gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraordinary optical transmission through metal films with sub wavelength holes and slits (2010)

Continuous films of metals like gold and silver with a thickness of a few tens of nm have poor optical transmission in the visible and infrared. However, the same films become largely transparent when the transmission is mediated by coupled surface plasmon polaritons on the two surfaces of the film. Likewise, it is expected that optical transmission through a hole in an opaque metal film would be negligible if the size of the hole is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident radiation. Contrary to this, it was found a few years ago that opaque metal films perforated with a periodic array of sub wavelength holes exhibit large transmission at certain wavelengths. Such extraordinary optical properties of the metal films have attracted much attention in recent years. They have led to several proposals and demonstrations of nanophotonic applications in a wide range of areas, such as microscopy, spectroscopy, optoelectronics, optical data storage, bio-chemical sensing and so on. In parallel, extensive effort has been made to elucidate the mechanisms of efficient light energy transfer across metal films with arrays of sub wavelength apertures like holes and slits. Despite this effort, not all aspects of the underlying physics of the phenomena are fully understood yet. Here, we provide a short review of the various concepts put forth to explicate the large transmission of light across continuous metal films and films with sub wavelength apertures.
Interferometric fringes projection system for 3D profilometry and relief investigation (2005)

We present a new 3D full-frame profilometer based on structured laser light projection method. This device takes advantage of the polarization states splitting technique for producing and shifting multiple sinusoidal Young's interference patterns that are projected on the inspected surface. The principle of the technique is presented and we discuss the advantages of monochromatic light projection method as a mean to overcome ambient lighting for in-situ measurement. Some results that we obtained on objects from the Egyptian Department of the British Museum are presented to demonstrate that 3D laser profilometry is a worthwhile technique for epigraphic investigations where naked-eye inspections fail.
Rendering Many Lights with Grid-Based Reservoirs (2021)

Efficient rendering of scenes with many lights is a longstanding problem in graphics. Sampling a light to shade from the pool of all lights, e.g., using next event estimation, is a nontrivial task. Sampling must be computationally efficient, must select lights contributing significantly to the shaded point, and must produce low noise while introducing little or no bias. Typically, the light pool is preprocessed to create a data structure that accelerates sampling queries; this may be complex to implement, build, and update.
A modified initial in-situ Stress Inversion Method based onFLAC3D with an engineering application (2015)

Abstract To improve the accuracy of an initial in-situstress field determined by inversion, we describe a modified initial in-situ stress inversion method that uses partialleast-squares regression based on FLAC3D. First, eachstress component is regressed to improve the fitting accuracyof locally abnormal stress regions, and then the relationshipbetween element stress and unbalanced nodeforce is analyzed according to the computational principlesof FLAC3D. The initial in-situ stresses obtained fromthese regression calculations are added to a numericalmodel, and the unbalanced node forces are recalculated.An external force equal to the recalculated unbalancednode force is then exerted on the node in the direction opposingthe original unbalanced node force to satisfy theequilibrium condition. For the in-situ stresses of elementsthat do not satisfy the strength conditions, they are modified by assuming the average stress is constant and reducingthe partial stress to satisfy the equilibrium andstrength conditions, which also resolves the unreasonabledistribution of the boundary nodal forces and results ingood regression estimates. A three-dimensional hypersurfacespline interpolation method is developed to calculatethe in-situ stress tensor at arbitrary coordinates. Finally,we apply this method to an underground engineeringproject, and the results are shown to agree well withthose obtained from field monitoring. Therefore, it is concludedthat this modified in-situ stress inversion methodcould effectively improve the fitting accuracy of locally abnormalstress regions.
Microalbuminuria in Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated With Enhanced Excretion of the Endocytic Multiligand Receptors Megalin and Cubilin (2009)

Aberrant shedding of megalin and cubilin could contribute to albuminuria in diabetes and to deficiency states of important vitamins and hormones.
Borehole geophysical methods for analyzing specific capacity of multiaquifer wells : ground-water hydraulics (1960)

Conventional well-logging techniques, combined with measurements of flow velocity in the borehole, can provide information on the discharge-drawdown characteristics of the several aquifers penetrated by a well. The information is most conveniently presented in a graph showing aquifer discharges as functions of the water level in the well at a particular time.
Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives (2017)

There is still an ongoing effort to search for sustainable, clean and highly efficient energy generation to satisfy the energy needs of modern society. Among various advanced technologies, electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role and numerous new electrocatalysts have been developed to improve the efficiency of gas evolution. Along the way, enormous effort has been devoted to finding high-performance electrocatalysts, which has also stimulated the invention of new techniques to investigate the properties of materials or the fundamental mechanism of the OER. This accumulated knowledge not only establishes the foundation of the mechanism of the OER, but also points out the important criteria for a good electrocatalyst based on a variety of studies. Even though it may be difficult to include all cases, the aim of this review is to inspect the current progress and offer a comprehensive insight toward the OER. This review begins with examining the theoretical principles of electrode kinetics and some measurement criteria for achieving a fair evaluation among the catalysts. The second part of this review acquaints some materials for performing OER activity, in which the metal oxide materials build the basis of OER mechanism while non-oxide materials exhibit greatly promising performance toward overall water-splitting. Attention of this review is also paid to in situ approaches to electrocatalytic behavior during OER, and this information is crucial and can provide efficient strategies to design perfect electrocatalysts for OER. Finally, the OER mechanism from the perspective of both recent experimental and theoretical investigations is discussed, as well as probable strategies for improving OER performance with regards to future developments.
Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers (2016)

Crypto-currencies promise to lower the cost of payments but are threatened by excessive regulation, say Jerry Brito and Andrea Castillo.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XIII. Additionen der Nitrilimine an Oxime, Azine und andere CN‐Doppelbindungen (1965)

Abstract Der Anlagerung der Nitrilimine an die CN‐Doppelbindung der Aldoxime folgt spontane Wasserabspaltung zu 1.2.4‐Triazolen. Azine liefern mit 2 Äquivv. Nitrilimin unter Spaltung der NN‐Bindung 1.2.4‐Triazole und deren 4.5‐Dihydro‐Derivate. Auch die Additionen der Nitrilimine an Acetimidsäureester, Benzaldehyd‐phenylhydrazon und Formanilid‐oxim werden beschrieben.
Efficient water‐soluble drag reducing star polymers with improved mechanical stability (2015)

ABSTRACT We describe here the first example of the synthesis of 4‐arm star poly(acrylic acid) for use as a water‐soluble drag reducing agent, by applying Cu(0)‐mediated polymerization technique. High molecular weight 4‐arm star poly( tert ‐butyl acrylate) ( M n = 3.0–9.0 × 10 5 g mol −1 ) was first synthesized using 4,4′‐oxybis(3,3‐bis(2‐bromopropionate)butane as an initiator and a simple Cu(0)/TREN catalyst system. Then, 4‐arm star poly( tert ‐butyl acrylate) were subjected to hydrolysis using trifluoroacetic acid resulting in water‐soluble 4‐arm star poly(acrylic acid). Drag reduction test rig analysis showed 4‐arm star poly(acrylic acid) to be effective as a drag reducing agent with drag reduction of 24.3%. Moreover, 4‐arm star poly(acrylic acid) exhibited superior mechanical stability when compared with a linear poly(acrylic acid) and commercially available drag reducing polymers; Praestol and poly(ethylene oxide). The linear poly(acrylic acid), Praestol, and poly(ethylene oxide) all showed a large decrease in drag reduction of 8–12% when cycled 30 times through the drag reduction test rig while, in contrast, 4‐arm star poly(acrylic acid) demonstrated much higher mechanical stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54 , 335–344
Neonatal Calf Infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Drawing Parallels to the Disease in Human Infants (2012)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that RSV infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. Bovine RSV is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Infection of calves with bovine RSV shares features in common with RSV infection in children, such as an age-dependent susceptibility. In addition, comparable microscopic lesions consisting of bronchiolar neutrophilic infiltrates, epithelial cell necrosis, and syncytial cell formation are observed. Further, our studies have shown an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in RSV-infected calves, including IL-12p40 and CXCL8 (IL-8). This finding is consistent with increased levels of IL-8 observed in children with RSV bronchiolitis. Since rodents lack IL-8, neonatal calves can be useful for studies of IL-8 regulation in response to RSV infection. We have recently found that vitamin D in milk replacer diets can be manipulated to produce calves differing in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The results to date indicate that although the vitamin D intracrine pathway is activated during RSV infection, pro-inflammatory mediators frequently inhibited by the vitamin D intacrine pathway in vitro are, in fact, upregulated or unaffected in lungs of infected calves. This review will summarize available data that provide parallels between bovine RSV infection in neonatal calves and human RSV in infants.
The epidemiology of pain in depression (2004)

Over 75% of depressed patients in primary care complain of painful physical symptoms such as headache, stomach pain, neck and back pain as well as non-specific generalized pain. The presence of such symptoms predicts a greater severity and a less favourable outcome of depression with a poorer health-related quality of life. World Health Organization data obtained in primary care centres worldwide show that 22% of all primary care patients suffer from persistent debilitating pain and that these patients are four times more likely to have co-morbid anxiety or depressive disorder than pain-free primary care patients. Not unexpectedly, the risk of depression is greater when the pain is more diffuse, as indicated by the number of painful sites, and has a greater effect on the quality of life. Certain depressive symptoms, such as low energy and sleep disturbances, are commonly found in patients with co-morbid pain, whereas the opposite is true for symptoms such as guilt and loneliness. Increasingly, major depression is seen as being composed of psychological, somatic and painful physical symptoms. In order to achieve full sustained remission it is necessary to treat symptoms in all three of these areas. The area of painful physical symptoms is unfortunately still poorly understood and clearly merits greater attention.
microRNA Signature and Expression of <i>Dicer</i> and <i>Drosha</i> Can Predict Prognosis and Delineate Risk Groups in Neuroblastoma (2010)

Neuroblastoma is a common childhood tumor and accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. To investigate the microRNA (miRNA) profile and role of Dicer and Drosha in neuroblastoma, we assessed the expression of 162 human miRNAs, Dicer and Drosha in 66 neuroblastoma tumors by using real-time PCR methods. We found global downregulation of miRNA expression in advanced neuroblastoma and identified 27 miRNAs that can clearly distinguish low- from high-risk patients. Furthermore, expression levels of Dicer or Drosha were low in high-risk neuroblastoma tumors, which accounted for global downregulation of miRNAs in advanced disease and correlated with poor outcome. Notably, for patients with non-MYCN-amplified tumors, low expression of Dicer can serve as a significant and independent predictor of poor outcome (hazard ratio, 9.6; P = 0.045; n = 52). Using plausible neural networks to select a combination of 15 biomarkers that consist of 12 miRNAs' signature, expression levels of Dicer and Drosha, and age at diagnosis, we were able to segregate all patients into four distinct patterns that were highly predictive of clinical outcome. In vitro studies also showed that knockdown of either Dicer or Drosha promoted the growth of neuroblastoma cell lines. Our results reveal that a combination of 15 biomarkers can delineate risk groups of neuroblastoma and serve as a powerful predictor of clinical outcome. Moreover, our findings of growth promotion by silencing Dicer/Drosha implied their potential use as therapeutic targets for neuroblastoma.
Special Session. Melbourne. January 12, 1942. (1941)

"Special Session. Melbourne. January 12, 1942.." Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 24(12), p. 574
Rapid Decay of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19 (2020)

Covid-19 Antibodies after Mild Infection Among 34 volunteers who had recovered from mild Covid-19 illness, antiviral antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein declined wi...
ProtTrans: Towards Cracking the Language of Life's Code Through\n Self-Supervised Deep Learning and High Performance Computing (2020)

Computational biology and bioinformatics provide vast data gold-mines from\nprotein sequences, ideal for Language Models taken from NLP. These LMs reach\nfor new prediction frontiers at low inference costs. Here, we trained two\nauto-regressive models (Transformer-XL, XLNet) and four auto-encoder models\n(BERT, Albert, Electra, T5) on data from UniRef and BFD containing up to 393\nbillion amino acids. The LMs were trained on the Summit supercomputer using\n5616 GPUs and TPU Pod up-to 1024 cores. Dimensionality reduction revealed that\nthe raw protein LM-embeddings from unlabeled data captured some biophysical\nfeatures of protein sequences. We validated the advantage of using the\nembeddings as exclusive input for several subsequent tasks. The first was a\nper-residue prediction of protein secondary structure (3-state accuracy\nQ3=81%-87%); the second were per-protein predictions of protein sub-cellular\nlocalization (ten-state accuracy: Q10=81%) and membrane vs. water-soluble\n(2-state accuracy Q2=91%). For the per-residue predictions the transfer of the\nmost informative embeddings (ProtT5) for the first time outperformed the\nstate-of-the-art without using evolutionary information thereby bypassing\nexpensive database searches. Taken together, the results implied that protein\nLMs learned some of the grammar of the language of life. To facilitate future\nwork, we released our models at https://github.com/agemagician/ProtTrans.\n
A novel dual-structure, self-healable, polysaccharide based hybrid nanogel for biomedical uses (2011)

A new unique dual-structure hydrogel composed of nanostructures of amphiphilic chitosan (CHC) dispersed in a sodium alginate matrix (SAL) is presented. The successful creation of the composite is based on combining chitosan and sodium alginate without precipitation or agglomeration, which has not been previously reported. The CHC/SAL composite gels present a number of properties making them attractive for biomedical applications, in particular as implantable depot gels or in dermal applications. The gels are shown to form rapidly upon exposure of the combination solution to Ca2+ containing gelation medium. The formed gels have storage moduli similar to soft tissue and display shear reversible gelation with fast recovery of mechanical properties, in addition to self-healing capability at certain compositions. The gels exhibit moderate swelling in deionized water and low swelling in simulated body fluid and cell culture media. The drug release from the composite gels is demonstrated using the hydrophobic drug all-transretinoic acid, which is used in cancer and skin disorder therapies. The drug release initially occurs through a Fickian mechanism for a fraction of the loaded drug, where the fraction released during this process depends on release media and gel composition. A large fraction of the loaded drug can be retained for long term depot drug delivery. Furthermore, the CHC/SAL gels are determined to have low toxicity and skin irritation.
Nasal lesions induced by intranasal administration of benzalkonium chloride in rats. (1997)

We investigated the lesions of nasal cavity mucous membrane caused by administration of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 w/v% Benzalkonium chloride (BZC) solutions in the nasal cavity of rats. No BZC-induced symptoms or nasal lesions were seen in the 0.01 w/v% BZC-treated group. On the other hand, BZC-induced symptoms such as nasal sound and rubbing the nose with forelegs were observed in the 0.05 and 0.10 w/v% BZC-treated groups. Additionally, BZC-induced lesions, including epithelial desquamation, inflammation and edema, occurred in the anterior nasal cavity in the 0.05 and 0.10 w/v% BZC-treated groups, but these lesions were confined to the dorsal meatus and the adjacent nasal septum. These results indicate that 0.01 w/v% BZC solution has no effect on the nasal cavity mucous membrane. However, 0.05 and 0.10 w/v% BZC solutions induce lesions in the nasal cavity mucous membrane due to their irritating effect.
Mapping and topographic localization of epitopes of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein (1991)

The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein is a 986-amino-acid outer membrane protein that promotes bacterial penetration into mammalian cells by binding to beta 1-chain integrin receptors. We previously showed that the integrin binding domain is encoded by the carboxyl-terminal 192 amino acids. To further investigate the structure of this protein, we characterized a set of 32 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against invasin. Invasin deletion derivatives and fusion proteins carrying different segments of invasin were used to map the epitopes of this set of MAbs into 10 overlapping but distinct intervals. Indirect immunofluorescence of intact bacteria expressing invasin demonstrated that two large regions of invasin contain epitopes exposed on the bacterial surface. To assess the role of these surface-exposed regions in the binding and invasion of mammalian cells, each of the MAbs was tested for its ability to inhibit these processes. All of the MAbs that recognized bacterial surface-exposed epitopes in the cell binding domain of invasin inhibited both cell attachment and cell penetration, and no other MAbs inhibited either activity.
<i>Color in Business, Science, and Industry</i> (1963)

This book is divided into three parts. Part I outlines the elementary principles of the eye as a sense organ and the basic facts of color vision, including types of color blindness and methods of testing. Part II deals with tools and techniques, such as spectrophotometry, standards in colorimetry, and the reproduction of pictures in color. Part III deals with physics and the psychophysics of colorant layers. The book will be useful for all who deal in colors, particularly the manufacturer. The book is a happy combination of science and common sense and is written by one of the outstanding scientists in this field.
Poor antibody response against human papillomavirus in adult-onset laryngeal papillomatosis (2001)

To investigate whether adult-onset laryngeal papillomatosis induces serum antibodies to the human papillomavirus (HPV), 60 patients underwent a clinical examination, and HPV DNA from their laryngeal biopsy was assayed by PCR and HPV serology with virus-like particles as the antigen. Patients and controls (n = 53) showed no differences in their HPV 6 and 16 antibodies. Patients more often had HPV 11 antibodies, female patients more often than female controls or male patients. Of the female patients, 5 of 15 had a history of genital condylomas and, at the follow-up visit, 5 of 9 had cervical cytology consistent with genital HPV infection. The fact that HPV antibodies did not correlate with clinical features of the laryngeal disease or with HPV DNA detected in the larynx, suggests that HPV antibodies in female patients were induced by genital rather than laryngeal HPV infection. The high prevalence of abnormal Pap smears indicates that gynaecological examination of female adult-onset laryngeal papilloma patients is warranted.
EMS-Vision: a perceptual system for autonomous vehicles (2002)

The paper gives a survey on the new Expectation-based Multifocal Saccadic vision (EMS-vision) system for autonomous vehicle guidance developed at the Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen (UBM). EMS-Vision is the third generation dynamic vision system following the 4-D approach. Its core element is a new camera arrangement, mounted on a high bandwidth pan-tilt head for active gaze control. Central knowledge representation and a hierarchical system architecture allow efficient activation and control of behavioral capabilities for perception and action. The system has been implemented on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware components in both UBM test vehicles VaMoRs and VaMP Results from autonomous turnoff maneuvers, performed on army proving grounds, are discussed.
On Scanning Linear Barcodes From Out-of-Focus Blurred Images: A Spatial Domain Dynamic Template Matching Approach (2014)

Because of the lack of disciplined and efficient mechanisms, most modern area charge-coupled device-based barcode scanning technologies are not capable of handling out-of-focus (OOF) image blur and rely heavily on camera systems for capturing good quality, well-focused barcode images. In this paper, we present a novel linear barcode scanning system based on a dynamic template matching scheme. The proposed system works entirely in the spatial domain, and is capable of reading linear barcodes from low-resolution images containing severe OOF blur. This paper treats linear barcode scanning under the perspective of deformed binary waveform analysis and classification. A directed graphical model is designed to characterize the relationship between the blurred barcode waveform and its corresponding symbol value at any specific blur level. Under this model, linear barcode scanning is cast to find the optimal state sequence associated with the deformed barcode waveform segments. A dynamic programming-based inference algorithm is designed to retrieve the optimal state sequence, enabling real-time decoding on mobile devices of limited processing power.