ghanaopendata/ghanaian-research-english huggingface dataset:
Ethical Dimensions of Third-World Approaches to International Law (twail): A Critical Review

Third-World Approaches to International Law (twail) represents an intellectual movement devoted to exposing the injustices, imbalances and contradictions inherent in international law that work against the interests of the Third World, especially Africa. As a deconstructive tool, it seeks to question the assumptions and claims of neutrality, fairness and orderliness that law is supposed to embody and thereby decentre the garb of coloniality, hegemony, eurocentricity and universality that defines and dictates the discourse and praxis of international law, especially international economic law. As a reconstructive tool, twail has the underlying commitment of developing and embedding the democratic ethos and norms that should regulate relations within and between the so-called developing and developed worlds and thus provide a new way of understanding and practising international law. TWAILism therefore represents an attempt to promote and inject an ethical dimension into international law that will ensure a fair playing field for all actors. However, placing the discourse of TWAILism within a global ethics context for analysis has not been the direct concern and focus of TWAILers. The contribution of this article, therefore, is to immerse the discourse of TWAILism into a global ethics matrix with the goal of measuring the extent to which its substantive elements, goals and ambitions match up to a well-founded standards of global ethics; and to fill in the gaps by proposing a theory. The theory of community emancipation seeks to support the need for a global distributive justice approach to addressing the inequities and injustices plaguing the international order. © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Source: UG
Ethical Dimensions of Third-World Approaches to International Law (twail): A Critical Review

Third-World Approaches to International Law (twail) represents an intellectual movement devoted to exposing the injustices, imbalances and contradictions inherent in international law that work against the interests of the Third World, especially Africa. As a deconstructive tool, it seeks to question the assumptions and claims of neutrality, fairness and orderliness that law is supposed to embody and thereby decentre the garb of coloniality, hegemony, eurocentricity and universality that defines and dictates the discourse and praxis of international law, especially international economic law. As a reconstructive tool, twail has the underlying commitment of developing and embedding the democratic ethos and norms that should regulate relations within and between the so-called developing and developed worlds and thus provide a new way of understanding and practising international law. TWAILism therefore represents an attempt to promote and inject an ethical dimension into international law that will ensure a fair playing field for all actors. However, placing the discourse of TWAILism within a global ethics context for analysis has not been the direct concern and focus of TWAILers. The contribution of this article, therefore, is to immerse the discourse of TWAILism into a global ethics matrix with the goal of measuring the extent to which its substantive elements, goals and ambitions match up to a well-founded standards of global ethics; and to fill in the gaps by proposing a theory. The theory of community emancipation seeks to support the need for a global distributive justice approach to addressing the inequities and injustices plaguing the international order.

Source: UG
Ethical Misconduct Among Librarians In Selected Nursing Training Colleges In Ghana

Every profession is guided by ethical conduct to help maintain the status quo of the profession. This study focused on assessing the ethical misconduct among librarians in selected nursing and midwifery training colleges in Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative research technique. Four head librarians were chosen using a pur posive sampling approach each, from the three sectors demarcated by the researchers for the study. The findings from this study indicate that plagiarism is the most ethical misconduct librarians engage in, followed by violation of intellectual property rights and lack of access to information. The study also reveals that quick turnaround for searches, inadequate funds, ignorance of the code of ethics, and lack of education are the main causes of in formation ethical misconduct in librarianship. The study recommends that enough funding must be given to Nursing and Midwifery Training College (NMTC) libraries by management in order to equip them with the acquisition of legitimate materials to help curtail the violation of intellectual property rights and all other forms of ethical misconduct and dilemmas as a whole. Furthermore, the researchers propose that the Ghana Library Association which is the body responsible for librarians’ interests should revise the 2014 Library Code of Ethics and urgently hold a seminar/workshop to refresh members’ knowledge of the Code of Ethics.

Source: UG
Ethical tax decision-making: Evaluating the effects of organizational prestige valuations and tax accountants’ financial situation

This study investigates interactive influence of two dimensions of perceived organizational prestige (POP) on ethical decision-making (EDM). The study also examines moderating effect of the decision-maker’s financial situation on the POP-EDM relationship. A Survey data from 356 tax accountants in two public interest organizations were analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling. The study found that perceived external prestige (PEP) dimension of POP predicts EDM. Self-perceived prestige (SPP) dimension of prestige does not directly predict EDM but is a significant antecedent of PEP. Furthermore, decision-maker’s financial situation does not moderate PEP-EDM relationship. The paper holds implications for image-building policies for public-interest organizations. Towards improving EDM, the paper recommends for organizations to focus on PEP-enhancing programs. This paper is foremost in establishing POP-EDM relationship. Further, the paper contributes to social identity theory by examining the EDM effect of both social identity motivations and potential ethical pressures on tax practitioners.

Source: UG
Ethical, Regulatory and Market related aspects of Deploying Triple Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies for Malaria treatment in Africa: A study protocol.

Introduction: According to the World Malaria Report 2019, Africa accounts for 94% of the global malaria deaths. While malaria prevalence and mortality have declined over the years, recent reports suggest that these gains may stand the risk of being reversed if resistance to Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) spreads from Southeast Asia to Africa. Efforts are being made to develop new treatments that will address the looming threat of ACT resistance, including the development of triple artemisinin combination therapies (TACTs). The proposed study seeks to explore the views of stakeholders on the key ethical, regulatory and market-related issues that should be considered in the potential introduction of triple artemisinin combination therapies (TACTs) in Africa. Methods: The study employed qualitative research methods involving in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders, who will be directly affected by the potential deployment of triple artemisinin combination treatments, as regulators, suppliers and end-users. Participants will be purposively selected and will include national regulatory authorities, national malaria control programs, clinicians, distributors and retailers as well as community members in selected districts in Burkina Faso and Nigeria. Discussion: The proposed study is unique in being one of the first studies that seeks to understand the ethical, social, regulatory and market position issues prior to the development of a prospective antimalarial medicine.

Source: UG
Ethics and accounting education in a developing country: Exploratory evidence from the premier University in Ghana

Purpose – This chapter examines the extent to which ethical issues are integrated in accounting education at a university in a developing country. It also explores the perception of a broad spectrum of stakeholders on the need to integrate ethics into the accounting curriculum. Methodology/approach – The study adopts multiple data collection tools. Questionnaires were predominantly used to solicit information from students, faculty and alumni of University of Ghana Business School (UGBS) as well as accounting firms. There was a content analysis of the course outlines of the accounting major subjects. In addition, policy makers and a professional accountancy body were interviewed to obtain additional insights. Findings – The accounting course outlines reveal limited ethical issues; confirmed by majority of respondents that the level of ethics in accounting education is woefully inadequate. With regard to integrating ethics, there was consensus among stakeholders. Accounting firms argue that ethical issues are crucial to the practice of accountancy, thus the need for their integration into the curriculum. Moreover, the dearth of ethics in the curricula of universities in Ghana is attributed to the limited collaboration between academia and professionals. Research limitations – This study focused on only one university, and some aspects of ethics in accounting education; not examining the quality of ethics, how and at what level it must be taught, and therefore generalising the findings must be done cautiously. Practical implications – The varying stakeholders’ perceptions offer invaluable suggestions for managers and policy makers in developing the human resource for accountancy in Ghana and possibly, other developing countries. The need to reconsider ethics fully is overwhelming. Originality/value – This study is first of its kind in a developing country.

Source: UG
Ethics and curriculum design of accounting programmes in a developing country: a qualitative insight

The paper explores curriculum design and drivers of ethics in universities and professional accounting bodies in Ghana. Data were collected through individual face-to-face interviews. The study revealed that ethics in the curricula of universities and professional bodies are integrated within and across subjects and within all levels of programmes. Also, ethics is integrated using a combination of stand-alone, embedded and narrative approaches. Factors such as faculty initiative, industry demand, international benchmarking and modernisation are some of the drivers of ethics in the universities and the professional accounting bodies. Accounting educators need to understand the nature and drivers of ethics in the design of accounting curricula in order to improve the ethical practices of accounting graduates. The study is among the few that adopts an in-depth qualitative approach in highlighting the nature of ethics curriculum design for universities and professional bodies.

Source: UG
Ethics and electronic health information technology: Challenges for evidence-based medicine and the physician-patient relationship

OBJECTIVES: The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), and the National Identification Authority (NIA), pose ethical challenges to the physician-patient relationship due to interoperability. This paper explores (1) the national legislation on Electronic Health Information Technology (EHIT), (2) the ethics of information technology and public health and (3) the effect on the Physician-patient relationship. METHOD: This study consisted of systematic literature and internet review of the legislation, information technology, the national health insurance program, and the physician-patient relationship. RESULT: The result shows that (1) EHIT have eroded a big part of the confidentiality between the physician and patient; (2) The encroachment on privacy is an inevitable outcome of EHIT; (3) Legislation on privacy, the collection, storage and uses of electronic health information is needed and; (4) the nexus between EHIT, NHIS, NHA, Ethics, the physician-patient relationship and privacy. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the lack of protection for physician-patient relationship as medical practice transitions from the conventional to the modern, information technology driven domain.

Source: UG
Ethics education and accounting programmes in Ghana: does university ownership and affiliation status matter?

One very important remedy proposed for the wide-spread ethical failure of accountants in recent years is ethics education. Although ethics education has been variously explored in the literature, the nature of ethics education in accounting programmes and the factors that are associated with the integration of ethics education still remain largely unexplored, particularly in the context of developing countries and at university level of education. This study, therefore, ascertains the nature of ethics education and examines how two factors, namely the type of institution and the affiliation status of the institution, affect the structure and integration of ethics education in the accounting programmes of universities in Ghana. Drawing on primarily secondary data from twenty-seven (27) out of the thirty-four (34) universities in Ghana, results show that the content and structure employed in integrating ethics into accounting programmes are associated with the type of institution and the affiliation status of institutions.

Source: UG
The Ethics of International Bioethics Conferencing: Continuing the Conversation

Our article, “Proposed Principles for International Bioethics Conferencing: Anti-Discriminatory, Global and Inclusive,” urged a critical conversation with bioethicists around the globe on the ethics of international bioethics conferencing (Jecker et al., 2024). Focusing on site selection, we tentatively set forth seven principles: anti-discriminatory, international, green, fair-minded, leave no one behind, free exchange of ideas and epistemic justice. We appreciate the vigorous response our proposal generated and the overall recognition of the ethical importance of the topic. We are grateful to Van Der Graaf and colleagues, who were the first in the literature to pinpoint the need for sustained debate within bioethics on the ethics of ethics conferencing (Van Der Graaf et al., 2023). We cannot do justice to all the points colleagues raised across 15 separate commentaries. In this short response, we focus on objections and proposed addenda to the seven principles.

Source: UG
Ethics, Neuromarketing and Marketing Research With Children

This article describes how a new budding method opens up the avenue for debate to generate ideas and thoughts around its ethical grounding, especially with its application on children. This purpose should be addressed to ensure a pluralistic ethical approach to dealing with children as respondents in research. Relevant literature and theoretical findings on ethics, marketing research, neuromarketing and neuroethics as well as the most common and applied ethical policies are reviewed systematically and presented. Interspersed with this method is a comprehensive evaluation of current debates and cases on ethics and children. The use of research ethics regulatory and policy mechanisms and its harmonisation at different levels with other neuroethics codes could reduce unethical practices. Accordingly, the emphasis on children's protection (in terms of cognitive manipulations) with neuromarketing research should be paramount. The knowledge gained through this research should ideally facilitate the process of advancing ethical concerns to promote statutory policy in the light of neuromarketing techniques.

Source: UG
Ethics-sensitivity of the Ghana national integrated strategic response plan for pandemic influenza

Background Many commentators call for a more ethical approach to planning for influenza pandemics. In the developed world, some pandemic preparedness plans have already been examined from an ethical viewpoint. This paper assesses the attention given to ethics issues by the Ghana National Integrated Strategic Plan for Pandemic Influenza (NISPPI). Methods We critically analyzed the Ghana NISPPI’s sensitivity to ethics issues to determine how well it reflects ethical commitments and principles identified in our review of global pandemic preparedness literature, existing pandemic plans, and relevant ethics frameworks. Results This paper reveals that important ethical issues have not been addressed in the Ghana NISPPI. Several important ethical issues are unanticipated, unacknowledged, and unplanned for. These include guidelines on allocation of scarce resources, the duties of healthcare workers, ethics-sensitive operational guidelines/protocols, and compensation programs. The NISPPI also pays scant attention to use of vaccines and antivirals, border issues and cooperation with neighboring countries, justification for delineated actions, and outbreak simulations. Feedback and communication plans are nebulous, while leadership, coordination, and budgeting are quite detailed. With respect to presentation, the NISPPI’s text is organized around five thematic areas. While each area implicates ethical issues, NISPPI treatment of these areas consistently fails to address them. Conclusions Our analysis reveals a lack of consideration of ethics by the NISPPI. We contend that, while the plan’s content and fundamental assumptions provide support for implementation of the delineated public health actions, its consideration of ethical issues is poor. Deficiencies include a failure to incorporate guidelines that ensure fair distribution of scarce resources and a lack of justification for delineated procedures. Until these deficiencies are recognized and addressed, Ghana runs the risk of rolling out unjust and ethically indefensible actions with real negative effects in the event of a pandemic. Soliciting inputs from the public and consultation with ethicists during the next revision of the NISPPI will be useful in addressing these issues.

Source: UG
Ethics-sensitivity of the Ghana national integrated strategic response plan for pandemic influenza

Abstract Background Many commentators call for a more ethical approach to planning for influenza pandemics. In the developed world, some pandemic preparedness plans have already been examined from an ethical viewpoint. This paper assesses the attention given to ethics issues by the Ghana National Integrated Strategic Plan for Pandemic Influenza (NISPPI). Methods We critically analyzed the Ghana NISPPI’s sensitivity to ethics issues to determine how well it reflects ethical commitments and principles identified in our review of global pandemic preparedness literature, existing pandemic plans, and relevant ethics frameworks. Results This paper reveals that important ethical issues have not been addressed in the Ghana NISPPI. Several important ethical issues are unanticipated, unacknowledged, and unplanned for. These include guidelines on allocation of scarce resources, the duties of healthcare workers, ethics-sensitive operational guidelines/protocols, and compensation programs. The NISPPI also pays scant attention to use of vaccines and antivirals, border issues and cooperation with neighboring countries, justification for delineated actions, and outbreak simulations. Feedback and communication plans are nebulous, while leadership, coordination, and budgeting are quite detailed. With respect to presentation, the NISPPI’s text is organized around five thematic areas. While each area implicates ethical issues, NISPPI treatment of these areas consistently fails to address them. Conclusions Our analysis reveals a lack of consideration of ethics by the NISPPI. We contend that, while the plan’s content and fundamental assumptions provide support for implementation of the delineated public health actions, its consideration of ethical issues is poor. Deficiencies include a failure to incorporate guidelines that ensure fair distribution of scarce resources and a lack of justification for delineated procedures. Until these deficiencies are recognized and addressed, Ghana runs the risk of rolling out unjust and ethically indefensible actions with real negative effects in the event of a pandemic. Soliciting inputs from the public and consultation with ethicists during the next revision of the NISPPI will be useful in addressing these issues.

Source: UG
Ethics: Fair benefits for research in developing countries: Participants in the 2001 conference on ethical aspects of research in developing countries.

The Epidemiology Department contributes to the mission of the institute through basic and applied epidemiological research on, but not limited to, malaria and other diseases of public health importance. It is also home to the Social Science Unit of the Institute, including the Health Support Centre for HIV/AIDS and other communicable and noncommunicable health problems.

Source: UG
Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation

At the dawn of the twentieth century, men of light and leading both in Europe and in America had not yet made up their minds as to what place to assign to the spiritual aspirations of the black man; and the Nations were casting about for an answer to the wail which went up from the heart of the oppressed race for opportunity. And yet it was at best but an impotent cry. For there has never lived a people worth writing about who have not shaped out a destiny for themselves, or carved out their own opportunity. Before this time, however, it had been discovered that the black man was not necessarily the missing link between man and ape. It had even been granted that for intellectual endowments he -had nothing to be ashamed of in an open competition with the Aryan or any other type. Here was a being anatomically perfect, adaptive and adaptable to any and every sphere of the struggle. For life. Sociologically, he had succeeded in recording upon the pages of contemporary history a conception of family life unknown to Western ideas. Moreover, he was the scion of a spiritual sphere peculiar unto himself; for when Western Nations would have exhausted their energy in the vain struggle for the things which satisfy not, it was felt that it would be to these people to whom the world would turn for inspiration, seeing that in them only would be found those elements which make for pure altruism, the leaven of all human experience. Again, the art of the caricaturist had by now been played out, it was no longer possible, as far as this race was. Concerned, to depict the Sultan of Zanzibar, for example, other than as an Ethiopia

Source: UG