง เชิญเชื้อพระวงศ์กัมพูชาที่อยู่ในกรุงเทพฯให้กลับออกไป และจัดระบบราชการให้เรียบร้อย แต่พระองค์ครองราชย์ได้ไม่นาน ประชวรสิ้นพระชนม์ใน พ.ศ. 2339 รวมพระชนม์เพียง 23 พรรษา พระโอรสของพระองค์คือนักองค์จันทร์ได้ขึ้นครองราชสมบัติต่อมา
อ้างอิง
สุมาลี บำรุงสุข. นักองค์เอง ใน สารานุกรมประวัติศาสตร์สากลสมัยใหม่: เอเชีย เล่ม 1 อักษร A-B ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน. กทม.ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน. 2539. หน้า 155 - 157


หมวดหมู่:พระมหากษัตริย์กัมพูชา
พระนารายณ์รามาธิบดีศรีสุริโยพรรณ
Question: কনস্টান্টিনোপল সাম্রাজ্যের রাজধানী কোথায় ছিল ?

কনস্টান্টিনোপল




কনস্টান্টিনোপল ([Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη Konstantinoúpoli]error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help); Latin: Constantinopolis; [قسطنطینیه, Kostantiniyye]error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help); and modern Turkish: İstanbul) শহরটি ছিল রোমান সাম্রাজ্য, বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য, ল্যাটিন সাম্রাজ্য ও উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্যের রাজধানী। ৩২৪ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে সাবেক বাইজেন্টিয়ামে সম্রাট কন্সটান্টাইন কর্তৃক এটি পুনরায় উদ্বোধন করা হয়।[1] তার নামে এটির নামকরণ করা হয় ও ৩৩০ এর ১১ মে উৎসর্গিত হয়।[1] ১২ শতকে[2] এটি ইউরোপের সর্ববৃহৎ ও সর্বাপেক্ষা ধনী শহর ছিল।[3]
নামকরন
কনস্টান্টিনোপলের পূর্বনাম ছিল বাইজান্টিয়াম। সম্রাট কন্সটান্টাইন যখন এখানে রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের রাজধানী সরিয়ে আনেন তখন এই শহরের নামকরন করেন কনস্টান্টিনোপল যার অর্থ কন্সটান্টাইনের শহর।
ইতিহাস
সম্রাট কন্সটান্টাইনের সময়ের বহু আগে থেকেই এই শহর অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। কারন এটি ছিল ভূমধ্যসাগর ও কৃষ্ণসাগরের মধ্যে সংযোগ স্থাপনকারী বসফরাস প্রনালির তীরে অবস্থিত। ধারনা করা হয় খ্রিস্টপূর্ব সপ্তম শতকে মেগাররা এখানে চালসেডন(Chalcedon) নামে একটি শহর স্থাপন করে। এটি অবস্থিত ছিল বসফরাসের অপর পারে। পরবর্তীতে মেগারদের এক গোত্রপ্রধান বাইজাস এর নামে বাইজান্টিয়াম শহরটি স্থাপিত হয়। এই বিষয়ে হেরোডোটাস থেকে শুরু করে অনেক গ্রিক ও রোমান ইতিহাসবিদ অনেক তথ্য রেখে গেছেন।
দীর্ঘকাল ধরে এই শহরের মূল গুরুত্ব ছিল বাণিজ্যবন্দর হিসেবে। দ্বিতীয় শতকের শেষ দিকে সম্রাট সেপ্তিমিয়াস সেভারাস তার প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী পেসিনিয়াস নিগারকে হারানোর পর এই শহরের অনেক ক্ষতি সাধন করেন। কন্সটান্টাইন যখন রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের নতুন রাজধানীর জন্য জায়গা অনুসন্ধান করছিলেন তখন শুরুতে আরও অন্যান্য শহরের কথাও চিন্তা করেছিলেন। ৩২৪ খ্রিস্টাব্দেও এটি গ্রামের মত ছিল। অনেকটা হঠাৎ করেই তিনি এখানে রাজধানী স্থাপন করেন। খ্রিষ্টান ঐতিহাসিকগণ অলৌকিক প্রভাবের কথা বলেছেন।
রাজধানী হবার পরই এই শহরের অভুতপুরব উন্নতি ঘটে। চতুর্থ শতকের শুরুতে এখানে দুই লক্ষাধিক লোক বাস করত। পূর্ব রোমান সাম্রাজ্য যতদিন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল ততদিন এই শহরও জৌলুশময় ছিল। কিন্তু ১২০৪ সালে চতুর্থ ক্রুসেডের সময় ক্রুসেডাররা এই শহরের ব্যাপক ক্ষতি করে। পরবর্তী ২০০ বছর এই শহর অধঃপতনের দিকেই ছিল। তবে খ্রিষ্টান ধর্মের একটি প্রধান শহর হিসেবে এর গুরুত্ব সবসময়ই ছিল। এই শহরের প্রতিরক্ষা পদ্ধতিও ছিল অত্যন্ত দৃঢ়। তাই আরব ও তুর্কিরা বহু শতাব্দী ধরে চেস্টা করেও এই শহর দখল করতে পারে নি। অবশেষে ১৪৫৩ সালে সুলতান দ্বিতীয় মাহমুদ এই শহরটি দখল করেন এবং ওসমানীয় সালতানাতের নতুন রাজধানী হিসেবে ঘোষণা করেন।[4]
তথ্যসূত্র

বহিঃসংযোগ

, from History of the Later Roman Empire, by J.B. Bury
 from the "New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia."
 – Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople
 Select internet resources on the history and culture
গ্যালারি


বিষয়শ্রেণী:পবিত্র নগরী
Question: ما هي جنسية مصممة الأزياء برونوين بانكروفت؟

برونوين بانكروفت



برونوين بانكروفت (مواليد 1958) هي فنانة من سكان أستراليا الأصليين[1] برزت لكونها أول مصممة أزياء أسترالية تم دعوتها إلى عرض أعمالها في باريس. 
ولدت في بلدة تينتيرفيلد، نيو ساوث ويلز وتدربت في كانبيرا وسيدني، عملت كمصممة أزياء، فنانة، رسامة والعديد من المجالات الفنية الأخرى.
في عام 1985، أنشأت بانكروفت متجرا أسمته متجر السكان الأصليين، وقامت فيه ببيع الأقمشة المصنوعة من قبل فنانين من السكان الأصليين بما في ذلك نفسها.
ملاحظات

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

, from an exhibition at Wilson Street Gallery, Sydney, 2010



تصنيف:أستراليون من أصل اسكتلندي
تصنيف:أشخاص على قيد الحياة
تصنيف:فنانات أستراليات
تصنيف:فنانات القرن 20
تصنيف:فنانون أستراليون
تصنيف:مواليد 1958
تصنيف:فنانات في القرن 21
تصنيف:أستراليون من أصل بولندي
تصنيف:فنانون من نيوساوث ويلز
Question: Mama yake Charly Musonda anaitwa nani?

Charly Musonda


Charly Musonda (kwa jina lake kamili anajulikana kama Charles Musonda Junior; alizaliwa tarehe 15 Oktoba 1996) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Ubelgiji ambaye anacheza katika timu ya klabu ya Chelsea F.C.. Tarehe 11 Juni 2012, Musonda alijiunga na Chelsea, pamoja na ndugu zake wawili. Timu ya Chelsea ipo chini ya udhamini wa meneja Antonio Conte.
Pamoja na meneja Antonio Conte kuwa na uhakika kwamba Musonda angepaswa kukaa na Blues au alikopwa nje, maslahi yaliyotoka kutoka vilabu nyingi duniani kote Ulaya, ikiwa ni pamoja na Roma. Antonio Conte alithibitisha katika mkutano wa waandishi wa habari baada ya mechi ya Chelsea ya 1-1 na Liverpool, kwamba Nathan Aké, Kenedy na Musonda watakaa katika klabu kwa kipindi cha 2016-2017.
Alifanya kuonekana kwake na kwa klabu yake katika tiketi ya EFL Cup dhidi ya timu ya Nottingham Forest, alipofunga bao la tatu katika ushindi wa 5-1 mnamo 20 Septemba 2017.

Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996
Jamii:Watu walio hai
Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ubelgiji
Question: Australia ina idadi ngapi ya watu?

Victoria (Australia)


Victoria ni moja ya majimbo manane ya kujitawala ya Jumuiya ya Australia. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 6,039,100 (Machi 2016). Mji wake mkuu ni Melbourne.
Tazama pia
Orodha ya miji ya Australia



!
Jamii:Majimbo ya Australia