gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MRI-Directed Subthalamic Nucleus Surgery for Parkinson’s Disease (2002)

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is now regarded as the optimal surgical target for the treatment of medically refractory idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In our center, a predominantly MRI-directed method has been developed for targeting the STN. The STN is localized on T2-weighted images from a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Long acquisition, high-resolution images are acquired in both the axial and coronal planes under strict stereotactic conditions with the patient under general anesthesia. The boundary of STN is co-registered in both planes to give optimal 3-dimensional target definition. Stereotactic coordinates of the dorsolateral STN are recorded and the trajectory is planned down the axis of the nucleus in the coronal plane. Initially, per-operative macrostimulation was used for adjustment at the target prior to unilateral subthalamotomy in 26 patients. Five patients were lost to follow-up. Assessments of the lesions in post-operative images confirmed successful localisation of the lesions within the dorsolateral STN in all of the remaining 21 cases. In a subsequent series of 19 patients treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS), unilateral in 1 patient and bilateral in 18, the STN was targeted using the same MRI-directed method, guide tubes and radio-opaque stylettes were implanted, and target verification was entirely MRI-based. Following implantation of the guide tubes and stylettes, assessments of the per-operative MRI images for the 37 STN targetings confirmed a mean target error, between the stylette and the desired target in the axial plane, of 0.3 mm mediolaterally (SD = 0.4) and 0.4 mm anteroposteriorly (SD = 0.4), with median errors of 0.5 mm. This study demonstrates that MRI-directed targeting of the STN through guide tubes is accurate, and allows direct verification and corrections as necessary. Cumulative frequencies predict that the majority of DBS electrodes placed in this manner will be within 0.5 mm of the planned target. Because physiological methods are not required, the whole procedure can be performed under general anesthesia. We feel that planning with reference to a standard atlas is unreliable and not significantly helped by the addition of microelectrode recording, the accuracy of which in the axial plane is dependent upon the distance between the recording trajectories, which is typically 2 mm.
Urokinase-dependent plasminogen activation is required for efficient skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo (2001)

Plasminogen activators urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) are extracellular proteases involved in various tissue remodeling processes. A requirement for uPA activity in skeletal myogenesis was recently demonstrated in vitro. The role of plasminogen activators in skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo in wild-type, uPA-deficient, and tPA-deficient mice is investigated here. Wild-type and tPA-/- mice completely repaired experimentally damaged skeletal muscle. In contrast, uPA-/- mice had a severe regeneration defect, with decreased recruitment of blood-derived monocytes to the site of injury and with persistent myotube degeneration. In addition, uPA-deficient mice accumulated fibrin in the degenerating muscle fibers; however, the defibrinogenation of uPA-deficient mice resulted in a correction of the muscle regeneration defect. A similar severe regeneration deficit with persistent fibrin deposition was also reproducible in plasminogen-deficient mice after injury, suggesting that fibrinolysis by uPA-mediated plasminogen activation plays a fundamental role in skeletal muscle regeneration. In conclusion, the uPA-plasmin system is identified as a critical component of the mammalian skeletal muscle regeneration process, possibly because it prevents intramuscular fibrin accumulation and contributes to the adequate inflammatory response after injury. These studies demonstrate the requirement of an extracellular proteolytic cascade during muscle regeneration in vivo.
Global Online Trading System (GoTrade) (2007)

Our project addresses the following problem: no platform exists allowing investors the ability to trade on international markets from a single location. The twelve leading online investment programs (by trade volume) provide access to U.S. security exchanges only. A second, related problem is the lack of a fully automated investment portal availing itself of new technologies. Many of these technologies are utilized by leading security exchanges. The electronic communications network (ECN) provides a widely used example of important new technology. ECN's allow both institutional and individual investors a network with automatic matching of buy and sell orders, excising any third party. Currently, NASDAQ ECNs handle more than 40% of trade volume, a number expected to increase. These streamlined trades show evidence of reduced fees resulting from lowered transaction costs. Also with ECN's, we see initial signs of increased individual order matching speed. This evidence demonstrates the good chances for developing a global, fully automated trading system. The GoTrade team objective is to develop the initial design, simulate, and conduct analysis of an online trading system that provides global market access to any potential investor with an internet connection. The team plans to design a system that is secure, fully automated, and situated to optimize connectivity to global markets based upon expected user population distributions and current global internet infrastructure. To keep the project manageable, we limit our research to the NASDAQ, London, and Hong Kong Exchanges. We plan to build a model of our system in Arena and test the performance versus cost of various design alternatives. The factors most important to our system are performance and cost. This determination was made after survey elicitation, interviews with online investors, and consultations with our sponsor and technical advisors. The trade-off analysis associated with these measures will aid in determining the final system configuration.
Ligand binding was acquired during evolution of nuclear receptors (1997)

The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily comprises, in addition to ligand-activated transcription factors, members for which no ligand has been identified to date. We demonstrate that orphan receptors are randomly distributed in the evolutionary tree and that there is no relationship between the position of a given liganded receptor in the tree and the chemical nature of its ligand. NRs are specific to metazoans, as revealed by a screen of NR-related sequences in early- and non-metazoan organisms. The analysis of the NR gene duplication pattern during the evolution of metazoans shows that the present NR diversity arose from two waves of gene duplications. Strikingly, our results suggest that the ancestral NR was an orphan receptor that acquired ligand-binding ability during subsequent evolution.
Random-switching control in DC-to-DC converters (2003)

The authors discuss the properties of switching noise in power converters from the viewpoint of the frequency domain. They also discuss the concept of random-switching control, by which the switching-noise spectrum is smoothed and its level is reduced. Two types of control circuits realizing the random switching are introduced for a buck converter, and their basic operations are explained and experimentally examined. Finally, the authors report experimental switching-noise spectra for two kinds of control, namely, random-switching control and conventional PWM (pulse-width-modulated) control. A comparison of these control schemes confirms that random-switching control is effective for suppressing the peak level of the switching-noise spectrum.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
AXENIC CULTURE STUDIES OF A NEW MARINE PHYCOMYCETE POSSESSING AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (1964)

Investigations of a nonfilamentous fungus (Schizochytrium aggregatum gen. et sp. nov.) reveal that it proliferates zoosporangia by successive bipartitioning of the thallus. Thus, its vegetative reproduction differs from that of other fungi, but resembles that of some possibly primitive chlorosphaeracean algae. Organism development is described from growth on natural substrates and synthetic media. Inoculation experiments involving diverse algae and phanerogam materials suggest that S. aggregatum is largely a saprophyte of vascular plant detritus in the littoral zone—a conclusion consonant with the results of a survey of its apparent distribution in coastal waters. This obligately marine organism requires 2.5‐3.0% NaCl for optimal growth and does not develop in media which differ radically from sea water in potassium content. Neither KCl nor CaCl 2 can replace NaCl, and increased levels of KC1 do not mitigate the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of NaCl. The fungus grows well at 12–25 C and gives maximal yields when provided with cellobiose or the cleavage products of starch as carbon sources.
The best of both worlds: automated CMP polishing of channel-cut monochromators (2015)

The use of a channel-cut monochromator is the most straightforward method to ensure that the two reflection surfaces maintain alignment between crystallographic planes without the need for complicated alignment mechanisms. Three basic characteristics that affect monochromator performance are: subsurface damage which contaminates spectral purity; surface roughness which reduces efficiency due to scattering; and surface figure error which imparts intensity structure and coherence distortion in the beam. Standard chemical-mechanical polishing processes and equipment are used when the diffracting surface is easily accessible, such as for single-bounce monochromators. Due to the inaccessibly of the surfaces inside a channel-cut monochromator for polishing, these optics are generally wet-etched for their final processing. This results in minimal subsurface damage, but very poor roughness and figure error. A new CMP channel polishing instrument design is presented which allows the internal diffracting surface quality of channel-cut crystals to approach that of conventional single-bounce monochromators.
Polypeptides Synthesized and Released by Rat Ectopic Uterine Implants Differ from those of the Uterus in Culture1 (1993)

Unique endometriosis-specific secretory proteins would be of paramount importance as noninvasive markers for diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic approaches for endometriosis. Furthermore, identification of endometriosis-specific secretory proteins may be an important step towards understanding the pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated pain and infertility. Therefore this study was designed to assess protein synthesis and secretion by ectopic uterine implants from steroid-treated and reproductively cyclic rats with surgically induced endometriosis. Uteri, ectopic uterine implants, and control tissues were incubated in L-[35S]methionine or D-[6-3H]glucosamine for 0-24 h and 24-48 h. De novo-synthesized proteins released into the culture media were identified using two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, fluorography, and computer-assisted image analysis. Two distinct groups of ectopic uterine implant proteins were identified: ENDO I (M(r) 40,000-50,000; pI 4.0-5.2) and ENDO II (M(r) 28,000-32,000; pI 7.5-9.0) were produced by ectopic uterine implants and not the uteri. A third group of proteins, previously identified in culture media of the uteri from progesterone-treated rats and called PUP-1 (M(r) 70,000; pI 5.7), was synthesized and secreted by ectopic uterine implants 24-48 h later than in parallel uterine cultures. The detection of ectopic uterine implant proteins suggests biochemical characteristics of the ectopic tissue that may be used to develop unique markers for endometriosis. Furthermore, the delayed synthesis and secretion of the uterine protein PUP-1 by the ectopic uterine implants illustrates yet another example of the asynchronous behavior of these two tissues, which may be related to the etiology or pathophysiology of the disease.
Role of ions, lipids, serum and urinary protein profile in developinghypertension. - (2006)

Objective: Study was conducted to observe the relationship of ions with lipid profile and
protein content of hypertensive patients.
Methods: Lipid profile, ions and serum and urinary proteins were studied in patients with
hypertension and compared with normal subjects.
Results: Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-chol were significantly increased,
whereas the level of HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased in patients as compared
to their controls. Serum calcium was increased, whereas the level of serum magnesium
was decreased as compared to control subjects. Serum protein level is non significantly
decreased whereas serum albumin and urinary protein decreased significantly.
Conclusion: Beside lipid profile, there may be a role of ions like calcium and magnesium
as will as of protein in hypertension. (Rawal Med J 2006;31:14-16)
Measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> Diffusivity for Carbon Sequestration: A Microfluidic Approach for Reservoir-Specific Analysis (2012)

Predicting carbon dioxide (CO(2)) security and capacity in sequestration requires knowledge of CO(2) diffusion into reservoir fluids. In this paper we demonstrate a microfluidic based approach to measuring the mutual diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide in water and brine. The approach enables formation of fresh CO(2)-liquid interfaces; the resulting diffusion is quantified by imaging fluorescence quenching of a pH-dependent dye, and subsequent analyses. This method was applied to study the effects of site-specific variables--CO(2) pressure and salinity levels--on the diffusion coefficient. In contrast to established, macro-scale pressure-volume-temperature cell methods that require large sample volumes and testing periods of hours/days, this approach requires only microliters of sample, provides results within minutes, and isolates diffusive mass transport from convective effects. The measured diffusion coefficient of CO(2) in water was constant (1.86 [± 0.26] × 10(-9) m(2)/s) over the range of pressures (5-50 bar) tested at 26 °C, in agreement with existing models. The effects of salinity were measured with solutions of 0-5 M NaCl, where the diffusion coefficient varied up to 3 times. These experimental data support existing theory and demonstrate the applicability of this method for reservoir-specific testing.
Low Dielectric Constant SiO2:C,F Films Prepared from Si(OC2H5)4/C4F8/Ar by Plasma-Enhanced CVD (2001)

Dielectric constants and breakdown strengths of deposited filmsbecome increasingly lower, respectively higher, as more C4F8 is added to the feed gas in plasma-enhanced CVD of C,F-doped silica from Si(OC2H5)4. This is in part due to the replacement of Si-O by Si-F bonds, as shown by IR-spectroscopy. The films are thermally stable and water resistant, and have a high potential as materials for low-capacitance interconnections in fast logic chips.
HYDRO-BUS - EIN STADTLINIENBUS MIT HYDROSTATISCHER BREMSENERGIERUECKGEWINNUNG (1978)

DER BENZINVERBRAUCH VON STADTBUSSEN KANN DRASTISCH GESENKT WERDEN DURCH BREMSENERGIERUECKGEWINNUNG. DAS INSTITUT FUER FAHRZEUGTECHNIK DER TU BERLIN HAT IN EINEM VOM BUNDESMINISTERIUM FUER FORSCHUNG UND TECHNOLOGIE GEFOERDERTEN PROJEKT EIN HYDROSTATISCHES HYBRID-ANTRIEBSSYSTEM ENTWICKELT, DAS IN ZUSAMMENARBEIT MIT DER BERLINER VERKEHRS GESELLSCHAFT AN STADTBUSSEN GETESTET WURDE. BISHER WAREN DIE ERGEBNISSE DER MESSFAHRTEN MIT DEM REGENERATIVEN ANTRIEBSSYSTEM ZUFRIEDENSTELLEND.
A digital technique for reducing clock jitter effects in time-interleaved A/D converter (2003)

Time-interleaved A/D converter is an effective approach to increase the data throughput. However, it suffers from clock jitter existing in the multi-phase clocks, which degrade the converter's Spurious-Free-Dynamic-Range (SFDR) as well as the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). In this paper, a digital technique is proposed to reduce these non-ideal effects by obtaining a better estimation on the output data through the use of interpolation. Simulation results show that the proposed technique significantly improves the SFDR by 20/spl sim/50 dB.
BASICS OF HIGHEST ACCURACY ROUNDNESS MEASUREMENT (2006)

Abstract: A primary roundness measurement is independent of any standard due to the application of error separation techniques, and it is based on a complete characterization of all relevant influence quantities. The described roundness tester at METAS is based on a commercial instrument, but has undergone several modi-fications in order to achieve highest roundness measurement accuracy. It is equipped with a rotating spindle with an incremental encoder and an oil-hydrostatic bearing, driven by a vibration free DC motor with variable rotation speed. It further exhibits low noise amplifier electronics with selectable gain for the LVDT probe, new software for data acquisition and evaluation, and a heat protection shield. The software offers access to all relevant signals and allows for data manipulation such as averaging, noise analysis, drift monitoring, error separation with multi-step procedure, Gaussian filtering in the Fourier space, spectral analysis or mapping of the pre-determined spindle error. Experimental results on a standard sphere and on a multi-wavelength stan-dard are presented and the uncertainty budget is discussed.
Synthesis of Aza‐Heterocycles from Oximes by Amino‐Heck Reaction (2002)

Oxidative addition of oximes to palladium(0) complexes generates alkylideneaminopalladium(II) species, which are utilized as key intermediates for carbon-nitrogen bond formation. Various aza-heterocycles, such as pyrrole, pyridine, isoquinoline, spiroimine, and azaazulene, can be synthesized from O-pentafluorobenzoyloximes having an olefinic moiety via an intramolecular Heck-type reaction (amino-Heck reaction) by treatment with a catalytic amount of a Pd(0) complex.
Use of Native and Derivatized Cyclodextrin Based and Macrocyclic Glycopeptide Based Chiral Stationary Phases for the Enantioseparation of Pterocarpans by HPLC (2005)

Abstract The enantioselectivity of native and derivatized cyclodextrin stationary phases and macrocyclic glycopeptides for chiral pterocarpans was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All enantiomers could be baseline resolved in the reverse phase mode on cyclodextrin‐based Cyclobond chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, acetyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, and gamma‐cyclodextrin CSPs show the broadest enantioselectivity in the reverse phase mode. Some compounds were baseline separated on the ristocetin A and vancomycin macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases in the reverse phase mode. Separations on the ristocetin A columns produced the highest resolutions (up to ∼7.1) in this study. The 3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate derivatized cyclodextrin column showed the broadest enantioselectivity in normal phase LC. Of the macrocyclic glycopeptide CSPs, ristocetin A and teicoplanin aglycone (Chirobiotic R and TAG, respectively) showed enantioselectivity for the most compounds in the normal phase mode. However, baseline separations were only achieved with the teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone.
The hierarchical organization of predicate frames for interpretive mapping in natural language processing (1989)

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a methodology for constructing a hierarchical organization of predicate frames for interpretive mapping in knowledge-based machine translation. Interpretive mapping refers to the mapping between predicate conceptual structures and syntactic structures, and it involves two kinds of processes. One is a mapping between grammatical functions, such as subject and object, and semantic roles in the conceptual structures, such as agent and theme. The second is a mapping between words, such as naguru 'hit' and lexical conceptual frames, such as *HIT.
The thesis shows that the systematic study of lexical semantics contributes to the construction of lexical structures and interpretive mapping rules. Lexical semantics provides insight into systematic correspondences between syntax and semantics. We focus on Japanese verbs and classify them based on their common syntactic behavior, giving special attention to case alternations. Then we utilize knowledge representation techniques and inheritance mechanisms developed by artificial intelligence researchers to organize predicate frames hierarchically for interpretive mapping. The hierarchical organization of predicate frames can be incorporated into a system that does natural language processing, such as parsing a sentence into some meaning representation or generating a sentence from a meaning representation.
The core set of Japanese predicate frames constructed in this thesis can be further developed by the addition of new words in the hierarchy. We expect that the lexical acquisition process can be done fairly automatically, since the mapping hierarchy has already been developed and can be used in various domains. In addition, the proposed methodology for organizing interpretive mapping rules would be helpful in the construction of predicate frames for other languages.
In knowledge-based machine translation, syntactic structures and conceptual structures are combined to produce an intermediate semantic representation of the source language text. In order to combine these two structures, we need mapping rules to unite them. The main contribution of this thesis is to give a full-fledged model of interpretive mapping for knowledge-based machine translation, and to offer guidance that makes it easier to develop new translation domains.
Porous Polymers by Emulsion Templating (2005)

Abstract Highly porous and permeable polymers are produced by polymerisation of the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The morphology and properties of the resulting PolyHIPE materials can be varied, allowing the materials to be optimised for a variety of applications. Void diameter is controlled from 1 to around 100 μm by altering the HIPE stability. Surface areas greater than 700 m 2 g −1 can be achieved by replacing some of the monomer phase with non‐polymerisable solvent, in conjunction with a high crosslink density and the use of a surfactant mixture that limits Ostwald ripening. PolyHIPEs can be produced in a variety of physical forms including large monolithic slabs, rods and flat relatively thin membranes. The materials are currently under investigation for use as electrochemical sensor membrane substrates and as porous matrices for cell culture.
Effective safety property checking using simulation-based sequential ATPG (2002)

In this paper, we present a successful application of a simulation-based sequential Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) for safety property verification, with the target on verifying safety property of large, industrial strength, hardware designs for which current formal methods fail. Several techniques are developed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency during state exploration and justification of the test generator for verification, including (1) incorporation of a small combinational ATPG engine, (2) reset signal masking, (3) threshold-value simulation, and (4) weighted Hamming distance. Experimental results on both ISCAS89 benchmark circuits and real industry circuits have shown that this simulation-based verifier achieves better or comparable results to current state-of-the-art formal verification tools BINGO and CHAFF.