gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of low light level images using color-plus-mono dual camera (2017)

In digital photography, the improvement of imaging quality in low light shooting is one of the users' needs. Unfortunately, conventional smartphone cameras that use a single, small image sensor cannot provide satisfactory quality in low light level images. A color-plus-mono dual camera that consists of two horizontally separate image sensors, which simultaneously captures both a color and mono image pair of the same scene, could be useful for improving the quality of low light level images. However, an incorrect image fusion between the color and mono image pair could also have negative effects, such as the introduction of severe visual artifacts in the fused images. This paper proposes a selective image fusion technique that applies an adaptive guided filter-based denoising and selective detail transfer to only those pixels deemed reliable with respect to binocular image fusion. We employ a dissimilarity measure and binocular just-noticeable-difference (BJND) analysis to identify unreliable pixels that are likely to cause visual artifacts during image fusion via joint color image denoising and detail transfer from the mono image. By constructing an experimental system of color-plus-mono camera, we demonstrate that the BJND-aware denoising and selective detail transfer is helpful in improving the image quality during low light shooting.
Scheduling for large-scale parallel video servers (2002)

Parallel video servers are necessary for large-scale video-on-demand and other multimedia systems. The paper addresses the scheduling problem of parallel video servers. The authors discuss scheduling requirements. Optimal algorithms are presented for conflict-free scheduling, delay minimization, load balancing, and admission control.
Relationship Between the Length of Cell Cycles, Cleavage Pattern and Developmental Competence in Bovine Embryos Generated by <i>In Vitro</i> Fertilization or Parthenogenesis (2010)

This study was conducted to study the kinetics of initial cell divisions in relation with the cleavage patterns in viable (with the ability to develop to the blastocyst stage) and non-viable bovine embryos and parthenotes. The kinetics of in vitro development and cleavage patterns were observed by time lapse cinematography. The length of the first and second but not third cell cycle differed significantly between the viable and non-viable embryos after IVF or parthenogenesis. Viable embryos had significantly shorter first and second cell cycles than non-viable ones. The presence of fragments, protrusions and unequally-sized blastomeres was associated with an extended one-cell stage and reduced ability to develop to the blastocyst stage; however, the lengths of the second and third cell cycles were not altered. Oocytes showing direct division from one cell to 3 or 4 blastomeres showed similar developmental ability and embryonic cell numbers to those showing normal division, although, with a high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. Our results suggest that the differences in the first cell cycles between viable and non-viable embryos were not sperm-related, whereas direct cleavage of 1-cell embryos to 3 or more blastomeres and protrusion formation are related to sperm-driven factors. The length of the first and second cell cycles and the cleavage pattern should be examined simultaneously to predict developmental competence of embryos at early cleavage stages.
Balanced delay trees and combinatorial division in VLSI (1986)

Three floating-point arithmetic chips have been implemented in 1.5-/spl mu/m NMOS technology utilizing several novel circuit designs. The theories behind two of these are presented. A method is presented for constructing balanced delay trees that have a better area-time product than binary trees; one important application of these trees is in the construction of fast multipliers. Also presented is a technique for doing redundant digital division that lends itself to implementation in combinatorial VLSI.
Mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystals/Graphene as an Efficient Sulfur Host Material for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2016)

Rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising in high-energy storage due to the large specific energy density of about 2600 W h kg(-1). However, the low conductivity of sulfur and discharge products as well as polysulfide-shuttle effect between the cathode and anode hamper applications of Li-S batteries. Herein, we describe a novel and efficient S host material consisting of mesoporous TiO2 nanocrystals (NCs) fabricated in situ on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for Li-S batteries. The TiO2@rGO hybrid can be loaded with 72 wt % sulfur. The strong chemisorption ability of the TiO2 NCs toward polysulfide combined with high electrical conductivity of rGO effectively localize the soluble polysulfide species within the cathode and facilitate electron and Li ions transport to/from the cathode materials. The sulfur-incorporated TiO2@rGO hybrid (S/TiO2@rGO) shows large capacities of 1116 and 917 mA h g(-1) at the current densities of 0.2 and 1 C (1 C = 1675 mA g(-1)) after 100 cycles, respectively. When the current density is increased 20 times from 0.2 to 4 C, 60% capacity is retained, thereby demonstrating good cycling stability and rate capability. The synergistic effects of TiO2 NCs toward effective chemisorption of polysulfides and conductive rGO with high electron mobility make a promising application of S/TiO2@rGO hybrid in high-performance Li-S batteries.
INVENTORY CONSIDERATIONS IN NETWORK DESIGN (2005)

Network design is a cornerstone of logistics management. It is traditionally used to determine the number and location of warehouses that optimize the joint transportation and fixed warehousing cost. We propose a network design model that enables managers to include inventory cost simultaneously with transportation and fixed warehouse cost in the optimization process. The proposed model treats inventory cost as a discrete function of the number of warehouses. The research also includes an illustration of the application of the proposed model using data obtained from a national retailer based in the Midwest. Results show that savings can be substantial and that the proposed model might also be used to define different configurations for C items than for A and B items.
Amine Modification of Thermally Carbonized Porous Silicon with Silane Coupling Chemistry (2012)

Thermally carbonized porous silicon (TCPSi) microparticles were chemically modified with organofunctional alkoxysilane molecules using a silanization process. Before the silane coupling, the TCPSi surface was activated by immersion in hydrofluoric acid (HF). Instead of regeneration of the silicon hydride species, the HF immersion of silicon carbide structure forms a silanol termination (Si-OH) on the surface required for silanization. Subsequent functionalization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane provides the surface with an amine (-NH(2)) termination, while the SiC-type layer significantly stabilizes the functionalized structure both mechanically and chemically. The presence of terminal amine groups was verified with FTIR, XPS, CHN analysis, and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The overall effects of the silanization to the morphological properties of the initial TCPSi were analyzed and they were found to be very limited, making the treatment effects highly predictable. The maximum obtained number of amine groups on the surface was calculated to be 1.6 groups/nm(2), corresponding to 79% surface coverage. The availability of the amine groups for further biofunctionalization was confirmed by successful biotinylation. The isoelectric point (IEP) of amine-terminated TCPSi was measured to be at pH 7.7, as opposed to pH 2.6 for untreated TCPSi. The effects of the surface amine termination on the cell viability of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells and on the in vitro fenofibrate release profiles were also assessed. The results indicated that the surface modification did not alter the loading of the drug inside the pores and also retained the beneficial enhanced dissolution characteristics similar to TCPSi. Cellular viability studies also showed that the surface modification had only a limited effect on the biocompatibility of the PSi.
Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis: How Many Tests Do we Need ? (2005)

The requirement for a safe diagnostic strategy should be based on an overall post-test incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of less than 1% during 3 month follow-up. Compression ultrasonography (CUS) has a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97 to 98% indicating a post-CUS incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of 2 to 3%. A post-CUS DVT incidence of 3% implicates that 90 to 120 DVTs per 1 million inhabitants will be overlooked each year indicating the need to improve the diagnostic work-up of DVT as much as possible. The qualitative D-dimer test (SimpliRed) has a sensitivity of 82 to 89% and a negative predictive value of 94 to 95% indicating a 5 to 6% post-test incidence of DVT, which is not sensitive enough for venous thrombosis exclusion. The post-test DVT incidence could be reduced from 3.2% to 0.6% in one study and from 11% to 2% in another study by the combination of a normal CUS and low clinical score and from 4.5% to 1.6% by the combination of low clinical score and a negative SimpliRed test in one study. The combination of a negative CUS and a negative SimpliRed test reduced the post-test incidence of DVT from 2.6% to < 1% or even < 1% in two management studies without the need of a repeated CUS on the basis of which anticoagulant therapy can safely be withheld. The rapid quantitative turbidimetric D-dimer assay (Tinaquant) has a sensitivity and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.7% with a 2.3% post-test incidence of DVT. The combination of a normal Tinaquant D-Dimer test result plus a low to moderate clinical score reduces the post-test incidence of DVT from 2.3 to 0.6% without the need of CUS testing in 29% of patients with suspected DVT. The rapid ELISA VIDAS D-dimer assay has a sensitivity and NPV of 98.6 and 99.5% in two management studies for the exclusion of DVT irrespective of clinical score. The combination of a normal ELISA VIDAS D-Dimer test with clinical score assessment will reduce the post-test DVT incidence of less than 0.5% and the need for CUS testing by 40 to 50%. It is concluded that the sequential use of a rapid quantitative D-dimer test, clinical score and CUS appears to be safe and the most cost-effective diagnostic work-up of DVT.
Comparison between rigorous light-scattering methods (1997)

In this paper four radically different methods for solving scattering of light off of mainly lameller grating type structures are compared. The methods are: (1) the analytic waveguide method (Metrologia), (2) the integral equation system with parametrization and sampling along the profile (IESMP) developed at BIFO, (3) the integral equation method with discretization along the x-axis (PC-Grate 2), and (4) the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). The results show that the analytic waveguide method and the integral equation method with parametrization (IESMP) agree with extremely high accuracy in all cases studied for both polarization states TE and TM. For the special case of near field slit simulation the same high agreement is found between Metrologia and a FEM method. It is also found that the agreement of RCWA and PC-Grate 2 with either of the other two methods is only fair, particularly for TM mode on gratings made of good conductors. Using an improvement, the RCWA results become significantly better and correspond with the results of IESMP and Metrologia.
Experimental investigation of effects of blade tip geometry on loads and performance for an articulated rotor system (1979)

Wind-tunnel tests of an aeroelastically designed helicopter rotor model were carried out to determine the effects on dynamic response and aerodynamic performance of varying the design of the outboard 8 percent of the blade lengths. Four different blade tip geometries or shapes having different amounts of planform sweep, thickness and chordwise taper, and anhedral angle were studied. Each configuration was tested at several shaft angles of attack for advance ratios of 0.20, 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40. For each combination of shaft angle and advance ratio, rotor lift was varied over a wide range to include high lift conditions.
Black-end of pear: Problem is subject of extensive field and laboratory studies (1948)

Intensive investigations have been conducted in the field and in the laboratory since about 1930 regarding black-end or hard-end condition of pears and the relation of the rootstock to the incidence of the disease.
Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of KIR3DL1+ and KIR3DS1+ NK Cell Subsets Demonstrate Differential Regulation by Bw4 Molecules and Induced KIR3DS1 Expression on Stimulated NK Cells (2009)

Recently, the Z27 mAb was shown to recognize the NK cell-activating receptor KIR3DS1, and several genetic studies suggest that the most probable ligands of KIR3DS1 are HLA class I molecules with the Bw4 motif. Despite these findings, the attempts to establish a functional interaction between KIR3DS1 and its potential ligand have been unsuccessful. Here, we study the proliferation and cytotoxicity of KIR3DS1(+) NK cells, compared with KIR3DL1(+) NK cells, according to the Bw4(+) or Bw4(-) allogeneic environment. Our results show for the first time that KIR3DS1 expression on NK cells can be induced after exposure to stimulator cells (221, K562, EBV-B cell lines, and B cells), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, IL-15, or IL-2. Furthermore, whereas KIR3DL1(+) NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were inhibited in a Bw4(+) but not a Bw4(-) context, KIR3DS1(+) NK cell functions were not influenced by the presence of Bw4 on target cells. Nevertheless, despite the absence of demonstrated regulation of KIR3DS1(+) NK cell functions by HLA-Bw4 molecules, we found a higher KIR3DS1(+) NK cell frequency and higher levels of KIR3DS1 expression in Bw4(+) compared with Bw4(-) individuals. Altogether, these results suggest that KIR3DS1 does not recognize HLA-Bw4 molecules in a physiological context, and they highlight the induced expression of KIR3DS1 observed on stimulated NK cells and the higher frequency of KIR3DS1(+) NK cells in Bw4(+) individuals. Because a protective KIR3DS1-Bw4 association has been reported in viral infections, our results further the understanding of the role of KIR3DS1(+) NK cells in controlling viral infections.
Analysis of coordination between primary and secondary protectors (1997)

This paper provides circuit models for analyzing the coordination between primary and secondary surge protectors. Although the analysis is performed in the context of lightning surges on telecommunication circuits, the models developed are generic in nature and can be used to analyze the interaction of cascaded surge protectors under voltages produced either by lightning or by power line disturbances. Equivalent circuits are developed for calculation of voltages and currents at primary and secondary protectors. Formulas are provided and procedures are described for achieving the best coordination between primary and secondary protectors. Two different configurations are analyzed for protection coordination. In the first configuration, the primary and secondary protectors connect between each conductor of the cable pair to ground. In the second configuration, a secondary protector is located between two conductors of a cable pair while the primary protector is located from each conductor to ground.
Detection of Radiographic Abnormalities in Mammograms by Means of Optical Scanning and Computer Analysis (1967)

Mammography is now established as a relatively routine method of examination of the breasts. Although it is not yet accepted as a screening procedure for breast cancer there is evidence that it could play a role in early detection and salvage of life if applied on a wide enough scale (1–3). Because of the problems inherent in the routine viewing of large numbers of examinations of presumably asymptomatic patients we have proposed the automation of reading of the radiographs by means of optical scanning and computer interpretation. Our work has, we believe, demonstrated the feasibility of this method. Films of the breasts were made, using bolus immersion technic. The breast was immersed in either mineral oil or alcohol, and translateral decubitus films were obtained. The resulting radiograph was converted to a positive image and scanned by a converted radio-facsimile scanner. This scanner carries the print on a rotating drum and advances the photocell by means of a lead-screw to measure the reflected light from the print. A facsimile scanner was used, since we thought it unwise to invest in an expensive transparency scanner without knowing the specifications which would be needed. The basic programing could be done with immersion mammograms and subsequently refined when a scanner capable of reading negatives became available. The fascimile scanner has a maximum resolution of 180 lines per inch and a usable gray scale of 32, although only 16 levels were employed in the program. The voltage signal from the scanner is passed through the analog to digital interface of the CDC 160A computer and recorded on digital tape. Background density of the films was measured and used to correct all measured densities to a standard value. The film was divided into 64 small rectangles, in an 8 × 8 array; the size and location of these rectangles for each film was arranged in a standardized manner relative to the chest wall, the skin, and the nipple. This technic insures that each rectangle contains a fixed percentage of the total tissue area (rather than a fixed area) and is located in the same part of the tissue. Comparison of two breasts with different shapes and sizes can then be done more uniformly on the basis of the rectangles. The distribution of optical densities for each segment is characterized by 4 vectors which measure the distribution of density elements. The first of these is referred to as the area vector and tells us, for each of the 16 density levels, what fraction of the scan points within the rectangle contain that density level. The second vector requires a further slicing of the rectangle into 16 strips. One can then state for each of the 16 density levels the number of slices within the rectangle which contain any scan points at the particular density level. The third vector measures the uniformity of the distribution of each density level within the rectangle.
Etch mechanism in the reactive ion etching of silicon nitride (1991)

Reactive ion etching of silicon nitride with CHF3/O2 plasmas has been studied in a hexode reactor and compared to silicon dioxide etching. Measurements of etch rates as a function of gas composition and pressure were combined with Langmuir probe data for the ion flux to the substrate to give etch yields (number of substrate atoms removed per bombarding ion). At low oxygen content, the etch yields of both materials are about 2 atoms/ion and are essentially independent of pressure between 10 and 60 mTorr. At higher oxygen content, the etch yield is considerably larger for silicon nitride, and for both materials the etch yields increase with increasing pressure. From these results it can be concluded that in a CHF3/O2 plasma at low oxygen content, the etch mechanism is mostly direct reactive ion etching for both silicon nitride and silicon oxide. On the other hand, at higher oxygen content the etching is ion enhanced for both materials, but to a much greater extent in the case of silicon nitride.
Highly-reliable silicon and glass interposers-to-printed wiring board SMT interconnections: Modeling, design, fabrication and reliability (2012)

Ultra-miniaturization and 3D integration of electronic systems require interposers with high density of off-chip interconnections. Silicon and glass interposers are being developed widely to meet these needs. These substrate materials have the intrinsic advantage of very high dimensional stability over traditional organic substrates [1] thus providing opportunities for layer to layer wiring with very small vias. However, compared to organic boards, with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of about 12-18 ppm/°C, silicon and glass substrates have a significantly lower CTE of 3-8 ppm/°C. Therefore, reliability becomes one of the major concerns when silicon or glass interposers are mounted directly on organic system boards using SMT technology with solders. This paper presents an approach to address the above reliability issues using compliant build-up dielectrics to decouple the stress from interposer to the system board, to reduce the stress experienced by the solder interconnections. The proposed approach is compatible with surface mount technology (SMT) and also helps with the handling and metallization of thin silicon and glass substrates. Finite element modeling was used to analyze the effectiveness of the compliant dielectrics, laminated onto both sides of silicon or glass interposers. Parametric study was performed to analyze the influence of multiple variables, such as material properties and geometry parameters, on the reliability of the SMT interconnections, to optimize the buffering effect. Test vehicles of size 7.2mm × 7.2mm were fabricated with 25um thick RXP-4M polymer, laminated on both sides of glass and silicon interposers. In this study, interposers with 180um thick, low CTE glass, 180um thick high CTE glass, and 240um thick silicon interposers were fabricated and assembled on standard FR-4 system boards, using ball grid array (BGA) interconnections. Thermal cycling test was performed to investigate the reliability of solder ball joints. The high CTE glass sample was shown to survive 1900 thermal cycles from -55°C to 125°C, before the first failure was detected in one of the corner joints. This paper shows that the use of compliant dielectric material, explored in this research, yields promising reliability performance of BGA interconnections with low CTE interposers without underfill at a body size of 7.2mm.
An introduction to GIS: Concepts, tools, data sources, and types of analysis (2003)

Abstract This chapter introduces key concepts, tools, data sources, and types of analysis used in geographic information systems.
Stability and SER Analysis of Static RAM Cells (1985)

Graphical techniques for analysis of the stability and soft error rate (SER) of static RAM cells have been developed. These techniques include important transient effects and make readily visible the impact of variations in design approaches and parametric. The techniques are illustrated with application to a high-speed 64K NMOS RAM and comparative cases. The stability and SER is sized for these cases as a function of design and parametric variations in timing approaches, device sizes, threshold mismatches, load resistors, and usage statistics. These variations can result in orders of magnitude variation in SER. Nevertheless, with careful design, 64K NMOS RAM cells can have reasonable stability and SER. Even if load resistors are not used, these SER can be much lower than might be expected by simple analogy to a one-device dynamic RAM cell with the same size storage capacitor.