gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eliminating the Need for Scale Inhibition Treatments for Elf Exploration Angola's Girassol Field (2000)

Abstract In the development of Elf Exploration Angola’s Girassol field located approximately 200 km west of the coast of Angola in 1,500 m of water depth, 390,000 barrel per day of seawater will be needed for a waterflood operation. Formation water analysis indicate both barium and strontium levels of approximately 230 mg/l. By the injection of normal seawater containing 2,800 mg/l sulphate, scale tendency calculations indicate the possible formation of more than 320g barium sulphate per m3 of coproduced water. Conventional scale inhibitor squeeze treatments were not considered to be a reliable and cost effective scale control technique due to: 1) Girassol’s "daisy chain" concept with network of wells producing in the same gathering line and subsequent difficulties in monitoring residual inhibitor levels, 2) difficulties in the placement of inhibitors in the reservoir which has high permeability and long perforation intervals, and 3) the deep and remote subsea wells. The high risks using scale inhibition for such a large scale waterflood project in a deepwater environment were considered unacceptable. After the extensive screening of all possible technical alternatives, Elf chose to remove the sulphate from the seawater using a selective nanofiltration membrane process previously used in the North Sea1,2. However, unlike the North Sea operations where scale inhibitors were originally used in combination with low sulphate seawater, Elf chose a specifically designed sulphate removal process with stringent high performance requirements that allows for the initial injection of seawater with approximately 20 mg/l sulphate for the leading edge of the waterflood. This will be followed by low sulphate seawater with approximately 40 mg/l sulphate. Based on 1) the initial low sulphate level in the injection water, 2) the projected scaling kinetics, and 3) the partial precipitation of barium and sulphate in the reservoir before the seawater approaches the production bore, the calculated scale potential is essentially eliminated.
The human fibroblast class II extracellular matrix receptor mediates platelet adhesion to collagen and is identical to the platelet glycoprotein Ia-IIa complex. (1988)

A monoclonal antibody, P1H5, to the human fibroblast class II extracellular matrix receptor (ECMR II) specifically inhibits human fibroblast adhesion to collagen and immunoprecipitates a cell surface receptor containing an alpha and beta subunit of approximately 140 kilodaltons each (Wayner, E. A., and Carter, W. G. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 1873-1884). We report here that P1H5 also specifically inhibits adhesion of unactivated human platelets to type I and III collagens, but not to fibronectin. Immunoprecipitation of the class II ECMR from Triton X-100 detergent lysates of platelets, after cell surface iodination, identified the platelet collagen receptor. Peptide mapping confirmed that the II alpha and II beta subunits immunoprecipitated from platelets are structurally homologous with those derived from fibroblasts. The platelet ECMR II alpha and -beta subunits comigrate with platelet membrane glycoproteins Ia and IIa, respectively, on two-dimensional nonreduced-reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. These results indicate that platelet and fibroblast adhesion to collagen are both mediated by a similar receptor and that the alpha and beta subunits of this receptor are identical to platelet membrane glycoproteins Ia and IIa, respectively. Although glycoprotein Ia has been previously implicated as a collagen binding protein, our results are the first direct evidence that platelet glycoprotein Ia is associated with glycoprotein IIa in a heterodimer complex and that this complex, by mediating platelet attachment, is an actual receptor for platelet adhesion to collagen.
Polysialic Acid on Neuropilin-2 Is Exclusively Synthesized by the Polysialyltransferase ST8SiaIV and Attached to Mucin-type O-Glycans Located between the b2 and c Domain (2013)

Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is well known as a co-receptor for class 3 semaphorins and vascular endothelial growth factors, involved in axon guidance and angiogenesis. Moreover, NRP2 was shown to promote chemotactic migration of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) toward the chemokine CCL21, a function that relies on the presence of polysialic acid (polySia). In vertebrates, this posttranslational modification is predominantly found on the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), where it is synthesized on N-glycans by either of the two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII or ST8SiaIV. In contrast to NCAM, little is known on the biosynthesis of polySia on NRP2. Here we identified the polySia attachment sites and demonstrate that NRP2 is recognized only by ST8SiaIV. Although polySia-NRP2 was found on bone marrow-derived DCs from wild-type and St8sia2(-/-) mice, polySia was completely lost in DCs from St8sia4(-/-) mice despite normal NRP2 expression. In COS-7 cells, co-expression of NRP2 with ST8SiaIV but not ST8SiaII resulted in the formation of polySia-NRP2, highlighting distinct acceptor specificities of the two polysialyltransferases. Notably, ST8SiaIV synthesized polySia selectively on a NRP2 glycoform that was characterized by the presence of sialylated core 1 and core 2 O-glycans. Based on a comprehensive site-directed mutagenesis study, we localized the polySia attachment sites to an O-glycan cluster located in the linker region between b2 and c domain. Combined alanine exchange of Thr-607, -613, -614, -615, -619, and -624 efficiently blocked polysialylation. Restoration of single sites only partially rescued polysialylation, suggesting that within this cluster, polySia is attached to more than one site.
Parameter estimation in astronomy through application of the likelihood ratio (1979)

Many problems in the experimental estimation of parameters for models can be solved through use of the likelihood ratio test. Applications of the likelihood ratio, with particular attention to photon counting experiments, are discussed. The procedures presented solve a greater range of problems than those currently in use, yet are no more difficult to apply. The procedures are proved analytically, and examples from current problems in astronomy are discussed.
Alternative splicing generates multiple isoforms of a rabbit prostaglandin E2 receptor. (1994)

Four cDNA clones homologous with a murine prostaglandin E2 receptor have been isolated from a rabbit kidney cortex cDNA library. These cDNAs encode related proteins that differ only in their COOH-terminal sequences. Southern blot analysis of rabbit genomic DNA indicates that these receptor cDNAs represent alternatively spliced variants derived from a single gene. This was confirmed by isolation and sequence analysis of genomic clones containing common region exons and unique 3'-coding exons, which contained intron/exon boundaries at the predicted splice junctions. Transient expression of a novel full-length cDNA in COS1 cells confirmed the ligand binding profile typical of an EP3 receptor subtype. Ribonuclease protection assays indicate that the gene encoding these receptors is most highly expressed in kidney, adrenal, and stomach with lower but significant expression in uterus, lung, heart, ileum, spleen, and brain. Moreover, each of the cloned isoforms is expressed in the kidney. In situ hybridization analyses of rabbit kidney demonstrated that the level of expression is highest in the outer medulla with lesser expression in the cortex and no detectable expression in the inner medulla. The ligand binding profile and tissue distribution of these receptors is consistent with a functional role for this family of EP3 receptors in mediating the renal actions of prostaglandins as well as the effects of prostaglandins on gastric acid secretion and adrenal function.
The <i>yeaS</i> (<i>leuE</i>) gene of <i>Escherichia coli</i> encodes an exporter of leucine, and the Lrp protein regulates its expression (2005)

Overexpression of the yeaS gene encoding a protein belonging to the RhtB transporter family conferred upon cells resistance to glycyl‐ l ‐leucine, leucine analogues, several amino acids and their analogues. yeaS overexpression promoted leucine and, to a lesser extent, methionine and histidine accumulation by the respective producing strains. Our results indicate that yeaS encodes an exporter of leucine and some other structurally unrelated amino acids. The expression of yeaS (renamed leuE for “leucine export”) was induced by leucine, l ‐α‐amino‐ n ‐butyric acid and, to a lesser extent, by several other amino acids. The global regulator Lrp mediated this induction.
MicroRNA-21 as Therapeutic Target in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a broad class of small non-coding RNAs that control expression of complementary target messenger RNAs. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been described in various disease states including cancer and cardiac disease. A particular miRNA that was consistently reported to be upregulated in both cancer and various forms of cardiovascular diseases is miR-21. MiR-21 exerts oncogenic activity and therefore is considered as an oncomir. In the cardiovascular system miR-21 is enriched in fibroblasts and contributes to the development of fibrosis and heart failure. MiR-21 therefore emerges as an interesting candidate for the development of therapeutic strategies against many forms of cancer as well as heart diseases. Indeed, treatment with anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides reduced breast cancer growth. Inhibition of miR-21 by synthetic miRNA antagonists (antagomirs) improved heart function in a cardiac disease model. The same beneficial effects were observed in miR-21 knockout mice subjected to pressure-overload of the left ventricle underlining the key role of miR-21 as a therapeutic target. We here overview the current patent situation about the therapeutic use of miR-21 modulation in cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Design of a High-Resolution PET Detector Using Avalanche Photodiodes (2006)

We describe new high-resolution depth-of-interaction (DOI) PET detector designs based on avalanche photodiodes (APDs). With the development of APDs which utilize thin drift regions to speed response time, these detectors promise improved timing performance relative to previously reported APD-based DOI detectors. The new designs also offer improved decoding of smaller crystals at room temperature through the use of a combination of position-sensitive APDs and pixellated APDs. The number of read-out channels for these designs is kept much smaller than the number of scintillator crystals by ganging together APD outputs in an encoding pattern which still allows for the correct identification of the crystal-of-interaction
Mucosal Healing in Paediatric Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Luminal Crohn’s Disease Under Combined Immunosuppression: Escalation versus Early Treatment (2016)

Mucosal healing during combined immunosuppression is more effectively achieved by treatment with an early combined immunosuppression strategy without corticosteroid induction administered within 1 month rather than escalating to receive combination therapy later during the course. The therapeutic window of opportunity in early Crohn's disease may be shorter than generally thought, especially in children.
1. « Nous sommes peu nombreux, mais innombrables » (2003)

Au début des années 1900, près de 160 000 Grecs vivaient à Istanbul. Moins d’un siècle plus tard, il n’en reste plus, résidents perma­nents, que quelque 2000 auxquels s’ajoutent une population probablement équivalente de résidents saisonniers partageant leur temps entre la Grèce et la Turquie. Il se pourrait même, nous dit-on, que ce nombre soit fictif. Selon une idée répandue parmi les Grecs, de l’épaisseur démographique de la communauté dépend la survie du Patriarcat orthodoxe d’Istanbul : ...
Cloning and expression of the exfoliative toxin B gene from Staphylococcus aureus (1986)

Exfoliative toxin type B is produced by bacteriophage group II strains of Staphylococcus aureus and is a causative agent of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. In addition to exfoliative toxin B, most isolates also produce a bacteriocin and are immune to the action of the bacteriocin. These phenotypes, as well as resistance to cadmium, were lost after elimination of a 37.5-kilobase plasmid, pRW001, from S. aureus UT0007. Transduction and transformation showed that pRW001 carries the structural genes for four phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus UT0007: (i) exfoliative toxin B production, (ii) bacteriocin production, (iii) bacteriocin immunity, and (iv) resistance to Cd(NO3)2. The exfoliative toxin B structural gene (etb), which is located on a 1.7-kilobase HindIII fragment of pRW001, was cloned in the plasmid pDH5060 and transformed into phage group III S. aureus RN4220. Transformant clones produced extracellular exfoliative toxin B that was biologically active in the neonatal mouse assay. In the Escherichia coli genetic background, the exfoliative toxin B gene was expressed only after being cloned into the positive selection-expression vector pSCC31. The structural gene for cadmium resistance was also isolated on an HindIII fragment of pRW001 cloned in pDH5060. The loci for the exfoliative toxin B gene and the cadmium resistance gene(s) were identified on a restriction map of plasmid pRW001.
Modeling Human Cardiac Hypertrophy in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (2018)

Cardiac hypertrophy accompanies many forms of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms behind the development and regulation of cardiac hypertrophy in the human setting are poorly understood, which can be partially attributed to the lack of a human cardiomyocyte-based preclinical test system recapitulating features of diseased myocardium. The objective of our study is to determine whether human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) subjected to mechanical stretch can be used as an adequate in vitro model for studying molecular mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. We show that hESC-CMs subjected to cyclic stretch, which mimics mechanical overload, exhibit essential features of a hypertrophic state on structural, functional, and gene expression levels. The presented hESC-CM stretch approach provides insight into molecular mechanisms behind mechanotransduction and cardiac hypertrophy and lays groundwork for the development of pharmacological approaches as well as for discovering potential circulating biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction.
Abnormally Malicious Autonomous Systems and Their Internet Connectivity (2011)

While many attacks are distributed across botnets, investigators and network operators have recently identified malicious networks through high profile autonomous system (AS) depeerings and network shutdowns. In this paper, we explore whether some ASs indeed are safe havens for malicious activity. We look for ISPs and ASs that exhibit disproportionately high malicious behavior using 10 popular blacklists, plus local spam data, and extensive DNS resolutions based on the contents of the blacklists. We find that some ASs have over 80% of their routable IP address space blacklisted. Yet others account for large fractions of blacklisted IP addresses. Several ASs regularly peer with ASs associated with significant malicious activity. We also find that malicious ASs as a whole differ from benign ones in other properties not obviously related to their malicious activities, such as more frequent connectivity changes with their BGP peers. Overall, we conclude that examining malicious activity at AS granularity can unearth networks with lax security or those that harbor cybercrime.
Kinetic properties of the primary inhibitor of plasmin from human plasma (1977)

The interaction of human plasmin with the newly discovered alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was investigated. It was found from rate measurements that the reaction involves the rapid formation of a first enzyme-inhibitor complex, followed by the slow irreversible transition to another complex. L-Lysine influences the first step, but not the second.
Self-Loading Decreasing Rate Packet Train Method for Available Bandwidth Estimation (2012)

基于自负载周期流技术,提出一种采用降速率包列的可用带宽测量方法SLDRT(self-loading decreasing rate train),并全面分析了该算法在多跳网络、突发性背景流的环境下的性能.SLDRT 采用单条包列即可实现对可用带宽的高速测量,具备单次采样、准确测量的特性,可通过调整递减因子等参数,提高测量精度,降低测量负载.理论分析和不同背景流场景下的实验结果表明:在多跳、突发性背景流下,SLDRT 具有较强的健壮性;与pathChirp,Pathload 算法相比,不仅测量精度优良,而且大量缩短了测量时间,减轻了因测量而引入的额外负载.
P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Mediates L-Selectin–dependent Leukocyte Rolling in Venules (2003)

Leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules of inflamed tissues is reduced in L-selectin-deficient mice and mice treated with L-selectin blocking antibodies, but the glycoprotein ligand for L-selectin in inflamed venules is unknown. Here, we show that L-selectin-dependent rolling after P-selectin blockade is completely absent in P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)-/- mice or wild-type mice treated with a PSGL-1 blocking monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry failed to show PSGL-1 expression on resting or inflamed endothelium or on platelets. To investigate whether leukocyte-expressed PSGL-1 is mediating L-selectin-dependent rolling, we reconstituted lethally irradiated wild-type mice with PSGL-1-/- bone marrow cells. These chimeric mice showed no L-selectin-dependent rolling, suggesting that leukocyte-expressed PSGL-1 mediates L-selectin-dependent rolling. Frame-to-frame video analysis of L-selectin-dependent rolling in wild-type mice showed that the majority of observed L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling was between free flowing leukocytes and already adherent leukocytes or possibly leukocyte fragments, followed by E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling along the endothelium. Leukocyte rolling was significantly slower for leukocyte-endothelial than leukocyte-leukocyte interactions. We conclude that leukocyte-expressed PSGL-1 serves as the main L-selectin ligand in inflamed postcapillary venules. L-selectin binding to PSGL-1 initiates tethering events that enable L-selectin-independent leukocyte-endothelial interactions. These findings provide a molecular mechanism for the inflammatory defects seen in L-selectin-deficient mice.
Iron and Copper Containing Oxygen Reduction Catalysts From Templated Glucose–Histidine (2010)

Abstract Nitrogen doped carbons loaded with non‐precious transition metals are currently investigated as substitutes of Pt‐based catalysts for oxygen reduction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs). This paper reports the preparation of one kind of such catalysts using glucose/histidine mixtures added with Fe and Cu salts in the presence of silica gels as hard templating agent to increase carbon surface area. The resulting carbons contain nitrogen in amounts that depend on heating temperature ( T = 600 and 900 °C) on the glucose/histidine molar ratio and, more weakly, on the relative Fe/Cu amount. Surface areas are a function of reactant concentration and heating temperature, whereas pore size and pore size distribution only depend on glucose/histidine molar ratio. Cyclic voltammetry results on oxygen reduction depend on Fe/Cu ratio, the best result both in terms of incipient oxygen reduction potentials and currents being observed on samples only containing Fe, with no Cu added.
<title>Large storage three-dimensional display using integral imaging and volume holography</title> (2002)

In recent years there have been many activities in the area of three-dimensional display because of their potential applications. Large storage three-dimensional display system using integral imaging and volume holographic storage is proposed. In addition to the large storage, the speckle reduction based on time averaging and the viewing angle enhancement are achieved by using the proposed display system. Experimental results are presented and optical parameters of the proposed system are discussed in detail.
<title>Replacing 16-mm film cameras with high-definition digital cameras</title> (1995)

For many years 16 mm film cameras have been used in severe environments. These film cameras are used on Hy-G automotive sleds, airborne gun cameras, range tracking and other hazardous environments. The companies and government agencies using these cameras are in need of replacing them with a more cost effective solution. Film-based cameras still produce the best resolving capability, however, film development time, chemical disposal, recurring media cost, and faster digital analysis are factors influencing the desire for a 16 mm film camera replacement. This paper will describe a new camera from Kodak that has been designed to replace 16 mm high speed film cameras.
A rapid biochemical test to aid identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (SC) strains (2000)

The ability to utilize maltose, as determined by measurement of oxygen uptake, is used to differentiate Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (SC) and M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (all strains negative) from other members of the M. mycoides cluster (M. mycoides subsp. capri, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony (LC), M. capricolum subsp. capricolum; and bovine serogroup 7; 94% of strains positive). Rapid tests for maltose utilizing ability were developed, based on hydrolysis of a chromogenic alpha-glucosidase (maltase) substrate (p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, colourless) to give a brightly coloured product (p-nitrophenol, yellow). On agar plates, colonies of maltose-utilizing strains became coloured within 40 min.
Noisy speech recognition using hidden Markov model state-based filtering (1991)

A system which exploits this property of hidden Markov models (HMM) in order to implement effective noise canceling filters within the speech recognition task is described. The filtering process reduces the sensitivity of the recognition system to input fluctuations caused by noise. The system developed uses continuous probability density function, single Gaussian mixture HMMs trained on filterback output vectors. Using autocorrelation statistics collected for speech and noise during training, noise canceling Wiener filters are designed for each hidden Markov model state. The resulting system outperforms by a significant margin results obtained using clean-speech HMMs on either noisy speech or noisy speech with the noise mean subtracted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
rhlB, a new Escherichia coli K-12 gene with an RNA helicase-like protein sequence motif, one of at least five such possible genes in a prokaryote. (1991)

A newly recognized gene we name rhlB, after RNA helicase-like genes, has been found in the 85-minute region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. This gene encodes protein sequence motifs similar to those known for "D-E-A-D box" gene products. Proteins in this gene family occur in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes, and, as far as tested, have been found to participate in ATP-dependent RNA helicase or RNA-dependent ATPase activities. The functions of these enzymes are poorly understood. In yeast, mutant phenotypes of various D-E-A-D genes suggest that they function in RNA splicing, processing, or translation. We find that rhlB is necessary for viability only in some genetic backgrounds. Conditional rhlB lethality is not complemented by another E. coli RNA helicase-like gene (srmB). Using primers with homology to consensus sequences in D-E-A-D box proteins, we have recovered DNA fragments amplified from E. coli genomic DNA by polymerase chain reactions. Sequence analysis of these fragments suggests that E. coli possesses at least five RNA helicase-like (rhl) D-E-A-D box genes at widely separated chromosomal locations. The multiplicity of such genes in a prokaryote raises the possibility of important roles for the corresponding class of biologically widespread proteins.