gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generic unification via two-level types and parameterized modules (2001)

As a functional pearl, we describe an efficient, modularized implementation of unification using the state of mutable reference cells to encode substitutions. We abstract our algorithms along two dimensions, first abstracting away from the structure of the terms to be unified, and second over the monad in which the mutable state is encapsulated. We choose this example to illustrate two important techniques that we believe many functional programmers would find useful. The first of these is the definition of recursive data types using two levels: a structure defining level, and a recursive knot-tying level. The second is the use of rank-2 polymorphism inside Haskell's record types to implement a form of type parameterized modules.
Evaluating elementary functions with Chebyshev polynomials on pipeline nets (1987)

Fast evaluation of vector-valued elementary functions plays a vital role in many real-time applications. In this paper, we present a pipeline networking approach to designing a Chebyshev polynomial evaluator for the fast evaluation of elementary functions over a string of arguments. In particular, pipeline nets are employed to perform the preprocessing and postprocessing of various elementary functions to boost the overall system performance. Design tradeoffs are analyzed among representational accuracy, processing speed and hardware complexity.
<i>N</i> -Glycolyl GM1 Ganglioside as a Receptor for Simian Virus 40 (2007)

Carbohydrate microarrays have emerged as powerful tools in analyses of microbe-host interactions. Using a microarray with 190 sequence-defined oligosaccharides in the form of natural glycolipids and neoglycolipids representative of diverse mammalian glycans, we examined interactions of simian virus 40 (SV40) with potential carbohydrate receptors. While the results confirmed the high specificity of SV40 for the ganglioside GM1, they also revealed that N-glycolyl GM1 ganglioside [GM1(Gc)], which is characteristic of simian species and many other nonhuman mammals, is a better ligand than the N-acetyl analog [GM1(Ac)] found in mammals, including humans. After supplementing glycolipid-deficient GM95 cells with GM1(Ac) and GM1(Gc) gangliosides and the corresponding neoglycolipids with phosphatidylethanolamine lipid groups, it was found that GM1(Gc) analogs conferred better virus binding and infectivity. Moreover, we visualized the interaction of NeuGc with VP1 protein of SV40 by molecular modeling and identified a conformation for GM1(Gc) ganglioside in complex with the virus VP1 pentamer that is compatible with its presentation as a membrane receptor. Our results open the way not only to detailed studies of SV40 infection in relation to receptor expression in host cells but also to the monitoring of changes that may occur with time in receptor usage by the virus.
The expression of the pituitary growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor and its splice variants in normal and neoplastic human tissues (2005)

Various attempts to detect human pituitary growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (pGHRH-R) in neoplastic extrapituitary tissues have thus far failed. Recently, four splice variants (SVs) of GHRH-R have been described, of which SV1 has the highest structural homology to pGHRH-R and likely plays a role in tumor growth. The aim of this study was to reinvestigate whether human tumors and normal human extrapituitary tissues express the pGHRH-R and to corroborate our previous findings on its SVs. Thus, we developed a real-time PCR method for the detection of the mRNA for the pGHRH-R, its SVs, and the GHRH peptide. Using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and radioligand-binding assays, we detected the mRNA for pGHRH-R and pGHRH-R protein in various human cancer cell lines grown in nude mice and in surgical specimens of human lung cancers. The expression of mRNA for SVs of pGHRH-R and GHRH was likewise found in xenografts of human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, small-cell lung carcinomas, and in human nonmalignant prostate, liver, lung, kidney, and pituitary. Western blots showed that these normal and malignant human tissues contain SV1 protein and immunoreactive GHRH. Our results demonstrate that some normal human tissues and tumors express mRNA and protein for the pGHRH-R and its splice variants. These findings confirm and extend the concept that GHRH and its receptors play an important role in the pathophysiology of human cancers.
Overrepresentation of the Fc? receptor type IIA R131/R131 genotype in Caucasoid systemic lupus erythematosus patients with autoantibodies to C1q and glomerulonephritis (1999)

FcgammaRIIA-R131 constitutes a heritable susceptibility factor for the development of SLE with manifestations in the kidney in Caucasoid patients. The close associations demonstrated between this FcgammaRII variant, antibodies to C1q(CLR), and glomerulonephritis may be due to a failure of clearance of the potentially pathogenic IgG2 autoantibody.
Crystal Structure of PBP2x from a Highly Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolate (2001)

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are the main targets for beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, in a wide range of bacterial species. In some Gram-positive strains, the surge of resistance to treatment with beta-lactams is primarily the result of the proliferation of mosaic PBP-encoding genes, which encode novel proteins by recombination. PBP2x is a primary resistance determinant in Streptococcus pneumoniae, and its modification is an essential step in the development of high level beta-lactam resistance. To understand such a resistance mechanism at an atomic level, we have solved the x-ray crystal structure of PBP2x from a highly penicillin-resistant clinical isolate of S. pneumoniae, Sp328, which harbors 83 mutations in the soluble region. In the proximity of the Sp328 PBP2x* active site, the Thr(338) --> Ala mutation weakens the local hydrogen bonding network, thus abrogating the stabilization of a crucial buried water molecule. In addition, the Ser(389) --> Leu and Asn(514) --> His mutations produce a destabilizing effect that generates an "open" active site. It has been suggested that peptidoglycan substrates for beta-lactam-resistant PBPs contain a large amount of abnormal, branched peptides, whereas sensitive strains tend to catalyze cross-linking of linear forms. Thus, in vivo, an "open" active site could facilitate the recognition of distinct, branched physiological substrates.
Multi-task Sparse Structure Learning (2014)

Multi-task learning (MTL) aims to improve generalization performance by learning multiple related tasks simultaneously. While sometimes the underlying task relationship structure is known, often the structure needs to be estimated from data at hand. In this paper, we present a novel family of models for MTL, applicable to regression and classification problems, capable of learning the structure of task relationships. In particular, we consider a joint estimation problem of the task relationship structure and the individual task parameters, which is solved using alternating minimization. The task relationship structure learning component builds on recent advances in structure learning of Gaussian graphical models based on sparse estimators of the precision (inverse covariance) matrix. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model on a variety of synthetic and benchmark datasets for regression and classification. We also consider the problem of combining climate model outputs for better projections of future climate, with focus on temperature in South America, and show that the proposed model outperforms several existing methods for the problem.
Activation of RNase L by Murine Coronavirus in Myeloid Cells Is Dependent on Basal<i>Oas</i>Gene Expression and Independent of Virus-Induced Interferon (2016)

The oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway is a potent antiviral activity. Activation of RNase L during murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [MHV]) infection of myeloid cells correlates with high basal Oas gene expression and is independent of virus-induced interferon secretion. Thus, our data suggest that cells with high basal Oas gene expression levels can activate RNase L and thereby inhibit virus replication early in infection upon exposure to viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) before the induction of interferon and prior to transcription of interferon-stimulated antiviral genes. These findings challenge the notion that activation of the OAS-RNase L pathway requires virus to induce type I IFN, which in turn upregulates OAS gene expression, as well as to provide dsRNA to activate OAS. Our data further suggest that myeloid cells may serve as sentinels to restrict viral replication, thus protecting other cell types from infection.
Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments (2010)

We present an expansion of the classification of the family Papillomaviridae, which now contains 29 genera formed by 189 papillomavirus (PV) types isolated from humans (120 types), non-human mammals, birds and reptiles (64, 3 and 2 types, respectively). To accommodate the number of PV genera exceeding the Greek alphabet, the prefix "dyo" is used, continuing after the Omega-PVs with Dyodelta-PVs. The current set of human PVs is contained within five genera, whereas mammalian, avian and reptile PVs are contained within 20, 3 and 1 genera, respectively. We propose standardizations to the names of a number of animal PVs. As prerequisite for a coherent nomenclature of animal PVs, we propose founding a reference center for animal PVs. We discuss that based on emerging species concepts derived from genome sequences, PV types could be promoted to the taxonomic level of species, but we do not recommend implementing this change at the current time.
Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a periodic surface with random roughness (1988)

The scattering of electromagnetic waves from a randomly perturbed periodic surface is formulated by the extended boundary condition (EBC) method and solved by the small perturbation method (SPM). The scattering from periodic surface is solved exactly and this solution is used in the SPM to solve for the surface currents and scattered fields up to the second order. The random perturbation is modeled as a Gaussian random process. The theoretical results are illustrated by calculating the bistatic and backscattering coefficients. It is shown that as the correlation length of the random roughness increases, the bistatic scattering pattern of the scattered fields show several beams associated with each Bragg diffraction direction of the periodic surface. When the correlation length becomes smaller, then the shape of the beams become broader. The results obtained using the EBC/SPM method is also compared with the results obtained using the Kirchhoff approximation. It is shown that the Kirchhoff approximation results show quite a good agreement with EBC/SPM method results for the hh and vv polarized backscattering coefficients for small angles of incidence. However, the Kirchhoff approximation does not give depolarized returns in the backscattering direction, whereas the results obtained using the EBC/SPM method give significant depolarized returns when the incident direction is not perpendicular to the row direction of the periodic surface.
An Alkaline Water Electrolyzer with Sustainion™ Membranes: 1 A/cm² at 1.9V with Base Metal Catalysts (2017)

This paper will consider the effects of catalyst composition on alkaline membrane electrolyzers with Sustainion™ membranes. In previous work, we have demonstrated that Sustainion™ membranes are stable at 60 °C for at least 1500 hours in 1 M KOH. Here we compare a number of catalysts on the performance of an alkaline water electrolyzer. Tests using a 5 cm² cell at 60 °C in 1 M KOH show that we are able to maintain 1 A/cm² at 1.9 V with NiFe2O4 anode and FeNiCo cathode catalyst on stainless steel fiber at 60 °C and 1 M KOH for nearly 2000 hours with a degradation rate of only 5 µV/hr.
Magnetic thin-film magnetometers for magnetic-field measurement (1972)

Thin magnetic-film magnetometers used for magnetic-field measurement are reviewed and compared. A large variety of magnetic thin-film magnetometers have been constructed, and in some cases their properties are unique. A summary of thin-film magnetometers and their performance is provided.
Increased endothelial uptake of paclitaxel as a potential mechanism for its antiangiogenic effects: Potentiation by Cox‐2 inhibition (2004)

Paclitaxel has antiangiogenic properties, but the mechanisms for the enhanced sensitivity of endothelial cells (ECs) to this drug are not established. The aims of our study were to compare the distribution of paclitaxel into ECs with other cell types, to assess the effects of low doses of paclitaxel on Cox-2 expression and to determine the combined effects of paclitaxel and Cox-2 inhibitors on angiogenesis in vitro and in patients with cancer. Upon exposure to low (5 nM) concentrations of [3H]-paclitaxel, uptake of radioactivity was more than 5 times higher in ECs than other cell types. Exposing human umbilical vein ECs to low nanomolar (1-50 nM) concentrations of paclitaxel enhanced Cox-2 expression more than 2-fold, as measured by ELISA. Combined treatment with paclitaxel and the Cox-2 inhibitor NS-398 resulted in increased antiendothelial effects as compared to each agent alone. To assess the biologic effects of the combined treatment in vivo, 4 cancer patients were treated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of paclitaxel (10 mg/m2/day) and the Cox-2 inhibitor celecoxib (400 mg p.o. BID), and plasma angiogenic activity and drug levels were measured. The treatment was well tolerated, providing steady-state concentrations of paclitaxel in plasma near 10 nM and potent plasma antiendothelial effects were observed. These findings suggest that antiangiogenic effects of paclitaxel may be due its preferential accumulation in ECs. Low dose paclitaxel in combination with a Cox-2 inhibitor is an attractive antiangiogenic and antitumor strategy that deserves further evaluation in clinical trials.
The Asynchronous State in Cortical Circuits (2010)

Correlated spiking is often observed in cortical circuits, but its functional role is controversial. It is believed that correlations are a consequence of shared inputs between nearby neurons and could severely constrain information decoding. Here we show theoretically that recurrent neural networks can generate an asynchronous state characterized by arbitrarily low mean spiking correlations despite substantial amounts of shared input. In this state, spontaneous fluctuations in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory populations accurately track each other, generating negative correlations in synaptic currents which cancel the effect of shared input. Near-zero mean correlations were seen experimentally in recordings from rodent neocortex in vivo. Our results suggest a reexamination of the sources underlying observed correlations and their functional consequences for information processing.
Conformation of [1-13C,15N]Acetyl-L-carnitine. Rotational-Echo, Double-Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformation of [1-13C,15N]Acetyl-L-carnitine. Rotational-Echo, Double-Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyRobert C. Anderson, Terry Gullion, Jim M. Joers, Michael Shapiro, Edwin B. Villhauer, and Hans Peter WeberCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 42, 10546–10550Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00147a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00147a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views340Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Physicochemical differences between the red- and the far-red-absorbing forms of phytochrome (1981)

We investigated some of the chemical and physical differences between the red-absorbing (Pr) and far-red-absorbing (Pfr) forms of immunoaffinity-purified, undegraded oat (Avena sativa L., ev. Garry) phytochrome. Both Pr and Pfr had identical surface charges as measured by isoelectric focusing and identical secondary structure as judged from their circular dichroic spectra. Modification of specific amino acid residues, however, revealed some chemical differences between Pr and Pfr. Compared to Pr, Pfr had one more His and Cys residue per monomer modified immediately. His residues on Pfr were modified more rapidly than were those on Pr, as opposed to Cys modification which, after the initial burst, occurred more rapidly on Pr than on Pfr. Both His- and Cys-modified phytochromes were fully photoreversible. Both Pr and Pfr had the same number of immediately modified carboxyl functions, but those on Pr reacted slightly more rapidly than those on Pfr. Carboxyl-modified phytochrome was denatured by the acid pH used for modification so that its photoreversibility could not be measured. Modification of Tyr on Pr and Pfr resulted in two residues per monomer being modified very rapidly, with those on Pfr reacting even faster than those on Pr. Subsequent slower modification of remaining Tyr residues, however, occurred more rapidly on Pr than on Pfr. Phytochrome photoreversibility declined as a linear function of the number of Tyr modified and was lost completely when two Tyr per monomer had been modified. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of a small conformational change in phytochrome upon photoconversion and also fit a conformation-stabilization mechanism in which photo-conversion from Pr to Pfr stabilizes phytochrome in one particular conformation.
Highly Anticancer and Moderate Thrombolytic Property of &lt;i&gt;Accacia rugata&lt;/i&gt; of Mimosaceae Family (2020)

Medicinal plants containing potent bioactive compound effective in treating many diseases exert different pharmacological action. This study designed to evaluate the cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity of <i>Acacia rugata</i> of Mimosaceae family. The cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity was evaluated by brine-shrimp lethality bioassay and in-vitro clot lysis method. Methanol, petroleum-ether, n-hexane, chloroform and dichloromethane fraction leaves (MEL, PETFL, n-HxFL, CHFL, DCMFL), methanol and n-hexane fraction of fruits (MEF, n-HxFF) and methanol fraction of bark (MEB) were used to evaluate cytotoxicity of the plant. Each extracts showed significant cytotoxic property. The LC<sub>50</sub> values of MEL, PETFL, n-HxFL, CHFL, DCMFL, MEF, n-HxFF, MEB were observed 1.436, 0.039, 0.974, 0.626, 0.121, 0.176, 0.865, 0.081 µg/ml when compared to standard vincristine (positive control) which LC<sub>50</sub> value was 0.049 µg/ml. In thrombolytic activity evaluation 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml dose of MEL showed 40.52 ± 2.91, 35.09 ± 2.71, 31.96 ± 2.02 and 24.91 ± 3.05% clot lysis respectively while 0.9% NaCl solution (negative control) and standard streptokinase (positive control) exhibited 7.41 ± 1.73% and 48.91 ± 3.52% of clot lysis. It can be assumed that different solvent extracts of <i>A. rugata</i> have important cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity as compared to standard compounds.
Recanalization of obstructed arteries with a flexible, rotating tip catheter. (1987)

A flexible, rotating tip catheter (Kensey catheter) was used to recanalize 24 segments of diseased superficial femoral arteries (from cadavers) that were sewn as xenografts into the femoral, carotid, or aorticorenal arteries of 14 dogs. One perforation occurred; there were emboli in some brains and kidneys, the consequences of which remain unknown. No signs of gross neurologic deficits or limb ischemia were seen at 0-11 days.
Electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane membrane as wound dressing (2003)

Produced via electrospinning, polyurethane membrane, which has a unique property, has been of interest in medical fields. Electrospinning is a process by which nanofibers can be produced by an electrostatically driven jet of polymer solution. Electrospun fibers are collected in the form of membranes. The porous structured electrospun membrane is particularly important for its favorable properties: it exudates fluid from the wound, does not build up under the covering, and does not cause wound desiccation. The electrospun nanofibrous membrane shows controlled evaporative water loss, excellent oxygen permeability, and promoted fluid drainage ability, but still it can inhibit exogenous microorganism invasion because its pores are ultra-fine. Histological examination indicates that the rate of epithelialization is increased and the dermis becomes well organized if wounds are covered with electrospun nanofibrous membrane. This electrospun membrane has potential applications for wound dressing based upon its unique properties.
Reaktionen mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid: Reduktion von Polyen‐1.2‐diketonen, zugleich eine Methode zur Darstellung von Polyenen (1952)

Abstract Polyendiketone werden von Lithiumaluminiumhydrid zu den entsprechenden Glykolen reduziert, die sich in Polyene überführen lassen.
Improved Foamy Virus Vectors with Minimal Viral Sequences (2002)

Foamy virus (FV) vectors show promise for gene therapy applications. However, existing FV vectors either retain a significant portion of the wild-type virus genome or are produced at low titers. We describe a transient cotransfection system that produces high-titer FV vectors with minimal cis-acting regions. These vector genomes have deletions in the gag, pol, env, and bel1-3 accessory genes, as well as the LTR U3 region, but retain an essential 2.5-kb cis-acting region. In addition, stop codons were introduced into the remaining gag sequences to prevent expression of viral peptides and to eliminate dominant-negative effects of a Gag-Pol fusion protein. Although these deleted foamy (deltaphi) vectors were produced at relatively low titers with our prior packaging construct, we designed separate helper plasmids for Gag, Pol, and Env expression that allowed us to routinely produce helper-free, unconcentrated vector stocks with titers of over 10(5) transducing units/ml by four-plasmid transient transfection. The deltaphi vector stocks were then concentrated by ultracentrifugation to titers over 10(7) transducing units/ml. A deltaphi vector containing a 9.2-kb transgene cassette was produced at unconcentrated titers of over 10(5) transducing units/ml, demonstrating the utility of these deleted vectors for large therapeutic genes.