gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning of a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand of the p56lck SH2 domain. (1996)

A novel human cDNA encoding a cytosolic 62-kDa protein (p62) that binds to the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of p56lck in a phosphotyrosine-independent manner has been cloned. The cDNA is composed of 2074 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 440 amino acids. Northern analysis suggests that p62 is expressed ubiquitously in all tissues examined. p62 is not homologous to any known protein in the data base. However, it contains a cysteine-rich region resembling a zinc finger motif, a potential G-protein-binding region, a PEST motif, and several potential phosphorylation sites. Using T7-epitope tagged p62 expression in HeLa cells, the expressed protein was shown to bind to the lck SH2 domain. Deletion of the N-terminal 50 amino acids abolished binding, but mutagenesis of the single tyrosine residue in this region had no effect on binding. Thus, the cloned cDNA indeed encodes the p62 protein, which is a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand for the lck SH2 domain. Its binding mechanism is unique with respect to binding modes of other known ligands for SH2 domains.
Stereochemical Aspects in the Asymmetric Michael Addition of Chiral Imines to Substituted Electrophilic Alkenes (1996)

The Michael-type addition of chiral imines, derived from racemic alpha-substituted cyclanones and optically active 1-phenylethylamine, to electrophilic alkenes, in neutral conditions, constitutes one of the most efficient methods for the stereocontrolled construction of quaternary carbon centers. In order to create an additional stereogenic center at the alpha- or beta-position to the quaternary one, the behavior of a variety of alpha- and beta-substituted alkenyl acceptors was examined. In general, these additions are highly regioselective, the alkylation taking place predominantly, if not exclusively, at the more substituted alpha-side of the imine function; however, in some cases (electrophilic alkenes 28 and 49), significant amounts (10-15%) of regioisomeric adducts were obtained. With the exception of methyl propiolate 52, a remarkable control of the absolute configuration of the adducts were always observed with these Michael acceptors. According to the general rule we have previously proposed, the alkylation process takes place preferentially on the less hindered pi-face of the more substituted secondary enamine, in tautomeric equilibrium with the starting imine. An excellent diastereocontrol was always obtained by using the present alpha- and beta-substituted alkenes. These stereochemical outcomes can be interpreted by invoking that the reaction proceeds through a compact approach of the reactants, the hydrogen atom at the nitrogen center of the enamine being transferred to the alpha-vinylic carbon atom of the acceptor, concertedly with the creation of the C-C bond. In this respect the "endo-approach" 58, in which the electron-withdrawing group of the acceptor faced to the nitrogen atom of the enamine (case of acceptors 10, methyl methacrylate, 24, 28, 43, 47, and 49) largely prevails over the "exo-approach" 59 (case of acceptor 38). This predominant "endo-preference" can be reasonably interpreted in terms of a cooperative effect between steric and stereoelectronic factors.
Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Applied in Active-Matrix Transparent Display (2014)

In this paper, we have developed an active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) transparent liquid crystal display (LCD) by using polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) technology. Also, there are some advantages, such as being polyimide-less, polarizer-free, environmental-light only, and so on. In addition, their transmittance of the transparent state is upward 40%, the transmittance of the scattering state is under 3%, and the driving voltage is under 6 V. The transparent display has high transparency, good visibility, and low electric consumption.
Mutations in the Human <i>λ5/14.1</i> Gene Result in B Cell Deficiency and Agammaglobulinemia (1998)

B cell precursors transiently express a pre-B cell receptor complex consisting of a rearranged mu heavy chain, a surrogate light chain composed of lambda5/14.1 and VpreB, and the immunoglobulin (Ig)-associated signal transducing chains, Igalpha and Igbeta. Mutations in the mu heavy chain are associated with a complete failure of B cell development in both humans and mice, whereas mutations in murine lambda5 result in a leaky phenotype with detectable humoral responses. In evaluating patients with agammaglobulinemia and markedly reduced numbers of B cells, we identified a boy with mutations on both alleles of the gene for lambda5/14.1. The maternal allele carried a premature stop codon in the first exon of lambda5/14.1 and the paternal allele demonstrated three basepair substitutions in a 33-basepair sequence in exon 3. The three substitutions correspond to the sequence in the lambda5/14. 1 pseudogene 16.1 and result in an amino acid substitution at an invariant proline. When expressed in COS cells, the allele carrying the pseudogene sequence resulted in defective folding and secretion of mutant lambda5/14.1. These findings indicate that expression of the functional lambda5/14.1 is critical for B cell development in the human.
Protease-resistant Prion Protein Amplification Reconstituted with Partially Purified Substrates and Synthetic Polyanions (2005)

Little is currently known about the biochemical mechanism by which induced prion protein (PrP) conformational change occurs during mammalian prion propagation. In this study, we describe the reconstitution of PrPres amplification in vitro using partially purified and synthetic components. Overnight incubation of purified PrP27-30 and PrPC molecules at a molar ratio of 1:250 yielded approximately 2-fold baseline PrPres amplification. Addition of various polyanionic molecules increased the level of PrPres amplification to approximately 10-fold overall. Polyanionic compounds that stimulated purified PrPres amplification to varying degrees included synthetic, homopolymeric nucleic acids such as poly(A) and poly(dT), as well as non-nucleic acid polyanions, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Size fractionation experiments showed that synthetic poly(A) polymers must be >0.2 kb in length to stimulate purified PrPres amplification. Thus, one possible set of minimal components for efficient conversion of PrP molecules in vitro may be surprisingly simple, consisting of PrP27-30, PrPC, and a stimulatory polyanionic compound.
Africa (2013)

This chapter is intended as a survey of the African fossil record relevant to the origin of modern humans. This record has been summarized in detail fairly often over the four decades, so the chapter seeks to cover some of the more recent and smaller finds in more detail while providing a basic overview of the better–known finds. Also considered are some of the attendant issues that surround human evolution during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. These issues include speciation, the impact of genetic data, and the role of climate in the human evolution in Africa. Little controversy surrounds the idea that early African Homo erectus forms the starting point for the evolutionary lineage that ultimately led to Homo sapiens. The tempo and mode of transformation to Bräuer's next grade, late archaic Homo sapiens, which had occurred by between 300 and 230 ka, remains unclear.
Alga-Produced Cholera Toxin-Pfs25 Fusion Proteins as Oral Vaccines (2013)

ABSTRACT Infectious diseases disproportionately affect indigent regions and are the greatest cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Practical, low-cost vaccines for use in these countries are paramount to reducing disease burdens and concomitant poverty. Algae are a promising low-cost system for producing vaccines that can be orally delivered, thereby avoiding expensive purification and injectable delivery. We engineered the chloroplast of the eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to produce a chimeric protein consisting of the 25-kDa Plasmodium falciparum surface protein (Pfs25) fused to the β subunit of the cholera toxin (CtxB) to investigate an alga-based whole-cell oral vaccine. Pfs25 is a promising malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate that has been difficult to produce in traditional recombinant systems due to its structurally complex tandem repeats of epidermal growth factor-like domains. The noncatalytic CtxB domain of the cholera holotoxin assembles into a pentameric structure and acts as a mucosal adjuvant by binding GM1 ganglioside receptors on gut epithelial cells. We demonstrate that CtxB-Pfs25 accumulates as a soluble, properly folded and functional protein within algal chloroplasts, and it is stable in freeze-dried alga cells at ambient temperatures. In mice, oral vaccination using freeze-dried algae that produce CtxB-Pfs25 elicited CtxB-specific serum IgG antibodies and both CtxB- and Pfs25-specific secretory IgA antibodies. These data suggest that algae are a promising system for production and oral delivery of vaccine antigens, but as an orally delivered adjuvant, CtxB is best suited for eliciting secretory IgA antibodies for vaccine antigens against pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces using this strategy.
Competition, Coevolution and the Game of Tag (1994)

Tag is a children’s game based on symmetrical pursuit and evasion. In the experiments described here, control programs for mobile agents (simulated vehicles) are evolved based on their skill at the game of tag. A player’s fitness is determined by how well it performs when placed in competition with several opponents chosen randomly from the coevolving population of players. In the beginning, the quality of play is very poor. Then slightly better strategies begin to exploit the weaknesses of others. Through evolution, guided by competitive fitness, increasingly better strategies emerge over time.
On the Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Photosynthesis Metabolism as Studied by the Effect of Oligomycin on Photosynthesis in Protoplasts and Leaves of Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) (1991)

Low concentrations of oligomycin, which strongly inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation but do not affect chloroplast photophosphorylation, caused an inhibition of photosynthesis by 30 to 40% in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf protoplasts. This inhibition is reversed and the full rate of photosynthesis is regained when the protoplasts are ruptured so as to leave the chloroplasts intact. Oligomycin fed into barley leaves by the transpiration stream inhibited photosynthesis in these leaves by up to 60%. The measurement of metabolites in protoplast and leaf extracts showed that oligomycin caused a decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio and an increase in the content of glucose- and fructose 6-phosphate. Subcellular analysis of protoplasts revealed that the decrease in ATP/ADP ratio in the cytosol was larger than in the stroma and that the increase in hexose monophosphates was restricted to the cytosol, whereas the stromal hexosemonophosphates decreased upon the addition of oligomycin. Moreover, oligomycin caused an increase in the triosephosphate-3-phosphoglycerate ratio. It is concluded from these results that during photosynthesis of a plant leaf cell mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation contributes to the ATP supply of the cell and prevents overreduction of the chloroplast redox carriers by oxidizing reductive equivalents generated by photosynthetic electron transport.
Reducing arsenic to germanium cross contamination with isotopically enriched SDS /sup 72/GeF/sub 4/ (2003)

Pre-amorphization (PA) implants are becoming increasingly popular in CMOS processing as junction depths decrease. As an isoelectric species, germanium has demonstrated a capability for performing such implants into silicon. The gaseous vapor of liquid GeF/sub 4/ is a common source of germanium for ion beams. The isotope with the atomic mass 74 is usually chosen for implantation because of its high natural abundance. However, cross contamination issues exist with similar mass dopants such as arsenic. The use of isotopically enriched /sup 72/Ge to more than 50% abundance improves the available beam current and reduces potential cross contamination. The use of the isotopically enriched /sup 72/Ge safe delivery system (SDS) source has been evaluated in a high current implanter. The mass resolution of this high current implanter is demonstrated. The surface and energetic cross contamination levels using both natural abundance GeF/sub 4/ and a SDS GeF/sub 4/ enriched source are compared using SIMS. The effectiveness of a between species purge, when using different implants, to reduce the energetic arsenic contaminant is presented.
Knowledge representation in fuzzy logic (1989)

The author presents a summary of the basic concepts and techniques underlying the application of fuzzy logic to knowledge representation. He then describes a number of examples relating to its use as a computational system for dealing with uncertainty and imprecision in the context of knowledge, meaning, and inference. It is noted that one of the basic aims of fuzzy logic is to provide a computational framework for knowledge representation and inference in an environment of uncertainty and imprecision. In such environments, fuzzy logic is effective when the solutions need not be precise and/or it is acceptable for a conclusion to have a dispositional rather than categorical validity. The importance of fuzzy logic derives from the fact that there are many real-world applications which fit these conditions, especially in the realm of knowledge-based systems for decision-making and control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sharing the cup of knowledge: utilising market orientation within charities (2012)

Most marketing theory originated within the for-profit sector, with the underlying principle of the marketing concept and market orientation generating significant amounts of research. The not-for-profit sector can benefit from the transference of marketing techniques from the forprofit sector, but is relatively under-researched. The aim of this paper is to understand the process of introducing market orientation into the not-for-profit sector. This is of significant benefit to managers of not-for-profit organisations given the high level of competition for funds and demand for efficient service provision, particularly during the global financial crisis. Market orientation is regarded as the most important strategic orientation and outweighs other orientations in contributing to organisational success. The successful introduction of market orientation into four Australian charities is examined and the stages of implementation are identified. Introduction of market orientation is analysed from a change management perspective and guidelines to assist managers implement a market orientation are developed. A key finding is the need to 'sell' to existing employees and volunteers the benefits of transforming to a more businesslike mode of operation where increased levels of professionalism and efficiency are expected. The paper extends our knowledge of market orientation within the not-for-profit sector and increases our understanding of practitioner engagement in marketing activities. Introducing for-profit marketing knowledge into the notfor- profit sector is shown to improve charity performance - for the benefit of society.
The metabolism of salicylazosulphapyridine in ulcerative colitis (1973)

The metabolism of salicylazosulphapyridine was studied in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis admitted to hospital. The acetylator phenotype was determined on admission. The mean serum concentration (mug/ml) (at steady state eight +/- two days in patients responding to treatment) of SASP, total SP, and 5-ASA were 18.7 +/- 12.8; 53.7 +/- 23.1; and 1 +/- 0.9 for slow acetylators and 17.6 +/- 7.1; 31 +/- 9.0 and 1 +/- 0.9 for fast acetylators respectively. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of SASP, total SP, and 5-ASA were 4.6% +/- 3.1; 52% +/- 9.6 and 22.3 +/- 6.7% of the administered dose respectively. Serum total SP concentration of 20 to 50 mug/ml appeared to coincide with clinical improvement in the absence of any side effects related to salicylazosulphapyridine. No such relationship could be shown with serum SASP, individual metabolites, or 5-aminosalicyclic acid.
The three dimensional architecture of the seminal vesical mucosa. (1978)

A comparative study of the histological presentation of the seminal vesical mucosa is made insisting on the necessity for a better knowledge of its tridimensional architecture. The use of the scanning electron microscope is completed by a three dimensional model of the mucosa in order to assure an accurate understanding of the histology.
Self polymerising ionic liquid gel (2009)

A novel self-polymerised ionic liquid (IL) gel was prepared at room temperature (RT), without light or heat or addition of initiator, using a new IL, choline formate (CF), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).
Increased drain saturation current in ultra-thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOS transistors (1988)

Based on substrate-charge considerations, an increased drain saturation current for MOS transistors in ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films is predicted, compared to similar transistors in bulk or thick SOI films. For typical parameters of 200-A gate oxide with a channel doping of 4*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/, the drain saturation current in ultrathin SOI transistors is predicted to be approximately 40% larger than that of bulk structures. An increase of approximately 30% is seen in measurements made on devices in 1000-A SOI films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanistic Study of Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of Allenes (2010)

The intermolecular hydroamination of allenes occurs readily with hydrazide nucleophiles, in the presence of 3-12% Ph(3)PAuNTf(2). Mechanistic studies have been conducted to establish the resting state of the gold catalyst, the kinetic order of the reaction, the effect of ligand electronics on the overall rate, and the reversibility of the last steps in the catalytic cycle. We have found the overall reaction to be first order in gold and allene and zero order in nucleophile. Our studies suggest that the rate-limiting transition state for the reaction does not involve the nucleophile and that the active catalyst is monomeric in gold(I). Computational studies support an "outersphere" mechanism and predict that a two-step, no intermediate mechanism may be operative. In accord with this mechanistic proposal, the reaction can be accelerated with the use of more electron-deficient phosphine ligands on the gold(I) catalyst.
Intrinsic stress in sputtered thin films (1991)

A review of the literature reveals that the intrinsic stress in sputtered thin films can be tensile or compressive depending on the flux and energy of particles striking the film. Stress data indicates that the normalized momentum P*n=γ√ME (where γ is the energetic particle/atom flux ratio, M the mass, and E the energy) may be the appropriate stress scaling factor. The forward sputtering model predicts a √E dependence. An idealized stress–momentum curve is constructed consisting of three regimes:(1) a region of increasing tensile stress at low P*n, due to a porous microstructure, followed by (2) a sharp transition from tensile to compressive stress at intermediate momentum, accompanied by a conversion to zone T-type microstructure and (3) a saturation region at high momentum, due to plastic flow. For any deposition process the sign and magnitude of the stress depends on P*n, which is a function of several deposition parameters. Calculations indicate that stress reversal in sputtered and ion-assisted evaporated films occurs at normalized momentum P*n of about 5–15×10−23 kg m/s/atom (Pn=0.3–1 √eV/atom).
Inactivation of horse liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram. Evidence that disulfiram is not an active-site-directed reagent (1987)

The inhibition of mitochondrial (pI 5) horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulphide) was investigated to determine if the drug was an active-site-directed inhibitor. Stoichiometry of inhibition was determined by using an analogue, [35S]tetramethylthiuram disulphide. A 50% loss of the dehydrogenase activity was observed when only one site per tetrameric enzyme was modified, and complete inactivation was not obtained even after seven sites per tetramer were modified. Modification of only two sites accounted for a loss of 75% of the initial catalytic activity. The number of functioning active sites per tetrameric enzyme, as determined by the magnitude of the pre-steady-state burst of NADH formation, did not decrease until approx. 75% of the catalytic activity was lost. These data indicate that disulfiram does not modify the essential nucleophilic amino acid at the active site of the enzyme. The data support an inactivation mechanism involving the formation of a mixed disulphide with a non-essential cysteine residue, resulting in a lowered specific activity of the enzyme.
A torsion sensor made of a corrugated long period fibre grating (2001)

Based on the photoelastic effect, the strain distribution within a corrugated long period fibre grating (LPFG) subjected to tensile stress and twisting will cause a periodic index variation, which may result in resonant couplings between fibre core and cladding modes. The resonance wavelength corresponding to the peak loss is directly sensitive to the torsional angle per unit length; thus a novel torsion sensor can be made from the corrugated long period fibre grating. We also present a phenomenological theory based on the scattering matrix formalism to qualitatively explain the mode coupling behaviour in the corrugated grating.
The basic Z-plasty. (2003)

Z-plasty is a plastic surgery technique that is used to improve the functional and cosmetic appearance of scars. With this technique, it is possible to redirect a scar into better alignment with a natural skin fold or the lines of least skin tension. Contracted scars may be lengthened with this technique. Z-plasty involves the creation of two triangular flaps of equal dimension that are then transposed. Basic z-plasty flaps are created using an angle of 60 degrees on each side, which can lengthen a scar by 50 to 70 percent and reorient the direction of the central wound by 90 degrees. Keeping the length and angle of each flap precisely the same is key to avoiding mismatched flaps that may be difficult to close. Some possible complications of z-plasty include flap necrosis, hematoma formation under the flaps, wound infection, trapdoor effect, and sloughing of the flap caused by high wound tension.
Pattern Formation as a Signature of Quantum Degeneracy in a Cold Exciton System (2005)

The development of a Turing instability to a spatially modulated state in a photoexcited electron-hole system is proposed as a novel signature of exciton Bose statistics. We show that such an instability, driven by kinetics of exciton formation, can result from stimulated processes that build up near quantum degeneracy. The stability of an electron-hole interface which describes recently observed exciton rings is analyzed. Interface instability occurs below a critical temperature, with a periodic 1D pattern developing via a continuous (type II) transition, in a qualitative agreement with observations.
Spatially Selective Photochemical Reduction of Silver on the Surface of Ferroelectric Barium Titanate (2001)

When BaTiO3 is immersed in an aqueous AgNO3 solution and illuminated by UV light, silver metal deposits on the surface in patterns determined by the ferroelectric domain structure. Because the photochemical reduction of Ag occurs preferentially on the positive ends of the dipoles, metal patterns with submicron dimensions are produced. The static dipolar field in certain domains is thought to promote the transport of photogenerated electrons to the solid−liquid interface where they reduce silver cations.