ghanaopendata/ghanaian-research-english huggingface dataset:
Anti-infammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina

Background: Both young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) are traditionally used to treat inflammation, pain and fever. However, the efficacy of young and old leaves for treating these ailments has not been compared till date. Aim: To ascertain the efect of young and old leaves of VA in managing inflammation, pain and fever. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts of young (EthYL) and old (EthOL) leaves of VA were performed. The anti-infammatory activity of orally administered EthYL and EthOL (50–200 mg/kg) and Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) were evaluated in carrageenan-induced inflammation model in rats. Antipyretic activity of EthYL, EthOL and Aspirin (25 mg/kg) were assessed in the Baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia model. Anti-allodynic effect of both extracts was evaluated by inserting infamed paws of rats in cold water. Antinociceptive property of the extracts was assessed using tail withdrawal and formalin-induced nociception test. Histopathological examination of the paws was performed, in addition to formalin test to understand the possible mechanism of action of the extracts. Negative control rats received 2 ml/kg normal saline in all tests. Results: The amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolics were signifcantly (p < 0.05) higher in EthOL than EthYL, while saponins were signifcantly higher (p < 0.05) in EthYL than EthOL. The antioxidant ability and total antioxidant capacity were signifcantly (p < 0.05) higher in EthYL than EthOL. However, this was signifcantly (p < 0.05) lower than the anti-oxidant activity of Ascorbic acid. A dose-dependent increase in anti-infammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive properties were observed in both EthYL and EthOL, similar to the standard drugs. Mast cell degranulation accompanied by vasodilatation and high leukocytosis were observed in the negative control, but were markedly low in extract treated groups. Both extracts mediated their analgesic effect through opioidergic and nitric oxide pathways with EthYL additionally implicating the muscarinic cholinergic system. Conclusion: Although both EthYL and EthOL alleviate infammation, pyrexia and nociception, EthYL of VA was found to be more potent than EthOL

Source: UCC
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF HIPPOCRATEA INDICA ROOT BARK AND POGA OLEOSA FRUITS

Abstract The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.

Source: UCC
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF HIPPOCRATEA INDICA ROOT BARK AND POGA OLEOSA FRUITS

The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.

Source: UCC
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Canthinone Alkaloids from Anthostema aubryanum (Baill)

The stem and root bark of Anthostema aubryanum (Baill, family, Euphorbiaceae) are extensively used in African ethnomedicine for treating and managing a number of disease conditions which include inflammation, pain, wounds, boil, dyspepsia and a variety of other disease conditions. Although the chemistry and pharmacology of many phyto constituents isolated from the family are fairly established, the plant has not yet been investigated. In the present study, an alkaloidal extract of the root bark was demonstrated to display a time- and dose (30-300 mg/Kg p.o.)-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in rats (ED50=13.84±0.011) compared to diclofenac (ED50=1.994±0.002). Comprehensive chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses have led to the isolation and characterization of two major anti-inflammatory and antioxidant alkaloids as 5-methoxycanthin-6-one and canthin-6-one. The dose (10-100 mg/Kg p.o.)-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of the 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (ED50=60.84±0.010) and canthin 6-one (ED50=96.64±0.012) were either comparable or significant as the positive control, diclofenac. The radical scavenging activity of the alkaloidal extract (IC50=23.12±0.010), 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (IC50=27.62±0.090) and canthin-6-one (IC50=33.60±0.011) was also significantly comparable to Vitamin E (IC50=8.605±0.002) used as positive control. Canthinone alkaloids are well-known constituents of the Simaroubaceae and Rutaceae and display a wide range of biological activities. However, they are being reported as constituents of the Euphorbiaceae here for the first time

Source: UCC
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of canthinone alkaloids from Anthostema aubryanum (Baill) May 2016 Authors: Malcolm Fynn University of Cape Coast

The stem and root bark of Anthostema aubryanum (Baill, family, Euphorbiaceae) are extensively used in African ethnomedicine for treating and managing a number of disease conditions which include inflammation, pain, wounds, boil, dyspepsia and a variety of other disease conditions. Although the chemistry and pharmacology of many phytoconstituents isolated from the family are fairly established, the plant has not yet been investigated. In the present study, an alkaloidal extract of the root bark was demonstrated to display a time- and dose (30-300 mg/Kg p.o.)-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in rats (ED50=13.84±0.011) compared to diclofenac (ED50=1.994±0.002). Comprehensive chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses have led to the isolation and characterization of two major anti-inflammatory and antioxidant alkaloids as 5-methoxycanthin-6-one and canthin-6-one. The dose (10-100 mg/Kg p.o.)-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of the 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (ED50=60.84±0.010) and canthin- 6-one (ED50=96.64±0.012) were either comparable or significant as the positive control, diclofenac. The radical scavenging activity of the alkaloidal extract (IC50=23.12±0.010), 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (IC50=27.62±0.090) and canthin-6-one (IC50=33.60±0.011) was also significantly comparable to Vitamin E (IC50=8.605±0.002) used as positive control. Canthinone alkaloids are well-known constituents of the Simaroubaceae and Rutaceae and display a wide range of biological activities. However, they are being reported as constituents of the Euphorbiaceae here for the first time.

Source: UCC
Anti-inflammatory and safety assessment of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms (Araliaceae) leaf extract in ovalbumin-induced asthma

Background: Polyscias fruticosa is a plant used in the traditional management of asthma in Ghana. Aim: This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory property of an ethanolic leaf extract of Polyscias fruticosa and safety for use in ovalbumin-induced asthma. Methodology: The total and differential white blood cell counts, C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were determined for blood samples obtained from Duncan Hartley guinea-pigs following sensitization (150 µg OVA + 100 mg aluminium hydroxide, I.P), OVA aerosol challenge, and treatment with 2 ml/kg normal saline, 10mg/kg prednisolone and 100, 250 or 500 mg/kg of the extract. An acute and delayed toxicity study was also conducted. Results: White blood cells and its differentials were significantly elevated (P ≤ 0.05) after OVA-induced asthma. Treatments with the extracts and prednisolone significantly reduced (P≤0.05) elevated white blood cells and its differentials. Elevated serum C-reactive protein (≥ 6.0 ± 0.00 mg/l) was reduced to within normal levels, and there was a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in erythrocyte sedimentation rates in PFE and prednisolone-treated animals following OVA-induced asthma. PFE showed no significant toxic effect at lower doses (NOAEL: < 1000 mg/kg) Conclusion: The ethanolic leaf extract of Polyscias fruticosa reduces white blood cell count and i

Source: UCC
Anti-inflammatory effect of Linn on lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis in New Zealand white rabbits

·AIM: To investigate the anti -inflammatory effect of an aqueous whole plant extract of (HIE) on endotoxin-induced uveitis in New Zealand white rabbits. · METHODS: Clinical signs of uveitis including flares, iris hyperemia and miosis, were sought for and scored in 1.0 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced uveitic rabbits treated orally with HIE (30 -300 mg/kg), prednisolone (30 mg/kg), or normal saline (10 mL/kg). The number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltrating, the protein concentration, as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor-琢 (TNF-琢), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and monocyte chemmoattrant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the aqueous humor after the various treatments were also determined. A histopathological study of the anterior uveal was performed. · RESULTS: The extract and prednisolone -treatment significantly reduced ( 臆0.001) both the clinical scores of inflammation (1.0 -1.8 compared to 4.40 依0.40 in the normal saline -treated rabbits) and inflammatory cells infiltration. The level of protein, and the concentrations of TNF-琢, PGE2 and MCP-1 in the aqueous humor were also significantly reduced ( 臆0.001). Histopathological studies showed normal uveal morphology in the HIE and prednisolone-treated rabbits while normal saline-treated rabbits showed marked infiltration of inflammatory cells. · CONCLUSION: The HIE exhibits anti -inflammatory effect on LPS -induced uveitis possibly by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Source: UCC
Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina

Background: Both young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) are traditionally used to treat inflammation, pain and fever. However, the efficacy of young and old leaves for treating these ailments have not been com- pared till date. Aim: To ascertain the effect of young and old leaves of VA in managing inflammation, pain and fever. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts of young (EthYL) and old (EthOL) leaves of VA were performed. The anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered EthYL and EthOL (50–200 mg/kg) and Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) were evaluated in carrageenan-induced inflammation model in rats. Antipyretic activity of EthYL, EthOL and Aspirin (25 mg/kg) were assessed in the Baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia model. Anti-allodynic effect of both extracts were evaluated by inserting inflamed paws of rats in cold water. Antinociceptive property of the extracts were assessed using tail withdrawal and formalin-induced no- ciception test. Histopathological examination of the paws was performed, in addition to formalin test to un- derstand the possible mechanism of action of the extracts. Negative control rats received 2 ml/kg normal saline in all tests. Results: The amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolics were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in EthOL than EthYL, while saponins were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in EthYL than EthOL. The antioxidant ability and total antioxidant capacity were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in EthYL than EthOL. However, this was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the anti-oxidant activity of Ascorbic acid. A dose-dependent increase in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive properties were observed in both EthYL and EthOL, similar to the standard drugs. Mast cell degranulation accompanied by vasodilatation and high leukocytosis were observed in the negative control, but were markedly low in extract treated groups. Both extracts mediated their analgesic effect through opioidergic and nitric oxide pathways with EthYL additionally implicating the muscarinic cho- linergic system. Conclusion: Although both EthYL and EthOL alleviate inflammation, pyrexia and nociception, EthYL of VA was found to be more potent than EthOL.

Source: UCC
Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina

inflammation, pain and fever. However, the efficacy of young and old leaves for treating these ailments have not been compared till date. Aim: To ascertain the effect of young and old leaves of VA in managing inflammation, pain and fever. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts of young (EthYL) and old (EthOL) leaves of VA were performed. The anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered EthYL and EthOL (50–200 mg/kg) and Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) were evaluated in carrageenan-induced inflammation model in rats. Antipyretic activity of EthYL, EthOL and Aspirin (25 mg/kg) were assessed in the Baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia model. Anti-allodynic effect of both extracts were evaluated by inserting inflamed paws of rats in cold water. Antinociceptive property of the extracts were assessed using tail withdrawal and formalin-induced nociception test. Histopathological examination of the paws was performed, in addition to formalin test to understand the possible mechanism of action of the extracts. Negative control rats received 2 ml/kg normal saline in all tests. Results: The amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolics were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in EthOL than EthYL, while saponins were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in EthYL than EthOL. The antioxidant ability and total antioxidant capacity were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in EthYL than EthOL. However, this was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the anti-oxidant activity of Ascorbic acid. A dose-dependent increase in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive properties were observed in both EthYL and EthOL, similar to the standard drugs. Mast cell degranulation accompanied by vasodilatation and high leukocytosis were observed in the negative control, but were markedly low in extract treated groups. Both extracts mediated their analgesic effect through opioidergic and nitric oxide pathways with EthYL additionally implicating the muscarinic cholinergic system. Conclusion: Although both EthYL and EthOL alleviate inflammation, pyrexia and nociception, EthYL of VA was found to be more potent than EthOL.

Source: UCC
Anti-Leishmanial, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Omphalocarpum Ahia A. Chev

Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whitish fluid from the incised bark. It is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammation, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Reports of its pharmacological activities are not widespread. This study sought to evaluate its antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Its anti-leishmanial activity in comparison to Amphotericin B was evaluated in vitro against promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani using a hemocytometer counting chamber and a high field microscope with mobility of the parasite as a marker of cell viability. The extract was tested at concentrations between 15.6-500 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant evaluation. O. ahia showed a lower anti-leishmanial activity (IC50=124.0±0.67 μg/ml) than the standard drug amphotericin B (2.4± 0.67 μg/ml). It also showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity (ED50=75.9±0.667 mg/kg BDW) compared to diclofenac (ED50=3.74±0.333). The radical scavenging activity of O. ahia was just three times less potent than Vitamin E used as positive control. These activities may be due to the presence of tannins, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids and phytosterols found in the phytochemical analysis of the plant. Thus from the observed activity, barring any toxicity issues, O ahia may be harnessed and integrated into the treatment of leishmanias is caused by L. donovani as it may present a cheaper and safe alternative to the toxic synthetic analogues.

Source: UCC
Anti-musk Myasthenic Crisis in the Puerperium: The Management Dilemma

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dysfunction with a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations. MG is as a result of autoantibodies directed against NMJ at the postsynaptic level involving nicotinic or other postsynaptic antigens. The newly identified subtype of MG with antibodies against the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (Anti-MuSK) shows an unpredictable response to current MG treatment. The initial presentation of this disease entity often poses a diagnostic challenge and a treatment dilemma to the clinician. We present a case of life-threatening Anti-MuSK-positive myasthenic crisis occurring during puerperium which required a temporary surgical airway and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube for feeding. She had dysphonia for 7 years but was not diagnosed. The complications and management dilemma of this case report are highlighted.

Source: UCC
Anti-musk Myasthenic Crisis in the Puerperium: The Management Dilemma

ABSTRACT Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dysfunction with a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations. MG is as a result of autoantibodies directed against NMJ at the postsynaptic level involving nicotinic or other postsynaptic antigens. The newly identified subtype of MG with antibodies against the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (Anti-MuSK) shows an unpredictable response to current MG treatment. The initial presentation of this disease entity often poses a diagnostic challenge and a treatment dilemma to the clinician. We present a case of life threatening Anti-MuSK-positive myasthenic crisis occurring during puerperium which required a temporary surgical airway and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube for feeding. She had dysphonia for 7 years but was not diagnosed. The complications and management dilemma of this case report are highlighted.

Source: UCC
Anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activities of an aqueous leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae)

A preliminary study had shown that C. olitorius has analgesic activity possibly mediated through opioidergic pathway. The study was a follow up work to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effects and other possible mechanisms of action of an aqueous leaf extract of C. olitorius (COE) using formalin-induced nociception test. COE was screened for its analgesic, and antioxidant activities. The anti-nociceptive effect of COE (3x10-2, 1x10-1 and 3x10-1 g kg-1 , p.o), and morphine (1x10-3, 3x10-3 and 1x10-2 gkg-1 , i.p.) were evaluated using the formalin-induced nociception test. The study showed that C. olitorius has analgesic activity possibly mediated through opioidergic pathway. COE produced significant (P ˂ 0.05) dose-dependent antinociceptive effects similar to morphine in both phases of formalin-induced nociception. The extract showed free radical scavenging properties and different phyto-constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, anthraquinones and terpenoids were identified. COE has both central and peripheral anti-nociceptive effects mediated through opioidergic receptor activation and also partly through ATP-sensitive K + channel activation systems. The findings confirms earlier reports, and further shows that C. olitorius produces anti-nociception by interrupting many pain processing pathways. Results further suggest that the extract (COE) might possess some chemical constituents that are responsible for the analgesic and the antioxidant activities

Source: UCC
Anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activities of an aqueous leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae)

A preliminary study had shown that C. olitorius has analgesic activity possibly mediated through opioidergic pathway. The study was a follow up work to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effects and other possible mechanisms of action of an aqueous leaf extract of C. olitorius (COE) using formalin-induced nociception test. COE was screened for its analgesic, and antioxidant activities. The anti-nociceptive effect of COE (3x10-2, 1x10-1 and 3x10-1 g kg-1, p.o), and morphine (1x10-3, 3x10-3 and 1x10-2 gkg-1, i.p.) were evaluated using the formalin-induced nociception test. The study showed that C. olitorius has analgesic activity possibly mediated through opioidergic pathway. COE produced significant (P ˂ 0.05) dose-dependent anti- nociceptive effects similar to morphine in both phases of formalin-induced nociception. The extract showed free radical scavenging properties and different phyto-constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, anthraquinones and terpenoids were identified. COE has both central and peripheral anti-nociceptive effects mediated through opioidergic receptor activation and also partly through ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation systems. The findings confirms earlier reports, and further shows that C. olitorius produces anti-nociception by interrupting many pain processing pathways. Results further suggest that the extract (COE) might possess some chemical constituents that are responsible for the analgesic and the antioxidant activities.

Source: UCC