sentence: Thiamine is needed to break down food such as glucose.

sentences_after: It is also found on the membranes of neurons.

sentences_after: Symptoms of beriberi include severe lethargy and tiredness.

sentences_after: There are also problems that affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, muscles, and gastrointestinal systems.

sentences_after: It is often found in people with a history of drinking too much alcohol.

sentences_after: There are two kinds of beriberi, wet and dry.

concept_name: thiamine


repository: local

sentence: Dry beriberi affects the nervous system.

sentences_before: Symptoms of beriberi include severe lethargy and tiredness.

sentences_before: There are also problems that affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, muscles, and gastrointestinal systems.

sentences_before: It is often found in people with a history of drinking too much alcohol.

sentences_before: There are two kinds of beriberi, wet and dry.

sentences_before: Wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system.

sentences_after: There is also a rare type of genetic beriberi.

concept_name: dry beriberi


sentence: Most species live in subtropical and tropical regions.

sentences_before: The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world.

sentences_after: The genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.

number: Most

concept_name: specie


sentence: People have no right to delete other people's votes or contributions to the discussion.

headings: Someone in authority needs to look at the Korean Pop Music Scandals deletion discussion

sentences_after: Would someone please bring this to the attention of an administrator because I am relatively new to wikipdeia and do not know how to navigate my way around here.

concept_name: People


sentence: Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man.

headings:
Swami Vivekananda
Famous Quotes

concept_name: education


sentence: Religion is the manifestation of divinity already in man.

concept_name: religion


sentence: Elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day.

headings:
Elephant shrew
Description

sentences_after: Their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles.

sentences_after: Gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young.

concept_name: elephant shrew


sentence: Gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young.

sentences_before: Elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day.

sentences_before: Their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles.

concept_name: gestation


sentence: Hyraxes are well-furred rotund creatures with a short tail.

sentences_after: Hyraxes are mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is possible that the Hebrew word for hyrax is the source of the name of present-day Spain.

sentences_after: Even though hyraxes are not native to Spain, rabbits are, and the theory states that early Hebrew explorers considered the rabbits to be a variety of hyrax.

concept_name: hyrax


sentence: Psychosis can affect people to different levels.

sentences_after: Some people can continue with mostly normal lives, while other people will need medical help.

concept_name: psychosis


sentence: Instant noodles are also space foods.

sentences_before: Ramen' is a Japanese kind of noodle soup.

sentences_before: Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China.

sentences_before: Today, ramen undergone a change of Japanese own, and there are so many ramen shops in Japan.

sentences_before: Outside Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.

concept_name: instant noodle


sentence: Many coastal towns have commercial fishing.

headings:
Eyre Peninsula
Overview

sentences_before: The major industry is farming - cereal crops, sheep, and cattle in the dry north area.

sentences_before: More water-intensive farming such as dairy farming and growing wine industry happen in the south.

sentences_after: Port Lincoln had a large tuna fishing fleet, which is now changing to fish farming in bays along the coast.

sentences_after: The Eyre Peninsula has a growing population of around 55,390 people.

number: many

concept_name: coastal town


sentence: Greek voters reject a proposal to restore the Greek monarchy.

concept_name: greek voter


sentence: Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems.

headings:
Coral reef
Conservation

sentences_after: Because corals need warm, sunlit water to live, they often grow close to the top of the water.

sentences_after: Sadly, being so close to land makes them often be damaged by poisons and dirt that can come from boats and the land nearby.

sentences_after: Dirt makes the water more cloudy, which makes the sunlight less.

sentences_after: Also, they are hard for ships to see, but easy to hit, which makes ships often run into the coral, damaging both the boats and coral.

concept_name: coral reef


sentence: Poisons can bleach and kill corals.

sentences_before: Because corals need warm, sunlit water to live, they often grow close to the top of the water.

sentences_before: Sadly, being so close to land makes them often be damaged by poisons and dirt that can come from boats and the land nearby.

sentences_before: Dirt makes the water more cloudy, which makes the sunlight less.

sentences_after: Because of this, many countries are trying to lessen the kinds of building that usually happen near beaches that have coral reefs nearby, and be more careful about the boats that go around reefs.

concept_name: poison


sentence: Many people believe that was censorship.

headings:
Dark Circle
Scuttled by PBS

sentences_before: The movie was approved for national broadcast in 1985, but that decision was rejected a year later.

sentences_after: He extrapolates this critical remark to the media across the board and its failure to focus public attention on the putative biological hazard of nuclear power.

concept_name: people


sentence: Some people use grammar that is different from other people when speaking.

headings: Dialects: the many different kinds of English

sentences_after: For example, people who use what is called General American English or BBC English might say, 'I didn't do anything', while someone who speaks what is called African American Vernacular English might say, 'I didn't do nothing'.

sentences_after: The dialect a person uses is usually decided by where they live.

sentences_after: Even though the dialects of English use different words or word order, they still have grammar rules.

sentences_after: However, when writing in American English, grammar uses the rules of General American English.

number: some


sentence: Word order is the other big difference.

headings:
English grammar
Word order

sentences_after: In English, adjectives usually come before the noun.

sentences_after: Most Romance languages normally put their adjectives after the nouns.

sentences_after: This is because Spanish and English have different rules about word order.

concept_name: word order


sentence: Nouns are things.

headings:
English grammar
Parts of speech
Nouns

sentences_after: They can be a single thing such as an apple.

sentences_after: They can also be plural such as a box of apples.

sentences_after: There is a special kind of noun called a proper noun, which is a name.

concept_name: noun


sentence: Pronouns are special types of nouns.

headings:
English grammar
Parts of speech
Pronouns

sentences_after: The noun before a pronoun that the pronoun really means is called the antecedent.

concept_name: pronoun


sentence: Bassets are used in hunting to detect the scent of game.

sentences_before: The 'Basset Hound' is a short-legged dog, of the hound family.

sentences_after: Their sense of smell for tracking is second only to that of the Bloodhound.

concept_name: basset


sentence: Flies have only the front pair of wings.

sentences_before: Ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do.

concept_name: fly


sentence: Halteres help balancing and improve flight.

headings: Halteres Function

sentences_after: They help flies to perform their fast aerobatics.

sentences_after: In addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help stabilise the head during flight.

concept_name: halter


sentence: Prizes are given in twenty-one categories.

sentences_after: One of the twenty-one prizes is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

concept_name: prize


sentence: Subscriptions are available to academic, government, public and company libraries.

headings:
Credo Reference
History

sentences_after: Access to Credo Reference is free to users if their library is a subscriber.

sentences_after: Librarians can select which titles they wish to subscribe to within Credo General Reference.

sentences_after: They can manage the selection during their subscription period by swapping titles in and out.

concept_name: subscription


sentence: Diffraction also occurs with matter such as electrons.

sentences_before: Diffraction occurs when waves bend around small obstacles, or when waves spread out after they pass through small openings.

sentences_before: Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as light that the eye can see.

concept_name: diffraction


sentence: Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object.

headings:
Diffraction
Causes of diffraction

sentences_after: This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself.

sentences_after: Interference can be either constructive or destructive.

sentences_after: When interference is constructive, the intensity of the wave will increase.

sentences_after: When interference is destructive, the intensity will decrease, sometimes to a point where it is completely destroyed.

sentences_after: These patterns of interference rely on the size of the diffracting object and the size of the wave.


sentence: Interference can be either constructive or destructive.

sentences_before: Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object.

sentences_before: This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself.

sentences_after: The strongest examples of diffraction occur in waves where the wavelength is close to the same size of the object causing the diffraction.

concept_name: interference


sentence: Diffraction gratings are used in many analytical chemistry tools, such as a spectrometer.

headings:
Diffraction
Uses of diffraction

sentences_before: Diffraction can be used to separate different wavelengths of light using a diffraction grating.

sentences_before: A diffraction grating can be a series of closely-spaced slits or a mirror with a series of small grooves.

sentences_before: Diffraction gratings work because different wavelengths of light will constructively interfere at different angles.

concept_name: diffraction grating


sentence: Most parameters are general, and apply to any religion.

sentences_before: To use this infobox, copy and paste the infobox code in the usage section into the article.

sentences_before: Add values to any parameter fields that apply.

sentences_after: There are several parameters that only apply to one specific religion.

sentences_after: Any parameter left blank will not be displayed.

concept_name: parameter


sentence: Many people think it is one of the best universities in the world.

sentences_after: Its students get a strong liberal arts education.

sentences_after: The university also does important research work.

sentences_after: Some of this research work is for the United States government.


sentence: Reduction is the gain of electrons.

headings:
Hollow-cathode lamp
Instrument Design

sentences_before: A HCL consists of an anode and a cathode inside of a glass tube.

sentences_before: It is important that the gas is inert in order to minimize interferences in the output of the data.

sentences_before: The anode is an electrode in which oxidation takes place.

sentences_before: The cathode is an electrode in which reduction takes place.

sentences_after: The anode is typically constructed of some type of metal such as tungsten and is coated with a material the helps to prevent contamination from the sputtering process described below.

sentences_after: The cathode is constructed of the pure metal of interest or a mixture of metals containing the metal of interest.

sentences_after: This mixture of metals is referred to as an alloy.

sentences_after: It is important that the cathode be stored under a vacuum to avoid any kind of contamination.

sentences_after: Contamination of the cathode compensates the metal of interests purity and the data obtained for that metal.

concept_name: reduction


sentence: Ionization is the process by which neutral atoms are converted to charged species.

headings:
Hollow-cathode lamp
Excitation Process

sentences_before: The excitation process of the element of interest takes place through a few steps.

sentences_before: First, the inert gas contained inside of the glass tube is ionized by a voltage.

sentences_after: This current allows for electrons to move to the anode and cathode.

sentences_after: If the voltage applied is large enough, the ions of the inert gas gather enough energy to remove some of the metal atoms of interest from the surface of the cathode by striking the surface.

sentences_after: The removal of these atoms produces a cloud around the cathode.

sentences_after: The process of producing this cloud is called sputtering.

sentences_after: Some of these metal atoms in the cloud have moved to an excited energy state and as they return to their ground state, they emit a specific radiation which is characteristic to the metal of interest.

concept_name: ionization


sentence: Most compounds break apart when they are ionized.

headings:
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Basic operation

sentences_before: The operator then injects the liquid into a stream of gas.

sentences_before: The gas flows through a tube with a special coating.

sentences_before: Because each compound in the sample sticks to the coating in a different way, each compound comes out of the tube at a different time.

sentences_before: So the coating is used to separate each compound that was mixed together in the sample.

sentences_before: As each compound comes out at the end of the tube, it is ionized and gets an electric charge.

sentences_after: The different pieces fly under a magnet which separates the pieces based on their weight.

sentences_after: A computer then measures all of the pieces of each compound.

sentences_after: By comparing the measurements against a computer library of known compounds, the computer makes a list of the names of all of the compounds in the sample.

sentences_after: The computer can also tell how much of each compound was in the sample.

concept_name: compound


sentence: Full scan is useful in determining unknown compounds in a sample.

headings:
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Analysis
Full scan MS

sentences_after: It provides more information than SIM when it comes to confirming or resolving compounds in a sample.

sentences_after: The instrument method controls the temperature in the GC, the MS scan rate and the range of fragment sizes being detected.

sentences_after: When a chemist is developing an instrument method, the chemist sends test solutions through the GS-MS in full scan mode.

sentences_after: This checks the GC retention time and the mass fragment fingerprint before moving to a SIM instrument method.

concept_name: full scan


sentence: More scans can take place each second.

headings:
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Analysis
Selected ion monitoring

sentences_before: Only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer.

sentences_after: Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored, matrix interferences are typically lower.

sentences_after: To improve the chances of reading a positive result correctly, the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard.

number: More

concept_name: scan


sentence: Chemists consider hard ionization to be shooting electrons into the sample molecules.

headings:
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Analysis
Types of ionization
Electron ionization

sentences_before: This is like the filament one would find in a standard incandescent light bulb.

sentences_before: The electrons hit the molecules, causing the molecule to fragment in a characteristic way that can be repeated.

sentences_before: EI has few, if any, fragments having a mass that is near the mass of the original molecule.

sentences_after: The use of 70 eV helps to compare the spectra generated from the test sample against known library spectra.

sentences_after: The software searches the library spectra using a matching algorithm such as Probability Based Matching or dot-product matching.

sentences_after: Many method standardization agencies now control these algorithms and methods to assure their objectivity.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: Smaller molecules can pass through a pore and then pass through another one.

sentences_before: The porous material will not allow larger molecules to pass so these molecules go to the next pore and again they cannot pass.

sentences_before: They eventually get to the bottom of the column and exit the column.

sentences_before: Remember there is volume inside the column that is not inhabited by the stationary phase which allows for the flow of both the mobile phase and the sample.

sentences_before: These larger molecules then find themselves at the bottom of the column whereas smaller molecules have a longer path to travel.

sentences_after: The smaller a molecule is, the greater the chance is that it can fit into a pore which means the longer it spends inside the column.

concept_name: smaller molecule


sentence: Attractive forces are based on polarity differences.

headings:
Thin layer chromatography
Performing TLC

sentences_before: Once a plate has been spotted, it is placed into a glass container with a small amount of solvent.

sentences_before: This solvent is called the mobile phase.

sentences_before: It is important that the height of the solvent is below the height that the compound was spotted on the plate.

sentences_before: As the solvent moves up the TLC plate by capillary action, the compound will also move.

sentences_before: Components that are attracted to the mobile phase more than they are attracted to the stationary phase will move further up the column.

concept_name: attractive force


sentence: Normal spectroscopy is frequency-domain spectroscopy.

sentences_after: It measures radiation as a function of frequency or wavelength.

sentences_after: Time-domain spectroscopy usually requires the use of Fourier transforms.

concept_name: normal spectroscopy


sentence: Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colonUniversity of Glasgow.

sentences_after: Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.

concept_name: Bacteria


sentence: Pi electrons refer to a type of bond that occurs between electron orbitals called pi orbitals.

sentences_before: Molecules that absorb light at these wavelengths are called chromophores.

sentences_before: Chromophores are functional groups of a molecule that absorb light in this UV-Visible region.

sentences_before: They are most of the time characterized by delocalized pi electrons.

sentences_after: When many of these pi bonds exist in a molecule this allows electrons to be delocalized or spread out across a molecule.

sentences_after: An example of this type of molecule is pictured below.

sentences_after: These molecules can be used for pH indicators to determine if a solution is acidic or basic.

sentences_after: The addition of acid or base disrupts the delocalized pi electrons.

concept_name: pi electron


sentence: People there drink fenugreek tea.

headings:
Fenugreek
Medicinal Uses

sentences_before: There are not very many people with arthritis in India.

sentences_after: Drinking one cup of fenugreek tea every day, made from the leaves, is said to stop the uncomfortable feeling of arthritis.

concept_name: People


sentence: Icelandic people are considered to be the most happiest people on Earth.

headings: Iceland People

sentences_after: Iceland has the highest birth rate in Europe, highest divorce rate and the highest percentage of women working outside their home.

concept_name: icelandic people


sentence: Virginity has different meanings and importance in different religions and cultures.

sentences_before: Traditionally a 'virgin' is a person that had not had sexual intercourse.

sentences_before: Usually, the idea of virginity is used for women, but it is also used for men who have not had sexual intercourse.

concept_name: virginity


sentence: Most people here concentrate on how to find a new discussion they can join.

headings: Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive 37

sentences_before: I'm usually not complaining about blocks, as I'm myself usually quick with pushing the red button.

sentences_before: Then you should also re-block people like Christianrock90 for the same reasonblocked on enwiki.

sentences_before: I also fail to see the real project disruption.

sentences_before: Racepacket at least 'tries' to help the project with articles.

sentences_before: Looking around at the people who are around here, only very few even try to be helpful.

sentences_after: Then we also block people who create not the easiest stuff.

sentences_after: Just looking at this, you will have some fun.

sentences_after: Most people don't understand the science.

sentences_after: And it is not really easy to understand to most because the science behind the words is not simple.

sentences_after: Well, as said, I'm biased and am not the right person to judge.

concept_name: people


sentence: Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate.

sentences_after: Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1992.

concept_name: electromagnetic induction


sentence: Microbes are responsible for many biochemical cycles and are crucial to the whole biosphere.

headings:
Carl Woese
Work and discoveries

sentences_before: The tree of life shows the diversity of microbes.

sentences_before: Single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere's diversity.

sentences_before: This is surprising to some, given our familiarity with the larger metazoan world.

sentences_after: Woese's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes was an invaluable service to ecology, conservation and evolutionary biology.

concept_name: microbe


sentence: Children often act like their parents act.

headings:
Judith Rich Harris
The Nurture Assumption

sentences_before: Harris's most famous work is 'The Nurture Assumption'.

sentences_before: A revised version was published in 2009.

sentences_after: Some psychologists thought this was because of the way that parents raised their children.

sentences_after: Otherwise, parents are not the most important factor in child development.

sentences_after: This book argues that peers are more important.

sentences_after: Harris argues that children are socialized by peers.

frequency: often

concept_name: child


sentence: Usual awards are medals, trophies or ribbons, for example.

sentences_before: An 'award' is something given to a person or group of people to recongise that they have done something very good.

sentences_after: Sometimes awards are called prizes, such as the Nobel Prize.

concept_name: usual award


sentence: Some percussion instruments can play tunes.

concept_name: percussion instrument


sentence: Drum kits are the basis of most pop music.

headings:
Percussion instrument
Drum Kit

sentences_after: A percussion player has to have a very good sense of rhythm.

sentences_after: The other players rely on him or her to keep a steady beat and not to play so loudly that the others cannot hear the tune.

concept_name: drum kit


sentence: Air contains nitrogen, which is harmful for some steel grades.

sentences_before: However, steel becomes better if only oxygen is blown in.

sentences_after: A modern converter called 'basic oxygen furnace' uses pure oxygen instead of air.

concept_name: air


sentence: Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg.

sentences_after:
But it is not part of Brandenburg.
It is a city state.

concept_name: Berlin


sentence: More complicated shuttles incorporate bobbins or pirns.

number: more

concept_name: complicated shuttle


sentence: Some drugs are sold only when the purchaser shows a medical prescription to the seller of medicines.

sentences_before: A' medication' means use of licenced drug.

sentences_before: Such a drug is supposed to treat or cure an illness.

sentences_before: Other drugs are so powerful or dangerous that a doctor must give permission to use the drug.

concept_name: drug


sentence: Land use is mainly agricultural with some woodland.

headings:
River Fal
Geography

sentences_before: The catchment of the Fal is predominantly Devonian slates, shales and grits, with granite in the upper reaches.

concept_name: land use


sentence: All languages have their own grammar.

headings:
Grammar
Different languages

sentences_after: Most European languages are rather similar, but some, such as Chinese and Japanese, are very different from all European languages.

number: all

concept_name: language


sentence: Word order is the other big difference.

sentences_after: Romance languages normally put adjectives after the nouns to which they refer.

sentences_after: This is because Spanish and English have different rules about word order.

concept_name: word order


sentence: Some people use grammar that is different from other people when speaking.

headings:
Grammar
Changing language

sentences_after: These are called 'double negatives', and are found almost entirely in spoken language, not written language.


sentence: Sentences fit together and create paragraphs.

headings: Grammar Syntax

sentences_before: Grammar studies syntax as well as the different parts of language.

sentences_before: They fit together according to rules and create sentences.

concept_name: sentence


sentence: Nouns are 'thing' words like 'table and 'chair'.

headings:
Grammar
Parts of speech
Nouns

sentences_after: They are objects, things you see in everyday life.

sentences_after: Proper nouns are places, people's names, or other things like days of the week.

sentences_after: The name 'James' is a proper noun, as is 'Wednesday' and 'London'.

sentences_after: Nouns can also be abstract things, such as 'suffering' or 'happiness'.

concept_name: noun


sentence: Proper nouns are places, people's names, or other things like days of the week.

sentences_before: Nouns are 'thing' words like 'table and 'chair'.

sentences_before: They are objects, things you see in everyday life.

concept_name: proper noun


sentence: Nouns can also be abstract things, such as 'suffering' or 'happiness'.

sentences_before: Proper nouns are places, people's names, or other things like days of the week.

sentences_before: The name 'James' is a proper noun, as is 'Wednesday' and 'London'.


sentence: Verbs describe actions and states.

headings:
Grammar
Parts of speech
Verbs

sentences_after: The basic verb form is called the infinitive.

concept_name: verb


sentence: Pairs mate for life.

sentences_before: Buzzards do not normally form flocks, but several may be seen together on migration or in good habitat.

concept_name: pair


sentence: Females are larger.

headings: Kestrel Description

sentences_after: They are small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most songbirds.

sentences_after: Like the other 'Falco' species, they have long wings and a long tail.

concept_name: female


sentence: Parents choose the first name for their child.

headings:
Russian language
Naming

sentences_after: Some common Russian names for boys are Ivan, Mikhail, and Nikolai.

sentences_after: Some common Russian names for girls are Anna, Anastasia and Yekaterina.

concept_name: parent


sentence: Boys have the same family name as their fathers.

sentences_after: Girls also use their father's family name, but with one difference.

sentences_after: Take, for example, a man with the family name 'Romanov'.

sentences_after: His daughter's family name is 'Romanova'.

concept_name: boy


sentence: Girls also use their father's family name, but with one difference.

sentences_before: Boys have the same family name as their fathers.

concept_name: girl


sentence: Babies can get it as well as adults.

sentences_before: Botulism' is a rare disease caused by a bacteria called 'Clostridium botulinum'.

sentences_before: You can get it from eating meat that is not cooked properly.

concept_name: baby


sentence: Spurges can be poisonous if swallowed.

sentences_before: Euphorbia' is genus of 2008 plant species.

sentences_before: It is one of the biggest genuses in the plant kingdom.

sentences_before: Common names include poinsettia, spurge, or just euphorbia.

sentences_after: The Euphorbia family is in the group 'Malpighiales', one of the largest groups in the plant kingdoms.

sentences_after: Euphorbia is very large, the only genus that is larger is 'Senecio', in the 'Compositae'.

sentences_after: Euphorbias are commonly plants that do not need a lot of water, like cacti.

sentences_after: Pointsettias are commonly called Christmas flowers.

sentences_after: There are  many smaller genuses in euphorbia.

concept_name: spurge


sentence: Diets are about eating the right quantity and type of food at the right time.

sentences_after: When people talk about a diet, they are usually referring to a special kind of diet.

sentences_after: People who study diet and eating habits are called dietitians.

concept_name: diet


sentence: Winters are mild and summers are cool.

headings:
Saasen (Reiskirchen)
Climate

concept_name: winter


sentence: Mining is still a major activity in the area, with gold, manganese and copper mines.

sentences_before: There was a gold rush to Tennant Creek in 1930, Australia's last gold rush.

sentences_after: In 2011 the Australian government proposed building a nuclear waste dump near the town despite protests from the traditional Aboriginal land owners.

sentences_after: There will be a federal court case of the traditional owners in June 2014.

concept_name: mining


sentence: People pour colored water on each other and cook many types of sweets and other food.

sentences_before: Holi' is one of the major festivals of Hindus.

sentences_before: It is celebrated in many parts of India, but especially in the north of India.

sentences_before: The festival is celebrated for two to three days.

sentences_after: Holi is celebrated in spring because it is welcoming spring.

sentences_after: They also believe that it welcomes the new year, so it's actually also a sort of New Year for them.

concept_name: People


sentence: Unnecessary duplication leads to clutter and article divergence.

headings:
Help:Infobox
Designing an infobox

sentences_before: It is a good idea to seek the opinions of other editors before embarking on a design of a new infobox or redesign of an existing one.

sentences_before: Most requirements are already met by an existing infobox and most of the remainder can be met with a tweak.

sentences_after: Prototype your new design in your own user space.

sentences_after: Once prototyped, propose the infobox changes to the appropriate WikiProject and gain consensus before deploying your new design in the template namespace.

concept_name: unnecessary duplication


sentence: Plants are the most prolific genome duplicators.

headings:
Gene duplication
Evolutionary importance

sentences_before: Major genome duplication events are not uncommon.

sentences_before: It is believed that the entire yeast genome underwent duplication about 100 million years ago.

concept_name: plant


sentence: Water also drains from the Chicago River on the south.

headings:
Great Lakes
Geography

sentences_before: Though the five lakes have separate basins, they form a single, connected body of freshwater.

sentences_before: The lakes connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean.

sentences_after: The Chicago River originally flowed into Lake Michigan.

sentences_after: The flow was artificially reversed to protect the quality of Chicago's drinking water that comes from Lake Michigan.

concept_name: water


sentence: Many rivers flow through a large watershed into the lakes.

sentences_after: The Great Lakes region includes the five lakes and many thousands of smaller lakes, often called 'inland lakes'.

concept_name: river


sentence: Disputes can escalate into conflicts.

headings: Argument Disagreement

sentences_after: But arguments can also disappear or get resolved.

sentences_after: People can listen, learn, and see the other point of view.

sentences_after: They can be helped by discussion, mediation or negotiation.

concept_name: dispute


sentence: People can listen, learn, and see the other point of view.

sentences_before: But arguments can also disappear or get resolved.


sentence: Some helmets are made from metal.

sentences_before: A 'helmet' is a hard or cushioned hat which is worn to protect a person's head.

sentences_before: There are many different types of helmets.

sentences_after: Helmets often have fabric cushions inside and fabric straps to hold the helmet on a person's head.

concept_name: helmet


sentence: Helmets often have fabric cushions inside and fabric straps to hold the helmet on a person's head.


sentence: Soldiers wear steel helmets to protect their heads from explosions and bullets.

headings:
Helmet
Types of helmets

sentences_after: Construction workers wear plastic helmets to protect their heads from falling objects.

sentences_after: Welders wear special helmets with a lens that lets less light through.

sentences_after: This protects their eyes from the bright light of welding.

sentences_after: Bicycle riders wear plastic and foam helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident.

sentences_after: Motorcycle riders wear helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident.

concept_name: soldier


sentence: Construction workers wear plastic helmets to protect their heads from falling objects.

sentences_before: Soldiers wear steel helmets to protect their heads from explosions and bullets.

sentences_after: People who ride horses often wear helmets, to protect them if they fall off the horse.

concept_name: construction worker


sentence: Welders wear special helmets with a lens that lets less light through.

sentences_before: Construction workers wear plastic helmets to protect their heads from falling objects.

sentences_after: People who rock climb wear helmets in case they fall.

concept_name: welder


sentence: Bicycle riders wear plastic and foam helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident.

sentences_before: Welders wear special helmets with a lens that lets less light through.

sentences_before: This protects their eyes from the bright light of welding.

sentences_after: Cavers wear helmets to protect their heads from bumping into rocks in a cave.

concept_name: bicycle rider


sentence: Motorcycle riders wear helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident.

sentences_before: Bicycle riders wear plastic and foam helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident.

concept_name: motorcycle rider


sentence: Most linguists organize the African languages into four major language families.

headings:
Languages of Africa
Organization

concept_name: linguist


sentence: Charities are common.

headings: Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2011/Foothills Paper

sentences_after: Newspapers are themselves one of the sources of notability.

concept_name: charity


sentence: Newspapers are common.

concept_name: newspaper


sentence: Newspapers are themselves one of the sources of notability.

sentences_before:
Charities are common.
Newspapers are common.


sentence: Newspapers are themselves one of the primary sources of notability, so that implies some notability.

sentences_before: I understand that it is of no interest to some, but that is not a standard.

sentences_before: The article has been improved and sources cited.

sentences_after: I'd like to just see this improved and there are suggestions to move or combine this as well.

sentences_after: Spending time deleting articles that are not harmful or distracting takes away from time for improvement.


sentence: General function is to fan cooking and to keep cool.

headings: Uchiwa Function

concept_name: general function


sentence: Some people use to purity disease.

sentences_before: General function is to fan cooking and to keep cool.

concept_name: people


sentence: Athletes get points for the position they finish in each event.

sentences_before: Competitors usually participate in ten different sporting events, including a 100 yard dash,  run, obstacle course, weightlifting, bowling, rowing, tennis, basketball, bicycle racing, and swimming.

sentences_before: Sometimes the sports have changed over time and between the European and American competitions.

sentences_before: For example, in the first USA competition, there was no obstacle course, but there was table tennis and baseball.

sentences_after: The competitor with the most points at the end of all ten events is the winner.

concept_name: athlete


sentence: Several bosses have new strategies.

headings:
Donkey Kong Country
Changes between the ports
Game Boy Advance

concept_name: several boss


sentence: Smaller animals appear as background elements such as spiders and rats.

concept_name: smaller animal


sentence: Couples then compete for the house itself.

sentences_before: In the show, contestants are building a house and trying to find someone to love in the process.

concept_name: couple


sentence: Smallpox is caused by the related 'Variola virus'.

sentences_before: The disease can be spread by touch from cows to humans.

sentences_before: The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease.

sentences_before: The disease vaccinated against was the deadly smallpox.

concept_name: smallpox


sentence: Human cases are very rare and most often contracted from domestic cats.

sentences_after: It is from these rodents that domestic cats get the virus.

sentences_after: Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper respiratory tract infection.

sentences_after: Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction.

sentences_after: The virus can be found mostly in late summer and autumn.

concept_name: human case


sentence: Food power works in much the same way.

sentences_before: In politics, the use of agriculture or agricultural products to influence the outcome of decisions is called 'Food Power'.

sentences_before: Through this cartel, they can fix the price at which they will sell oil.

sentences_after: Nations usually do what is best for their citizens, who usually want food.

concept_name: food power


sentence: Nations usually do what is best for their citizens, who usually want food.

frequency: usually

concept_name: nation


sentence: Food power is part of food politics.

sentences_after: Embargoes can also be used to put pressure on a nation.

sentences_after: In order for a nation to make use of food power effectively, the nation must effectively apply and display scarcity, supply concentration, demand dispersion, and action independence.

sentences_after: The four main nations that export enough agriculture to be able to exert food power are the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

sentences_after: The U.S. does appear to use food power for punishment.

sentences_after: Some African countries have used food power in internal conflicts on a smaller scale.


sentence: Technology is very advanced and many new cultural trends begin there.

headings:
California
California today

sentences_before: In 1900, there were only a million people in California and 100,000 in Los Angeles.

sentences_before: Today, California has more people than any other U.S. state.

sentences_before: Starting in 1965, the variety of people became much greater as many different people from around the world came to the United States and often decided to live in California.

sentences_before: California is thought to be a very liberal state, but there are still a lot of people who are Republicans.

sentences_after: Engineering and computers play a big part in the state's life.

sentences_after: For over a hundred years, film has been one of the most important businesses in California.

sentences_after: By the 1950s, television had also become an important business in California.

concept_name: technology


sentence: Handstands are known by various other names.

concept_name: handstand


sentence: Balance is kept by shifting body weight towards the fingers or the heel of the hand.

headings: Handstand Types

sentences_before: Straight-back style is used when straight body lines are wanted and possible.

sentences_before: In many cases the curved-back style is better as it has much better control over balance.

concept_name: balance


sentence: Propaganda does tend to make disputes last longer, and be more difficult to resolve.

sentences_before: It is hard to tell whether the information is true or false.

sentences_before: Very often, the information is confusing and unfair.

concept_name: propaganda


sentence: Propaganda is like advertising in some ways.

sentences_after: For example, it uses the mass media to spread its ideas.

sentences_after: But advertising is usually trying to sell something, whereas propaganda is about ideas.

sentences_after: It is often political, and used by states or political parties, not private companies.


sentence: Credits are taken from the album's liner notes.

headings:
Dreaming of You (album)
Personnel and credits

concept_name: credit


sentence: Shipments are based on certifications.

headings:
Dreaming of You (album)
Charts and certifications
Certifications

concept_name: shipment


headings:
Dulce Amor
Personnel


sentence: Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy.

concept_name: afghan tribe


sentence: Tourism is a major contributor to the town's economy.

sentences_before: In the 1880s Lorenzo Dow Baker started the banana trade in Jamaica which made Port Antonio grow quickly, with more and more tourists arriving and departing in the banana boats.

sentences_before: Its population 1982 was 12,285 growing to 13,246 in 1991.

sentences_before: It is the island's third largest port, famous as a shipping point for bananas and coconuts, as well as one of its most important tourist attractions.

concept_name: tourism


sentence: Music has 'tonality' if it uses the notes of a major or minor scale.

sentences_after:
Such music is 'tonal'.
Nearly all Western music is tonal.

concept_name: music


sentence: All tonal music is based on a major or minor scale.

concept_name: tonal music


sentence: Entertainers are listed under their place of birth or where they grew up.

sentences_before: This category is for articles about people from Chicago, Illinois.

sentences_before: It is for people who were born in this area or are notable for being from the area.

sentences_before: One exception to this is entertainers who moved to Chicago.

concept_name: entertainer


sentence: Toucans roost in holes in trees.

sentences_before: The 'Toucan' is a South American bird in the family 'Ramphastidae'.

sentences_before: This social bird lives in small flocks in lowland rainforests.

sentences_before: It is a poor flyer, and moves mostly by hopping around trees.

concept_name: toucan


sentence: Toucans are known for their huge beaks, which can grow larger than their bodies.

headings: Toucan Beak

sentences_after: They use their beaks for reaching over and plucking fruit from branches of trees.

sentences_after: The bright colors on the beak may help the toucans to recognize each other, and to scare off other birds.


sentence: Research usually involve a mixture of field and laboratory studies.

sentences_after: Samples of natural populations may be taken back to the laboratory for their genetic variation to be analysed.

sentences_after: Changes in the populations at different times and places will be noted, and the pattern of mortality in these populations will be studied.

sentences_after: Research is often done on insects and other organisms that have short generation times.

concept_name: research


sentence: Many species are grown for their ornamental flowers.

sentences_after: They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America.

concept_name: specie


sentence: Many species are adapted to alpine climates.

sentences_before: Generally, they prefer filtered sunlight.


sentence: Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter.

sentences_before: In chemistry and physics, the 'atomic theory' explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time.

sentences_after: The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus.

sentences_after: A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.

concept_name: atom


sentence: All matter is formed of atoms.

headings:
Atomic theory
Dalton's atomic theory

concept_name: matter


sentence: Isotopes vary in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus.

headings:
Atomic theory
Lord Rutherford atomic model

sentences_before: By this stage the main elements of the atom were clear, plus the discovery that atoms of an element may occur in isotopes.

sentences_after: Although this model was well understood, modern physics has developed further, and present-day ideas cannot be made easy to understand.

sentences_after: Some idea of present-day atomic physics can be got from the links in the table below.

concept_name: isotope


sentence: Particles can carry fundamental forces.

headings:
Particle physics
Fundamental Forces

sentences_after: For example, the electromagnetic force is carried by photons.

sentences_after: The four fundamental forces are responsible for almost everything in all of physics, including gravity, radioactive decay, and magnetism.

concept_name: particle


sentence: Physicists find out about particles by studying collisions between different particles.

headings:
Particle physics
Collider

sentences_after: A good analogy of how physicists study particles through colliding is the car crash example.

sentences_after: Imagine a person wanted to look inside cars.

sentences_after: By crashing two cars together at very high speeds, we can break the cars apart and see inside.

sentences_after: In the same way, physicists crash two particles together in order to break them and study the inside.

concept_name: physicist


sentence: Some visual bands are effected by X japan.

concept_name: visual band


sentence: Horses have to be trained to accept a bridle or a saddle.

sentences_before: This includes training them to let people ride on their backs, or to pull carts and wagons.

sentences_after: Historically, horses were trained for transport, farm work, warfare and sport.

sentences_after: In modern times, sport and recreation are the main reason horses are trained.

concept_name: horse


sentence: Cratons are subdivided geographically into geologic 'provinces'.

sentences_after: A geologic province is an area with common geologic properties.

concept_name: craton


sentence: Some verbenas are considered weeds.

sentences_before: Verbena' is a genus of plants in the family Verbenaceae.

sentences_after: It should not be confused with the related 'Lantana', commonly called shrub Verbena.

concept_name: verbena


sentence: Roads are wide with service lanes for every major road.

headings:
Greater Noida
History

sentences_before: The government of Uttar Pradesh decided to incorporate the city of Greater Noida.

sentences_before: The planning of Greater Noida would be improved from what was learned in Noida.

sentences_after: All cabling and utilities are run underground.

concept_name: road


sentence: Humans get the disease by drinking milk that is unsterilized, or by eating meat from sick animals.

sentences_before: Brucellosis is a zoonosis, a disease that is spread from animals to humans.

sentences_after: Sometimes, but not very often, the disease can be spread from human to human.

concept_name: human


sentence: Most people recover fully but death can occur in the elderly.

concept_name: people


sentence: Blennies are generally small fish.

sentences_after: Their dorsal fins are continuous and long.

sentences_after: The pelvic fins have a single embedded spine, and are short and slender.

concept_name: blenny


sentence: Wrasses can put their jaws forwards, usually with separate jaw teeth that jut outwards.

headings:
Wrasse
Feeding methods

concept_name: wrasse


sentence: Many species are capable of changing sex.


sentence: Lobelias are delightful plants in many area.

sentences_before: Lobelioideae' is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family 'Campanulaceae'.

sentences_before: It is sometimes considered a different family 'Lobeliaceae'.

concept_name: lobelia


sentence: Some cases are of unknown cause.

sentences_before: It is caused by some stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine.

sentences_after: Some psychologists think it can be caused by a hormone imbalance.

sentences_after: Others believe it is caused by early exposure to pornography and sex.

concept_name: case


sentence: Some psychologists think it can be caused by a hormone imbalance.

concept_name: psychologist


sentence: Actuaries now work in many places.

headings: Actuary Work

sentences_after: Most work for insurance companies, but others work in all kinds of finance companies.

concept_name: actuary


sentence: Isopods can grow up to half an inch.

headings: Isopod Description

sentences_after: They are usually gray or brown or black, with an oval-shaped body.

sentences_after: They also have seven pairs of short legs.

concept_name: isopod


sentence: Fusion produces a lot of energy.

sentences_before: The energy of stars comes from nuclear fusion.

sentences_before: This is a process that turns a light chemical element into another heavier element.

sentences_before: Stars are mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

sentences_before: They turn the hydrogen into helium by fusion.

sentences_before: When a star is near the end of its life, it begins to change the helium into other heavier chemical elements, like carbon and oxygen.

sentences_after: The energy produced by stars radiates away from them.

sentences_after: The energy leaves as electromagnetic radiation.

concept_name: fusion


sentence: Most stars look like shiny dots from Earth, because they are far away.

headings: Star Planets

sentences_after: The Sun and all things that orbit it are called the Solar System.

concept_name: star


sentence: Most stars are very old.

headings:
Star
Numbers, distances

sentences_after: They are usually thought to be between 1 and 10 billion years old.

sentences_after: The oldest stars are thought to be around 13.7 billion years old.

sentences_after: Scientists think that is close to the age of the Universe.


sentence: Stars vary greatly in size.

sentences_after: If you were to take a layer a micrometre thick and apply it onto a tank, it would be a very tough armor.

sentences_after: The tank would be so heavy, it would sink into the center of the Earth.


sentence: Stars are a source of a gravity field.

sentences_after: This is what keeps planets close to them.

sentences_after: It is also not unusual for two stars to  orbit each other.

sentences_after: This happens when they are close together.

sentences_after: This is also because of gravity, in the same way as the Earth orbits the Sun.

sentences_after: There are even groups of three or more stars orbiting each other.


sentence: Stars are made in nebulas.

headings:
Star
Birth and life and death of stars

sentences_after: These are big areas that has more gas than normal space has.

sentences_after: The gas in a nebula is attracted to all the other gas by gravity.

sentences_after: This makes the gas in the nebula very thick.

sentences_after: The Orion Nebula is an example of a place where gas is coming together to form stars.


sentence: Fusion happens at the center of stars.

sentences_before: To fuse hydrogen it must be very, very hot and the pressure must be very, very high.


sentence: Red dwarfs live longer than any other type of star.

sentences_after: At the end of their lives, they become dimmer and dimmer.

concept_name: red dwarfs


sentence: Most stars use up the hydrogen at their core.

sentences_after: When they do, their core shrinks and becomes very, very hot.

sentences_after: It becomes so hot it pushes away the outer layer of the star.

sentences_after: As the outer layer expands it makes a red giant star.

sentences_after: Astro-physicists think that in about 5 billion years, the sun will be a red giant.

sentences_after: Our sun will be so large it will eat the Earth.


sentence: Rumble strips are raised lines placed horizontally on a road.

sentences_after: They are usually used to tell drivers that they must slow down or stop ahead.

sentences_after: The strips make a rumbling sound when a car's tires cross them.

concept_name: rumble strip


sentence: Many bass live in or near North America.

sentences_after: Their name comes from the word for perch.

concept_name: bass


sentence: Many visitors come here every year and many artists have painted the islands.

headings:
Miyagi Prefecture
Sight-seeing

sentences_before: Miyagi Prefecture has one of Japan's Three Great Views.

sentences_before: Matsushima Bay is full of small islands with old pine trees on them.

concept_name: visitor


sentence: Impression management is an idea spoken about in the discipline of sociology.

sentences_after: It is about the experience in everyday life where people control the way that they appear to others.

sentences_after: People do this by selecting certain gestures, speech patterns, feminine or masculine expressions, as well as certain expressions of class and cultural interest.

sentences_after: This so that people can give a particular image to others about who they want to be and how they want to be seen.

concept_name: impression management


sentence: Automatons are like robots, but more highly developed.

headings: List of characters in the Camp Half-Blood series

sentences_after: They have an intricate circuitry in them which makes them hard to fix.

sentences_after: Most are made out of normal steel but some like the Bronze dragon are made out of celestial bronze.

sentences_after: According to Annabeth, some Automatons in Manhattan were used to either attack or help defend Mount Olympus.

concept_name: automaton


sentence: Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy.

sentences_before: Hot wings' are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked in sauce.

sentences_after: They are sometimes called 'buffalo wings' because they originated in Buffalo, New York.

concept_name: hot wing


sentence: Mutagens also increase the number of mutations that occur.

sentences_before: A 'mutagen' is a substance or a process that changes the genetic material of an organism.

sentences_after: Many mutagens also cause cancer, so they are also carcinogens.

sentences_after: Examples of mutagens are ionizing radiation, many bromine compounds, benzene.

sentences_after: A test to detect mutagens is the Ames test.

concept_name: mutagen


sentence: Many mutagens also cause cancer, so they are also carcinogens.

sentences_before: Mutagens also increase the number of mutations that occur.


sentence: Many tabloid newspapers use a photo of a topless or a naked girl to improve their sales.

sentences_after: For this reason, the feature is referred to as 'Page Three' or 'Page 3'.

sentences_after: The newspaper The Sun, who introduced this in 1970, holds a copyright on the name.

sentences_after: The Sun showed a picture of a topless girl on page three.

concept_name: tabloid newspaper


sentence: Air is sent through a pipe that makes sound, like the cries of the victim.

headings:
Tipu's Tiger
Description

sentences_before: The turning of a handle powers mechanisms inside the model.

sentences_after: The pitch of the 'wail pipe' changes as the man's arm moves.

sentences_after: Inside the tiger's head air is pushed through two pipes to make a tiger's roar.

sentences_after: The ivory keyboard which operates an organ is hidden.

concept_name: air


sentence: Visitors can no longer operate the mechanism.

headings:
Tipu's Tiger
Today

sentences_before: It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.


sentence: Water plays a major role in the garden.

headings:
Getty Center
Central Garden

categories: Buildings and structures in Los Angeles, California

sentences_before: San Diego Union-Tribune', November 30, 1997.

sentences_after: A fountain near the restaurant flows toward the garden and appears to fall into a grotto on the north garden wall.

sentences_after: The resulting stream then flows down the hillside into the azalea pool.

sentences_after: The designers placed rocks and boulders of varying size in the stream bed to vary the sounds from the flowing water.

sentences_after: A maze of azaleas floats in the pool, around which is a series of specialty gardens.

concept_name: water


sentence: Trustees are elected to serve four-year terms, with a maximum limit of three terms.

headings:
J. Paul Getty Trust
Governance

sentences_before: The trust is governed by a 13-member board of trustees.

sentences_after:
Retrieved May 1, 2011.
Retrieved May 1, 2011.
Retrieved May 1, 2011.

concept_name: trustee


sentence: Photos show the roof of the building completely submerged at the height of the tsunami.

headings:
Minamisanriku, Miyagi
2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster

sentences_before: The three-storey headquarters of the department remained standing but only the steel frame remained.

sentences_before: All of the interior and walls were destroyed.

sentences_before: After the disaster, Endo was missing and was later found dead.

sentences_after: Some people held onto an antenna on the roof.

concept_name: photo


sentence: All parameters are optional.

headings: Template:RoutemapRoute/doc Fields Notes

concept_name: parameter


sentence: Many children have swings in their own gardens or back yards.

concept_name: child


sentence: Alienation is how people understand themselves in relation to their entire society.

sentences_before: In sociology, alienation is a more complex and difficult idea.

sentences_after: A good example of this is how people think of themselves when they are working and doing a job.

sentences_after: This kind of alienation happens when people do work that they are not interested in or find boring.

sentences_after: However in almost all societies some people may have to do jobs that they don't like because they need to make money.

sentences_after: This can be seen as a type of alienation because a person's true feelings and their actions are separated and unrelated.

concept_name: alienation


sentence: Distribution is pantropical.

sentences_before: Sapotaceae' is a family of flowering plants, belonging to order Ericales.

concept_name: distribution


sentence: Chemists use such functions to predict or explain chemical and physical properties.

sentences_before: A MO is a mathematical function which describes the wave-like behaviour of an electron in a molecule.

sentences_after: For example, the functions can tell the probability of finding an electron in any specific region.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: Chemists usually build mathematical models of molecular orbitals by combining atomic orbitals.

sentences_after: Hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms can also be used.

sentences_after: Molecular orbitals allow chemists to apply quantum mechanics to study molecules.

sentences_after: MOs answer questions about how the atoms in molecules stick together.

sentences_after: The various rounded shapes in an orbital diagram indicate where electrons would most likely be found in an atom.


sentence: MOs answer questions about how the atoms in molecules stick together.

sentences_before: Chemists usually build mathematical models of molecular orbitals by combining atomic orbitals.

sentences_before: Hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms can also be used.

sentences_before: Molecular orbitals allow chemists to apply quantum mechanics to study molecules.

concept_name: mo


sentence: Chemists study atomic orbital interactions.

headings:
Molecular orbital
Formation of molecular orbitals

sentences_after: The overlap is important if the atomic orbitals are close in energy.

sentences_after: Finally, the number of MOs in a molecule must equal the number of atomic orbitals in the atoms being brought together to form the molecule.


sentence: Chemists sort the MOs by energy levels.

headings:
Molecular orbital
Qualitative approach
HOMO and LUMO

sentences_before: Each molecular orbital has its own energy level.

sentences_after: Chemists assume that the electrons will fill the lowest energy level MOs first.

sentences_after: For example, if a molecule has electrons to fill 15 orbitals, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be filled.

sentences_after: The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap.


sentence: Constitutional isomers have the same atoms, but they are joined differently.

sentences_before: In chemistry, some molecules have more than one isomer.

sentences_before: This means that molecules can have different forms, even though all the forms made up of the same atoms.

sentences_after: Stereoisomers have the same atoms, they are joined the same way, but the atoms are arranged differently in space.

sentences_after: An important part of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules.

sentences_after: These molecules look almost identical, except that one molecule is the mirror image of the other.

concept_name: constitutional isomer


sentence: Communities are also divided into populations.

sentences_before: All the different organisms that live together in an ecosystem is called a community.

sentences_before: A terrarium community, for example, can have small animals.

sentences_before: A desert community may have cacti, small snakes, and scorpions.

sentences_before: A pond community can have frogs, insects, snakes, and plants, and a forest community may have rabbits, foxes and pine trees.

sentences_after: A population is composed of only one type of species.

concept_name: community


sentence: People can be 'notable' if they meet any of the following guidelines.

headings:
Wikipedia:Notability (people)
Additional guidelines

sentences_after: Failure to meet these standards is 'not' proof that a subject should not be included.

sentences_after: Meeting one or more of the guideline does 'not' guarantee that a subject should be included.

concept_name: People


sentence: Macaques are found in Japan.

concept_name: macaque


sentence: Macaque monkeys eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects.

headings:
Japanese macaque
Diet

concept_name: macaque monkey


sentence: Macaques are a model organism for studying neurology.

headings: Macaque Research


sentence: Protozoan parasites are also ubiquitous.

headings:
Parasitism
Biological context

sentences_before: Also, there are several other invertebrate phyla which are wholly or largely parasitic.

sentences_before: Flatworms and roundworms are found in virtually every wild species of vertebrate.

sentences_after: Hence parasitism is almost certainly the most common feeding method on Earth.

concept_name: protozoan parasite


sentence: Parasites face an environment which varies in time and space.

headings:
Parasitism
Ecology
Parasites are highly specialised

sentences_after:
Both may occur in the same species.
A few use more than two host species.

concept_name: parasite


sentence: Many parasites have complex life-cycles.

headings:
Parasitism
Ecology
Complex life cycles

sentences_after: Most of them infect molluscs in the first part of the life-cycle, and vertebrates in the second part.

sentences_after: The biology of scrub typhus is even more complex.


sentence: Parasites can be most useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts.

headings:
Parasitism
Evolution
More time, more species

sentences_after: Sibling host species have been discovered when their parasites diverged.


sentence: More charges are possible.

headings:
Northern Virginia military shootings
Suspect

sentences_before: He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington.

sentences_before: The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings.

sentences_before: If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years.

sentences_before: Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime.

sentences_before: If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life.

concept_name: charge


sentence: Molecular symmetry is a basic idea in chemistry.

sentences_before: In chemistry, 'molecular symmetry' is the symmetry of molecules.

sentences_before: It also puts molecules into groups according to their symmetry.

sentences_after: It can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as its dipole moment.

sentences_after: Chemists study symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react.

sentences_after: The molecular symmetry of the reactants help predict how the product of the reaction is made up and the energy needed for the reaction.

concept_name: molecular symmetry


sentence: Chemists study symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react.

sentences_before: Molecular symmetry is a basic idea in chemistry.

sentences_before: It can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as its dipole moment.


sentence: Group theory is the most popular idea.

sentences_before: Molecular symmetry can be studied several different ways.

sentences_after: Group theory is also useful in studying the symmetry of molecular orbitals.

sentences_after: Another idea on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.

concept_name: group theory


sentence: Group theory is also useful in studying the symmetry of molecular orbitals.


sentence: Spectroscopic notation is based on facts taken from molecular symmetry.

sentences_before: Scientists can find molecular symmetry by using X-ray crystallography and other forms of spectroscopy.

concept_name: spectroscopic notation


sentence: Mathematics define a 'group'.

headings:
Molecular symmetry
Point groups
Group theory

concept_name: mathematic


sentence: Chemists use the irreps to sort the symmetry groups and to talk about their properties.

headings:
Molecular symmetry
Point groups
Representations


sentence: Light can move an electron up to an excited state that occupies a higher orbital.

headings:
Electrocyclic reaction
Excited state electrocyclizations

sentences_after: The excited electron will occupy the LUMO, which has a higher energy level than the electron's old orbital.

sentences_after: If light opens the ring of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene, the resulting electrocyclization would be occur by a disrotatory mode instead of a conrotatory mode.

concept_name: light


sentence: Electrocyclic reactions occur frequently in nature.

headings: Electrocyclic reactions in biological systems

sentences_after: Biosynthetic and Biomimetic Electrocyclizations.

sentences_after: One of the most common such reactions in nature is the biosynthesis of vitamin D3.

concept_name: electrocyclic reaction


sentence: Most hares live for about a year in the wild.

sentences_before: These hares often congregate in groups of up to 200 individuals.

sentences_before: They hop at great speeds on their large, powerful hind legs, in a kangaroo-like fashion.

sentences_before: The female is called a doe, the male is called a buck, and the baby hare is called a leveret.

concept_name: hare


sentence: External forces are either surface forces or body forces.

sentences_before: Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a body between its particles.

sentences_before: These internal forces are a reaction to the external forces applied on the body that cause it to separate, compress or slide.

sentences_after: Stress is the average force per unit area that a particle of a body exerts on an adjacent particle, across an imaginary surface that separates them.

concept_name: external force


sentence: Tensile stress is the opposite of compressive stress.

headings:
Stress (mechanics)
Simple stresses
Uniaxial normal stress

sentences_before: Therefore in a uniaxial material the length increases in the tensile stress direction and the other two directions will decrease in size.

sentences_before: In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces.

concept_name: tensile stress


sentence: All real objects occupy three-dimensional space.

headings:
Stress (mechanics)
Stress in one-dimensional bodies

sentences_after: However, if two dimensions are very large or very small compared to the others, the object may be modelled as one-dimensional.

sentences_after: This simplifies the mathematical modelling of the object.

sentences_after: One-dimensional objects include a piece of wire loaded at the ends and viewed from the side, and a metal sheet loaded on the face and viewed up close and through the cross section.

concept_name: real object


sentence: Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions.

sentences_before: In organic chemistry, a 'pericyclic reaction' is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds.

concept_name: pericyclic reaction


sentence: Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions.

sentences_before: Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them.

sentences_after: Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed.

sentences_after: But these metal-catalyzed reactions are also not really pericyclic.

sentences_after: The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates.

sentences_after: So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed.

sentences_before: Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions.


sentence: Heat can cause the double bonds to form a ring.

headings:
Cycloaddition
Reaction mechanism

sentences_after: Because of orbital symmetry, most cycloadditions are suprafacial-suprafacial.

sentences_after: Rarely, they are antarafacial-antarafacial.

sentences_after: These proceed in a suprafacial-antarafacial sense.

sentences_after: For example, the dimerisation of ketene has a orthogonal set of p orbitals.

sentences_after: Those p orbitals allow the reaction to proceed using a crossed transition state.

concept_name: heat


sentence: Light can also cause the double bonds to form a ring.

sentences_after: After the electron is promoted to the higher orbital, orbital symmetry allows the reaction to proceed in a suprafacial-suprafacial manner.

sentences_after: Another example is shown below, the photochemical dimerization of cinnamic acid.


sentence: Cheletropic reactions are a subclass of cycloadditions.

sentences_after: What sets cheletropic reactions apart is that on one of the reagents, both new bonds are being made to the same atom.

sentences_after: A few examples are shown to the right in Figure 1.

sentences_after: In the first case, the single atom is the carbon atom in the carbonyl group.

sentences_after: That carbon atom ends up in carbon monoxide.

sentences_after: The end result is making two new bonds to one atom.

concept_name: cheletropic reaction


sentence: Cheletropic reactions confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry.

headings:
Cheletropic reaction
Theoretical analysis

sentences_before: Because of the geometry of the molecules involved in cheletropic reactions, they confirm a number of predictions made by theoretical chemists.


sentence: Hydrogens are omitted in the third example for clarity.

headings: Woodward-Hoffman Sigmatropic Shift Nomenclature

sentences_before: A special notation is used to describe sigmatropic shifts.

sentences_before: Each of the carbon atoms on the backbone of the molecule are assigned a position number.

sentences_before: When the sum of i and j is an even number, this is an indication of the involvement of a neutral, all C atom chain.

sentences_before: An odd number suggests that there is a charged C atom or of a heteroatom lone pair replacing a carbon-carbon double bond.

concept_name: hydrogen


sentence: Chemists also count atoms when naming a sigmatropic shift where a hydrogen atom moves.

sentences_after: The carbon chain does not break in a hydrogen atom migration.

sentences_after: So, chemists count across all atoms involved in the reaction rather than only across the closest atoms.


sentence: Blue sharks are found worldwide, in temperate and tropical waters.

headings:
Blue shark
Habitat

sentences_after: They are a pelagic species that rarely comes near shore, but have been known to frequently swim to inshore areas around oceanic islands, and locations where the continental shelf is narrow.

sentences_after: In the western Atlantic they can be found from Newfoundland, Canada to Argentina, and in the eastern Atlantic they range from Norway to South Africa, including the Mediterranean.

sentences_after: In the Indian Ocean, they range from South Africa to Indonesia, and in the western Pacific they are found from Japan to New Zealand.

sentences_after: In the eastern Pacific, Blue sharks range from the Gulf of Alaska to Chile.

concept_name: blue shark


sentence: Blue sharks are known to migrate thousands of miles for food and for mating.

headings:
Blue shark
Behaviour

sentences_before: The Blue shark has one of the largest ranges in terms of depths of the water.

sentences_before: They can be found from the surface to the bottom.

sentences_before: This type of adaption makes it easy for them to be able to find food.

sentences_after: Instead, they form groups based on their gender and on their size.

sentences_after: Due to their territorial instincts and their aggressive behaviours, divers have to be very careful around them.

sentences_after: Many of the filmings of these sharks have been done with the divers in cages for the divers' own personal safety.


sentence: Blue sharks are one of the most important species in the international shark-fin trade.

headings:
Blue shark
Conservation

sentences_before: Although Blue sharks are among the most abundant, widespread, and fast growing shark, they are one of the most heavily fished sharks in the world.

sentences_before: With an estimated 10 to 20 million individuals caught and killed each year, there is concern not only about what this is doing to Blue shark populations, but also about the effect the removal of such an important predator might have on the oceanic ecosystem.

sentences_after: However, their meat, while eaten in a few countries, is not very popular.


sentence: Children have to use booster seats so that the seat belt fits better.

sentences_before: A 'booster seat' is a seat cushion that is used to elevate children in cars.

concept_name: child


sentence: Many countries have laws that require the use of booster seats.

sentences_after: However booster seats are used to keep children safe, not because of a law.

concept_name: country


sentence: Firefighters go to special classes to learn firefighting skills.

sentences_after: They earn certificates after taking the classes.

concept_name: firefighter


sentence: Bongos live in both captivity and the wild.

sentences_before: The western bongo is near threatened and the mountain bongo is critically endangered.

sentences_before: Kenya is the only place eastern bongos live in the wild.

sentences_before: Like the west African giraffe, the eastern or mountain bongo is one of the most threatened animals in Africa.

concept_name: bongo


sentence: Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry.

sentences_after: They can explain how certain reactions work.

sentences_after: Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules.

sentences_after: Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971.'Dyotropic Rearrangements, a New Class of Orbital-Symmetry Controlled Reactions'.

concept_name: dyotropic reaction


sentence: Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules.

sentences_before: Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry.

sentences_before: They can explain how certain reactions work.


sentence: Theoretical chemistry predicts what happens when atoms combine to form molecules.

sentences_after: An important part of theoretical chemistry is quantum chemistry.

sentences_after: Other important parts include molecular dynamics, statistical thermodynamics and theories of electrolyte solutions, reaction networks, polymerization and catalysis.

concept_name: theoretical chemistry


sentence: Theoretical chemists use a wide range of tools.

headings:
Theoretical chemistry
Overview

concept_name: theoretical chemist


sentence: Theoretical chemistry uses physics to explain or predict chemical observations.

sentences_after: The main parts of theoretical chemistry are electronic structure, dynamics, and statistical mechanics.


sentence: Examples are molecular docking, protein-protein docking, drug design, combinatorial chemistry.

headings:
Theoretical chemistry
Major areas of theoretical chemistry

concept_name: example


sentence: Compensation can hide real or imagined problems and personal or physical inferiority.

sentences_before: In psychology, 'compensation' is a way people hide something that they cannot do well, by doing something else really well.

sentences_before: They may not even be aware that they are doing it.

sentences_after: However it does not really solve the cause of the problem.

sentences_after: Positive compensations may help a person overcome difficulties.

sentences_after: But negative compensations do not, and can even make the problems worse.

concept_name: compensation


sentence: Organic chemistry has rules for naming compounds with substituent groups.

sentences_after: The substituent group is listed first with a suffix to describe how it is attached to the main carbon chain.

sentences_after: When naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent, position numbers may be used.

sentences_after: These number will indicate which carbon atom the substituent is attached to.

sentences_after: One case where this information is needed is that of isomers.

concept_name: organic chemistry


sentence: Conjugated systems are created by several multiple bonds, each separated by single bonds.

sentences_before: In chemistry, a 'conjugated system' is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons.

sentences_after: In general, conjugated systems may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase how steady it is.

sentences_after: They can contain lone pairs, radicals or carbenium ions.

sentences_after: The compound may be cyclic, acyclic, linear or mixed.

sentences_after: Molecules which have a conjugated system have special properties created by the greater sharing of the delocalized electrons among many atoms.

concept_name: conjugated system


sentence: Cyclic compounds can be partly or completely conjugated.

headings:
Conjugated system
Conjugated cyclic compounds

concept_name: cyclic compound


sentence: Conjugated systems have special properties that give their compounds strong colors.

headings:
Conjugated system
Conjugated systems in pigments

sentences_after: For example, beta-carotene has a strong orange color.

sentences_after: This comes from its long conjugated hydrocarbon chain.

sentences_after: When an electron in beta-carotene's conjugated system absorbs a photon of light of the right wavelength, the electron can be promoted to a higher energy level.

sentences_after: Often an HOMO to LUMO change is made by an electron if it is allowed by the selection rules for electromagnetic transitions.


sentence: Conjugated systems are the main things that make up chromophores.

headings:
Conjugated system
Conjugated systems in pigments
Chromophores

sentences_after: Chromophores are light-absorbing parts of a molecule that can cause a compound to have a visible color.

sentences_after: Chromophores are often present in various organic compounds and sometimes present in polymers that are colored or glow in the dark.

sentences_after: Many times, chromophores have aromatic rings.


sentence: Conjugated chromophores are found in the photoreceptors of the eye.

concept_name: conjugated chromophore


sentence: Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds conjugated dienes, and polyenes.

sentences_before: The rules are named after Robert Burns Woodward.

sentences_before: He was a Harvard University chemistry professor who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.

sentences_before: The rules are sometimes called the 'Woodward-Fieser rules', to also honor Louis Fieser.

sentences_before: The rules build the prediction on the type of chromophores present, the substituents on the chromophores, and changes due to the solvent.


sentence: Lemon sharks are usually eight to ten feet long.

sentences_before: The 'Lemon shark' is a shark that gets it's name from its deep yellow back.

sentences_after: They have long, sharp teeth for catching slippery fish.

sentences_after: Lemon sharks are common on the southeast coast of the United States of America.

concept_name: lemon shark


sentence: Lemon sharks are common on the southeast coast of the United States of America.

sentences_before: Lemon sharks are usually eight to ten feet long.

sentences_before: They have long, sharp teeth for catching slippery fish.


sentence: Nurse sharks feed on crustaceans, mollusks, sea snakes, fish, coral, and tunicates.

concept_name: nurse shark


sentence: Nurse sharks are nocturnal, and are very sluggish and are harmless unless bothered.


sentence: Nurse sharks have the simplest type of tooth arrangement found in sharks.

headings:
Nurse shark
Description

sentences_after: This means that there is no overlapping between the teeth, and that forward movements of teeth leading to shedding does not depend on other teeth.

sentences_after: With sharks that have many overlapping teeth, the replacement of teeth cannot take place until the outer blocking teeth are lost.

sentences_after: Young Nurse sharks can replace their teeth quicker than adults.

sentences_after: Also, teeth replacing occurs faster in summer, when water temperatures are higher.

sentences_after: Once the Nurse sharks reach maturity, their growth rates usually become much lower.


sentence: Nurse sharks are very active during the night.

headings:
Nurse shark
Behaviour

sentences_after: In addition to swimming near the bottom, the Nurse shark can move around on the sea floor, using its flexible, muscular pectoral fins as limbs.


sentence: Spiny dogfish are benthopelagic, meaning that they are found just above the bottom of the ocean.

headings:
Spiny dogfish shark
Habitat

sentences_after: They are found from the surface to depths as deep as 1,460 metres.

sentences_after: They are often found in enclosed bays and estuaries.

sentences_after: They have been reported to enter freshwater but cannot survive there for more than a few hours.

concept_name: spiny dogfish


sentence: Commercial fishermen target mature females because they grow to larger sizes than males.

headings:
Spiny dogfish shark
Conservation

sentences_before: Due to their long gestation period and the low number of pups they give birth to at a time, the Spiny dogfish must be managed carefully.

sentences_before: This species is extremely vulnerable to overfishing and is currently on the brink of collapse.

sentences_after: This was in response to heavy fishing that devastated Spiny dogfish populations during the 1990s.

sentences_after: In late 2000, a fishery management plan for the Spiny dogfish began to develop, followed by its approval in November 2002.

sentences_after: Federal and state recovery plans are currently in place but are continually challenged.

sentences_after: The National Marine Fisheries Service, with new data predicting the collapse of the Spiny dogfish populations, closed federal waters to Spiny dogfish fishing in July 2003.

concept_name: commercial fisherman


sentence: All tiger beetles are predators.

concept_name: tiger beetle


sentence: Fish get many benefits from shoaling.

sentences_after: Also, it may help a fish find food, and a mate.

sentences_after: The school may even swim faster than a lone fish.

concept_name: Fish


sentence: Some fish spend most of their time schooling.

headings:
Shoaling and schooling
Schooling

sentences_after: Tuna, herring and anchovy, spend all of their time shoaling or schooling, and become agitated if separated from the group.

sentences_after: Others, such as Atlantic cod, school only some of the time.

concept_name: fish


sentence: Shoals are more vulnerable to predator attack.

sentences_before: When schooling fish stop to feed, they break ranks and become shoals.

sentences_after: The shape a shoal or school takes depends on the type of fish and what the fish are doing.

sentences_after: Schools that are travelling can form long thin lines, or squares or ovals or amoeboid shapes.

sentences_after: Fast moving schools usually form a wedge shape, while shoals that are feeding tend to become circular.

concept_name: shoal


sentence: Herring are among the more spectacular schooling fish.

sentences_after: They aggregate together in huge numbers.

sentences_after: The largest schools are often formed during migrations by merging with smaller schools.

sentences_after: That's about three billion fish in one school.

sentences_after: Israel Program for Scientific Translation, translated by Mill H. Halsted Press, New York.

sentences_after: These schools move along coastlines and cross the open oceans.

concept_name: herring


sentence: Herrings have excellent hearing, and their schools react very fast to a predator.

sentences_before: The largest schools are often formed during migrations by merging with smaller schools.

sentences_before: That's about three billion fish in one school.

sentences_before: Israel Program for Scientific Translation, translated by Mill H. Halsted Press, New York.

sentences_before: These schools move along coastlines and cross the open oceans.

sentences_before: Herring schools have very precise arrangements which allow the school to maintain relatively constant cruising speeds.

sentences_after: The herrings keep a certain distance from a moving scuba diver or cruising predator like a killer whale, forming a vacuole which looks like a doughnut from a spotter plane.


sentence: Fish are in danger of being eaten if they are separated from the school.

headings:
Shoaling and schooling
Predator avoidance

sentences_after: Fishes, an introduction to ichthyology'.


sentence: Sardines have a short life-cycle, living only two or three years.

sentences_after: Adult sardines, about two years old, mass on the Agulhas Bank where they spawn during spring and summer, releasing tens of thousands of eggs into the water.

sentences_after: The adult sardines then make their way in hundreds of shoals towards the sub-tropical waters of the Indian Ocean.

sentences_after: Huge numbers of sharks, dolphins, tuna, sailfish, Cape fur seals and even killer whales congregate and follow the shoals, creating a feeding frenzy along the coastline.

concept_name: sardine


sentence: Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science.

sentences_before: Physical chemistry is not the same as chemical physics.

sentences_after: These include chemical equilibrium and colloids.

concept_name: physical chemistry


sentence: Ozone is a gas that is present in the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth.

sentences_after: There, it will absorb almost all ultraviolet light which is harmful to many organisms.

concept_name: ozone


sentence: Articles are permitted in userspace for some time before deletion is considered.

headings: Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2011/User:Lugurr/Gay Nigger Association of America

sentences_after: Those articles are permitted to permit the editor time to bring the article into compliance.

concept_name: article


sentence: Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter.

sentences_after: Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.

concept_name: double bond


sentence: Required parameters are displayed in orange.

headings:
Template:Infobox French commune/doc
Usage

concept_name: required parameter


headings:
Template:Infobox French commune/doc
Parameters

sentences_after: Delete any unneeded fields when using the full template syntax.


sentence: Many communes cooperate in an intercommunality.

headings:
Template:Infobox French commune/doc
Parameters
intercommunality

concept_name: commune


sentence: Meta information is information 'about' the web page.

sentences_before: HTML can also be used to add meta information to a webpage.

sentences_after: For example, the name of the person who made it.

sentences_after: Meta information is not usually shown by web browsers.

concept_name: meta information


sentence: Some tags only work in certain browsers.

headings: HTML Tags

sentences_after: For example, the  tag, which is used to make a bit of writing slide across the page, only works in the Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox browsers.

sentences_after: Other browsers simply ignore this tag and display the writing normally.

concept_name: tag


sentence: Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds.

concept_name: pi bond


sentence: Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap.

sentences_after: Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds.

sentences_after: Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called 'pi electrons'.

sentences_after: Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond.

sentences_after: The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.


sentence: More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.

headings:
Pi bond
Multiple bonds

sentences_before: A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself.

sentences_before: The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths.

concept_name: bond


sentence: Some radiators are used to cool things, such as a car engine.

sentences_before: A 'radiator' is a device used to move heat from one location to another location.

concept_name: radiator


sentence: Most cars use a radiator to cool the engine.

headings: Radiator Cooling

sentences_after: To produce power, engines must burn a fuel.

sentences_after: If the heat is not removed, the engine will overheat and stop running.

sentences_after: The radiator is connected to the engine with hoses.

concept_name: car


sentence: Heat is moved from the engine to the liquid.

sentences_after: The heat moves because of Newton's Law of Cooling.

sentences_after: This law says that heat will move from something hot to something cooler.

concept_name: heat


sentence: Many houses are located in areas that get cold.

headings: Radiator Heating

sentences_after: Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable.

sentences_after: A radiator is placed in a room to add heat to the room.

sentences_after: A heating radiator works just like a cooling radiator.

sentences_after: The heat from the furnace moves to the radiator.

concept_name: house


sentence: Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable.

sentences_before: Many houses are located in areas that get cold.


sentence: Many plants have some defence against herbivores.

sentences_before: Not surprisingly, then, animals have developed a wide range of defences against predation.

concept_name: plant


sentence: Warning sounds allow the animal to stay hidden.

headings:
Defence against predators
Primary defences
Methods
For prey with defences

sentences_after: Moths of the Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae families are foul-tasting, but might be eaten by bats at night.

sentences_after: These moths emit clicks when they hear bats in flight.

sentences_after: That the clicks work is shown by a neat experiment.

sentences_after: Bats eat mealworms if thrown up by the experimenter.

sentences_after: They ignore the mealworms thrown by hand if moth clicks are played at the same time.

concept_name: warning sound


sentence: Bats eat mealworms if thrown up by the experimenter.

sentences_before: Warning sounds allow the animal to stay hidden.

sentences_before: Moths of the Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae families are foul-tasting, but might be eaten by bats at night.

sentences_before: These moths emit clicks when they hear bats in flight.

sentences_before: That the clicks work is shown by a neat experiment.

concept_name: bat


sentence: Antelope have horns, and can also run fast.

sentences_before: The second kind of defence is very obvious.

sentences_before: For larger prey animals this can be effective if linked to another defence.

sentences_before: Thus, in natural habitats, elephants have tusks, and they also have huge size.

sentences_after: Almost all large herbivores live in herds, which undoubtedly is safer than living alone.

concept_name: Antelope


sentence: Many predators strike to kill only on prey which move.

headings:
Defence against predators
Secondary defences
Methods

sentences_after: That includes cats, lizards and mantids.

sentences_after: A number of insects play dead when attacked.

sentences_after: Some larger animals also do this, like the American Opossum.

sentences_after: What playing dead does is avoid releasing the predator's inherited killing behaviour.

concept_name: predator


sentence: Cuttlefish squirt out a cloud of black ink, turn pale and swim fast away from the ink.

sentences_before: Many offer a non-essential part of the body, for example, butterflies whose wings have small 'targets' near the edges.

sentences_after: The Kentish Plover, which lays its eggs on the ground, lures attackers away from the eggs.

sentences_after: It uses a remarkable impression of being damaged with a broken wing.

concept_name: cuttlefish


sentence: All defences incur costs.

headings:
Defence against predators
Costs of defence

sentences_after: For survival, an animals needs food, and needs to stay alive to reproduce.

sentences_after: Energy and time spent on defence can be considerable, but justified if it makes reproduction more likely.

concept_name: defence


sentence: Cognitive biases are often because of evolution.

sentences_before: A 'cognitive bias' happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice.

sentences_before: They are an important part of the study of cognitive psychology.

sentences_after: Some behaviors were good for primitive humans and animals that seem foolish today.

sentences_after: The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias.

concept_name: cognitive bias


sentence: Prehistory means history of a time before any written record.

headings:
History of China
Prehistory

sentences_after: In such cases, it is very difficult to tell anything definite about the prehistory of China or any other country.

sentences_after: Even then, historians believe some facts about the China of that period.

sentences_after: They had started cultivating millet a type of grain and possibly some more types of grains.

sentences_after: By 2500 BC, Bronze Age has come to China.

concept_name: prehistory


sentence: Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food.

headings:
Macaroni Penguin
Size

sentences_before: As predators, Macaroni Penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food.

sentences_before: Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth.

sentences_after: Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food.

sentences_after: When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from 50-200 feet down in the water.

sentences_after: Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to 300 feet.

sentences_after: They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air.

concept_name: penguin


sentence: Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming.

sentences_before: Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim.

sentences_before: Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them.

sentences_after: Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking.

sentences_after: They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet.

sentences_after: Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling.

sentences_after: Sliding helps them get to places faster.


sentence: Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking.

sentences_before: Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming.


sentence: Little Penguins live in sandy burrows at night and go to the ocean during the day.

headings:
Little Penguin
Habitat

sentences_after: They can be found right around the south coast of Australia, from Perth in the west to Coffs Harbour on the east coast.

sentences_after: The largest Little Penguin colonies in New South Wales are on Montague Island, Tollgate Island and Brush Island.

concept_name: little penguin