gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mode of action of chloroquine in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (1991)

Clinical studies have demonstrated that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine improve glucose metabolism in patients with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. The mechanism of action has not been determined. We undertook a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 3 days of oral chloroquine phosphate, 250 mg four times daily, in 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus controlled by diet. Rates of glucose appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) were evaluated by infusion of stable isotopically labeled D-glucose ([6,6-2H2]glucose) during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps before and after treatment with chloroquine or placebo. Chloroquine significantly improved fasting plasma glucose from 199.8 +/- 8.6 to 165.6 +/- 7.6 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). Total exogenous glucose infusion required to maintain euglycemia significantly increased (1,792.6-2,040.1 mg.kg-1.330 min-1, P less than 0.05) due to an increase in Rd (2,348.0-2,618.9 mg.kg-1.330 min-1, P less than 0.01) without change in Ra. Metabolic clearance rate of insulin decreased by 39% from 14.4 +/- 1.3 to 11.0 +/- 0.6 ml.kg-1.min-1 (P less than 0.01) at plasma insulin levels of 150-200 mU/l but not at levels of 2,000-3,000 mU/l. In addition, chloroquine increased fasting C-peptide secretion by 17% and reduced feedback inhibition of C-peptide by 9.1 and 10.6% during low- and high-dose insulin infusions, respectively.
Limit parametric study, Area 116 holobeam laser welder (1980)

The Holobeam Laser welder in Area 116 had been modified to make it identical, for all practical purposes, with the one in Engineering. Mr. EJ Furno, who has been experimenting with the Engineering laser welder, had recommended that the laser be operated without the up-collimator. This was to make the operation of the laser less sensitive to depth-of-focus problems. This was verified by the instruction manual at an outside seminar on laser operation. Process Technology had no information on the effect of removing the up-collimator on the spot size and penetration. Therefore, this limited parametric study was undertaken.
Template Matching Based on the L_p Norm Using Sufficient Conditions with Incremental Approximations (2006)

This paper proposes a novel algorithm aimed at speeding-up template matching based on the L_p norm. The algorithm is exhaustive, i.e. it yields the same results as a Full Search (FS) template matching process, and is based on the deployment of tight lower bounds that can be derived by using together the triangular inequality and partial evaluations of the L_p norm. In order to deploy this, template and image subwindows are properly partitioned. The experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm allows speeding-up the FS process and also (when applied to the L_2 norm) the exhaustive approach based on the Fast Fourier Transform.
Polymerization of lactides and lactones. III. Ring-opening polymerization ofDL-lactide by the (?3-C3H5)2Sm(?2-Cl)2(?3-Cl)2Mg(tmed)(?2-Cl)Mg(tmed) complex (1999)

Ring-opening polymerization of DL-lactide (LA) has been initiated with the (η3-C3H5)2Sm(μ2-Cl)2(μ3-Cl)2Mg(tmed)(η2-Cl)Mg(tmed) complex both in bulk and solution. The effects of reaction conditions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and monomer/initiator molar ratio on the polymerization has been discussed. The results showed that (η3-C3H5)2Sm(μ2-Cl)2(μ3-Cl)2Mg(tmed)(μ2-Cl)Mg(tmed) was more effective for the polymerization of LA, and high molecular weight of polylactide was obtained by this initiator. The solvent affected the polymerization significantly. The polymerization mechanism was in agreement with the coordination mechanism. The polymer was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and DSC. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2857–2862, 1999
Mechanism underlying bupivacaine inhibition of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K <sup>+</sup> channels (2001)

Local anesthetics, commonly used for treating cardiac arrhythmias, pain, and seizures, are best known for their inhibitory effects on voltage-gated Na(+) channels. Cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity are unwanted side-effects from local anesthetics that cannot be attributed to the inhibition of only Na(+) channels. Here, we report that extracellular application of the membrane-permeant local anesthetic bupivacaine selectively inhibited G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (GIRK:Kir3) but not other families of inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (ROMK:Kir1 and IRK:Kir2). Bupivacaine inhibited GIRK channels within seconds of application, regardless of whether channels were activated through the muscarinic receptor or directly via coexpressed G protein G(beta)gamma subunits. Bupivacaine also inhibited alcohol-induced GIRK currents in the absence of functional pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. The mutated GIRK1 and GIRK2 (GIRK1/2) channels containing the high-affinity phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) domain from IRK1, on the other hand, showed dramatically less inhibition with bupivacaine. Surprisingly, GIRK1/2 channels with high affinity for PIP(2) were inhibited by ethanol, like IRK1 channels. We propose that membrane-permeant local anesthetics inhibit GIRK channels by antagonizing the interaction of PIP(2) with the channel, which is essential for G(beta)gamma and ethanol activation of GIRK channels.
Protecting Browser Extensions from JavaScript Injection Attacks with Runtime Protection and Static Analysis (2012)

With the rapid proliferation of the internet, web browsers have evolved from singlepurpose remote document viewers into multifaceted systems for executing dynamic, interactive web applications.In order to enhance the web browsing experience of users and to facilitate on-demand customizability, most web browsers now can be fitted with extensions: pieces of software that utilize the underlying web platform of a browser and provide a wide range of features such as advertisement blocking, safety ratings of websites, in-browser web development, and many more.Extensible web browsers provide access to their powerful privileged components in order to facilitate the development of feature-rich extensions.This exposure comes at a price, though, as a vulnerable extension can introduce a security hole through which an attacker can access the privileged components and penetrate a victim user's browser, steal the user's sensitive information, and even execute arbitrary code in the user's computer.The current browser security model is inadequate for preventing attacks via such vulnerable extensions.Therefore, an effective protection mechanism is required that would provide web browsers adequate security while still allowing them to be extended.In this thesis, we propose a runtime protection mechanism for JavaScript-based browser extensions.Our protection mechanism performs offline randomization of an i puting, Queen's University and Dr.
Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients for Use in Clinical Trials: Table 1. (2016)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease are important causes of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. For the purpose of developing consistent reporting of CMV outcomes in clinical trials, definitions of CMV infection and disease were developed and most recently published in 2002. Since then, there have been major developments in its diagnosis and management. Therefore, the CMV Drug Development Forum consisting of scientists, clinicians, regulators, and industry representatives has produced an updated version incorporating recent knowledge with the aim to support clinical research and drug development. The main changes compared to previous definitions are the introduction of a "probable disease" category and to incorporate quantitative nucleic acid testing in some end-organ disease categories. As the field evolves, the need for updates of these definitions is clear, and collaborative efforts between scientists, regulators, and industry can provide a platform for this work.
Fermentpolymerisation VI (1964)

The action of levan sucrase from aerobacter levanicum on sucrose can be divided into three reactions: levan formation, inversion and oligosaccharide formation. As in dextran synthesis, levan has extremely high molecular weights which are formed even at very small conversions. The oligosaccharides consist mainly of 1β-fructosyl sucrose. From kinetic data of reactions with enzyme preparations which have been prepared on sucrose containing cultivation media, we could conclude that a levanase was present in our enzyme preparations. By application of fructose instead of sucrose in our cultivation media we could get enzyme preparations completely free of levanase and levan. Temperature- and p H -stability measurements and kinetic data lead to the conclusion that all three reactions are catalysed by the same enzyme. This was confirmed by investigations in the ultracentrifuge; the molecular weight of the enzyme as measured by sedimentation analysis was found to be 22 000.
Decoding algorithms with input quantization and maximum error correction capability (1995)

Decoding that uses soft-decision information but with multiple low-complexity decoders are investigated. These decoders correct only errors and erasures. The structure of the receiver consists of a bank of z demodulators followed by errors- and erasures-correcting decoders operating in parallel. Each demodulator has a threshold for determining when to erase a given symbol. We assign a cost f(/spl theta/) to the noise for causing an erasure when the receiver uses a particular threshold /spl theta/ and a (larger) cost f(/spl theta.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bias-controlled wavelength switching in coupled-cavity In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs self-organized quantum dot lasers (1999)

Efficient wavelength switching is demonstrated in an In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs self-organized quantum dot laser with an intracavity absorber section. A wavelength shift of ∼15 nm, believed to be caused by a shift of lasing between the bound states of the quantum dot, is obtained for a bias change of 6 V.
Application of Wavelet Transform to Analysis of Pressure Transient Data (2001)

Summary Although the mathematical concept of "wavelet transform" was developed in the early part of the 20th century, it did not receive practical application until the 80's. Wavelet Transform is now used in a wide variety of applications in the areas of medicine, biology, data compression, etc. A significant benefit provided by Wavelet Transform is its capability to provide two functions: smoothing of the basic signal, and retention or even enhancement of the details. In data analysis, these characteristics allow the user to quickly recognize hidden signals. In well testing, these capabilities would enhance signals that can be masked by other events or by the data frequency itself. Since the derivative techniques currently used in well testing tend to smooth data and conceal certain events, the use of the wavelet transform to analyze the raw data could prove to be very valuable as a major step in enhancing the techniques of modern analysis of data. This paper will very briefly review application of the wavelet transform methodology to data analysis in general and will show why its application to well testing data in particular is important. It will also provide guidelines for application of this technology to well testing. Several field examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the wavelet transform to well testing and how the qualitative and quantitative use of the method determines wellbore anomalies, boundary effects, and other well testing phenomena.
Sample rate conversion with parallel processing for high speed multiband OFDM systems (2013)

Based on the sequential sample rate conversion (SRC) structure using B-spline interpolation for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based software defined radios, a parallel processing SRC structure is proposed in this paper to achieve high speed data transmission for multiband OFDM systems. By deriving an impulse response matrix from the sequential SRC structure, the state vectors of the SRC structure can be calculated from a block of input samples with less complexity than conventional Farrow structure. Real-time SRC implementation combined with local feedback and stuffing is also presented. Performance in terms of state buffer pointer offset caused by clock variation and finite precision in digital hardware is analyzed to provide guidance for practical system design such as determining clock stability and word-length requirements.
Electrospray-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Reference Carboxylic Acids and Athabasca Oil Sands Naphthenic Acids (2003)

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures of naturally occurring acyclic and cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids that are responsible for the toxicity of the water in the tailings ponds associated with the recovery of bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands. NAs are difficult to analyze due to their complexity and the lack of commercially available NA standards. This paper describes the use of negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of NAs. Model carboxylic acids, alone and in mixture, afforded mass spectral signal intensities that were highly dependent on extractor and cone voltages and on molecular structure. These effects were also observed for authentic NAs. Under conditions that were close to optimal for all the model compounds, their calibration sensitivities varied by a factor of <2, and there were minimal interactions when the model compounds were examined in mixture. Under the same conditions, the authentic NAs showed apparent congener distributions similar to those observed previously by GC/MS for derivatized NAs. The similar calibration sensitivities among congeners allowed the use of the standard addition method to determine the approximate absolute concentrations of NA congeners in an authentic sample.
Bottom-loading dilution refrigerator with ultrahigh vacuum deposition capability (2002)

A Kelvinox 400 dilution refrigerator with the ability to load samples onto the mixing chamber from the bottom of the cryostat has been combined with an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) deposition chamber equipped with molecular beam sources. The liquid-helium-cooled sample transfer mechanism is used in a manner that allows films to be grown on substrates which are kept at temperatures of order 8 K with chamber pressures in the 10−9 to 10−10 Torr range. This system facilitates the growth of quench-condensed ultrathin films which must always be kept below ∼12 K in an UHV environment during and after growth. Measurements can be made on the films down to milliKelvin temperatures and in magnetic fields up to 15 T.
Stem Cell–Derived Endochondral Cartilage Stimulates Bone Healing by Tissue Transformation (2013)

Although bone has great capacity for repair, there are a number of clinical situations (fracture non-unions, spinal fusions, revision arthroplasty, segmental defects) in which auto- or allografts attempt to augment bone regeneration by promoting osteogenesis. Critical failures associated with current grafting therapies include osteonecrosis and limited integration between graft and host tissue. We speculated that the underlying problem with current bone grafting techniques is that they promote bone regeneration through direct osteogenesis. Here we hypothesized that using cartilage to promote endochondral bone regeneration would leverage normal developmental and repair sequences to produce a well-vascularized regenerate that integrates with the host tissue. In this study, we use a translational murine model of a segmental tibia defect to test the clinical utility of bone regeneration from a cartilage graft. We further test the mechanism by which cartilage promotes bone regeneration using in vivo lineage tracing and in vitro culture experiments. Our data show that cartilage grafts support regeneration of a vascularized and integrated bone tissue in vivo, and subsequently propose a translational tissue engineering platform using chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Interestingly, lineage tracing experiments show the regenerate was graft derived, suggesting transformation of the chondrocytes into bone. In vitro culture data show that cartilage explants mineralize with the addition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or by exposure to human vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC)-conditioned medium, indicating that endothelial cells directly promote ossification. This study provides preclinical data for endochondral bone repair that has potential to significantly improve patient outcomes in a variety of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries. Further, in contrast to the dogmatic view that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis before bone formation, our data suggest cartilage can transform into bone by activating the pluripotent transcription factor Oct4A. Together these data represent a paradigm shift describing the mechanism of endochondral bone repair and open the door for novel regenerative strategies based on improved biology.
A High Energy Density Solid‐State Battery System (1976)

The discharge and storage characteristics of a new solid‐state battery system, , , Pb were investigated. Results of the discharge tests suggested that both and are cathode active and can be discharged efficiently. A discharge efficiency of 100% was realized on test cells with a stoichiometric capacity of 18 mA‐hr/cm2 at a drain rate of 10 μA/cm2at room temperature. Results of the storage tests showed that the system is stable on storage. Test cells experienced no capacity loss after a storage period of one year at room temperature, 45°, and 60°C. The discharge and storage characteristics indicate that the system is a practical, low rate solid‐state battery system and the practical batteries have a volumetric energy density of 8 W‐hr/in.3 (0.49 W‐hr/cm3) at a power level of 150 μW/in3.
pH control by use of a polypyrrole coated electrode. (1986)

ボリピロール被覆電極において起こる電気化学的ドープ・脱ドープ反応は, 溶液のpHをほとんど変化させないことが確認された。そこで, 水素発生や酸素発生の反応を行ない溶液のpHを変化させる白金電極と組み合わせて使ったところ, 溶液のpHを容易に変化させることができた。たとえば, pHを約5と9の間で何度もくり返して変化させることができた。水溶液中において電気化学的ドープ・脱ドープ反応を利用する場合, どの電位においてドープ・脱ドープ反応が起きるのかということが重要になるが, サイクリックボルタンメトリーにより検討したところ, ポリピロールは0Vvs, SCE前後の電位領域においてドープ・脱ドープ反応を行なうことがわかった。ボリピロール膜においてどれぐらいの量のドープ・脱ドープ反応が起きるか, つまり, ボリピロール膜のドーピング容量は, 電解重合時に回路に流れた電気量に比例するので, かなり大きな容量をもつポリピロール膜をつくることも可能であることがわかった。他の有機導電性高分子と比較した場合, pHモジュレーター用としては, ボリピロール被覆電極がもっとも適していることが明らかとなった。
Diffractive optical elements: iterative calculation of quantized, blazed phase structures (1990)

A procedure to calculate a highly quantized, blazed phase structure is presented. Characteristics that are concentrated on are a high diffraction efficiency and a large signal-to-noise ratio. The calculation techniques are based on iterative Fourier-transform algorithms. Stagnation problems are discussed, and methods to overcome them are described.
Levels of Cytokines (IL‐1<i>β</i>, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐<i>α</i>) and Trace Elements (Zn, Cu) in Breast Milk From Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants (2005)

It has been well documented that human milk contains several immunomodulator components which are important during infant period when the newborn's immune system is still under development. In this study, we aim at examining levels of cytokines, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in milk from mothers of premature and mature infants, and comparing changes during lactation periods consequently. Milk was collected from total of 40 mothers (group M: mothers of mature infants, n = 20; group PM: mothers of premature infants, n = 20) from four lactation stages: colostrum (0-7 days), transitional (7-14 days), mature milk (21 days), and mature milk (2nd month). Levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-lbeta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha]) were determined by chemiluminesence method, whereas atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the determination of Zn and Cu levels. Cytokine levels were determined to be high in colostrum and transient milk from mothers of full-term infants, whereas their levels were reduced drastically in the 21st day and the 2nd month milk (P < .01, P < .001). Similar trends were observed in milk from mothers of premature infants, but cytokine levels were significantly lower in colostrum compared to colostrum from mothers of mature infants (P < .01). The differences in cytokine levels were continuous in transient milk (P < .05) and mature milk (21 days) (P < .05), whereas there was no statistically significant differences between milk from both groups of mothers in the 2nd month (P > .05). Zn levels in milk from mothers of premature infants were significantly lower compared to the ones from mothers of mature infants (P < .01) and these differences continued through the 2nd month. Although Cu levels were lower in milk from mothers of premature infants, there was no statistically significant difference except colostrum (P > .05). Our results clearly demonstrate that the level of immunomodulating agents such as cytokines and trace elements in milk from mothers of premature infants is less than the level of the same agents in milk from mothers of full-term infants. Although there are commercially available products for infant feeding, human milk is still the best natural nutrient for newborns. Therefore, when premature infants are breastfed, necessary precautions such as supplemantary diets must be considered for possible infections and risks related with immune system deficiency.
Centrifuge model testing on super-long rock-socketed bored piles under vertical loading (2011)

There are no appropriate theories and methods of computation yet which could quantitatively analyze the stress and strain of super-long rock-socketed bored piles and simulate the full process of pile deformation. The bearing behavior and settlement characteristics are complicated because of the construction techniques, characteristics of overlying deposit soil and rock, pile material, geometrical configuration and load in particular. In this paper, the authors introduce the case of the Tianxingzhou Bridge pile foundation, analyzed through the Centrifuge Model Test (CMT). The results indicate that, for large-diameter rock-socketed bored piles, sufficient pile–soil displacement is essential for the effect of pile lateral friction in overlying soil layers. It is also shown that the load is borne by pile lateral friction and end resistance, and that the load transfer behavior of the rock-socketed pile group foundation has similar characteristics to large-diameter rock-socketed single pile.
Collision-free and smooth trajectory computation in cluttered environments (2012)

We present a novel trajectory computation algorithm to smooth piecewise linear collision-free trajectories computed by sample-based motion planners. Our approach uses cubic B-splines to generate trajectories that are C 2 almost everywhere, except on a few isolated points. The algorithm performs local spline refinement to compute smooth, collision-free trajectories and it works well even in environments with narrow passages. We also present a fast and reliable algorithm for collision checking between a robot and the environment along the B-spline trajectories. We highlight the performance of our algorithm on complex benchmarks, including path computation for rigid and articulated models in cluttered environments.