Question: Where is right wing thinking more popular in the US?

Right-wing populism






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Right-wing populism is a political ideology which combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. The rhetoric often consists of anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment and speaking for the common people.
In Europe, right-wing populism is an expression used to describe groups, politicians and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration,[1] mostly from the Islamic world[2] and in most cases Euroscepticism.[3] Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally—though not exclusively—associated with ideologies such as neo-nationalism,[4][5] anti-globalization,[6] nativism,[7][8] protectionism[9] and opposition to immigration.[10] Anti-Muslim ideas and sentiments   and anti-Semitism serve as the "great unifiers" among right-wing political formations throughout the United States and Europe.[11] Traditional right-wing views such as opposition to an increasing support for the welfare state and a "more lavish, but also more restrictive, domestic social spending" scheme is also described under right-wing populism and is sometimes called "welfare chauvinism".[12][13][14]
From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Romania and Sweden; and they entered coalition governments in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Finland, Greece, Italy,[15] Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia and Switzerland; and majority governments in India, Turkey, Hungary and Poland. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States have been studied separately, where they are normally called "radical right", some writers consider them to be a part of the same phenomenon.[16] Right-wing populism in the United States is also closely linked to paleoconservatism.[17] Right-wing populism is distinct from conservatism, but several right-wing populist parties have their roots in conservative political parties.[18] Other populist parties have links to fascist movements founded during the interwar period when Italian, German, Hungarian, Spanish and Japanese fascism rose to power.
Since the Great Recession,[19][20][21] right-wing populist movements such as the National Rally (formerly the National Front) in France, the Northern League in Italy, the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands and the UK Independence Party began to grow in popularity,[22][23] in large part because of increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.[24] U.S. President Donald Trump's 2016 political views have been summarized by pundits as right-wing populist[25] and nationalist.[26][27]
Definition
Classification of right-wing populism into a single political family has proved difficult and it is not certain whether a meaningful category exists, or merely a cluster of categories since the parties differ in ideology, organization and leadership rhetoric. Unlike traditional parties, they also do not belong to international organizations of like-minded parties, and they do not use similar terms to describe themselves.[28]
Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right"[29] or other terms such as new nationalism.[30] Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'new right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neofascist', 'antiestablishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'antigovernment', 'antiparty', 'ultranationalist', 'neoliberal', 'right-libertarian' and so on".[31]
By country
Piero Ignazi divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement; whereas he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.[32][33]
Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation.[34] The U.S. Republican Party and Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions.
Australia

The main right-wing populist party in Australia is One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for Queensland.[35] One Nation typically supports the governing Coalition.[36]
Other parties represented in the Australian Parliament with right-wing populist elements and rhetoric include the Australian Conservatives, led by Cory Bernardi, Senator for South Australia,[37] the libertarian Liberal Democratic Party, led by David Leyonhjelm, Senator for New South Wales,[38] and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.[39] The Liberal Democratic Party and the Australian Conservatives form a voting bloc in the Australian Senate.[40]
Some figures within the Liberal Party of Australia, which is part of the Coalition, have been described as right-wing populists, including former Prime Minister Tony Abbott[41] and Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton.[42]
Brazil
On October 9, 2018 Jair Bolsonaro, a right-wing candidate from the Social Liberal Party, won the Brazilian general election, 2018 won the election after a run off with Fernando Haddad in the second round.[43]
Canada
Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada due to Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, but fell into obscurity by the 1970s. The Reform Party of Canada led by Preston Manning was another very successful right-wing populist formed as a result of the policies of the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada which alienated many Blue Tories. The two parties ultimately merged into the Conservative Party of Canada.
In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties, and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch; businessman Kevin O'Leary; Quebec Premier François Legault; the former Mayor of Toronto, Rob Ford; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford.[44][45][46][47]
In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada, which has been described as a "right of centre, populist" movement.[48]
Costa Rica
In the most recent political campaign, both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado[49][50] and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro[51][52] were described as examples of right-wing populists.
Pakistan
The recent wave of right-wing populism knocked doors of Pakistan in form of Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf (PTI).[53] Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions.[53] British journalist Ben Judah, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric.[54] He pleas tribalism as the ideal form of human society, he  has provided public money to mullahs for breeding extremism.[54]
European countries



Senior European Union diplomats cite growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had stepped up scrutiny of possible links with Moscow.[55] In 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia tries to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting rightwing populist politicians across the bloc.[56]
Austria
The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) established in 1955 by a former Nazi functionary claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager), beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g. the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair).

From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more liberal stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor. The liberal interlude however ended, when Jörg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. By his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude, Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters. Nevertheless, he was also able to obtain votes from large sections of population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.
Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FPÖ) with 26.9% of the votes cast became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers, but also the impossibility of agitation against members of his own cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÖ's loss of reputation by the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) relaunch in order to carry on his government. The remaining FPÖ members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÖ has lost a measurable amount of support.
The FPÖ regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election, though he narrowly lost the election. After the 2017 legislative elections, the FPÖ formed a government coalition with the Austrian People's Party.
Belgium

Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with particular focus on Islamic immigration) and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.[57] However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating schools segregated between citizens and immigrants.[58]
In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, with a near-identical ideology. It advocates for immigrants wishing to stay to adopt the Flemish culture and language.[59] Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.[60] With 18 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang lead the opposition in the Flemish Parliament[61] and also have 11 of the 150 seats in the Belgian House of Representatives.[62]
Mischaël Modrikamen, an associate of Steve Bannon, is chairman of the Parti Populaire (PP), which contests elections in Wallonia.[43]
Cyprus

The ELAM (National People's Front) (Εθνικό Λαϊκό Μέτωπο) was formed in 2008 on the platform of maintaining Cypriot identity, opposition to further European integration, immigration and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).
Denmark
In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing-populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.[63] In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.[64] In the following years, its support dwindled away, but was replaced by the Danish People's Party in the 1990s, which has gone on to be an important support party for the governing Liberal-Conservative coalition in the 2000s (decade).[65] The Danish People's Party is the largest and most influential right-wing populist party in Denmark today. It won 37 seats in the Danish general election, 2015[66] and became the second largest party in Denmark. The Danish People's Party advocates immigration reductions, particularly from non-Western countries, favor cultural assimilation of first generation migrants into Danish society and are opposed to Denmark becoming a multicultural society.
Additionally, the Danish People's Party's stated goals are to enforce a strict rule of law, to maintain a strong welfare system for those in need, to promote economic growth by strengthening education and encouraging people to work and in favor of protecting the environment.[67] In 2015, The New Right was founded,[68] but they have not yet participated in an election.
Finland

In Finland, the Finns Party is the main right-wing populist party and the second largest party in Finland. In 2017, 19 of the 37 MPs from the party split and founded Blue Reform.
France



In France, the main right-wing populist party is the National Front. Since Marine Le Pen's election at the head of the party in 2011, the National Front has established itself as one of the main political parties in France and also as the strongest and most successful populist party of Europe as of 2015.[69]
Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron which was held on 7 May 2017.
Hungary

The Hungarian parliamentary election, 2018 result was a victory for the Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with Viktor Orbán remaining Prime Minister. Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.
Germany

Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.
On a regional level, right-wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (Bürger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner) led by Franz Schönhuber entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg twice in 1992 and 1996, but after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favour of the far-right German People's Union and the Neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).
In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro Germany movement appears as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against Islamic extremism[70] and Muslim immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero tolerance policy and the combat of corruption. With the denial of a multiethnic society (Überfremdung) and the islamization, their politics extend to far-right positions. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU) and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").
Greece

The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).[71][72] Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.[73]
The Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the country's economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexation of territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and Izmir.[74] Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens which only supplied to Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.[75]
The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature, but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalisation and lower taxes for small businesses as well as opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia as well as immigration only for Europeans.[76] Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.[77]
Italy

In Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party is Lega, formerly Lega Nord (Northern League),[78] whose leaders reject the right-wing label,[79][80][81] though not the "populist" one.[82] The leage is a federalist, regionalist and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the North-South divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education or criminality.[83][84][85][86] Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "terrone", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians that is evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.[83][84][87] As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance.
With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone, is considered a Eurosceptic movement and as such it joined the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European Parliament election. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 2001–2006, 2008–2011 and 2018–present. Most recently, the party, which notably includes among its members the Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 17.4% of the vote in the 2018 general election, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the centre-right coalition). In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has to some extent embraced Italian nationalism and emphasised Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration and other "populist" policies, while forming an alliance with right-wing populist parties in Europe.[88][89][90]
Silvio Berlusconi, leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 1994–1995, 2001–2006 and 2008–2011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.[91][92]
A number of national conservative, nationalist and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong especially in Lazio, the region around Rome and Southern Italy. Most of them are heirs of the Italian Social Movement (a neo-fascist party, whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in 1996 general election). They include the Brothers of Italy (2.0% in 2013), The Right (0.6%), New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%), Social Idea Movement (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%).
Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol the local second-largest party, Die Freiheitlichen, is often described as a right-wing populist party.
Netherlands


In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982, when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election.[93] The coalition had broken up by 2003, and the party went into steep decline until it was dissolved.
Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main programme revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder through ending Dutch usage of the euro.[94]
The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures. This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government.
In the Dutch general election, 2017, Wilders' PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives, bringing their total to 20 seats.[95]
From 2017 onwards, the Forum for Democracy has emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands.[96][97]
Poland
The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds both the presidency and a governing majority in the Sejm. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.[98]
Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by Michał Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education and abolishment of Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.[99][100] Due to lack of empirical and economic evidences presented by party leaders and members, the party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists[101][102]
Sweden

The Sweden Democrats are the third largest party in Sweden with 17.53% of popular votes in the parliamentary election of 2018.
Switzerland

In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered to be national conservative,[103][104] but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"[105] and "radical right-wing populist",[106] reflecting a spectrum of ideologies present among its members. In its far-right wing, it includes members such as Ulrich Schlüer, Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.[107][108]
In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979 and again grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from being the fourth largest party to being the largest and gained a second seat the Swiss Federal Council in 2003, with prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.[109][110][111][112]
United Kingdom
Media outlets such as The New York Times have called the UK Independence Party (UKIP), led by Nigel Farage, the largest right-wing populist party in the United Kingdom.[113] UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum[114] and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.[115][116][117]

The United Kingdom's governing Conservative Party has seen defections to UKIP over the European Union and immigration debates as well as LGBT rights.[118]
In the Conservative Party, former Mayor of London and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson has been described as expressing right-wing populist views during the successful Vote Leave campaign.[119] Jacob Rees-Mogg, another potential party leadership contender, has been described as a right-wing populist.[120]
In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the main right-wing populist force.[121]
United States
Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.[122] Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson, Strom Thurmond, Joe McCarthy, Barry Goldwater, George Wallace and Pat Buchanan.[123] When Conservative Democrats dominated the politics of the Democratic Party, they comprised a faction of the Democrats which espoused populism, while the Republicans have adopted some forms of populism since 1980s.
The Tea Party movement has been characterized as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement" by Rasmussen and Schoen (2010). They add: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".[124] In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".[125] Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.[126][127][128] In the U.S. House of Representatives, the Freedom Caucus, which is associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.[129]
Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-establishment and anti-immigration rhetoric, was characterized as that of a right-wing populist.[130][131] The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has also been described as such.[132]
Right-wing populist political parties
Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions
Represented in national legislatures

Australia –  Coalition (factions),[133] Pauline Hanson's One Nation,[134] Katter's Australian Party[134]
Austria – Freedom Party of Austria[135]
Belarus – Liberal Democratic Party
Belgium – Vlaams Belang,[136] People's Party[137]
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party[138]
Brazil – Social Liberal Party, Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, Patriota
Bulgaria – United Patriots (National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,[139] Attack[140]), Volya
Canada - Conservative Party (factions),[141][142][143][144][145] Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (factions),[47] Coalition Avenir Quebec,[47] People's Party of Canada[48]
Colombia – Democratic Center[146]
Croatia – Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja
Cyprus – ELAM,[147] Solidarity Movement
Czech Republic – Freedom and Direct Democracy
Denmark – Danish People's Party[148][135][149]
Estonia – Conservative People's Party of Estonia[150][148]
European Union – Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom, European Alliance for Freedom, Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe, Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (factions)
Finland – Finns Party[135][148]
France – National Rally,[135][149] Debout la France,[151] The Republicans (factions)
Georgia – Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
Germany - Alternative for Germany[148][135]
Greece – Golden Dawn,[152] Independent Greeks[148][71]
Hungary – Fidesz,[135] Jobbik[148][153]
India – Bharatiya Janata Party,[154] Shiv Sena[155]
Indonesia – Great Indonesia Movement Party[156]
Italy – Lega Nord,[135][157] Brothers of Italy, Five Star Movement, Forza Italia (factions)[148][158]
Israel – Likud (factions),[159] Yisrael Beiteinu,[159] The Jewish Home
Japan – Liberal Democratic Party, [160] Kibō no Tō[161]
Kenya – Jubilee Party
Latvia – National Alliance,[162][148] Who owns the state?[163]
Liechtenstein – The Independents[164][165]
Lithuania – Order and Justice[148][166]
Luxembourg – Alternative Democratic Reform Party[167]
Mozambique – Mozambican National Resistance
Netherlands – Party for Freedom,[136] Forum for Democracy[96]
New Zealand – New Zealand First
Norway – Progress Party[168]
Peru — Popular Force
Philippines – Nacionalista Party
Poland – Law and Justice,[148] Kukiz'15 (Congress of the New Right,[169] Real Politics Union)
Russia – Liberal Democratic Party of Russia[170]
Serbia – Serbian Radical Party,[171][172][173] Serbian Progressive Party,[174][175] Dveri
Slovakia – Slovak National Party,[176] Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia,[177][178] We Are Family[179]
Slovenia – Slovenian Democratic Party, Slovenian National Party
South Korea – Liberty Korea Party (factions)[180]
Sweden – Sweden Democrats[135][148]
Switzerland – Swiss People's Party,[181] Geneva Citizens' Movement,[182][183] Ticino League[184]
Turkey – Justice and Development Party,[185] Nationalist Movement Party,[186] İyi Party[187][188]
Ukraine – Svoboda[189][190]
United Kingdom – Conservative Party (factions), UK Independence Party,[191] Democratic Unionist Party[121]
United States – Republican Party (factions)[192][193][194]

Not represented in national legislatures

Albania – Red and Black Alliance,[195] Albanian National Front Party
Australia – Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party, Australian Protectionist Party, Rise Up Australia, Australian Liberty Alliance
Austria – Alliance for the Future of Austria,[196] Free Party Salzburg
Belgium – Libertair, Direct, Democratisch,[197][198] VLOTT
Bulgaria – Bulgaria Without Censorship[148]
Canada – Alliance of the North, National Advancement Party of Canada
Chile – Acción Republicana
Croatia – Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević
Czech Republic – Workers' Party of Social Justice,[199] Coalition for Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia
Denmark – Progress Party[200]
Finland – Blue and White Front
France – Alsace First
Germany – National Democratic Party of Germany,[201] Citizens' Movement Pro Chemnitz,[202][203] German Social Union, Pro NRW[204]
Greece – Popular Orthodox Rally[205][206]
Iceland – Icelandic National Front
Ireland – Direct Democracy Ireland,[207][208][209] Identity Ireland, National Party (unregistered)
Italy – Tricolour Flame, Die Freiheitlichen,[210] Citizens' Union for South Tyrol,[211][212] South Tyrolean Freedom[213]
Japan – Party for Japanese Kokoro
Malta – Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
Montenegro – Party of Serb Radicals
Netherlands – Forza! Nederland
Poland – Liberty[169]
Portugal – National Renovator Party, Portugal Pro-Life
Romania – National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party, United Romania Party, Noua Dreaptă), New Generation Party,[214] M10
Serbia – Hungarian Hope Movement, People's Peasant Party
Spain – Vox[215][216], Platform for Catalonia[217]
Switzerland – Freedom Party of Switzerland
Transnistria – Liberal Democratic Party of Pridnestrovie
Ukraine – Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
United Kingdom – British National Party[218][219]
United States – Constitution Party, American Freedom Party

Former right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions

Austria - Team Stronach[196]
Belgium – National Front, Vlaams Blok
Canada – Union Nationale (Quebec),[220] Ralliement national,[221] Action démocratique du Québec,[222] Reform Party of Canada,[223] Canadian Alliance,[224] Social Credit Party,[225] Wildrose Party (Alberta)
Cyprus – New Horizons[226][227]
Czech Republic – Public Affairs,[228] Dawn - National Coalition[229]
Denmark – Progress Party[230]
Germany – Citizens' Movement Pro Cologne,[231] German Freedom Party,[232] German People's Union, Pro Germany Citizens' Movement[233][234]
European Union – Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy[210]
Iceland – Citizens' Party[235]
Italy – National Alliance[236]
Netherlands – Centre Democrats,[237] Pim Fortuyn List[136][237][238]
Spain – Independent Liberal Group
Sweden – New Democracy[235]
Switzerland – Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents
Syria – Arab Liberation Movement
United Kingdom – National Democrats

See also

Alt-right
Anti-establishment
Brexit
Christian right
Dark Enlightenment
Economic nationalism
Elitism
Euroscepticism
Hindutva
Left-wing populism
National conservatism
National liberalism
New nationalism (21st century)
Opposition to immigration
Outline of right-wing populism
Paleoconservatism
Paternalistic conservatism
Radical right
Reactionary
Revisionist Zionism
Right-wing authoritarianism
Social conservatism
Traditional conservatism
Ultranationalism

Notes



Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN1-57230-568-1, ISBN1-57230-562-2.
Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 ISBN0-312-08390-4.
Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 ISBN978-0-312-21338-1,

Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN978-3-8376-3720-5.
Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-505780-5.





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Further reading

Goldwag, Arthur. The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right. Pantheon, February 2012, ISBN978-0-307-37969-6.
Wodak, Ruth. The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage, 2015. ISBN9781446247006.
Wodak, Ruth, Brigitte Mral and Majid Khosravinik, editors. Right wing populism in Europe: politics and discourse. London. Bloomsbury Academic. 2013. ISBN9781780932453.


. Channel 4 News (UK). 28 September 2017.