geniacllm/wiki40b huggingface dataset:
2008年6月、オバマ陣営は、敵陣営からのいわゆる中傷キャンペーンに対抗して"Fight The Smears"（「中傷と闘う」）という名のウェブサイトを立ち上げ同サイト上でオバマの出生証明書抄本を公開した。これを受けて、出生証明書の公開を最初に求めた保守派ブロガーのジム・ジェラティは、「（公開された証明書は抄本＝略式だったが、）出生証明書の原本（謄本）と何か異なったデータが含まれていると考える根拠は何もない」と記事で述べている。オバマ陣営の公開した出生証明書抄本はハワイ州衛生局が2007年6月に発効したものであり、同陣営は以下の様にコメントしている。「バラク・オバマに出生証明書が無いとする中傷は、ただ単にその紙切れがあるかないかを問うものではなく、人々にバラク・オバマはアメリカ国民ではないという思わせ印象操作しようとするものです。ですが実際のところ、バラク・オバマはハワイ州で1961年に生まれた生粋のアメリカ合衆国国民なのです。」証明書を公開したことで、新たな疑惑もなげかけられた。陰謀論者らは、この証明書は画像編集ソフトフォトショップを使ってデジタル加工されたもので州政府のスタンプもない、オバマは1961年の出生証明書「原本」を公開せよと迫った。『オバマ・ネーション  (The Obama Nation) 』を執筆した米作家ジェローム・コルシ  (Jerome Corsi)  はFOXニュースの取材に対し「オバマ陣営は、本物ではないニセ物の出生証明書を自分たちのサイトに載せた。この画像にはフォトショップの加工跡がみられる。このサイトに今掲載されているのは偽造書類だ。オバマ陣営は本物の出生証明書を公開しようとしていない」と答えた。だがこうした見解は、州政府当局からもメディアからも、独立系事実確認団体からも否定された。米非営利団体「ファクトチェック」はオバマ陣営を訪れ証明書原本を確認した上で次のように述べている。ファクトチェックのスタッフが証明書原本を実際に目で見て触って調べ、写真も撮りました。その結果、この証明書は米国籍を証明するための州当局要求をすべて満たす書類であるとの結論に至りました。スタンプや署名がないからといった主張は誤りです。この書類の高解像度版を「裏付け書類」として本記事に掲載します。私たちの結論は、オバマ氏は、本人が主張してきたとおり、アメリカ合衆国生まれである、です。ハワイ衛生局局長のチヨメ・フキノ (Chiyome Fukino) は、ハワイ州当局にはオバマの「州の指針と手続きにのっとった出生証明書原本の記録」があることを認める声明を発表した。声明では「バラク・フセイン・オバマ上院議員の公式出生証明書に対し多数の開示請求がある」としながら、担当局は州法で当該文書の公開が禁じられており、「州当局の誰からも、リンダ・リングル知事からも、『このバイタルレコード（出生記録）をハワイ州が保管する他のバイタルレコードと別のやり方で取り扱うように』などといった指示は受けていない」との説明がなされた。 CNNの調査員によれば、ハワイ州は2001年にすべての出生記録書類を破棄したため出生証明書の原本はもう存在せず、今ある出生証明書は原本の写しであるという。このCNNの調査とは矛盾するが、ハワイ衛生局広報担当ジャニス・オークボ (Janice Okubo) は「バイタルレコードは破棄していない」と述べ、ハワイ州衛生局局長も次のように強調した。「私、ハワイ州衛生局局長チヨメ・フキノは、ハワイ州衛生局のファイルに保管されているバイタルレコード原本を見て、バラク・フセイン・オバマ氏がハワイ州で出生した生粋のアメリカ国民であることを確かめました。この声明にも、そして8か月前の2008年10月に発表した声明にも、これ以上なにも付け足すことはありません」
ハワイでは州外で出生した人やアメリカ以外で出生した人にも出生証明書を発行できるとする法律条項があることも指摘されている。しかしながら、これがオバマの場合にあてはまるかについてはハワイ衛生局オークボは否定した「例えば、もしバリで生まれたなら『バリ生まれ』と記載されたハワイ州発行の証明書をもらえますが、『ホノルル生まれ』と記載された証明書はもらえません。州ではそうした証明書に記載される事実を確認しますので。」 2009年7月27日、ハワイ衛生局のフキノは「ハワイ州衛生局のファイルに保管されているバイタルレコード原本を見て、バラク・フセイン・オバマ氏がハワイ州で出生した生粋のアメリカ国民であることを確かめました」と明確に述べている。オバマのウェブサイトに掲載された画像は出生証明書（"Certification of Live Birth"）であるが、これは簡易版の証明書であるとの指摘もある。簡易版に記載されている情報は完全版よりも少ない。NPOファクトチェックは簡易版は「（反駁されないならば事実を証明するのに十分である）一応の (prima facie)」証拠とした。ハワイ州が発行したオバマの簡易版出生証明書は2007年6月6日にレーザープリンターで印刷されたものである。ハワイ州衛生局はもはや完全版の発行を行わず、請求があった場合は簡易版のみを発行している。2008年、フォーブス誌はハワイ州衛生局ジャニス・オオクボの「我々にバイタルレコードや重要な情報を確かめる権限はない」とのコメントを報じた。 しかし、これはフォーブスあるいはオオクボのどちらかが誤っている。というのも後日オオクボとチヨメ・フキノはオバマがハワイ生まれのアメリカ国民であると認めているためだ。オオクボは、バイタルレコード公開に関する州の指針について「もしオバマ陣営の誰かが、オバマの代理人であることを確認できる何らかの書類をもって直接こちらにきて、オバマの記録を公開することを許可されるのでしたら、バイタルレコードを公開できます」と具体的に説明した。カピオラニ・メディカルセンター (Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children)の広報担当は、プライバシーに関する法律を挙げて「世間に流れる情報すべてでオバマがここカピオラニ病院で生まれたと言っていたとしても」通常の手続きではオバマがこの病院で生まれたか否定も肯定もできないとした。1961年の8月13日と14日にはホノルル・アドバタイザー紙とホノルル・スター・ブレティン  (Honolulu Star) 紙両紙の赤ちゃん誕生欄にオバマの名が両親の住所 (6085 Kalanianaole Highway in Honolulu) と共に掲載されている。2008年11月9日、いつまでも続く流言に対しアドバタイザー紙はマイクロフィルム記録から当該欄のスクリーンショットを撮りウェブサイトに掲載した。この誕生欄は衛生局から定期的に送られてくる情報を元に各新聞紙に掲載されるものであった。In an editorial published on July 29, 2009, the Star-Bulletin pointed out that both newspapers' vital-statistics columns are available on microfilm in the main state library. "Were the state Department of Health and Obama's parents really in cahoots to give false information to the newspapers, perhaps intending to clear the way for the baby to someday be elected president of the United States?" the newspaper asked sarcastically.Andrew Malcolm, of the Los Angeles Times, has argued that Obama would be eligible for the presidency, because his mother was an American citizen, irrespective of where he was born, saying that Obama's mother "could have been on Mars when wee Barry emerged and he'd still be American." According to UCLA Law Professor Eugene Volokh, in the hypothetical scenario that Obama was born outside the U.S., he would not be a natural-born citizen since the then-applicable law would have required Obama's mother to have been in the U.S. at least "five years after the age of 14", but Ann Dunham was three months shy of her 19th birthday when Obama was born.
On August 2, 2009, Orly Taitz released and attached to court documents a purported Kenyan birth certificate which she said, if authenticated and shown to be genuine, would significantly narrow and shorten the discovery and pre-trial litigation period in the Keyes v. Bowen lawsuit. Legal documents submitted describe the document as an "unauthenticated color photocopy of certified copy of registration of birth". The document was almost immediately revealed to be a forgery. It purports to have been issued by the "Republic of Kenya", when in fact, such a state did not yet exist at the time of Obama's birth as indicated on the document (Kenya was a British Colony until 1963). Subsequently, evidence was unearthed that the alleged Kenyan birth certificate is a modified version of a 1959 Australian birth certificate found on an online genealogy website. The Washington Independent website cited an anonymous blogger as having taken credit for the forgery and posting four photos substantiating the claim. Examples of actual 1961 Kenyan birth certificates have also been revealed, which look substantially different from the document Taitz submitted to the court.
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution statesAll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States....According to Snopes, "Since Hawaii is part of the United States, even if Barack Obama's parents were both non-U.S. citizens who hadn't even set foot in the country until just before he was born, he'd still qualify as a natural-born citizen." Despite this, there have been claims that, although born in Hawaii, Obama does not qualify as a "natural-born citizen".
Some campaigners, such as Leo Donofrio, contend that one can be a natural born citizen within the meaning of Article II, Section 1 only if both parents of that person were U.S. citizens at the time of his or her birth. Those who subscribe to this theory argue that since Obama's father was not a U.S. citizen, Obama could not have been a natural born citizen, and is therefore ineligible to be President of the United States.
A similar but distinct theory contends that a person cannot be a natural born citizen if he is a dual citizen at birth. Those who subscribe to this theory argue that because Obama's father held Citizenship of the UK and colonies, and not U.S. citizenship, at the time Obama was born, Obama was born a dual citizen and therefore wasn't a natural born citizen.In August 2008, the Rocky Mountain News ran an online article asserting that Obama is both a U.S. and a Kenyan citizen. This turned out to be incorrect. Although the paper published an apology for the mistake, it provided more fuel for online rumors about Obama's eligibility for the presidency. FactCheck noted that Obama had indeed been a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC) under British law, by virtue of his descent from a Kenyan father at a time when Kenya was a British colony, and lost CUKC citizenship and became a Kenyan citizen when that country gained independence in 1963. However, Kenya's constitution prohibits dual citizenship in adulthood. Obama had therefore automatically lost his Kenyan citizenship at age 23, in 1984, by failing to formally renounce any non-Kenyan citizenship and swear an oath of allegiance to Kenya.
Lt. Col Terry Lakin's attorney, among others, has claimed that anyone, including foreign-born children, could acquire a Hawaiian certification of live birth, and so Obama's possession of such a certificate does not prove that he was born in Hawaii. However, the suggestion that this could have applied to Obama was rejected by Janice Okubo, director of communications for the Hawaii Department of Health: "If you were born in Bali, for example, you could get a certificate from the state of Hawaii saying you were born in Bali. You could not get a certificate saying you were born in Honolulu. The state has to verify a fact like that for it to appear on the certificate". Another fact that refutes this specific claim is that the law allowing foreign-born children to obtain Hawaiian birth certificates did not exist until 20 years after Obama was born, while Obama’s published birth certificate says his birth information was recorded four days after his birth in 1961, and explicitly states that he was born in Honolulu.Additionally, some people claim that the information in the birth certificate only has to be based on the testimony of one parent.
It has also been claimed that Obama could not be a natural-born citizen because he traveled to Pakistan at a time when there was a ban on United States passport holders entering that country, which means he must have traveled using a non-U.S. passport. The OC Weekly comments that these assertions are not true:The Pakistan "travel ban" is a complete fabrication based on zero evidence and completely contradicted by State Department records and a 1981 New York Times article.The New York Times article mentioned, along with U.S. State Department travel advisories from 1981, make it clear that travel to Pakistan by U.S. passport holders was possible at that time.
Another incorrect but popularly reported claim is that his father's step-mother, Sarah Obama, told Anabaptist Bishop Ron McRae in a recorded transatlantic telephone conversation that she was present when Obama was born in Kenya.The McClatchy newspapers gave an explanation of how the false story about Obama's step-grandmother began. The tape relied on by Berg and others is cut off in the middle of the conversation, before the passage in which she clarifies her meaning: "'Obama was not born in Mombasa. He was born in America,' the translator says after talking to the woman. ... Another response later says, 'Obama in Hawaii. Hawaii. She says he was born in Hawaii.'"Sarah Obama shed more light on the controversy in a 2007 interview with the Tribune Company. In the interview, Obama's paternal step grandmother stated that six months after Barack Obama Sr. and Ann Dunham were married, she received a letter (at her home in Kenya) announcing the birth of Barack Obama II, who was born August 4, 1961.
2009年2月にアラバマ州の地域の新聞の報道によると、タウンホールのミーティングでリチャード・シェルビー上院議員がIn February 2009, a local Alabama newspaper reported that at a town hall meeting Senator Richard Shelby was asked if there was any truth to the rumors that Obama was not a natural-born citizen. According to the paper, Shelby responded that "Well his father was Kenyan and they said he was born in Hawaii, but I haven’t seen any birth certificate".新聞によると、シェルビーは"彼の父親はケニア人でそして彼はハワイで生まれたと言っているが、しかし私は出生証明所を見ていない。" A Shelby spokesperson denied the story, but the newspaper stood by the story.
2009年7月28日、マイク・シャークは、ミズーリ州の下院議員ロイ・ブラントにバラク・オバマがアメリカ合衆国で生まれた市民（natural-born citizen）ではないという陰謀論について質問した。ブラントはこう応答した:私はわからない。なぜ大統領は出生証明書を提出しないのか。そして私はこれは正当な質問と思います。健康証明がない、出生証明書がないのは。What I don’t know is why the President can’t produce a birth certificate. I don’t know anybody else that can’t produce one. And I think that’s a legitimate question. No health records, no birth certificate.Blunt's spokesperson later claimed that the quote was taken out of context.
After giving a speech at the Voice of America Freedom Rally in West Chester, Ohio on September 5, 2009, Republican congresswoman Jean Schmidt replied to a woman who commented that Obama was ineligible for the Presidency,"I agree with you. But the courts don't." Schmidt's office subsequently responded that a video clip of this comment was "taken out of context", and reiterated that her stated position is that Obama is a citizen. She had earlier voted to certify the Electoral College vote affirming his presidency, and had said she believes Obama is a U.S. citizen. The statement was issued in response to a July 28, 2009, YouTube video in which Schmidt was seen running away from Mike Stark when he asked whether or not she had any questions about President Obama’s citizenship status.
On December 3, 2009, Sarah Palin was interviewed on Rusty Humphries' radio talk show. During the interview, Humphries asked Palin if she would make Barack Obama's birth certificate a campaign issue in 2012, should she decide to run. Palin respondedI think the public rightfully is still making it an issue. I don't have a problem with that. I don't know if I would have to bother to make it an issue, because I think that members of the electorate still want answers.Humphries followed up, asking whether she thinks Obama's birth certificate is a fair question to be looking at. Palin answered, "I think it's a fair question, just like I think past association and past voting records—all of that is fair game. The McCain–Palin campaign didn't do a good enough job in that area."After news organizations and blogs picked up the quotation and associated Palin's comments with the "birther" movement, Palin issued a statement on her Facebook page in which she clarified that she meant to say that voters have the right to ask questions, and she herself has never asked Obama to produce a birth certificate. She then went on to compare questioning of Obama's birth certificate to questions that were raised during the 2008 presidential elections about her maternity to her son, Trig. The linkage between the question whether Trig is her son to Barack Obama's birth certificate issues has been heavily criticized by Mark Milian of the Los Angeles Times. In addition, Andrew Sullivan, an established skeptic of Palin's relationship with Trig, wrote in response to her comments: "Palin has never produced Trig's birth certificate or a single piece of objective medical evidence that proves he is indeed her biological son."
At a townhall meeting in Metairie, Louisiana on July 11, 2010, David Vitter responded to a question about Barack Obama's birth certificate saying "I personally don't have standing to bring litigation in court, but I support conservative legal organizations and others who would bring that to court. I think that is the valid and most possibly effective grounds to do it." His campaign did not provide any additional comments on the matter.
On April 13, 2010, the United States Army announced that it would court-martial Lieutenant Colonel Terrence Lee Lakin, a surgeon in the Medical Corps, for refusing to report for deployment to Afghanistan. Lakin asserted that due to citizenship issues, Obama is not legally the Commander in Chief, and therefore lacks the authority to send him to Afghanistan. The military revoked Lakin's Pentagon building pass, and confiscated his government laptop computer. Lakin was assigned to Walter Reed Army Medical Center while awaiting trial.Lakin's case differed from Stefan Cook's case in that Cook volunteered to deploy, received orders, and then filed a civil suit refusing to serve; the military responded by revoking Cook's voluntary orders. Lakin was ordered to deploy and he refused the orders, whereupon the military eventually initiated a criminal law prosecution under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. On September 2, 2010, Colonel Denise Lind, the presiding judge, issued a ruling in the case that Obama's status as a natural born citizen is irrelevant in the court martial case against Lakin, as Obama's eligibility is outside the jurisdiction of the military and falls within the jurisdiction of the United States Congress instead.Three retired generals have publicly expressed support for Lakin. The first was Army Major General (retired) Paul E. Vallely, a senior military analyst for Fox News. In an interview, Vellely stated "I think many in the military – and many out of the military – question the natural-birth status of Barack Obama." Following Vallely's announcement, Army Major General (retired) Jerry Curry and Air Force Lieutenant General (retired) Thomas G. McInerney also expressed public support for Lakin.On December 15, 2010 a military jury convicted Lakin on a charge of missing movement by design. The next day, Lakin was sentenced to six months confinement and dismissed from service.
Upon taking office as Governor of Hawaii in December 2010, Neil Abercrombie announced that he plans to use the office to discredit the conspiracy theories surrounding Barack Obama's birth. Abercombie strong feelings about the matter are due to several reasons. First, on a personal level, he knew Barack Obama's parents, Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham, at the time of Barack Obama Jr.'s birth as he was Barack Obama Sr's teaching assistant at the University of Hawaii. Secondly, as the leader of all Hawaiians, he feels obligated to fight the conspiracy theories as the conspiracy theories leave the impression with Hawaiians that to be born in Hawaii is different than being born in the Contiguous United States.Prior to being governor of Hawaii, Abercombie was a member of the United States House of Representatives where he sponsored a bill recognizing Hawaii's 50th anniversary for statehood in which he inserted language into the bill declaring Hawaii to be the birthplace of President Obama.
Numerous individuals and groups had filed state or federal lawsuits seeking to have Obama disqualified from standing or being confirmed for the Presidency of the United States, or to compel him to release additional documentation relating to his citizenship. By mid-December 2008, at least 17 lawsuits had been filed challenging Obama's eligibility in states including North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Hawaii, Connecticut, New Jersey, Texas and Washington. No such suit had resulted in the grant of any relief to the plaintiffs by any court.A major obstacle to such citizen suits has been lack of standing, as the only plaintiff who was a presidential candidate or presidential elector was Alan Keyes. The importance of the doctrine of standing was explained by Judge R. Barclay Surrick of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in dismissing one suit. He noted that one of the principal aims of the doctrine is to prevent courts from deciding questions "where the harm is too vague." This was especially true for a presidential election, where a disgruntled voter who suffered no individual harm "would have us derail the democratic process by invalidating a candidate for whom millions of people voted and who underwent excessive vetting during what was one of the most hotly contested presidential primary in living memory."Joseph Farah said via his World Net Daily publication that Obama has decided "to spend sums estimated in the hundreds of thousands of dollars to avoid releasing a state birth certificate that would put to rest all of the questions." Farah's WorldNetDaily has since upped the claimed expenditure to $1.7 million, on the basis of the Obama presidential campaign paying out that much since the election to the law firm of Perkins Coie. However, as Mother Jones magazine has pointed out, the campaign has had to employ lawyers to wind down its post-election operations and meet campaign finance law requirements. At least one attorney representing Obama in the litigation has stated that he is working without pay. Other attorneys interviewed by Mother Jones have stated that the "birther" lawsuits have been so weak that they have been easily resolved with "extremely minimal" monetary costs.
On August 21, 2008, Pennsylvania attorney Philip J. Berg, a Democrat and former deputy state attorney general, filed a complaint alleging that Obama was born in Kenya, not Hawaii, and was therefore a citizen of Kenya or possibly Indonesia, where he lived as a child. He alleged that the "Certification of Live Birth" on Obama's website is a forgery. U.S. District Judge R. Barclay Surrick dismissed the complaint in October 2008, finding that Berg lacked standing to bring the case and that his attempts to gain standing to pursue his claim were "frivolous and not worthy of discussion."Bypassing the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Berg filed a petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment in the United States Supreme Court. On December 10, 2008, the Supreme Court denied Berg's request for an injunction against the seating of the Electoral College, scheduled for December 15. On December 15, 2008, the petitioner refiled the application for injunction. Two days later, Berg's appeal was denied without comment by Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. Berg's previously denied request for an injunction was refiled with Justice Antonin Scalia on December 18, 2008. On January 12, the Supreme Court denied the petition for certiorari. The application for stay addressed to Justice Scalia and referred to the Court was also summarily denied on January 21, 2009.On November 12, 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling that Berg lacked standing.
On October 17, 2008, another lawsuit was filed in a state circuit court of Hawaii by Andy Martin, who was earlier declared by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit to be a "notoriously vexatious and vindictive litigator who has long abused the American legal system", and who uses lawsuits as "a cruel and effective weapon against his enemies."Martin's lawsuit sought to order the state to release a copy of Sen. Obama's long-form birth certificate. The short-form birth certificate that the Obama campaign posted online states his place of birth as Honolulu, Hawaii. Martin's lawsuit claimed that because Martin "strives for factual accuracy and attempts to conduct thorough research", he should have a copy of Obama's birth certificate from the state and not a certificate "posted on a Web site". Under Hawaii law, only the person whom the record is concerned with, or a spouse, parents, descendant or someone with a common ancestor, or someone acting on behalf of such a person can obtain a copy of a vital record.The court denied Martin's petition, saying that Martin lacked "a direct and tangible interest in the record." The court cited Martin's lack of legal standing to obtain another person's birth document.
In October 2008, Leo Donofrio, an attorney from New Jersey, filed suit to challenge the eligibility of Obama, Republican presidential candidate John McCain (see details here) and the Socialist Workers Party candidate Roger Calero. Donofrio asserted that all three candidates were ineligible: Obama due to having dual U.S. and British nationality at birth (the latter via Obama's father), McCain due to being born in the Panama Canal Zone, and Calero due to allegedly still having Nicaraguan citizenship.Donofrio was not among those who claimed Obama might have been born outside Hawaii. Also, Donofrio did not challenge the fact that Obama is a U.S. citizen and instead challenged only whether Obama is a natural-born citizen.The case was referred to the Supreme Court by Justice Clarence Thomas. When the case reached the United States Supreme Court on December 8, 2008, the Court declined without comment to hear the case.
On October 31, 2008, Greenwich resident and health-food-store owner Cort Wrotnowski filed a suit in the Connecticut Supreme Court challenging the authenticity of presidential candidate Obama's Hawaii birth certificate. The suit was dismissed after initial hearings.Wrotnowski appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on November 25, contending that the British citizenship of Obama's father made the president-elect ineligible to assume office. Leo Donofrio, whose earlier case against Obama's eligibility had been turned down, assisted Wrotnowski's Supreme Court appeal. The request for stay or injunction was denied without comment on December 15, 2008. Thomas Goldstein, who has argued numerous cases before the court and covers Supreme Court cases, commented that "The law has always been understood to be, if you are born here, you're a natural born citizen. And that is particularly true in this case, when you have a U.S. citizen parent like Barack Obama's mother".