gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two approaches for introduction of wheat straw lignin into rigid polyurethane foams (2014)

In present work the BIOLIGNIN{trade mark, serif} obtained in the result of wheat straw organosolv processing in CIMV pilot plant (France) was investigated as a component of rigid polyurethanes (PUR) foam systems. Different separate approaches of lignin introduction into PUR foam system were studied: as filler without chemical preprocessing and as liquid lignopolyol obtained by lignin oxypropylation in alkali conditions. The incorporation of increasing amount of lignin as filler into reference PUR foam systems on the basis of mixture of commercial polyethers Lupranol 3300 and Lupranol 3422 steadily decreased the compression characteristics of foams, their dimensional stability and hydrophobicity. The complete substitution of Lupranol 3300 by lignopolyol increases its cell structure uniformity and dimensional stability and does not reduce the physical-mechanical properties of foam. In both cases the incorporation of lignin into PUR foam leads to the decreasing of maximum values of thermodegradation rates. The lignin filler can be introduced into lignopolyol based PUR foam in higher quantity than in the reference Lupranol based PUR without reduction of compression characteristics of material. In this work the optimal lignin content in the end product - PUR foam as both polyol and filler is 16%.
Malaria Mosquitoes Attracted by Fatal Fungus (2013)

Insect-killing fungi such as Beauveria bassiana are being evaluated as possible active ingredients for use in novel biopesticides against mosquito vectors that transmit malaria. Fungal pathogens infect through contact and so applications of spores to surfaces such as walls, nets, or other resting sites provide possible routes to infect mosquitoes in and around domestic dwellings. However, some insects can detect and actively avoid fungal spores to reduce infection risk. If true for mosquitoes, such behavior could render the biopesticide approach ineffective. Here we find that the spores of B. bassiana are highly attractive to females of Anopheles stephensi, a major anopheline mosquito vector of human malaria in Asia. We further find that An. stephensi females are preferentially attracted to dead and dying caterpillars infected with B. bassiana, landing on them and subsequently becoming infected with the fungus. Females are also preferentially attracted to cloth sprayed with oil-formulated B. bassiana spores, with 95% of the attracted females becoming infected after a one-minute visit on the cloth. This is the first report of an insect being attracted to a lethal fungal pathogen. The exact mechanisms involved in this behavior remain unclear. Nonetheless, our results indicate that biopesticidal formulations comprising B. bassiana spores will be conducive to attraction and on-source visitation by malaria vectors.
Structural Analysis of Ag–In–Sb–Te Phase-Change Material (2002)

The Ag–In–Sb–Te system is widely used for phase-change discs such as compact disc rewritable (CD-RW) and rewritable digital versatile disc (DVD+RW). To clarify the effect of Ag and In in the Ag–In–Sb–Te system, we studied the local structure of Ag–In–Sb–Te phase-change material by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The results suggest that the existence of Ag contributes to the thermal stability of amorphous marks and existence of In contributes to high-speed phase-change.
The People Versus Corporate Welfare: North Carolina's Forsaken Opportunity to Reverse Perversion of the Commerce Clause and to Reinvigorate the Public Purpose Doctrine (2010)

This Article neither espouses judicial intervention in any political controversy nor offers "broad" and "sweeping" constitutional theories. Instead, this Article is calculated to recognize the efforts of taxpayers who have resorted to the very constitutional rights afforded to them as citizens and taxpayers to challenge governmental acts which are repugnant to the very foundations of our society and to encourage the judiciary to fulfill its duty to reject legislation which is contrary to the state or federal constitution. As the North Carolina Supreme Court stated in the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Maxwell case: "The principle of equal rights to all, and special privileges to none, is fundamental . . ." This Article first addresses briefly the appropriateness of judicial review of taxpayer challenges to corporate welfare packages in Part I, analyzes the Commerce Clause flaws in targeted tax incentives packages in Part II, and discusses one state's declaration of the constitutional infirmity of corporate welfare in Part III.
PASSIVE AND SEMI-PASSIVE SEAT BELTS FOR INCREASED OCCUPANT SAFETY (1972)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Developments leading to passive seat belts are discussed. A problem in semantics is identified, and a distinction is drawn between “passive” and “semi-passive” seat belts.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A low-injury passive seat belt precursor is described, having a continuous webbing loop for lap and shoulder belt and an emergency-locking retractor. The seat belt system indicates potential for improving upon present seat belt systems, and with identifiable modifications, being converted into a passive occupant restraint configuration, and being later modified to provide 40-mph crash survival capability.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"><div class="graphic-wrapper"><img class="article-image" src="720438_fig0001.jpg" alt="No Caption Available"/></div></div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"><div class="graphic-wrapper"><img class="article-image" src="720438_fig0002.jpg" alt="No Caption Available"/></div></div>
Low-Surface-Energy Fluoromethacrylate Block Copolymers with Patternable Elements (1999)

A series of block polymers were synthesized from tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate (THPMA) and several fluorinated methacrylates. By changing both the length of the fluorinated side chain and the nature of its end group, the surface properties of these polymers were greatly influenced. The polymers with perfluoroheptyl groups showed the lowest surface tension, ∼7 mN/m, whereas those with perfluoropropyl groups showed surface tension around 12 mN/m. The surface tension changed dramatically when the perfluorinated side chain with a CF2H end group was capped, increasing to 18 mN/m for three −CF2− units. The relative volume ratios of different block copolymers did not affect the resulting surface energy. After thermal decomposition of labile THP− groups in these polymers, acid and acid anhydride groups were produced. Thermal cross-linking of these groups increased mechanical robustness and led to better surface stability and adhesion of the polymer to the substrate. Because these polymers were designed for their lithographic abilities, some aspects of their photoimaging properties are discussed.
T Antigen Expression in Benign Hyperplasia and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate (With 1 color plate) (1987)

The status of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen), in histological sections of human hyperplasia (30 cases) and adenocarcinoma (45 cases) of the prostate, was investigated by the immunohistochemical method. All benign prostatic hyperplasias were negative for T antigen but positive for cryptic T antigen after neuraminidase digestion. Of the 45 cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate, 27 (60%) were positive for T antigen, 13 (29%) were negative for T antigen but positive for cryptic T antigen, and 5 (11%) were negative T and cryptic T antigens. The status of T antigen was found to be correlated with the histological grade and bone metastasis. However, there was statistically no definitive correlation between the status of T antigen and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Isolated redox centers within microporous environments. 2. Vanadium-containing aluminophosphate molecular sieve five (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolated redox centers within microporous environments. 2. Vanadium-containing aluminophosphate molecular sieve fiveConsuelo. Montes, Mark E. Davis, Brendan. Murray, and Mysore. NarayanaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 16, 6431–6435Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100379a050https://doi.org/10.1021/j100379a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Introduction: (2008)

Abstract Constructivism in mathematics is usually said to have its origin in the reaction of Leopold Kronecker, the great 19th-century German mathematician, to the rise of Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor's set theory. This is in a sense misleading: Kronecker was not so much the first constructivist as the greatest representative at the time of a tradition of algebraists which includes Isaac Newton, Pierre de Fermat, Leonhard Euler, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, Jacques Charles Francois Sturm – all responsible, as Kronecker was, for the discovery of powerful algorithms – and which has continued since with names such as Adolf Hurwitz, Denes Konig, and Francis Macaulay. Kronecker obtained deep results in arithmetic of modular functions and the theory of elliptic functions with complex multiplication which turned out to be of fundamental importance for 20th-century mathematics. This fact is known to mathematicians.
Varied line-space gratings and applications (invited) (1992)

This paper presents a straightforward analytical and numerical method for the design of a specific type of varied line-space grating system. The mathematical development will assume plane or nearly plane spherical gratings that are illuminated by convergent light, which covers many interesting cases for synchrotron radiation. The gratings discussed will have straight grooves whose spacing varies across the principal plane of the grating. Focal relationships and formulas for the optimal grating-pole-to-exit-slit distance and grating radius previously presented by other authors will be derived with a symbolic algebra system. It is intended to provide the optical designer with the tools necessary to design such a system properly. Finally, some possible advantages and disadvantages for application to synchrotron radiation beamlines will be discussed.
Targeting early changes in the synovial microenvironment: a new class of immunomodulatory therapy? (2018)

Early changes in the synovial microenvironment contribute to RA progression; blocking proinflammatory signals from the matrix can ameliorate experimental arthritis. These data highlight a new drug class that could offer early, disease-specific immune modulation in RA, without engendering global immune suppression.
Natural immunodominant and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-protective determinants within the lewis rat V?8.2 sequence include CDR2 and framework 3 idiotopes (1996)

The V beta 8.2-39-59 peptide has served as a prototypic natural regulatory idiotope in Lewis rats developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The purpose of the present study was to determine if additional regulatory regions were contained within the V beta 8.2 sequence expressed by most encephalogenic T cells. A comprehensive strategy utilizing V beta 8+ hybridomas, a recombinant (r) V beta 8.2 molecule, and overlapping synthetic V beta 8.2 peptides reconfirmed the natural recognition of the 39-59 idiotope, and revealed a second immunodominant and EAE-protective determinant residing within residues 71-90. Both the V beta 8.2-39-59 and V beta 8.2-71-90 peptides were immunogenic, and each was recognized after immunization of Lewis rats with V beta 8+ cells or rV beta 8.2, indicating the preservation of these epitopes during the processing of the V beta 8.2 chain. Moreover, both epitopes were recognized naturally by T cells from rats developing or recovering from EAE that had never been purposefully immunized with V beta 8.2 peptides or rV beta 8.2. Of additional interest, the V beta 8.2-31-50 peptide was recognized by T cells from some rats immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) alone. This peptide possessed mildly protective activity against EAE and thus could account for sporadic reports of CFA interference in EAE.
A Practical Approach of Continuous Processing to High Energetic Nitration Reactions in Microreactors (2003)

Continuous processing in microreactors represents a novel way for the safe and expedient conduct of high energetic reactions and potentially hazardous chemistry. Apart from handling benefits (such as minimised problems in the scale-up process), reactions in microreactors proceed under precisely controlled conditions providing improved yields and product quality compared to the batch procedure. In this paper, the potential of this technology is exemplarily determined in the crucial nitration of the pharmaceutically relevant intermediate 1-methyl-3-propyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (1). Further fundamental nitration examples demonstrate the unproblematic handling of hazardous H2SO4/HNO3 mixtures for the nitration of 2-methylindole (4) and pyridine-N-oxide (6) or even the explosive acetyl nitrate Ac2O/HNO3 (nitration of toluene, 8) in the continuous reaction mode.
Ballistic Magnetoresistance in Nanocontacts (2000)

Tesis doctoral inédita leida en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada.Fecha de lectura: 19-05-2000
Anterior Cervical Fusion Using a Polyetheretherketone Cage Containing a Bovine Xenograftp (2008)

As applied in anterior cervical fusion, the cage incorporated with the xenograft prevented donor-site morbidity and provided successful fusion.
Estimating downward cross‐tropopause ozone flux using column ozone and potential vorticity (2002)

A new method of estimating the downward ozone flux across the midlatitude tropopause is introduced. The algorithm derives the estimate from total column ozone observations. Vertical information is given by analysis potential vorticity fields. This method yields an annual estimate of 500 ± 140 Tg yr −1 stratospheric injection of ozone into the northern hemisphere, midlatitude troposphere. The downward ozone flux exhibits the expected spring maximum and autumn minimum. The annual distribution of the cross‐tropopause ozone transport by latitude is consistent with the seasonal frequency and distribution of baroclinic systems. This algorithm also produces localized results and can thus be applied to a single case or global studies.
Coincidence Device of 10−8−10−9 Second Resolving Power (1948)

A coincidence device for use in nuclear experimentation is described. The radiation detectors are secondary electron multiplier tubes of high resolving power and these are connected to a variation of the Rossi-type coincidence circuit. The resolving time for coincidence appears to be of the order of 10−8 to 10−9 sec.
A new VLSI memory cell using DMOS technology (DMOS cell) (1982)

A high-density dynamic memory cell using DMOS technology (DMOS cell) is proposed. A DMOS cell consists of an n-channel DMOSFET as a read gate and a p-channel MOSFET as a write gate with extensive node sharing. Since n-DMOSFET threshold state is nondestructively detected, the readout signal voltage is almost invariant to scaling. The cell area, which is made small by using two polysilicon layers and self-aligned structure, is about 50 percent of the conventional one-transistor memory cell area. An analytic model for DMOS cell readout voltage is proposed. From this model, the optimum DMOS cell structure, which gives more than 0.7-V readout voltage with 2-µm channel length, is found for 5-V power supply operation. Experimental data support this model. A 7-µA readout current per 1-µm channel width is obtained for 400-Å gate oxide test cell. The complete memory operation is confirmed with a 2 × 2 test cell array.
Possible Involvement of Minor Lysophospholipids in the Increase in Plasma Lysophosphatidic Acid in Acute Coronary Syndrome (2014)

Specific LPA species, especially long-chain unsaturated LPA, were elevated in ACS patients, along with the corresponding minor lysophospholipids. The elevation of these LPA species might be mainly caused by presently unidentified LPA-producing pathway(s). Minor lysophospholipids might be involved in the generation of LPA, especially 22:6 LPA, and in the pathogenesis of ACS.
Quantitative measurement of size and three-dimensional position of fast-moving bubbles in air-water mixture flows using digital holography (2010)

We present a digital in-line holographic imaging system for measuring the size and three-dimensional position of fast-moving bubbles in air-water mixture flows. The captured holograms are numerically processed by performing a two-dimensional projection followed by local depth estimation to quickly and efficiently obtain the size and position information of multiple bubbles simultaneously. Statistical analysis on measured bubble size distributions shows that they follow lognormal or gamma distributions.
On the heating of output windows of microwave tubes by electron bombardment (1961)

An account is given of an experimental investigation of the behavior of output windows, the particular type chosen for study being the cylindrical type in a cavity resonator. By feeding microwave power into the cavity and measuring electric field and the heat dissipated in the window and in the metal walls, a non-linear window-heating effect was discovered above a certain critical field strength. In this condition, watts dissipated at the window vary as the fifth or higher power of the electric field strength and the resulting thermal stresses may easily destroy it. Further experiments were performed on various modifications of the original structure in order to isolate and study the phenomena responsible for the heating. Some of these tests were made using an axial magnetic field. It was found that there are two distinct mechanisms of heating, one requiring the presence of the magnetic field and the other one not requiring it. Both involve energy exchange between the electric field and the window by free electrons which dance on the window surface synchronously with the alternating field and multiply by a secondary emission or multipactor process above a certain field strength. The critical field strength may be greatly reduced by the presence of contaminating films on the dielectric surface, and may be greatly increased by suitable surface treatment. It is shown that these effects are not restricted to cylindrical windows but will tend to occur at any dielectric surface in vacuum if the tangential RF field is strong enough.
A fragmented aperture-coupled microstrip antenna (2008)

This paper summarizes an effort to obtain a wideband aperture-coupled fragmented microstrip antenna. The antenna is modeled as a 2.5D structure, and is optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). The realistic physical feed, a microstrip-fed slot, is also included in the optimization process.
RPRep: A Robust and Privacy-Preserving Reputation Management Scheme for Pseudonym-Enabled VANETs (2016)

Establishing trust and reputation for evaluation of message reliability is key to the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Most of the previous reputation management systems focus on the effectiveness of the reputation management system in handling the liars who send false service messages. However, these reputation management systems have two drawbacks. One is that they are vulnerable to tactical attacks such as self-promoting attacks and bad-mouthing attacks. The other is that they may violate location privacy because they assume every vehicle communicates with a unique ID. Our research particularly investigates the robustness against these tactical attacks, as well as the preservation of privacy by integrating trust management with the pseudonym technique. To resist the tactical attacks in VANETs, we present a reputation model which builds both service reputation and feedback reputation. Moreover, we apply the information entropy and the majority rule to the reputation accumulation algorithms to counter false feedback. To defend the reputation link attack during pseudonym changes, we propose hidden-zone strategy and k-anonymity strategy. The simulation results show that our scheme is robust to these tactical attacks and preserves privacy against the reputation link attack during the pseudonym changes.
Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs. (2000)

Insulin transported from plasma into the central nervous system (CNS) is hypothesized to contribute to the negative feedback regulation of body adiposity. Because CNS insulin uptake is likely mediated by insulin receptors, physiological interventions that impair insulin action in the periphery might also reduce the efficiency of CNS insulin uptake and predispose to weight gain. We hypothesized that high-fat feeding, which both reduces insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and favors weight gain, reduces the efficiency of insulin uptake from plasma into the CNS. To test this hypothesis, we estimated parameters for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) insulin uptake and clearance during an intravenous insulin infusion using compartmental modeling in 10 dogs before and after 7 weeks of high-fat feeding. These parameters, together with 24-h plasma insulin levels measured during ad libitum feeding, also permitted estimates of relative CNS insulin concentrations. The percent changes of adiposity, body weight, and food intake after high-fat feeding were each inversely associated with the percent changes of the parameter k1k2, which reflects the efficiency of CNS insulin uptake from plasma (r = -0.74, -0.69, -0.63; P = 0.015, 0.03, and 0.05, respectively). These findings were supported by a non-model-based calculation of CNS insulin uptake: the CSF-to-plasma insulin ratio during the insulin infusion. This ratio changed in association with changes of k1k2 (r = 0.84, P = 0.002), body weight (r = -0.66, P = 0.04), and relative adiposity (r = -0.72, P = 0.02). By comparison, changes in insulin sensitivity, according to minimal model analysis, were not associated with changes in k1k2, suggesting that these parameters are not regulated in parallel. During high-fat feeding, there was a 60% reduction of the estimated CNS insulin level (P = 0.04), and this estimate was inversely associated with percent changes in body weight (r = -0.71, P = 0.03). These results demonstrate that increased food intake and weight gain during high-fat feeding are associated with and may be causally related to reduced insulin delivery into the CNS.