gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Sample Preparation Techniques for Backside Analysis (2000)

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of backside sample preparation techniques with applicability to conventional as well as flip chip package types. We will cover mechanical (grinding and milling tools), chemical (wet and dry chemistries) and other approaches such as laser ablation. Backside sample preparation is very challenging. The preparation process flow starts with decapsulation of the ceramic or plastic package, continues with the die paddle removal, silicon thinning and finishes with silicon polishing. The techniques involved include mechanical, chemical and other novel approaches for ceramic and plastic package. Today, only CNC milling can cover the whole process for almost any kind of packages. Nevertheless, photo ablation is a rising technology for package decapsulation. In addition, chemical wet etch can be used to perform silicon thinning and polishing. We will illustrate the complexity of the process through examples. The first one is a ceramic package where the main issue is the hardness of ceramic. The second one is a TSOP package where the main challenge is the chip scaled package. Both will be observed through the IR emission microscope to demonstrate the efficiency of the preparation.
<i>EGFR</i> Exon 20 Insertion Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinomas: Prevalence, Molecular Heterogeneity, and Clinicopathologic Characteristics (2013)

In contrast to other primary epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung adenocarcinomas, insertions in exon 20 of EGFR have been generally associated with resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Their molecular spectrum, clinicopathologic characteristics, and prevalence are not well established. Tumors harboring EGFR exon 20 insertions were identified through an algorithmic screen of 1,500 lung adenocarcinomas. Cases were first tested for common mutations in EGFR (exons 19 and 21) and KRAS (exon 2) and, if negative, further analyzed for EGFR exon 20 insertions. All samples underwent extended genotyping for other driver mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2/HER2, NRAS, PIK3CA, MEK1, and AKT by mass spectrometry; a subset was evaluated for ALK rearrangements. We identified 33 EGFR exon 20 insertion cases [2.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-3.1], all mutually exclusive with mutations in the other genes tested (except PIK3CA). They were more common among never-smokers (P < 0.0001). There was no association with age, sex, race, or stage. Morphologically, tumors were similar to those with common EGFR mutations but with frequent solid histology. Insertions were highly variable in position and size, ranging from 3 to 12 bp, resulting in 13 different insertions, which, by molecular modeling, are predicted to have potentially different effects on erlotinib binding. EGFR exon 20 insertion testing identifies a distinct subset of lung adenocarcinomas, accounting for at least 9% of all EGFR-mutated cases, representing the third most common type of EGFR mutation after exon 19 deletions and L858R. Insertions are structurally heterogeneous with potential implications for response to EGFR inhibitors.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated against bovine and porcine prostacyclin synthase and quantitation of bovine prostacyclin synthase (1994)

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against prostacyclin synthases purified from bovine and porcine aortae, respectively. Two monoclonal antibodies, RS1 and RS2, were purified and characterized. As shown by enzyme activity precipitation and Western blot analysis, in solubilized bovine and porcine aortae microsomes the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with prostacyclin synthase. The monoclonal antibody RS1 cross-reacts with partially purified prostacyclin synthase from human umbilical veins in an ELISA-based assay. None of the antibodies inhibited the enzyme activity. By combination of the monoclonal antibody RS2 with a polyclonal antibody we established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitation of bovine prostacyclin synthase. ELISA data were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Among different bovine tissues, aortae with 1665 +/- 200 ng/mg microsomal protein showed the highest content of PGIS. Significant lower concentrations were observed in tongue, lung, kidney and thymus ranging from 49 +/- 13.4 to 2.7 +/- 0.9 ng/mg protein. The monoclonal antibody RS1 binds to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in human liver tissue.
Antibody to the nonapeptide Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Met-Pro-Met-Glu is specific for polyoma middle T antigen and inhibits in vitro kinase activity. (1982)

Middle T antigen of polyoma virus has an associated tyrosine kinase activity which phosphorylates tyrosine residue 315 on middle T in immunoprecipitates. A peptide representing the sequence of middle T from residue 311 to 319 has been synthesized. This peptide acts as a weak inhibitor of the kinase reaction. An antiserum has been raised against this peptide after conjugation to bovine serum albumin. The antibody is middle T-specific. Middle T antigen precipitated by this serum is largely inactive in the kinase reaction. Dissociation of the immune complex with peptide releases middle T in a kinase-active form.
Multiple Granularity Descriptors for Fine-Grained Categorization (2015)

Fine-grained categorization, which aims to distinguish subordinate-level categories such as bird species or dog breeds, is an extremely challenging task. This is due to two main issues: how to localize discriminative regions for recognition and how to learn sophisticated features for representation. Neither of them is easy to handle if there is insufficient labeled data. We leverage the fact that a subordinate-level object already has other labels in its ontology tree. These "free" labels can be used to train a series of CNN-based classifiers, each specialized at one grain level. The internal representations of these networks have different region of interests, allowing the construction of multi-grained descriptors that encode informative and discriminative features covering all the grain levels. Our multiple granularity framework can be learned with the weakest supervision, requiring only image-level label and avoiding the use of labor-intensive bounding box or part annotations. Experimental results on three challenging fine-grained image datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, including those requiring strong labels.
Conversion of Coal to Simple Compounds (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConversion of Coal to Simple CompoundsFranklin G. Parker, James P. Fugassi, and H. C. HowardCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1955, 47, 8, 1586–1592Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50548a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50548a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Knowledge Management, Data Mining, and Text Mining in Medical Informatics (2006)

In this chapter we provide a broad overview of selected knowledge management, data mining, and text mining techniques and their use in various emerging biomedical applications. It aims to set the context for subsequent chapters. We first introduce five major paradigms for machine learning and data analysis including: probabilistic and statistical models, symbolic learning and rule induction, neural networks, evolution-based algorithms, and analytic learning and fuzzy logic. We also discuss their relevance and potential for biomedical research. Example applications of relevant knowledge management, data mining, and text mining research are then reviewed in order including: ontologies; knowledge management for health care, biomedical literature, heterogeneous databases, information visualization, and multimedia databases; and data and text mining for health care, literature, and biological data. We conclude the paper with discussions of privacy and confidentiality issues of relevance to biomedical data mining.
Minimizing user interaction in energy management systems: task adaptive visualization (1996)

Task adaptive visualization (TAV) is a mechanism that improves the user interface (UI) of the energy management system (EMS) through which an operator controls the power system. In the present UI, the information required to perform a task is often scattered throughout the EMS. Operators must look in many places for information which requires UI manipulation. This paper develops the concept of TAV as a technique to reduce UI manipulation. TAV centers the display of information around the task being performed. It uses visualization (the use of graphics to display numbers) as the basis to display information. It adapts to user information needs and builds displays on the fly. It can assemble all the information relevant to the task being performed in one place, thus reducing user manipulation to the minimum necessary to access the data and controls required to perform a given task.
Binding Sites for Lactogenic Hormone in the Rat Uterus (1978)

fractions from both bilateral trauma-induced deciduoma and the remainder of the uterine wall contain ovine prolactin (o-PRL) binding activity which 1) is time and pH dependent, 2) is displaceable by excess unlabeled WILLIAMS ET AL.
Determination of kerosene and #2 diesel in soil by purge and trap vs. extraction procedure (1992)

Abstract Low‐ to medium‐boiling‐point hydrocarbons, which include the full range of gasoline (C4‐C12), are routinely analyzed by using headspace or purge and trap with gas chromatography techniques. Some of the higher boiling point hydrocarbons, including diesel motor fuels (C9‐C22) and kerosene (C10‐C16), are normally analyzed by using sonication extraction with gas chromatography technique. However, since both of these groups are medium range in numbers of hydrocarbons as well as boiling point, analysis by elevated temperature purge and trap (85°C) may prove to be an accurate and time‐saving method of analysis. Testing by purge and trap may prove successful for both kerosene (b.p. 175 to 328°C) and #2 diesel (b.p. 179 to 360°C). This research is designed to compare data using the high‐temperature purge and trap technique to the data obtained by the sonication extraction technique.
Dendritic cells pulsed with alpha-galactosylceramide induce anti-tumor immunity against pancreatic cancer in vivo (2006)

Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. Unfortunately, recent advances in diagnostics, staging and therapy have not resulted in significant improvements. Thus, new approaches are necessary to improve the outcome of patients with exocrine pancreatic cancer. We tested triggering of specific T lymphocytes in vivo by using the immunocompetent mouse strain C57BL/6. In the present study, we tried to enhance the anti-tumor effect against pancreatic carcinoma by supplementary triggering of NKT cells in vivo. We challenged Panc02 tumor-bearing mice by intratumoral vaccination with alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-loaded dendritic cells (DCs). A significant expansion of IFNgamma-producing NKT cells was observed which also correlated with decrease in tumor growth in vivo. Hence, DCs loaded with alpha-GalCer could lead to a novel treatment option for patients with pancreatic cancer.
Dipole configurations with strongly improved radiation efficiency for hand-held transceivers (1998)

In this paper the design criteria for antenna structures with improved radiation efficiency while operating in close vicinity to a biological scatterer are investigated. The study is performed using a simple /spl lambda//2 dipole combined with a directive or reflective element. The optimization criteria are the effective radiation efficiency, the spatial peak specific absorption rate (SAR), and the sensitivity of the input resistance to the distance from the scatterer. It is demonstrated that the primary design criterion to improve the radiation efficiency is not directivity but the reduction of the maximum incident magnetic field strength in the exposed skin area of the user's head. For the reflectively coupled dipole, all performance parameters are improved by several decibels compared to a standard, /spl lambda//2 dipole, whereas for some other directive structures, the performance is impaired. The study is conducted with the generalized multipole technique (GMT) numerical simulation method, the results of which are validated by measurement methods.
Complete extraction of defect bands responsible for instabilities in n and pFinFETs (2016)

Bias temperature instabilities (BTI) are serious reliability issues in high-k technologies and occur for positive and negative stress voltages in both n and pMOSFETs. The cases with the strongest degradation, namely negative BTI (NBTI) in pMOS and positive BTI (PBTI) in nMOSFETs, are typically studied and modeled separately, which led to considerable inconsistencies regarding the distributions of the responsible defects. Here we present the first study which successfully describes all four combinations of BTI in n/pMOSFETs within a single model. This was achieved by determining the physical properties of the defects in HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and in SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . Using our extraction method, any ambiguity regarding the location of the defect bands is completely eliminated, allowing for correct physics-based extrapolation of degradation data to use conditions.
Pycnogenol, French Maritime Pine Bark Extract (2005)

Pycnogenol is the registered trade name for a special standardized extract from the bark of the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica), distributed by Horphag Research, U.K. The spray-dried, powdered extract is marketed worldwide as a food supplement, a herbal medicine, an ingredient in cosmetics, and as a food additive. The traditional use of pine bark was in the treatment of scurvy and wound healing. Currently, Pycnogenol is used to restore capillary integrity in cases of gingivitis, retinopathy, or edema formation. Other fields of application are directed to protection of the circulation by inhibiting platelet aggregation, lowering of cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure. The procyanidins, in particular, have shown anti-inflammatory and radical-scavenging activity, leading to treatment of melasma and prevention of ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage of the skin. The application of Pycnogenol in reducing menstrual cramps and pain is probably caused by the spasmolytic activity of the phenolic acids. Very recently, a glucose lowering effect of Pycnogenol has been shown. Safety of Pycnogenol is documented by its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in the United States. Unwanted effects are mild and transient, and no interactions with drugs have been reported.
Temperatures in Grinding Cemented Carbide (YT30) with a Vacuum Brazed Diamond Wheel (2011)

An experimental investigation is reported on the temperatures and energy partitions involved in the grinding of cemented carbide (YT30) with a vacuum brazed diamond wheel. The grinding temperature at the wheel-workpiece interface was measured using a pair of grindable foil thermocouples and the energy partition to the workpiece was evaluated by matching the analytical temperatures to the measured results. Effects of the various grinding conditions, including wheel velocity, feed rate and depth of cut, on the temperatures and the energy partition were investigated. It was determined that the wheel velocity was the most significant factor in governing the temperature relative to the depth of cut and feed rate. The maximum temperature rise at the contact zone was below 25°C in the present study. Microscopic examination of the ground surfaces and the ground detritus revealed that brittle fracture was the dominant material-removal mode. This may be one of the reasons for the low grinding temperature in grinding YT30 with a vacuum brazed diamond wheel. The energy partition values to the workpiece obtained under different grinding conditions varied from 3.3% to 20% for dry grinding YT30.
Effects of Mammography Screening Under Different Screening Schedules: Model Estimates of Potential Benefits and Harms (2009)

Background: Despite trials of mammography and widespread use, optimal screening policy is controversial. Objective: To evaluate U.S. breast cancer screening strategies. Design: 6 models using common data elements. Data Sources: National data on age-specific incidence, competing mortality, mammography characteristics, and treatment effects. Target Population: A contemporary population cohort. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Societal. Interventions: 20 screening strategies with varying initiation and cessation ages applied annually or biennially. Outcome Measures: Number of mammograms, reduction in deaths from breast cancer or life-years gained (vs. no screening), false-positive results, unnecessary biopsies, and overdiagnosis. Results of Base-Case Analysis: The 6 models produced consistent rankings of screening strategies. Screening biennially maintained an average of 81% (range across strategies and models, 67% to 99%) of the benefit of annual screening with almost half the number of false-positive results. Screening biennially from ages 50 to 69 years achieved a median 16.5% (range, 15% to 23%) reduction in breast cancer deaths versus no screening. Initiating biennial screening at age 40 years (vs. 50 years) reduced mortality by an additional 3% (range, 1% to 6%), consumed more resources, and yielded more false-positive results. Biennial screening after age 69 years yielded some additional mortality reduction in all models, but overdiagnosis increased most substantially at older ages. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: Varying test sensitivity or treatment patterns did not change conclusions. Limitation: Results do not include morbidity from false-positive results, patient knowledge of earlier diagnosis, or unnecessary treatment. Conclusion: Biennial screening achieves most of the benefit of annual screening with less harm. Decisions about the best strategy depend on program and individual objectives and the weight placed on benefits, harms, and resource considerations. Primary Funding Source: National Cancer Institute.
Considerações sobre algumas drogas indígenas, em especial o rapé, e a parafernália pertinente. (1993)

Revisao dos progressos nas pesquisas sobre substâncias psicoativas usadas por populacoes sul-americanas, pre-historicas e atuais, com destaque para as associacoes da parafernalia empregada com o mundo animal.
Brains and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients hyperexpress MS-associated retrovirus/HERV-W endogenous retrovirus, but not Human herpesvirus 6 (2006)

Multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated retrovirus (MSRV)/HERV-W (human endogenous retrovirus W) and Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) are the two most studied (and discussed) viruses as environmental co-factors that trigger MS immunopathological phenomena. Autopsied brain tissues from MS patients and controls and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analysed. Quantitative RT-PCR and PCR with primers specific for MSRV/HERV-W env and pol and HHV-6 U94/rep and DNA-pol were used to determine virus copy numbers. Brain sections were immunostained with HERV-W env-specific monoclonal antibody to detect the viral protein. All brains expressed MSRV/HERV-W env and pol genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that cerebral MSRV/HERV-W-related env sequences, plasmatic MSRV, HERV-W and ERVWE1 (syncytin) are related closely. Accumulation of MSRV/HERV-W-specific RNAs was significantly greater in MS brains than in controls (P=0.014 vs healthy controls; P=0.006 vs pathological controls). By immunohistochemistry, no HERV-W env protein was detected in control brains, whereas it was upregulated within MS plaques and correlated with the extent of active demyelination and inflammation. No HHV-6-specific RNAs were detected in brains of MS patients; one healthy control had latent HHV-6 and one pathological control had replicating HHV-6. At the PBMC level, all MS patients expressed MSRV/HERV-W env at higher copy numbers than did controls (P=0.00003). Similar HHV-6 presence was found in MS patients and healthy individuals; only one MS patient had replicating HHV-6. This report, the first to study both MSRV/HERV-W and HHV-6, indicates that MSRV/HERV-W is expressed actively in human brain and activated strongly in MS patients, whilst there are no significant differences between these MS patients and controls for HHV-6 presence/replication at the brain or PBMC level.
Semiflexibility of collagens in solution (1982)

Abstract The persistence length of lugworm cuticle collagen in 0.1 M acetic acid was evaluated as 1600 ∼ 1800 Å by Yamakawa‐Fujii's model for a wormlike chain from the sedimentation constant and the intrinsic viscosity. The persistence length was further examined for a series of sample “collagen sonicates” produced by varying the duration of sonic irradiation. To estimate the salt effect on the persistence length, measurements were made over a range of NaCl concentrations from 0 to 0.1 M . The results showed that the cuticle collagen and collagen sonicates had identical values of persistence length and that the neutral salt effect for the cuticle collagen was far smaller than that for DNA.
Treatment with tumor-reactive Fab-IL-2 and Fab-staphylococcal enterotoxin A fusion proteins leads to sustained T cell activation, and long-term survival of mice with established tumors. (1999)

C215Fab-IL-2 fusion protein, with full IL-2 and antigen binding activity, was produced in E. coli at high level (>50 mg/l). When co-administered with Fab-superantigen fusion protein (C215Fab-SEA) in mice strong and sustained T cell activation was observed. Combination treatment of mice carrying B16 melanoma transfected with C215 antigen was also more efficient than using C215Fab-SEA (p<0.01) or C215Fab-IL-2 alone (p<0.001). In a long-term survival experiment 5/12 mice having received combination treatment 5 days after i.v. inoculation of B16 cells survived >85 days. Improved therapeutic efficacy correlated with increased tumor infiltration by activated CD25+ T cells, indicating a T cell mediated mechanism.