ghanaopendata/ghanaian-research-english huggingface dataset:
Novel solid-state fermentation extraction of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid from heilong48 soybean using Lactobacillus helviticus: Parametric screening and optimization

This study investigated the extraction of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) with increased yield and enhanced antioxidant activity from heilong48 soybean (HS) under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Plackett�Burman design and Box-Behnken design were sequentially used for screening and optimization of significant SSF conditions respectively. Screening results showed that temperature, pH, incubation time and liquid-solid ratio were the significant SSF conditions that influenced 5-CQA yield, fermentation efficiency and antioxidant activity. The optimum SSF conditions obtained by Box-Behnken design were 49.90 �C (temperature), 7.00 (pH), 25.81 h (incubation time) and 0.67 (liquid-solid ratio). For these conditions, the experimental data obtained [5-CQA yield (11.41 � 0.27 mg/g), fermentation efficiency (30.49 � 1.14%), and antioxidant activity (46.13 � 1.94 ?mol AA eq/g dry sample)] were consistent with predicted values, higher than that of unfermented HS flour (RSHF), and supported by Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructure. The results demonstrated that optimized SSF conditions significantly influenced 5-CQA yield, fermentation efficiency and antioxidant activity. This study showed that the use of optimized SSF conditions to extract 5-CQA with increased yield and enhanced antioxidant activity was efficient. Hence, this could be useful to the food and/or pharmaceutical industry in producing 5-CQA from HS. � 2021

Source: UEW
Nsakrae a aba akwamufo ayiyɛ mu

Nhwehwԑmu yi fa Akwamufo ayiyɛ ho ne nsakrae a aba mu. Nea enti a meyɛɛ saa nhwehwɛmu yi ne sɛ mɛboa Akanfo na wɔahu nsakrae ahorow a aba Akwamufo ayiyɛ mu. Nhwehwɛmu yi mu na makyerɛ nsakrae a aba amu asiesie mu, ne deda, nnawɔtwe da a abusua di, fundaka ahorow, ayiase afade ne wɔn a wɔsoa fundaka mu. Afei makyerɛ nsakrae a aba kunayɛ mu, agoru a abusua fa wɔn, aduan ne nsa a wɔde som ahɔhow. Midii me dwuma no wɔ Apuei Mantam na mede nkurow ahorow anum a ɛyɛ Akwamufie, Gyakiti, Nnudu, Aboasa ne Akrade na ɛyɛe. Nea ɛboaa me ma mitumi dii dwuma yi ne sɛ, mede nkɔmmɔtwetwe, mfonitwa ne ahwɛe na ɛyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu yi. Mitwitwaa mfoni ahorow wɔ ayi a mekɔɔ ase. Mankyerɛw me nsɛmmisa no angu krataa so mmom mekɔɔ nhwehwɛmufo no nkyɛn ne wɔn kɔtwetwee nkɔmmɔ sɛnea ɛbɛboa me na metumi anya nea merehwehwɛ yiye. Nhwehwɛmu yi daa no adi sɛ, nsakrae ahorow bebree na aba Akwamufo ayiyɛ mu efi da a onipa no bewu kɔpem sɛ abusuafo besie no. Ne korakora no, nhwehwɛmu yi de nsunsuanso (papa ne bɔne) a nsakrae a aba wɔ Akwamufo ayiyɛ mu no de aba ne nea daakye biara misusuw sɛ ebetumi asi no de to gua. Dwuma no awiei no de to dwa sɛ, ɛtwa sɛ ɔmanfoɔ hwɛ nsakrae a aba no yie na aboa yɛn ama yɛatumi asi nsunsuanso bɔne no ano kwan na yɛde nsunsuanso pa no nso di dwuma

Source: UEW
Nsunsuanso a Sarkodie kasahare Nnwom nya wɔ Atiefo so.

Dwumadi yi yɛ kwalitetif nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa ɔnwontoni Sarkodie kasahare nwom binom ho mpɛnsɛmpɛnsɛnmu. Dwumadi yi ahwɛ nsunsuanso a kasahare nnwom no nya wɔ atiefo so. Migyinaa nsɛmtiban ne kasasu ahorow a ɛda adi wɔ kasahare nnwom ahorow du a mede yɛɛ me nhwehwɛmu no so hwɛɛ nsunsuanso pa a Sarkodie kasahare nnwom no nya wɔ atiefo so. Dwuma yi gyinaa Iser (1978) Ɔkenkanfo-Adwenkyerɛ Nnyinasosɛm so gyee akenkanfo anaa atiefo no adwenkyerɛ fa nsɛm a Sarkodie de di dwuma wɔ ne nnwom ahorow du a mede yɛɛ me nhwehwɛmu no so. Nhwehwεmu yi de Praemari ne Sɛkɛndri nsɛmmoano nyinaa dii dwuma. Afei, migyinaa nhwehwεmu yi botae so de nyiyimu kwan a egyina botae so paw nnwom du a mede dii dwuma no, beae a meyɛɛ me nhwehwɛmu no ne nnipa a mede wɔn dii me dwuma no. Nhwehwɛmu no mu nsunsuanso de too gua sɛ nsɛmtiban binom a epue wɔ Sarkodie kasahare nnwom no mu bi ne bɔnefakyɛ, ɔdɔ, nwetaaso, anibere, anisɔ, kɛtɛasehyɛ, guasohantan ne ade. Kasasu bi nso te sɛ nnyegyei koro ntimu, ntimu, nnyinahɔma, sɛ-nipa, ɛbɛ, kasakoa ne ampɛ-mmuae nsɛmmisa yɛ kasasu ahorow bi a ɛda adi wɔ nnwom du a mede yɛɛ me nhwehwɛmu yi. Nsunsuanso bi nso a ɛnam nsɛmtiban ne kasasu ahorow yi so ba atiefo no so bi ne nkuranhyɛ, afutusɛm, nkanyan, adwenkyerɛ ne adesrɛ. Nhwehwɛmu yi mu nsunsuanso da no adi sɛ kasahare nnwom no nyɛ ahuhunwom sɛnea animdefo binom susuw no. Mmom, ɛwɔ nsunsuanso pa a sɛ atiefo nya ntoboase tie a enya wɔ wɔn so.

Source: UEW
Ns}mfua ne kasa mmara nhwehw}mu a }fa Asantefo{ Nkra ne Nkraman din ho

{twer]fo[ no botae] ne s] [b]hwehw] nkyer]ease] ahodo[ a Asantefo[ de ma edin a w[de toto w[n ny]mmoa (nkra ne nkraman) ne edin no nhyehy]e] w[ m[f[-sentase kwan so. Me ne nnipa aduosia (60) a w[firi Asante Kumase, Asante Damp[n ne Asante B[mpata nkuro so na ]dii me dwuma no. Kuro baako biara mu no mefaa nnipa aduonu (20) a w[n mu biara w[ nkra, nkraman anaa ny]mmoa mmienu no nyinaa bi a saa ny]mmoa no w[ edin ne ne nkyer]ase]. Menyaa ny]mmoa din no [ha aduosia (160), ]mu aduasa (30) y] nkra na ]mu [ha aduasa (130) nso y] nkraman. Nhwehw]mu no daa no adi s] edin a ny]mmoa wuranom de toto w[n mmoa no nkyer]ase] no bi kyer] akotiab[, w[n gyedie, suban, awo[, owuo, abusua mu ns]m, tebea a obi w[ mu ne de] ]keka ho. M[f[l[gyi nhyehy]e] mu no nso ]daa adi s] ny]mmoa edin no bi y] as]mfua baako a ]tumi nya m[[fem baako anaa de] ]boro saa. Edin no bi nso y] ns]mfua mm[ho a ]tumi y] edin + edin, edin + edin nkyer]kyer]mu, edin + [kyer]fo[, adey] + edin, ne de] ]keka ho. Edin no bi nso y] nkakuho. Sentase nhyehy]e] mu no, ]daa adi s] ny]mmoa din no dodo[ ara y] [kasamu tiawa ne kuntann. {kasamu tiawa no nso din no tumi di dwuma s] as]nka, [hy] anaa as]mmisa. Me dwumadie yi b]y] ntoso[ ne adesua ama nhwehw]mufo[, adesuafo[, akyer]kyer]fo[, Akanfo[ ne obiara a n’ani gye dwuma a ]tete saa ho.

Source: UEW
Nsɛdie ne nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda adi wɔ Amakye Dede ne Nana Tuffour haelaefo nnwom no bi mu mpɛnsɛmpɛnsɛm.

Dwumadie yi pɛnsɛmpɛnsɛm nsɛdie ne nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda adi wɔ Amakye Dede ne Nana Tuffour haelaefo nnwom no bi mu. Dwumadie yi botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛhwɛɛ nsɛntitire a ɛda adi wɔ Amakye Dede ne Nana Tuffour haelaefo nnwom no bi mu, kasasuo a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ wɔn nnwom no bi mu ne nsɛdie ne nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda adi wɔ wɔn adeyɛ su mu. Nsɛmmuafoɔ du na mede wɔn dii dwuma no. Nnipa dodoɔ a mede wɔn dii dwuma no mu nson yɛ mmarima ɛnna emu mmiɛnsa yɛ mmaa. Beaeɛ pɔtee a dwumadie yi kɔɔ so yɛ Asante Akyem Agogo ne Kumase Krofrom a ne nyinaa wɔ Asante Mantam mu. Mede Amakye Dede nnwom num ne Nana Tuffour nnwom num ne emu nsɛmmoano ahodoɔ na megyinaa so yɛɛ mpɛnsɛmpɛnsɛmu no. Mede Amammerɛ mu Afrafra (Cuitural Hybridity) adwenemusɛm na ɛdii dwuma yi. Owuo mmɔ nkaeɛ, ohia ne owuo sɛe abusua yɛ nsɛntitire a ɛdi nsɛ wɔ annwontofoɔ baanu no nnwom bi mu. Batatuo mu ɔhaw ne akwanhyia, awaregyaeɛ nnyɛ, anigyina, mmɔfrabɔnesɛm, bɔne fakyɛ, huammɔdie, nsiyɛ, ɔdɔ yɛ ade kɛseɛ ne ahofama ne nokorɛdie yɛ nsɛntitire bi a ɛbɔ abira wɔ annwontofoɔ baanu no nnwom no bi mu. Kasasu a ɛbɔ abira wɔ wɔn nnwom bi mu nso ne mmrane, nsawɔsoɔ, kasammrani, abirabɔ, anihanehane ne nsɛngorɔ. Kasasu a ɛdi nsɛ bi wɔ annwontofoɔ baanu no nnwom no bi mu ne nteamu, ntimu, sɛ-nipa, ntotohosɛm, nnyinahɔma, ampɛ-mmuaeɛ asɛmmisa, nnyegyeeɛ ne ɛnne nsisisoɔ. Ɛda adi sɛ annwontofoɔ baanu no adeyɛ su a ɛdi nsɛ ne sɛ, wɔde Afrobiiti (Afrobeat), ahoma nsia a wɔde bɔ mɛlɔdi sononko, tete ne abɛɛfo nnwenadeɛ a adi afra di wɔn dwuma wɔ haelaefo nnwom mu. Nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda adi wɔ wɔn nnwontoɔ adeyɛ su mu nso ne sɛ, Amakye Dede ɛnne a ɔde to nnwom mu yɛ duru ɛnna Nana Tuffour deɛ nso mu yɛ fakaa. Amakye Dede nnwom tɛmpo kɔ ntɛmntɛm ɛnna Nana Tuffour deɛ kɔ bɔkɔɔ. Afei mesusu sɛ, ɛwɔ sɛ asuafoɔ a wɔwɔ suapɔn mu bɛyɛ haelaefo nnwom ho nhwehwɛmu akɔ akyire na wɔatumi atintim nwoma ahodoɔ pii ama nkyirimma anya bi akenkan de apagye wɔn nimdeɛ wɔ nnwontoɔ mu daakye.

Source: UEW
Nsɛntsitsir na kasasu a ɔda edzi wɔ paapa Yankson ne haelaefo ndwom binom mu

Nhwehwεmu yi no botae nye dε ͻtwe adwen si nsɛntsitsir na kasasu a ͻda edzi wͻ Paapa Yankson ne haelaefo ndwom binom mu. Nhwehwεmu yi nam nyiyimu kwan a ogyina botae do, paaw Paapa Yankson no ndwom enum dzii dwuma no. Nhwehwԑmu yi ammfa adwenmusɛm biara enndzi dwuma wɔ ne mpԑnsampԑnsamu mu. Mbom ndwom no mu nsԑm mpԑnsampԑnsamu noara aboa ada nsɛntsitsir na kasasu a ͻda edzi wͻ Paapa Yankson ne haelaefo ndwom enum mu no edzi. Nsɛntsitsir a ɔdaa edzi no nye ahwԑyie, nyaatwom, mboa, ɔdɔ, asomdwee, ɔtan hun, pɛsɛankonya, awar na enyigye. Kasasu a ɔdaa edzi wɔ ndwom enum no mpɛnsampɛnsamu no nye sɛ nyimpa, ammpε-mbuae asεmbisa, ngyinahɔma, enyihaahaa, nsawɔdo, nsido, enyido ebirabɔtsia, ɔfamamua na enyido-ebirabɔsԑm. Nsɛntsitsir na kasasu a ɔdaa edzi wɔ mpԑnsampԑnsamu no mu no nyinara dze nsԑm a ɔfa nyimpa n’abrabɔ ho to gua kyerɛ etsiefo.

Source: UEW
Ntotoho nhwehw{mu a {fa mmarimay{ ho w} ahw{gor} nwoma nkabom 1 ne antigone mu

Saa kwalitetif dwumadie yi y[ ntotoho nhwehw[mu a [fa s[de[ w]ada mmarima adi w] ahw[gor] nwoma ‘Nkabom 1’ ne ‘Antigone’ mu. Osei Kwadwo ne Sophocles a w]ne ahw[gor] nwoma mmienu yi atwer[fo] no nam asis[m ahoho] a [w] nwoma no mu so da esu, nney]e[, as[de[ ne dwumadie ahodo] a amammer[ ne amanne[ gye to mu ne de[ w]nnye nto mu fa mmarimay[ ho. Afei [p[ns[mp[ns[m sukor] ahodo] a [nam amammer[ so aba asetena na ab[fam mmarimay[ ho a [de asetena mu ]hy[ ne konnua bi ab[nyan mmarima k]n. {san de hann to ns[die ne nsonsonoe[ a [w] mmarimay[ mu w] s[de[ [da adi w] ahw[gor] nwoma mmienu yi mu. Dwumadie yi nyinaa mu no, nhwehw[muni no nam akenkans[m mp[ns[mp[ns[mu so na ]de yiyii agor]mma anoms[m ahodo] a ]de y[[ ne ns[mmoano de p[ns[mp[ns[m mmarimay[ mu. Anoms[m aduonum a [mu aduasa firi ‘Nkabom 1’ mu, na aduonu nso firi ‘Antigone’ mu na ]gyinaa so y[[ mp[ns[mp[ns[mu no. Nhwehw[muni no boaboaa anoms[m ahodo] no ano ns[mp]ns[mp]. Ns[mp] ahodo] a dwumadie yi dii ho dwuma no ne; Mmarimay[ ne akoko]duro, ak]nhomab], amany[s[m, akodie, nky[nso] su, awaredodo], mmaa ho d], ehu, amammer[ ne anyame mu gyidie, dingye[, ]man ho d] ne af]reb], atirimu]den, nkwa a w]de to asiane mu ne mmaa mmarimay[.S[ [k]ba no s[ ]barima bi antumi annuru de[ nnipakuo no susuo na w]hwehw[ firi ne h] no ho a, [b[y[ animtiabuo de ma no, na afei [ma]nii no barimay[ t] sini w] nnipakuo no mu. Nsunsuanso] titire a dwumadie

Source: UEW
Numerical analysis of crankshaft used on Tvs Deluxe Auto-Rickshaw(Pragya)

This study was motivated by the need for numerical analysis of crankshaft used on TVS Deluxe Auto-Rickshaw (Pragya)to determine the structural deformation it goes through under load. A crankshaft can be called the heart of every internal combustion engine because of the vital role it places in an engine. The main function of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocating motion of the connecting rod into rotary motion of the flywheel. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the possibility of using structural steel to model a TVSDeluxe Auto-Rickshaw(Pragya) crankshaft for weight optimisation whiles maintaining strength of the crankshaft. The crankshaft was modelled using Autodesk inventor 2017 software based on computed dimensions. The modelled crankshaft was imported onto the ANSYS Workbench observing boundary conditions. Static structural and modal analysis was performed on the crankshaft using both the control and implementing materialsto ascertain the suitability or otherwise of the implementing material. The result showed that, the weights of crankshafts made of the controlled materials (mild steel and forged steel) were the same, while the weight of the implementing material (structural steel) was 82.6g less than that of the controlled materials. Structural steel can be considered as one of the materials for TVS king tricycle (Pragya) crankshaft. Numerical results showed that structural steel can withstand the induced stresses and was also lighter in weight as compared to the controlled materials. Therefore, it is recommended that structural steel must be used as one of the materials for TVS king tricycle (Pragya) crankshaft. Simulated results showed that it can withstand the induced stresses, and also lighter in weight as compared to the control materials

Source: UEW
Numerical modeling of the spatial scheme of monolithic multi-storey building

The use of monolithic construction in building high-rise residential buildings in most cities have gained wide spread acceptance by scholars and practitioners in the building construction industry. The complexity of calculation of high-rise building requires search for better methodological approaches to construct such long lasting high-rise buildings. For this reason, technological advancement has made it possible to use Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software package to design and undertake structural calculations. The purpose of this research is to make computer modeling study of elastic and firm base multi-storey buildings and conduct feasibility studies of applying their computational schemes. The research design was exploratory and made use of Complex Program (CP) Lira to design and calculate 18-storey residential buildings with basement. The results indicate that displacement for the model with elastic base foundation exceeded the model with rigid base foundation; the compressive stress for model with elastic base foundation also exceeded the model with rigid base foundation while the tensile stress for model with elastic base foundation was less than the model with rigid base foundation. It could therefore be concluded that the design model with elastic foundation could affect the deformation state of multi-storey buildings. � Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.

Source: UEW
Nutrition and the health status of the elderly in Ateitu and Winneba Zongo Communities in the Effutu Municipality

The study sought to examine the nutritional practices and the health of the elderly in Ateitu and Winneba Zongo Communities in the Effutu Municipality. A sample of 100 elderly persons was selected for the study using the snowball sampling technique. Questionnaire, focus group discussion and observations were the instruments used in data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows, version 16 was used in the data analysis. Responses from respondents were converted into frequencies and percentages for analysis to establish the extent to which the elderly in the area of study, take their meals and the effects on these meals on their health status. The main findings were that elderly citizens of Atietu and Winneba Zongo communities in the Effutu Municipality took breakfast and supper regularly and that about 4% of them did not take lunch mainly for financial reasons. Breakfast and supper were usually taken fresh while lunch usually consisted of pre - heated food. The elderly citizen of Atietu and Winneba Zongo communities had indigenous knowledge about nutrition and the relationship between the food they took and their health. For that reason, they made adequate provision of nutritious diet in their homes thus reducing the occurrence of diet related ailments among them. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended among others that the Department of Home Economics Education, UEW, undertake an outreach or public education programme from time to time in this neighborhoods to sensitize the people, not only the elderly, on their diet, especially on the need to eat balanced diet and also to avoid overheating. The few elderly that did not eat regularly must be encouraged to eat thrice daily.

Source: UEW
Nutrition knowledge and dietary practices among athletes in Colleges of Education in the Volta region of Ghana.

Nutrition knowledge and dietary practices are tools for improving athletic performance, fostering recovery, and promoting overall health. Although, it is prudent for athletes to make informed food choices before, during and after training or competition, nutrition knowledge and dietary practices of student athletes have been understudied. The study assessed nutrition knowledge and dietary practices among athletes in Colleges of Education in the Volta Region of Ghana. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design. The population consisted of a total of 330 athletes where a census technique was used for the study. Data was collected using questionnaire. The study revealed high level of nutrition knowledge among participants (N=277, 100%). Majority of the participants always ate breakfast, drank water, and occasionally consumed fruits. Cost, time, and family feeding influenced dietary practices among majority of the participants. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference (p =.359) in dietary practices among male and female participants. The study concluded that cost, time, and family feeding influences dietary practices among participants. Therefore, it has been recommended that management in Colleges of Education should put in measures to help athletes deal with these concerns throughout their nutritional practices.

Source: UEW
Nutritional composition of watermelon seeds

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) a fruit crop, is herbaceous creeping plant belonging to the family Cucurbitaceous. It is mainly propagated by seeds and thrives best in warm areas. It can be grown along the coastal areas of Ghana, the forest zone and especially along riverbeds in the Northern Savannah areas. Watermelon is a highly purchased fruit because of its highly nutritious nature, and it thirst quenching ability. Watermelon is purchased on the daily by consumers, the seeds of these watermelon is just thrown away and tossed in the trash can leading to high wastage of these seeds in the country. The objectives of this study is to determine the proximate composition of watermelon seeds and to determine some selected mineral composition of watermelon seeds. Two varieties of the watermelon seed were used; Sweet Baby and Karoka varieties. For the proximate analysis, the moisture content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude ash and fibre were determined. The minerals determined were Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium and Calcium. From the experimental results, it is possible to state that these seeds which were analyzed contained significant quantities of the various nutrients being analyzed. It was observed that for all the parameters measured, there was a statistical difference between the proximate and mineral composition for the two seed varieties except the Fat content which there was no statistical difference between the two varieties. Potassium was also found to be the highest mineral in the minerals investigated in this experiment with Potassium contents 33500.2±0.10 and 38100.6±0.10 for Sweet Baby and Karoka varieties respectively. The findings from this study showed that the watermelon seed varieties; Sweet baby and Karoka were good sources of various nutrients. These nutrients were present in high quantities.

Source: UEW
Nutritional knowledge of teenage

The study was conducted at Zenu community and its environs. It investigated the influence of nutritional knowledge of teenage mothers on the nutritional status of their children. The design for the study was a descriptive design. A total of 80 participants comprising 40 teenage mothers and 40 of their children aged 0 - 24 months were selected using purposive sampling techniques for the study. Questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82 and observation checklist were used for data collection. The quantitative data were analyzed descriptively via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and presented in tables as frequency counts, percentages, means, and standard deviation, whereas correlational analysis was used for the inferential statistics. The study revealed that the nutritional knowledge, food habits and choices of teenage mothers had a significant influence on the nutritional status of their children (p < .05). Sadly, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding was very low among teenage mothers. The study concluded that child (infant) malnutrition remains prevalent in Zenu community and its environs, and this was attributed to poverty and low level of nutritional knowledge among the teenage mothers. The study recommended that the Ghana Health Service in conjunction with the Ghana Education Service should intensify nutrition education and counselling in schools as well as during antenatal clinics (ANC). Nurses and midwives in the Zenu community and its environs should also intensify education on exclusive breastfeeding to expectant and nursing mothers during antenatal and post-natal visits as well as during public health education outreach programmes.

Source: UEW
Nutritional knowledge of waiters and chefs in selected restaurants in the Birim Central Municipality

Nutrition knowledge of waiters and chefs in restaurants is important for public health as number of meals consumers eat away from home is on the rise. The study aimed at assessing the nutritional knowledge of waiters and chefs in some selected restaurants in the Birim Central Municipality. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used for the study. The target population consisted of waiters, chefs and consumers of all the 50 licensed restaurants operating in Birim Central Municipality. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 169 waiters and 80 chefs from the various selected restaurants. Convenience sampling technique was used in selecting 278 customers. Questionnaire was developed to obtain the relevant information from the respondents. The study indicated the chefs and waiters at the various restaurants in Birim Central Municipality had knowledge on nutrition. The finding indicated that chefs and waiters perceived that good nutrition improves individual wellbeing, helps growth and manage a healthy weight, and increase an individual’s energy level. The study discovered that there was a significant difference (t= 6.832, df=169, p=0.000 [p<0.05]) between knowledge on nutrition and gender of chefs and waiters. However, the mean difference between chefs and waiters knowledge on nutrition in different age group shows no significant association value (F(df)=1.743, p=0.083>0.05). Also, a significant difference was found between the educational level of chefs and waiters on their knowledge of nutrition (F(df)=2.735 , P=0.005<0.01). The study concluded that the nutritional knowledge of chefs and waiters have effect on consumers patronage of the restaurant. It was recommended that the management of the restaurants should work together with the chefs and waiters to find innovative ways to improve chefs and waiter’s knowledge and attitude towards nutrition in order to convince the public on making healthful selections when eating out.

Source: UEW