Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?

Abbasidikalifaatti


Abbasidikalifaatti (, al-Khilāfatu al-ʿAbbāsiyyah) oli kolmas Islamilainen kalifaatti. Sen perusti Muhammedin sedän Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalibin (566-653) – jonka mukaan kalifaatti on nimetty – perillinen.[1] Abbasidit hallitsivat suurinta osaa kalifaattia pääkaupungistaan Bagdadista käsin kalifeina kaadettuaan Umaijadien kalifaatin vuonna 750 päättyneessä Abbasidien vallankumouksessa.
Abbasidikalifaatin hallinto keskitettiin aluksi Kufaan, mutta vuonna 762 kalifi Al-Mansur perusti Bagdadin kaupungin lähelle muinaisen Sasanian pääkaupunkia Ktesifonia.  Abbasidien ajanjaksoa leimasi riippuvuus Persian byrokraattien (erityisesti Barmakid-suvun) hallitsemista alueista sekä arabimaiden ulkopuolisten muslimien lisääntyvä määrä ummassa (islamin uskovien yhteisö). Hallitseva eliitti omaksui laajasti persialaiset tavat ja he alkoivatkin tukemaan taiteilijoita ja oppineita.[2]  Bagdadista tuli tieteen, kulttuurin, filosofian ja keksintöjen keskus. Nykyään tätä aikaa kutsutaan islamin kulta-ajaksi. 
Historia
Abbasidien vallankumous


Id al-Fitrin päivänä 15. kesäkuuta 747 Abu Muslim tukijoineen heiluttivat mustia lippuja alkaneen vallankumouksen merkiksi. Hän otti koko Khorasanin pian valtaansa, karkotti sen umaijadikuvernöörin Nasr ibn Sayyarin ja lähetti armeijan länteen. Kufa joutui Hashimiyya-liikkeelle vuonna 749 ja samalla piiritettiin Wasit, viimeinen Umaijadien tukikohta. Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah tunnustettiin uudeksi kalifiksi Kufan moskeijassa samana vuonna. Samaan aikaan Merwan II keräsi armeijan ja marssi kohti Irakia. Joukot kohtasivat Zab-joen varrella 25. tammikuuta 750 ja taistelu päättyi Abu al-Abbasin voittoon. Huhtikuussa Damaskos antautui Abbasideille, ja viimeinen naula arkkuun oli, kun abbasidi-agentit murhasivat Merwan II:n Egyptissä elokuussa.
Voittajat häpäisivät Syyriassa olleet Umaijadien haudat, joista säästettiin vain Omar II:n hauta. Suurin osa suvun jäsenistä jäljitettiin ja tapettiin kuten Merwanin. Abbasidit käyttivät tähän tylyä juonta: He julistivat armahduksen lopuille umaijadeille, joista 80 kerääntyi ottamaan armahduksen vastaan, mutta heidät murhattiinkin. Yksi Hishamin pojanpojista, Abd ar-Rahman I, selviytyi takaa-ajoista ja murhajuonista. Hän perusti Al-Andalusin kuningaskunnan Iberiaan ja julisti perheensä uudeksi Umaijjadien kalifaatiksi.
Charles W. Previté-Orton esittää, että syy Umaijjadien kalifaatin heikkenemiseen oli islamin nopea leviäminen. Umaijadien valtakaudella joukkokäännytykset toivat persialaisia, berbereitä, kopteja ja aramealaisia islamiin. Nämä "mawalit" olivat usein koulutetumpia ja sivistyneempiä kuin arabiherransa. Uudet käännytetyt saattoivat muuttaa poliittista maisemaa muslimien tasavertaisuuden nimissä. Previté-Ortonin mukaan osuutensa valtakunnan sisäiseen rappeutumiseen oli myös Syyrian ja Irakin välisellä vihanpidolla.
Katso myös
Abbasidit
Lähteet

Kirjallisuutta
Abbas, Tahir (2011). Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience. Lontoo, Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta: Routledge. ISBN 0-4155-7225-8. LCCN 2009050163. (englanniksi)
Al-Abbasi, A. M. M. (1986). Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian (persiaksi). Doha, Qatar.
al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002). "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon". History of Science and Technology in Islam.
al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002a). "Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived
al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002b). "Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer". History of Science and Technology in Islam.
Abbott, Nabia (1946). Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press.
Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). "The "First True Scientist"". BBC.co.uk.
"The Islamic World to 1600". Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 2008.
Anon (1928). "Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der Internationalen Wissenschaft" [German Weekly Literary Journal for Criticism of the International Science] (saksaksi). 49 (27–52). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
Baker, Hugh D. R. (1990). Hong Kong Images: People and Animals. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-209-255-1.
Baniabbassian, M. (1960). Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak (persiaksi). Tehran.
Bloodworth, Ching Ping; Bloodworth, Dennis (2004) [1976]. The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of Chinese Statecraft. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0568-5. LCCN 2003059346.
Bonner, Michael (2010). "The Waning of Empire: 861–945". In Robinson, Charles F. The New Cambridge History of Islam. I: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
Bonner, Michael; Ener, Mine; Singer, Amy, eds. (2003). Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5737-5. LCCN 2002042629.
Bosworth, C.; Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (1983). EncyclopeÌ die de l’Islam [The Encyclopedia of Islam] (ranskaksi). V (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
Brague, Rémi (2009). The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-2260-7080-3. LCCN 2008028720.
Brauer, Ralph W. (1995). Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. pp. 7–10. ISBN 0-87169-856-0. LCCN 94078513.
Brinkley, Frank (1902). Trübner, ed. China: Its History, Arts and Literature. Oriental. X. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company.
Broomhall, Marshall (1910). "II: China and the Arabs From the Rise of the Abbaside Caliphate". Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. Philadelphia, PA: London, Morgan & Scott Ltd. LCCN 11003281.
Carné, Louis de (1872). Travels in Indo-China and the Chinese Empire. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29622-7. LCCN 94048169.
Clinton, Jerome W. (2000). Talattof, Kamran; Clinton, Jerome W., eds. The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-3122-2810-4. LCCN 99056710.
Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008). Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past. International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-4445-3243-5.
Cotter, Holland (29 December 2001). "The Story of Islam's Gift of Paper to the West". New York Times. New York Times.
de Camp, L. Sprague (1976). Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. ISBN 0-87054-076-9. LCCN 76017991.
Derewenda, Zygmunt S. (2007). "On Wine, Chirality and Crystallography". Acta Crystallographica A. 64.
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969). "Islamic Glass and Crystal". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. LCCN 68026314.
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969a). "Islamic Painting". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 205–211. LCCN 68026314.
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969b). "Islamic Pottery and Tiles". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 211–216. LCCN 68026314.
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969c). "Islamic Textiles". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 216–220. LCCN 68026314.
Dunn, Kevin M. (2003). Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5811-2566-5.
Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN 0-06-181235-8.
Eglash, Ron (1999). African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2614-0. LCCN 98026043.
El-Hibri, Tayeb (2011). "The empire in Iraq: 763–861". In Robinson, Chase F. The New Cambridge History of Islam. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–304. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1961) [1950]. China: A Short Cultural History. Praeger.
Floor, W. (2011). The Persian Gulf: Bandar Abbas: The Natural Trade Gateway of Southeast Iran. ISBN 1-9338-2343-7.
Floor, W. (2010). The Persian Gulf: The Rise and Fall of Bandar-e Lengeh: The Distribution Center for the Arabian Coast: 1750-1930. ISBN 1-9338-2339-9.
Frazier, Ian (25 April 2005). "Invaders: Destroying Baghdad". The New Yorker. 81 (10): 48–55. ISSN 0028-792X.
Ghosh, Stanley (1961). Embers in Cathay. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. LCCN 61010347.
Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1982) [1962]. Shaw, Stanford J.; Polk, William R., eds. Studies on the Civilization of Islam. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05354-5.
Giles, Herbert Allen (1915). Confucianism and its Rivals. New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons. LCCN 15017669.
Giles, Herbert Allen (1886). A glossary of Reference on Subjects Connected with the Far East (2nd ed.). Hong Kong: Messrs. Lane, Craswford and Co. LCCN 16016428.
Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2002). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.
Gordon, Matthew (2001). The breaking of a thousand swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra: A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4795-6.
Grant, John; Clute, John (1999). "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy". Arabian fantasy. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-19869-8. LCCN 96037472.
Gregorian, Vartan (2003). Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 26–38. ISBN 0-8157-3282-1. LCCN 2003006189.
Hermann, Heinrich (1912). Chinesische Geschichte [Chinese History] (saksaksi). D. Gundert.
Hill, Donald Routledge (1993). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3. LCCN 94139614.
Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abbasid Dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010a). "Nestorian". Encyclopedia Britannica. VIII : Menage – Ottawa (15th ed.). Chicago, IL. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
Holt, Peter M. (1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London. 47 (3): 501–507. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00113710.
Huff, Toby E. (2003). The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5218-2302-1. LCCN 2002035017.
Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5214-5599-2. LCCN 97159218.
Jenkins, Everett Allo (1999). The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. 1. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0431-0. LCCN 98049332.
Kennedy, Hugh (1990). "The ʿAbbasid caliphate: a historical introduction". In Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Smith, G. Rex. ʿAbbasid Belles Lettres. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–15. ISBN 0-521-24016-6.
Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (2. painos). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-40525-4. LCCN 85016597.
Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (1989). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-0289-7211-2. LCCN 89008129.
Labib, Subhi Y. (1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History. 29 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0022050700097837.
Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77056-4.
Leaman, Oliver (1998). "Islamic Philosophy". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
Lewis, Bernard (1995). "The Middle East". In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Iran. 1A. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5212-9135-4.
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005). "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe". Technology and Culture. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1353/tech.2005.0026.
Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). "'Abbasids". Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39518-6. LCCN 90001542.
Meisami, Julie Scott (1999). Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1276-5. LCCN 2012494440.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2004). "The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt". The Napoleon Series.
Mottahedeh, Roy (1975). "The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Iran". In Frye, R. N. The Cambridge History of Iran. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–90. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05583-2.
Moule, Arthur Evans (1914). The Chinese People: A Handbook on China. New York, NY: London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. LCCN 14001359.
Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. LCCN 2003041213.
Pavlidis, T. (2010). "11: Turks and Byzantine Decline". In Goldschmidt Jr., Arthur; Davidson, Lawrence. A Concise History of the Middle East (9th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4388-7. LCCN 2009005664.
Perry, J. (1979). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran: 1747-1779. ISBN 0-2266-6098-2.
Rabin, Sheila (15 August 2015). "Nicolaus Copernicus". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford.
Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992). 17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990 [17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, From August 26 to September 2, 1990] (ranskaksi). 1. Comité international des sciences historiques [International Committee of Historical Sciences]. ISBN 978-84-600-8154-8.
Schwarz, George R. (2013). "History of the Caravel". Nautical Arcaheology. Texas A & M University.
Smith, Bradley; Weng, Wango H. C. (1973). China: A History in Art. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-0601-3932-3. LCCN 72076978.
Sourdel, D. (1970). "The ʿAbbasid Caliphate". In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–139. ISBN 978-0-521-21946-4.
Söylemez, Mehmet Mahfuz (2005). "The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 22 (2): 1–27.
Spuler, Bertold (1960). The Muslim World: A Historical Survey. I: The Age of the Caliphs. Translated by Bagley, F. R. C. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. ISBN 0-685-23328-6. LCCN 61001030.
Toomer, G. J. (December 1964). "Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm". Isis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 55 (4): 463–465. doi:10.1086/349914.
Vallely, Paul (11 March 2006). "How Islamic Inventors Changed the World". The Independent. London, UK.
Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185-1365. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5218-3756-1. LCCN 2005296238.
Verma, R. L. (1969). Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics.
Visser, Reidar (2005). Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher. ISBN 3-8258-8799-5.
Wade, Geoffrey (2012). "Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century". In Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li. Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Warren, John (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair". Third World Quarterly. 26 (4–5): 815–30. doi:10.1080/01436590500128048.
Wilber, Donald N. (1969). "Abbasid Architecture". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 1: Aa-Ceylon. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. LCCN 68026314.
Luokka:Aasian entiset valtiot
Luokka:Euroopan entiset valtiot
Luokka:Iranin historia
Luokka:Saudi-Arabian historia