gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry technique applied to the characterization of photonic crystal fiber properties (2005)

Localized measurements of group-velocity dispersion and birefringence of photonic crystal fibers are achieved with a phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry technique. This technique is efficient for fiber samples no longer than 1 m. Theoretical simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. As a result, the stress-induced birefringence proves to be at most 1 order of magnitude below the geometrical-shape birefringence.
Role for DNA Polymerase κ in the Processing of N2-N2-Guanine Interstrand Cross-links (2008)

Although there exists compelling genetic evidence for a homologous recombination-independent pathway for repair of interstrand cross-links (ICLs) involving translesion synthesis (TLS), biochemical support for this model is lacking. To identify DNA polymerases that may function in TLS past ICLs, oligodeoxynucleotides were synthesized containing site-specific ICLs in which the linkage was between N(2)-guanines, similar to cross-links formed by mitomycin C and enals. Here, data are presented that mammalian cell replication of DNAs containing these lesions was approximately 97% accurate. Using a series of oligodeoxynucleotides that mimic potential intermediates in ICL repair, we demonstrate that human polymerase (pol) kappa not only catalyzed accurate incorporation opposite the cross-linked guanine but also replicated beyond the lesion, thus providing the first biochemical evidence for TLS past an ICL. The efficiency of TLS was greatly enhanced by truncation of both the 5 ' and 3 ' ends of the nontemplating strand. Further analyses showed that although yeast Rev1 could incorporate a dCTP opposite the cross-linked guanine, no evidence was found for TLS by pol zeta or a pol zeta/Rev1 combination. Because pol kappa was able to bypass these ICLs, biological evidence for a role for pol kappa in tolerating the N(2)-N(2)-guanine ICLs was sought; both cell survival and chromosomal stability were adversely affected in pol kappa-depleted cells following mitomycin C exposure. Thus, biochemical data and cellular studies both suggest a role for pol kappa in the processing of N(2)-N(2)-guanine ICLs.
Magnesium hydride film formation using subatmospheric pressure H2 plasma at low temperature (2016)

MgH2 films were prepared using pure hydrogen plasma under subatmospheric pressures ranging from 13.3 to 53.3 kPa (100–400 Torr). The prepared films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed desorption measurements. The ratio of MgH2 to Mg in the prepared films was evaluated, as the degree of Mg hydrogenation, by XRD analysis. The plasma was found to be indispensable for the preparation of thick MgH2 film near normal hydrogen pressure. Hydrogen plasma exposure treatment after Mg film formation had only a very small effect on thick MgH2 film formation, despite the use of subatmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma with high H atom density. Simultaneous supply of Mg and atomic hydrogen was found to be important in preparing thick MgH2 films. Therefore, the surface reaction between Mg and H appears to play an important role in the growth process. The flux ratio (ΓH/ΓMg) of atomic H and Mg required to prepare highly hydrogenated Mg was found to be more than 100. The resulting degree of hydrogenation of the prepared MgH2 film was as good or better than that of commercial powders. MgH2 film prepared on Si substrate exhibited growth with (211) preferred orientation as the deposition rate was decreased, and a columnar structure along the growth direction. The deposition rate reached 2.9 μm/min while still maintaining a high degree of hydrogenation.
The optimisation of the design of nuts with partly tapered threads (1986)

The angle of taper and the number of tapered threads in a nut necessary to give the lowest maximum stress concentration in the bolt were determined for an ISO nut—bolt connection subject to axial loading. Thirty-eight frozen stress models were analysed and it was found that a two degree taper for 5.5 threads from the loaded face of the nut reduced the maximum normalised tensile stress in the bolt by 41 per cent from 5.17 to 3.07. It was observed that if the angle of taper was too large the stress concentration produced at the junction of the parallel and tapered threads could negate the beneficial effects of the taper geometry.
Optochemical HCl and Cl<sub>2</sub>Gas Detection Based on Tetraphenylporphin Dispersed in Ethylcellulose (1996)

Abstract To detect sub-ppm levels of HCl gas, spectral changes of tetraphe nylporphine and derivatives dispersed in ethylcellulose were examined in the visible region. For free base tetraphenylporphyrin, the absorbance at 450 nm and 670 nm is sensitive to sub-ppm levels of HCl and also a good reversibilty is observed at room temperature. The Soret and Q-bands are insensitive to NH3, Cl2, NO2 and NO at room temperature. For zinc tetrabromotetraphenylporphine, the absorbance at 479 nm and 722 nm is sensitive to sub-ppm levels of HCl gas and also good reversibilty is observed at room temperature.
Photochemical vapor‐deposited silicon oxynitride films for solar cells (1992)

Abstract Silicon oxynitride films (SiN X O Y ) were deposited at deposition temperatures between 100 and 300°C using mercury‐sensitized photochemical vapor deposition. The light source was a low‐pressure mercury lamp and the source gas was a mixture of NH 3 gas and 5 percent SiH 4 gas (95 percent N 2 gas). The quality and interface property of these films were better than those of plasma‐CVD films. However, in the former films, the film quality was unstable and degraded rapidly with time when the deposition temperature was low. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) indicated that the invasion of oxygen from air to the film caused a change in the film composition, resulting in the degradation of film property with time. The photochemical vapor deposition and plasma‐vapor deposition SiN X O Y films were used as an antireflective coating for a single‐crystal‐Si solar cell; and it was found that using the former films, the short‐circuit current density and effective conversion efficiency were higher than by using the latter films. The difference in the foregoing results was believed to be due to the improvement of the interface property by photochemical deposition films.
Biophysical requirements for new and projected procedures and devices for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. (1975)

This paper reviews the state of the art knowledge of laryngeal physiology and evaluates the parameters necessary for voice production following laryngeal surgery for cancer. Data from normal voice production as well as esophageal speech production are used to generate some relationships that must exist in order to produce sound. Included are the relationships between esophageal pressure, subglottal pressure and intraoral pressure, the mechanical constraints of a pseudolarynx, muscle activity during normal and esophageal speech and the role of the tongue, lips, and palate in esophageal speech. Consideration is given to early and current reed-fistula and air bypass surgical procedures. Alternatives to current experimental and commonly used rehabilitation procedures will also be considered. The limiting factors for use of such devices and some requirements for their operation will be considered. Consideration will also be given to the manner in which various kinds of speech can be compared for acceptability and intelligibility.
Evidence-based clinical indications of plasma products and future prospects (2017)

Of the human blood that flows through arteries and veins, plasma is the liquid that is most abundantly present and in which the cellular components red cells, leucocytes and platelets are suspended. Fifty-five percent of whole blood is plasma of which 89% water, 2% salts, 3% lipids and 6% proteins. The plasma proteins (60 g/L) consist of 2,000–4,000 different proteins in a concentration ranging from ng/mL (hormones) to ±40 mg/mL (albumin). Each protein constituent has a specific function in the homeostasis of the human body and a lack or a deficiency of a plasma protein might be life-threatening. In a number of clinical pathological situations, plasma proteins are observed as not present or malfunctioning. In others where non-plasma protein laboratory parameters are indicative for the disorder, clinical evidence has shown that plasma protein therapy might be efficacious. Unfortunately, in a number of these diseases and disorders the underlying mechanisms of pathology and treatment are still unknown and the effect of plasma protein therapy can be found only clinically present without or with limited supportive evidence shown by plasma protein laboratory parameters.
The control of hematopoiesis and leukemia: from basic biology to the clinic. (1996)

Hematopoiesis gives rise to blood cells of different lineages throughout normal life. Abnormalities in this developmental program lead to blood cell diseases including leukemia. The establishment of a cell culture system for the clonal development of hematopoietic cells made it possible to discover proteins that regulate cell viability, multiplication and differentiation of different hematopoietic cell lineages, and the molecular basis of normal and abnormal blood cell development. These regulators include cytokines now called colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins (ILs). There is a network of cytokine interactions, which has positive regulators such as CSFs and ILs and negative regulators such as transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). This multigene cytokine network provides flexibility depending on which part of the network is activated and allows amplification of response to a particular stimulus. Malignancy can be suppressed in certain types of leukemic cells by inducing differentiation with cytokines that regulate normal hematopoiesis or with other compounds that use alternative differentiation pathways. This created the basis for the clinical use of differentiation therapy. The suppression of malignancy by inducing differentiation can bypass genetic abnormalities that give rise to malignancy. Different CSFs and ILs suppress programmed cell death (apoptosis) and induce cell multiplication and differentiation, and these processes of development are separately regulated. The same cytokines suppress apoptosis in normal and leukemic cells, including apoptosis induced by irradiation and cytotoxic cancer chemotherapeutic compounds. An excess of cytokines can increase leukemic cell resistance to cytotoxic therapy. The tumor suppressor gene wild-type p53 induces apoptosis that can also be suppressed by cytokines. The oncogene mutant p53 suppresses apoptosis. Hematopoietic cytokines such as granulocyte CSF are now used clinically to correct defects in hematopoiesis, including repair of chemotherapy-associated suppression of normal hematopoiesis in cancer patients, stimulation of normal granulocyte development in patients with infantile congenital agranulocytosis, and increase of hematopoietic precursors for blood cell transplantation. Treatments that decrease the level of apoptosis-suppressing cytokines and downregulate expression of mutant p53 and other apoptosis suppressing genes in cancer cells could improve cytotoxic cancer therapy. The basic studies on hematopoiesis and leukemia have thus provided new approaches to therapy.
Effects of drying on selected qualities of Spirulina platensis protein (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of drying on selected qualities of Spirulina platensis proteinJohn D. Baranowski, Carlos A. Dominguez, and Paul C. MagarelliCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984, 32, 6, 1385–1387Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00126a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00126a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views263Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
R. C. Mills and M. H. Ellis: A note∗ (1969)

(1969). R. C. Mills and M. H. Ellis: A note. Historical Studies: Vol. 14, No. 53, pp. 93-97.
Tailored Formation of N-Doped Nanoarchitectures by Diffusion-Controlled on-Surface (Cyclo)Dehydrogenation of Heteroaromatics (2013)

Surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation and dehydrogenative polymerization of polycyclic (hetero)aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are among the most important strategies for bottom-up assembly of new nanostructures from their molecular building blocks. Although diverse compounds have been formed in recent years using this methodology, a limited knowledge on the molecular machinery operating at the nanoscale has prevented a rational control of the reaction outcome. We show that the strength of the PAH-substrate interaction rules the competitive reaction pathways (cyclodehydrogenation versus dehydrogenative polymerization). By controlling the diffusion of N-heteroaromatic precursors, the on-surface dehydrogenation can lead to monomolecular triazafullerenes and diazahexabenzocoronenes (N-doped nanographene), to N-doped oligomeric or polymeric networks, or to carbonaceous monolayers. Governing the on-surface dehydrogenation process is a step forward toward the tailored fabrication of molecular 2D nanoarchitectures distinct from graphene and exhibiting new properties of fundamental and technological interest.
Drug Absorption (1971)

Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic ...Read More
Rigorous theoretical study of finite-size two-dimensional photonic crystals doped by microcavities (1997)

We use a rigorous method for diffraction by a finite set of parallel cylinders to study the influence of defects in a photonic crystal. The method allows us to give an accurate description of all the characteristics of the electromagnetic field (near-field map, scattered field, and energy flow). The localized resonant modes can also be computed. We show some of their symmetry properties and the influence of coupling between two neighboring defects. Finally, an example is given, which shows that a slight local change in the crystal period can be used for the realization of devices that radiate energy in a very narrow angular range.
A Listenability Measuring Method for an Adaptive Computer-assisted Language Learningand Teaching System (2014)

In teaching and learning of English as a foreign language, the Internet serves as a source of authentic listening material, enabling learners to practice English in real contexts. An adaptive computer-assisted language learning and teaching system can pick up news clips as authentic materials from the Internet according to learner listening proficiency if it is equipped with a listenability measuring method that takes into both linguistic features of a news clip and the listening proficiency. Therefore, we developed a method for measuring listening proficiency-based listenability. With our method, listenability is measured through multiple regression analysis using both learner and linguistic features as independent variables. Learner features account for learner listening proficiency, and linguistic features explain lexical, syntactic, and phonological complexities of sentences. A cross validation test showed that listenability measured with our method exhibited higher correlation (r = 0.57) than listenability measured with other methods using either learner features (r = 0.43) or other linguistic features (r = 0.32, r = 0.36). A comparison of our method with other methods showed a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.003 after Bonferroni correction). These results suggest the effectiveness of learner and linguistic features for measuring listening proficiency-based listenability. 1
Gas Permeation and Separation with Aqueous Membranes Immobilized in Microporous Hydrophobic Hollow Fibers (1987)

A simple immobilized liquid membrane (ILM) structure obtained by immobilizing aqueous solutions in microporous hydrophobic Celgard X-10 hollow fibers has been utilized for gas permeation and separation. Permeation of pure N2 through pure water immobilized in the fiber has been employed to characterize the microporous hollow fiber by determining its tortuosity factor. Studies on separating a CO2-N2 mixture have been conducted with pure water and an aqueous 30% wt/wt K2CO3 ILM-s at applied pressure differences up to 550 cm Hg. Gas separation was studied in two modes: high pressure feed through fiber lumina; high pressure feed on the permeator shell side. In both modes of operation, no effect of any possible fiber deformation was observed on gas permeation and separation. For separation of the CO2-N2 mixture, the aqueous 30% wt/wt K2CO3 ILM-s were found to be quite efficient and stable for extended periods of operation.
Herd Behaviour and Cascading in Capital Markets: a Review and Synthesis (2003)

We review theory and evidence relating to herd behaviour, payoff and reputational interactions, social learning, and informational cascades in capital markets. We offer a simple taxonomy of effects, and evaluate how alternative theories may help explain evidence on the behaviour of investors, firms, and analysts. We consider both incentives for parties to engage in herding or cascading, and the incentives for parties to protect against or take advantage of herding or cascading by others.
Thermolysis of Free-Radical Initiators:  <i>tert</i>-Butylazocumene and Its 1,3- and 1,4-Bisazo and 1,3,5-Trisazo Analogues (2001)

Four tert-butylazocumenes (4-7) were prepared from the corresponding cyanobenzenes, and their nitrogen evolution kinetics and products were analyzed. In combination with TEMPO, the simplest compound, tert-butylazocumene (4), shows promise as a "one-radical" initiator of styrene polymerization. The ABNO-trapped cumyl radical 29 is a particularly stable trialkylhydroxylamine, whose thermolysis half-life is 2.1 h at 150 degrees C. Taking advantage of this stability, we trapped the cumyl radical centers from 7 to afford tris adduct 32a. While the behavior of the meta bisazoalkane 6 can be mostly predicted from that of 4, the para isomer 5 exhibits both unusual products and kinetics, attributed to the formation of quinodimethane 33 via azo-containing radical 34. In fact, flash vacuum pyrolysis of 5 allowed observation of the (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of 33, whose persistence even at ambient temperature showed that this quinodimethane is far more stable than the parent 36. Finally, evidence is presented that 7 is an initiator of star polymerization.
THE Y-CHROMOSOME AS THE BEARER OF MALE DETERMINING FACTORS IN THE MOUSE (1959)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Hide-and-Seek: Forcing a Network to be Meticulous for Weakly-Supervised Object and Action Localization (2017)

We propose `Hide-and-Seek', a weakly-supervised framework that aims to improve object localization in images and action localization in videos. Most existing weakly-supervised methods localize only the most discriminative parts of an object rather than all relevant parts, which leads to suboptimal performance. Our key idea is to hide patches in a training image randomly, forcing the network to seek other relevant parts when the most discriminative part is hidden. Our approach only needs to modify the input image and can work with any network designed for object localization. During testing, we do not need to hide any patches. Our Hide-and-Seek approach obtains superior performance compared to previous methods for weakly-supervised object localization on the ILSVRC dataset. We also demonstrate that our framework can be easily extended to weakly-supervised action localization.
Discovery and Development of Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (KEAP1:NRF2) Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitors: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions (2016)

The transcription factor Nrf2 is the primary regulator of the cellular defense system, and enhancing Nrf2 activity has potential usages in various diseases, especially chronic age-related and inflammatory diseases. Recently, directly targeting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) has been an emerging strategy to selectively and effectively activate Nrf2. This Perspective summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors, including the Keap1-Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms, biochemical techniques for inhibitor identification, and approaches for identifying peptide and small-molecule inhibitors, as well as discusses privileged structures and future directions for further development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors.
Weibull function in the estimation of the basal area dbh-distribution. (1986)

The paper demonstrates the possibility of using data from small relascope sample plots in the derivation of the regression models which predict the Weibull function parameters for the dbh-distribution. The Weibull parameters describing the basal area dbh-distribution were estimated for relascope sample plots from the Finnish National Forest Inventory. In the first stage of the estimation nonlinear regression analysis was employed to derive initial parameter estimates for the second stage, in which the maximum likelihood method was used. The parameter estimates were employed as dependent variables for the derivation of the regression models; the independent variables comprised of the compartment-wise stand variables generally estimated in ocular inventories. The PDF includes an abstract in Finnish.