sentence: Little penguins have one call that changes to mean different things.

headings:
Little Penguin
Behavior
Calls

sentences_after: Most calls have a rhythm of two repeated sounds.


repository: local

sentence: Most calls have a rhythm of two repeated sounds.

sentences_before: Little penguins have one call that changes to mean different things.

number: Most

concept_name: call


sentence: Little penguins are the only penguin species that breeds nocturnally - that is, at night.

headings:
Little Penguin
Behavior
Reproduction

concept_name: little penguin


sentence: Primary sector extracts natural materials and provides raw materials for secondary industry.

headings:
Economic sector
Based on place in the production chain

sentences_after: Secondary sector processes raw materials or semi-finished goods into more valuable products.

sentences_after: Tertiary sector is the provision of services.

sentences_after: Quaternary sector is the activity related to the application, manipulation and transmission of information.

concept_name: primary sector


sentence: Secondary sector processes raw materials or semi-finished goods into more valuable products.

sentences_before: Primary sector extracts natural materials and provides raw materials for secondary industry.

concept_name: secondary sector


sentence: Tertiary sector is the provision of services.

sentences_before: Secondary sector processes raw materials or semi-finished goods into more valuable products.

concept_name: tertiary sector


sentence: Meat packing is the main industry in Dodge City.

headings:
Dodge City
Economy

sentences_after: The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture.

sentences_after: Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops.

concept_name: meat packing


sentence: Some models are sold in Japanese domestic market.

headings:
Mugen Motorsports
Vehicles

number: some

concept_name: model


sentence: Huge numbers migrate.

headings:
Red Admiral
Painted Ladies
Migration

sentences_after: The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009.

sentences_after: Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.

concept_name: huge number


sentence: Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills.

sentences_after: They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do.

concept_name: plover


sentence: All text following a space is taken as the text to use for the link.

headings:
Wikipedia:Links to other websites
How to link

number: all

concept_name: text


sentence: String quartets are the most popular form of chamber music.

sentences_after: Many composers have written string quartets.

concept_name: string quartet


sentence: People drink it mixed with water, over ice, in cocktails, or straight.

concept_name: People


sentence: Rotaviruses are very small.

sentences_before: Like most viruses, rotaviruses are made from RNA and protein.

sentences_before: The RNA carries the genes that are used to make more rotaviruses.

sentences_before: Rotaviruses get into the body through the mouth and are not present in the air like the viruses that cause colds.

sentences_before: The disease is most often spread by dirty hands and things used for cooking, but the viruses can contaminate water.

concept_name: rotavirus


sentence: Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from.

sentences_after: This makes it difficult for the body to digest food.

sentences_after: Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection.

sentences_after: But it is very important to make sure they drink enough water to replace what they are losing.

sentences_after: This comes in a small packet that is added to drinking water.

sentences_after: It contains salt and sugar, which helps the body take up the water.


sentence: Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection.

sentences_before: Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from.

sentences_before: This makes it difficult for the body to digest food.

frequency: usually

concept_name: child


sentence: Searches bring up social networking sites and promotional sites.

headings: Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2011/Vell Baria

concept_name: search


sentence: Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause.

sentences_before: There are many different kinds of viruses.

sentences_before: Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them.

concept_name: classification


sentence: Universities have faculties, each faculty is responsible for one branch of studies.

sentences_before: In France, universities have to accept all students with a baccalaureat.

sentences_before: These do not have the obligation to accept anyone, and only a select few can attend studies at these institutions.

sentences_before: The Ecoles train what will become the French elite.

concept_name: university


sentence: Some historians believe that they mixed up fully with the Indian people of that time.

headings:
History of India
The Magadha empire
Hun invasion

sentences_before: With this the Gupta dynasty came to an end.

sentences_before: Most of north India became badly affected by this invasion.

sentences_before: However, Huns could not go up to the Deccan and the southern parts of India.

sentences_before: No one knows definitely about the fate of Huns after end of the sixth century.

concept_name: historian


sentence: Colonial period means the period during which Western countries ruled India.

headings:
History of India
Colonial era

sentences_after: These countries also ruled many other countries of Asia, Africa, and South America.

concept_name: colonial period


sentence: Some economists think it was a mixed economy.

headings:
History of India
Republic of India

sentences_after: In a mixed economy, socialism and capitalism continue together.

sentences_after: During this period, lasting for several years up to end-1980s, India could rapidly develop its infrastructure, science and technology.

concept_name: economist


sentence: Many churches have windows made of colored glass.

sentences_before: Glass is often used to make windows and bottles.

number: many

concept_name: church


sentence: Many torts cause physical harm to people.

sentences_after: Some torts cause damage to property, like a broken window.

sentences_after: Some torts can harm other things, like someone's reputation or a business.

concept_name: tort


sentence: Some torts cause damage to property, like a broken window.

sentences_before: Many torts cause physical harm to people.


sentence: Some torts can harm other things, like someone's reputation or a business.

sentences_before: Some torts cause damage to property, like a broken window.


sentence: Different laws are found in civil law countries such as France or Germany.

sentences_before: The kinds of torts this article talks about are a part of the common law.

sentences_before: The common law is found in England and former British colonies, such as the United States of America.

concept_name: different law


sentence: Unintentional torts are accidents.

headings:
Tort
Kinds of torts
Unintentional torts

sentences_after: They usually happen because someone was not being careful.

sentences_after: When someone is not careful, it is called negligence.

sentences_after: An example of negligence is driving a car while not paying attention to the road.

concept_name: unintentional tort


sentence: Abstract torts are injuries to a person's mind, reputation, or property.

headings:
Tort
Kinds of torts
Abstract torts

sentences_after: A person's mind or reputation can be injured by saying things about them that are not true.

sentences_after: A person's property can be injured by taking it from them without permission or saying that it belongs to someone else.

concept_name: abstract tort


sentence: Chamber music can be any group of instruments from two up to about eight or nine.

sentences_after: Compare that to an orchestra where there may be, for example, several violins all playing the same notes.

concept_name: chamber music


sentence: Piano duets are for two players at one piano.

headings:
Chamber music
Words for the size of groups

concept_name: piano duet


sentence: Piano trios are pieces for piano, violin and cello.

concept_name: piano trio


sentence: String quartets are the most popular form of chamber music.

sentences_after: They are for two violins, viola and cello.

sentences_after: A piano quartet would be for piano, violin, viola and cello.

concept_name: string quartet


sentence: String sextets are normally for two violins, two violas and two cellos.

sentences_after: Sextet is for piano and five wind instruments.

concept_name: string sextet


sentence: Sextet is for piano and five wind instruments.

sentences_before: String sextets are normally for two violins, two violas and two cellos.

concept_name: sextet


sentence: Octet is for clarinet, horn, bassoon, string quartet and double bass.

concept_name: octet


sentence: Circumcision can be a religious ritual, or a custom in certain tribes, or a medical practice.

concept_name: circumcision


sentence: Muslim custom varies by country, but boys can be circumcised at any time before puberty.

sentences_after: Jewish boys are circumcised when they are 1 week old.

concept_name: muslim custom


sentence: People disagree about whether circumcision is a good for health and sexual pleasure.

headings:
Circumcision
Benefits and criticisms

sentences_after: Those who believe that the foreskin is important for sexual pleasure are against circumcision.

sentences_after: Others do not like circumcision because they believe it has no medical advantage, or that it is easy to clean under the foreskin, or that circumcision harms the penis or the mind, and finally point out the penis belongs to its owner to do as with as he wishes when he is older enough to decide for himself.

sentences_after: It should not be the choice of the doctors or parents.

concept_name: People


sentence: Whales have a thick layer of fat under their skin called blubber.

headings:
Whaling
The History of Hunting

sentences_after: For many years, the Eskimos of Alaska depended on these whales to live.

sentences_after: In this way, one whale could feed an Eskimo community for a long time.

sentences_after: However, sometimes a good thing can get out of control and become a bad thing.

sentences_after: This was what happened in whale hunting.

concept_name: whale


sentence: Coast lakes are former bays that have been cut off from the sea.

headings: Poland Geography

sentences_before: This coast has several spits, dunes and coastal lakes.

sentences_after: These areas are sometimes called lagoons.

sentences_after: Szczecin Lagoon is on the western border with Germany.

sentences_after: The Vistula Lagoon is on the eastern border with Kaliningrad, province of Russia.

concept_name: coast lake


sentence: Farther south is the Polish mountain region.

sentences_after: These mountains include the Sudetes and the Carpathian Mountains.

concept_name: farther south


sentence: Plants take the sun's energy, and they are eaten by other animals as food.

sentences_before: Eating' is taking in food to get energy and nutrients.

sentences_before: People and animals need to 'eat' because they cannot make their own food inside their bodies like plants.

sentences_after: The animals then eat each other for the energy.

concept_name: plant


sentence: Showers have a shower head that squirts out water.

sentences_before: A 'shower' is where a person cleans himself by using water.

sentences_before: They stand up when they use a shower and usually do not wear clothes in a shower.

concept_name: shower


sentence: Brass instruments come in several different keys.

headings:
Transposing instrument
Natural harmonic series and timbre

sentences_before: Saxophones transpose into different keys according to their sizes.

sentences_after: It is always important for a player to come to a rehearsal or concert with the correct instrument.

sentences_after: Often brass players become skilled at transposing.

sentences_after: That means, if their music is written in the wrong key for the instrument on which they are playing, they can still play it in the right key.

concept_name: brass instrument


sentence: Some puffers live in brackish and fresh water.

concept_name: puffer


sentence: Football is the most popular sport in Scotland.

headings: Scotland Sports Football

sentences_after: Three of the big cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee, have two or three big football teams, and most cities have at least one team.

sentences_after: These two Glasgow clubs have a lot of history, and are fierce rivals, often causing fights, riots and even murders between the fans.

sentences_after: Rangers are world record holders, having won the most amount of league titles of any football team, currently '54'.

concept_name: football


sentence: Golf is a popular sport in Scotland.

headings: Scotland Sports Golf

sentences_after: It is unique, as Scotland is the birthplace of golf, and there are many public golf courses where people can play for small fees.

sentences_after: Everywhere else in the world, golf is a game for the rich.

concept_name: golf


sentence: Some polytheists also use uppercase when talking about their most important god.

sentences_before: In some religions there are many gods, which is called polytheism.

sentences_before: In other religions, there is only one, which is called monotheism.

sentences_before: God' is usually written with an uppercase letter when only one god is believed to exist.

concept_name: polytheist


sentence: Abrahamic religions are very popular monotheistic ones.

headings:
God
God in the Abrahamic religions

sentences_after: Well-known Abrahamic religions include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

sentences_after: Monotheistic means the people in these religions believe there is only one God.

concept_name: abrahamic religion


sentence: Scallops live in all of the world's oceans.

sentences_after: They have a good reputation as a food source.

sentences_after: Shell collectors often collect the coloured fan-shaped shells.

concept_name: scallop


sentence: Scallops have a central adductor muscle.

headings: Scallop Description

sentences_after: The inside of their shell has a scar in the middle.

sentences_after: This shows where this muscle attaches to the shell.

sentences_after: The adductor muscle of scallops is larger and more developed than the adductor muscle of oysters.

sentences_after: Some fishermen and scientists think that scallops migrate.


sentence: Most scallops are filter feeders.

headings:
Scallop
Food and digestion

sentences_after: The plankton sometimes has scallop larvae in it.

sentences_after: Siphons bring water over a filtering structure.

sentences_after: Next, the cilia on the structure moves the food to the mouth.


sentence: Siphons bring water over a filtering structure.

sentences_before: The plankton sometimes has scallop larvae in it.

sentences_after: Then, the scallop digests the food in the stomach and digestive gland.

sentences_after: Waste goes through the intestine and exits through the anus.

concept_name: siphon


sentence: Most scallops live freely.

headings:
Scallop
Life habits

sentences_after: However, some species attach to a substrate by a structure called a byssus.

sentences_after: When they contract the foot, they can go deeper into the sand.

sentences_after: A free-living scallop swims by opening and closing its shell very fast.

sentences_after: The scallop can defend itself in this way.

sentences_after: It protects the scallop from threatening predators.


sentence: Red roe comes from female scallops.

headings:
Scallop
Life cycle

sentences_after: Scallops release Spermatozoa and ova freely into the water during the mating season.

sentences_after: The immature scallop hatches after a few weeks.

sentences_after: The larvae drift in the plankton until they go to the bottom again to grow.

concept_name: red roe


sentence: White roe comes from males.

sentences_after: They usually attach by means of byssal threads.

concept_name: white roe


sentence: Rays are the main predator of bay scallops.

headings:
Scallop
Seafood industry
Sustainability

sentences_before: The main factor is the reduction in sea grasses because of the development on the coast.

sentences_before: Bay scallop spat attach to these grasses.

sentences_before: Another possible factor is the reduction of shark numbers.

sentences_after: With fewer sharks, rays can freely eat scallops.

sentences_after: This is greatly decreasing their numbers.

concept_name: ray


sentence: Scallops are popular in both Eastern and Western cooking.

headings:
Scallop
As food

sentences_after: They have two types of meat in one shell.


sentence: Historians believe the pagans first used the scallop shell as a symbol of fertility.

headings:
Scallop
Symbolism
Fertility symbol

sentences_before: One legend of the Way of St. James says that the route is a kind of fertility pilgrimage.

sentences_before: It could be made when a young couple desire to have children.

concept_name: historian


headings:
Adduction
Adduction in Scallops

sentences_after: It lets them open and close their shells.

sentences_after: It is quite large and developed compared to other bivalves because they swim a lot.


sentence: West Point has a very broad sports program.

headings: United States Military Academy at West Point

concept_name: West Point


sentence: All bat species have eyes and are capable of sight.

headings:
Common misconceptions
Science
Biology

concept_name: bat specie


sentence: Sharks can actually suffer from cancer.

sentences_after: The myth that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book 'Sharks don't get cancer' by I. William Lane.

sentences_after: Extracts of shark cartilage was sold as cancer prevention treatments.

sentences_after: Reports of carcinomas in sharks exist, and current data do not allow any speculation about the incidence of tumors in sharks.

concept_name: shark


sentence: Mammals are the only survivors of the synapsid line.

headings:
Common misconceptions
Science
Biology
Evolution

sentences_before: Soon after the first vertebrate  land-dwellers appeared, they split into two branches.

sentences_after: Under Linnaean taxonomy reptiles are all amniotes except mammals and birds, thus including the synapsids as well as the first basal amniotes.

sentences_after: With the rise of classification based on phylogeny, the Sauropsida excludes basal amniotes and the synapsid line.

sentences_after: An example is 'Dimetrodon', which is often thought of as a dinosaur, but is in fact neither a dinosaur nor closely related to modern reptiles.

concept_name: mammal


sentence: Humans have more than five senses.

headings:
Common misconceptions
Science
Human body and health
The senses

sentences_after: Although definitions vary, the actual number ranges from 9 to more than 20.

sentences_after: Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood carbon dioxide levels.

concept_name: human


sentence: All waste is collected in tanks which are emptied on the ground by special toilet waste vehicles.

headings:
Common misconceptions
Technology
Transportation

sentences_before: Toilet waste is never intentionally dumped overboard from an aircraft.

sentences_after: A vacuum is used to allow the toilet to be flushed with less water and because plumbing cannot rely on gravity alone in an aircraft in motion.

sentences_after: The infamous blue ice is caused by accidental leakages from the waste tank.

concept_name: waste


sentence: Many species are bought and sold.

sentences_before: Pectinidae can live attached to things with a filament they create.

sentences_before: Otherwise they just rest on the sand or on rocks.

sentences_before: They can move in the water if they need to.

concept_name: specie


sentence: Some species prefer much deeper water.

headings:
Pectinidae
Distribution and Habitat

sentences_before: Pectinidae live in all the oceans of the world.

sentences_before: Lots of species of Pectinidae live in quite shallow waters.

sentences_before: This is about from the low tide line to 100 meters deep.

sentences_after: Some species only live in very specific environments.

sentences_after: However most species can live under many different conditions.

sentences_after: Pectinidae can live in, on or under rocks, coral, rubble, sea grass, kelp, sand or mud.

sentences_after: Adult specimens are either byssally attached or cemented to a substrate.


sentence: Some species only live in very specific environments.


sentence: Branches are very engaged in conservation projects on a community and regional basis.

headings: Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand

concept_name: branch


sentence: Scallops often contain sand when fishermen use dredges.

sentences_after: It can also damage the seabed if they use dredges carelessly.

sentences_after: These days scallop dredging is sometimes replaced by scuba diving.

sentences_after: However inventors are trying to invent a better dredge.

frequency: often


sentence: Cosmic dust is split into further types of dust, based on the dust's location.

sentences_after: These types include intergalactic dust, which can be found between galaxies, interstellar dust, found between stars, circumplanetary dust, which can be found around planets and in planetary rings and interplanetary dust, which can be found between planets.

concept_name: cosmic dust


sentence: People sometimes confuse the two.

sentences_after: Searing only browns the surface of the bath.

sentences_after: Regular butter will produce more flavor.

sentences_after: However it burns at a lower temperature and more quickly than other fats.

sentences_after: This is because of the milk solids in it.

frequency: sometimes

concept_name: People


sentence: Rocket candy is made of three different parts.

sentences_before: Rocket candy' is a type of fuel that pushes model rockets.

sentences_before: Rocket candy is not really a type of candy.

sentences_before: It is made of sugar, but it is used to power rockets.

sentences_after: Sucrose is the most commonly used type of sugar.

sentences_after: The extra chemicals can be many different things.

concept_name: rocket candy


sentence: Extra chemicals can also make the liftoff and flight more exciting and interesting to watch.

sentences_before: Sucrose is the most commonly used type of sugar.

sentences_before: The extra chemicals can be many different things.

sentences_before: They can change the speed of the fuel burning.

concept_name: extra chemical


sentence: Rocket candy is made in different ways.

sentences_after: For dry compression, the rocket candy does not need to be heated.

sentences_after: The parts need to be ground into small particles.

sentences_after: In dissolving and heating, the mixture of fuel ingredients is heated, and both the oxidizer and the fuel are melted and then combine together.


sentence: Rocket candy is made of three main parts.

headings:
Rocket candy
Components

sentences_after: It is made out of the fuel, the oxidizer, and the extra chemicals.

sentences_after: When it burns, it makes hot gases that move quickly out of the rocket motor.

sentences_after: These quickly moving gases push the rocket as they exit the motor.

sentences_after: The oxidizer helps to add oxygen, which the fuel needs to burn.


sentence: Some extra chemicals make the rocket look better when it is launched.

sentences_before: These quickly moving gases push the rocket as they exit the motor.

sentences_before: The oxidizer helps to add oxygen, which the fuel needs to burn.

sentences_before: The extra chemicals can do a few things.

sentences_before: Some can also make the fuel burn more completely.

sentences_after: They can add sparks and flames to liftoff.

sentences_after: They can also add smoke when the rocket flies.


sentence: Some extra chemicals are used to change the way the fuel feels and acts.

headings:
Rocket candy
Components
Extra chemicals

sentences_before: Extra chemicals are often added to rocket candy.

sentences_before: They are used to change the way the fuel burns.

sentences_before: These extra chemicals can make the rocket candy burn faster or slower.

sentences_before: Some are used to change the color of the flame.

sentences_before: Other chemicals are used to make smoke when the rocket flies.

sentences_after: They can make the fuel less likely to break.

sentences_after: They can also make the fuel more like a flowing liquid.

sentences_after: This can make it easier  to put the rocket candy into the motor.


sentence: People use many different extra chemicals.

sentences_after: These are just the ones that are used the most.

sentences_after: Metal oxides are one group of extra chemicals.

sentences_after: These make the rocket candy burn faster.

sentences_after: Metal oxides work best at levels from 1 to 5 percent.

sentences_after: This means between one and five grams of extra chemical for every one hundred grams in the fuel.


sentence: Metal oxides are one group of extra chemicals.

sentences_before: People use many different extra chemicals.

sentences_before: These are just the ones that are used the most.

sentences_after: The most common metal oxide is called iron oxide.

sentences_after: The most common type of iron oxide is red iron oxide.

concept_name: metal oxide


sentence: Carbon is found in charcoal or graphite.

sentences_before: Another extra chemical that is sometimes added to rocket candy is carbon.

sentences_after: It is used more often as an extra chemical.

sentences_after: It makes the rocket leave a smoke trail in the sky.

sentences_after: The heat usually goes to the case of the motor.

concept_name: carbon


sentence: Titanium makes the rocket make sparks and flames when it is launched.

sentences_before: A metal called titanium is sometimes used as an extra chemical.

sentences_before: It is added in flakes to the rocket candy.

concept_name: titanium


sentence: Extra chemicals can take the place some of the fuel.

headings:
Rocket candy
Components
What is in rocket candy?

sentences_before: This has a little more fuel than one needs.

sentences_before: This way allows the rocket candy to be more liquid when it is melted.

sentences_after: When extra chemicals are added the recipe can change.

sentences_after: These are not the only combinations that work.

sentences_after: There are many different combinations that will still make a rocket fly.


sentence: Potassium nitrate needs to be very hot before it melts.

headings:
Rocket candy
Preparation

sentences_before: First, the potassium nitrate is ground or milled.

sentences_before: Then the potassium nitrate is mixed with powdered sugar in a pot.

sentences_before: When the heat is turned on, the sugar melts.

sentences_before: However, this method does not actually melt the potassium nitrate.

sentences_after: Its melting temperature is 613 degrees Fahrenheit.

sentences_after: So instead of melting, the grains of potassium nitrate are coated with the melted sugar.

concept_name: potassium nitrate


sentence: Computers use the binary number system to store information.

headings:
Division by two
Binary
Computers

sentences_after: Information is broken up into tiny pieces called 'bits'.

sentences_after: Replacing regular division with bit shifts is a way to do program optimization.

concept_name: computer


sentence: Information is broken up into tiny pieces called 'bits'.

sentences_before: Computers use the binary number system to store information.

concept_name: information


sentence: Endothermic reactions take in heat.

sentences_after: Thermochemistry combines the concepts of thermodynamics with the idea of energy in the form of chemical bonds.

sentences_after: It includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation, enthalpy, entropy, free energy, and calories.

concept_name: endothermic reaction


sentence: Exothermic reactions give out heat.

concept_name: exothermic reaction


sentence: Chemists use the graph to calculate fundamental quantities.

headings: Thermochemistry Calorimetry

sentences_before: The temperature of the chamber is measured either using a thermometer or thermocouple.

sentences_before: The temperature is plotted against time to give a graph.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: People are far too concerned with the RC here.

headings: Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive 38

sentences_before: Cat sorting is a lesser problem and could probably go to the flagged account.

sentences_before: I personally prefer to see them in the open as well.

sentences_before: Its not like we are getting overly flooded by his work.


sentence: Porn stars needs to be renamed.

concept_name: porn star


sentence: None is needed here at all.


sentence: People can have what they like on their talk page and remove messages when read.

headings: Rambing Man attempting to bar me from his talk page without consensus


sentence: Many complexes have coordination bonds between a metal and organic ligands.

headings: Coordination compounds with organic ligands

concept_name: complex


sentence: Research is currently underway using organometallic catalysis.

headings:
Organometallic chemistry
Uses

sentences_after: The energy crisis has initiated increased interest in more efficient ways of working with the remaining fossil fuels we have left.

sentences_after: While many agree that lowering oil dependence is safer for the environment as well as politically wise.

sentences_after: Many examples of organometallic research can be found in the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.

sentences_after: Some current methods of chemical production are wasteful and produce toxic waste, while many organometallic catalysts show promise to change that.

concept_name: research


sentence: Red links serve two important purposes.

headings:
Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 94
Disambiguation pages

sentences_before: We can learn from the dab pages of English Wikipedia.

sentences_before: While I would not necessarily copy over every red link from a dab page on English Wikipedia, I would generally honor their naming conventions.

sentences_before: I would not delete a pre-existing dab page or the red links from a dab page, because they do add value to a reader.

sentences_before: The dab page can tell the reader whether the one Joseph Smith article is the person of interest.

sentences_after: First, they tell the reader what coverage is missing.

sentences_after: Second, they encourage the creation of the missing articles.

concept_name: red link


sentence: Some people prefer one over the other, however most people use reflist.

headings:
Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 94
Refs

sentences_before: Yeah one basically formats the references, while the other is bare HTML code.

concept_name: people


sentence: All editors are reminded to be civil.

headings:
Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 94
User:Ydennek's probation

concept_name: editor


sentence: Lets change how simple does things.

headings:
Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 94
Suggestion.

sentences_before: AWB should always be a soft redirected as it is considered the central location to discuss it for all languages and we should not have our own page.

sentences_before: As for Huggle we don't have the page because our wiki doesn't officially support Huggle since its a use at your own risk here.

sentences_before: But yes there are cases where you could write simple versions for guidelines or policies if you wanted to.

sentences_before: However, there are not many that we need that we don't already have.

sentences_before: You are falling into a trap that many new users from en always fall into.

sentences_after: It is like the first thing that almost every user who comes here does.

concept_name: let


sentence: Protection is for actual incidents that are happening.

headings:
Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 94
Steve Jobs

sentences_before: Almost every time you have come begging for protection the articles have had zero or close to zero vandalism edits.

sentences_after: Frankly every time you come here doing this you are making pointy arguments.

sentences_after: The community has time and again told you that is not what it wants.

sentences_after: And yes I am aware you believe it would be better to damage the reputation of wikipedia by protecting high profile articles when lots of eyes are on them and people are expecting to be able to edit them in good faith.

sentences_after: Thus being completely against our aim of being the encyclopedia that 'anyone' can edit.

concept_name: protection


sentence: Article is promoted.

headings:
Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 94
Proposal: Removal of WP:Peer Review
Support Removal

sentences_before: Others are more than welcome to come along and clerk the process, yet they don't.

sentences_before: User A nominates article X. Users B and C are not comfortable with a promotion and so decline, but leave comments as to how to improve that article.

sentences_before: User D on the other hand thinks it's fine and supports with a rationale.

sentences_before: User A then fixes the concerns of B and C, who now support saying their concerns are fixed.

sentences_after: If you actively seek reviews and actively meet concerns that are raised articles will pass - they just take effort and it's not meant to be a walk in the park.

sentences_after: Not submitting multiple articles at once also helps you to meet concerns and get reviews.

sentences_after: When first set up, the process worked as a straight straw poll using basically a 'first past the post' method.

sentences_after: Per above' is acceptable, as is 'My concerns are fixed' if the user originally 'Opposed' and listed issues.

sentences_after: The templates could be removed and the discussion would remain with the same outcome.

concept_name: article


sentence: Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade.

sentences_after: After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.

concept_name: pupil


sentence: Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly.

headings:
Extensive reading
First language and second language

sentences_before: Free voluntary reading' is one name for extensive reading in first language education.

sentences_after: A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades.

concept_name: learner


sentence: Students read as much as possible.

sentences_before: In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language.

sentences_after: Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects.

concept_name: student


sentence: Many people say they have seen or heard ghosts.

sentences_before: Sometimes the ghosts in these stories exist because of some problem the person had during life or to say good bye to loved ones, that was not solved before he or she died.

sentences_before: The ghost stays on the Earth trying to fix the problem.

sentences_before: If the problem is fixed, the ghost can leave the Earth.

sentences_after: People who try to talk to ghosts as their job are called mediums.


sentence: Many people believe they have seen ghosts.

sentences_after: Others believe they have felt ghosts near them.

sentences_after: Often the ghost is said to appear as a feeling of cold and a light or a misty cloud, but sometimes people say they have seen ghosts that look more like people.

sentences_after: Sometimes ghosts are said to come in human form.

sentences_after: Some ghosts might cause fear in the person who sees them, by being seen suddenly.

sentences_after: Some ghosts are said to be friendly and help people who have problems.


sentence: Some ghosts are said to be friendly and help people who have problems.

sentences_before: Many people believe they have seen ghosts.

sentences_before: Others believe they have felt ghosts near them.

sentences_before: Often the ghost is said to appear as a feeling of cold and a light or a misty cloud, but sometimes people say they have seen ghosts that look more like people.

sentences_before: Sometimes ghosts are said to come in human form.

sentences_before: Some ghosts might cause fear in the person who sees them, by being seen suddenly.

concept_name: ghost


sentence: Ghosts are said to form right after they die, or even centuries later.

sentences_after: Many people make up stories or urban legends.

sentences_after: Many try to prove the existence of these paranormal creatures with special technology such as heat sensors.

sentences_after: They also make TV shows dedicated to proving the existence of ghosts.

sentences_after: They often investigate cases where a person has seen one or visit a place of sighting.


sentence: Many people make up stories or urban legends.

sentences_before: Ghosts are said to form right after they die, or even centuries later.


sentence: Different authorities recognise between two and eight species.

sentences_before: They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the Herring Gull.

sentences_after: This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere.

sentences_after: Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, Herring Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull, are clearly different species.

concept_name: different authority


sentence: Cuckoo is a house made of bricks.

headings:
Cuckoo (Mineral, Virginia)
Description

sentences_after: It has two floors and a center-hall which is divided into three parts.

sentences_after: Single rooms are flanking the stair hall.

sentences_after: The house has a porch on its entire front.

sentences_after: A semicircular closet with a small window is between the fireplaces of the rooms to the right of the center hall.

sentences_after: The fireplaces and chimneys are on both sides of the elevation.

concept_name: cuckoo


sentence: Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems.

sentences_after: That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid.

sentences_after: Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate.

sentences_after: Highly accurate methods are typically feasible only for small systems.

concept_name: computational chemistry


sentence: Polymers are formed by polymerization of monomers.

sentences_after: Chemists describe a polymer by its degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, tacticity, copolymer distribution, the degree of branching,  by its end-groups,  crosslinks,  and crystallinity.

sentences_after: Chemists also study a polymer's thermal properties such as its glass transition temperature and melting temperature.

sentences_after: Polymers in solution have special characteristics for solubility, viscosity and gelation.

concept_name: polymer


sentence: Chemists dissolve celluloid in ether or acetone to make collodion.

headings:
Polymer chemistry
History

sentences_before: Polymer chemistry started by studying the long fibers in plants.

sentences_before: Nitrocellulose treated with camphor makes celluloid.

sentences_after: Doctors have used collodion as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War.

sentences_after: Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865.

sentences_after: In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing rubber with sulfur and heat.

sentences_after: Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year before.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: Chemists design commercial polymers to combine the best properties of their various components.

sentences_before: There are now a large number of commercial polymers.

sentences_after: For example, special polymers used in automobile engines are designed to work at high temperatures.


sentence: Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine.

sentences_after: These starting compounds are known as reagents or reactants.

sentences_after: Chemists use various reaction types to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product.

sentences_after: This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel.

sentences_after: Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.

sentences_after: Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition'.


sentence: Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.

sentences_before: Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine.

sentences_before: These starting compounds are known as reagents or reactants.

sentences_before: Chemists use various reaction types to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product.

sentences_before: This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel.

concept_name: reaction


sentence: Chemists have many strategies to find the best sequence of reactions to make the desired product.

headings:
Chemical synthesis
Strategies

sentences_after: In cascade reactions multiple chemical changes take place within a single reactant.

sentences_after: In multi-component reactions up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product.

sentences_after: In a telescopic synthesis, one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolating intermediates after each step.


sentence: Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis.

headings:
Chemical synthesis
Organic synthesis

sentences_after: Only organic compounds are created in organic synthesis.

sentences_after: The total synthesis of a complex product may take many steps to reach the goal product.

sentences_after: Chemists want to have skill in organic synthesis and being able to find a synthesis path with the least number of steps.

sentences_after: The synthesis of very valuable or difficult compounds has earned chemists, such as Robert Burns Woodward, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

concept_name: organic synthesis


sentence: Organic molecules can have a higher level of complexity compared to inorganic compounds.

sentences_before: Organic synthesis' is a special part of chemical synthesis.

sentences_before: It builds organic compounds using organic reactions.

sentences_after: So, the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important parts of organic chemistry.

concept_name: organic molecule


sentence: People use dry cleaning because it takes less work than hand washing.

sentences_before: It is often used instead of hand washing delicate fabrics.

concept_name: People


sentence: Many people believe that all marks or stains can be removed by dry cleaning.

headings:
Dry cleaning
Process

sentences_after: Not every stain can be cleaned just by dry cleaning.

sentences_after: Also, garments stored in soiled condition for a long time are difficult to bring back to their original color and texture.

sentences_after: Natural fibers such as wool, cotton, and silk of lighter colors should not be left in dirty or soiled condition for long amounts of time as they absorb dirt in their texture and are unlikely to be restored to their original color and finish.

concept_name: people


sentence: Coal balls are in coal seams across North America and Eurasia.

sentences_after: North American coal balls are in more places than in Europe.

sentences_after: The oldest coal balls were found in Germany and former Czechoslovakia.

concept_name: coal ball


sentence: Polymers are also an important part of materials science.

headings:
Materials science
Polymers

sentences_after: They are the raw materials used to make what we commonly call plastics.

sentences_after: They are made when polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing.

sentences_after: The mixture is then shaped into a final form.

sentences_after: Common polymers are, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.


sentence: Plastics are really the final product.

sentences_before: Polymers are also an important part of materials science.

sentences_before: They are the raw materials used to make what we commonly call plastics.

concept_name: plastic


sentence: Ceramics are as soft as clay and as hard as stone and concrete.

headings:
Materials science
Ceramics and glasses

sentences_before: Another application of the material sciences is the structures of glass and ceramics, typically associated with the most brittle materials.

sentences_before: Ceramics and glasses use covalent bonds and ionic-covalent bonds with SiO2, silica or sand, as a fundamental building block.

sentences_after: Most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica.

sentences_after: At high temperatures used to prepare glass, the material is a viscous liquid.

sentences_after: Glass forms into an amorphous structure when it is cooled.

sentences_after: Windowpanes and eyeglasses are important examples.

concept_name: ceramic


sentence: Most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica.

sentences_before: Ceramics are as soft as clay and as hard as stone and concrete.

sentences_after: Diamond and carbon in its graphite form are considered to be ceramics.

concept_name: glass


sentence: Hot pressing provides higher density material.

sentences_before: Engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness, high temperature, and stability under compression and electrical stress.

sentences_before: Alumina, silica carbide, and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder.

sentences_after: Chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material.

sentences_after: Cermets are ceramic particles containing some metals.

sentences_after: The wear resistance of tools is derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties.

concept_name: hot pressing


sentence: Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases.

headings:
Materials science
Composite materials

sentences_before: Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials.

sentences_after: Space Shuttle thermal protection system which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.

sentences_after: RCC is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with a phenolic resin.

sentences_after: In order to provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the RCC are converted to silicon carbide.

concept_name: composite material


sentence: Messages give orders to stop river traffic, close subsidiary gates and alert other river users.

headings:
Thames Barrier
Operation

sentences_before: Closure begins about 9 hours before a dangerous high tide reaches the barrier.

sentences_after: As well as the Thames Barrier, the smaller gates along the Thames Tideway must be closed.

sentences_after: Once river navigation has been stopped and all gates closed, then the Thames Barrier itself can be closed.

sentences_after: The smaller gates are closed first, then the main navigable spans in succession.

sentences_after: The gates remain closed until the tide downstream of the barrier falls to the same level as the water level upstream.

concept_name: message


sentence: Environmental chemistry starts by understanding how the uncontaminated environment works.

sentences_after: It identifies the chemicals that are present naturally.

sentences_after: It studies the concentration and effects of those chemicals.

sentences_after: Then, it accurately study the effects humans have on the environment through the release of chemicals.

concept_name: environmental chemistry


sentence: More sophisticated approaches are used in the determination of trace metals and organic compounds.

headings:
Environmental chemistry
Methods

sentences_before: Common analytical techniques used for quantitative determinations in environmental chemistry include classical wet chemistry, such as gravimetric, titrimetric and electrochemical methods.

sentences_after: Non-MS methods using GCs and LCs having universal or specific detectors are still staples in the arsenal of available analytical tools.

number: more

concept_name: sophisticated approach


sentence: Signature songs can be songs that helped boost an artists fan base, popularity, fame, and bookings.

sentences_before: A 'signature song' is a song that is best known for a music artist because of its popularity among their fans.

concept_name: signature song


sentence: Senators serve four year terms.

sentences_after: The terms of the Senators are staggered so that about half the membership is elected every two years.

sentences_after: The Senators representing the even-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four.

concept_name: senator


sentence: Senators are limited to two terms.

sentences_before: The terms of the Senators are staggered so that about half the membership is elected every two years.

sentences_before: The Senators representing the even-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four.


sentence: Typical solvents are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.

headings:
Grignard reaction
Making a Grignard reagent

sentences_before: Grignard reagents are formed by the action of an alkyl or aryl halide on magnesium metal.

sentences_before: The reaction is conducted by adding the organic halide to a suspension of magnesium in an ether, which provides ligands required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound.

sentences_after: Oxygen and protic solvents such as water or alcohols are not compatible with Grignard reagents.

sentences_after: The reaction proceeds through single electron transfer.

concept_name: typical solvent


sentence: Organometallic chemistry combines aspects of inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry.

concept_name: organometallic chemistry


sentence: Specific impulse is a useful value to compare rocket or jet engines.

sentences_after: It is used much like 'miles per gallon' or 'litres per 100 kilometres' is used to compare cars.

sentences_after: An engine with a higher specific impulse uses fuel better.

sentences_after: This means that the same amount of fuel lets the rocket go faster after all fuel is depleted.

concept_name: specific impulse


sentence: Impulse is a measurement of how much force a rocket motor makes and for how long.

headings:
Specific impulse
General considerations

sentences_before: There are two ways people find the number for specific impulse.

sentences_before: To find the specific impulse, one divides the impulse by the amount of fuel.

sentences_after: A motor that makes a low force for a long time can sometimes have a higher impulse than a motor that makes a high force for a short time.

sentences_after: The amount of fuel used to find specific impulse can be measured in different ways.

sentences_after: It is sometimes measured in mass and sometimes in weight.

sentences_after: When the amount of fuel is measured in mass, the specific impulse is expressed as a speed.

concept_name: impulse


sentence: Specific impulse is a measure of the force based on how much fuel there is.

sentences_before: Be careful not to confuse thrust and specific impulse.

sentences_before: Thrust is only the force made by a rocket at one point in time.


sentence: Black powder is used in model rocket motors because it costs less.

headings:
Specific impulse
Examples
Model rocketry

sentences_before: Specific impulse is also used to describe how well model rocket motors work.

sentences_before: The specific impulse for model rocket motors is much lower than for many other rocket motors because the black powder is used as a fuel.

concept_name: black powder


sentence: Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things.

headings:
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Importance of aromatic compounds

sentences_after: The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building blocks of proteins.

sentences_after: Chlorophyll also has a similar aromatic system.

concept_name: aromatic compound


sentence: Aromatic compounds are important in industry.

sentences_after: About 35 million tonnes are produced worldwide every year.

sentences_after: They are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar.

sentences_after: They are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.


sentence: Examples are naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene.

headings:
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Types of aromatic compounds
Polycyclics

sentences_before: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules with two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms.

concept_name: example


sentence: Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other things attached.

headings:
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Types of aromatic compounds
Substituted aromatics

concept_name: chemical compound


sentence: Rhodesian giraffes have star or leafy shaped spots that extend to their leg.

sentences_before: Thornicroft giraffes do not have any captive populations.

sentences_after: These girrafes are restricted to eastern Zambia and the Luangwa Valley.

sentences_after: The Luangwa national parks were declared game reserves because conservationist wanted to conserve the Thorncroft Giraffe,uniqui to the Luangwa valley of Zambia,Like all giraffes, Rhodesian giraffes share the same ancestors with deer and bovids.

concept_name: rhodesian giraffe


sentence: Gasoline is a fuel mixture.

sentences_after: High compression internal combustion engines place gasoline under great pressure.

sentences_after: A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Thomas Boyd in the United States led early research into this effect.

sentences_after: They discovery that lead additives ended or reduced knocking.

sentences_after: So, most gasoline brands started adding lead in the 1920s.

sentences_after: The lead antiknocking agents allowed the sale of even more powerful, higher compression car engines.

concept_name: gasoline


sentence: Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers.

sentences_before: A 'fishmonger' is someone who sells fish and seafood.

sentences_after: In many places there are fewer fishmongers than there used to be.

sentences_after: Supermarkets have often replaced independent seafood sellers.

sentences_after: Female fishmongers used to have a separate name, 'fishwife'.

concept_name: fishmonger


sentence: Linear algebra talks about functions, which are often called transformations.

sentences_after: The vector may change its length, or become null.

sentences_after: The value of the change in length of the vector is known as 'eigenvalue'.

concept_name: linear algebra


sentence: Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules.

sentences_after: Supercids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: Sensitive individuals can have long-term health effects.

headings:
Sick building syndrome
Symptoms

sentences_before: Several sick occupants may report individual symptoms which do not appear to be connected.

sentences_before: The key to discovery SBS is if a number of people first experience their illnesses within a period of weeks.

sentences_before: However, there can be lasting effects of various neurotoxins, which may not clear up when the occupant leaves the building.

concept_name: sensitive individual


sentence: Any user is free to move it into article space.

headings: Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2011/William Griffiths

number: any

concept_name: user


sentence: Page looks good now.

concept_name: page


sentence: Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure  of cell membranes.

sentences_after: For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion.

sentences_after: Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures.

sentences_after: These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.

concept_name: biophysical chemist


sentence: Habituation enables organisms to distinguish meaningful information from background stimuli.

sentences_before: The learning that underlies habituation is a basic process of biological systems.

sentences_before: Animals do not need conscious motivation or awareness for it to occur.

sentences_after: Cellular basis of behavior, an introduction to behavioral neurobiology'.

concept_name: habituation


sentence: Terms also appear in logic.

headings:
Term (mathematics)
Definition

concept_name: term


sentence: Any comments are welcome.

headings: Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 12

sentences_before: I've worked a lot on this article in the last few days.

sentences_before: I simplified all the content, which came from enwiki, and referenced it extensively.

sentences_before: The only issue I see, is the number of red links, but this can be fixed quickly.

concept_name: comment


sentence: GAs usually have at least one image.

sentences_before: The question of whether lists should be GA or not may be a separate question.

sentences_before: However, this article has several issues.

sentences_before: It is almost entirely the work of one editor.

sentences_after: I know that may difficult in this case because of copyright, but it is usual to have something visual.

sentences_after: A sidebar or infobox outlining her career by album would probably be helpful too.

sentences_after: Finally, for a list of songs, songwriter and producer information is probably needed to make it really complete.

concept_name: gas


sentence: Most critics states it to be a freestyle music.

concept_name: critic


sentence: All important information is there too.

concept_name: important information


sentence: Any article is selected and random.

sentences_before: The third method is one I wouldn't recommend, but more and more seems to become the prevailing attitude towards the process.

sentences_after: It gets a nomination, reviews are made yet these are ignored and challenged at every possibility, with the nominator expecting the reviewer and community to be the ones to fix 'their' article.

sentences_after: Invariably the review appears on the talk page yet that is always the 'wrong' location.

concept_name: article


sentence: Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.

concept_name: iodine deficiency


sentence: Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least  depth.

sentences_after: They are sluggish and slow moving, propelling themselves along with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other rays do.

sentences_after: They feed on invertebrates and small fish.

sentences_after: They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.

concept_name: electric ray


sentence: Demersal fish are bottom feeders.

sentences_after: They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column.

concept_name: demersal fish


sentence: Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of biological molecules.

sentences_before: This is a slightly different from biochemistry.

sentences_after: For example, a biochemist studies the three-dimensional structure of a protein and how that structure relates to the chemistry of the protein.

sentences_after: Also, biochemistry studies the way enzymes work.

sentences_after: Chemical biologists use chemical principles to modulate systems.

sentences_after: They do this to either investigate biology relationships or create new functions.

sentences_after: In this way, the research done by chemical biologists is often closer to that of cell biology than biochemistry.

concept_name: biochemistry


sentence: Technology helps solid-state inorganic chemistry.

headings:
Solid-state chemistry
History

sentences_after: Solid-state chemistry works to make materials used in commerce.

sentences_after: Researchers serve industry, as well as answering academic questions.

sentences_after: William Lawrence Bragg invented X-ray crystallography in the early 1900s, which brought further discoveries.

concept_name: technology


sentence: Researchers serve industry, as well as answering academic questions.

sentences_before: Technology helps solid-state inorganic chemistry.

sentences_before: Solid-state chemistry works to make materials used in commerce.

concept_name: researcher


sentence: Chemists often melt the reactants together and then later anneal the solidified melt.

headings:
Solid-state chemistry
Synthetic methods
Oven techniques
Melt methods

sentences_after: If volatile reactants are involved, the reactants are often put in an ampoule and then all air is removed.

sentences_after: The sealed ampoule is then put in an oven and given a specified heat treatment.

concept_name: chemist


sentence: Many solids react readily with reactive gases such as chlorine, iodine, oxygen or others.

headings:
Solid-state chemistry
Synthetic methods
Oven techniques
Gas reactions

sentences_after: Such reactions are often carried out in a tube with open ended on both sides and through which the gas flows.

sentences_after: In that case stoichiometric information can be obtained during the reaction.

sentences_after: That information helps identify the products.

concept_name: solid


sentence: Modern turtles possess a horny beak without any teeth in their mouth.

sentences_before: As a primitive turtle, 'Odontochelys' differed from modern turtles in several ways.

sentences_after: In contrast, 'Odontochelys' fossils had teeth in their upper and lower jaws.

concept_name: modern turtle


sentence: Electrons are forbidden from other energy levels.

headings:
Band gap
In semiconductor physics

sentences_before: In semiconductors and insulators, quantum mechanics show that electrons are only found in a number of bands of energy.

sentences_after: The term 'band gap' refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band.

sentences_after: Electrons are able to jump from one band to another.

sentences_after: However, an electron needs a certain amount of energy to jump from a valence band to a conduction band.

sentences_after: The amount of energy needed differs with different materials.

concept_name: electron


sentence: Electrons are able to jump from one band to another.

sentences_before: Electrons are forbidden from other energy levels.

sentences_before: The term 'band gap' refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band.


sentence: Band gaps can be either direct or indirect, depending on the electronic band structure.

concept_name: band gap


sentence: Similar physics applies to phonons in a phononic crystal.

headings:
Band gap
In photonics and phononics

concept_name: similar physics


sentence: Biological systems are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.

sentences_before: It focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components.

sentences_before: The degree of electronic coupling between the molecular component remains small with respect to relevant energy parameters of the component.

sentences_before: While traditional chemistry focuses on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry examines the weaker and reversible noncovalent interactions between molecules.

sentences_before: These forces include hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions and electrostatic effects.

sentences_before: The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes from cell structure to vision that rely on these forces for structure and function.

concept_name: biological system


sentence: Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new drug therapies.

headings:
Supramolecular chemistry
Uses
Medicine

sentences_after: Supramolecular chemists study the interactions at a drug binding site.

sentences_after: The area of drug delivery has also made critical advances as a result of supramolecular chemistry providing encapsulation and targeted release mechanisms.

sentences_after: In addition, supramolecular systems have been designed to disrupt protein-protein interactions that are important to cellular function.

concept_name: supramolecular chemistry


sentence: Supramolecular chemists study the interactions at a drug binding site.

sentences_before: Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new drug therapies.

concept_name: supramolecular chemist


sentence: Different things lose their youth or grow old at different rates.

sentences_after: For example, technology has a short life span and can only be considered young for roughly one year.

sentences_after: In many countries, humans are no longer young at 18 years old.

concept_name: different thing


sentence: Categories only contain actual pages, whereas lists can contain red links.

headings: Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2011/List of physics topics

sentences_after: Also, categories are there for a different purpose, namely hierarchy-type searches.

sentences_after: In any event, we have many lists which are paralleled by categories, and we are surely not going to cut them all.

sentences_after: If you want to say this is a rotten list and ought to be improved, I agree absolutely, but it depends on our acquiring someone interested in working on physics.

concept_name: category


sentence: Spontaneous generation is when something like a fly grows from a small speck of smelly meat.

sentences_before: One problem with the old theories of disease was that people believed that things spontaneously generated.

sentences_after: Prior to this, people thought that maggots came from rotting meat.

sentences_after: He discovered this by sealing some meat in a jar and watching it.

sentences_after: No maggots were found on the sealed meat.

sentences_after: He also put some meat in a jar and covered it with gauze.

concept_name: spontaneous generation


sentence: Diseases are spread by infection.

sentences_before: He also put some meat in a jar and covered it with gauze.

sentences_before: Maggots were found on the gauze but not inside the jar.

sentences_before: But when he placed meat in an open jar, maggots were found on the meat and inside the jar.

sentences_before: Experiments like this proved that maggots come from flies who lay eggs, not from rotting meat.

sentences_before: Later scientists would prove that diseases did not come from the air.

concept_name: disease


sentence: Pasteurization is used to kill microscopic organisms in liquids like milk, wine, and beer.

sentences_before: Louis Pasteur showed that the germ theory of disease was true.

sentences_before: In 1862, he invented a process that heats up a liquid to a high temperature to keep it from spoiling.

sentences_before: This process is known as pasturization, named after Pasteur.

sentences_after: Liquids that are pasteurized will last much longer before they spoil.

concept_name: pasteurization


sentence: Chemists use hybridization theory mainly in organic chemistry.

headings:
Orbital hybridization
Historical development

sentences_before: In the case of simple hybridization, this approximation is based on atomic orbitals.

sentences_before: In heavier atoms, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, the atomic orbitals involved in bonding are the 2s and 2p orbitals.

sentences_before: These orbitals can be occupied in a hydrogen atom, but only when the electron is in an excited state.

sentences_before: Hybrid orbitals are assumed to be mixtures of these atomic orbitals, superimposed on each other in various proportions.

sentences_before: It provides a quantum mechanical insight to Lewis structures.


sentence: Hybridisation describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view.

headings:
Orbital hybridization
Types of Hybridization
'sp'3 hybrids

concept_name: hybridisation


sentence: Most people working in banks and other government owned places get the day off.

sentences_before: It commemorates civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday.

sentences_before: It is celebrated on the third Monday in January and is one of only four United States Federal holidays to honor an individual person.

sentences_after: Many students get a day off from school on this day.

concept_name: people


sentence: Some places get a day off and some go to work and school as  normal.

sentences_before: Columbus Day' is the US Federal Holiday celebrating the day Columbus landed on San Salvador.

concept_name: place


sentence: Symbols are a shorthand way of writing the names of unuts.

headings:
Metric system
Description

sentences_after: All the countries in the world use the same symbol for a unit, even though they might have different ways of writing out the unit name in full.

concept_name: symbol


sentence: Lipases are essential for the digestion, transport and processing of lipids in the diet.

sentences_after: Genes coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.

concept_name: lipase


sentence: Genes coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.

sentences_before: Lipases are essential for the digestion, transport and processing of lipids in the diet.

concept_name: gene


sentence: Olympic athletes receive much more financial support than Paralympic athletes.

sentences_before: The Paralympics have grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century.

sentences_before: Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympic athletes.

sentences_after: Some Paralympians who have also participated in the Olympic Games.

concept_name: olympic athlete


sentence: Teams play other teams in their division often.

headings:
National Basketball Association
Teams

sentences_before: 15 are in the Eastern Conference and 15 are in the Western Conference.

sentences_before: Each conference has three divisions with 5 teams.

sentences_after: All teams play all other teams in a season.

concept_name: team


sentence: All teams play all other teams in a season.

sentences_before: Teams play other teams in their division often.


sentence: Teams play preseason games.

headings:
National Basketball Association
Regular Season

sentences_before: Teams begin training camps in September.

sentences_before: This allows the coaching staff to observe their players.

sentences_after: These do not count for a team's final season record.

sentences_after: Other players stay on the team and get paid.

sentences_after: The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October.

sentences_after: All teams play 82 games during a normal season.


sentence: Home games offer benefits to teams.

sentences_before: These do not count for a team's final season record.

sentences_before: Other players stay on the team and get paid.

sentences_before: The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October.

sentences_before: All teams play 82 games during a normal season.

sentences_after: They generally play better due to fan support and lack of travel.

sentences_after: Teams play every other team during the regular season.

sentences_after: The best players play in the NBA All-Star game in February.

sentences_after: There is a pause in the season during the All-Star Game.

concept_name: home game


sentence: Teams play every other team during the regular season.

sentences_before: They generally play better due to fan support and lack of travel.

sentences_after: Other events occur during the All-Star break.


sentence: Fans vote for the starters.

sentences_before: Teams play every other team during the regular season.

sentences_before: The best players play in the NBA All-Star game in February.

sentences_after: These include the Three-Point contest, the Skills course, and the Slam Dunk contest.

sentences_after: Players participate in part due to fan interest.

concept_name: fan


sentence: Players participate in part due to fan interest.

sentences_before: There is a pause in the season during the All-Star Game.

sentences_before: Other events occur during the All-Star break.

sentences_before: These include the Three-Point contest, the Skills course, and the Slam Dunk contest.

concept_name: player


sentence: Trades often happen on the last day.

sentences_before: Before the trade deadline, teams can trade players.

sentences_before: This can cause changes in the balance of power.

sentences_before: Team bosses want to get the best players for their team.

concept_name: trade


sentence: Individual awards are given to players.

sentences_before: The regular season ends in the middle of April.

sentences_after: The Defensive Player of the Year award is given to the player who plays the best defense.

concept_name: individual award


sentence: Pages here are tagged with the template .

concept_name: page


sentence: Most pop icons achieve their status through death, typically at a young age.

sentences_after: The worship of pop icons is due only in part to their actual accomplishments.

sentences_after: Some of the most notable pop icons are James Dean, Michael Jackson, John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe.

sentences_after: However, even celebrities who died old can become a pop icon like Elvis Presley.

concept_name: pop icon


sentence: Many people respect the dead.

sentences_before: Death nearly always increases the fame of a pop icon.

sentences_after: Others feel a close personal connection with the dead icon and want to remember the celebrity.

sentences_after: Death also increases any value of all items that belonged to the pop icon.


sentence: Death also increases any value of all items that belonged to the pop icon.

sentences_before: Others feel a close personal connection with the dead icon and want to remember the celebrity.

concept_name: death


sentence: Many fans disapprove of their actions and made public announcements.

sentences_before: Reactions to Selena's death were compared to those of Elvis Presley and John Lennon.

sentences_before: Some White American celebrities most notably Howard Stern  mocked Selena's funeral and death.

sentences_after: Selena's death was called 'Black Friday' by some Texans.

sentences_after: The event has gone on to become known as one of the darkest days in music history and helped to increase Selena's popularity in the United States.


sentence: Tide pools are a home for hardy organisms such as sea stars, mussels and clams.

headings:
Rock pool
The rock pool habitat

sentences_after: Huge waves, strong currents, exposure to midday sun and predators are only a few of the hazards that rock pool animals must endure to survive.

concept_name: tide pool


sentence: Few organisms can survive such harsh conditions.

headings:
Rock pool
Tide pool zones, from shallow to deep

sentences_before: This zone receives spray from wave action during high tides and storms.

sentences_before: At other times the rocks experience other extreme conditions, baking in the sun or exposed to cold winds.

sentences_after: Lichens and barnacles live in this region.

sentences_after: In this zone, different barnacle species live at very tightly constrained elevations.

sentences_after: Tidal conditions precisely determine the exact height of an assemblage relative to sea level.

concept_name: few organism


sentence: Marine algae can provide shelter for such organisms as nudibranchs and hermit crabs.

headings:
Rock pool
Tide pool zones, from shallow to deep
High tide zone

sentences_before: The high tide zone is flooded for hours during each high tide.

sentences_before: Organisms must survive wave action, currents, and  exposure to the sun.

sentences_before: The high tide zone is inhabited by sea anemones, starfish, chitons, crabs, green algae, and mussels.

concept_name: marine algae


sentence: Sea palms look much as palm trees do.

headings:
Rock pool
Species in rock pools
Rock pool flora

sentences_after: They live in the middle to upper intertidal zones in areas with greater wave action.

sentences_after: High wave action may increase nutrient availability and moves the blades of the thallus, allowing more sunlight to reach the organism so that it can photosynthesize.

sentences_after: In addition, the constant wave action removes competitors.

concept_name: sea palm


sentence: Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions.

sentences_before: This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy.

sentences_after: Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means.

concept_name: dormancy


sentence: Different seeds have different habits, no doubt adapted to their habitat.

headings:
Dormancy
Development from the seed

sentences_before: A seed, though not active, is a tiny living thing.

concept_name: different seed


sentence: Growth is triggered by particular events in the environment.

sentences_after: Details of the triggers are known for some, but not all, seeds.

sentences_after: Rain, fire, ground temperature, are examples.

sentences_after: Many seeds only germinate after they have been eaten and passed through the digestive system of an animal.

concept_name: growth


sentence: Most seeds germinate underground where there is no sunlight.

sentences_after: The plant does not need the nutrients in soil for a few days or weeks, because the seed has all the things it needs to grow.

sentences_after: Later, though, it will begin to need sunlight.

sentences_after: If there is sunlight, the plant will use it to grow healthy.

sentences_after: If the plant does not get enough light, it will eventually die.

sentences_after: It needs light to make food for itself when the reserve in the seed runs out.

concept_name: seed


sentence: Members are chosen from the wards of the city.

headings:
Municipal corporation
By county
India

sentences_before: In India the municipal corporation has a local government that is in charge of a city population that has 200,000 people or more.

sentences_before: Because of the panchayati raj system, the city government has to discuss with the state government.

sentences_before: Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations.

sentences_after: The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings.

sentences_after: Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities.

concept_name: member


sentence: Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities.

sentences_before: Members are chosen from the wards of the city.

sentences_before: The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings.

concept_name: taxis


sentence: Flow operates on both physical and mental tasks.

headings:
Flow (psychology)
Other factors

sentences_after: It applies to dance, football, chess and many other areas where people perform tasks in well-defined competitive situations, but also in art where the situation may be much more open.

sentences_after: Evidence about flow comes from interviews with people after various types of performance.

sentences_after: Efforts are being made to develop ways of enhancing flow for personal and commercial benefit.

concept_name: flow


sentence: Ctenophores show biradial symmetry.

sentences_before: This means the bilaterism in species like 'N. vectensis' has a primary origin.

sentences_before: Also the free-swimming planula larvae of cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry.

concept_name: ctenophore


sentence: Classification is controversial.

sentences_after: Traditionally, dicyemids have been grouped with the Orthonectida in the Mesozoa.

sentences_after: However, molecular phylogeny indicates that dicyemids may be more closely related to the roundworms.

concept_name: classification


sentence: Spiders have one, two, or three pairs of spinnerets.

sentences_before: A 'spinneret' is the part of a spider's body that makes its silk.

sentences_after: The spinnerets are usually close together.

concept_name: spider


sentence: All available parameters are shown here.

concept_name: available parameter


sentence: Public education is available everywhere in the United States.

sentences_before: Education in the United States' is provided by the public sector.

sentences_before: The federal, state and local governments control and give funds to help local schools.

sentences_after: School's curriculum, funds, teaching, employment and other policies are created by the elected school boards.

concept_name: public education


sentence: School districts are sometimes different from other local jurisdictions.

sentences_after: They have their own officials and budgets.

sentences_after: Education standards and state tests are created by the state governments.

sentences_after: Since child education is required by law, ages to start school are different from each state.

sentences_after: Children usually start school between the ages of five to eight.

sentences_after: They usually end their education when they are between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.

concept_name: school district


sentence: Children usually start school between the ages of five to eight.

sentences_before: School districts are sometimes different from other local jurisdictions.

sentences_before: They have their own officials and budgets.

sentences_before: Education standards and state tests are created by the state governments.

sentences_before: Since child education is required by law, ages to start school are different from each state.

sentences_after: In most public schools, education is divided into three levels.

sentences_after: Grades in elementary school are different in each state.

concept_name: child


sentence: Some citizens turn to cannibalism.

headings: 14 Events null Asia

concept_name: citizen


sentence: Primatology is a part of physical anthropology.

concept_name: primatology


sentence: Orangutans have red-brown fur.

headings: Orangutan Appearance

sentences_after: They also have hands that are good for climbing.

concept_name: orangutan


sentence: Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia.

headings: Orangutan Life

sentences_after: They eat fruit, leaves and bark, but also insects, bird eggs and small vertebrate animals.

sentences_after: They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves.

sentences_after: Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists.

sentences_after: Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches.


sentence: Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches.

sentences_before: Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia.

sentences_before: They eat fruit, leaves and bark, but also insects, bird eggs and small vertebrate animals.

sentences_before: They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves.

sentences_before: Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists.

concept_name: heavy adult


sentence: Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health.

sentences_after: When in the light, the human body makes its own Vitamin D. Being in sunlight without sunscreen too much can cause sunburn.

concept_name: solar radiation


sentence: Polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god.

sentences_before: Theism' is the religious belief that at least one god exists.

sentences_after: For example, a theisic religion is Christianity.

sentences_after: An atheist is a person that does not believe in any god or gods.

concept_name: polytheism


sentence: Dendritic cells are present in tissues in contact with the external environment.

sentences_after: These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines.

sentences_after: They can also be found in an immature state in the blood.

concept_name: dendritic cell


sentence: Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body.

headings:
Dendritic cell
Young dentritics

sentences_after: Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages.

sentences_after: The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.

concept_name: dedritic cell


sentence: Most nuclear reactors are used to make electricity.

sentences_after: In nuclear power plants heat from the reactor changes water into steam.

sentences_after: The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity.

sentences_after: It is important to remember that the turbines do not change the temperature of the steam, or the amount of steam.

sentences_after: Instead, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam.

concept_name: nuclear reactor


sentence: Some reactors are used for other purposes.

sentences_after: Some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes.

sentences_after: Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.

concept_name: reactor


sentence: Some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes.

sentences_before: Some reactors are used for other purposes.


sentence: Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.

sentences_before: Some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes.

concept_name: university


sentence: Allotropes are different forms of the same chemical element.

sentences_after: All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms.

sentences_after: Any physical differences are because of how the atoms are joined together.

sentences_after: Many elements show allotropy because there are a number of ways in which the atoms can be linked together.

sentences_after: Also there are different ways in how the molecules can be arranged to make larger structures.

concept_name: allotrope


sentence: All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms.

sentences_before: Allotropes are different forms of the same chemical element.

concept_name: element


sentence: Any physical differences are because of how the atoms are joined together.

sentences_before: All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms.

concept_name: physical difference


sentence: Users can send money using their credit cards or bank accounts to other users.

headings:
Google
Things google has made

concept_name: user


sentence: Users get free space to store e-mail.

sentences_before: It is called 'Google Mail' in the United Kingdom and Germany.


sentence: Fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce.

sentences_after: The name 'Zygommcota' comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction.

concept_name: fungus


sentence: Binary pulsars are one of the few tools scientists have to detect evidence of gravitational waves.

headings:
Binary pulsar
Relativity

sentences_after: As the two stellar bodies draw closer to one another, often one pulsar will absorb matter from the other, causing a violent accretion process.

sentences_after: This flow of matter from one stellar body to another is known as an accretion disk.

concept_name: binary pulsar


sentence: Observatory are popular with tourists.

headings:
Tamura, Fukushima
Landmarks

concept_name: observatory


sentence: Humans have four virtues or powers.

headings:
Mencius
The main observations made by Mencius

concept_name: human


sentence: People inhaling it can develop headaches, but also seizures.

sentences_before: Aldrin' is an insecticide, which was used against termites, locusts and the larvae of Click beetles.

sentences_before: Most plants and animals convert it to Dieldrin.

sentences_before: It is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, its production, use and trade are banned since 2004.

sentences_after: In humans, Aldrin is converted to dieldrin in the liver.

sentences_after: The change will mean that it can leave the body again.

sentences_after: The problem is that the change is slow, and the half-life is about a year.

sentences_after: Aldrin may be a teratogen, and it probably causes cancer.

concept_name: People


sentence: Chemical synthesis is a fundamental topic to the understanding of chemistry.

headings: Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2011/Chemical synthesis

concept_name: chemical synthesis


sentence: Grids are meant to be flexible.

headings:
Page layout
Grids versus templates

sentences_before: These can be seen by the designer, but are invisible to the end-user.

sentences_before: Their function is to align and repeatelements on a page.

sentences_before: A page layout may or may not stay within those guidelines, depending on how much repetition or variety the design style in the series calls for.

sentences_after: Using a grid to lay out elements on the page may require just as much or more graphic design skill than that which was required to design the grid.

concept_name: grid


sentence: Orcas have mostly black skin with white patches.

sentences_before: They are the largest dolphins in the world, called 'whales' because of their size.

sentences_after: They are found in all the world's oceans, from the cold of the Arctic to the tropical seas.

sentences_after: They are really easy to identify because of their distinctive white and black colouring.

concept_name: orca


sentence: Orcas can be dangerous, and have been known to kill their attendants on rare occasions.

headings:
Killer Whale
Temperament

sentences_before: Female killer whales are often tamed and can be trained to do tricks for audiences in marine shows, like in Sea World.

sentences_before: Sometimes, killer whales have even starred in movies, such as the movie titled 'Free Willy'.


sentence: Many books specialise in the details of particular software.

headings:
Desktop publishing
Further reading

sentences_after: These three teach the basics of page layout design on desktop systems.

concept_name: book


sentence: Genes are regulated at either the transcriptional stage, or later, before translation.

concept_name: gene


sentence: All attributes are optional.

headings:
Template:Infobox comedian awards/doc
Parameters

concept_name: attribute


sentence: Aquatic snails are in other orders, and usually have gills.

sentences_before: Usually, by 'snail' people mean the snails on land.

sentences_before: Land snails usually have lungs, and are in the order Pulmonata.

sentences_after: Close relatives of the snails are the slugs, which are basically snails without shells.

sentences_after: Both slugs and snails are numerous and successful on land.

sentences_after: Most land snails and slugs are herbivorous.

sentences_after: Aquatic snails and slugs are usually omnivores or predatory carnivores.

concept_name: aquatic snail


sentence: Snails are invertebrates, which are animals with no backbones.

headings:
Snail
Body parts
Shell

sentences_after: The shell on the snail helps protect it, and also reduces the loss of water by evaporation.

sentences_after: Shells are many different shapes, sizes, and colours.

sentences_after: Snails do not breathe through their mouths, instead they have a breathing hole under their shells.

concept_name: snail


sentence: Shells are many different shapes, sizes, and colours.

sentences_before: Snails are invertebrates, which are animals with no backbones.

sentences_before: The shell on the snail helps protect it, and also reduces the loss of water by evaporation.

concept_name: shell


sentence: Snails can absorb mineral nutrients through their foot by simply sitting on a rock containing it.

headings:
Snail
Body parts
Foot


sentence: Snails are found all over the world.

headings: Snail Habitat

sentences_after: Generally speaking, land snails live on  damp habitats.

sentences_after: Snails can be found in dark places such as in a garden under plants.

sentences_after: Some species live in cold places like the Arctic, and a few are found in warm places like beaches and deserts.


sentence: Some snails are aquatic, and live in water.

sentences_after: They live in the sea, fish tanks, rivers and oceans.


sentence: Land snails eat vegetables and fruits, such as lettuce, carrots, cucumber and apples.

headings: Snail Food

sentences_after: The radula is a hard, rough plate in the mouth.

sentences_after: Radula teeth are like little pieces of sandpaper.

sentences_after: They are good for cutting up plants and if the snail eats meat they are good for tearing the meat apart.

concept_name: land snail


sentence: Aquatic snails are often carnivorous.

sentences_before: Land snails eat vegetables and fruits, such as lettuce, carrots, cucumber and apples.


sentence: Snails use their radula to cut food.


sentence: Many animals eat snails.

sentences_after: Fireflies, snakes, beetles, fish, insects, turtles, and people all eat snails too.

sentences_after: To defend themselves, snails pull back into their shells.

concept_name: animal


sentence: Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells.

sentences_after: Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal can retract inside it.

sentences_after: The various families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite a superficial similarity in the overall body form.

concept_name: slug


sentence: Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal can retract inside it.

sentences_before: Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells.


sentence: All parameters are optional.

headings:
Template:Infobox football biography/doc
Parameters

concept_name: parameter


sentence: Razor shells have a fragile shell, with open ends.

headings:
Razor shell
Description

sentences_after: The inner surface is white with a purple tinge and the foot is creamy white with brown lines .

concept_name: razor shell


sentence: Cockles are capable of 'jumping' by bending and straightening the foot.

sentences_after: Cockles burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering plankton from the surrounding water.

concept_name: cockle


sentence: Cockles burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering plankton from the surrounding water.

sentences_before: Cockles are capable of 'jumping' by bending and straightening the foot.


sentence: Gun powder is packed into metal cylinders behind the bullet, called the cartridge.

sentences_before: It burns very rapidly, and creates gases.

sentences_before: Those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward.

sentences_before: If the gunpowder is in a small space, the gasses will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure.

sentences_before: A bullet  is pushed on in this way inside of a gun, causing it to fly out at high speeds.

concept_name: gun powder


sentence: Wildfires occur on every continent except Antarctica.

sentences_after: They can occur naturally, but many are caused by humans, accidentally or deliberately.

sentences_after: Fossil records and human history show that wildfires do occur at intervals.

concept_name: wildfire


sentence: Cultural icons are often timeless, imprinted in our consciousness.

headings:
Cultural icon
Icons and brands

sentences_before: Many brands want to be cultural icons, but fail.

sentences_after: While brands are rational and driven by features, cultural icons are emotional, free, driven by feeling, and creating emotional bonds.

sentences_after: Royal or church clothing could also be understood as a form of emotional iconography.

concept_name: cultural icon


sentence: Foxgloves produce several deadly chemicals, namely cardiac and steroidal glycosides.

sentences_after: Eating it can cause nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, convulsions, or death.

concept_name: foxglove


sentence: Plants use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores.

sentences_after: Many plants produce chemicals which change the behaviour, growth, or survival of herbivores.

sentences_after: These chemical defences can act as repellents or toxins to herbivores, or reduce plant digestibility.

sentences_after: Some plants encourage the presence of natural enemies of herbivores, which in turn protect the plant.

concept_name: plant


sentence: Many plants produce chemicals which change the behaviour, growth, or survival of herbivores.

sentences_before: Plants use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores.


sentence: Plants can and do react to damage.


sentence: Hardwood is in contrast to softwood which come from conifers, cone bearing seed plants.

sentences_before: Hardwood' is wood from deciduous trees and broad-leaf evergreen trees.

sentences_before: Hardwoods all have enclosed nuts or seeds.

sentences_after: Hardwoods are not always harder than softwoods, Balsa wood being a notable exception.

sentences_after: Hardwoods have a more complex internal structure than softwoods.

sentences_after: Softwoods have a structure that looks like many drinking straws bound together all of which are used to supply water to the tree.

sentences_after: Hardwood trees are more varied than softwoods and there are about 100 times more species of hardwood than there are softwoods.

concept_name: Hardwood