gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conductivity modulation in the channel inversion layer of very narrow mesa IGBT (2017)

It was experimentally found that the short-circuit withstand capability of very narrow mesa IGBTs is degraded because of CIBL. In this paper, we report, for the first time, that conductivity modulation in the channel inversion layer of narrow mesa IGBT is the cause of CIBL. It is shown that the combination of the conductivity modulation and avalanche generation due to MOSFET-Mode operation causes short-circuit failure. We also propose a new cell design principle of narrow mesa IGBTs for low on-state voltage drop and good short-circuit withstand capability.
Variation in actual relationship as a consequence of Mendelian sampling and linkage (2011)

Although the expected relationship or proportion of genome shared by pairs of relatives can be obtained from their pedigrees, the actual quantities deviate as a consequence of Mendelian sampling and depend on the number of chromosomes and map length. Formulae have been published previously for the variance of actual relationship for a number of specific types of relatives but no general formula for non-inbred individuals is available. We provide here a unified framework that enables the variances for distant relatives to be easily computed, showing, for example, how the variance of sharing for great grandparent-great grandchild, great uncle-great nephew, half uncle-nephew and first cousins differ, even though they have the same expected relationship. Results are extended in order to include differences in map length between sexes, no recombination in males and sex linkage. We derive the magnitude of skew in the proportion shared, showing the skew becomes increasingly large the more distant the relationship. The results obtained for variation in actual relationship apply directly to the variation in actual inbreeding as both are functions of genomic coancestry, and we show how to partition the variation in actual inbreeding between and within families. Although the variance of actual relationship falls as individuals become more distant, its coefficient of variation rises, and so, exacerbated by the skewness, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish different pedigree relationships from the actual fraction of the genome shared.
Molecular Identification of Carnosine Synthase as ATP-grasp Domain-containing Protein 1 (ATPGD1) (2010)

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and homocarnosine (gamma-aminobutyryl-L-histidine) are abundant dipeptides in skeletal muscle and brain of most vertebrates and some invertebrates. The formation of both compounds is catalyzed by carnosine synthase, which is thought to convert ATP to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate, and whose molecular identity is unknown. In the present work, we have purified carnosine synthase from chicken pectoral muscle about 1500-fold until only two major polypeptides of 100 and 90 kDa were present in the preparation. Mass spectrometry analysis of these polypeptides did not yield any meaningful candidate. Carnosine formation catalyzed by the purified enzyme was accompanied by a stoichiometric formation, not of AMP, but of ADP, suggesting that carnosine synthase belongs to the "ATP-grasp family" of ligases. A data base mining approach identified ATPGD1 as a likely candidate. As this protein was absent from chicken protein data bases, we reconstituted its sequence from a PCR-amplified cDNA and found it to fit with the 100-kDa polypeptide of the chicken carnosine synthase preparation. Mouse and human ATPGD1 were expressed in HEK293T cells, purified to homogeneity, and shown to catalyze the formation of carnosine, as confirmed by mass spectrometry, and of homocarnosine. Specificity studies carried out on all three enzymes were in agreement with published data. In particular, they acted with 15-25-fold higher catalytic efficiencies on beta-alanine than on gamma-aminobutyrate. The identification of the gene encoding carnosine synthase will help for a better understanding of the biological functions of carnosine and related dipeptides, which still remain largely unknown.
A review on wound dressings with an emphasis on electrospun nanofibrous polymeric bandages (2009)

Abstract Wound dressings have experienced continuous and significant changes since the ancient times. The development starts with the use of natural materials to simply cover the wounds to the materials of the present time that could be specially made to exhibit various extraordinary functions. The modern bandage materials made of electrospun biopolymers contain various active compounds that are beneficial to the healing of wounds. These materials are fibrous in nature, with the size of fibers segments ranging from tens of nanometers to micrometers. With the right choices of biopolymers used for these fibrous materials, they could enhance the healing of wounds significantly compared with the conventional fibrous dressing materials, such as gauze. These bandages could be made such that they contain bioactive ingredients, such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory agents, which could be released to the wounds enhancing their healing. In an active wound dressing (AWD), the main purpose is to control the biochemical states of a wound in order to aid its healing process. This review provides an overview of different types of wounds, effective parameters in wound healing and different types of wound dressing materials with a special emphasis paid to those prepared by electrospinning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative 3D Analysis of Plant Roots Growing in Soil Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2016)

Precise measurements of root system architecture traits are an important requirement for plant phenotyping. Most of the current methods for analyzing root growth require either artificial growing conditions (e.g. hydroponics), are severely restricted in the fraction of roots detectable (e.g. rhizotrons), or are destructive (e.g. soil coring). On the other hand, modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are noninvasive and allow high-quality three-dimensional imaging of roots in soil. Here, we present a plant root imaging and analysis pipeline using MRI together with an advanced image visualization and analysis software toolbox named NMRooting. Pots up to 117 mm in diameter and 800 mm in height can be measured with the 4.7 T MRI instrument used here. For 1.5 l pots (81 mm diameter, 300 mm high), a fully automated system was developed enabling measurement of up to 18 pots per day. The most important root traits that can be nondestructively monitored over time are root mass, length, diameter, tip number, and growth angles (in two-dimensional polar coordinates) and spatial distribution. Various validation measurements for these traits were performed, showing that roots down to a diameter range between 200 μm and 300 μm can be quantitatively measured. Root fresh weight correlates linearly with root mass determined by MRI. We demonstrate the capabilities of MRI and the dedicated imaging pipeline in experimental series performed on soil-grown maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants.
The Lung Screen Uptake Trial (LSUT): protocol for a randomised controlled demonstration lung cancer screening pilot testing a targeted invitation strategy for high risk and ‘hard-to-reach’ patients (2016)

This study was registered with the ISRCTN (International Standard Registered Clinical/soCial sTudy Number: ISRCTN21774741) on the 23rd September 2015 and the NIH ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT0255810) on the 22nd September 2015.
Extensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) and Next Generation Access Control (NGAC) (2016)

Extensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) and Next Generation Access Control (NGAC) are very different attribute based access control standards with similar goals and objectives. An objective of both is to provide a standardized way for expressing and enforcing vastly diverse access control policies in support of various types of data services. The two standards differ with respect to the manner in which access control policies and attributes are specified and managed, and decisions are computed and enforced. This paper is presented as a consolidation and refinement of public draft NIST SP 800-178 [21], describing, and comparing these two standards.
Effects of Environmental Temperature on Structure and Gelatinization Properties of Wheat Starch (2003)

ABSTRACT The effects of environmental temperature on gelatinization properties and amylopectin structures of wheat endosperm starch were examined by isolating starches from four wheat cultivars matured in growth chambers at daytime temperatures of 15, 20, 25, or 30°C. Kernel weight and starch content per kernel were reduced by high maturation temperature. Amylose content showed no significant change at high maturation temperature in some cultivars; in other cultivars, there was a slight increase. Principal component analysis of data on relative peak areas of debranched amylopectin showed that amylopectin from wheat grown at a lower temperature had a greater proportion of shorter chains. Amylopectin branch chains were classified into three groups based on the correlation coefficients between the data of branch chain length distribution and principal component scores, degree of polymerization (DP) of 6–12, DP 13–34, and DP ≥ 35. The gelatinization temperature of starches increased markedly at a higher maturation temperature, with increases exceeding 10°C at high maturation temperatures. Gelatinization properties correlated significantly with amylopectin chain length distribution.
Caspofungin for post solid organ transplant invasive fungal disease: results of a retrospective observational study (2010)

In this study, caspofungin was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of IFIs involving SOT recipients.
Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor (c-met) in skin fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis. (2002)

High concentration of HGF inhibited collagen production in cultured fibroblasts derived from patients with SSc. Overexpression of HGF/c-met appears to be a biological feedback response to the fibrotic process of SSc, suggesting that the antifibrotic effect of HGF might be used as a novel strategy for treatment of SSc.
<title>Color image denoising with wavelet thresholding based on human visual system model</title> (2003)

This paper presents a new approach to color image denoising under consideration of human visual system (HVS) model. The denosing process takes place in the wavelet transform domain. A contrast sensitivity function (CSF) implementation is employed into wavelet-based algorithm based on an invariant single factor weighting per subband and noise masking in succession. Experimental results show that the new approach is good in terms of perceptual error metrics and visual effect.
HTS Trapped field magnet based motors for naval applications (2016)

As the Navy conve1is to all electric ships, it is investigating ways to reduce the size and weight of electric propulsion motors. The fundamental challenge is to achieve high torque and low speed in a small motor. To achieve this objective, they have invested in, or are investing in, wound induction motors, permanent magnetic motors, synchronous superconducting magnetic motors, and homopolar superconducting motors. Reliable wound induction motors are available today and have been selected for use in the U.K. Navy, but it is unlikely they can be made significantly smaller. The permanent magnet machines are smaller and further compaction is possible. The limits on energy product provide a lower bound on how small permanent magnet machines can ultimately become. Superconductivity offers the promise of even higher fields leading to smaller size, but the mechanical properties of superconducting wires appear to set a practical limit on minimum size today and for the foreseeable future. We are proposing a study to assess the technical feasibility of achieving small sizes more rapidly by pursuing an alternate approach that is a functional hybrid between today's permanent magnet machines and today's superconducting machines. The proposed program does not require building a new machine at this stage. Rather, key experiments and theoretical analyses will be done to provide the engineering data needed to build and operate this novel machine. Since any resulting machine will likely have conventional topology with unconventional materials, a good knowledge of relevant material system performance under relevant conditions can be used to estimate the ultimate machine performance. This work is particularly significant as the investigations on bulk superconducting >permanent> magnets to date indicate a potential size reduction in a motor of a factor of 10 to 20 over today's superconducting and permanent magnet motors. The proposed work will examine the degree to which the potential size reduction might be achievable in practical motor designs.
[Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on myoelectric activity of small intestine]. (1993)

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is one of the important Chinese medicinal herbs which are widely used and well known for its invigoration of vital energy. In the present experiment, the cycle duration of interdigestive myoelectric complex (IDMEC) and the durations of every phase were observed electrophysiologically before and after the 25% concentrated solution (1 ml/kg) was instilled into the empty stomach of the healthy, awakened dog. Signals of IDMEC were recorded by microcomputer. No significant change was found in duodenum in each criteria except for phase which became slightly longer (P < 0.05). While in jejunum the shortening of phase I and the prolonging of phase II were both significant (P < 0.01) and the cycle duration was also extended (P < 0.05) as well as increase of action potential on phase II and within the cycle (P < 0.05), with phase III and IV remained unchanged (P > 0.05). These results indicated that AM could strengthen the movement and muscle tonus in intestine (esp. in jejunum) and might serve as the scientific evidences to elucidate the effects of AM on the movements in digestive tracts.
Opioid peptide receptor studies. 12. Buprenorphine is a potent and selective μ/κ antagonist in the [35S]‐GTP‐γ‐S functional binding assay (1999)

We utilized the [35S]-GTP-γ-S functional binding assay to determine the selectivity of opioid receptor agonists in guinea pig caudate membranes. The study focused on two opioid agonists used for treating opioid-dependent patients: methadone and buprenorphine. Selective antagonists were used to generate agonist-selective conditions: TIPP + nor-BNI to measure μ receptors, CTAP + nor-BNI to measure γ receptors and TIPP + CTAP to measure κ receptors. The assay was first validated with opioid agonists of known subtype specificity (DAMGO for μ, SNC80 for δ, and U69,593 for κ receptors). Methadone-stimulated [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding was μ-specific and less potent and efficacious than etorphine (Kd = 1,537 nM vs. Kd = 7.8 nM). Buprenorphine failed to stimulate [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding but inhibited agonist-stimulated [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding. The antagonist-Ki values (nM) of buprenorphine at μ, δ, and κ receptors were 0.088 nM, 1.15 nM, and 0.072 nM, respectively. The antagonist-Ki values (nM) of naloxone at μ, δ, and κ receptors were 1.39 nM, 25.0 nM, and 11.4 nM, respectively. Autoradiographic studies showed that buprenorphine failed to stimulate [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding in caudate-level rat brain sections but blocked DAMGO-stimulated [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding. In cells expressing the cloned rat μ receptor, buprenorphine was a partial agonist and potent μ antagonist. Administration of buprenorphine to rats produced a long-lasting (>24 h) decrease in μ and κ2 receptor binding and attenuated μ-stimulated [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding. Viewed collectively, these data indicate that, in this assay system, buprenorphine is a potent μ and γ receptor antagonist. The clinical implications remain to be elucidated. Synapse 34:83–94, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical pharmacology of l‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl cytosine (1971)

Pharmacologic studies were performed in man with tritiated 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl cytosine (ara‐C). Most of the plasma and urine radioactivity was in 1‐f3‐D‐arabinofuranosyl uracil (ara‐U), and all of the radioactivity could be accounted for as ara‐C and ara‐U. The plasma disapperance curve of ara‐C when plotted on a semilog scale was biphasic with an initial fast phase (mean half‐time 12 minutes) and a slower second phase (mean half‐time 111 minutes). There was a linear correlation between the dose and plasma concentration of ara‐C. The initial plasma ara‐U to ara‐C ratio was lower at the high doses, suggesting saturation of ara‐C deaminase activity. Eighty per cent of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine by 24 hours, 8 per cent as ara‐C, and 72 per cent as ara‐U. Prior treatment with ara‐C had no effect on the pharmacology of ara‐C. The plasma ara‐C deaminase activity was very low. The total amount in plasma was less than one per cent of that present in the liver. The ara‐C deaminase activity of red blood cells (RBC) of normal subjects was 7 per cent that of the liver, and the RBC of solid tumor patients contained significantly higher enzyme activity. Following a loading dose, ara‐C was given by constant intravenous infUSion. This resulted in constant plasma ara‐C levels which were dose related. At steady state the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to plasma ratio of ara‐C was 0.4. Intrathecal injection of ara‐C resulted in high initial CSF levels and an exponential decrease with a half‐time of 2 hours. This very long half‐time as compared to the plasma is a function of the very low ara‐C deaminase activity in CSF and brain.
9a-C-13 MnPのスピンダイヤグラム (1970)

Six male post-detoxified opiate dependent subjects were evaluated for abuse liability of buprenorphine (0.6 mg), morphine (16 mg), pentazocine (30 mg) and distilled water (placebo) intramuscular injection in a single blind cross-over random order. Subjective states, drug discrimination, drug linking, sedation and euphoria were assessed at pre-injection, 30 min and 4 hrs post-injection. Buprenorphine caused significant euphoria and was identified as heroin. On all parameters, buprenorphine resembled morphine rather than pentazocine and placebo. The data suggest that abuse liability of buprenorphine is similar to morphine i.e. moderate rather than low.
Design of the PDX Tokamak wall armor and inner limiter system (1981)

The inner wall protective plates for the PDX Tokamak are designed to absorb 8 MW of neutral deuterium beam power at maximum power densities of 3 kW/cm/sup 2/ for pulse lengths of 0.5 sec. Preliminary studies indicate that the design could survive several pulses of 1 sec duration. The design consists of a tile and mounting plate structure. The mounting plates are water cooled to allow short duty cycles and beam calorimetry. The temperature and flow of the coolant is measured to obtain the injected power. A thermocouple array on the tiles provides beam position and power density profiles. Several material combinations for the tiles were subjected to thermal tests using both electron and neutral beams, and titanium carbide coated graphite was selected as the tile material. The heat transfer coefficient of the tile backing plate structure was measured to determine the maximum pulse rate allowable. The design of the armor system allows the structure to be used as a neutral beam power diagnostic and as an inner plasma limiter. The electrical and cooling systems external to the vacuum vessel are discussed.
Dielectric characterization of low-loss materials a comparison of techniques (1998)

Measurements on low-loss materials using closed and open cavity resonators, and dielectric resonator methods are presented. Results indicate that consistent measurement results can be obtained with a number of well-characterized fixtures. Uncertainties associated with each method are addressed. Measurements also were performed on materials used in previous intercomparisons.
Graphic language translation with a language independent processor (1967)

Since January 1963 when "Sketch Pad, A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System" by Ivan E. Sutherland was published as a Ph.D. Thesis at M.I.T., graphic displays on computers have been used for a variety of experimental and production purposes. The motivation behind the system described here, is to provide an interactive graphic input/output facility to a number of existing software systems. Our business, like many others, has developed over the past 10 years a number of sophisticated and complex "Computer Aided Design" systems. These systems include principally numerical control part programming systems and engineering design analysis systems. Although these systems have proven themselves to be a necessary part of the design, and manufacturing process, nevertheless preparing input and assimilating output is still a time consuming process for the users. The interactive display speeds up these processes. Its output is more meaningful, too, since pictures as well as numbers and text are used as communication media between the man and the machine.
Relation of the Number of Cross-Links and Mechanical Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films Formed by a Dehydration Condensation Reaction (2006)

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films were prepared by employing a condensation reaction utilizing 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to cross-link each MWCNT with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups. Morphological changes in the resultant MWCNT films were monitored using scanning electron microscopy and showed that the MWCNTs were randomly intertwined in the films. The prepared MWCNT films were 17 mm in diameter and 20 microm in thickness, and the apparent density was 0.59 g/cm(3). Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy confirmed that each MWCNT modified with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups was cross-linked through the ester bond. It was found that the ratio of the number of ester cross-links and carbon atoms of the nanotubes per unit apparent volume (cm(3)) of condensed-MWCNT films was 5.27 x 10(-3) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The tensile strength and Vickers hardness of condensed-MWCNT films achieved an average of 15 and 9.2 MPa, respectively, and were greater than those of free-standing MWCNT films without ester bond.
Glutamate/dopamine D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> balance in the basal ganglia and its relevance to Parkinson' disease (1995)

The recent availability of selective ligands for NMDA and AMPA receptors has enabled neuroscientists to test the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease is a glutamate hyperactivity disorder and hence treatable with glutamate antagonists. This review takes a critical look at the motor characteristics of this new class of drugs in rodent and primate models of parkinsonism and assesses the clinical potential and pitfalls of this radical new approach. Monotherapy of Parkinson's disease with glutamate antagonists appears impractical at the present time, due to their low efficacy and unacceptable side effects, but polypharmacy with L-DOPA and a glutamate antagonist as adjuvant is a more realistic prospect. This review will focus on the ways in which glutamate receptor blockade facilitates motor recovery with L-DOPA and will examine whether the basis for this beneficial effect can be traced to a specific interaction with dopamine at D1 or D2 receptors, and therefore to discrete motor pathways within the basal ganglia.