gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of carrier concentration and compensation microprofiles in GaAs (1980)

Simultaneous microprofiling of semiconductor free carrier, donor, and acceptor concentrations was achieved for the first time from the absolute value of the free carrier absorption coefficient and its wavelength dependence determined by ir absorption in a scanning mode. Employing Ge- and Si-doped melt-grown GaAs, striking differences were found between the variations of electron concentration and those of ionized impurity concentrations. These results showed clearly that the electronic characteristics of this material are controlled by amphoteric doping and deviations from stoichiometry rather than by impurity segregation.
Fetal nucleated red blood cells from CVS washings: an aid to development of first trimester non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis (2001)

Fetal nucleated red blood cells (n-rbc) occur in the maternal circulation from 7 weeks of pregnancy. The enrichment of these cells from maternal blood will depend upon their stage of differentiation, which changes during development. We characterised the fetal n-rbc from chorionic villus sample (CVS) washings and used them to model first trimester non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. The ratio of ε- to γ-globin-producing cells declined rapidly from 10 to 13 weeks, as did the ratio of nucleated to non-nucleated rbc. By 13 weeks the great majority of cells containing γ- or ε-globin are anucleate. The fetal n-rbc were highly variable in size and density and sedimented over a wide density range with a high proportion (>80%) at a density overlapping with that of maternal rbc. We have devised an enrichment procedure using Orskoff lysis to differentially lyse the maternal cells followed by density centrifugation and separation using magnetic beads. This simple protocol allowed recovery of 70% (69±22%) of fetal cells when added at approximately 10 fetal cells/ml maternal blood. When 1 fetal cell/ml millilitre maternal blood was added (total volume 10 ml) the recovery was more variable but remained at approximately 70% (72±47%), with at least one fetal cell recovered in all cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molybdenum complexes of aliphatic thiols. Isolation and characterization of two isomeric forms of the redox active binuclear molybdenum(V) anion, di-.mu.-sulfido-bis(sulfido-1,2-dimercaptoethanato)molybdate(2-)) (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolybdenum complexes of aliphatic thiols. Isolation and characterization of two isomeric forms of the redox active binuclear molybdenum(V) anion, di-.mu.-sulfido-bis(sulfido-1,2-dimercaptoethanato)molybdate(2-))Glenn Bunzey, John H. Enemark, John K. Howie, and Donald T. SawyerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 12, 4168–4170Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1977https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00454a052RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (390 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Computer security literacy: staying safe in a digital world (2013)

Computer users have a significant impact on the security of their computer and personal information as a result of the actions they perform (or do not perform). Helping the average user of computers, or more broadly information technology, make sound security decisions, Computer Security Literacy: Staying Safe in a Digital World focuses on practical security topics that users are likely to encounter on a regular basis. Written for nontechnical readers, the book provides context to routine computing tasks so that readers better understand the function and impact of security in everyday life. The authors offer practical computer security knowledge on a range of topics, including social engineering, email, and online shopping, and present best practices pertaining to passwords, wireless networks, and suspicious emails. They also explain how security mechanisms, such as antivirus software and firewalls, protect against the threats of hackers and malware. While information technology has become interwoven into almost every aspect of daily life, many computer users do not have practical computer security knowledge. This hands-on, in-depth guide helps anyone interested in information technology to better understand the practical aspects of computer security and successfully navigate the dangers of the digital world.
Activation of Androgen Receptor Function by a Novel Nuclear Protein Kinase (1998)

Androgen receptor (AR) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and mediates the biological actions of male sex steroids. In this work, we have characterized a novel 130-kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase ANPK that interacts with the zinc finger region of AR in vivo and in vitro. The catalytic kinase domain of ANPK shares considerable sequence similarity with the minibrain gene product, a protein kinase suggested to contribute to learning defects associated with Down syndrome. However, the rest of ANPK sequence, including the AR-interacting interface, exhibits no apparent homology with other proteins. ANPK is a nuclear protein that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. Its overexpression enhances AR-dependent transcription in various cell lines. In addition to the zinc finger region, ligand-binding domain and activation function AF1 of AR are needed, as the activity of AR mutants devoid of these domains was not influenced by ANPK. The receptor protein does not appear to be a substrate for ANPK in vitro, and overexpression of ANPK does not increase the extent of AR phosphorylation in vivo. In view of this, it is likely that ANPK-mediated activation of AR function is exerted through modification of AR-associated proteins, such as coregulatory factors, and/or through stabilization of the receptor protein against degradation.
High-frequency amplification and generation in charge injection devices (1986)

Room-temperature high-frequency measurements on a three-terminal amplifying device based on real-space hot-electron transfer between two conducting layers separated by a potential barrier have been performed. The devices grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition utilize a novel undoped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure which, through its dramatically reduced parasitic leakage compared to previous structures, permits, for the first time, operation as a charge injection transistor. The charge injection transistor exhibits true three-terminal amplification due to real-space hot-electron transfer controlled by electron temperature in a high mobility channel. The device demonstrates power and current gains with cut-off frequencies of 9.8 and 29 GHz, respectively, with maximum current gain of 39 dB. In the negative resistance transistor mode, the same device was found capable of microwave generation up to 7.7 GHz. The frequency response of our device is shown to be limited by RC in the output circuit and methods for improvement of the cut-off frequency are discussed.
A Gold Micro-Reference Electrode for Impedance and Potential Measurements in Lithium Ion Batteries (2016)

Impedance measurements of lithium-ion batteries are a powerful tool to investigate the electrolyte/electrode interface. To separate the contributions of anode and cathode to the full-cell impedance, a reference electrode is required. However, if the reference electrode is placed inappropriately, the impedance response can easily be biased and lead to erroneous conclusions. In this study, we present a novel micro-reference electrode for Swagelok-type T-cells which is suitable for long-term impedance and reference potential measurements. The reference electrode consists of a thin insulated gold wire, which is placed centrally between cathode and anode and is in-situ electrochemically alloyed with lithium. The resulting lithium-gold alloy reference electrode shows remarkable stability (>500 h) even during cycling or at elevated temperatures (40 C). The accuracy of impedance measurements with this novel reference electrode is carefully validated. Further, we investigate the effect of different vinylene carbonate (VC) contents in the electrolyte on the charge transfer resistance of LFP/graphite full cells and demonstrate that the ratio of VC to active material, rather than the VC concentration, determines the impedance of the anode SEI.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)— risks and benefits (2001)

Despite 50 years of use, the first large randomized placebocontrolled clinical trials of postmenopausal hormone treatment and disease have only been reported in the last few years. These trials provided some surprising results, and raise questions about the short-term risk and long-term benefit of estrogen. Because clinical trials are the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine, this paper emphasizes clinical trial results whenever such are available. Clinical trials have shown that estrogen therapy is very effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats), 1 which can begin several years before the last menstrual period when hormone levels are fluctuating. 2 Clinical trials have also shown that estrogen can reduce vaginal dryness and urethritis, and that topical estrogen is at least as effective as systemic estrogen. 3 The big questions about hormone therapy are not about short-term use for vasomotor symptoms or topical use for urogenital symptoms, but about long-term systemic use with its possible benefits, such as prevention of fractures, heart disease, colon cancer, or dementia, and risks, most notably breast and uterine cancer. 4
Millimeter and Submillimeter Oscillators Using Resonant Tunneling Diodes with Stacked-Layer Slot Antennas (2004)

We proposed and fabricated a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillator using a stacked-layer slot antenna toward terahertz range. The proposed antenna is formed with a slot of SiO2 sandwiched between metal layers on a semiconductor substrate. This structure is convenient in obtaining small diffracted radiation and also in extracting most of the output into the air side, compared with conventional slot antennas directly formed on the substrate with high refractive index. Using this antenna integrated with GaInAs/AlInAs RTD on InP substrate, an oscillation at 254 GHz was demonstrated. Theoretical analysis of the oscillation frequency estimated from the admittances of the RTD and antenna is in good agreement with the measurement. Oscillation in the terahertz range is expected by reducing the antenna length and by optimizing the RTD structure.
One‐Step Synthesis of Zn to Single‐Phase Nanocrystalline ZnO by Solid–Liquid Reaction Ball Milling Assisted by Ultrasonic Wave (2010)

Single‐phase ZnO nanoparticles were successfully prepared by solid–liquid reaction ball milling assisted by ultrasonic wave. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. By the comparison of the as‐milled products with and without the help of ultrasonic wave, it is found that ultrasonic wave is a key factor promoting the transformation from Zn(OH) 2 to ZnO. Based on hot‐spot theory, the formation mechanism of the single‐phase ZnO nanoparticles under ultrasonic wave assistance is determined.
Insecticidal Peptide from Mungbean:  A Resistant Factor against Infestation with Azuki Bean Weevil (1996)

A resistant factor from a strain (TC1966) of wild mungbean (Vigna radiata var. sublobata) active against the azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis) was genetically transferred into a susceptible cultivar. The resulting strain (BC20F4) tolerated an infestation by C. chinensis. The ethanol extract of BC20F4 inhibited larval growth. Vignatic acid A (1) was isolated and evaluated as one of the inhibitors present in BC20F4. Structure 1 was determined to be a cyclopeptide alkaloid composed of l-tyrosine, 3(S)-hydroxyl-l-leucine, l-phenylalanine, and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid by FAB-HRMS, DQF-FGCOSY, FG-HMQC, FG-HMBC, and NOE-DF. This compound is the first example of an insecticidal cyclopeptide alkaloid base of plant origin. Keywords: Mungbean; Vigna radiata; azuki bean weevil; Callosobruchus chinensis; azuki bean; Vigna angularis; vignatic acid; cyclopeptide alkaloid
Glutathione transferases in herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible black-grass (<i>Alopecurus myosuroides</i>) (1997)

Glutathione transferase (GST) activities toward the selective herbicide fenoxaprop-ethyl, together with thiol contents, have been compared in seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and two populations of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) which are resistant to a range of herbicides (Peldon and Lincs E1), and a black-grass population which is susceptible to herbicides (Rothamsted). GST activities toward the non-cereal herbicides metolachlor and fluorodifen were also determined. On the basis of enzyme specific activity, GST activities toward fenoxaprop-ethyl in the leaves were in the order wheat>Peldon=Lincs E1>Rothamsted, while with fluorodifen and metolachlor the order was Peldon=Lincs E1>Rothamsted>wheat. Using an antibody raised to the major GST from wheat, which is composed of 25-kDa subunits, it was shown that the enhanced GST activities in both Peldon and Lincs E1 correlated with an increased expression of a 25-kDa polypeptide and the appearance of novel 27-kDa and 28-kDa polypeptides. Leaves of both wheat and black-grass contained glutathione and hydroxymethylglutathione, with the concentrations of glutathione being in the order Peldon>Lincs E1=Rothamsted=wheat. However, in glasshouse dose-response assays, the Lincs E1 population showed much greater resistance to fenoxaprop-ethyl than Peldon. We conclude that high GST activities and the availability of glutathione may contribute partially to the relative tolerance of black-grass to herbicides detoxified by glutathione conjugation. Although herbicide-resistant populations show enhanced GST expression, in the case of fenoxaprop-ethyl the associated increased detoxifying activities alone cannot explain the differences between populations in the degree of resistance seen at the whole plant level. ©1997 SCI
Two metal‐binding sites in a lead ribozyme bound to competitively by Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> (1998)

We reported recently that a lead ribozyme with modified bases cleaved at an additional site at high Pb2+ concentrations (>0.1 mM), and that the cleavage at a canonical site was enhanced nearly fourfold at the optimum combination of Pb2+ and Mg2+ concentrations [Kim, M. H., Katahira, M., Sugiyama, T. & Uesugi, S. (1997) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 122, 1062-1067]. Here we have identified two metal-binding sites (sites 1 and 2) of the lead ribozyme at the residue level by NMR. Both sites are located in an asymmetric internal loop of the lead ribozyme. Site 1 is composed of residues of an enzyme strand and site 2 of residues of a substrate strand. The two sites are bound to competitively by Pb2+ and Mg2+. It was revealed that at certain Pb2+ and Mg2+ concentrations, site 1 is occupied by Pb2+ and site 2 is occupied by Mg2+. The dependency of the cleavage at the canonical and other sites on the Pb2+ and Mg2+ concentrations is interpreted by considering the species of metal ions bound to the two sites. It is suggested that the addition of the two metal ions produces similar and different effects on the structure of the lead ribozyme, and the two metal ions have a synergistic effect on the structure.
Constellation Optimization in the Presence of Strong Phase Noise (2013)

In this paper, we address the problem of optimizing signal constellations for strong phase noise. The problem is investigated by considering three optimization formulations, which provide an analytical framework for constellation design. In the first formulation, we seek to design constellations that minimize the symbol error probability (SEP) for an approximate ML detector in the presence of phase noise. In the second formulation, we optimize constellations in terms of mutual information (MI) for the effective discrete channel consisting of phase noise, additive white Gaussian noise, and the approximate ML detector. To this end, we derive the MI of this discrete channel. Finally, we optimize constellations in terms of the MI for the phase noise channel. We give two analytical characterizations of the MI of this channel, which are shown to be accurate for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios and phase noise variances. For each formulation, we present a detailed analysis of the optimal constellations and their performance in the presence of strong phase noise. We show that the optimal constellations significantly outperform conventional constellations and those proposed in the literature in terms of SEP, error floors, and MI.
Ratiometric Optical Sensing of Chloride Ions with Organic Fluorophore–Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids: A Systematic Study of Design Parameters and Surface Charge Effects (2010)

Colloidal nanoparticles are often stabilized by high surface charges. These create an electrical potential that may strongly affect the concentration of dissolved ions, which presents a formidable problem for the use of nanoparticles in ion-sensing applications. This effect is investigated systematically with organic fluorophore-gold nanoparticle hybrids, which have a chloride-sensitive fluorophore attached at varying distances from their surface. The distance-dependent fluorescence response is quantitatively assessed using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in Germany: hepatitis B or liver cirrhosis? (1988)

In a retrospective study, 42 out of 44 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma were investigated immunohistochemically for chronic hepatitis B infection. Surface antigen was found in the liver tissue of only 4 of these cases. In 41 of the patients, mildly to moderately active cirrhosis of the liver was found to be underlying the carcinoma. The age distribution and case histories showed that hepatocellular carcinoma often developed from low-complication cirrhosis of long standing and of various etiologies, and must thus be considered a late complication of cirrhosis.
Recent Progress On the Role of Axl, A Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, in Malignant Transformation of Myeloid Leukemias (1997)

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play an important role in the signal transduction of normal and malignant cells. There are different families of RTKs which are mainly characterized by differences in the ligang-binding extracellular domains. Axl (or UFO/Ark) is the first member of a new class of RTK with two fibronectin type III domains and two immunoglobulin-like domains present at the extracellular domain. The axl-gene has been isolated by means of gene transfection studies using DNA of patients with chronic myelogeneous leukemia. For a previous and the present study, we used a sensitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay to detect axl's mRNA in cells from normal and malignant hematopoietic tissue. Axl's mRNA expression was mainly detected in myelo-monocytic cells, whereas much weaker transcription was seen in lymphatic cells and in lymphatic leukemias. In normal bone marrow, axl was heavily transcribed in marrow stromal cells. Further, we analysed Axl protein expression using monoclonal antibody M50 in peripheral stem cell harvests; in most harvests, no co-expression of CD34 and Axl was detected. However, in one patient with AML in complete remission, Axl was co-expressed on 80% of the CD34-positive population. These data show that axl is preferentially expressed in monocytes and stromal cells. Furthermore, a fraction of CD34-positive progenitor cells may express Axl. The exact mechanism for transformation of myeloid progenitor cells through Axl, however, remains to be determined.
Cu(I)-Catalyzed Diamination of Disubstituted Terminal Olefins: An Approach to Potent NK<sub>1</sub> Antagonist (2009)

This paper describes a diamination process using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as nitrogen source and CuCl as catalyst. A wide variety of disubstituted terminal olefins can be efficiently diaminated in good yields under mild condition. This diamination process was used to synthesize potent NK(1) antagonist Sch 425078.
Proposal for a modified grading system based on mitotic index and Bcl2 provides objective determination of clinical outcome for patients with breast cancer (2010)

We hypothesized that the interaction between mitotic index (M) and Bcl2 could accurately discriminate between low- and high-grade breast cancer (BC) and provide a more objective measure of clinical outcome than histological grade, especially for patients with intermediate histological grade (G2), small size or oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cancers. A well-characterized series of 1650 BCs with long-term follow-up was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Bcl2. Mitotic index (M) was assessed according to Nottingham Grading System (NGS) guidelines: M1: < 10 mitoses; M2: 10-18 mitoses; M3: > 18 mitoses. Results were validated in an independent series of patients (n = 245) uniformly treated with adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Subsequently, BCs were classified according to the combined M/Bcl2 profile and compared with NGS. Multivariate Cox regression models using validated prognostic factors demonstrated that the subgroups defined by M/Bcl2 profile remained significantly associated with patients' outcome but also performed better than lymph node status and tumour size. Incorporation of the M/Bcl2 profile into the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) reclassified twice as many patients into the excellent prognosis group, potentially improving decision-making and sparing patients unneeded systemic adjuvant therapy. Patients with M2-3/Bcl2- and M3/Bcl2+ (high risk) had a two- to three-fold increased risk of recurrence when treated with either adjuvant hormone therapy or anthracycline-based chemotherapy compared with those with M1/Bcl2 ± and M2/Bcl2+ (low risk) [HR = 3.4 (2.8-5.6); p < 0.0001 and HR = 2.3 (1.2-4.3); p = 0.0009]. In conclusion, a grading system defined by mitotic counting and Bcl2 expression accurately reclassified patients with NGS-G2, small tumour size or ER-negative cancers into two groups: low risk (NGS-G1-like) versus high risk (NGS-G3-like) of BC mortality and recurrence, improving prognosis and therapeutic planning.
Value Assessment of the Lake Honghu Wetland and Protection of Its Biodiversity (2002)

Mono- and diglycerides play an important role in the metabolism of plants and animals. They are usually constitutive elements of complex mixtures and are not always as main components, which considerably hinder the identification of these analytes. This work communicates about a synthesis of a wide range of esters of glycerol and aliphatic C(6)-C(20) acids and presents gas chromatographic characteristics of 32 compounds in the form of the most reproducible parameters-linear-programmed retention indices on high-performance capillary columns with non-polar stationary phases. The article also presents mass spectra for a series of those glycerides which were not characterized earlier by these parameters.