gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On<i>L</i><sub>1</sub>-Norm Multiclass Support Vector Machines (2007)

Binary support vector machines (SVMs) have been proven to deliver high performance. In multiclass classification, however, issues remain with respect to variable selection. One challenging issue is classification and variable selection in the presence of variables in the magnitude of thousands, greatly exceeding the size of training sample. This often occurs in genomics classification. To meet the challenge, this article proposes a novel multiclass support vector machine, which performs classification and variable selection simultaneously through an L1-norm penalized sparse representation. The proposed methodology, together with the developed regularization solution path, permits variable selection in such a situation. For the proposed methodology, a statistical learning theory is developed to quantify the generalization error in an attempt to gain insight into the basic structure of sparse learning, permitting the number of variables to greatly exceed the sample size. The operating characteristics of the methodology are examined through both simulated and benchmark data and are compared against some competitors in terms of accuracy of prediction. The numerical results suggest that the proposed methodology is highly competitive.
The Interleukin-1 Receptor/Toll-Like Receptor Superfamily: Signal Transduction During Inflammation and Host Defense (2003)

The signal transduction pathways activated by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) have been the focus of much attention because of the important role that IL-1 plays in inflammatory diseases. A number of proteins have been described that participate in the post-receptor activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and stress-activated protein kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). It has also emerged that the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) is a member of an expanding receptor superfamily. These related receptors all have sequence similarity in their cytosolic regions. The family includes the Drosophila melanogaster protein Toll, the IL-18 receptor (IL-18R), and 10 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR-1 to TLR-10, which bind to microbial products, activating host defense responses. Because of the similarity of IL-1RI to Toll, the conserved sequence in the cytosolic region of these proteins has been termed the Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The same proteins activated during signaling by IL-1RI also participate in signaling by other receptors with TIR domains. The receptor superfamily is evolutionarily conserved; members also occur in plants and insects, where they also function in host defense. The signaling proteins that are activated are also conserved across species. Differences are, however, starting to emerge in signaling pathways activated by different receptors. This receptor superfamily, therefore, represents an ancient signaling system that is a critical determinant of the innate immune and inflammatory responses.
Novel Pyrrolidine Diketopiperazines Selectively Inhibit Melanoma Cells via Induction of Late-Onset Apoptosis (2014)

A common liability of cancer drugs is toxicity to noncancerous cells. Thus, molecules are needed that are potent toward cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. The cost of traditional cell-based HTS is dictated by the library size, which is typically in the hundreds of thousands of individual compounds. Mixture-based combinatorial libraries offer a cost-effective alternative to single-compound libraries while eliminating the need for molecular target validation. Presently, lung cancer and melanoma cells were screened in parallel with healthy cells using a mixture-based library. A novel class of compounds was discovered that selectively inhibited melanoma cell growth via apoptosis with submicromolar potency while sparing healthy cells. Additionally, the cost of screening and biological follow-up experiments was significantly lower than in typical HTS. Our findings suggest that mixture-based phenotypic HTS can significantly reduce cost and hit-to-lead time while yielding novel compounds with promising pharmacology.
Mo<i><sub>x</sub></i>W<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>S<sub>2</sub> Solid Solutions as 3D Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2015)

3D electrodes coated with MoxW1−xS2 alloys with different Mo/W ratios are prepared. The morphology, elemental composition, and electrocatalytic properties toward hydrogen evolution reaction are studied. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Novel zero-current-switching-zero-voltage-switching converters (2002)

A new family of zero-current-switching-zero-voltage-switching (ZCSZVS) pulse-width-modulation (PWM) converters are proposed. With the proposed ZCSZVS concept, the PSPICE simulation results of the application to a single-switch three-phase PFC rectifier have been obtained and compared with those of hard-switching and ZCT applications in order to show the excellent performance of the proposed ZCSZVS concept.
Low extracellular magnesium induces epileptiform activity and spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices (1987)

The effect of low extracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]o) on neuronal activity was studied in rat hippocampal slices. After 20-40 min of perfusion with Mg2+-free medium, when [Mg2+]o declined to approximately 0.1-0.4 mM, spontaneous field potentials developed in the CA1 and CA3 regions, but not in the dentate gyrus. In the CA3 pyramidal cell layer, these potentials consisted of repetitive (0.3-0.5 Hz), 40- to 120-ms-long positive deflections (2-5 mV) with superimposed population spikes. In the stratum (str.) pyramidale of the CA1 region, positive-negative deflections (less than 3 mV) lasting for 30-80 ms were observed, which occurred with a frequency of 0.3-0.5 Hz. In some cases, longer lasting and rapidly recurring events were also observed. In CA3 pyramidal cells, the intracellular correlates of the field potential transients were 20- to 30-mV paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) with superimposed bursts of action potentials, followed by large (greater than 10 mV), 500- to 1,200-ms-long afterhyperpolarizations (AHP). In contrast, pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area did not show PDSs; instead, sequences of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)/inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) accompanied the transient field potential changes. Occasionally, spontaneous EPSPs/IPSPs, occurring with high frequencies, could also be observed in CA1 without any field potential transients. In both hippocampal regions, the epileptiform activity evolved without significant alterations in the resting membrane potential (RMP) and input resistance (RN) of the neurons, although a 2- to 5-mV reduction in action potential threshold was noted. The spontaneous activity in Mg2+-free medium was readily suppressed by raising the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 1.6 to 3.6 mM. The perfusion of 10-30 microns DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (2-APV), an antagonist for the glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type, also attenuated or reversibly blocked the spontaneous activity. Surgical isolation of area CA1 from CA3 ceased the occurrence of the transients in CA1 but not in CA3. The synaptic input/output curves were shifted to the left in the absence of [Mg2+]o. Threshold intensity for eliciting population spikes was 50-75% of that in normal medium. Paired-pulse facilitation was still present near threshold, but was reduced at higher stimulus intensities. Decreases in [Ca2+]o, produced by repetitive stimulation (20-Hz/5-10 s) of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway and monitored with ion-selective microelectrodes in the CA1 region, were enhanced in Mg2+-free medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multiple-Beam X-ray Diffraction for Physical Determination of Reflection Phases and its Applications (1997)

Theoretical and experimental advances in determination of three-phase invariants by multiple-beam X-ray diffraction are reviewed. The fundamental physics and mathematical analyses are explained. Plane-wave dynamical theory for the interpretation of multiple-beam interference is summarized. New results of its applications to the solution of the enantiomorphism problem of light-atom structures and to the solution of the structure of macromolecules by means of measured phases in conjunction with statistical methods are reported. Practical aspects of applying the three-beam diffraction technique to proteins are emphasized.
Phases of Disinvestment Policy in India (2015)

Disinvestment policy in India has evolved over the years. The policy has changed in terms of objectives, choice of disinvestment method and targets- setting. The policy is directly related to political leadership in the country in that time. Also, it is crucial that the success and failure of the policy is not measured in terms of achieving the target for receipts mentioned in the budget.
Detection of aberrant hippocampal mossy fiber connections: Ex vivo mesoscale diffusion <scp>MRI</scp> and microtractography with histological validation in a patient with uncontrolled temporal lobe epilepsy (2015)

Understanding the neurobiology and functional connectivity of hippocampal structures is essential for improving the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. At the macroscale, in vivo MRI often reveals hippocampal atrophy and decreased fractional anisotropy, whereas at the microscopic scale, there frequently is evidence of neuronal loss and gliosis. Mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus (DG), with evidence of glutamatergic synapses in the stratum moleculare (SM) putatively originating from granule cell neurons, may also be observed. This aberrant connection between the DG and SM could produce a reverberant excitatory circuit. However, this hypothesis cannot easily be evaluated using macroscopic or microscopic techniques. We here demonstrate that the ex vivo mesoscopic MRI of surgically excised hippocampi can bridge the explanatory and analytical gap between the macro- and microscopic scale. Specifically, diffusion- and T2 -weighted MRI can be integrated to visualize a cytoarchitecture that is akin to immunohistochemistry. An appropriate spatial resolution to discern individual cell layers can then be established. Processing of diffusion tensor images using tractography detects extra- and intrahippocampal connections, hence providing a unique systems view of the hippocampus and its connected regions. Here, this approach suggests that there is indeed an aberrant connection between the DG and SM, supporting the sprouting hypothesis of a reverberant excitatory network. Mesoscopic ex vivo MR imaging hence provides an exciting new avenue to study hippocampi from treatment-resistant patients and allows exploration of existing hypotheses, as well as the development of new treatment strategies based on these novel insights. Hum Brain Mapp 37:780-795, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal Spread of Intraneurally Injected Local Anesthetics: An Experimental Study of the Initial Neural Distribution Following Intraneural Injections (1978)

Unexpected spinal anesthesia, occurring after peripheral nerve blocks close to the spine, may be caused by a centripetal spread of the local anesthetic along the injected nerve to the spinal cord. In order to analyze the pathway of such a spread, a radioactive local anesthetic mixed with a fluorescent dye was injected into difrerent compartments of the rabbit sciatic nerve, and the early distribution of these tracers was studied by scintillation counting and fluorescence microscopy. Epineurial (extrafascicular) injections were of low injection pressure (25-60 mmHg) (3.3-7.9 kPa) and limited spread, while endoneurial (intrafascicular) injections reached higher pressures (300-750 mmHg) (39.9-99.7 kPa) and caused a rapid spread over long distances within the fascicle. The sacral plexus seemed difficult to pass. However, 20% of endoneurial injections reached the spinal cord, where the injectate primarily spread in the thin subpial space. Our experimental findings suggest that intraneural injections of local anesthetics are responsible for the reported cases of unexpected spinal anesthesia due to inadvertent intrafascicular spread. Although intrafascicular injections are rarely made, we recommend that intraneural injections of local anesthetics or other solutions close to the spine should be avoided, as they may cause unexpected spinal anesthesia or lesion of the cord.
Talk to the machine (2002)

With better chips and faster algorithms, device makers are putting voice interfaces in PDAs, cellphones, and cars. Philips has streamlined its standard speech recognition engine to run on the Compaq 3600 PDA. This Mandarin language recognizer prototype can distinguish 40 000 words. The basics of today's speech recognizers were first worked out in the early 1970s by researchers at IBM Corp. and Carnegie Mellon University. Since then, assorted companies and university groups have made incremental advances in the science and technology.
Consensus PCR and Microarray for Diagnosis of the Genus <i>Staphylococcus</i> , Species, and Methicillin Resistance (2001)

We propose the use of DNA microarray for the discrimination of homologous products after a single PCR amplification with consensus primers. The method was applied to Staphylococcus identification. The femA nucleotide sequences, which are phylogenetically conserved among the staphylococci, were first amplified using a consensus primer pair together with the mecA sequence, a molecular marker for methicillin resistance. Products were then identified on a glass array. The microarray contained five selective DNA capture probes for the simultaneous and differential identification of the five most clinically relevant staphylococcal species (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. saprophyticus), while a consensus capture probe could detect all femA sequences, allowing the identification of the genus Staphylococcus. The mecA sequence hybridized to a specific capture probe. The identification was univocal because only a single capture probe had to be present for each sequence to be identified. The hybridization and identification processes were completed in less than 2 h. Current results demonstrate that low-density microarrays are powerful multigenotypic post-PCR analyzers and could compete with conventional bacteria identification.
Brain Tissue Volume Measurement from Magnetic Resonance Imaging A Phantom Study (1993)

The experimental study validates the feasibility of monitoring localized volume changes in a three-compartmental model.
Hardware simulation with software modeling for enhanced architecture performance analysis (2002)

Complex simulation-based design efforts suffer from lengthy simulations. It becomes difficult to develop and debug hardware models when the turn around time between development and test results are measured in terms of days or even weeks. A significant lag between development and architecture performance test results cast severely hamper the design effort. A strategy for accurate rapid modeling of a complex digital design is presented The precision of a cycle accurate hardware description language (HDL) model was combined with the speed of software modeling to provide rapid system performance evaluation. The hardware model was used to generate timing information and resource requirements from a limited data set. These results were back annotated into the existing algorithm written in a high-level programming language, in order to generate realistic, full system, performance parameters and thus quickly assess the satisfaction of performance constraints by the chosen architecture.
Pericardial Blood Activates the Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway During Clinical Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1996)

These data provide direct evidence of TF expression, activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, and thrombin formation in the surgical wound. Addition of pericardial blood to the perfusate and expression of TF by both circulating and adherent monocytes strongly promote thrombus formation during open heart surgery.
Correction: How Lateral Connections and Spiking Dynamics May Separate Multiple Objects Moving Together (2013)

Over successive stages, the ventral visual system of the primate brain develops neurons that respond selectively to particular objects or faces with translation, size and view invariance. The powerful neural representations found in Inferotemporal cortex form a remarkably rapid and robust basis for object recognition which belies the difficulties faced by the system when learning in natural visual environments. A central issue in understanding the process of biological object recognition is how these neurons learn to form separate representations of objects from complex visual scenes composed of multiple objects. We show how a one-layer competitive network comprised of 'spiking' neurons is able to learn separate transformation-invariant representations (exemplified by one-dimensional translations) of visual objects that are always seen together moving in lock-step, but separated in space. This is achieved by combining 'Mexican hat' functional lateral connectivity with cell firing-rate adaptation to temporally segment input representations of competing stimuli through antiphase oscillations (perceptual cycles). These spiking dynamics are quickly and reliably generated, enabling selective modification of the feed-forward connections to neurons in the next layer through Spike-Time-Dependent Plasticity (STDP), resulting in separate translation-invariant representations of each stimulus. Variations in key properties of the model are investigated with respect to the network's ability to develop appropriate input representations and subsequently output representations through STDP. Contrary to earlier rate-coded models of this learning process, this work shows how spiking neural networks may learn about more than one stimulus together without suffering from the 'superposition catastrophe'. We take these results to suggest that spiking dynamics are key to understanding biological visual object recognition.
The Impact of Aging and Smoking on the Future Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2001)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes extensive disability, primarily among the elderly. On the World Health Organization ranking list of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), COPD rises from the twelfth to the fifth place from 1990 to 2020. The purpose of this study is to single out the impact of changes in demography and in smoking behavior on COPD morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. A dynamic multistate life table model was used to compute projections for the Netherlands. Changes in the size and composition of the population cause COPD prevalence to increase from 21/1,000 in 1994 to 33/1,000 in 2015 for men, and from 10/ 1,000 to 23/1,000 for women. Changes in smoking behavior reduce the projected prevalence to 29/1,000 for men, but increase it to 25/ 1,000 for women. Total life years lost increase more than 60%, and DALYs lost increase 75%. Costs rise 90%; smokers cause approximately 90% of these costs. The model demonstrates the unavoidable increase in the burden of COPD, an increase that is larger for women than for men. The major causes of this increase are past smoking behavior and the aging of the population; changes in smoking behavior will have only a small effect in the nearby future.
Heats of Hydrogenation - Experimental and Computational Hydrogen Thermochemistry of Organic Compounds (2006)

Hydrogen Thermochemistry: Definition History Theory and Methodology Accuracy Applications Details of Calorimeter Construction Design Modifications Experimental Results: Enthalpies of Hydrogenation Computational Thermochemistry: Introduction to Computational Thermochemistry Molecular Modeling Additivity Methods Molecular Mechanics Molecular Orbital Calculations Semiempirical Methods Ab Initio Methods.
Efficacy and dissipation of permethrin for the control of the northern fowl mite in hens. (1981)

Laying hens were treated with permethrin at the rate of 20 mg per bird to determine efficacy against northern fowl mites Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) and the dissipation of residues over a 42-day period. Permethrin provided greater than 99% control of mites for at least 42 days posttreatment as compared to malathion which did not substantially reduce mite infestations. Carbaryl and coumaphos treatment resulted in limited reductions with mite populations recovering by two to three weeks posttreatment. Maximum residues of permethrin in breast muscle, body fat and the uropidium occurred on day 1 posttreatment and were still present in fatty tissue in detectable quantities on day 42. Residues in egg yolk appeared on day 3 posttreatment and peaked on day 7 with trace quantities still present on day 21. Permethrin was not found in egg white. Low residues were found in the liver and gizzard from day 1 through to day 7.
The performance of MapReduce (2010)

MapReduce has been widely used for large-scale data analysis in the Cloud. The system is well recognized for its elastic scalability and fine-grained fault tolerance although its performance has been noted to be suboptimal in the database context. According to a recent study [19], Hadoop, an open source implementation of MapReduce, is slower than two state-of-the-art parallel database systems in performing a variety of analytical tasks by a factor of 3.1 to 6.5. MapReduce can achieve better performance with the allocation of more compute nodes from the cloud to speed up computation; however, this approach of "renting more nodes" is not cost effective in a pay-as-you-go environment. Users desire an economical elastically scalable data processing system, and therefore, are interested in whether MapReduce can offer both elastic scalability and efficiency. In this paper, we conduct a performance study of MapReduce (Hadoop) on a 100-node cluster of Amazon EC2 with various levels of parallelism. We identify five design factors that affect the performance of Hadoop, and investigate alternative but known methods for each factor. We show that by carefully tuning these factors, the overall performance of Hadoop can be improved by a factor of 2.5 to 3.5 for the same benchmark used in [19], and is thus more comparable to that of parallel database systems. Our results show that it is therefore possible to build a cloud data processing system that is both elastically scalable and efficient.