gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Multiphase Flow Metering in Heavy Oil Applications (2013)

Abstract Multiphase flow metering has become very important to the development of marginal oil and gas fields, since the economics of producing these fields do not justify the construction of new platforms; instead, they are tied back to existing infrastructure. In such cases, several fields are tied back to common facilities requiring each unprocessed stream to be measured prior to comingling. Multiphase flow metering is also a promising alternative to traditional test separators in those cases where having a large vessel is not feasible, and in the production of heavy oils where separation represents a big challenge. The increasing need for energy, combined with depleting worldwide light oil resources, has generated substantial interest in heavy oil reserves. Heavy oil applications involve low API gravity oils which are also very viscous. The production, transport, metering, and processing of heavy oils present a number of challenges associated with the increased resistance to flowing given the high-viscosity characteristics of heavy oils and the tendency to form emulsions. The hydrodynamics of high-viscosity oils presents various challenges in multiphase flow metering, including dependence of the discharge coefficient on the viscosity of the oil at low Reynolds numbers on Venturi-type meters used in commercially-available multiphase flow meters (MPFMs). Other issues are also related to the tendency of heavy oils of forming emulsion and the effect of complex fluids on the performance of the meters. This paper presents a review on heavy oil, multiphase flow metering, and the challenges faced by multiphase flow meters in heavy oil applications. The purpose of this review paper is to provide relevant information that can be used in the selection of multiphase flow meters for heavy oil applications. While other studies on the subject have focused on one specific problem or flow metering technology, this paper provides a general overview of the various issues across existing flow metering technologies. Special focus is given to in-line multiphase flow meters, since they provide some advantages over other types of MPFMs in heavy oil applications. In-line MPFMs have the ability to measure the oil, water, and gas flow rates directly in the multiphase flow stream without separation of the phases. The inherent characteristics and physical properties of heavy oils impose additional constraints to MPFMs, as well as the enhanced recovery methods employed for the production of heavy oils. The main issue is associated with the tendency of heavy oil to form complex mixtures (emulsions, foam, etc.) as they can lead to inaccurate measurement of phase fraction and flow rates. The additional water or steam added to the reservoir to increase recovery rates can result in flow instabilities, high water cuts, and changes on the continuous phase. Thermal production methods can also cause inaccurate readings and compromise the integrity of the meters.
The floatability of twenty-one non-metallic minerals (1969)

The floatabilities of twenty-one non-metallic minerals as affected by pH regulators, collectors and modifiers have been determined. Symbols have been used in presentation of results to afford ease of comparison. The work herein reported extends that contained in Technical Bulletin TB 70, "The Floatability of Eleven Common Non-Metallic Minerals" (April 1965). Ten additional minerals are included and fourteen additional collectors. This project is intended to assist those working on the floatation I I of non-metallic minerals.
Inhibition of early murine hemopoietic progenitor cell proliferation after in vivo locoregional administration of transforming growth factor-<i>beta</i> 1. (1989)

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) has been shown in vitro to be a potent negative regulator of growth and differentiation of early hemopoietic progenitor cells, but not of more mature progenitors. However, little information is yet available regarding similar effects in vivo. We have developed an approach whereby TGF beta 1 can be administered locoregionally to the bone marrow via direct injection into the femoral artery. Our studies show that intrafemoral administration of a single bolus dose of TGF beta 1 potently inhibits the baseline and IL-3-driven proliferation of bone marrow cells. This inhibition is relatively selective for the earlier multipotential granulocyte, erythroid, megakaryocyte, and macrophage CFU progenitor cells since these are completely inhibited while the more differentiated CFU assayed in culture colonies are inhibited by about 50%. The inhibition of hemopoietic progenitor growth and differentiation is both time and dose dependent with the maximal effect on the marrow observed at 24 h with doses greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/mouse, and the effect is reversed at later times. A possible practical implication of these in vivo results could be the use of TGF beta 1 to protect stem cells in the bone marrow from the myelotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Linear operator theory of channeled spectropolarimetry (2005)

Channeled spectropolarimetry is a snapshot method of measuring the spectral and polarization content of light. Wave-number domain amplitude modulation is employed to encode all four Stokes component spectra into a single optical power spectrum. We model the channeled spectropolarimeter as a linear operator, which facilitates treatment of nonideal effects and provides a convenient framework for simulations, calibration, and reconstruction. The operator's singular value decomposition is treated with analytic and computational approaches. This analysis highlights the importance of the choice of object space in constraining and imparting prior knowledge to linear reconstructions of data from underdetermined systems.
Reactions of O-silyl selenocarboxylates; IR and NMR spectra of heteroatom-substituted selenocarboxylates (1994)

O-Silyl selenocarboxylates 1 react readily with acyl chlorides to give selenoanhydrides. Attempts to synthesize unsymmetrical selenoanhydrides selectively gave mixtures of the desired products with symmetrical selenoanhydrides. Ph3GeCl, Ph3SnCl, Ph3PbCl, Ph2PCl and Ph2AsCl were treated with 1 to give the corresponding selenocarboxylates containing a Se–heteroatom bond. Reactions with ArSCI, PhSeBr and PhTel afforded the corresponding arenechalcogenyl selenocarboxylates. The CO stretch of these derivatives showed a shift to lower frequency in moving from lighter to heavier atoms within a group of the Periodic Table. This may partly be due to the delocalization of an electron lone pair on selenium to form a diene type of conjugated system involving the CO and Se–heteroatom bonds. A downfield shift in the signals in the 77Se NMR spectra was observed in going from group 14 to group 16 elements; in contrast, the 13C NMR signals of the CO moiety were almost independent of the heteroatom attached to Se.
Ring expansion of nitrogen-containing chloromethylheteroalicycles via aziridinium intermediates (1994)

The nucleophilic reaction of NaN3 with the chloromethylheteroalicycles, 4-benzyl-3chloromethyl-morpholine 5a, -tetrahydro-4H-1,4-thiazine 5b, -1-methylpiperazine 5c and 1-benzyl-2-chloromethylpiperidine 5d, gave the ring-expanded compounds 6-azido-4-benzylhexahydro-1,4-oxazepine 11a and its analogues 11b–d along with the normally substituted compounds 3-azidomethyl-4-benzylmorpholine 10a and its analogues 10b–d in varying ratios. LUMO frontier electron densities of the reaction centres indicated that the reaction proceeded via the aziridinium intermediate 9 and accounted for the predominance of the reaction product 10 or 11.
An update on RNA-targeting therapies for neuromuscular disorders (2015)

This review discusses the most notable advances in preclinical and clinical studies in the past year. For Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy and myotonic dystrophy trials are ongoing to assess safety and efficacy, while in parallel preclinical studies are being conducted to identify ways to improve efficiency and delivery. For other neuromuscular diseases, progress is made as well warranting future clinical trials. However, towards clinical trial readiness, it is important not only to optimize the therapy preclinically but to also develop the infrastructure that is needed to conduct trials.
Interleukin-13 Augments Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contractility with an Up-Regulation of RhoA Protein (2008)

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is one of the central mediators for development of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. However, its effect on bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) is not well known. Recent studies revealed an involvement of RhoA/Rho-kinase in BSM contraction, and this pathway has now been proposed as a new target for asthma therapy. To elucidate the role of IL-13 on the induction of BSM hyperresponsiveness, effects of IL-13 on contractility and RhoA expression in BSMs were investigated. Male BALB/c mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged with ovalbumin antigen. In the repeatedly antigen-challenged mice, marked airway inflammation and BSM hyperresponsiveness with an up-regulation of IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were observed. In cultured human BSM cells, IL-13 caused an up-regulation of RhoA. The IL-13-induced up-regulation of RhoA was inhibited by leflunomide, an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). In isolated BSM tissues of naive mice, the contractility was significantly enhanced by organ culture in the presence of IL-13. Moreover, in vivo treatment of airways with IL-13 by intranasal instillation caused a BSM hyperresponsiveness with an up-regulation of RhoA in naive mice. These findings suggest that IL-13/STAT6 signaling is critical for development of antigen-induced BSM hyperresponsiveness and that agents that specifically inhibit this pathway in BSM may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of asthma.
Two different cyclization modes in the formation of silylhydrazines (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTwo different cyclization modes in the formation of silylhydrazinesNorbert W. Mitzel, Peter Bissinger, Juergen Riede, Karl Heinz Dreihaeupl, and Hubert SchmidbaurCite this: Organometallics 1993, 12, 2, 413–416Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00026a028https://doi.org/10.1021/om00026a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Generalized two-pass three-dimensional migration for imaging steep dips in vertically inhomogeneous media (1989)

Abstract Conventional two-pass 3-D time migration is exactly equivalent to full 3-D time migration in a homogeneous medium. For vertically inhomogeneous media representing typical earth velocities, however, conventional two-pass 3-D migration fails to correctly image dips beyond about 45 degrees. This failure is the result of an inherent velocity error incurred during the first pass of a two-pass 3-D migration.For a vertically inhomogeneous medium, the theory of residual migration can be combined with the results for homogeneous media to derive a series of successive two-pass migration stages which are equivalent to a full 3-D migration. Each stage of this generalized two-pass 3-D migration is implemented using an appropriate constant migration velocity. In practice, the required number of two-pass stages can be reduced to a computationally manageable few; and the I/O can be reduced by one-third to one-half of that required using a straightforward application of repeated two-pass migrations.This procedure allows existing 2-D migration programs to be upgraded to steep-dip 3-D migration programs by use of a simple I/O structure. Any of the basic 2-D migration algorithms can be used, but we have employed a 50-degree finite-difference algorithm. In addition, generalized two-pass 3-D migration overcomes the dip limitations of the underlying 2-D finite-difference migration algorithm for the same reasons that cascaded 2-D migration extends the dip range of 2-D migration algorithms. Synthetic data examples clearly show the success of this method in imaging steep dips in vertically inhomogeneous media.
Determining the <i>K</i> Most Critical Paths in PERT Networks (1984)

A fundamental problem in PERT networks is to identify a project's critical paths and its critical activities. In this paper we define the criticality index of a path as the probability that the duration of the path is greater than or equal to the duration of every other path in the network and define the criticality index of an activity as the sum of the criticality indices of the paths containing that activity. The most critical path or K most critical paths in a PERT network could be found by enumerating all the paths and calculating the corresponding criticality indices, both of which are burdensome tasks. This paper uses stochastic dominance to develop a procedure to identify the K most critical paths without using this path enumeration. The procedure has been applied to various sized PERT networks generated at random, and the results are found to be very close to those obtained by extensive Monte Carlo sampling.
Resonators and materials for organic lasers based on energy transfer (1998)

Optically pumped lasers have been fabricated with organic/polymeric materials capable of charge transport. The active materials employed are doped films with small molecule hosts and dye, oligomer, and conjugated polymer emitters. In these materials, the excited states created in the host are transferred nonradiatively to the guest molecules which are the emitters. This energy transfer results in very low absorption losses at the emission wavelength and relatively low-threshold powers for the onset of stimulated emission. Such gain media have been successfully included in many types of resonators including whispering-gallery mode, photonic bandgap, and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) based resonators. A number of novel patterning and fabrication procedures have been developed for organic-based lasers.
Lipid oxidation and improving the oxidative stability (2010)

Lipids are a major component of food and important structural and functional constituents of cells in biological systems. However, this diverse group of substances is prone to oxidation through various pathways. Their oxidative stability depends on a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including the unsaturation of their fatty acids, composition of minor components, environment conditions, delivery techniques and use of antioxidants, among others. Lipid oxidation has detrimental effects on both food quality and human health, and efforts must be made to minimize oxidation and improve oxidative stability of lipid products. Antioxidant strategy has been successfully employed in the food industry for quality preservation of the food products and in the medicinal industry for risk reduction of numerous oxidative stress-mediated diseases. This tutorial review will provide important knowledge about lipid oxidation, including the mechanism and factors involved in oxidation, as well as strategies for improving oxidative stability of lipids.
Real-Time Position and Speed Monitoring of Trains Using Phase-Sensitive OTDR (2014)

It is essential to carry out real-time position and speed monitoring of trains to ensure the safety of railway operation. In this letter, the phase-sensitive optical-time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) is demonstrated to overcome the drawbacks of the track circuit, which is widely used and has the risk to be damaged by lightening, for the first time. A long sensing cable, buried nearby to two parallel railways, is used to detect the vibration signals generated by trains with Φ-OTDR and the real-time vibration signals of the trains are extracted/quantified by wavelet denoising. With the edge detection by normalized sliding variance, the operation status of two nearby trains, including their relative position and speed, are obtained over a 10.2-km measurement length in real time. This letter offers a new passive way for safety monitoring of railway operation.
Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the<i>Aspergillus restrictus</i>gene coding for the ribonucleolytic toxin restrictocin and its expression in<i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>: the leader sequence protects producing strains from suicide (1991)

We describe the cloning and characterization of the gene coding for the ribotoxin restrictocin, from Aspergillus restrictus (gene res, EMBL accession Number X56176). This toxin is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in eucaryotes and is of potential interest as a component of immunotoxins. To analyze the mechanism of self-protection in the producing organism, the res gene was cloned into the vector pFB39 and introduced into Aspergillus nidulans. The secretion of active restrictocin from transformants suggests that the pro-toxin is not an active nuclease but is activated during the process of secretion.
Synthesis of macrocyclic ligands incorporating sulfur and furan subunits (1996)

Abstract Polyammonium macrocycles containing sulfur and furan units in the macrocyclic ring have been synthesized and studied for ATPase activity. The synthetic methodology involved using tosyl protection for the amines and the formation of macrocyclic Lactams, followed by reduction using borane in THF. Deprotection of the tosylated forms of the macrocycle was accomplished using sodium in butanol for the furan macrocycles, and HBr in HOAc for the sulfur containing macrocycle. The macrocycles were found to be poor catalysts for ATP hydrolysis compared to other similar polyammonium macrocycles.
Möussbauer spectroscopy at pressures up to 40 GPa (1992)

Abstract Mössbauer spectroscopy is shown to be a viable “non-contact” technique applicable to high-pressure, diamond-anvil cells with samples containing a wide variety of the elements.
The arules R-Package Ecosystem: Analyzing Interesting Patterns from Large Transaction Data Sets (2011)

This paper describes the ecosystem of R add-on packages developed around the infrastructure pro-vided by the package arules. The packages provide comprehensive functionality for analyzing interesting patterns including frequent itemsets, association rules, frequent sequences and for build-ing applications like associative classification. After discussing the ecosystem’s design we illustrate the ease of mining and visualizing rules with a short example.
Amino-terminal epitopes are exposed when full-length open reading frame 2 of hepatitis E virus is expressed inEscherichia coli, but carboxy-terminal epitopes are masked (1997)

We constructed a panel of overlapping and non-overlapping fragments of cDNA derived from open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and fused to the gene encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST), from which proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. IgG-specific immunoreactivity against each protein was measured by Western immunoblotting using sera from experimentally infected Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) or from HEV-infected patients. Under these conditions, full-length ORF2 protein (GST-ORF2) was strongly reactive with acute-phase sera from either macaques or patients, but was poorly reactive with convalescent sera. Recombinant protein GST-ORF2.3, representing amino acids 1-110 of the 660 encoded by ORF2, demonstrated a pattern of reactivity largely indistinguishable from the full-length protein. Conversely, GST-ORF2.1, representing amino acids 394-660 of the ORF2 protein was strongly reactive with both acute- and convalescent-phase sera. Extension of GST-ORF2.1 towards the N-terminus led to a progressive loss of convalescent-phase reactivity, apparent with as few as 20 additional HEV-specific amino acids. Deletion of 40 or more amino acids from the N-terminus of ORF2.1 also led to reduced convalescent-phase reactivity, however a protein representing this "reactive" region, containing amino acids 394-473, was poorly reactive, suggesting that the convalescent-reactive epitopes are conformational. Expression of full-length ORF2 protein in E. coli therefore masks the convalescent-reactive epitopes within the C-terminal part of the protein, without affecting N-terminal, acute-reactive epitopes.
<i>sucAB</i>and<i>sucCD</i>are mutually essential genes in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2005)

sucAB and sucCD of Escherichia coli encode enzymes that generate succinyl-CoA from 2-oxoglutarate and succinate, respectively. Their mutual essentiality was studied. sucAB and sucCD could be deleted individually, but not simultaneously. The mutual essentiality of sucAB and sucCD was further confirmed by the conditional expression of sucABCD, sucAB, and sucCD under the control of a P(BAD) in E. coli MG1655, E. coli MG1655 (DeltasucCD), and E. coli MG1655 (DeltasucAB), respectively. These strains grew well in Luria-Bertani medium containing 0.1% arabinose, but not in the absence of arabinose unless the medium was supplemented with succinyl-CoA. Our results indicate that either sucAB or sucCD is enough to produce succinyl-CoA that is essential for cell viability.
<title>A Fiber Optic Time Domain Reflectometer</title> (1979)

An optical time domain reflectometer is described which combines in one instrument the basic capability to analyze several important fiber characteristics. The device uses the polarization properties of light to enable high sensitivity fault detection close to the fiber input end; its probe pulse temporal characteristics and high gain photodetector in combination provide excellent discontinuity location resolution in long lossy fibers, and give an indication of fiber dispersion at large bandwidths.
Contracts for first-class modules (2009)

Behavioral software contracts express properties concerning the flow of values across component (modules, classes, etc) interfaces. These properties are often beyond the reach of theorem provers and are therefore monitored at run-time. When the monitor discovers a contract violation, it raises an exception that simultaneously pinpoints the contract violator and explains the nature of the violation. Currently contract monitoring assumes static module interfaces. Specifically, the contract compiler partitions a contract into disjoint obligations for the static modules that communicate to an interface. At run-time, the information is used for catching and explaining contract violations. While static modules suffice for many situations, first-class modules - such as the units provided by PLT Scheme - support the dynamic and multiple linking that is often required in open software systems. The problem is, of course, that in such a world, it becomes impossible to tell from the source program alone which components have agreed to which contracts. In this paper, we develop the semantic framework of monitoring contracts for dynamic modules. We establish the internal consistency of the semantics, and we sketch an implementation based on our experience of equipping PLT Scheme with such contracts.