面積は8,697km²で、ルーマニアの県で一番広い。東はフネドアラ県、西はセルビア、北はアラド県とハンガリー、南はカラシュ＝セヴェリン県に接する。東の境には南カルパティア山脈の一部であるポヤナ・ルスカ山地がある。西に向かって標高は低くなり、パンノニア平原の東部となる。県には多くの川が流れており、重要な河川としてベガ川とティミシュ川がある。
ノック練習は野球やソフトボールにおける代表的な守備練習として知られる。ノックを打つ者のことを「ノッカー」といい、ノッカーは左右いずれかの手にバットを持ち、もう一方の手にボールを持つ。この状態から自らボールをトスしてこれを打ち、受け手がその打球を処理することで守備練習を行う。より効果的なノック練習を行うには、目的に応じて打球のコースや強さを打ち分け、ボールの回転も実際の試合における打球と同様であることが望ましく、ノッカーにはこれを満たす高度な技術が要求される。そのため、MLBではノッカーを専任スタッフとして雇うこともある。ノック練習においてノッカーの技量不足や負担を補うために、バットで打つ代わりに手で投げたり、トスの代わりにティーを使用したり、ノックマシンを使用する場合もある。
ノック（和製英語 : knock、英語 : fungo）とは、野球やソフトボールで守備練習（捕球練習）のために、自らトスしたボールを打つこと、あるいはその守備練習のことである。他の球技においても、同様に打球を処理する練習のために打つことをノックと呼ぶことがある。
More than 40 years after Lerner's seminal work on belief in a just world, researchers continue to study the phenomenon. Work continues primarily in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Researchers in Germany have contributed disproportionately to recent research. Their work resulted in a volume edited by Lerner and German researcher Leo Montada titled Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World.
Though much of the initial work on belief in a just world focused on its negative social effects, other research suggests that belief in a just world is good, and even necessary, for mental health. Belief in a just world is associated with greater life satisfaction and well-being and less depressive affect. Researchers are actively exploring reasons that belief in a just world might have this relationship to mental health; it has been suggested that such beliefs could be a personal resource or coping strategy that buffers stress associated with daily life and with traumatic events. This hypothesis suggests that belief in a just world can be understood as a positive illusion.Correlational studies also show that beliefs in a just world are correlated with internal locus of control. Strong belief in a just world is associated with greater acceptance of and less dissatisfaction with negative events in one's life. This may be one way in which belief in a just world affects mental health. Others have suggested that this relationship holds only for beliefs in a just world for oneself. Beliefs in a just world for others are related instead to the negative social phenomena of victim blaming and victim derogation observed in other studies.
Researchers have used measures of belief in a just world to look at correlates of high and low levels of belief in a just world.Limited studies have examined ideological correlates of the belief in a just world. These studies have found sociopolitical correlates of just-world beliefs, including right-wing authoritarianism and the protestant work ethic. Studies have also found belief in a just world to be correlated with aspects of religiousness.Studies of demographic differences, including gender and racial differences, have not shown systematic differences, but do suggest racial differences, with Black and African Americans having the lowest levels of belief in a just world.The development of measures of just-world beliefs has also allowed researchers to assess cross-cultural differences in just-world beliefs. Much research conducted shows that beliefs in a just world are evident cross-culturally. One study tested beliefs in a just world of students in 12 countries. This study found that in countries where the majority of inhabitants are powerless, belief in a just world tends to be weaker than in other countries. This supports the theory of the just-world hypothesis because the powerless have had more personal and societal experiences that provided evidence that the world is not just and predictable.Belief in unjust world has been linked to increased self-handicapping, criminality, defensive coping, anger and perceived future risk. It may also serve as ego-protective belief for certain individuals by justifying maladaptive behavior.
Subsequent work on measuring belief in a just world has focused on identifying multiple dimensions of the belief. This work has resulted in the development of new measures of just-world belief and additional research. Hypothesized dimensions of just-world beliefs include belief in an unjust world, beliefs in immanent justice and ultimate justice, hope for justice, and belief in one's ability to reduce injustice.  Other work has focused on looking at the different domains in which the belief may function; individuals may have different just-world beliefs for the personal domain, the sociopolitical domain, the social domain, etc. An especially fruitful distinction is between the belief in a just world for the self (personal) and the belief in a just world for others (general). These distinct beliefs are differentially associated with health.
般若野とは現在の高岡市南部（北般若地区、中田地区、般若野地区）から砺波市東部（南般若地区、東般若地区、般若地区、栴檀野地区、栴檀山地区）にわたる広範囲な地域を指す。般若野の戦いが起きた場所については正確な記録が残っていないため特定することはできない。しかし、平氏軍（平盛俊軍）が寒原の険（現在の親不知付近）を目指していたこと、また中田通（倶利伽羅峠－般若野－呉羽山）が当時北陸道の主道であったことなどを考えると、現在の高岡市般若野地区にある弓の清水（ゆみのしょうず）周辺が戦場となったのではないかとする説が有力である。現地には弓の清水古戦場、般若野古戦場の案内板がある。『参考源平盛衰記』では、木曾義仲が般若野御河端で軍議を練ったとされるが、御河端の所在地は不明である。『平家物語（長門本）』では、木曾義仲軍は5万余騎を率い「池原の般若野」に布陣したとの記されているが、現在の栴檀野地区の池原（砺波市池原）に木曾義仲が布陣したとは考えられていない。「般若野の池原」ではなく「池原の般若野」とあることから、古くから荘園経営されてきた「池原」の地名は平家の物語の中で知名度が高かったため、このように記されたのではないかと考えられている。