gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Control of Polymer Molecular Weight during Synthesis (2016)

The continuous record of monomer and polymer concentrations, Cm and Cp, and cumulative weight-average mass, Mw, furnished by automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) has been harnessed to provide feedback to control reactor monomer flow in order to follow a target trajectory Mw,t(t) during linear chain growth free radical polymerization. This was achieved without a detailed kinetic model. Two proportionality parameters to pilot the controller, α and p, result from (i) reaction rate = αCm and (ii) Mw,inst = pCm, where Mw,inst is instantaneous Mw. Using Ansatz values for α and p, the controller periodically recomputes these, based on the ACOMP data stream, in order to follow Mw,t(t). A histogram of concentration vs Mw,inst estimates the molecular weight distribution width. Invoking an instantaneous distribution provides polydispersities. Results are compared to GPC analysis on end products. The concept of “isomorphic reaction pair” is introduced: two reactions that follow the same trajectory under different reaction variables, e.g., varying T at constant [initiator] and varying [initiator] at T = constant. The controller can be used, as is, for high solids reactions, and extended to copolymerization, including for possible control of composition gradients in controlled radical polymerization.
Towards realization of a delta-BSF solar cell: Infrared improvements (1995)

Our previous modeling and simulation demonstrated that a considerable increase in Si single-crystal back surface field (BSF) solar cell performance is possible by modifications to give a so-called delta-BSF device. In our first measurements a widened absorption (up to λ≤3200 nm) and infrared photoconductivity (where the upper wavelength limit λ≤1900 nm was imposed by the emitting lamp) have been observed.
Highly efficient and long life metal–insulator–metal cathodes (2012)

The authors improved the emission efficiency and lifetime of metal–insulator–metal cathodes. The drift of the diode current was suppressed by using a thinner tunneling insulator and a lower diode voltage. The cathode with a 7.9-nm-thick tunneling insulator kept the diode current stable at 0.5 A/cm2 for more than 20 000 h, although the initial emission efficiency declined from 2% to less than 0.5%, and the emission current drift increased. The decreased emission efficiency could be enhanced to more than 3% by mixing CsHCO3 into an Au/Pt/Ir multilayer top electrode.
Formative Assessment and its Relevance to Retention (2001)

Formative assessment is of critical importance to student learning. With learning and teaching, and also retention, high on the agenda of higher education, the professionalism of academics as educators is of increasing significance. A key component of educators' professionalism—formative assessment—is weakly conceptualised, and hence it is likely that the contribution of formative assessment to student learning and retention is not being optimised. The first, larger part of this article discusses formative assessment in the context of the current political and structural environment of higher education. The second part considers how formative assessment might better contribute to student development and retention, particularly in the critically important first year of a higher education program.
Addition of free radicals to unsaturated systems. Part XXI. Reactions of 1H-pentafluoropropene with bromine, hydrogen bromide, and trifluoroiodomethane under free-radical conditions (1974)

1H-Pentafluoropropene, as a 95 : 5 mixture of cis- and trans-isomers, reacts with bromine in light to give a 75 : 25 mixture of the threo- and erythro-dibromides which on dehydrobromination affords a mixture of cis- and trans-1-bromo-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene. Photochemical reaction of the olefin with hydrogen bromide gives as the major products a mixture of erythro- and threo-1-bromo-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane and 2-bromo-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane in the ratio 70 : 16. The threo-adduct undergoes dehydrobromination to give a mixture of cis- and trans-1H-pentafluoropropene; the two other isomers afford the cis-olefin exclusively. Trifluoroiodomethane reacts with the olefin under photochemical or thermal conditions to give a mixture of erythro- and threo-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-iodobutane and 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-3-iodo-2-trifluoromethylpropane in the ratios 56 : 40 : 4 and 50 : 43 : 7, respectively; dehydroiodination of the two former adducts separately yields trans-octafluorobut-2-ene and a 95 : 5 mixture of the cis- and trans-olefins, respectively.
Theory and performance of perpendicular diffraction delay lines (1965)

The perpendicular diffraction delay line was introduced recently as a new method for obtaining a linear variation of delay time with frequency. Basically, it consists of a transmitting array and a receiving array having elements with suitable nonuniform spacings, arranged perpendicular to each other. The dispersion arises because the effective path length of an ultrasonic beam between the input and output arrays changes with frequency. This paper presents a quantiative analysis of the perpendicular diffraction delay line together with experimental results obtained from a 2.2 Mc/s model. Also included is a complete design procedure based on interference theory. The theoretical analysis indicates that the device is capable of performing satisfactorily in any frequency range with fractional bandwidths up to 50 per cent. Measurements made on the experimental model are in good agreement with the theory.
1336. Isothiazoles. Part VIII. Reactions of 3-bromomethylisothiazoles (1965)

D. Buttimore, M. P. L. Caton, J. D. Renwick and R. Slack, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 7274 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650007274
No-Heap remote objects for distributed real-time Java (2010)

This article presents an approach to providing real-time support for Java's Remote Method Invocation (RMI) and its integration with the RTSJ memory model in order to leave out garbage collection. A new construct for remote objects, called No-heap Remote object ( NhRo ), is introduced. The use of a NhRo guarantees that memory required to perform a remote invocation (at the server side) does not use heap memory. Thus, the aim is to avoid garbage collection in the remote invocation process, improving predictability and memory isolation of distributed Java-based real-time applications. The article presents the bare model and the main programming patterns that are associated with the NhRo model. Sun RMI implementation has been modified to integrate the NhRo model in both static and dynamic environments.
<b>HPA spezial</b>Prüfungsfragen (2010)

Liebe Heilpraktikeranwärter – hier ist Ihre Seite. In dieser Ausgabe beschäftigen sich alle Prüfungsfragen mit dem Thema Immunsystem. Viel Erfolg beim Beantworten wünscht Ihnen Bettina Schmidt!
The principles of gene therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (1994)

Somatic cell gene therapy (GT) for genetic disease such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy entails the introduction of normal, or at least functionally adequate, alleles of a gene into target cells for correction or mitigation of deleterious consequences of the disease's characteristic mutation. The following factors have a major impact upon the efficiency of GT: the artificial gene construct, the promoter, the delivery system, and the mode of dissemination of the therapeutic genes. For skeletal muscles, replication-defective adenovirus represents an efficient delivery system, but only if immature muscle cells are abundant in the muscle. The major drawback of adenoviruses is that the maximal insert capacity is only about 7.5 kb, which is only sufficient to accommodate a dystrophin minigene (6.3 kb) with a constitutive promoter. These and many other problems still require solution in experimental animals before single-muscle pilot studies of GT can be undertaken for such human muscle diseases as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Semisynthetic proteins: model systems for the study of the insertion of hydrophobic peptides into preformed lipid bilayers (1994)

Models of protein translocation and secretion will not be complete without details of the mechanism of lipid bilayer insertion. The study of spontaneous hydrophobic peptide interactions with model membrane systems has been hindered by their very low solubility in aqueous solutions. A novel protocol has been developed that enables the site-specific (N-terminus) attachment of hydrophobic peptides to a water-soluble carrier protein [bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)] using a heterobifunctional crosslinker (SPDP). In this initial study H-(Ala)20-Tyr-Cys-CONH2 and H-(Ala)10-Tyr-Cys-CONH2 were selected as hydrophobic peptides, since alanine is the simplest alpha-helix-forming amino acid, and the peptides as alpha-helices are just long enough to span the lipid bilayer and monolayer, respectively. The carrier protein was treated with sigma-methylisourea, which resulted in the guanidination of the four lysine epsilon-amine groups. The chemical modification of BPTI to give G-BPTI allowed the attachment of SPDP specifically to the free N-terminal alpha-amine group. The peptides were synthesized with a C-terminal cysteine moiety, allowing the site-specific cross-linking of the peptides to the N-terminus. In order to prevent peptide aggregation, the synthetic peptides were cleaved from the preparative resin in detergent and cross-linked to G-BPTI. After cross-linking, the detergent was removed from the mixture by gel filtration employing propionic and formic acids in the mobile phase. The detergent-free, peptide--G-BPTI conjugates were subsequently purified by reversed-phase HPLC. The interaction parameters of the two semisynthetic proteins with large unilamellar vesicles were determined by ultracentrifugation of the equilibrated vesicle--protein mixtures. For comparison, the same semisynthetic proteins were reconstituted into lipid vesicles using an octyl glucoside dilution technique. The incorporation and reconstitution data proved to be quite similar. The results indicated that (Ala)20--G-BPTI interacted with LUV to form a stable complex and behaved as a membrane protein in reconstituted bilayer systems. (Ala)10--G-BPTI, however, remained in the aqueous phase in both bilayer systems. The thermodynamic interaction data are compared to the theoretical values of total free energy changes calculated for the incorporation of model hydrophobic alpha-helices. In addition, the solubility and stability of the hydrophobic peptides, both in the aqueous phase and membrane-bound, were studied by cleaving the disulfide bond linking the peptides to G-BPTI using dithiothreitol. Molecular sieve chromatography was used to evaluate the state of self-association of the semisynthetic proteins in aqueous solutions.
Speculative lock reordering: optimistic out-of-order execution of critical sections (2004)

We present a new method - speculative lock reordering (SLR) - that enables multiple threads to concurrently and speculatively execute within a critical section. Its novel feature is to exploit that there is no a priori execution order between separate invocations of a critical section that speculatively executed threads must respect. In contrast to previously proposed speculative synchronization schemes, we show that since an execution order can be selected that removes as many data dependences as possible, SLR can expose more concurrency. Additionally, it is shown that SLR can be implemented in a chip-multiprocessor by only modest extensions to already published thread-level data dependence speculation systems.
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-based targeting using bombesin analogues is superior to metabolism-based targeting using choline for in vivo imaging of human prostate cancer xenografts (2011)

Tumour uptake of (68)Ga-AMBA was higher while overall background activity was lower than observed for (18)F-FCH in the same PC-bearing mice. These results suggest that peptide receptor-based targeting using the bombesin analogue AMBA is superior to metabolism-based targeting using choline for scintigraphy of PC.
An Outbreak of Chancroid in Orange County, California: Descriptive Epidemiology and Disease-Control Measures (1985)

From May 1981 through February 1983, greater than 1,700 patients were examined for genital ulcers at the Orange County Special Diseases Clinic in Santa Ana, California. Of these patients, 923 had either confirmed chancroid or genital ulcers of unknown etiology. Haemophilus ducreyi was recovered from lesions or inguinal buboes of 271 patients. In the previous year, no cases of chancroid were reported in this community. Men accounted for 266 (98%) of the confirmed cases; 95% of the men were Hispanic, and at least 53% had had sexual contact with a prostitute. All five culture-positive women were prostitutes. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed resistance to both sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline but susceptibility to erythromycin and to the combination trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Treatment of patients with chancroid, their sex partners, and temporarily incarcerated prostitutes contributed to the successful control of this outbreak.
Random oligonucleotide mutagenesis: application to a large protein coding sequence of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene,<i>H-2DP</i> (1988)

We have used random oligonucleotide mutagenesis (or saturation mutagenesis) to create a library of point mutations in the α1 protein domain of a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule. This protein domain is critical for T cell and B cell recognition. We altered the MHC class I H-2DP gene sequence such that synthetic mutant α1 exons (270 bp of coding sequence), which contain mutations identified by sequence analysis, can replace the wild type α1 exon. The synthetic exons were constructed from twelve overlapping oligonucleotides which contained an average of 1.3 random point mutations per intact exon. DNA sequence analysis of mutant α1 exons has shown a point mutant distribution that fits a Poisson distribution, and thus emphasizes the utility of this mutagenesis technique to “scan” a large protein sequence for important mutations. We report our use of saturation mutagenesis to scan an entire exon of the H-2DP gene, a cassette strategy to replace the wild type α1 exon with individual mutant α1 exons, and analysis of mutant molecules expressed on the surface of trans-fected mouse L cells.
Electrostatic cylinder lenses. I. Two element lenses (1971)

A new method is presented of solving Laplace's equation for equidiameter coaxial cylinders separated by a finite distance. The results are used to obtain the focal lengths, focal points and spherical aberration coefficients of double cylinder electrostatic lenses over a large range of voltage ratios and cylinder separations.
In Vitro Assembly of Alzheimer-like Filaments (2002)

Although the microtubule-binding regions (MTBRs) of both Tau and MAP2 can undergo self-assembly into straight filaments (SFs) in vitro, only the Tau MTBR forms paired helical filaments (PHFs). Moreover, Tau appears to be the exclusive building block of the neuropathic filaments observed in Alzheimer's disease and certain frontotemporal dementias (FTDs). Despite significant conservation in the MTBR sequences, there are two persistently different stretches of amino acids (designated here as Module-A and Module-B) between Tau and MAP2 from a number of organisms. To evaluate the role of charged residues in these modules as potential morphology-specifying elements, we used site-directed mutagenesis to replace selected residues within the MAP2 MTBR by residues at corresponding positions in Tau. We then employed electron microscopy to determine the frequency of occurrence of SF and PHF morphology in filaments assembled from these mutant microtubule-binding regions. Our experimental results indicate that a very small number of residues are especially significant determinants of filament morphology; this inference is also supported by the observation that site-directed substitutions of individual Tau residues into MAP2 Module-B likewise result in the formation of PHF-like structures. Because the Module-B in Tau contains two naturally occurring FTD mutations, residues in this region may play a critical role in neuropathic filament assembly.
In-vitro and in-vivo activity of antimicrobial-coated prosthetic heart valve sewing cuffs. (2002)

Prosthetic heart valve sewing cuffs coated with minocycline and rifampin provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro, and are anti-infective in vivo against P. aeruginosa. These results encourage the clinical evaluation of these sewing cuffs.
Lung nodule enhancement at CT: prospective findings. (1996)

Enhancement appears to be an indicator of malignancy and vascularity. These prospective findings corroborate previously reported results.
Aging induces cardiac diastolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts and protein modification (2005)

Evidence suggests that aging, per se, is a major risk factor for cardiac dysfunction. Oxidative modification of cardiac proteins by non-enzymatic glycation, i.e. advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), has been implicated as a causal factor in the aging process. This study was designed to examine the role of aging on cardiomyocyte contractile function, cardiac protein oxidation and oxidative modification. Mechanical properties were evaluated in ventricular myocytes from young (2-month) and aged (24-26-month) mice using a MyoCam system. The mechanical indices evaluated were peak shortening (PS), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR90) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (+/- dL/dt). Oxidative stress and protein damage were evaluated by glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio and protein carbonyl content, respectively. Activation of NAD(P)H oxidase was determined by immunoblotting. Aged myocytes displayed a larger cell cross-sectional area, prolonged TR90, and normal PS, +/- dL/dt and TPS compared with young myocytes. Aged myocytes were less tolerant of high stimulus frequency (from 0.1 to 5 Hz) compared with young myocytes. Oxidative stress and protein oxidative damage were both elevated in the aging group associated with significantly enhanced p47phox but not gp91phox expression. In addition, level of cardiac AGEs was approximately 2.5-fold higher in aged hearts than young ones determined by AGEs-ELISA. A group of proteins with a molecular range between 50 and 75 kDa with pI of 4-7 was distinctively modified in aged heart using one- or two-dimension SDS gel electrophoresis analysis. These data demonstrate cardiac diastolic dysfunction and reduced stress tolerance in aged cardiac myocytes, which may be associated with enhanced cardiac oxidative damage, level of AGEs and protein modification by AGEs.
Phosphorylation of ligand‐gated ion channels: a possible mode of synaptic plasticity (1992)

Most neurotransmitter receptors examined to date have been shown either to be regulated by protein phosphorylation or to contain consensus sequences for phosphorylation by protein kinases. Neurotransmitter receptors that mediate rapid synaptic transmission in the nervous system are the ligand-gated ion channels and include the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of muscle and nerve and the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptors: the glutamate, GABAA, and glycine receptors. These receptors are multimeric proteins composed of homologous subunits which each span the membrane several times and contain a large intracellular loop that is a mosaic of consensus sites for protein phosphorylation. Recent evidence has suggested that extracellular signals released from the presynaptic neuron, such as neurotransmitters and neuropeptides as well as an extracellular matrix protein, regulate the phosphorylation of ligand-gated ion channels. The functional effects of phosphorylation are varied and include the regulation of receptor desensitization rate, subunit assembly, and receptor aggregation at the synapse. These results suggest that phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors represents a major mechanism in the regulation of their function and may play an important role in synaptic plasticity.
Brazilian keratin hair treatment: a review (2013)

Brazilian keratin treatments are widely available products that are used by women all over the world to straighten hair. Marketers of these products claim that the keratin treatments render naturally curly hair more manageable and frizz-free while enhancing color and shine, giving the hair a healthier appearance. Although widely used, there have been virtually no reports of adverse side effects. Unfortunately, many of the products that are applied by salon professionals contain formaldehyde or its derivatives and are being marketed as safe.
Image Coding by Adaptive Block Quantization (1971)

A new source encoder called the adaptive block quantizer is proposed for coding data sources that emit a sequence of correlated real numbers with known first- and second-order statistics, Blocks of source output symbols are first classified and then block quantized in a manner that depends on their classification. The system is optimized relative to both the mean square error and the subjective quality of the reconstructed data for a certain class of pictorial data, and the resulting system performance demonstrated. Some interesting relationships between mean square error and subjective picture quality are presented.
Inhibition of dental plaque formation by mouthwash containing an endo-alpha-1, 3 glucanase. (1990)

The effect of mouthrinsing with the purified endo-alpha-1, 3 glucanase (mutanase) from a Pseudomonas sp. strain on the formation of dental plaque was investigated. Twenty-two college students participated in the clinical trial. After the labial and lingual surfaces of the 12 front teeth had been subjected to a thorough prophylaxis, the participants were instructed to cease all active oral hygiene practices and to rinse their mouths with either the mutanase or placebo mouthwashes for one minute, up to four times daily, in all, eight times for three days. No restriction regarding meals was given during the experimental period. After a 5-day recess, a second experiment was performed using the same procedures, except the placebo and active mouthwashes were switched. The amount of dental plaque formed on the front teeth was scored according to the criteria of Quigley and Hein. Mean plaque scores were significantly lower for the mutanase (p less than 0.05-0.001) than for the placebo group. In the intraparticipant comparison, most plaque scores were also significantly reduced in general (p less than 0.05-0.0010) by rinsing with the mutanase mouthwash. These data indicate that mutanase is able to suppress the accumulation of dental plaque in humans.
Development of Power Control Unit for Compact-Class Vehicle (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Toyota Motor Corporation has developed the new compact-class hybrid vehicle (HV). This vehicle incorporates a new hybrid system for the improvement of fuel efficiency. For this system, a new Power Control Unit (PCU) is developed. The feature of the PCU is downsizing, lightweight, and high efficiency. In expectation of rapid popularization of HV, the aptitude for mass production is also improved. The PCU, which plays an important role in the new system, is our main focus in this paper. Its development is described.</div></div>
DNA Copy Number Changes at 8q11–24 in Metastasized Colorectal Cancer (2005)

In addition to c-myc, multiple genes on chromosome 8 differed significantly between primary colorectal cancers with and without liver metastases. This observation is consistent with the concept that clinical behaviour, like risk of liver metastasis, is determined by the genomic profile that is already present in the primary tumor.