gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Fenfluramine on Blood and Tissue Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) Levels in Rats (2005)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fenfluramine (FEN) administered at single and repeated doses on brain, stomach and plasma serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in rats. FEN was injected intraperitoneally at single doses (1, 3 and 10 µmol kg-1) and given orally at repeated doses (1.25, 5 and 10 mg kg-1) for 21 days. The tissues and plasma samples were collected 20, 40, 80 and 160 minutes after the single dose administrations and 4 h after the last dose administration in repeated experiments. In addition, the rats treated with the dose of 1.25 mg kg-1 were maintained until 2 and 8 weeks and the tissues were taken at these times. The 5-HT levels in the tissue and plasma were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of brain 5-HT were decreased at the single FEN doses when compared with the control group. At the repeated experiments, although no effect was observed at the dose of 1.25 mg kg-1; decreases were determined in brain 5-HT levels at the high doses. The levels of 5-HT in the stomach were found to increase in both single and repeated administrations. Decreases in levels of plasma 5-HT were determined in all experimental groups. In conclusion, while fenfluramine was determined to decrease brain and plasma 5-HT levels generally, it increased the levels of stomach 5-HT.
Research Progress on Independent Temperature-Humidity Control Air Conditioning System (2014)

This paper expounds the research idea and the method of temperature and humidity independent control system and its historical development process and research status and summarized its advantages. Through reading many researches about that aspect, pointing some existing problems of the system and proposed the research prospects.
New permutation codes using Hadamard unscrambling (Corresp.) (1987)

A new class of codes for data compression is described that combines permutations with the fast Hadamard transform (FHT). It was invented for digital speech compression based on linear predictive coding (LPC), but may be useful for other data compression applications. One particular code with rate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\frac{1}{2}</tex> is considered: a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</tex> -bit code for a block length of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">32</tex> samples. All coding and decoding steps are fast, so that real-time applications with cheap hardware can be anticipated.
Fast Fourier Transforms for Nonequispaced Data: A Tutorial (2001)

In this chapter we consider approximativemethods for the fast computation of multivariate discrete Fourier transforms for nonequispaced data (NDFT) in the time domain and in the frequency domain. In particularwe are interested in the approximation error as function of the arithmetic complexity of the algorithm. We discuss the robustness of NDFT¡ªalgorithms with respect to roundoff errors and applyNDFTalgorithms for the fast computation of Besseltransforms.
Preparation and Properties of Antisera to Glycolipid of Guinea Pig Erythrocyte Membrane (1978)

Antibodies against a glycolipid of guinea pig erythrocyte membranes were prepared in rabbits by immunization with guinea pig erythrocyte stroma or the purified glycolipid, gangliotriaosylceramide. The antibodies agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. The specificity of antibodies could be revealed by several immunochemical methods, including inhibition of hemagglutination, immunodiffusion, agglutination of liposomes, and complement fixation. The antibodies were specific for gangliotriaosylceramide.
Publisher's Note: Chirality Distribution and Transition Energies of Carbon Nanotubes [Phys. Rev. Lett.<b>93</b>, 177401 (2004)] (2004)

Received 19 October 2004DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.189901©2004 American Physical Society
Introduction (2013)

My childhood and adolescence can accurately be characterized as a menagerie of genre and media: From Go, Dog, Go! and Green Eggs and Ham to E.B. White’s Charlotte’s Web and Stuart Little to Saturday afternoons watching The Fly and The Day the Earth Stood Still as well as an assortment of classic horror films on Shock Theater to the 7,000 Marvel comics I read and collected throughout the 1970s and then to the novels of Arthur C. Clarke, Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, and Ray Bradbury.
An Automated Indoor Scalar Calibration Method for Three-Axis Vector Magnetometers (2014)

In this paper, we propose a new indoor magnetometer calibration system using the 3-D Helmholtz coil. In this method, in order to the use two-step calibration algorithm instead of rotating the sensor in a constant magnetic field vector, the vector rotates around the magnetometer. In other words, a three-axis magnetometer can be calibrated by a zero degrees of freedom system while a shielded Helmholtz coil provides and rotates a constant magnetic field vector. The results of this calibration method will be compared with the classical calibration method in the earth's magnetic field as well. We also present evidence that the magnetometer does not need to align with the Helmholtz coil axis; instead, it can be calibrated with any arbitrary direction of the Helmholtz coil. It is shown that this method can be performed easily and fast in order to calibrate the three-axis magnetometer in an indoor environment. Meanwhile, it can provide almost the same calibration parameters and thermal model for the magnetometer, compared with the classical one.
Determination of Low Molecular Weight Dicarboxylic and Ketocarboxylic Acids in Seawater Samples (2006)

We report a new method developed for the isolation and determination of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids and related polar compounds (C2-C9) from seawater samples. The seawater sample was first acidified and then passed through an activated charcoal column to adsorb the dicarboxylic acids. They are then desorbed with NH4OH/methanol/water mixture and derivatized with BF3/1-butanol to dibutyl esters, which are determined using a capillary GC/FID. We tested different pH (0.5, 1, 1.5) and different amounts of charcoal (100, 200, 300, 500 mg) to maximize the recovery of dicarboxylic acids. Using 300 mg of activated charcoal for 100 mL of sodium chloride solution acidified at pH 1, the recoveries for C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 were 61, 49, 96, 84, 77, 67, 57, and 53%, respectively. We applied this method to real seawater samples collected from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Here, we report, for the first time, concentrations of a homologous series of C2-C9 dicarboxylic acids as well as ketocarboxylic acids including glyoxylic and 4-oxobutanoic acids in surface water and deep seawater samples, with glyoxylic acid being the dominant species (8-40 microg L(-1)). This method allows the detection of dicarbonyls such as glyoxal in the samples although its quantification is not possible.
ExecScent: mining for new C&C domains in live networks with adaptive control protocol templates (2013)

In this paper, we present ExecScent, a novel system that aims to mine new, previously unknown C&C domain names from live enterprise network traffic. ExecScent automatically learns control protocol templates (CPTs) from examples of known C&C communications. These CPTs are then adapted to the background of the network where the templates are to be deployed. The goal is to generate hybrid templates that can self-tune to each specific deployment scenario, thus yielding a better trade-off between true and false positives for a given network environment. To the best of our knowledge, ExecScent is the first system to use this type of adaptive C&C traffic models.

We implemented a prototype version of ExecScent, and deployed it in three different large networks for a period of two weeks. During the deployment, we discovered many new, previously unknown C&C domains and hundreds of new infected machines, compared to using a large up-to-date commercial C&C domain blacklist. Furthermore, we deployed the new C&C domains mined by ExecScent to six large ISP networks, discovering more than 25,000 new infected machines.
Identification, characterization and functional expression of a tyrosine ammonia-lyase and its mutants from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (2007)

A tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) enzyme from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsTAL) was identified, cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, where conversion of tyrosine to p-hydroxycinnamic acid (pHCA) was demonstrated. The RsTAL enzyme is implicated in production of pHCA, which serves as the cofactor for synthesis of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) in photosynthetic bacteria. The wild type RsTAL enzyme, while accepting both tyrosine and phenylalanine as substrate, prefers tyrosine, but a serendipitous RsTAL mutant identified during PCR amplification of the RsTAL gene, demonstrates much higher preference for phenylalanine as substrate and deaminates it to produces cinnamic acid. Sequence analysis showed the presence of three mutations: Met4 --> Ile, Ile325 --> Val and Val409 --> Met in this mutant. Sequence comparison with Rhodobacter capsulatus TAL (RcTAL) shows that Val409 is conserved between RcTAL and RsTAL. Two single mutants of RsTAL, Val409 --> Met and Val 409 --> Ile, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, demonstrate greater preference for phenylalanine compared to the wild type enzyme. Our studies illustrate that relatively minor changes in the primary structure of an ammonia-lyase enzyme can significantly affect its substrate specificity.
Electromagnetic launchers (1980)

Recent advances in energy storage, switching and magnet technology make electromagnetic acceleration a viable alternative to chemical propulsion for certain tasks, and a means to perform other tasks not previously feasible. Applications include the acceleration of gram-size particles for hypervelocity research and the initiation of fusion by impact, a replacement for chemically propelled artillery, the transportation of cargo and personnel over inaccessible terrain (front line support, ship-to-shore, emergency evacuation, forest fire control, etc.), and the launching of space vehicles to supply massive space operations (construction of solar power satellites, lunar and asteroid mining operations, manufacturing and research facilities), and for the disposal of nuclear waste. The simplest launcher of interest is the railgun, in which a short-circuit slide or an arc is driven along two rails by direct current. The most sophisticated studied thus far is the mass driver, in which a superconducting shuttle bucket is accelerated by a line of pulse coils energized by capacitors at energy conversion efficiencies better than 90 percent. Other accelerators of interest include helical, brush-commutated motors, discrete coil arc commutated drivers, flux compression momentum transformers, and various hybrid electro-chemical devices. A facility to investigate the most promising accelerating mechanisms has been established at this laboratory.
Geologically Consistent Resolution Enhancement of Petrophysical Analysis With Image Log Data (1997)

Summary Very thin, laminated sand-shale sequences pose a challenge to petrophysical evaluation. The poor vertical resolution of the log measurements results in pessimistic estimates of hydrocarbon volumes and producibility. An earlier proposal by Flaum1 to enhance the resolution of the analysis using a high-resolution clay indicator did not account for variations in clay mineralogy and porosity with clay content. We present a technique to incorporate results of core mineralogy measurements to ensure a geologically consistent resolution enhancement of the petrophysical analysis, and we compare the results in an actual field example.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in the Corpus Callosum in Children after Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2006)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a recent imaging technique that assesses the microstructure of the cerebral white matter (WM) based on anisotropic diffusion (i.e., water molecules move faster in parallel to nerve fibers than perpendicular to them). Fractional anisotropy (FA), which ranges from 0 to 1.0, increases with myelination of WM tracts and is sensitive to diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, previous DTI studies of pediatric TBI were case reports without detailed outcome measures. Using mean FA derived from DTI fiber tractography, we compared DTI findings of the corpus callosum for 16 children who were at least 1 year (mean 3.1 years) post-severe TBI and individually matched, uninjured children. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability in measuring FA was satisfactory. FA was significantly lower in the patients for the genu, body, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Higher FA was related to increased cognitive processing speed and faster interference resolution on an inhibition task. In the TBI patients, higher FA was related to better functional outcome as measured by the dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). FA also increased as a function of the area of specific regions of the corpus callosum such as the genu and splenium, and FA in the splenium was reduced with greater volume of lesions in this region. DTI may be useful in identifying biomarkers related to DAI and outcome of TBI in children.
MCP-1/CCL2: a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for progressive renal injury in diabetic nephropathy (2008)

Despite current therapies, many diabetic patients will suffer from declining renal function in association with progressive kidney inflammation. Recently, animal model studies have demonstrated that kidney macrophage accumulation is a critical factor in the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, specific anti-inflammatory strategies are not yet being considered for the treatment of patients with diabetic renal injury. This review highlights the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CC-chemokine ligand 2 as a major promoter of inflammation, renal injury, and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Researchers have found that diabetes induces kidney MCP-1 production and that urine MCP-1 levels can be used to assess renal inflammation in this disease. In addition, genetic deletion and molecular blocking studies in rodents have identified MCP-1 as an important therapeutic target for treating diabetic nephropathy. Evidence also suggests that a polymorphism in the human MCP-1 gene is associated with progressive kidney failure in type 2 diabetes, which may identify patients at higher risk who need additional therapy. These findings provide a strong rationale for developing specific therapies against MCP-1 and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy.
Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. (2007)

QUESTIONMy patient has severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). I am having difficulty treating her, as nothing she has tried so far has been really effective. I heard that there is some new information regarding the treatment of this condition.ANSWEREven a less severe case of NVP can have serious adverse effects on the quality of a woman's life, affecting her occupational, social, and domestic functioning, and her general well-being; therefore, it is very important to treat this condition appropriately and effectively. There are safe and effective treatments available. We have updated Motherisk's NVP algorithm to include recent relevant published data, and we describe some other strategies that deal with secondary symptoms related to NVP.
A robust low-delay CELP speech coder at 16 kbits/s (1989)

A candidate algorithm for the new CCITT 16-kb/s speech coding standard is presented. This algorithm is based on backward-adaptive CELP (code-excited linear prediction) where the predictor and the excitation gain are updated by analyzing previously quantized signals. The only information transmitted is the excitation vector with a size as small as five samples so as to achieve a one-way coding delay of less than 2 ms. With a clear channel, this 16-kb/s coder slightly outperformed the CCITT standard 32 kb/s ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code modulation) (G.721) in speech quality as measured by the mean opinion score (MOS). With noisy channels, the coder scored slightly higher than G.721 fora bit-error rate of 10/sup -2/ and significantly higher (by a margin of 0.5) for bit-error rate of 10/sup -3/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Crystal structure of an anti‐interleukin‐2 monoclonal antibody Fab complexed with an antigenic nonapeptide (2001)

The three-dimensional structure of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody (LNKB-2) to human interleukin-2 (IL-2) complexed with a synthetic antigenic nonapeptide, Ac-Lys-Pro-Leu-Glu-Glu-Val-Leu-Asn-Leu-OMe, has been determined at 3.0 A resolution. In the structure, four out of the six hypervariable loops of the Fab (complementarity determining regions [CDRs] L1, H1, H2, and H3) are involved in peptide association through hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, and hydrophobic interactions. The Tyr residues in the Fab antigen binding site play a major role in antigen-antibody recognition. The structures of the complexed and uncomplexed Fab were compared. In the antigen binding site the CDR-L1 loop of the antibody shows the largest structural changes upon peptide binding. The peptide adopts a mostly alpha-helical conformation similar to that in the epitope fragment 64-72 of the IL-2 antigen. The side chains of residues Leu 66, Val 69, and Leu 70, which are shielded internally in the IL-2 structure, are involved in interactions with the Fab in the complex studied. This indicates that antibody-antigen complexation involves a significant rearrangement of the epitope-containing region of the IL-2 with retention of the alpha-helical character of the epitope fragment.
A basic study of the properties of accelerants in fire residues for better sampling in arson analysis (1993)

Some basic physical aspects of the accelerants in fire residues and their effects on the detectability of the added accelerants were investigated based on a few simple experiments conducted on various accelerants and matrices. In order to more precisely locate the points where the accelerants have been added by the arsonist and to decide what kind of sample container can best fit the established arson analysis procedure, a series of experiments were also performed including those assisted by a dog. It is concluded that the understanding of such basic properties as the volatility, osmosis, and adsorption of accelerants in various matrices can be very helpful for arson investigators. Canine detection shows much promise in helping fire investigators more precisely locate the exact spot where the accelerants have been added by the arsonist.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
INTO HFC MAC PROTOCOLS: MECHANISMS , IMPLEMENTATION, AND RESE ARCH ISSUES (2000)

This study comprehensively reviews two HFC MAC protocols: Data-O ver-Cable Service Inter­ face Specifications (DOCSIS) and IEEE 802.14a. DOCSIS was approved by the ITU as a stan­ dard and is supported by many vendors. However, IEEE 802.14a remains a draft due to the delayed standardization process. After briefly introducing the features of HFC networks, the basic operations and mechanisms of these two MAC protocols are then examined. Both standards view an upstream channel as a stream of minislots and have similar mechanisms for upstream bandwidth management, virtual queue, downstream in MPEG-2 format, data-link­ layer security, and ranging. However, the standards adopt different mechanisms for upstream access modes, QoS support, and collision resolution. Moreover, the implementation issues over hardware and software design for DOCSIS networks are investigated. This work also identifies the research issues in HFC MAC protocols, particularly allocation and scheduling issues.
Corrosion protection of steel and bond durability at polyphenylene sulfide‐to‐anhydrous zinc phosphate interfaces (1992)

Abstract To enhance the performance of high‐temperature polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) coating in protecting steels from corrosion, the cold‐rolled steel surfaces were prepared with anhydrous zinc phosphate (Zn · Ph) conversion coatings containing poly(acid) anhydride as an interfacial tailoring material. The factors contributing to the formation of a good bond at the PPS/Zn · Ph joints were as follows: (1) the chemical reaction of PPS with Fe 2 O 3 in the Zn · Ph layers, (2) PPS‐to‐poly(acid) anhydride interaction, and (3) the mechanical interlocking between PPS and the rough Zn · Ph crystal surfaces. Although such interfacial bond structures provide a superior durability of PPS/Zn · Ph joints against a hot H 2 SO 4 solution, the cathodic reaction, H 2 O + ½O 2 + 2e − = 2OH − , occurring at any defect in the PPS/Zn · Ph joint system when NaCl is present will lead to the delamination of the PPS film from the phosphated steel. This cathodic delamination was due mainly to alkali‐induced dissolution of Zn · Ph layers. However, the rate of delamination for the PPS/Zn · Ph systems was considerably lower compared with that for the PPS/steel system in the absence of Zn · Ph.
The hydrophobic tunnel present in LOX-1 is essential for oxidized LDL recognition and binding (2008)

Lectin-like oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a type-II transmembrane protein that belongs to the C-type lectin family of molecules. LOX-1 acts as a cell surface endocytosis receptor and mediates the recognition and internalization of ox-LDL by vascular endothelial cells. Internalization of ox-LDL by LOX-1 results in a number of pro-atherogenic cellular responses implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In an effort to elucidate the functional domains responsible for the binding of ox-LDL to the receptor, a series of site-directed mutants were designed using computer modeling and X-ray crystallography to study the functional role of the hydrophobic tunnel present in the LOX-1 receptor. The isoleucine residue (I(149)) sitting at the gate of the channel was replaced by phenylalanine, tyrosine, or glutamic acid to occlude the channel opening and restrict the docking of ligands to test its functional role in the binding of ox-LDL. The synthesis, intracellular processing, and cellular distribution of all mutants were identical to those of wild type, whereas there was a marked decrease in the ability of the mutants to bind ox-LDL. These studies suggest that the central hydrophobic tunnel that extends through the entire LOX-1 molecule is a key functional domain of the receptor and is critical for the recognition of modified LDL.
Laser-triggered electrical breakdown in liquid dielectrics. Imaging of the process by the shadowing technique (2001)

Electric breakdown in transformer oil subjected to a quasi-uniform dc electric field has been triggered by a focused laser pulse and prebreakdown discharge phenomena were imaged by the shadowing technique. Extensive data were recorded of the prebreakdown phenomena, such as streamers and gas bubble growth, from the initiation of the laser plasma to the disruptive discharge. The data was used to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively describe these phenomena. The image material also was used to improve and modify the qualitative description of the laser-triggered breakdown process previously presented by Sunesson et al. [1994].