gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addictive Drugs and Brain Stimulation Reward (1996)

Direct electrical or chemical stimulation of specific brain regions can establish response habits similar to those established by natural rewards such as food or sexual contact. Cocaine, mu and delta opiates, nicotine, phencyclidine, and cannabis each have actions that summate with rewarding electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The reward-potentiating effects of amphetamine and opiates are associated with central sites of action where these drugs also have their direct rewarding effects, suggesting common mechanisms for drug reward per se and for drug potentiation of brain stimulation reward. The central sites at which these and perhaps other drugs of abuse potentiate brain stimulation reward and are rewarding in their own right are consistent with the hypothesis that the laboratory reward of brain stimulation and the pharmacological rewards of addictive drugs are habit forming because they act in the brain circuits that subserve more natural and biologically significant rewards.
Exposing UDDI Service Descriptions and Their Metadata Annotations as WS-Resources (2006)

Service discovery is a critical task in service-oriented architectures. GRIMOIRES is a UDDI-compliant service registry with rich metadata annotation capabilities. In this paper, we present a WSRF-compliant extension of the GRIMOIRES architecture that exposes service descriptions and their metadata annotations as WS-Resources. By doing so, the service registry provides improved interoperability by allowing service descriptions to be accessed and managed via standard Web services operations. In particular, we can access service descriptions, manage the lifetime of service descriptions, and subscribe for notifications of change in service descriptions. The paper discusses the benefits and design choices associated with such an approach and the technical challenges in providing an implementation
Integrative, multi-omics, analysis of blood samples improves model predictions: applications to cancer (2021)

In the presence of multiple omics data sources, we recommend the use of data integration techniques that preserve the joint and individual components across the omics sources. We show how the inclusion of such components increases the quality of model predictions of clinical outcomes.
Nortriptyline and debrisoquine hydroxylations in Ghanaian and Swedish subjects (1984)

Eleven Ghanaian and 12 Swedish subjects phenotyped with a debrisoquine (D) hydroxylation test were given a single oral dose of nortriptyline (NT). Much the same percentage of the given NT dose was excreted as 10-hydroxy-NT (10-OH-NT) by Ghanaians (43.1%) and Swedes (49.2%). There was a close correlation between plasma clearance of NT by 10-hydroxylation and the D metabolic ratio (D/4-OH-D in urine) in the Ghanaians (rs = -0.95; P less than 0.01) and Swedes (rs = -0.84; P less than 0.01). The E-isomer of 10-OH-NT is the major isomer in both Ghanaians (76% to 92% of total 10-OH-NT) and Swedes (78% to 95%). It is suggested that the E-10-hydroxylation of NT and the 4-hydroxylation of D are similarly coregulated in Ghanaians and Swedes.
Positive Selectable Markers for Use with Mammalian Cells in Culture (1991)

As more complicated gene expression studies are necessary, the need for multiple positive selection schemes becomes critical. Numerous selectable markers have been described over the last 25 years. A hallmark of the most generally useful markers is easy selection in a wide number of cell types. This paper briefly reviews the spectrum of available selectable markers and describes some of the applications that have been found for these genes, particularly with respect to retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.
Inferring person-to-person networks of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> transmission: is routine surveillance data up to the task? (2020)

Abstract Inference of person-to-person transmission networks using surveillance data is increasingly used to estimate spatiotemporal patterns of pathogen transmission. Several data types can be used to inform transmission network inferences, yet the sensitivity of those inferences to different data types is not routinely evaluated. We evaluated the influence of different combinations of spatial, temporal, and travel-history data on transmission network inferences for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. We found that these data types have limited utility for inferring transmission networks and may overestimate transmission. Only when outbreaks were temporally focal or travel histories were accurate was the algorithm able to accurately estimate the reproduction number under control, R c . Applying this approach to data from Eswatini indicated that inferences of R c and spatiotemporal patterns therein depend upon the choice of data types and assumptions about travel-history data. These results suggest that transmission network inferences made with routine malaria surveillance data should be interpreted with caution.
Spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation* (2005)

Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli, Regina Elena di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Comparison of fiber-optic Sagnac and Mach-Zehnder interferometers with respect to thermal processes in the fiber (1995)

The impact of thermal noise in the fiber on the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fiber-optic sensors is investigated, and sensors based on the Sagnac and the Mach-Zehnder interferometers are compared. The SNR is almost the same for the two interferometers; the Mach-Zehnder interferometer has slightly higher SNR at low frequencies, whereas the Sagnac interferometer may have a few dB higher SNR at high frequencies. It is also shown that thermal noise may dominate over shot noise for realistic system parameters, in which case a Sagnac interferometer has several advantages over a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prostaglandin E2 enhances interleukin 8 (IL-8) and IL-6 but inhibits GMCSF production by IL-1 stimulated human synovial fibroblasts in vitro. (1996)

While PGE2 alone has limited effects on synovial cell production of IL-8 and GMCSF, its effects are significant in context of IL-1 alpha stimulation; endogenous PGE2 may alter cytokines secreted by mesenchymally derived cells. PGE2 may be an important modulator of cytokine driven inflammation.
Homogeneous Reforming of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid and Pure Hydrogen Catalyzed by Pincer‐Ruthenium Complexes Capable of Metal–Ligand Cooperation (2020)

Glycolic acid is a useful and important α-hydroxy acid that has broad applications. Herein, the homogeneous ruthenium catalyzed reforming of aqueous ethylene glycol to generate glycolic acid as well as pure hydrogen gas, without concomitant CO<sub>2</sub> emission, is reported. This approach provides a clean and sustainable direction to glycolic acid and hydrogen, based on inexpensive, readily available, and renewable ethylene glycol using 0.5 mol % of catalyst. In-depth mechanistic experimental and computational studies highlight key aspects of the PNNH-ligand framework involved in this transformation.
PEGylated pUR4/FUD peptide inhibitor of fibronectin fibrillogenesis decreases fibrosis in murine Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction model of kidney disease (2018)

Fibronectin is a blood and extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays important roles in wound healing and fibrosis since it controls the deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules and is a substrate for infiltrating lymphocytes. Using a high-affinity fibronectin-binding peptide (FUD/pUR4) that inhibits fibronectin deposition into extracellular matrix (ECM), we tested the ability of a PEGylated FUD/pUR4 (PEG-FUD) to inhibit fibrosis in the Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) kidney disease model. Fibronectin fibrillogenesis assays, using human fibroblasts and human proximal tubular epithelial cultures, showed that PEG-FUD can inhibit fibronectin fibrillogenesis in vitro with an IC50 similar to unconjugated FUD, in the order of 20-35 nM. In contrast, a mutated FUD (mFUD) conjugated to PEG that lacked activity did not inhibit fibronectin assembly, even at 20 μM. The in vivo activity of PEG-FUD was tested in the murine UUO model by daily subcutaneous injection of 12.5 mg/kg for 7 days until harvest at day 10. Control treatments included saline, PEG, unconjugated FUD, and PEG-mFUD. Immunoblotting studies showed that fibronectin was enriched in the extracellular matrix fractions of extracted UUO kidneys, compared to contralateral untreated kidneys. In vivo, PEG-FUD significantly decreased fibronectin by ~70% in UUO kidneys as determined by both IHC and immunoblotting, respectively. In contrast, neither PEG-mFUD, PEG, nor saline had any significant effect. PEG-FUD also decreased collagens I and III and CD45-expressing cells (leukocytes) by ~60% and ~50%, as ascertained by picrosirius red staining and IHC, respectively. Immunoblotting studies also showed that the fibronectin remaining after PEG-FUD treatment was intact. Utilizing a custom-made polyclonal antibody generated against pUR4/FUD, intact PEG-FUD was detected by immunoblotting in both the ECM and lysate fractions of UUO kidneys. No adverse reaction or event was noted with any treatment. In summary, these studies suggest that PEG-FUD reached the kidneys without degradation, and decreased fibronectin incorporation into interstitial tissue. Decreased fibronectin was accompanied by a decrease in collagen and leukocyte infiltration. We propose that PEG-FUD, a specific inhibitor of fibronectin assembly, may be a candidate therapeutic for the treatment of fibrosis in kidney diseases.
Tribological properties of TiAl matrix self-lubricating composites incorporated with tungsten disulfide and zinc oxide (2015)

A schematic representation of the self-adjusted action of WS<sub>2</sub>–ZnO for TWZ at different temperatures.
Mining Concepts for a COVID Interface Terminology for Annotation of EHRs (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed the healthcare services of many countries with increased number of patients and also with a deluge of medical data. Furthermore, the emergence and global spread of new infectious diseases are highly likely to continue in the future. Incomplete data about presentations, signs, and symptoms of COVID-19 has had adverse effects on healthcare delivery. The EHRs of US hospitals have ingested huge volumes of relevant, up-to-date data about patients, but the lack of a proper system to annotate this data has greatly reduced its usefulness. We propose to design a COVID interface terminology for the annotation of EHR notes of COVID-19 patients. The initial version of this interface terminology was created by integrating COVID concepts from existing ontologies. Further enrichment of the interface terminology is performed by mining high granularity concepts from EHRs, because such concepts are usually not present in the existing reference terminologies. We use the techniques of concatenation and anchoring iteratively to extract high granularity phrases from the clinical text. In addition to increasing the conceptual base of the COVID interface terminology, this will also help in generating training data for large scale concept mining using machine learning techniques. Having the annotated clinical notes of COVID-19 patients available will help in speeding up research in this field.
Nuclear structural proteins as biomarkers of cancer (1999)

The regulation of cell processes is integrally connected to cellular and extracellular structure. Studies over the past three decades have demonstrated the complex interactions of cell structure and function. The relationship of cellular structure and function has perhaps been most studied in the transformed cell. The hallmark of transformation is alterations in the shape of the cell and the nucleus. Many of the cellular alterations observed in the cancer process are structural, including changes in extracellular matrix-cytoskeletal interactions, cytoskeletal elements, as well as nuclear structure. This review focuses on the structural components of the nucleus, the nuclear matrix, and their role in the cancer process and the use of these structural components of the nucleus, the nuclear matrix, and their role in the cancer process and the use of these structural components as cancer specific biomarkers. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 32/33:183–191, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Calculating Value-at-Risk (1996)

: The market risk of a portfolio refers to the possibility of financial loss due to the joint movement of systematic economic variables such as interest and exchange rates. Quantifying market risk is important to regulators in assessing solvency and to risk managers in allocating scarce capital. Moreover, market risk is often the central risk faced by financial institutions. The standard method for measuring market risk places a conservative, one-sided confidence interval on portfolio losses for short forecast horizons. This bound on losses is often called capital-at-risk or value-at-risk (VAR), for obvious reasons. Calculating the VAR or any similar risk metric requires a probability distribution of changes in portfolio value. In most risk management models, this distribution is derived by placing assumptions on (1) how the portfolio function is approximated, and (2) how the state variables are modeled. Using this framework, we first review four methods for measuring market risk. We t...
Influence of Cross-Linking on Performance of Radiation-Grafted and Sulfonated FEP 25 Membranes in H[sub 2]-O[sub 2] PEFC (2004)

This work describes the influence of cross-linking on the performance of radiation-grafted and sulfonated FEP 25 membranes in H<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub> polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). This study shows H<sub>2</sub>-O <sub>2</sub> fuel cell tests with varying cross-linked membranes [0, 2, 5, 10, and 20% divinyl benzene (DVB) in the grafting solution]. Under the membrane preparation conditions, the optimum DVB concentration was found to be 10% within the applied range with respect to both fuel cell performance and membrane stability. We could show by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that the cell performance is significantly influenced by both the membrane resistance, which is increasing with increasing cross-linking, and the cathodic polarization resistance, which was found to decrease with increasing cross-linking. Due to these counteracting effects, the cell performance is optimized with a membrane with 10% DVB in the grafting solution. The stability of the varying cross-linked membrane also significantly improves by cross-linking with 10 or even 20% DVB. Whereas the non- or low-cross-linked membranes are subject to strong deterioration with lifetimes below 500 h of operation, we demonstrate high stability with a membrane with 10% DVB over 2500 h operated in the temperature range between 60 and 80°C.
Clinical Evaluation of Transfused Blood after Long‐term Storage in ACD with Adenine (1969)

Whole blood collected in ACD with or without adenine was transfused into patients with various forms of blood loss. The units collected in ACD alone had been stored 14 to 28 days, while those units collected in ACD with adenine had been stored 28 to 42 days. Of the 771 units in the study, 545 were transfused into 295 patients. A total of 276 units were collected in ACD with adenine and were given to 130 patients. Little or no reaction was detected from clinical observation and selected laboratory tests related to the transfusion and/or solution. Isotope labeling of some of the transfused units given to more than 80 patients provided an estimate of the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and the results were similar to the average survival obtained in normal subjects after single‐unit transfusions. Based on clinical laboratory findings, apparent lack of toxicity combined with adequate support of the bleeding patient suggest that blood stored in adenine is useful after longer storage periods than is blood stored in plain ACD. The 70 per cent 24‐hour survival guideline suggests satisfactory survival after 35 days of storage, and possibly after 42 days.
Effective Bayesian Modeling of Groups of Related Count Time Series (2014)

Time series of counts arise in a variety of forecasting applications, for which traditional models are generally inappropriate. This paper introduces a hierarchical Bayesian formulation applicable to count time series that can easily account for explanatory variables and share statistical strength across groups of related time series. We derive an efficient approximate inference technique, and illustrate its performance on a number of datasets from supply chain planning.
Potent and Selective Aminopyrimidine-Based B-Raf Inhibitors with Favorable Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties (2012)

Recent clinical data provided proof-of-concept for selective B-Raf inhibitors in treatment of B-Raf(V600E) mutant melanoma. Pyrazolopyridine-type B-Raf inhibitors previously described by the authors are potent and selective but exhibit low solubility requiring the use of amorphous dispersion-based formulation for achieving efficacious drug exposures. Through structure-based design, we discovered a new class of highly potent aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with improved solubility and pharmacokinetic profiles. The hinge binding moiety possesses a basic center imparting high solubility at gastric pH, addressing the dissolution limitation observed with our previous series. In our search for an optimal linker-hinge binding moiety system, amide-linked thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogues 32 and 35 (G945), molecules with desirable physicochemical properties, emerged as lead compounds with strong efficacy in a B-Raf(V600E) mutant mouse xenograft model. Synthesis, SAR, lead selection, and evaluation of key compounds in animal studies will be described.
Characterization of Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (2015)

We report on the development and characterization of a traveling wave (TW)-based Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (TW-SLIM) module for ion mobility separations (IMS). The TW-SLIM module uses parallel arrays of rf electrodes on two closely spaced surfaces for ion confinement, where the rf electrodes are separated by arrays of short electrodes, and using these TWs can be created to drive ion motion. In this initial work, TWs are created by the dynamic application of dc potentials. The capabilities of the TW-SLIM module for efficient ion confinement, lossless ion transport, and ion mobility separations at different rf and TW parameters are reported. The TW-SLIM module is shown to transmit a wide mass range of ions (m/z 200-2500) utilizing a confining rf waveform (∼1 MHz and ∼300 Vp-p) and low TW amplitudes (<20 V). Additionally, the short TW-SLIM module achieved resolutions comparable to existing commercially available low pressure IMS platforms and an ion mobility peak capacity of ∼32 for TW speeds of <210 m/s. TW-SLIM performance was characterized over a wide range of rf and TW parameters and demonstrated robust performance. The combined attributes of the flexible design and low voltage requirements for the TW-SLIM module provide a basis for devices capable of much higher resolution and more complex ion manipulations.
The Electron Spectrum above 20 GeV Measured by ATIC-2 (2004)

The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) Balloon Experiment has been flown from McMurdo, Antarctica in 2000-01 (test flight) and 2002-03 (science flight). ATIC is composed of a segmented BGO calorimeter following a carbon target with scintillator tracking layers and a Silicon matrix detector at the entrance. ATIC measures the composition and energy spectra of the nuclei plus electrons. We present the electron spectrum derived from the ATIC-2 science flight, from 20 GeV to 1.5 TeV, and compare it to existing very high energy measurements from emulsion chambers and to the results of galactic propagation calculations. The good energy resolution and high statistics in the ATIC data allow detailed astrophysical interpretation of the results.
10 GHz active mode-locking of a 1.3 μm ridge-waveguide laser in an optical-fibre cavity (1983)

Active mode-locking of a 1.3 μm ridge-waveguide laser in a multimode optical fibre resonator is reported. Transform-limited pulses of 30 ps duration have been generated at repetition rates of up to 10 GHz.
Delivery from Episcleral Exoplants (2006)

An episcleral exoplant facilitates diffusion of fluorescein through the sclera resulting in high levels in the retina and posterior vitreous; levels are markedly increased compared with periocular injection of the same amount of fluorescein. It also reduces peak plasma levels indicating reduction of systemic absorption. This procedure provides a new approach that can be combined with sustained-release preparations to optimize delivery of agents to the retina and choroid while minimizing the potential for systemic toxicity.
541. The relative stabilising influences of substituents on free alkyl radicals. Part V. Selective bromination by N-bromosuccinimide (1958)

R. L. Huang and P. Williams, J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 2637 DOI: 10.1039/JR9580002637
The Use of Transcutaneous Thermal Convection Analysis to Assess Shunt Function in the Pediatric Population (2011)

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of shunt malfunction is largely made by subjective clinical history and assessment in association with neurodiagnostic imaging. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a transcutaneous thermal convection device for the diagnosis of shunt malfunction. METHODS: We present the results of a trial of a commercially available device under an Institutional Review Board--approved protocol. All patients had neurodiagnostic studies that defined their shunt function at the time of transcutaneous thermal convection measurement. Thirty-seven shunts were studied in 35 patients. To be included, patients had to be between 0 to 18 years of age, had to be due within a 3-month period for routine follow-up evaluations, and had to have neurodiagnostic imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) as part of this visit and a shunt series. All patients were seen in routine follow-up, and none had clinical symptoms of shunt malfunction. RESULTS: Three patients had fractured shunts. The remaining 32 patients had functioning shunts as determined by clinical criteria, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans, and, when appropriate, a shunt series. In these remaining patients, flow was initially confirmed in only 40%. After some filtering of the data, this was increased to 51%. Although these results are disappointing, they outline the current issues with the technique and the state of its utility and point to the need for further refinement. CONCLUSION: Our current research suggests that cerebrospinal fluid flow as detected by thermoconvection analysis is not a reliable indicator of shunt function in the pediatric population.
New morphological algorithm for automated interpolation of height grids from contour images (1990)

A new morphological algorithm for automated interpolation of height grids from contour images is developed. Explicit identification of contours within the image is not necessary since interpolation is done directly in image space using morphologic iransforms and labeling schemes. 3-D depth-shaded perspective images of height grids for specified viewing angles are generated using transformed height columns. These methods avoid the processing associated with intermediate contour and polygonal representations. Co-registered continuous tone (gray scale) image data is mapped onto the 3-D views. Advantages of this new recursive algorithm include the ability to interpolate and label whole families of points simultaneously and the basing of interpolated values on surrounding contour morphology. In addition, the methodology for decomposition and labeling of contour intervals is directly amenable to parallel implementation.