Question: When was the Bolshoi Ballet formed?

Bolshoi Ballet


The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russian Federation.  Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. It only achieved worldwide acclaim, however, in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. Along with the Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg, the Bolshoi is recognised as one of the foremost ballet companies in the world.
History
The earliest origins of the Bolshoi Ballet can be found in the creation of a dance school for a Moscow orphanage in 1773.[1] In 1776, dancers from the school were employed by Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Ouroussoff and the English theatrical entrepreneur Michael Maddox, to form part of their new theatre company.[2] Originally performing in privately owned venues, they later acquired the Petrovsky Theatre, which, as a result of fires and erratic redevelopment, would later be rebuilt as today's Bolshoi Theatre. While some guest dancers come and go from other very prestigious ballet companies—like the Mariinsky and American Ballet Theatre—many company dancers are graduates of the academy. In 1989,  was the first American ballet dancer to graduate from the Bolshoi Ballet Academy and join the Bolshoi Ballet company.[3]
Despite staging many famous ballets, it struggled to compete with the reputation of the Imperial Russian Ballet, today's Mariinsky Ballet of St. Petersburg. It was not until the appointment of Alexander Gorsky as Ballet Master in 1900 that the company began to develop its own unique identity, with acclaimed productions of new or restaged ballets including, Don Quixote (1900), Coppélia  (1901), Swan Lake  (1901), La fille mal gardée  (1903),  Giselle  (1911), Le Corsaire  (1912) and La Bayadère (1917).[4]
The Soviet leadership's preference for uncomplicated moral themes in the arts was demonstrated in Yuri Grigorovich's appointment as director in . Grigorovich held his position until 1995, at which point a series of directors, including Boris Akimov, Alexei Ratmansky, Yuri Burlaka and Sergei Filin, brought more modern dance performance ideas to the company.[5]
Repertoire

A Hero of Our Time, Yuri Possokhov
A Legend of Love, Yuri Grigorovich
Anna Karenina, John Neumeier
Anyuta, Vladimir Vasiliev
Apollon Musgate, George Balanchine
Carmen Suite, Alberto Alonso
Coppelia, Marius Petipa and Enrico Cecchetti; Revived by Sergei Vikharev
Don Quixote, Marius Petipa and Alexander Gorsky; Revived by Alexei Fadeyechev
Etudes, Harald Lander
Forgotten Land
Frank Bridge Variations, Hans van Manen
Giselle, Jean Coralli and Jules Perrot; Version of Yuri Grigorovich
Ivan the Terrible, Yuri Grigorovich
Jewels, George Balanchine
La Bayadere, Marius Petipa; Version of Yuri Grigorovich
La Fille du Pharaon, Pierre Lacotte
La Fille Mal Gardee, Alexander Gorsky; Version of Yuri Grigorovich
La Sylphide, August Bournonville; Version of Johan Kobborg
Lady of the Camellias (La Dame aux Camelias), John Neumeier
Le Corsaire, Marius Petipa; Version of Alexei Ratmansky and Yuri Burlaka
Nureyev
The Nutcracker, Yuri Grigorovich
Ondine, Vyacheslav Samodurov
Onegin, John Cranko
Raymonda, Marius Petipa; Version of Yuri Grigorovich
Romeo and Juliet, Yuri Grigorovich
Romeo and Juliet, Alexei Ratmansky
Russian Seasons, Alexei Ratmansky
Short Time Together, Paul Lightfoot and Sol Leon
Spartacus, Yuri Grigorovich
Swan Lake, Marius Petipa; Version of Yuri Grigorovich
Symphony of Psalms, Jiri Kylian
The Bright Stream, Alexei Ratmansky
The Cage, Jerome Robbins
The Flames of Paris, Vasily Vainonen, Version of Alexei Ratmansky
The Golden Age, Yuri Grigorovich
The Sleeping Beauty, Marius Petipa; Version of Yuri Grigorovich
Taming of the Shrew, Jean-Christophe Maillot

Controversies
Anastasia Volochkova has claimed that female dancers were forced to sleep with wealthy patrons. She said: “It mainly happened with the corps du [sic] ballet but also with the soloists. [...] I repeatedly received such propositions to share the beds of oligarchs." [6]  American dancer Joy Womack echoed this concern when she left the company after being told that, to secure solo roles she must either pay $10,000 or "start a relationship with a sponsor."[7]
The January 2013 sulfuric acid attack on art director Sergei Filin once again steeped the company in scandal. Bolshoi dancer Pavel Dmitrichenko, was convicted of organizing the attack and sentenced to 6 years in prison. Reasons for the attack include corruption within the company.[8]
In July 2017, the Bolshoi Theatre cancelled the premiere of a ballet about openly gay Soviet dancer Rudolf Nureyev. The Director General claimed it was due to the bad quality of the dancing, however, principle dancer Maria Alexandrova claimed it was the first sign of a 'new era' of censorship.[9] It was the first time a show has been pulled in such a way since the collapse of the Soviet Union, sparking rumours about the motivation behind it.[10]
Notable people
Former dancers

Galina Ulanova
Maria Semyonova
Olga Lepeshinskaya
Mikhail Mordkin
Vasily Tikhomirov
Yekaterina Geltzer
Asaf Messerer
Maya Plisetskaya
Pyotr Gusev
Aleksey Yermolayev
Nikolai Fadeyechev
Maris Liepa
Ekaterina Maximova
Vladimir Vasiliev
Natalia Bessmertnova
Ludmila Semenyaka
Nadezhda Pavlova
Joy Womack
Svetlana Adyrkhaeva
Marina Kondratyeva
Nina Timofeeva
Nina Semizorova
Irek Mukhamedov nadia titova
Alexander Godunov
Alla Mikhalchenko
Nina Ananiashvili
Dmitry Belogolovtsev
Natalia Osipova
Svetlana Lunkina
Dmitry Gudanov
Anna Antonicheva







Directors
Alexander Gorsky
Vasily Tikhomirov
Yuri Grigorovich

Choreographers
Rostislav Zakharov
Leonid Lavrovsky
Fyodor Lopukhov
Yuri Grigorovich

Composers
Dimitri Shostakovich
Aram Khachaturian

Conductors

Andrei Anikhanov
Yuri Fayer
Algis Shuraitis
Company structure
Today the Bolshoi Ballet remains one of the world's foremost ballet companies, in addition to being one of the largest, with approximately 220 dancers. The word "bolshoi" means "big" or "grand" in Russian. The company operates on a hierarchical system, similar to those used by other leading European ballet companies, with senior dancers ranked as principals, and descending in order of importance through lead soloist, first soloist, soloist and finally, corps de ballet. Due to its size, the company operates two troupes of corps de ballet.
In 2000, the Bolshoi Ballet opened its first Ballet Academy outside Russia, in Joinville, Brazil.[11][12][13][14]
Performance style
The performance style of the Bolshoi Ballet is typically identified as being colourful and bold, combining technique and athleticism with expressiveness and dramatic intensity. This style is commonly attributed to Alexander Forsky. Historically there has been a fierce rivalry with the St. Petersburg Heritage Ballet Company, the Mariinsky. Both have developed very different performing styles: the Bolshoi has a more colourful and bold approach, whereas the Mariinsky is associated with more pure and refined classicism.
Dancers
Principal dancers[15]

Female

Maria Alexandrova (working under contract)
Maria Allash (working under contract)
Nina Kaptsova (working under contract)
Ekaterina Krysanova
Anna Nikulina
Evgenia Obraztsova
Yekaterina Shipulina
Olga Smirnova
Anastasia Stashkevich
Yulia Stepanova
Svetlana Zakharova

Male

Semyon Chudin
Vladislav Lantratov
Mikhail Lobukhin
Vyacheslav Lopatin
Artem Ovcharenko
Denis Rodkin
Ruslan Skvortsov
Alexander Volchkov

It was announced 30 January 2013, that Svetlana Lunkina told the Russian newspaper Izvestia that she wants to remain in Canada, because she fears for her safety if she returned to Russia.[16]
Leading Soloists
Female
Anastasia Goryacheva
Kristina Kretova
Maria Vinogradova
Male
Artemy Belyakov
Denis Savin
First Soloists
Female
Daria Khokhlova
Anastasia Meskova
Maria Pogosyan
Anna Tikhomirova
Male
Yuri Baranov
Vitaly Biktimirov
Andrei Bolotin
Jacopo Tissi
Alexander Vodopetov
Soloists
Female

Yulia Grebenshchikova
Kristina Karasyova
Angelina Karpova
Olga Kishnyova
Nelli Kobakhidze
Alyona Kovalyova
Yanina Parienko
Svetlana Pavlova
Anna Rebetskaya
Yulia Skvortsova
Ana Turazashvili
Anastasia Vinokur
Victoria Yakusheva

Male

Karim Abdullin
Alexander Fadeyechev
Egor Khromushin
Anton Savichev
Alexander Smoliyaninov
Alexander Vorobiyov
Alexander Voytyuk

Corps de ballet
The Bolshoi Ballet operates two troupes of corps de ballet, with approximately 169 dancers in total.



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