gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Nuclear Import by Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell Extracts Is Dependent on Protein Kinase Activity (1995)

We previously reported that both the nuclear import rate of large karyophilic gold particles and the functional size of the pores are significantly greater in simian virus 40-transformed fibroblasts (the SV-T2 cell line) than in nontransformed BALB/c 3T3 cells. In this study, we found that cytosolic fractions obtained from SV-T2 cultures can increase nuclear transport capacity (both import rate and pore size) when microinjected into BALB/c 3T3 cells. The transport-enhancing function of the extracts can be abolished by the protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine and K252a as well as 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine and protein phosphatase 2A, which, although less specific, also interfere with kinase activity. Increases in transport capacity of the same magnitude as that produced by the SV-T2 extracts were obtained by microinjecting protein kinase A or C or recombinant mitogen-activated protein kinase. These data provide further support for the interpretation that the enhancer is a protein kinase. From experiments performed with specific kinase inhibitor peptides, it appears likely that protein kinase C is the active factor in the SV-T2 cytosolic fractions; however, this will require further verification. It was also determined, by using gold particles coated with bovine serum albumin conjugated to synthetic nuclear localization signal peptides that lacked phosphorylation sites, that the enhancer affects the transport machinery rather than the activity of the nuclear localization signals.
A solids-free brine drilling fluid system for coiled tubing drilling (2018)

There are many problems associated with coiled tubing drilling operations, such as great circulation pressure loss inside pipe, difficulties in weight on bit (WOB) transferring, and high probability of differential sticking. Aiming at these problems, solids-free brine drilling fluid system was developed on the basis of formulation optimization with brine base fluid experiment, which was evaluated and applied to field drilling. Based on the optimization of flow pattern regulator, salt-resisting filtrate reducer, high performance lubricant and bit cleaner, the basic formula of the solids-free brine drilling fluid system was formed: brine + (0.1%−0.2%) NaOH + (0.2%−0.4%) HT-XC + (2.0%−3.0%) YLJ-1 + (0.5%−2.0%) SDNR + (1.0%−2.5%) FT-1A + (1.0%−5.0%) SD-505 + compound salt density regulator. Lab evaluation showed that the fluid had satisfactory temperature resistance (up to 150 °C), excellent cuttings tolerance (up to 25%), and strong inhibition (92.7% cuttings recovery); Moreover, its lubrication performance was similar to that of all oil-based drilling fluid. The wellbore could be fairly cleaned at annular up-flow velocity of more than 0.8 m/s if the ratio of yield point to plastic viscosity was kept above 0.5. This fluid system has been applied in the drilling of three coiled tubing sidetracking wells in the Liaohe Oilfield, during which the system was stable and easy to adjust, resulting in excellent cuttings transportation, high ROP, regular hole size, and no down hole accidents. In summary, the solids-free brine drilling fluid system can meet the technical requirements of coiled tubing drilling.
Bruce #2: Hotel Bruce (2018)

Bruce has four goose-babies that readers met in Mother Bruce, and like any good parent he heads South with them for the winter. He has a huge surprise waiting for him when he arrives home. Three mice have turned his wonderful home into a hotel. The nerve of some rodents! Drama ensues when Bruce tries to reclaim his home and his baby geese who have become the hotel's bell hops. Bruce's soft heart relents when his goose-babies spy the mice outside in the rain. No more guests, though!
Filament to filament bridging and its influence on developing high critical current density in multifilamentary Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>CaCu<sub>2</sub>O<sub><i>x</i></sub>round wires (2009)

Increasing the critical current density (Jc) of the multifilamentary round wire Ag/Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox(2212) requires understanding its complicated microstructure, in which extensive bridges between filaments are prominent. In this first through-process quench study of 2212 round wire, we determined how its microstructure develops during a standard partial-melt process and how filament bridging occurs. We found that filaments can bond together in the melt state. As 2212 starts to grow on subsequent cooling, we observed that two types of 2212 bridges form. One type, which we call Type-A bridges, forms within filaments that bonded in the melt; Type-A bridges are single grains that span multiple bonded filaments. The other type, called Type-B bridges, form between discrete filaments through 2212 outgrowths that penetrate into the Ag matrix and intersect with other 2212 outgrowths from adjacent filaments. We believe the ability of these two types of bridges to carry inter-filament current is intrinsically different: Type-A bridges are high- Jc inter-filament paths whereas Type-B bridges contain high-angle grain boundaries and are typically weak linked. Slow cooling leads to more filament bonding, more Type-A bridges and a doubling of Jc without changing the flux pinning. We suggest that Type-A bridges create a 3D current flow that is vital to developing high Jc in multifilamentary 2212 round wire.
Fast Initialization of Equalizers for VSB-Based DTV Transceivers in Multipath Channel (2005)

This paper proposes a fast initialization technique for equalization of 8-VSB-based digital television (DTV) signal in severe multipath channels. We consider the use of a modified decision feedback equalizer (MDFE) , for fast initialization. The feedback filter (FBF) of the MDFE can be initialized simply by estimating the channel impulse response and only the feedforward filter (FFF) of the MDFE need training for initialization. To overcome the shortage of the training sequence in the VSB DTV signal, we propose a new initialization method by generating a virtual training signal to initialize the FFF of the MDFE. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can fast initialize the equalizer using less than 5000 symbols, while providing the receiver performance comparable to that of conventional schemes.
Candid No. 1 Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Vaccine Protects against Lethal Junin Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques (1992)

The protective efficacy of Candid No. 1, a live-attenuated vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), was evaluated in non-human primates. Twenty rhesus macaques immunized 3 months previously with graded doses of Candid No. 1 (16-127, 000 PFU), as well as 4 placebo-inoculated controls, were challenged with 4.41 log10 PFU of virulent P3790 strain Junin virus. All controls developed severe clinical disease; 3 of 4 died. In contrast, all vaccinated animals were fully protected; none developed any signs of AHF during a 105-day follow-up period. Viremia and virus shedding were readily detected in all placebo-vaccinated controls, while virus could be recovered only once (by amplification) from throat swabs of 2 Candid No. 1 vaccinees on day 21. Vigorous secondary-type neutralizing and immunofluorescent antibody responses were seen in most vaccinees that had received 3 log10 PFU Candid No. 1 or fewer; all others, including those receiving 127,200 PFU, maintained relatively stable titers during follow-up. Candid No. 1 was highly immunogenic and fully protective against lethal Junin virus challenge in rhesus macaques, even at extremely low (16 PFU) vaccine doses.
Antibodies of different human IgG subclasses show distinct patterns of affinity maturation after immunization with keyhole limpet haemocyanin. (1990)

The functional affinities of antibodies of different IgG subclasses were measured in normal individuals during the primary, secondary and tertiary immune responses to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). IgG1 responses showed marked affinity maturation between Days 7 and 21 after primary and by Day 7 after secondary and subsequent immunizations, correlating with an expansion of high-affinity antibody populations. When present, IgG2 responses were of low titre but high functional affinity with no change in response to immunization and may represent a T-independent cross-reacting response with a carbohydrate epitope of KLH. IgG3 responses were variable but generally of low titre and low functional affinity, although those of higher titre and affinity were associated with secondary delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and clinical reactions to KLH. In contrast to IgG1, IgG4 antibodies were not detected until 1 year after primary immunization, when they were found at low titre but high functional affinity. Following secondary immunization, IgG4 titres increased rapidly but without any further increase in affinity. The emergence of high-affinity IgG4 antibodies coincided with a loss of the high-affinity IgG1 populations, suggesting a preferential switch with time from high-affinity IgG1 antibodies to IgG4.
Hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation induced damage to normal and tumor tissue of the pigmented rabbit eye (1984)

Cytotoxicity induced by hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) photoradiation in both normal and experimental tumor tissue of pigmented rabbit eyes has been examined. In addition, documentation of HpD induced fluorescence in ocular structures has also been obtained. Acute normal ocular tissue toxicity studies demonstrated that HpD (1-10 mg HpD/kg) followed 48 hours later by a transpupil irradiation of red light (635 nm, 36-90 J/cm2) resulted in demarcated areas of retinal damage. Long term (chronic) toxicity studies have shown that the initial damage to the retina was permanent but that no damage to the cornea, lens or vitreous could be observed during a 16 month follow-up. Visual and histological documentation have been obtained, following HpD photoradiation therapy (PRT), in rabbit eyes having heterotransplanted single nodule amelanotic melanomas. A toxic effect characterized by tumor blanching, edema and hemorrhage was observed within 24 hours of treatment. Histological examination obtained 24 hours following HpD PRT illustrated massive tumor tissue necrosis and vascular disruption. HpD PRT at clinically relevant doses was also shown to be effective in selectively curing the highly malignant amelanotic iris melanoma. It is concluded that HpD PRT may prove to be an effective modality for treating certain ocular tumors.
Kinetic evidence related to substrate‐assisted catalysis of family 18 chitinases (2004)

The hydrolytic reaction of family 18 chitinase has been considered to occur via substrate assisted catalysis. To kinetically investigate the enzyme reaction mechanism, we synthesized compounds designed to reduce the polarization of the carbonyl in N-acetyl group, GlcNAc-GlcN(TFA)-UMB (2) and GlcNAc-GlcN(TAc)-UMB (3). Kinetic parameters in the hydrolysis of these compounds by chitinase A from Serratia marcescens (ChiA) were compared with those from the hydrolysis of (GlcNAc)2-UMB (1). The kcat of 2 was 3.4% of 1, but the Km of 2 was 10-fold that of 1. In contrast, the kcat of 3 was only 0.3% of that of 1, and the two reactions had an identical Km. The drastic decreases in kcat were probably due to the weak nucleophilic activity of the C2-N-trifluoroacetamide and N-thioacetamide groups at reducing ends of compounds 2 and 3, respectively. These results indicate that the anchimeric assistance of the C2 N-acetamide group at GlcNAc plays a key role in the hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by family 18 chitinases.
Pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 disrupts the female germline epigenome (2018)

Together, these data demonstrate that drugs targeting EZH2 significantly affect the germline epigenome and, based on genetic models with oocyte-specific loss of EZH2 function, are likely to affect outcomes in offspring.
A comparison of a two layer metal system built with selective CVD W plugs and elevated temperature, sputtered Al(Cu) (2003)

Summary form only given. Advanced ULSI circuits require minimum features <or=1.0 mu m to maximize packing density. In addition, metal line pinches must be approximately 2.0 mu m and vias <or=1.0 mu m with straight walls. Thicker interlevel dielectrics for capacitance reduction mean that the aspect ratio (height/width) of vias must be approximately 1.0. These high aspect ratios greatly reduce the step coverage of sputtered metal causing two potential problems: (1) increased via resistance and (2) sources of reliability failure. To study these issues, the authors used a double-level metal vehicle with a range of metal 1 pitch of 1.75-3.0 mu m, a metal 2 pitch range of 3.0-4.5 mu m, and a range of via sizes from (0.75 mu m)/sup 2/ to (1.5 mu m)/sup 2/. The via chains using W to achieve an approximately 100% via fill had excellent results. All chains were continuous and the average resistance/via was 0.33, 0.19 and 0.13 Omega for the (0.75 mu m)/sup 2/, (1.0 mu m)/sup 2/, and (1.25 mu m)/sup 2/ via chains, respectively. The standard deviation across a wafer in each case was less than 2%. When the Wfills were 75% on the smallest vias the step coverage from 325 degrees C sputtered AlCu was poor; causing some opens and an increase in the mean and standard deviation of the Omega /via. On larger vias with same percent fill, the chains were continuous, but the resistance was greater than for the 100% fills. This is an issue when the vias have different depths due to underlying topography.<<ETX>>
Towards a Clean World (2002)

In all its many manifestations, economic crime remains a threat to civilisation.
Open-loop gain limitations for push-pull off-chip drivers (1987)

Open-loop gain limitations are described for a novel type of off-chip driver (OCD). This OCD uses feedback to make the output signal track an internal ramp. By gain adjustment, the driver impedance is matched to the output transmission line.
Automatic Discovery of Subgoals in Reinforcement Learning using Diverse Density (2001)

This paper presents a method by which a rein-forcement learning agent can automatically dis-cover certain types of subgoals online. By creat-ing useful new subgoals while learning, the agent is able to accelerate learning on the current task and to transfer its expertise to other, related tasks through the reuse of its ability to attain subgoals. The agent discovers subgoals based on common-alities across multiple paths to a solution. We cast the task of finding these commonalities as a multiple-instance learning problem and use the concept of diverse density to find solutions. We illustrate this approach using several gridworld tasks. 1.
Visualizing topography by openness: A new application of image processing to digital elevation models (2002)

A new parameter, here termed openness, expressing the degree of dominance or enclosure of a location on an irregular surface, is developed to visualize topographic character. Openness is an angular measure of the relation between surface relief and horizontal distance. For angles less than 90, it is equivalent to the internal angle of a cone, its apex at a DEM location, constrained by neighboring elevations within a specified radial distance. Openness incorporates the terrain line-of-sight, or viewshed, concept and is calculated from multiple zenith and nadir angles-here along eight azimuths. Openness has two viewer perspectives. Positive values, expressing openness above the surface, are high for convex forms, whereas negative values describe this attribute below the surface and are high for concave forms. Openness values are mapped by gray-scale tones. The emphasis of terrain convexity and concavity in openness maps facilitates the interpretation of landforms on the Earth's surface and its seafloor, and on the planets, as well as features on any irregular surface-such as those generated by industrial
Polarization splay as the origin of modulation in the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>smectic phases of bent-core molecules (2008)

We report a generalized scenario for the formation of modulated smectic phases of bent-core molecules based on locally ferroelectric layering and spontaneous splay of the polarization. Twelve phases are proposed, distinguished by neighboring splay stripes with either syn- or antiorder of the polarization and undulation slope, in addition to layer continuity versus layer discontinuity at the intervening defects. We outline the experimental techniques necessary to differentiate among the phases and interpret previous results in the present context, using high resolution x-ray scattering diffraction and block and undulation models of the layer organization to distinguish among the three 2D lattice types which emerge.
On the insensitivity of single field planar dosimetry to IMRT inaccuracies (2010)

Deconstruction of an IMRT plan for field-by-field QA requires complex analysis methods such as the gamma function. Distance to agreement, a component of the gamma function, has clinical relevance in a composite plan but when applied to individual, highly modulated fields, it can mask important dosimetric errors. While single field planar dosimetry may comprise one facet of an effective QA protocol, gamma analysis of single field measurements is insensitive to important dosimetric inaccuracies of the overall plan.
Highly selective GC stationary phases consisting of binary mixtures of polymeric ionic liquids (2009)

GC stationary phases composed of binary mixtures of two polymeric ionic liquids (PILs), namely, poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (poly(ViHIm-NTf(2)))/poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium) chloride (poly(ViHIm-Cl)) and poly(1-vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (poly(ViHDIm-NTf(2)))/poly(1-vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium) chloride (poly(ViHDIm-Cl)), were evaluated in terms of their on-set bleed temperature and separation selectivity. A total of six neat or binary PIL stationary phases were characterized using the solvation parameter model to investigate the effects of the polymeric cation and anion and PIL composition on the system constants of the resulting stationary phases. The hydrogen bond basicity of the mixed poly(ViHIm-NTf(2))/poly(ViHIm-Cl) stationary phases was enriched linearly with the increase in the poly(ViHIm-Cl) content. Results revealed that tuning the composition of the stationary phase allowed for fine control of the retention factors and separation selectivity for alcohols and carboxylic acids as well as selected ketones, aldehydes, and aromatic compounds. A reversal of elution order was observed for particular classes of analytes when the weight percentage of the chloride-based PIL was increased.
Tracer kinetic parametric imaging in PET (2005)

Dynamic PET image acquisition is combined with tracer kinetic modeling techniques to produce quantitative estimates of physiological parameters on the regional or voxel level. Current and future challenges in this area are explored. As the resolution of PET scanners improves, correction for subject motion during the long acquisition periods must be applied. Direct measurement of an appropriate input function for the models is being replaced by image-based analyses. Development of improved, rapid parameter estimation algorithms is necessary to assure unbiased parametric images with low statistical noise. Finally, direct incorporation of the kinetic model into the reconstruction process is likely to be the ultimate path for production of tracer kinetic parametric images for PET.
Chaperone-like effects of cell-permeant ligands on opioid receptors (2009)

The number of cell surface opioid receptors reflects a delicate balance between biosynthesis pathway and endocytosis pathway. The post-activation endocytic events such as internalization, recycling and degradation have been well-documented; however, only a few studies have been conducted on the regulatory events occurring along the protein biosynthesis pathway, including protein folding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export, ER-associated degradation, vesicular trafficking and membrane targeting and insertion. Accumulated in vitro evidence has demonstrated that expression of the opioid receptors, either wild-type or mutated, is subject to regulation by prolonged treatment with cell-permeant ligands that exert their regulatory effects post-transcriptionally. These hydrophobic ligands, both agonists and antagonists, were found to act in the ER like ER-resided molecular chaperones to positively affect stability, folding efficiency and/or ER export rate of newly-synthesized receptor proteins. Moreover, a number of observations demonstrated that long-term opioid antagonists up-regulated the receptors in vivo, in accord with the in vitro findings. Potential therapeutic applications of the chaperone-like function of opioid ligands are discussed.
Aminoglycoside Therapy of Gram-Negative Bacillary Meningitis (1975)

The distribution of aminoglycosides in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space was examined after intralumbar, intraventricular, and systemic administration during seven episodes of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Six episodes were associated with culture proved ventriculitis. Parenteral therapy with gentamicin or tobramycin produced low concentrations of aminoglycoside (less than 1.0 mug/ml) in the lumbar, ventricular, and cisternal CSF. Administration of 5 to 10 mg of aminoglycoside into the lumbar intrathecal space resulted in 27-81 mug/ml in the lumbar CSF, but 0-2.1 mug/ml in the ventricular CSF. In contrast, aminoglycoside administered into the cerebral ventricles produced concentrations in the lumbar CSF of 11.5-27.5 mug/ml and ventricular CSF of 12.8-40 mug/ml. All six episodes treated via the ventricular route resulted in a bacteriologic cure. Intraventricular administration of aminoglycosides offers a reliable means of achieving high aminoglycoside concentrations throughout the subarachnoid space.
Ternary Quartic approach for positive 4th order diffusion tensors revisited (2009)

In Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D-MRI), the 2nd order diffusion tensor has given rise to a widely used tool - Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). However, it is known that DTI is limited to a single prominent diffusion direction and is inaccurate in regions of complex fiber structures such as crossings. Various other approaches have been introduced to recover such complex tissue micro-geometries, one of which is Higher Order Cartesian Tensors. Estimating a positive diffusion function has also been emphasised mathematically, since diffusion is a physical quantity. Recently there have been efforts to estimate 4th order diffusion tensors from Diffusion Weighted Images (DWIs), which are capable of describing crossing configurations with the added property of a positive diffusion function. We take up one such, the Ternary Quartic approach, and reformulate the estimation equation to facilitate the estimation of the non-negative 4th order diffusion tensor. With our modified approach we test on synthetic, phantom and real data and confirm previous results.