gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TOUGH2 User's Guide Version 2 (1999)

TOUGH2 is a numerical simulator for nonisothermal flows of multicomponent, multiphase fluids in one, two, and three-dimensional porous and fractured media. The chief applications for which TOUGH2 is designed are in geothermal reservoir engineering, nuclear waste disposal, environmental assessment and remediation, and unsaturated and saturated zone hydrology. TOUGH2 was first released to the public in 1991; the 1991 code was updated in 1994 when a set of preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers was added to allow a more efficient solution of large problems. The current Version 2.0 features several new fluid property modules and offers enhanced process modeling capabilities, such as coupled reservoir-wellbore flow, precipitation and dissolution effects, and multiphase diffusion. Numerous improvements in previously released modules have been made and new user features have been added, such as enhanced linear equation solvers, and writing of graphics files. The T2VOC module for three-phase flows of water, air and a volatile organic chemical (VOC), and the T2DM module for hydrodynamic dispersion in 2-D flow systems have been integrated into the overall structure of the code and are included in the Version 2.0 package. Data inputs are upwardly compatible with the previous version. Coding changes were generally kept to a minimum, and were only made as needed to achieve the additional functionalities desired. TOUGH2 is written in standard FORTRAN77 and can be run on any platform, such as workstations, PCs, Macintosh, mainframe and supercomputers, for which appropriate FORTRAN compilers are available. This report is a self-contained guide to application of TOUGH2 to subsurface flow problems. It gives a technical description of the TOUGH2 code, including a discussion of the physical processes modeled, and the mathematical and numerical methods used. Illustrative sample problems are presented along with detailed instructions for preparing input data.
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Cognitive Function and Protein Expression of A<i>β</i>, p-Tau, and PSD95 after Extracorporeal Circulation Operation in Aged Rats (2018)

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a kind of serious neurologic complications and dexmedetomidine has a certain effect on POCD. However, functional mechanism of dexmedetomidine on POCD still remains unclear, so the research mainly studied the effect of dexmedetomidine on cognitive function and protein expression in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex cerebrospinal fluid after extracorporeal circulation operation in aged rats. We Found that, compared with POCD group, the cognitive function was improved in POCD + Dex group. We speculate that dexmedetomidine could improve the cognitive function after extracorporeal circulation operation in aged rats and A<i>β</i>, p-Tau, and PSD95 protein might have contributed to this favorable outcome.
Band offsets and chemical bonding: the basis for heterostructure applications (1996)

The unifying concept underlying all heterostructure physics is the idea that energy gap variations act as quasi-electric forces on the electrons and holes in the structure, even in the absence of a true electric field. They give the device designer a new degree of freedom in designing structures exhibiting phenomena fundamentally unobtainable in homostructures. A useful classification of heterostructures is by lineup type, distinguishing straddling, staggered and broken-gap lineups. Examples of each type are discussed. The possible combinations of two or more semiconductors into a heterostructure are constrained by bonding considerations, both with regard to bond length compatibility (lattice matching) and valence compatibility. In quantized structures, strain may be a deliberate design element. The industrial impact of heterostructure devices is likely to be dominated by the large economic system leverage they tend to provide, more than by manufacturing volumes approaching those of mainstream silicon technology - with the possible exception of LEDs.
Mechano-transduction of DNA hybridization and dopamine oxidation through electrodeposited chitosan network (2006)

While microcantilevers offer exciting opportunities for mechano-detection, they often suffer from limitations in either sensitivity or selectivity. To address these limitations, we electrodeposited a chitosan film onto a cantilever surface and mechano-transduced detection events through the chitosan network. Our first demonstration was the detection of nucleic acid hybridization. In this instance, we electrodeposited the chitosan film onto the cantilever, biofunctionalized the film with oligonucleotide probe, and detected target DNA hybridization by cantilever bending in solution (static mode) or resonant frequency shifts in air (dynamic mode). In both detection modes, we observed a two-order of magnitude increase in sensitivity compared to values reported in literature for DNA immobilized on self-assembled monolayers. In our second demonstration, we coupled electrochemical and mechanical modes to selectively detect the neurotransmitter dopamine. A chitosan-coated cantilever was biased to electrochemically oxidize dopamine solution. Dopamine's oxidation products react with the chitosan film and create a tensile stress of approximately 1.7 MPa, causing substantial cantilever bending. A control experiment was performed with ascorbic acid solution. It was shown that the electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid does not lead to reactions with chitosan and does not change cantilever bending. These results suggest that chitosan can confer increased sensitivity and selectivity to microcantilever sensors.
Design procedure for low cost, low mass, direct drive, in-wheel motor drivetrains for electric and hybrid vehicles (2011)

Direct drive, in-wheel motors are ideal for electric and hybrid vehicles because the packaging of the drivetrain is so simple, because drivetrain losses are eliminated, and because individual wheel control improves handling and safety. In applications where cost is not a constraint, e.g. solar car racing, direct drive, in-wheel motors are the norm. In-wheel motors are also regularly demonstrated in concept vehicles. However, in-wheel motors are not used for production vehicles because of their high cost and high-unsprung mass. This paper describes a project that addresses these issues through the use of a novel, multiple-airgap, axial-flux, switched-reluctance motor with optimized packaging and low cost electronics. The emphasis of the paper is on how to design the system as a whole.
Under Scrutiny: Computers In Collections Management (1989)

D. Andrew Roberts. editor 1988 Collections Management for Museums: Proceedings of an International Conference Held In Cambridge, England. 26‐29 September 1987, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Museum Documentation Association. 237 pp., hardbound. 31 pounds (British)
Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. (1996)

Pressure overload induces cardiac growth in the rat, which implies the hypertrophy of cardiac muscle cells and proliferation of nonmuscle cells. The cardiac cell loss observed in parallel has generally been attributed to necrosis. Using an in situ assay, we demonstrated a phase of apoptosis or programmed cell death during the first 7 d after pressure overload with a peak at day 4 while cardiac growth continued for over 30 d. The increase in apoptosis was confirmed by quantification of 180-1500-bp DNA oligonucleosomes with agarose gel electrophoresis and in situ labeling via 3'-terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay. While some apoptosis was observed in the basal state in nonmuscle cells, pressure overload induced apoptosis mainly in cardiomyocytes. These data suggest that cardiac hypertrophy is initiated by a wave of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Thus, apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of heart remodeling.
Effect of Intravenous Streptokinase on Left Ventricular Function and Early Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction (1987)

In a double-blind trial of streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction, 219 consecutive patients presenting with infarction within four hours (mean, 3.0 +/- 0.8) of the onset of chest pain were randomly assigned to treatment with streptokinase (1.5 million units) or placebo, given intravenously over 30 minutes. The primary end point of the study was left ventricular function in patients with first infarctions. Patients who could undergo beta-blockade also received intravenous propranolol. Heparin (for 48 hours) and a combination of low-dose aspirin and dipyridamole were administered to both groups until cineangiography was performed at three weeks. In the patients with first infarctions treated with streptokinase, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 6 percentage points higher (streptokinase vs. placebo, 59 +/- 10.5 vs. 53 +/- 13.5 percent; P less than 0.005), with benefit to patients with either anterior infarction (57 +/- 11.9 vs. 49 +/- 15.9 percent; P less than 0.05) or inferior infarction (60 +/- 9.1 vs. 55 +/- 11.3 percent; P less than 0.05). Left ventricular function was improved regardless of whether concomitant propranolol was given. Survival (at 30 days) was improved with streptokinase: 2 deaths occurred among 79 patients who received this drug, as compared with 12 deaths among 93 patients who received placebo (2.5 vs. 12.9 percent, P = 0.012). Rates of reinfarction (streptokinase vs. placebo, 3 vs. 1 percent) and requirements for surgery or angioplasty (7 vs. 5 percent) were similar in the two groups. We conclude that administration of intravenous streptokinase (1.5 million units) to patients with a first myocardial infarction results in improved left ventricular function and short-term survival.
Gly460Trp polymorphism of the ADD1 gene and essential hypertension in an Indian population: A meta-analysis on hypertension risk (2010)

We found that the Gly460Trp polymorphism is not a risk factor for essential hypertension in a south Indian Tamilian population. However, the role of ADD1 polymorphism may not be excluded by a negative association study. Further, large and rigorous case-control studies that investigate gene-gene-environment interactions may generate more conclusive claims about the molecular genetics of hypertension.
A data distortion by probability distribution (1985)

This paper introduces data distortion by probability distribution, a probability distortion that involves three steps. The first step is to identify the underlying density function of the original series and to estimate the parameters of this density function. The second step is to generate a series of data from the estimated density function. And the final step is to map and replace the generated series for the original one. Because it is replaced by the distorted data set, probability distortion guards the privacy of an individual belonging to the original data set. At the same time, the probability distorted series provides asymptotically the same statistical properties as those of the original series, since both are under the same distribution. Unlike conventional point distortion, probability distortion is difficult to compromise by repeated queries, and provides a maximum exposure for statistical analysis.
Synthesis of Lumisterol (2008)

The 1.5 g·L-1 ergosterol ethanol solution was irradiated by 20W UVA sunlamps under the condition of(5±2)℃ to synthesize the lumisterol,and the reaction was monitored by HPLC.The result demonstrated that the yield of lumisterol was up to 50% at 3 h.Then the product was separated and purified to get 4.6mg of lumisterol by column chromatography using alumina as an absorbent and n-hexane-ethyl acetate(2∶1,v/v) as a developing solvent.Its melting point of 117～119 ℃ was consistent with literature.
Flexible‐Device Injector with a Microflap Array for Subcutaneously Implanting Flexible Medical Electronics (2018)

Implantable electronics in soft and flexible forms can reduce undesired outcomes such as irritations and chronic damages to surrounding biological tissues due to the improved mechanical compatibility with soft tissues. However, the same mechanical flexibility also makes it difficult to insert such implants through the skin because of reduced stiffness. In this paper, a flexible-device injector that enables the subcutaneous implantation of flexible medical electronics is reported. The injector consists of a customized blade at the tip and a microflap array which holds the flexible implant while the injector penetrates through soft tissues. The microflap array eliminates the need of additional materials such as adhesives that require an extended period to release a flexible medical electronic implant from an injector inside the skin. The mechanical properties of the injection system during the insertion process are experimentally characterized, and the injection of a flexible optical pulse sensor and electrocardiogram sensor is successfully demonstrated in vivo in live pig animal models to establish the practical feasibility of the concept.
A Model of Intelligent Information Retrieval Using Fuzzy Tolerance Relations Based on Hierarchical Co-Occurrence of Words (2000)

This chapter treats a problem in connection with automatic indexing and retrieval of documents where it cannot be guaranteed that the user queries in-clude the actual words that occur in the documents that should be retrieved. Fuzzy tolerance and similarity relations will be presented and the notion of hierarchical co-occurrence is defined that allows the introduction of two or more hierarchical categories of words in the documents. If the query is based on a single keyword it is possible to extend the query to the compatibility (or equivalence) class of the queried word. So, directly matching documents can be retrieved, or a class of matching words established by some sample document collection and then docu-ments matching with words in this latter class can be retrieved. Various methods of search and retrieval will be proposed and illustrated, with the intention of real application in legal document collections.
Efficacy of Oxymetazoline Eye Drops in Non-Infectious Conjunctivitis, the Most Common Cause of Acute Red Eyes (1997)

Oxymetazoline (OMZ) is an alpha-adrenergic agonist which causes potent vasoconstriction in various tissues. Thus, its effects on red eye conjunctivitis induced by histamine and arachidonic acid were tested in rabbit eyes. It was found that a brief conjunctivitis induced by 0.01% of histamine can be eliminated effectively by 0.001, 0.004, and 0.016% of OMZ. The long lasting conjunctivitis induced by 0.3% arachidonic acid can also be markedly reduced by 0.004, 0.008, and 0.016% of OMZ. These results indicate that OMZ is a potent, long acting decongestant for conjunctival red eye syndrome.
Direct Measurement of the “Giant” Adiabatic Temperature Change in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Gd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1999)

Direct adiabatic temperature change as well as magnetic measurements were carried out on two different samples of ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$ composition for which calculations predicted a ``giant'' magnetocaloric effect (MCE). While magnetic measurements well reproduce published values, serving the basis for the predictions, direct adiabatic temperature change measurements show a significantly smaller MCE. The discrepancy can be interpreted on the basis of the thermodynamics of first order magnetic transitions.
ABRASION OF GUIDE MATERIALS BY DELUSTRED NYLON YARN (1962)

The cutting itction of nylon yarn delustred with various pigments has been studied using a microscope to measure the wear sears produced in metal foils. The effects of the following were studied: yarn tension, yarn angle, yarn speed, the amount and type of deluslrant, the particle size of the delustrant, the nature and thickness of the specimen and the direction of the yarn. Friction at the cutting surface was measured and it was found that, under the conditions of the experiment, wear and friction have little relationship with one another. A model of the abrading yarn surface is proposed and discussed.
Addendum to “Scalable Secure Storage when Half the System is Faulty” (2004)

Introduction. We consider the following problem. A file of size s bits is to be stored on n disks. Our failure model assumes that a potentially malicious adversary may choose after the file is stored less than half of the disks, and arbitrarily alter the data they store. The adversary is constrained in its computation power, which is assumed to be polynomial. Note that this disk-corruption model is different from the classical fault model for error correcting codes, in which individual bits experience faults independently. The goal is to store the file on the disks in such as way that recovery of the file is possible despite the corruption with high probability, where probability is over the choices of data alterations made by the adversary. With guaranteed correct recovery, standard methods from coding theory indicate a lower bound of sn total storage bits (on all disks together). However, if we allow negligible probability of error, more compact schemes are possible (see a survey of known approaches in [1]). More concretely, the probabilistic relaxation of recovery guarantee allows the use of a cryptographically secure hash function, such as the conjectured collision-resistant hash function SHA-1 [7], in order to probabilistically fingerprint data. This works as follows: During storage time, digests of certain data values are stored, such that a polynomially bounded adversary has negligible probability of consistently modifying the data without mismatching its digest. The probability of false-match is typically very small, e.g., 2−160 with SHA-1, and is not dependent on other system parameters like n. Therefore, from here on, we neglect this probability of error in our exposition, and simply say that if a certain data matches an (unaltered) pre-stored digest, then w.h.p. the data is unaltered. The scheme we previously suggested in [1] 1 requires holding for the fingerprinting information a total storage of O(n log n) bits. Our scheme employs expander graphs for redundant cross-checking of fingerprint values. Some of the techniques in [1] may have other applications. In particular, Theorem [1] [4.1] demonstrates the robustness of an LPS expander [3] against deletion of half of the vertices, improving on the numerical constants of a similar result by Upfal in [8]. In this addendum, we demonstrate a simple solution, which is an application of Merkle hashtrees [4, 5]. The solution is asymptotically as efficient as the method in [1], works even for small n, and has much smaller (and no hidden) constants. In the remainder of this exposition, we describe the building blocks of the solution and combine them together to obtain the full scheme.
TOMM40 rs10524523 Polymorphism's Role in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease and in Longevity (2012)

Recently, it has been reported that TOMM40 variable-length poly-T sequence polymorphism (rs10524523) in combination with APOE alleles (E2, E3, E4) significantly influences late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) age of onset. In a group of 414 LOAD patients, 173 centenarians and 305 neurologically healthy individuals, we investigated the impact of TOMM40 poly-T tracts on LOAD incidence, age of onset, and longevity. TOMM40 allelic variants were classified into four categories: short (S; 14-16T), long a (La; 20-22T), long b (Lb; 26-30T), and very long (VL; 31-39T). Our results demonstrate that La and Lb share similar characteristics in affecting LOAD risk, thus for some analyses they were combined into L category. We observed significantly lower frequency of VL allele (p < 0.0001) and significantly higher frequency of L alleles in the LOAD patients compared to the control individuals (p < 0.0001). S/S, S/VL, and VL/VL genotypes and VL-E2, S-E3, VL-E3 haplotypes are significantly associated with lower LOAD risk. VL-E3 haplotype carriers significantly more frequently developed LOAD when they were ≥79 years old. Additionally, S/L genotype is associated with a significantly increased LOAD risk (p < 0.0001). We conclude that in the carriers of TOMM40-APOE haplotypes comprising E4 allele, the TOMM40 rs10524523 allele does not play substantial role in establishing LOAD risk. Nevertheless, TOMM40 L allele increases the risk when E4 is absent. Finally, L allele, as well as genotypes (S/L, V/L) and haplotypes (L-E3, L-E4) comprising L significantly reduce the likelihood of living up to 100 years.
<title>Neural network target identifier based on statistical features of GPR signals</title> (2002)

Accurate and consistent manual interpretation of the vast quantities of GPR data collected during a typical survey constitute an implementation bottleneck that often limits the practicality and cost-effectiveness of this tool for rapid site investigation. Automatic unsupervised interpretation of GPR data is achieved by training a neural network to discriminate between signals originating from different types of targets and other spurious sources of reflections such as clutter. This is achieved by computing a number of statistical data descriptors for feature extraction. The neural classifier is capable of returning 3-dimensional image outlining regions of extended targets (such as reinforced concrete, disturbed soil or storage tanks) and pinpointing the location of localised targets such as mines and pipes. These reports are accompanied by a written log detailing the depths and geometry of these targets. This classifier was applied to a variety of GPR data sets gathered from a number of sites. The obtained results were in close agreement with those obtained by a trained operator manually, but in a fraction of the time. Different targets have been successfully discriminated, with a consistency greater than that of the operator. Although the system is implemented in software, the rate at which classifications are rendered lends the system Authors would like to thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for funding this work as a part of a larger project regarding automatic data-processing of ground penetrating radar. Authors would like also to express their gratitude to Zetica (UK) Ltd. for supporting this work financially, and providing sites data and related software. favourably to near real-time on-site processing and interpretation.
Fabrication of Metallic Nanodots in Large-Area Arrays by Mold-to-Mold Cross Imprinting (MTMCI) (2005)

We have developed a mold-to-mold cross imprint (MTMCI) process, which redefines an imprint mold with another imprint mold. By performing MTMCI on two identical imprint molds with silicon spacer nanowires in a perpendicular arrangement, we fabricated a large array of sub-30-nm silicon nanopillars. Large-area arrays of Pt dots are then produced using nanoimprint lithography with the silicon nanopillar mold.
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part XIV. (1990)

Alcoholic extracts of 300 botanically identified plant materials from 275 plant species have been tested for various biological activities including chemotherapeutic and pharmacological screenings. Biological activities have been observed in 111 extracts. Follow-up studies have been carried out in some plants with confirmed activity. The active principles and results of these studies are reported.