ghanaopendata/ghanaian-research-english huggingface dataset:
The use of sport sponsorship as a marketing communication tool by cellular communication providers in Ghana: a case study of mobile telecommunication network (MTN)

Sport sponsorship has become an important vehicle of the marketing communication mix for companies today. It is further important to consider it as a powerful option when deciding upon marketing communication tools. The prime purpose of this thesis is therefore to provide better understanding of sport sponsorship and how it is used as a marketing communication tool by cellular communication providers with MTN-Ghana as a case study. In order to reach this purpose, research questions ^focused gn the objectives, selection process,evaluation of effectiveness of sport sponsorship as marketing communication tool and how the impact of sport sponsorship could be described. Based on the research questions, a literature review was conducted that resulted in a conceptual framework presenting a foundation for the data to be collected for this study. A qualitative case study methodology was used, using documentation and interview of MTN-Ghana in the cellular communication business. The general result of the .study is that several objectives of sport sponsorship are commonly used, and the objectives may be either constant or inconstant depending on sponsored unit .The most frequently used objectives of sport sponsorship are however, the corporate related objectives such as corporate image, client entertainment, and employee relations. Further results of the study are that companies base their selection of specific sport sponsorship on several criteria, for instance, managerial interest, the chosen sport's ability to deliver the marketing message. In addition, the decision can be made from a client perspective and the values of the company.Moreover, based on the results, it was established that companies do formal evaluation to assess the effectiveness of sport sponsorship to make a constant decision as to continue the sponsorship or to discontinue with the sponsorship. It was also established that MTN describe Sport sponsorship as an effective marketing communication vehicle that add financial value to a company's brand and significantly contributing to media exposure.As every sponsor seeks wide exposure, in both electric and print media .Though MTN employs integrated marketing communication tools in their bid to reach target customers, the successful single tool on the Ghanaian cellular communication market is attributed to the strategic use of sports sponsorship. Sport sponsorship has been an extremely potent promotional tool for MTN in the cellular communication industry in Ghana.

Source: KNUST
The use of surrogate reference standard in Quantitative HPLC: A case study of Albendazole and Quinine sulphate tablets

A simple, fast and a sensitive Reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the quantitative analysis of Albendazole and Quinine Sulphate tablets using Aspirin, Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Metronidazole as surrogate reference standards. For the assay of Albendazole tablets, a C-18 waters 4.6 x 150mm column (stationary phase) and a mobile phase made of Methanol -Water (60:40 V /v) at pH of 5.40±0.02 was used. The analysis was carried out at 245nm and flow rate of 1ml/min. The mean retention time of Albendazole, Aspirin, Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Metronidazole were; 4.21±0.036min, 1.74±0.021min, 2.53±0.018min and 2.28±0.027min respectively. When Aspirin was used as a surrogate reference standard, the constant ‘K’ obtained was 2.297±0.004 and the average percentage content of Albendazole in the Alben, Wormplex 400 and the Zeben tablets after five determinations were; 98.22±0.66%, 101.63±0.587% and 98.82±0.535% respectively. When Amoxicillin Trihydrate was used as a surrogate reference standard, the ‘K’ value obtained was 2.693±0.009 and the average percentage content of Albendazole in the Alben, Wormplex 400 and the Zeben tablets after five determinations were; 99.55±0.675%, 101.02±0.639% and 99.79±0.824% respectively. When Metronidazole was used as a surrogate reference standard, the ‘K’ obtained was 1.827±0.003 and the average percentage content of Albendazole in the Alben, Wormplex 400 and Zebe n tablets were 99.37±0.84, 101.13±0.500 and 99.82±0.577 respectively. A C-18 waters 4.6 x 150mm column, mobile phase combination of Methanol -Water (60:40 V /v) with the pH adjusted to 5.20±0.02 were employed for the analysis of Quinine Sulphate tablets, wavelength of detection was 245nm, and flow rate was 1.5ml/min. Quinine Sulphate, Aspirin, Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Metronidazole had average retention time of v 6.65±0.015min, 2.78±0.03min, 3.02±0.017min and 2.02±0.007 min respectively. When Aspirin was used as a surrogate reference standard, the ‘K’ value obtained was 2.549±0.007 and the percentage content of Quinine Sulphate in the Actavis, Co -Pharma and the Wockhardt tablets were; 98.57±0.89%, 102.74±0.64% and 98.18±0.75% respectively. When Amoxicillin Trihydrate was used as a surrogate reference standard, the ‘K’ value obtained was 3.893±0.008 and the average percentage content of Quinine Sulphate in the Actavis, Co -Pharma and the Wockhardt tablets were 99.99±0.43%, 101.84±0.44% and 97.004±0.62% respectively. When Metronidazole was used as a surrogate reference standard, the ‘K’ value obtained was 1.034±0.006 and the average percentage content of Quinine Sulphate in the Actavis, Co-Pharma and the Wockhardt tablets were 99.87±0.42%, 103.22±0.38% and 100.17±0.399% respectively. The results obtained from the developed method were statistically comparable to results obtained from the standard methods. The developed method showed good precision, was robust and linear within the working range, thus making the deve loped methods very suitable for quantification of Albendazole and Quinine Sulphate tablets.

Source: KNUST
Use of stearin and olein as a cocoa butter equivalent in chocolate making

Cocoa butter a salient ingredient in the chocolate recipe, imparts desirable properties to the chocolate product unlike other vegetable oils. The unsteady supply and hike in price made chocolate producers seek alternatives to cocoa butter. The EU passed a legislation that allows the use of 5% of cocoa butter equivalent on product base in chocolate production. This study was to formulate cocoa butter equivalent from shea stearin and palm olein and to evaluate the magnitude of sensorial difference and preference of chocolate made with the cocoa butter equivalent. Response Surface Method was used to obtain various ratios of shea stearin and palm olein to use in chocolate formulation. Specific gravity and Refractive indices of the various oils as well as their peroxide value (PV) and free fatty acid (FFA) value were analysed. PV and FFA values of all oils used in the chocolate formulation were within the acceptable limits of below 10meq for PV and not more than 1.75% for FFA. Panellists observed significant difference between chocolates made with 5% CBEs and that made with CB only. However, there was no significant difference in panellists acceptance/preference of chocolates made with either CB or CBEs. This may imply that CBE formulated could develop consumer acceptable chocolate

Source: KNUST
The Use of Surrogate Reference Standards in Quantitative HPLC: a case Study of Griseofulvin and Cetirizine Hydrochloride

A rapid and simple reverse-phase liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of Griseofulvin and Cetirizine Hydrochloride using surrogate reference standards. Paracetamol, Ascorbic acid and Metronidazole were used as surrogate reference standards, for each of which a constant “k” was obtained. The isocratic liquid chromatography (LC) analysis for Griseofulvin was performed on C18 Phenomenex column (250 x 4.6mm) using mobile phase composed of methanol and water in a ratio of 70: 30 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with a UV detector set at 254nm. The mean retention time in minutes for Griseofulvin, Paracetamol, Ascorbic acid and Metronidazole were 3.65 ± 0.06, 2.47 ± 0.03, 1.70 ± 0.02 and 2.65 ± 0.04 respectively. The constant K obtained for Paracetamol, Ascorbic acid and Metronidazole in relation to Griseofulvin were 0.3824 ± 0.0077, 0.3317 ± 0.0048 and 1.0902 ± 0.0067 in that order. The isocratic LC analysis for Cetirizine hydrochloride was performed on C18 Phenomenex column (250 x 4.6mm) using mobile phase composed of methanol and sodium acetate buffer of pH 4.2 in a ratio of 60: 40 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min with a UV detector set at 235nm. The mean retention times in minutes were 4.57 ± 0.06, 1.73 ± 0.05, 1.52 ± 0.04 and1.84 ± 0.04 for Cetirizine hydrochloride, Paracetamol, Ascorbic acid and Metronidazole respectively. The constant K obtained for Paracetamol, Ascorbic acid and Metronidazole in relation to Cetirizine hydrochloride were 0.3530 ± 0.0100, 0.3735 ± 0.0103, 0.4929 ± 0.0109 respectively. The analytical methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The methods showed linearity over the working range. The coefficient of variation for repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 2%. The methods were applied to commercial preparations. Statistical comparison of the v outcome and that from standard methods revealed that the methods can be used for routine analysis of Griseofulvin and Cetirizine hydrochloride since they were comparable

Source: KNUST
The Use of Surrogate Reference Standards in Quantitative HPLC

The possibilities of using surrogate reference standards in quantitative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been explored. A quantitative reverse phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method has been developed to determine a constant, K with a surrogate reference that makes it possible to analyse prednisolone in a formulation in the absence of pure prednisolone as reference. Indometacin, Naproxen and Piroxicam were considered as surrogate reference standards. The chromatographic apparatus consisted of Shimadzu LC-6A Liquid Chromatograph-pump, Hichrom H5ODS column, Applied Biosystems 783 programmable Absorbance UV detector at 254nm and Shimadzu CR501 Chromatopac-Integrator as a recorder. Elution was isocratic with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) in a ratio 1:1. The mean retention times for both drug and surrogates were; prednisolone: (4.30 ± 0.7 min), indometacin: (9.79 ± 0.3 min), naproxen: (2.25 ± 0.6 min) and piroxicam: (1.26 ± 0.3 min). The average K constant obtained for the surrogate reference standards were, Indometacin: 1.8323, Naproxen: 1.6925 and Piroxicam: 1.3550. These constants were used in the analysis of four samples of prednisolone tablets. The percentage content obtained for each sample was then compared with that obtained using the BP 2007 method. The results showed that the surrogate reference standard can be used for the analysis of prednisolone without the use of pure prednisolone powder as reference.

Source: KNUST
Use of Surrogate Reference Standards in Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Tablet and Infusion

In the search for an alternative means of analyzing Ciprofloxacin tablet and infusion, a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed. This procedure involved the use of Benzoic acid and Salicylic acid as surrogate reference standards. The assay of Ciprofloxacin tablet and infusion employed a C-18 phenomenex 300 x 3.9mm reverse phase column with an isocratic mixture of methanol: water: phosphate buffer ,of pH-3 ,(50:45:5) at a flow rate of 1.5ml/min. The analysis was carried out at a wavelength of 239nm to provide good separation and intensity of the peaks for each compound. The mean retention times of Ciprofloxacin, Benzoic acid and Salicylic acid were 2.68±0.20, 4.44±0.15 and 4.69±0.15 minutes. When Benzoic acid was used as a surrogate standard the constant K obtained was 0.3921±0.008, with percentage contents of 99.99±0.53, 95.90±0.48, 97.85±0.62, 99.06±0.64 and 96.79±0.62 for the five brands of Ciprofloxacin tablets. Similarly when Salicylic acid was employed as a surrogate reference standard the k value obtained was 0.4602±0.010 yielding percentage contents of 100.35±0.34, 96.90±0.19, 96.50±0.27, 97.81±0.50 and 95.83±0.68 for the different brands of tablets. In the assay of the Ciprofloxacin infusions using Benzoic acid as surrogate standard percentage contents of 96.89±0.53, 100.17±0.68, 95.58±0.37 and 95.60±0.38 were obtained whereas salicylic acid as surrogate standard gave 96.64±0.58, 100.04±0.52, 96.54±0.36 and 97.37 ±0.29. The results obtained from the developed method were statistically comparable with the standard method except for two brands. The method showed adequate precision, with relative standard deviations less than 2% in each case. The method developed in this study was robust and linear within the working range and could be used for the quantitative analyses of Ciprofloxacin tablets and infusions.

Source: KNUST
The use of surrogate reference standards in quantitative rp-hplc for the analysis of multicompnent formulations: a case of Artemether and Lumefantrine

A simple, rapid isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed for the quantitative analysis of Artemether and Lumefantrine using Diclofenac and Ibuprofen as surrogate reference standards. The assay of Artemether and Lumefantrine was done by the use of a surrogate constant calculated for each surrogate in relation to the particular analyte of interest. The analysis was performed on a Kromasil C-18 (4.6 x 250 mm) 5µm column using a mobile phase composition of methanol and acetate buffer (pH 2.8) in a ratio of 85:15 (v/v). An isocratic mode of elution was employed using a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a UV wavelength of detection at 230 nm. The mean retention times in minutes obtained for Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Artemether and Lumefantrine were 4.60 ± 0.031, 5.08 ± 0.017,7.48 ± 0.056 and 8.63 ± 0.028 minutes respectively. The surrogate constant obtained for Diclofenac and Ibuprofen when used as surrogate for Artemether were 0.007637 ± 0.00045 and 0.02477 ± 0.00074 respectively. The surrogate constant obtained for Diclofenac and Ibuprofen when used as surrogate for Lumefantrine were 2.919989 ± 0.1847 and 10.513 ± 0.3051 respectively. The effect of concentration on the surrogate constant was investigated and concentration ratio limits were specified for each surrogate. Percentage contents obtained for the four commercial brands of tablets AL 1, AL 2, AL 3 and AL 4 using Diclofenac as surrogate for Artemether were 96.76 ± 0.7132, 97.92 ± 0.7186, 98.16 ± 0.6411 and 96.26 ± 0.9900 respectively while percentage contents of 105.47 ± 0.6044, 103.45 ± 0.8272, 102.62 ± 0.6251 and 104.77 ± 0.3760 respectively were obtained for Lumefantrine using the same surrogate. Percentage contents obtained for the four commercial brands AL 1, AL 2, AL 3 and AL 4 using Ibuprofen as surrogate for Artemether were 98.81 ± 0.9661, 97.83 ± 0.6382, 98.64 ± 1.2596 and 97.03 ± 0.5989 respectively while percentage contents of 104.12 ± 0.8054, 102.42 ± 0.9090, 101.99 ± 0.4496 and 103.79 ± 0.5443 respectively were obtained for Lumefantrine using the same surrogate. The method was validated in accordance to the ICH guidelines and was shown to have acceptable levels of accuracy, precision, robustness, linearity over the given concentration range and sensitivity for Artemether and Lumefantrine using Diclofenac and Ibuprofen as surrogate reference standards. The results obtained for the assay of Artemether/Lumefantrine tablets using the developed method showed no statistical difference when compared to results obtained for the same brands assayed with the standard method in the International Pharmacopeia.

Source: KNUST
The use of the arts as a tool for teaching science at the Oforikrom M/A Junior High School

This research work was an action research carried out based on three focal objectives. These objectives are as follows: 1), to distinguish and to demonstrate the interrelationship between science and art, 2), to develop a strategy for art as an integral element in teaching science and 3), to examine and analyze the use of art as an instrument for teaching science. Qualitative research method was employed to gather extensive data on the use of the arts to teach science at the Oforikrom M/A Junior High School in Kumasi. The researcher adopted the convenience sampling technique for the purpose of selecting the sample for the action research carried out. Interviews, questionnaire and observation methods were the instruments used to gather data. The researcher deliberately controlled and manipulated the conditions which determined the teaching activities and events of direct relevance to the research and to introduce an intervention and also measure the difference that it made. The researcher used art activities in a controlled teaching situation, to teach some topics in one class while normal teaching strategies were adopted in the other class but without art activities. In the end, both classes wrote the same test to enable the researcher check the impact of use of the art in teaching. The hands-on activities which make children remember what they learn were employed in teaching. The study revealed that the intervention lesson which were activity-oriented, hands-on lessons allow children who have difficulty in expressing themselves freely verbally to express and to demonstrate their understanding of the concepts taught. It also revealed that the lecture method of teaching an integrated science lesson at the Junior High School level does not help the children to enjoy and to understand what is taught them. It rather makes lessons dull, boring and puts children to sleep. It is recommended that teachers should vary their methods of teaching integrated science and adopt more child- centered lessons such as hands-on activities and visually oriented materials to ensure that their students’ different abilities are catered for. It is also recommended that Science Resource Centres as well as Art and Science Museums should be provided at the basic levels of education in the various sub-metro and district offices of education in Ghana to make children develop interest in science at an early age.

Source: KNUST
The use of traditional Ghanaian graphic symbols by contemporary Ghanaian artists - case study in Kumasi

It seems to me that writers on African Art have not paid particular attention to graphic symbols. They have rather done so about sculpture, pottery and other art forms. It also seems there is no documentation on the contemporary use of traditional Ghanaian graphic symbols in Ghana. Therefore this thesis seeks to find out how traditional Ghanaian graphic symbols have been applied to different art works by contemporary Ghanaian artists. This thesis documents the use of traditional Ghanaian graphic symbols by some selected Ghanaian artists residing in Kumasi and briefly discusses how these symbols have been used in contemporary art. The thesis has been divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses a general view of symbols namely what they are, how and why they are made and how they are generally being utilized. Chapter Two deals with traditional Ghanaian graphic symbols and their traditional significance; This chapter discusses the traditional significance of certain lines, shapes and patterns, colours, linguist staff tops, as well as stools. Chapter Three which is the main part of the thesis deals with the use of traditional Ghanaian graphic symbols by a selected number of Ghanaian artists residing in Kumasi These artists have been divided into two namely: the academically-trained and the unacademically-trained- most of whom did not learn their art through the disciplines of academic training but from relatives or friends. Finally, a general observation gathered from facts obtained through the research as well as from interviews held with the artists is stated. A few suggestions are also made on how traditional symbols can be preserved in Ghana. The research reveals that the traditional significance of most of the Ghanaian graphic symbols is unknown to the public including some artists. Thus they are sometimes used indiscriminately in works of art.

Source: KNUST
Use of thermotherapy and tissue culture to free diseased cassava cultivars from cassava mosaic disease.

Four(4)field-infected local cassava (Manihot esculent Crantz) cultivars "Afisiafi", "Amakuma","UCC-Bankye" and "Esi-Abaya", showing differential symptoms of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) disease on leaves were assessed for index of severity of symptoms (ISS) for the presence of the disease on shoots to determine their infection status....

Source: KNUST
Use of thermotherapy and tissue culture to free diseased cassava cultivars from cassava mosaic disease.

Four (4) field-infected local cassava (Manihot esculent Crantz) cultivars “Afisiafi”, “Amakuma”, “UCC-Bankye” and “Esi-Abaya”, showing differential symptoms of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) disease on leaves were assessed for index of severity of symptoms (ISS) for the presence of the disease on shoots to determine their infection status. Different sizes of meristem explants ( 0.2-1.0mm, 1.0-2.0mm and 2.0-3.0mm) were excised from developing shoots of each of the four accessions grown at 37°C for four weeks and cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog ( 1962) basal medium supplemented with 100mgl-1 Inositol, 30g of sucrose and 3.5g of phytagel. DNA extracts of leaves of emergent shoots from heat-treated plants were also tested for presence of ACMV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers designed previously to detect ACMV. Mosaic disease incidence and severity of symptoms were highest (100%) on leaves of plants from “Esi-Abaya” and “Amakuma”, while “Afisiafi” and “UCC-Bankye” showed comparatively less disease incidence of 85 and 80% respectively. Similarly, the index of severity of symptoms on all plants (ISSAP) and diseased plants only (ISSDP) were significantly higher (3.30) on leaves of “Esi-Abaya” and least (2.0) on the leaves of “UCC-Bankye”. The leaves of “Amakuma” obtained from cuttings without heat treatment showed mild symptoms of the disease when assessed by index for severity of symptom (ISS). In contrast, leaves from thermotherapy treated shoots were all free of the symptoms of the disease on all the four cultivars. The medium and large explant sizes (1.0-2.0mm and 2.0-3.0mm) showed the highest survival rate, developing into virus-free plantlets in all the cultivars studied. Also, PCR analysis did not reveal any ACMV symptom in leaves of thermotherapy treated shoots regenerated in vitro from the different explant sizes used, while in vivo shoots without thermotherapy showed presence of the virus by amplification of the 3 primer pairs used for the evaluation.

Source: KNUST
The use of various crops fro preparing silage in three types of silos to feed livestock during the dry season in Ghana

In Experiment I silages were prepared from maize, sorghum and guinea grass in concrete culvert, steel drum and polyethylene bag silos. The ensuing materials were compacted by trampling. Molasses was added to the guinea grass fresh forage at the rate of 45.40 Kg molasses per 908 Kg of fresh forage. All the maize silages spoiled. The causes of the spoilage losses in all types of silos and every type of forage have been discussed. Guinea grass and sorghum silages were fed to young bulls. There was no significant difference between the consumption of sorghum and guinea grass silages. There was no significant difference between the consumption of silages in the different types of silos. In Experiment II, silages were prepared from a mixture of grasses as well as maize. Molasses was added to the mixed grasses. The silages were fed to dairy cows to determine palatability. There was a significant difference at both 5 and 1 levels between the consumption of mixed grasses and the maize silages. The possible reasons for the causes of the greater consumption of maize silages than that of grass silages have been discussed. It was found that concrete culvert silos were the mot economical followed by polyethylene bags and steel drums.

Source: KNUST