gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transition to IPv6 in GPRS and WCDMA mobile networks (2002)

The limited size and structure of the Internet address space of IPv4 has caused difficulties in coping with the explosive increase in the number of Internet users. IPv6 is a feasible solution for the problems identified with IPv4. Efficient interworking between IPv4 and IPv6 is very important, because IPv4 networks and services will exist for quite a long time. The transition period will be lengthy, and network/terminal equipment supporting both IP versions will be needed during the transition period. Thus, IPv4 to IPv6 transition issues need special care and attention. The three main transition methods are dual IPv4/IPv6 stacks in network elements/terminals, tunneling, and translators in the network. Three transition phases from IPv4 to IPv6 can be identified. These phases are described. Different transition scenarios from the 2G/3G mobile network point of view are also analyzed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn, and some recommendations on the use of transition methods are given.
High-peak-power gallium arsenide oscillators (1966)

The Gunn effect appears to be the first semiconductor phenomenon capable of generating high peak power at microwave frequencies. This paper describes some preliminary experimental work in which gallium arsenide oscillators were made and operated in the range from 725 to 2000 Mc/s. Two device fabricating techniques and two circuit configurations have been found useful. Individual devices can be made to tune over a 25 percent range with a single capacitor adjustment. Voltage tuning of a few percent is generally observed. The highest peak power observed so far is 205 watts at 1540 Mc/s, obtained from two GaAs wafers operating in parallel. A large number of single devices have worked at power levels between 40 and 100 watts, and efficiencies from 3 to 9 percent. The phenomenon shows considerable promise for moderate power pulsed microwave oscillators. Predictable devices and useful design techniques will be delayed until the reproducibility and temperature variations of the raw material are brought under control.
Fracture testing of beryllium copper alloy C17510 (2002)

Beryllium-copper alloy C17510 has been selected as the primary candidate material for the Burning Plasma Experiment (BPX) toroidal field (TF) coil conductors. Since the coils will be subjected to both mechanical and thermal load cycling during their design life, it becomes imperative to be able to predict the fatigue crack propagation characteristics of this structural system. While C17510 is well defined in terms of conventional static properties, virtually no data existed for its plane-strain fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate constants, but are required if an accurate life prediction of the coils is to be made using linear elastic fracture mechanics. As a result, a test program was implemented that determined fracture constants for two different variants of the C17510 alloy at both room and liquid nitrogen (77 K) temperatures, the thermal bounds of BPX TF operation. The authors discuss the test program, in particular, fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation testing, and their respective results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CORRELATION OF ADJUVANT ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF WAX D FRACTIONS OF MYCOBACTERIA. (1964)

By fractionation of wax D from mycobacteria by ultracentrifugation in ether, it is possible to prepare from wax D of human strains peptide-containing and non-peptide-containing compounds. The peptide-containing fractions, like the parent wax D, were able to act as adjuvants by increasing serum anti-ovalbumin levels, by increasing corneal hypersensitivity to ovalbumin, and by inducing encephalomyelitis after homologous guinea-pig brain injection. The peptide—carbohydrate moiety resulting from hydrolysis of the whole wax D was found inactive in all these biological effects. When the same centrifugal technique was applied to several bovine types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium and to atypical and saprophytic mycobacteria, analogous peptide and non-peptide-containing fractions were obtained. The amino acid patterns of these were of great variety, and in most cases differed from those present in human type wax D. In three instances a small proportion of a peptide-containing fraction was obtained (from M. phlei, M. avium and an atypical mycobacterium), which closely resembled a human type wax D. These fractions were found to have adjuvant activity. All other fractions of wax D of bovine, avian and saprophytic strains were inactive. These facts support the role of a peptide of D- and L-alanine, D-glutamic acid and meso-α,α'-diaminopimelic acid in determining the adjuvant action of wax D fractions and whole mycobacteria. The structure of the peptidoglycolipid of an adjuvant-active mycobacterial wax corresponds closely in amino acid, amino sugar and hexose composition with the mucopeptide of the bacterial cell wall, and evidence is discussed for the concept of wax D fractions as partial replicas of a fundamental cell wall polymer.
Squeeze-Film Damping of the Motion of a Control Flapper-Nozzle (1990)

A squeeze film used in a flapper-nozzle affords stand-alone properties to the flapper motion, meaning that it behaves in a dynamically stable manner. The device constitutes the first stage of a new family of two-stage electrohydraulic control valves. Successful mathematical modelling of it has been reported by Lin and Akers (1,2). Because of the expense of maintaining close manufacturing tolerances within the damper, the investigation included the extent of deterioration of dynamic response when the dimensions of the damper are varied, when the tolerances on the squeeze-film annular area are relaxed and when the annular clearance is increased. As a result of the investigation, the dimensions and other variables, chosen by trial-and-error procedures, appeared to be optimum from the point of view of dynamic performance, convenience of installation and cost.
Persistent Humoral Immune Defect in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy–Treated Children With HIV-1 Infection: Loss of Specific Antibodies Against Attenuated Vaccine Strains and Natural Viral Infection (2006)

Humoral reactivity in children with HIV-1 infection remains abnormal during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Despite immune reconstitution, antibodies against live-attenuated vaccine and wild-type natural virus strains disappear over time in up to 40% of children with HIV-1 infection.
The coding of pictorial data (1961)

We are concerned with the problem of designing an efficient general method of coding two-level pictorial data. Both exact and approximate coding techniques are illustrated. A pilot experiment is presented, in which a digital computer was used to realize two-dimensional predictive coding. Although the resulting compression was not great, there are reasons for believing that this procedure would be more successful with realistic pictorial data. Further experiments, which made use of approximation methods are described. These methods arose from the application of pattern recognition theory to the present problem. Their use, either independently or prior to predictive coding, yielded compression significantly greater than that attained by predictive coding alone.
Alopecia areata and Affected Skin CRH Receptor Upregulation Induced by Acute Emotional Stress (2001)

Acute emotional stress may precipitate alopecia areata by activation of overexpressed type 2 beta CRH receptors around the hair follicles leading to intense local inflammation.
Cylindrical Shell based Phase Transforming Cellular Materials: Designing a Recoverable Energy Dissipating Material (2017)

Energy dissipating materials are used in a variety of impact events to protect more important parts of a system; one example of this is a football player’s helmet protecting a brain. A major drawback to classic energy dissipating materials however is that they dissipate energy through plastic deformation, meaning that after a single use, permanent deformations will prevent the material from being reusable to the same capacity as initially. We have designed a 1D cellular material in which geometric phase transformations in cylindrical shell elements are the primary energy dissipating mechanism, allowing for recoverability after use while keeping high energy dissipation functionality. Finite element analysis was used to evaluate cylindrical shell ligaments of differing lengths and angle of inclination, after which key parameter combinations were identified. Physical samples were manufactured and tested in loading and unloading cycles. It was found through simulations that ligaments with high length and high angle of inclination gave the greatest amount of energy dissipation. Mechanical tests have shown key similarities in deformation modes with the simulations, and verified that there is significant energy dissipation due to phase transformations. This concept could improve design in many fields, such as car bumper design and earthquake damage control, by adding recoverable elements to structural design. This would mean that energy dissipation mechanisms could be implemented in places not utilized before, as well as reducing the recovery effort post impact.
Regulating a master regulator (2010)

MyoD is a master regulator of the skeletal muscle gene expression program. ChIP-Seq analysis has recently revealed that MyoD binds to a large number of genomic loci in differentiating myoblasts, yet only activates transcription at a subset of these genes. Here we discuss recent data suggesting that the ability of MyoD to mediate gene expression is regulated through the function of Polycomb and Trithorax Group proteins. Based on studies of the muscle-specific myog gene, we propose a model where the transcriptional activators Mef2d and Six4 mediate recruitment of Trithorax Group proteins Ash2L/MLL2 and UTX to MyoD-bound promoters to overcome the Polycomb-mediated repression of muscle genes. Modulation of the interaction between Ash2L/MLL2 and Mef2d by the p38α MAPK signaling pathway in turns provides fine-tuning of the muscle-specific gene expression program. Thus Mef2d, Six4, and p38α MAPK function coordinately as regulators of a master regulator to mediate expression of MyoD target genes.
Development and Validation of ADAS Perception Application in ROS Environment Integrated with CARLA Simulator (2019)

Advancing to higher levels of driving automation brings unpredicted challenges and with them, many situations that cannot be foreseen. In order to overcome these problems, set of functionalities in modern vehicle is growing in terms of algorithmic complexity and required hardware. Risk of testing implemented solutions in real world is high, expensive and time consuming. That is why virtual simulation tools for automotive testing are heavily acclaimed. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) use these tools to create closed sense, compute, act loop. Production software is tested against simulated sensing data and simulated action consequences are generated according to the given software commands. This gives OEMs ability to optimize design of the vehicles before any physical prototypes are produced. Early optimization brings reduced costs and less time delays. This paper presents development of simple C++ perception applications using ROS as a prototyping platform that are validated and tested with “Software-In-the-Loop” (SIL) methods. Simulations are created using CARLA simulator to provide data and transform commands given by the autonomous platform into simulated actions. Validation is done by connecting Autoware autonomous platform with CARLA simulator in order to test against various scenes in which applications are applicable.
<title>All-solid-state electrochromic device with NiO/WO<formula><inf><roman>3</roman></inf></formula> complementary structure</title> (1997)

Based on our previous studies on the rf reactive sputtered nickel oxide films with nanostructure and its electrochromism which was supposed that electrochromic effect of the films is attributed to the reversible change of the non-stoichiometry in the nanocrystalline grain boundaries and interfaces due to the injection and ejection of Li<SUP>+</SUP> ions, a prototype of all-solid-state NiO/WO<SUB>3</SUB> complementary electrochromic device using Li<SUB>x</SUB>TaO<SUB>y</SUB> thin film as inorganic electrolyte was designed and prepared. The results indicate that the solar reflectance of the device could be modulated from 0.15 in colored state to 0.60 in bleached state with excellent cyclic reversibility, durability and high response speed (less than 0.3 sec from colored state to bleached state).
An Analysis of Media Researchers Perceptions of the Digitalization of Broadcasting in Korea (2010)

In Korea, researchers from universities and research institutions have exerted a significant role in planning, reviewing, and performing policy initiatives. This paper categorizes and assesses the perceptions of twenty-two researchers, whose areas are directly linked to digital cable television policy, technology, and industry. The subjectivity of digital television was examined from the perspective of social shaping of technology (SST), which is halfway between technological determinism and social determinism. Media researchers were asked to answer 36 Q-statements covering comprehensive dimensions about digital cable television. The result shows that the perceptions of participants fell into three types: (1) market-focused discontents, (2) public interest and broadcast supporters, and (3) regulation-oriented optimists. All three types agreed that the digitalization is a meaningful and important change for the cable industry and that the current regulation system in Korea must be revised to serve new developments in the field of media.
Incremental least-squares temporal difference learning (2007)

Approximate policy evaluation with linear function approx-imation is a commonly arising problem in reinforcement learning, usually solved using temporal difference (TD) algo-rithms. In this paper we introduce a new variant of linear TD learning, called incremental least-squares TD learning, or iLSTD. This method is more data efficient than conventional TD algorithms such as TD(0) and is more computationally ef-ficient than non-incremental least-squares TD methods such as LSTD (Bradtke &amp; Barto 1996; Boyan 1999). In particular, we show that the per-time-step complexities of iLSTD and TD(0) are O(n), where n is the number of features, whereas that of LSTD is O(n2). This difference can be decisive in modern applications of reinforcement learning where the use of a large number features has proven to be an effective so-lution strategy. We present empirical comparisons, using the test problem introduced by Boyan (1999), in which iLSTD converges faster than TD(0) and almost as fast as LSTD.
Latent class models for clustering : a comparison with K-means (2002)

Recent developments in latent class (LC) analysis and associated software to include continuous variables offer a model-based alternative to more traditional clustering approaches such as K-means. In this paper, the authors compare these two approaches using data simulated from a setting where true group membership is known. The authors choose a setting favourable to K-means by simulating data according to the assumptions made in both discriminant analysis (DISC) and K-means clustering. Since the information on true group membership is used in DISC but not in clustering approaches in general, the authors use the results obtained from DISC as a gold standard in determining an upper bound on the best possible outcome that might be expected from a clustering technique. The results indicate that LC substantially outperforms the K-means technique. A truly surprising result is that the LC performance is so good that it is virtually indistinguishable from the performance of DISC.
Novel catalyst system for the synthesis of poly(alkylene oxide) with controlled molecular weight (1994)

Abstract An organoaluminum compound with bulky phenoxide groups as a Lewis acid can accelerate much the living polymerization of alkylene oxide initiated with aluminum porphyrin by the coordinative activation of the monomer. This concept can be extented to the polymerization initiated with aluminum Schiff base and tetraazaannulene complexes.
Effective medium theory principles and applications (1999)

Effective medium theory dates back to the early days of the theory of electricity. Faraday in 1837 proposed one of the earliest models for a composite metal-insulator dielectric and around 1870 Maxwell and later Garnett (1904) developed models to describe a composite or mixed material medium. The subject has been developed considerably since and while the results are useful for predicting materials performance, the theory can also be used in a wide range of problems in physics and materials engineering. This book develops the topic of effective medium theory by bringing together the essentials of both the static and the dynamical theory. Electromagnetic systems are thoroughly dealt with, as well as related areas such as the CPA theory of alloys, liquids, the density functional theory etc., with applications to ultrasonics, hydrodynamics, superconductors, porous media and others, where the unifying aspects of the effective medium concept are emphasized. In this new second edition two further chapters have been added to deal with the theory of electrolytes and the exciting frontiers in electromagnetic and related areas of cloaking research, all from the perspective of effective medium theory.
Spectral Properties of Spirooxazine Photochromes: TD-DFT Insights (2009)

A large series of photochromes of the spirooxazine family has been investigated using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory, aiming at designing molecules with an open-ring merocyanine form absorbing at the longest possible wavelength. A complete methodological assessment (basis set, solvent effects, functionals) has been performed, allowing the design of efficient multilinear regressions for two solvents (cyclohexane and toluene). These regressions allow the estimate of the absorption wavelength of open spirooxazine with an error limited to about 5 nm. The thermodynamic and spectral properties of several isomers have been considered, and it turned out that only TTC and CTC structures may appear experimentally. These structures present similar stabilities and absorption wavelengths. The impact of the auxochromic groups on the UV/vis spectra was assessed and novel promising substitution patterns have been unravelled. It is shown that using a strong push moiety on the same side of the molecule as the pull group may be an effective procedure for tuning the visible spectra. In particular, several spirooxazines with absorption wavelength predicted to be close to or larger than 700 nm are proposed.
Chitin and its association with other molecules (1969)

Abstract Chitin or poly‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine occurs in three crystallographic forms α, β and γ. The α form is the most stable and consists of antiparallel chains. The β form (parallel chains – one chain per unit cell) and the γ form (probably two chains up and one down per unit cell) are both converted to the antiparallel arrangement (α form) on treatment in strong HCl. Chitin in the cuticles, apodemes and chaetae of animals occurs together with a considerable quantity of protein. X‐ray diffraction diagrams of the intact structures show repetition along the fiber axis corresponding to six NAG residues, or (more rarely observed) to eight NAG residues. The structural studies of Phillips and his colleagues on the reaction of lysozyme with NAG oligomers are taken as a relevant model for those chitin/protein complexes showing a repetition of six NAG residues/protein unit. In the case of locust tibia cuticles, evidence is presented for the existence of corpuscular protein units along chitin microfibrils and these repeat at 31 Å i.e. every six NAG residues. It is suggested that these protein units are basically a chitin synthetase but serving also as a “plasticiser” to modify the mechanical and water‐holding properties of the chitin.
Long COVID: The Nature of Thrombotic Sequelae Determines the Necessity of Early Anticoagulation (2022)

Many discharged COVID-19 patients affected by sequelae experience reduced quality of life leading to an increased burden on the healthcare system, their families and society at large. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms of long COVID include: persistent viral replication, chronic hypoxia and inflammation. Ongoing vascular endothelial damage promotes platelet adhesion and coagulation, resulting in the impairment of various organ functions. Meanwhile, thrombosis will further aggravate vasculitis contributing to further deterioration. Thus, long COVID is essentially a thrombotic sequela. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective treatment for long COVID. This article summarizes the evidence for coagulation abnormalities in long COVID, with a focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms of thrombosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various types of cells can carry SARS-CoV-2 through the circulation and attack distant tissues and organs. Furthermore, EVs express tissue factor and phosphatidylserine (PS) which aggravate thrombosis. Given the persistence of the virus, chronic inflammation and endothelial damage are inevitable. Pulmonary structural changes such as hypertension, embolism and fibrosis are common in long COVID. The resulting impaired lung function and chronic hypoxia again aggravates vascular inflammation and coagulation abnormalities. In this article, we also summarize recent research on antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19. There is increasing evidence that early anticoagulation can be effective in improving outcomes. In fact, persistent systemic vascular inflammation and dysfunction caused by thrombosis are key factors driving various complications of long COVID. Early prophylactic anticoagulation can prevent the release of or remove procoagulant substances, thereby protecting the vascular endothelium from damage, reducing thrombotic sequelae, and improving quality of life for long-COVID patients.
Dynamically sequencing an animated pedagogical agent (1997)

One of the most promising opportunities in-troduced by rapid advances in knowledge-based learning environments and multimedia technolo-gies is the possibility of creating animated peda-gogical agents. These agents should exhibit three properties: timely domain coverage (they should clearly communicate fundamental concepts and relationships within the allotted time); contextu-ality (they should provide explanations in appro-priate problem-solving contexts); and continuity (their activities and utterances should be peda-gogically, visually, and aurally coherent). We have developed the coherence-structured be-havior space approach to creating animated ped-agogical agents. This is a two-step approach. First, we design a behavior space of anima-tion and audio segments that are structured by prerequisite relationships and a continuity metric. Second, we navigate coherent paths through the space to dynamically sequence be-haviors. This creates seamless global behav-iors that communicate fundamental knowledge and provide contextualized problem-solving ad-vice. The coherence-structured behavior space approach has been implemented in Herman the Bug, an animated pedagogical agent for Design-A-Plant, a knowledge-based learning environ-ment for botanical anatomy and physiology. For-mative evaluations of the agent with middle school students are encouraging.