gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of Resistance against Rice Blast Fungus in Rice Plants Treated with a Potent Elicitor,<i>N</i>-Acetylchitooligosaccharide (2006)

The mode of action of a potent elicitor, N-acetylchitooligosaccharide, in rice plants was examined. In intact seedlings, no significant uptake of the elicitor via the roots was observed within 3 h, whereas rapid uptake was observed in excised leaves. Rapid and transient expression of an elicitor-responsive gene, EL2, was induced in the leaves of intact seedlings sprayed with the elicitor or in the roots and leaves of intact seedlings by immersing roots in the elicitor solution. Histochemical analysis indicated that EL2 was expressed in cells exposed to the elicitor of root and leaves. In seedlings treated with the elicitor for 1 d or longer, hyphal growth of rice blast fungus was significantly delayed, and an accumulation of auto-fluorescence around the infection site was observed. Two defense-related genes, PR-1 and PR-10 (PBZ1), were induced in a systemic and local manner by elicitor treatment, in correlation with the induction of resistance against rice blast fungus. N-Acetylchitoheptaose did not inhibit the hyphal growth of the fungi. These results indicate the occurrence of systemic signal transmission from N-acetylchitooligosaccharide in rice plants.
Ricin A Chain Can Transport Unfolded Dihydrofolate Reductase into the Cytosol (1997)

Ricin is a heterodimeric protein toxin. The ricin A chain is able to cross the membrane of intracellular compartments to reach the cytosol where it catalytically inactivates protein synthesis. It is linked via a disulfide bond to the B chain, a galactose-specific lectin, which allows ricin binding at the cell surface and endocytosis. To examine the potential of ricin A to carry proteins into the cytosol and the requirement for unfolding of the passenger protein, we connected mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) to ricin A by gene fusion via a spacer peptide. DHFR-ricin A expressed in Escherichia coli displayed the biological activities of the parent proteins and associated quantitatively with ricin B to form DHFR-ricin. The resulting toxin was highly cytotoxic to cells (4-8-fold less than recombinant ricin). DHFR-ricin cytotoxicity was inhibited by methotrexate, a DHFR inhibitor stabilizing DHFR-ricin A in a folded conformation. The DHFR moiety of DHFR ricin bound to the plasma membrane. Although methotrexate prevented this binding, it did not significantly affect DHFR-ricin endocytosis, which proceeded via ricin B chain. Intoxication kinetics data and a cell-free translocation assay demonstrated that protection of cells from DHFR-ricin cytotoxicity resulted from a selective inhibition by methotrexate of DHFR-ricin A translocation. We conclude that ricin A is a potential carrier of proteins to the cytosol, provided that the passenger protein is able to unfold for transmembrane transport.
THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE CHLORINATION OF SATURATED ALIPHATIC MONOCHLORIDES. A “VICINAL” EFFECT<sup>1</sup> (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE HIGH-TEMPERATURE CHLORINATION OF SATURATED ALIPHATIC MONOCHLORIDES. A "VICINAL" EFFECT1FREDERICK F. RUST and WILLIAM E. VAUGHANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1941, 06, 4, 479–488Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01204a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01204a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A CFD-DEM simulation of food grain drying process in a fluidised bed (2019)

Drying is the most important step for post-harvest processing of food grains. This project developed a food grain drying model by combining computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method in a fluidised bed. The model incorporated heat transfer sub-models, a water evaporation sub-model in resemblance to a chemical reaction and a shrinkage sub-model. The model is first tested against experimental data from literature in terms of drying and volume shrinkage curves. Then the effects of operating parameters, grain properties and bed geometries on drying and shrinkage rates and dried product quality are quantified and discussed with the grain scale information.
New arithmetic coder/decoder architectures based on pipelining (2002)

In this paper we present new VLSI architectures for the arithmetic encoding and decoding of multilevel images. In these algorithms the speed is limited by their recursive natures and the arithmetic and memory access operations. They become specially critical in the case of decoding. In order to reduce the cycle length we propose working with two executions of the algorithm which alternate in the use of the pipelined hardware with a minimum increase in its cost.
Software Implementation of PON Physical-Layer Processing for Fully Software-Defined Optical Access Systems (2018)

This paper summarizes our studies on the software implementation of passive optical network (PON) physical-layer processing to maximize the flexibility of optical access systems. The key technologies to softwarerize optical line terminal (OLT) functions are described.
Oligoyne Single Molecule Wires (2009)

We report the electrical conductance at the single molecule level of the oligoyne molecular wires Py-(C[triple bond]C)(n)-Py (n = 1, 2 and 4; Py = 4-pyridyl) using STM-molecular break junction techniques in Au|molecule|Au configurations. The conductance histograms reveal multiple series of peaks attributed to differing contact geometries between the pyridyl head groups and the gold electrodes. Both experimental and theoretical evidence point to the higher conduction groups being related to adsorption of the pyridyl group at more highly coordinated sites such as step edges or alongside gold adatoms. All three conduction groups in the oligoyne series show a remarkably low beta value of (0.06 +/- 0.03) A(-1), that is, the conductance is almost independent of molecular length. 4,4'-Bipyridyl studied under the same conditions does not follow this exponential decay series. Theoretical calculations using a combination of density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green's function formalism support the experimental results. We conclude that oligoynes and polyynes are a very promising class of molecular wires for integration into electronic circuitry.
The reliability and stability of the Mortimer-Filkins test. (1992)

The Mortimer-Filkins test has been used widely as an instrument for detecting problem drinkers among drink-driving offenders. While extensive psychometric testing has been undertaken by the developers of the test, few independent validation studies have been conducted, and few studies have used the Mortimer-Filkins test with general populations. The present study investigated the test-retest and internal-consistency reliability of the instrument, and the stability of problem drinking, as measured by the instrument. The test was administered to moderate and heavy drinkers at an industrial workplace on three occasions. The results indicated that the Mortimer-Filkins test has high test-retest and internal-consistency reliability, and problem drinking, as measured by the test, appears to be a stable characteristic across time.
Globally optimal uneven error-protected packetization of scalable code streams (2003)

In this extended abstract we present a family of new algorithms for rate-fidelity optimal packetization of scalable source bit stream with uneven error protection. In the most general setting where no assumption is made on the probability function of packet loss or on the rate-fidelity function of the scalable code stream, one of our algorithms can find the globally optimal solution to the problem in O(N/sup 2/L/sup 2/) time, compared to a previously claimed O(N/sup 3/L/sup 2/) complexity, where N is the number of packets and L is the packet payload size. The time complexity can be reduced to O(NL/sup 2/) if the rate-fidelity function of the input is convex and under the reasonable assumption that the probability function of packet loss is monotonically decreasing. In the convex case the algorithm of Mohr et al. (2000) has complexity O(N/sup 2/L log N). Furthermore, our O(NL/sup 2/) algorithm for the convex case can be modified to find an approximation solution for the general case that is better than the results of other algorithms in the prior literature. All of our algorithms do away with the expediency of fractional redundancy allocation, a limitation of some existing algorithms. To our best knowledge this work offers for the first time globally optimal solutions to the important problem of optimal UEP packetization.
Reliable information service for Internet computer conferencing (2002)

The Conferencing Information Service (CIS) described is developed to provide reliable information to users about ongoing computer conferences throughout the Internet. CIS is composed of three major components: the information daemon (ID), to store and retrieve information about the ongoing conferences in the Internet; the conference announcer (CA), to broadcast conference information to the IDs; the user interface (UI), to retrieve the current conference information from the IDs, to display the retrieved information to the user in an X-window based interface, and to allow the users to start a new conference or join a selected ongoing conference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Capacitive discharges driven by combined dc/rf sources (2007)

We have obtained analytic expressions for the sheath voltages and sheath widths for both collisional and collisionless sheaths driven by a combination of dc and rf voltage sources. A “dc/rf sheath” develops on the negatively biased electrode while a typical rf sheath develops on the other electrode. The dc/rf sheath has a dc region with negligible electron density near the negatively biased electrode. Furthermore, if the rf power is held constant (typical for industrial plasmas driven by rf power sources), the sheath voltage drop of the rf sheath is nearly independent of the dc voltage provided the discharge configuration does not lead to a significant increase in the ionization efficiency of the secondary electrons. The analysis is done for both symmetric (equal area) and asymmetric diode discharges, as well as a triode configuration. The analytical results for the symmetric and asymmetric diode discharges are compared to the results of numerical simulations using plane-parallel and cylindrical particle-in-cell (PIC) codes over a wide range of pressures and rf frequencies, finding good agreement. The effect of secondary electrons is also examined with the PIC codes, finding increased discharge efficiency.
Preparation of N-Alkylketene-N-Butadienyl-N,O-Silyl Acetals (1996)

The synthesis of a series of dienamides 5a-j using Oppolzer’s method is described. Using Rathke’s method the ketene N,O-silyl acetals 6a-j can be obtained in good yield from the corresponding dienamines. The ketene acetals are obtained free of base and free of salts. They are stable and can be stored at -20°C. The new dienes are useful reagents for tandem reactions.
A Band-to-Band Tunneling Effect in the Trench Transistor Cell (1987)

A 4Megabit DRAM has been fabricated using a novel. 9 μm2, I-transistor cell where both the pass transistor and the storage capacitor are incorporated in a trench T. This paper will discuss a hand-to-hand tunneling mechanism in the Trench Transistor Cell (TTC). This effect should be operative in a class of trench cells where 1 he charge is stored inside the trench and (he substrate forms a capacitor plate.
Personal Access Communications System: fixed wireless local loop and mobile configurations and services (1998)

The Personal Access Communications System (PACS) supports wireline quality voice, voiceband data, digital data, and messaging services and is based on a low-power, low-complexity design. Operating environments for PACS include indoor and outdoor; fixed, low mobility, and vehicular mobility; and private and public access. PACS is a microcellular system providing high frequency reuse efficiency and thus is capable of supporting high traffic density. These attributes make PACS ideal for providing fixed wireless local loop and mobile services in moderate to densely populated areas, including developing countries. PACS mobile and fixed wireless local loop service can be offered by interfacing PACS with advanced intelligent network/ISDN switches, any traditional wireline switches, or with cellular/personal communications system mobile switching centers. The PACS air interface has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute.
A New Algorithm for Shape Reconstruction by the Computational Geometry Approach (2012)

The shape reconstruction problem is one of important and most applied problems in many branches of computer science. In this paper a new method is introduced which a graph as output and work on boundary samples as input, in the plan. The proposed method starts reconstruction from the random polygon production on input points and by calculating the Euclidean distance between points, it produces a set of new points. By adding produced points to the initial points and implementation of algorithm on a set of final point, this approach performs the shape reconstruction process. This method reduces reconstruction error compared to the initial shape and improves the process of shape reconstruction.
Striatal Dopamine Predicts Outcome-Specific Reversal Learning and Its Sensitivity to Dopaminergic Drug Administration (2009)

Individual variability in reward-based learning has been ascribed to quantitative variation in baseline levels of striatal dopamine. However, direct evidence for this pervasive hypothesis has hitherto been unavailable. We demonstrate that individual differences in reward-based reversal learning reflect variation in baseline striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, as measured with neurochemical positron emission tomography. Subjects with high baseline dopamine synthesis in the striatum showed relatively better reversal learning from unexpected rewards than from unexpected punishments, whereas subjects with low baseline dopamine synthesis in the striatum showed the reverse pattern. In addition, baseline dopamine synthesis predicted the direction of dopaminergic drug effects. The D(2) receptor agonist bromocriptine improved reward-based relative to punishment-based reversal learning in subjects with low baseline dopamine synthesis capacity, while impairing it in subjects with high baseline dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum. Finally, this pattern of drug effects was outcome-specific, and driven primarily by drug effects on punishment-, but not reward-based reversal learning. These data demonstrate that the effects of D(2) receptor stimulation on reversal learning in humans depend on task demands and baseline striatal dopamine synthesis capacity.
BPTraSha: A Novel Algorithm for Shaping Bursty Nature of Internet Traffic (2007)

Various researchers have reported that traffic measurements demonstrate considerable burstiness on several time scales, with properties of self-similarity. Also, the rapid development of technologies has widened the scope of network and Internet applications and, in turn, increased traffic. The self-similar nature of this data traffic may exhibit spikiness and burstiness on large scales with such behaviour being caused by strong dependence characteristics in data: that is, large values tend to come in clusters and clusters of clusters and so on. Several studies have shown that TCP, the dominant network (Internet) transport protocol, contributes to the propagation of self-similarity. Bursty traffic can affect the Quality of Service of all traffic on the network by introducing inconsistent latency. It is easier to manage the workloads under less bursty (i.e. smoother) conditions. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for traffic shaping, which can smooth out the traffic burstiness. We name it the Bursty Packet Traffic Shaper (BPTraSha). Experimental results show that this approach allows significant traffic control by smoothing the incoming traffic. BPTraSha can be implemented on the distribution router buffer so that the traffic's bursty nature can be modified before it is transmitted over the core network (Internet).
Cryptographic authentication for real-time network protocols (1998)

This paper describes a new security model and authentication scheme for distributed, real-time network protocols used in time synchronization and event scheduling applications. It outlines the design requirements of these protocols and why these requirements cannot be met using conventional cryptography and algorithms. It proposes a new design called autokey, which uses a combination of public-key cryptography and a psuedo-random sequence of one-way hash functions. Autokey has been implemented for the Network Time Protocol (NTP), but it can be adapted to other similar protocols. The paper describes the protocol operations, data structures and resources required for autokey, as well as a preliminary vulnerability assessment. AMS keywords: cryptography 94A60, data encryption 68P25 1. Introduction The Network Time Protocol (NTP) [5] is widely deployed in the Internet to synchronize computer time to national standards. The current NTP population includes over 230 primary servers and well...
Carbon Nanotubes as Scaffolds for Cell Culture and Effect on Cellular Functions (2007)

To investigate the dependence of biocompatibility of carbon materials on crystal structure with the aim of developing biomedical applications, single-(SW) and multi-walled (MW) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were employed as scaffolds for cell culture and compared with graphite (GP). SaOS2 cells were used to investigate the properties and response of osteoblast-like cells. Polycarbonate membranes (PC) coated with CNTs by vacuum filtration formed a meshwork nanostructure. Cells grown on CNTs greatly extended in all directions. In terms of cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP).activity, and protein adsorption on the substrates, CNTs showed better results than PC and GP. SW showed the best cell proliferation and total ALP. These favorable results might be attributed to the structure of CNTs and the affinity of CNTs toward proteins, thereby suggesting that CNTs could be potential scaffold materials for cell culture.
Targeting sigma receptor-binding benzamides as in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic agents for human prostate tumors. (1999)

Sigma receptors are known to be expressed in a variety of human tumor cells, including breast, neural, and melanoma tumors. A very high density (1.0-1.5 million receptors/cell) of sigma receptors was also reported in a human androgen-dependent prostate tumor cell line (LNCaP). In this study, we show that a very high density of sigma receptors is also expressed in an androgen-independent human prostate tumor cell line (DU-145). Pharmacological binding studies using the sigma-1-selective ligand [3H](+)-pentazocine showed a high-affinity binding (Kd = 5.80 nM, Bmax = 1800 fmol/mg protein). Similarly, binding studies with [3H]1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine in the presence of dextrallorphan also showed a high-affinity binding (Kd = 15.71 nM, Bmax = 1930 fmol/mg protein). Radioiodinated benzamide N-[2-(1'-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-[125I]iodo-4-methoxybenzamide ([125I]PIMBA) was also shown to bind DU-145 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Three different radioiodinated benzamides, [125I]PIMBA, 4-[125I]iodo-N-[2-(1'-piperidinyl)ethyl]benzamide, and 2-[125I]-N-(N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-iodobenzamide, were screened for their potential to image human prostate tumors in nude mice bearing human prostate cells (DU-145) xenografts. All three compounds showed a fast clearance from the blood pool and a high uptake and retention in the tumor. Therapeutic potential of nonradioactive PIMBA was studied using in vitro colonogenic assays. A dose-dependent inhibition of cell colony formation was found in two different human prostate cells. These results demonstrate the potential use of sigma receptor binding ligands in non-invasive diagnostic imaging of prostate cancer and its treatment.
Power Modeling and Characterization of Computing Devices: A Survey (2012)

In this survey we describe the main research directions in pre-silicon power modeling and post-silicon power characterization. We review techniques in power modeling and characterization for three computing substrates: general-purpose processors, system-on-chip-based embedded systems, and field programmable gate arrays. We describe the basic principles that govern power consumption in digital circuits, and utilize these principles to describe high-level power modeling techniques for designs of the three computing substrates. Once a computing device is fabricated, direct measurements on the actual device reveal a great wealth of information about the device’s power consumption under various operating conditions. We describe characterization techniques that integrate infrared imaging with electric current measurements to generate runtime power maps. The power maps can be used to validate design-time power models and to calibrate computer-aided design tools. We also describe empirical power characterization techniques for software power analysis and for adaptive power-aware computing. Finally, we provide a number of plausible future research directions for power modeling and characterization.
SHP-1 Regulates Lck-induced Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Phosphorylation and Activity (1999)

Ligation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activates the Src family tyrosine kinase p56 Lck, which, in turn, phosphorylates a variety of intracellular substrates. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 are two Lck substrates that have been implicated in TCR signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that SHP-1 co-immunoprecipitates with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K in Jurkat T cells, and that this association is increased by ligation of the TCR complex. Co-expression of SHP-1 and PI3K with a constitutively activated form of Lck in COS7 cells demonstrated the carboxyl-terminal SH2 domain of PI3K to inducibly associate with the full-length SHP-1 protein. By contrast, a truncated SHP-1 mutant lacking the Lck phosphorylation site (Tyr(564)) failed to bind p85. Wild-type but not catalytically inactive SHP-1 induced dephosphorylation of p85. Furthermore, expression of SHP-1 decreased PI3K enzyme activity in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates and phosphorylation of serine 473 in Akt, a process dependent on PI3K activity. These results indicate the presence of a functional interaction between PI3K and SHP-1 and suggest that PI3K signaling, which has been implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal reorganization, and many other biological activities, can be regulated by SHP-1 in T lymphocytes.