gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ranking and Context-awareness of Recommender Systems (2013)

In this thesis we report the results of our research on recommender systems, which addresses some of the critical scientific challenges that still remain open in this domain. Collaborative filtering (CF) is the most common technique of predicting the interests of a user by collecting preference information from many users. In order to determine which items from a collection may be favored by individual users, conventional CF approaches take the ratings previously assigned to items by a target user and use them together with ratings of users with similar preferences to predict the ratings of yet-unseen items. Then, items are recommended in a descending order according to their predicted ratings. While CF has been investigated and improved extensively over the past years, there is still room for substantial improvement. In this thesis we focus on improvement of two critical aspects of CF, namely ranking and context-awareness of the recommendations. In addition, we analyze new developments in the field of collaborative recommendation and elaborate on the challenges related to the evolution of recommender systems and their increasing impact in the future. Based on this analysis, we make recommendations for future research directions in this field.
Automatic chromatic dispersion compensation using alternating chirp signal for installation of high-speed transmission systems (2002)

Proposes a simple automatic chromatic dispersion compensation system that can detect the zero-dispersion point of an installed fiber span. This technique realizes high sensitivity without requiring the system to be extensively modified. The alternating chirp signal, which is used as the zero-dispersion-detection signal, has alternating optical frequency shift. It can be generated simply by changing the input signals of multiplexer circuits and shifting the bias voltage of the LiNbO/sub 3/ modulator. This technique is shown to detect the zero-dispersion point in the range of -600 to +600 ps/nm by using the signal modulated at 10 GHz; automatic dispersion compensation is successfully demonstrated in a 20-Gb/s, 400-km transmission experiment in our laboratory. Compensation is also demonstrated in 281-km-installed dispersion-shifted fiber using a 20-GHz alternating chirp signal.
Flow Studies in Canine Artery Bifurcations Using a Numerical Simulation Method (1992)

Three-dimensional flows through canine femoral bifurcation models were predicted under physiological flow conditions by solving numerically the time-dependent three-dimensional Navier-stokes equations. In the calculations, two models were assumed for the blood, those of (a) a Newtonian fluid, and (b) a non-Newtonian fluid obeying the power law. The blood vessel wall was assumed to be rigid this being the only approximation to the prediction model. The numerical procedure utilized a finite volume approach on a finite element mesh to discretize the equations, and the code used (ASTEC) incorporated the SIMPLE velocity-pressure algorithm in performing the calculations. The predicted velocity profiles were in good qualitative agreement with the in vivo measurements recently obtained by Jones et al. The non-Newtonian effects on the bifurcation flow field were also investigated, and no great differences in velocity profiles were observed. This indicated that the non-Newtonian characteristics of the blood might not be an important factor in determining the general flow patterns for these bifurcations, but could have local significance. Current work involves modeling wall distensibility in an empirically valid manner. Predictions accommodating these will permit a true quantitative comparison with experiment.
The Emphasis of Telephone Medicine in Pediatric Training Programs (1985)

Parents frequently call their children's physicians as an alternative to office visits. A telephone conversation with a pediatrician may obviate the need for a visit by providing the parent with the information necessary to successfully manage the child's condition at home. To accomplish this, the physician must be capable of obtaining a reliable history by telephone; however, concern has been raised about pediatric residents' abilities to do so.<sup>1-4</sup>Diagnoses made and advice rendered by telephone have medical and legal implications for pediatric training programs. In addition, the ability of a resident to communicate effectively with parents by telephone is an extension of his or her ability to communicate effectively when parents are present. Communication skills can be learned, which implies that they can be taught. A medical-social skill that can be taught should be included in the curriculum of a pediatric training program. However, many programs have not emphasized this
GLP-1 receptor agonists: a review of head-to-head clinical studies (2014)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are attractive options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) because they effectively lower A1C and weight while having a low risk of hypoglycemia. The GLP-1 RA class has grown in the last decade with several agents available for use in the US and Europe and several more in development. Since the efficacy and tolerability, dosing frequency, administration requirements, and cost may vary between agents within the class, each agent may offer unique advantages and disadvantages. Through a review of phase III clinical programs for exenatide twice daily, exenatide once weekly, liraglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, and dulaglutide, eight head-to-head trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of GLP-1 RA active comparators. The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of these trials. The GLP-1 RA head-to-head clinical studies have demonstrated that all GLP-1 RA agents are effective therapeutic options at reducing A1C. However, differences exist in terms of magnitude of effect on A1C and weight as well as frequency and severity of adverse effects.
Algorithm 761: Scattered-data surface fitting that has the accuracy of a cubic polynomial (1996)

An algorithm for smooth surface fitting for scattered data has been presented. It has the accuracy of a cubic polynomial in most cases and is a local, triangle-based algorithm.
Air-Induced <i>anti</i>-Markovnikov Addition of Secondary Phosphine Oxides and H-Phosphinates to Alkenes (2006)

[reaction: see text] Air (oxygen) induces the addition of secondary phosphine oxides and H-phosphinates to alkenes to selectively produce the corresponding anti-Markovnikov adducts in good to high yields. Mechanistic studies show that the addition probably proceeds via a radical chain mechanism.
Polarization-mode dispersion measurements along installed optical fibers using gated backscattered light and a polarimeter (2000)

We describe two new techniques that utilize a polarimeter for studying the state of polarization of gated Rayleigh backscattered or Fresnel backreflected light along optical fibers in real time on the Poincare sphere. The first method, using Rayleigh backscattered light, is here applied to measure the accumulation of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) along an 11.5 km section of installed fiber link. With a simplified configuration, the second technique is developed and applied for measuring the PMD of individual fiber subsections in a 37 km long link. This is achieved by using the Fresnel-reflections which arise from the fiber connectors that join the link.
HgCdTe photoconductive detector array (1980)

An Hg <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</inf> Cd <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</inf> Te photoconductive array of 200 elements has been developed. The array has uniform detectivity and the mean value of D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sup> (12 µm, 1000, 1) field of view (FOV) 50° at 77 K is 3.2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> cm. Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> . W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . The array was successfully fabricated under severe control of thermal flow during crystallization, carrier control by doping of indium impurity, and assembly of four chips each with 50 elements.
Effects of Chitosan on<i>Candida albicans</i>: Conditions for Its Antifungal Activity (2013)

The effects of low molecular weight (96.5 KDa) chitosan on the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans were studied. Low concentrations of chitosan, around 2.5 to 10 μ g·mL(-1) produced (a) an efflux of K(+) and stimulation of extracellular acidification, (b) an inhibition of Rb(+) uptake, (c) an increased transmembrane potential difference of the cells, and (d) an increased uptake of Ca(2+). It is proposed that these effects are due to a decrease of the negative surface charge of the cells resulting from a strong binding of the polymer to the cells. At higher concentrations, besides the efflux of K(+), it produced (a) a large efflux of phosphates and material absorbing at 260 nm, (b) a decreased uptake of Ca(2+), (c) an inhibition of fermentation and respiration, and (d) the inhibition of growth. The effects depend on the medium used and the amount of cells, but in YPD high concentrations close to 1 mg·mL(-1) are required to produce the disruption of the cell membrane, the efflux of protein, and the growth inhibition. Besides the findings at low chitosan concentrations, this work provides an insight of the conditions required for chitosan to act as a fungistatic or antifungal and proposes a method for the permeabilization of yeast cells.
A 92.5mW 205MS/s 10b Pipeline IF ADC Implemented in 1.2V/3.3V 0.13&#x003BC;m CMOS (2007)

A 10b 205MS/S IF sampling pipelined ADC is fabricated in 1.2/3.3V 0.13μm CMOS. Power consumption and die area are improved by using single-stage opamps throughout the pipeline chain; digital calibration compensates for the reduced stage gain. Foreground calibration is used to shorten the start-up time and background calibration is used afterwards. The ADC has ENOB of 9.0, ERBW of 330MHz, dissipates 92.5mW, and occupies 0.52mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Monolayer Tissue (1966)

TISSUE culture provides an opportunity to study living cells under defined conditions. Survival following removal from their normal environment requires that cells adapt to the conditions imposed by tissue culture. In the process of adaptation, metabolic and morphologic changes occur abruptly and continue over the course of time. With awareness of the foregoing limitations, tissue culture has been employed widely as a means of studying living cells. Tumors of the central nervous systems grow readily in tissue culture.<sup>1,2</sup>Beginning in October 1962, we attempted to culture all intracranial and intraspinal tumors removed by operation. Monolayer cultures were selected rather than plasma clot cultures because the method is less complicated and duplicate cultures can be prepared in unlimited numbers. The purpose of this paper is to report our experience with monolayer tissue cultures of 125 neural tumors. <h3>Methods</h3> Tumor fragments are implanted within two hours following operative removal, although
Comparison of Different Functionalization Routes for the Fabrication of Enzyme-Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Conjugates (2009)

In this work, various methods to functionalize single wall carbon nanotubes with immobilized enzyme for bioanalytical application were investigated. Several different conjugation methods, including both covalent and noncovalent methodologies, were compared and the resulting enzyme loading and retained activity were evaluated. After enzymatic modification, the addition of amphiphilic molecules to aid in nanotube dispersability was also studies and its effect on enzyme activity determined. Different characterization tools were employed to observe the morphological changes before and after the functionalization, including FTIR, TEM, and AFM. Both the enzyme loading amount and percent retained activity was greatest for modification when the linker molecule 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester was used to form the enzyme-carbon nanotube conjugate. In addition, several possible mechanisms were proposed to explain the loss of enzymatic activity following immobilization. While the addition of amphiphilic surfactant molecules aided in the ultimate dispersability of the carbon nanotubes in aqueous media, enzymatic activity was further decreased.
Increasing the Dissolution Rate of a Low-Solubility Drug Through a Crystalline-Amorphous Transition: A Case Study with Indomethicin (2008)

The purpose of this research is to further the understanding of the crystalline to amorphous phase transition (amorphization) that occurs when some crystalline drugs are dry blended with porous adsorbents. Indomethacin (IMC) and three grades of silica gel (SGs) were used in the study. Amorphization of crystalline IMC occurs rapidly during dry mixing with SG and was independent of mixing intensity and time. Extent of amorphization increases with lower ratios of IMC:SG and with decreased IMC and SG particle size. Blocking H-bonding silanol groups on SG by chemical modification reduced the extent of amorphization. IMC-SG mixtures showed improved dissolution rates over crystalline IMC, the improvement being directly related to the extent of amorphization. To preserve the improved dissolution rate, mixtures should be protected from moisture and heat. This approach holds promise as a mean of improving the dissolution rate of sparingly soluble drugs such as IMC.
Korormicin, an Antibiotic Specific for Gram-negative Marine Bacteria, Strongly Inhibits the Respiratory Chain-linked Na+-Translocating NADH: Quinone Reductase from the Marine Vibrio alginolyticus. (1999)

Marine bacteria require a significant amount of NaCl
Evaluation of hydrocarbon-liquid disposition. Topical report, July 1990-November 1990 (1991)

The report examines the current practice and technology used in natural gas liquids (NGL) extraction in small scale gas processing facilities. The removal of NGLs from a natural gas stream is driven by two factors: (1) hydrocarbon dew point and heating value control; and (2) economic recovery of the NGLs. Wellhead condensates are purchased at a price per barrel adjusted for transportation costs. Water is disposed of by truck at an approximate cost of $1.00 per barrel. Natural gas with a BTU content greater than 1150 normally will require NGL extraction prior to pipeline delivery. NGL recovery, if not required for hydrocarbon dew point or heating value control, must be justified by the value of the liquids exceeding the sum of the following costs: BTU value of the liquids; fuel consumed in the process; operating costs for the plant; and return of the plant investment capital. Liquids are purchased based on component posted prices with the cost of transportation, component fractionation and marketing subtracted. Rich gas in small quantities is normally processed in a straight refrigeration plant. Leaner gas in larger quantities is normally processed in a cryogenic expansion plant. With current technology, there is not sufficient margin to treatmore » lean gases on a small scale.« less
Squaraine Rotaxanes with Boat Conformation Macrocycles (2009)

Mechanical encapsulation of fluorescent, deep-red bis(anilino)squaraine dyes inside Leigh-type tetralactam macrocycles produces interlocked squaraine rotaxanes. The surrounding macrocycles are flexible and undergo rapid exchange of chair and boat conformations in solution. A series of X-ray crystal structures show how the rotaxane co-conformational exchange process involves simultaneous lateral oscillation of the macrocycle about the center of the encapsulated squaraine thread. Rotaxane macrocycles with 1,4-phenylene sidewalls and 2,6-pyridine dicarboxamide bridging units are more likely to adopt boat conformations in the solid state than analogous squaraine rotaxane systems with isophthalamide-containing macrocycles. A truncated squaraine dye, with a secondary amine attached directly to the central C(4)O(2) core, is less electrophilic than the extended bis(anilino)squaraine analogue, but it is still susceptible to chemical and photochemical bleaching. Its stability is greatly enhanced when it is encapsulated as an interlocked squaraine rotaxane. An X-ray crystal structure of this truncated squaraine rotaxane shows the macrocycle in a boat conformation, and NMR studies indicate that the boat is maintained in solution. Encapsulation as a rotaxane increases the dye's brightness by a factor of 6. The encapsulation process appears to constrain the dye and reduce deformation of the chromophore from planarity. This study shows how mechanical encapsulation as a rotaxane can be used as a rational design parameter to fine-tune the chemical and photochemical properties of squaraine dyes.
Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of Organoclay‐Wrapped Biomolecules (2004)

Gift wrapped: Biomolecules can be enveloped within an ultrathin shell of an aminopropyl-functionalized magnesium (organo)phyllosilicate to produce aqueous dispersions of discrete protein–inorganic nanoparticles. Similar procedures but with organoclay oligomers that have pendent long-chain hydrophobic moieties result in self-assembly of the protein–inorganic nanoparticles into higher-order superstructures (see picture). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z53868_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Implantation of Cultured Preadipocyte Using Chitosan/Alginate Sponge (2007)

Alginate was a proven biocompatible biomatrice for cells but it was known not to provide a proper microenvironment needed for the proliferation of cells because of its anionic property, which caused its low affinity for cells. Water-soluble chitosan was well known as wound healing material and it also had cationic property which helped cell-to-matrix adhesion. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of a chitosan/alginate mixed sponge as a scaffold for preadipocytes to serve as a biological implant for soft tissue augmentation. Chitosan/alginate and calcium alginate sponges were made by lyophilizing of alginate with water-soluble chitosan mixture and with calcium chloride mixture, respectively, and those were observed by SEM. Preadipocytes seeded in those sponges were cultured for 2 weeks. In vivo study was designed that chitosan/alginate sponges with and without preadipocytes were implanted subcutaneously into nude mouse. Chitosan/alginate and calcium alginate sponges which had highly porosity and 50-200㎛ pore size. In the chitosan/alginate sponge, the levels of DNA amount were significantly higher than those in calcium alginate sponge (P<0.05). In both groups, they increased progressively with time. On the in vivo study, it was observed that adipose tissue layer in the margin of chitosan/alginate sponge on the 2 weeks after implantation of nude mouse. On the 8 weeks after implantation, thick layer of adipose tissue and neovascularization were observed in the chitosan/alginate sponge. Consequently, chitosan/alginate sponge provided proper microenvironment to human preadipocyte, increased the cell proliferation and maintained the pore that offered neovascularization, so turned out to be effective form of fat transplantation for soft tissue augmentation and reconstruction.
High-quality optical and epitaxial Ge films formed by laser evaporation (1989)

High-quality thin films of Ge were deposited by pulsed laser evaporation of molten Ge. Films deposited on 300 °C substrates showed very smooth morphologies and single-crystal grain structures. Energetic ions in the vapor stream, generated by the laser-induced plasma, were observed to affect nucleation and bulk-film growth. Films deposited on ambient temperature substrates by laser evaporation were denser, harder, and exhibited higher values of refractive index and lower levels of intrinsic stress than the films deposited by thermal evaporation.
Full MIMO Spatial Filtering Approach for Dynamic Range Reduction in Wideband Cognitive Radios (2012)

Wideband cognitive radios (CRs) receive signals from multiple transmitters simultaneously to increase spectrum utilization. Processing a wideband spectrum is challenging due to large dynamic range (DR) of the received signal and required high sampling speed of the ADC. The power consumption of high sampling speed/high-resolution ADCs have been prohibitive for handheld radios. However, in CR applications strong inband signals that pose large DR requirements can be filtered out, since CR needs to detect unused spectrum bands where no signal is present. Spatial domain filtering approaches through use of multiple antennas to reduce DR of the wideband signal are proposed. Algorithms and architectures are developed for vector beamforming (multiple antennas and a single ADC) and full multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) (multiple antennas with an ADC per antenna) analog spatial filters for adaptive interference suppression. Simulation results indicate that for realistic indoor propagation environments the ADC resolution of an analog beamformer can be reduced by 4 bits when the receiver operates at 2 bits/s/Hz, reducing ADC power consumption by approximately 90%. Moreover, simulations indicate that full MIMO analog spatial filter can reduce ADC resolution with over 3 bits per ADC when the receiver operates at 5 bits/s/Hz, reducing ADC power consumption by approximately 85%.
Temperature dependence studies of adriamycin uptake and cytotoxicity. (1987)

In order to learn whether a direct relationship exists between cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of Adriamycin, we have compared the temperature dependencies of these two processes in L1210 cells. We find that the equilibrium concentration of drug taken inside the cells varies smoothly with temperature between 37 degrees C and 0 degree C. Even at 0 degree C, however, there is still measurable uptake of the drug into cells. The cytotoxicity index (cloning in soft agar), on the other hand, does not parallel the uptake temperature dependence. Cytotoxicity rapidly diminishes as the temperature of drug exposure is lowered; at all temperatures below about 20 degrees C, Adriamycin is not active. In contrast, other cytotoxic anticancer drugs like mitomycin C, bleomycin, and ARK 73-21 (a platinum analogue) retain cytotoxic potency at low temperatures. The inability of Adriamycin to kill cells at low temperature persists even at very high drug concentrations where substantial quantities of drug enter the cells. The low temperature impotence is not a result of inoperative enzymes which could metabolize Adriamycin to an alkylating species or electron donor to oxygen, since NADH and NADPH dependent reductase activities show linear Arrhenius behavior with no indication of low temperature inactivity. Using purified L1210 plasma membranes with bound Adriamycin as a fluorescence polarization probe, we find evidence of a phase change in the cell surface occurring at the same temperature as the loss of biological activity (approximately equal to 20 degrees C). We conclude that Adriamycin induced cytotoxicity is not dictated solely by uptake, in apparent contradiction with mechanisms requiring an intracellular target. Moreover, the loss of cytotoxicity below 20 degrees C appears to be linked to a structural change in the cell surface membrane, supporting a role other than transport for this membrane in transducing Adriamycin action.