gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of cell migration by pro-urokinase binding to its receptor: possible mechanism for signal transduction in human epithelial cells. (1994)

A human epithelial cell line, WISH, and a mouse cell line, LB6-uPAR, transfected with the human urokinase receptor (uPAR), both expressed high affinity uPAR but undetectable levels of urokinase (uPA). In two independent assays, binding of exogenous pro-uPA produced an up to threefold enhancement of migration. The migration was time and concentration dependent and did not involve extracellular proteolysis. This biologic response suggested that uPAR can trigger an intracellular signal. Since this receptor is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked protein, we postulated that it must do so by interacting with other proteins, among which, by analogy to other systems, would be a kinase. To test this hypothesis, we carried out a solid phase capture of uPAR from WISH cell lysates using either antibodies against uPAR or pro-uPA adsorbed to plastic wells, followed by in vitro phosphorylation of the immobilized proteins. SDS-PAGE and autoradiography revealed two phosphorylated protein bands of 47 and 55 kD. Both proteins were phosphorylated on serine residues. Partial sequence of the two proteins showed a 100% homology to cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and 8 (CK8), respectively. A similar pattern of phosphorylation was obtained with lysates from A459 cells, a lung carcinoma, but not HL60, LB6-uPAR or HEp3 cell lysates, suggesting that the identified multiprotein uPAR-complex may be specific for simple epithelia. Moreover, immunocapture with antibody to another glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked protein, CD55, which is highly expressed in WISH cells, was ineffective. The kinase was tentatively identified as protein kinase C, because it was inhibited by an analogue of staurosporine more specific for PKC and not by a PKA or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The kinase was tentatively identified as PKC epsilon because of its resistance to PMA down-modulation, independence of Ca2+ for activity, and reaction with a specific anti-PKC epsilon antibody in Western blots. Cell fractionation into cytosolic and particulate fractions revealed that all four proteins, the kinase, uPAR, CK18, and CK8, were present in the particulate fraction. In vivo, CK8, and to a lesser degree CK18, were found to be phosphorylated on serine residues. Occupation of uPAR elicited a time-dependent increase in the phosphorylation intensity of CK8, a cell shape change and a redistribution of the cytokeratin filaments. These results strongly suggest that uPAR serves not only as an anchor for uPA but participates in a signal transduction pathway resulting in a pronounced biological response.
The Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS): Analyses of Clouds, Precipitation, and Temperature (1996)

The Local Analysis and Prediction System combines numerous data sources into a set of analyses and forecasts on a 10-km grid with high temporal resolution. To arrive at an analysis of cloud cover, several input analyses are combined with surface aviation observations and pilot reports of cloud layers. These input analyses am a skin temperature analysis (used to solve for cloud layer heights and coverage) derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite IR 11.24-µm data, other visible and multispectral imagery, a three-dimensional temperature analysis, and a three-dimensional radar reflectivity analysis derived from full volumetric radar data. Use of a model first guess for clouds is currently being phased in. The goal is to combine the data sources to take advantage of their strengths, thereby automating the synthesis similar to that of a human forecaster. The design of the analysis procedures and output displays focuses on forecaster utility. A number of derived fields are calculated including cloud type, liquid water content, ice content, and icing severity, as well as precipitation type, concentration, and accumulation. Results from validating the cloud fields against independent data obtained during the Winter Icing and Storms Project are presented. Forecasters can now make use of these analyses in a variety of situations, such as depicting sky cover and radiation characteristics over a region, three-dimensionally delineating visibility and icing conditions for aviation, depicting precipitation type, rain and snow accumulation, etc.
Neural network prediction of translation initiation sites in eukaryotes: perspectives for EST and genome analysis. (1997)

Translation in eukaryotes does not always start at the first AUG in an mRNA, implying that context information also plays a role. This makes prediction of translation initiation sites a non-trivial task, especially when analysing EST and genome data where the entire mature mRNA sequence is not known. In this paper, we employ artificial neural networks to predict which AUG triplet in an mRNA sequence is the start codon. The trained networks correctly classified 88% of Arabidopsis and 85% of vertebrate AUG triplets. We find that our trained neural networks use a combination of local start codon context and global sequence information. Furthermore, analysis of false predictions shows that AUGs in frame with the actual start codon are more frequently selected than out-of-frame AUGs, suggesting that our networks use reading frame detection. A number of conflicts between neural network predictions and database annotations are analysed in detail, leading to identification of possible database errors.
Appearance of Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) by Altitudes in Deogyusan National Park, Jeollabuk-do, Korea (2012)

Appearance of carrion beetles by altitudes for 3 months from July to September 2011 was investigated in Dongyeopryeong course of Deogyusan National Park, Jeollabuk-do. The vegetation of the survey sites consist of four types, deciduous forest, mixed forest of deciduous and sasa types, and bushes. A total of 1,084 individuals in 6 species of carrion beetles by using bait traps were investigated and among them, Nicrophorus quadripunctatus was the most dominant species with 947 (87.36%). As a result of this survey, Nicrophorus quadripunctatus was appeared in all the altitudes but an alpine species, Silpha perforata was not appeared under 1,300 m altitude. Unlike Silpha perforata, no or few Calosilpha brunneicollis, Nicrophorus maculifrons, Nicrophorus concolor and Ptomascopus morio were appeared over 1,000 m. The analysis of vegetation preference by altitudes of survey areas shows no relevance between carrion beetles and vegetation except Silpha perforate which was appeared only in the bushes over 1,300m, but the more detail researches are required for preference of vegetation type.
microRNA-29a induces aberrant self-renewal capacity in hematopoietic progenitors, biased myeloid development, and acute myeloid leukemia (2010)

The function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), committed progenitors, and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is poorly understood. We show that miR-29a is highly expressed in HSC and down-regulated in hematopoietic progenitors. Ectopic expression of miR-29a in mouse HSC/progenitors results in acquisition of self-renewal capacity by myeloid progenitors, biased myeloid differentiation, and the development of a myeloproliferative disorder that progresses to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). miR-29a promotes progenitor proliferation by expediting G1 to S/G2 cell cycle transitions. miR-29a is overexpressed in human AML and, like human LSC, miR-29a-expressing myeloid progenitors serially transplant AML. Our data indicate that miR-29a regulates early hematopoiesis and suggest that miR-29a initiates AML by converting myeloid progenitors into self-renewing LSC.
Assessing behavioral toxicity with <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (2004)

Behavior, even in simple metazoans, depends upon integrated processes at the subcellular, cellular, and organismal level, and thus is susceptible to disruption by a broad spectrum of chemicals. Locomotor behavior (movement) of the small free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be useful in assessing toxicity. Recently reported observations suggest that behavioral change (reduced movement) occurs after 4 h of exposure to heavy metals, and that with abbreviated exposure, the concentration-response relationship for Pb (a known neurotoxic metal) differs from that for Cu. In this study, movement was evaluated after 4-h exposures for nine compounds from three chemical classes: organic pesticides, organic solvents, and heavy metals. Concentration-dependent reduction of movement was observed for all test compounds with the exception of mebendazole, for which test concentrations were limited by solubility. Within each chemical class, movement was more sensitive to the neurotoxic compounds than to substances not believed to be neurotoxic, as evidenced by behavioral effective concentration to reduce average worm movement to 50% of the control movement values (e.g., levamisole and chlorpyrifos < mebendazole, ethanol and acetone < dimethylsulfoxide, and Pb and Al < Cu). These observations are discussed as they relate to the use of acute behavioral tests in assessing general chemical toxicity, and the enhanced value of 4-h testing for the detection of neural toxicants.
Up-sampling and Natural Sample Value Computation for Digital Pulse Width Modulators (2006)

Digital pulse width modulation has been considered for high-fidelity and high-efficiency audio amplifiers for several years now. It has been shown that the distortion, can be reduced and the implementation of the system can be simplified if the switching frequency is much higher than the Nyquist rate of the modulating waveform. Hence, the input digital source is normally upsampled to a higher frequency. It was also proved that converting uniform samples to natural samples will decrease the harmonic distortion. Thus, in this paper, we examine a new approach that combines digital interpolation and natural sampling conversion. This approach uses poly-phase implementation of the digital interpolation filter and digital differentiators. We will show that the structure consists of an FIR-type linear stage and a nonlinear stage. Some spectral simulation results of a pulse width modulation system based on this approach will also be presented. Finally, we will discuss the improvement of the new approach over old algorithms.
Syndrome Decoding of Binary Rate-1/2 Convolutional Codes (1976)

The classical Viterbi decoder recursively finds the trellis path (code word) closest to the received data. Given the received data, the syndrome decoder first forms a syndrome instead. Having found the syndrome, that only depends on the channel noise, a recursive algorithm like Viterbi's determines the noise sequence of minimum Hamming weight that can he a possible cause of this syndrome. Given the estimate of the noise sequence, one derives an estimate of the original data sequence. The bit error probability of the syndrome decoder is no different from that of the classical Viterbi decoder. However, for short constraint length codes the syndrome decoder can be implemented using a read-only memory (ROM), thus obtaining a considerable saving in hardware. The syndrome decoder has at most <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\frac{3}{4}</tex> as many path registers as does the Viterbi decoder. There exist convolutional codes for which the number of path registers can be even further reduced.
Improvement on speech recognition and synthesis for disabled individuals using fuzzy neural net retrofits (1988)

Currently available voice input-output technology for microcomputers is reviewed. It is found that although such devices can be adequate in the case of voice output, voice input technology is far inferior; its deficiencies include user dependence, need for extensive user involvement in the training process, limited vocabulary, inability to recognize connected or continuous speech adequately, and high costs. The requirements for an adequate speech input device are briefly outlined and currently available applicable technologies are noted. An interactive learning system that uses off-the-shelf technology is described. The system involves three stages: dynamic word wrap matching is used to detect and align candidate words; fuzzy neural-net word recognition is applied to input spectrogram patterns; a voice synthesizer is used to complete the interactive loop. The system has a recognition accuracy of 95-98%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sustainable Carbonaceous Biofiller from Miscanthus: Size Reduction, Characterization, and Potential Bio-composites Applications (2018)

The use of biocarbon derived from renewable resources to substitute for petroleum-based carbonaceous materials in composites and other applications often requires size reduction. Biocarbon obtained by the pyrolysis of miscanthus was subjected to ball milling from 2 to 24 h. Particle analysis was performed by combining scanning electron microscope imaging and image-based particle counting. The milled biocarbon had a highly heterogeneous shape and size distribution, making image-based analysis the most suitable method. The average particle size was reduced from above 3 µm after 2 h of milling to below 1 µm after 24 h of milling. The specific surface area doubled from 148 m²/g to approximately 300 m²/g after 2 h of milling, but it did not change with longer milling. Ball milling caused a gradual decrease of the thermal conductivity from 0.137 to 0.116 W·m-1·K-1. The ash content increased from 8 to 17% after 24 h of milling. Polypropylene composites filled with the biocarbon with and without ball milling showed lower density and comparable mechanical properties to a talc-filled composite except for lower impact strength. Using ball milled biocarbon led to a steady increase of the impact strength with longer milling time, reaching values on a par with that of the talc composite.
Serum Levels of Biochemical Markers of Traumatic Brain Injury (2012)

Background . A biomarker would be valuable in the diagnosis, risk stratification and prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods . We measured serum levels of S-100β, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in 50 TBI subjects, and 50 age and gender matched controls. Patients were recruited within 6 hours of the initial injury, they had an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 14 or less, or a GCS score of 15 with witnessed loss of consciousness (LOC) or amnesia. Results . S-100β, NSE and MBP levels were significantly higher in TBI subjects than in control subjects (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn></mml:math>for S-100β and NSE;<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.009</mml:mn></mml:math>for MBP). Initial S-100β levels were significantly higher in TBI subjects who had not retuned to normal activities 2 weeks following their injury than in TBI subjects who had retuned to normal activities (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.022</mml:mn></mml:math>). MBP levels were higher in TBI subjects with positive findings on the baseline CT scan than in CT-negative subjects (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.007</mml:mn></mml:math>). Conclusions . S-100β, NSE and MBP may be present in the sera of TBI subjects in elevated quantities relative to controls. S-100β may aid in predicting short-term outcome in TBI subjects.
Combining information from several experiments with nonparametric priors (1997)

This paper considers combining information from several experiments when the experiments can be summarised via a parameter value. The structure of this set of parameters, in terms of independence, exchangeability, partial exchangeability, etc., is assumed to be unknown and a finite number of possible structures are entertained, each with an associated prior weight representing the degree of belief in that structure. Crucial is the criterion by which these structures are selected. The final inference for the parameter values is taken to be the average, with respect to the posterior weights, of the values obtained from each structure. This is performed within a Bayesian nonparametric framework where the form of the prior distribution for the parameters is unrestricted. Therefore we do not assume that the distributions associated with a partial structure are from the same family. Different types of experiment suggest different types of distributions of parameters associated with each type of experiment.
Discovery, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationship Development of a Series of <i>N</i>-4-(2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)phenylpicolinamides (VU0400195, ML182): Characterization of a Novel Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 (mGlu<sub>4</sub>) with Oral Efficacy in an Antiparkinsonian Animal Model (2011)

There is an increasing amount of literature data showing the positive effects on preclinical antiparkinsonian rodent models with selective positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu(4)). However, most of the data generated utilize compounds that have not been optimized for druglike properties, and as a consequence, they exhibit poor pharmacokinetic properties and thus do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Herein, we report on a series of N-4-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)phenylpicolinamides with improved PK properties with excellent potency and selectivity as well as improved brain exposure in rodents. Finally, ML182 was shown to be orally active in the haloperidol induced catalepsy model, a well-established antiparkinsonian model.
Recognition of vowels in Japanese words using spectral local peaks. (1984)

This paper describes experiments on recognition of vowels in 212 Japanese words. Recognition is based on frequency distribution of spectral local peaks for every frame. The spectrum obtained from a band pass filter bank sampled every 10 ms is represented by a binary vector, each element denoting the presence or absence of a local peak at a particular channel. The conditional probability distribution of local peaks and the joint probability between one local peak and another are obtained by a statistical analysis. Recognition procedures are derived from the functional form of these underlying probability distributions. The power information in certain channels is also used as a supplementary one for improving the recognition accuracies. The recognition rate is 90.8% for designed samples, and 85.3% for test samples uttered by5males. The effects in transfer systems with various frequency characteristics on vowel recognition are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the effects are significant, and the proposed method using local peaks is robust for the different frequency characteristics studied.
Stoichiometry and role of GTP hydrolysis in bovine neurotubule assembly (1978)

A method is given for preparing tubulin with 1 mol of exchangeably bound [gamma-32P]GTP/mol of 6 S dimer. Bovine tubulin is shown to hydrolyze 1 mol of GTP/mol of 6 S dimer added to assembling microtubules at 37 degrees. Hydrolysis and assembly occur at the same rate and to the same extent. When microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are removed, both hydrolysis and assembly fail to occur. Readdition of the MAPs restores both activities. Tubulin with exchangeable GDP will co-assemble with GTP.tubulin even at equimolar levels. Exchangeability is demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments with GDP or GTP. GDP is also a potent inhibitor of assembly under these conditions, and the rate of assembly is reduced by 50% at 10 micron GDP. One mole of inorganic phosphate is released to the solvent per mole of exchangeable GTP hydrolyzed. An assembly mechanism is proposed in which exchangeable GTP is hydrolyzed without intermediate transphosphorylation of nonexchangeable GDP.
Effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase on the pial microcirculation in feline cerebral ischemia. (1989)

We evaluated the effects of cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase, on the pial vessels of adult cats subjected to endothelial damage followed by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Six cats were treated with cilostazol and four with 30% N,N-dimethylformamide in 70% saline (solvent). The brain surface was irradiated with ultraviolet rays through a cranial window for 3 minutes to selectively damage the endothelium of the pial vessels in both groups. Beginning 32 minutes after termination of the irradiation, the middle cerebral artery was occluded for 30 minutes. Thirty minutes before occlusion, intravenous infusion of 30 micrograms/kg/min cilostazol or 0.1 ml/kg/min solvent was begun and continued until the end of the study. Before occlusion, the infusion of cilostazol induced a significant (p less than 0.05) dilatation while the infusion of solvent produced no significant changes in the diameter of the pial arteries. The pial veins of solvent-treated cats showed significant (p less than 0.05) constriction during occlusion, whereas cilostazol-treated cats exhibited only mild constriction of the pial veins. The formation of platelet thrombi after occlusion was significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited in the pial veins of cilostazol-treated compared with solvent-treated cats. Similarly, the microcirculation of the pial veins was effectively restored after reopening of the middle cerebral artery in cilostazol-treated compared with solvent-treated cats. Our data suggest that cilostazol is an effective antithrombotic agent as well as a potent vasodilator acting on vascular smooth muscle.
A Complex Genetic Interaction Between<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>TOC1 and CCA1/LHY in Driving the Circadian Clock and in Output Regulation (2007)

It has been proposed that CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) together with TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) make up the central oscillator of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock. These genes thus drive rhythmic outputs, including seasonal control of flowering and photomorphogenesis. To test various clock models and to disclose the genetic relationship between TOC1 and CCA1/LHY in floral induction and photomorphogenesis, we constructed the cca1 lhy toc1 triple mutant and cca1 toc1 and lhy toc1 double mutants and tested various rhythmic responses and circadian output regulation. Here we report that rhythmic activity was dramatically attenuated in cca1 lhy toc1. Interestingly, we also found that TOC1 regulates the floral transition in a CCA1/LHY-dependent manner while CCA1/LHY functions upstream of TOC1 in regulating a photomorphogenic process. This suggests to us that TOC1 and CCA1/LHY participate in these two processes through different strategies. Collectively, we have used genetics to provide direct experimental support of previous modeling efforts where CCA1/LHY, along with TOC1, drives the circadian oscillator and have shown that this clock is essential for correct output regulation.
Streptococcal Meningitis Resulting from Contact with an Infected Horse (2001)

We report a case of group C streptococcal meningitis in a woman with a history of close animal contact as well as head trauma as a result of a kick by a horse. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures grew Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, as did a throat culture taken from the colt that had kicked her 2 weeks prior to admission.