gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Evaluation of Grid Size Effect on Critical Dimension Uniformity Improvement (2004)

In order to control the on-chip linewidth variation (OCV) in logic devices, accurate optical proximity correction (OPC) is required, and the method to enhance its result is devised. The optical proximity behaviors are severely varied according to the optical and material conditions. The change in photoresist (PR) species deteriorates the OPC rule from 9.3 nm to 15.1 nm for two kinds of PR species. The illumination condition variation also deteriorates the optical-proximity-corrected (OPCed) results from 9.3 nm to 11.6 nm. To obtain accurate OPCed results, these conditions should be fixed. For improving the correction accuracy of the optical proximity, the OPCed grid size effect on the critical dimension (CD) uniformity is evaluated quantitatively. By adopting the OPC grid size of less than 1 nm, the correction resolution limited by the grid size is enhanced. The selective bias with the assist features is applied to the line-and-space (L/S) patterns varied by the space sizes. The selective bias rule is generated with a model using the different grid sizes of 1 nm and 0.5 nm. In the nominal CD of 87 nm, the 3σ values of the optical proximity effect are measured to be 14.6 nm and 11.4 nm for 1 nm and 0.5 nm grid sizes, respectively. The improvement of 9.2 nm is achieved, corresponding to nearly 39% enhancement. The CD uniformity dependence on the grid size was characterized in two-dimensional pattern on a real static random access memory (SRAM) pattern with the different grid sizes of 1 nm and 0.5 nm. The 3σ values of the uniformity are 9.9 nm and 8.7 nm in the case of grid sizes of 1 nm and 0.5 nm, respectively. Decreasing the grid size improves the uniformity by 4.7 nm, corresponding to 22% enhancement. By considering the mask error enhancement factor (MEEF), the enhanced amount is calculated to be 3.2 nm. The pattern fidelity improvement in the mask by reducing the grid size enhances the printing images, and decreases the measurement error using the in-line CD scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Improved Isenthalpic Multiphase Flash Calculations for Thermal Compositional Simulators (2014)

Abstract In thermal compositional reservoir simulators that use energy as a primary variable, thousands to millions of isenthalpic multiphase flash calculations must be performed to calculate temperature, phase splits and compositions for different grid blocks during the simulation. Development of a robust and fast isenthalpic multiphase flash calculation method is necessary to improve the efficiency of such simulations. A new isenthalpic multiphase flash calculation is described in this paper. The flash calculation method uses a modified Rachford-Rice monotonic objective function and the negative flash concept for phase distribution and phase identification. Therefore phase stability analysis is not necessary. The formulation and algorithm of the new method are presented in detail. This method is able to handle difficult situations such as narrow boiling point regions and phase appearance and disappearance, which are dominant in thermal processes. The current method encounters no difficulty in the latter situations unlike stage-wise isenthalpic flash calculation methods. After the accuracy of new method was compared and verified against current algorithms used by the industry, it was also tested for robustness and speed. The results show promising performance compared to the current methods. This proposed method is not sensitive to the initial guess for temperature. As a matter for fact, in all of the test cases in this study, the same temperature was used as the initial guess. A poor initial guess for temperature only requires more iterations to reach the solution.
苏联《心理学问题》杂志载文谈夫妻生活最初几年的心理学问题 (1984)

不久以前还只有社会学在从事家庭研究:它曾根据家庭的社会职能及其与其他社会机构的联系,建立了家庭的理论观念。但是近几十年,各种知识领域——精神病学、心理学、人种志学、教育学等等,都对家庭的职能作用问题极感兴趣。正如社会学研究表明的那样,这种现象说明传统的家庭制度
Rule-based information distribution systems: near-optimal rule sets generation (2002)

Information distribution rules (IDRs) can be utilized to effectively and efficiently control event-driven information flow between objects in distributed-object systems. The problem with IDRs is that as the configuration of the distributed system gets larger (i.e., large number of objects, large number of possible events, more need for information, large number of communication constraints, etc.), it is very difficult to generate and debug IDRs manually. Additionally, having faulty IDRs can lead to serious undesirable situations. This paper presents an algorithm to generate near-optimal IDRs for efficient and effective information flow. Illustrative examples as well as complexity analysis of the behaviour of this algorithm are included in the paper.
BAC‐recombineering for studying plant gene regulation: developmental control and cellular localization of SnRK1 kinase subunits (2010)

Recombineering, permitting precise modification of genes within bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) through homologous recombination mediated by lambda phage-encoded Red proteins, is a widely used powerful tool in mouse, Caenorhabditis and Drosophila genetics. As Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of large DNA inserts from binary BACs and TACs into plants occurs at low frequency, recombineering is so far seldom exploited in the analysis of plant gene functions. We have constructed binary plant transformation vectors, which are suitable for gap-repair cloning of genes from BACs using recombineering methods previously developed for other organisms. Here we show that recombineering facilitates PCR-based generation of precise translational fusions between coding sequences of fluorescent reporter and plant proteins using galK-based exchange recombination. The modified target genes alone or as part of a larger gene cluster can be transferred by high-frequency gap-repair into plant transformation vectors, stably maintained in Agrobacterium and transformed without alteration into plants. Versatile application of plant BAC-recombineering is illustrated by the analysis of developmental regulation and cellular localization of interacting AKIN10 catalytic and SNF4 activating subunits of Arabidopsis Snf1-related (SnRK1) protein kinase using in vivo imaging. To validate full functionality and in vivo interaction of tagged SnRK1 subunits, it is demonstrated that immunoprecipitated SNF4-YFP is bound to a kinase that phosphorylates SnRK1 candidate substrates, and that the GFP- and YFP-tagged kinase subunits co-immunoprecipitate with endogenous wild type AKIN10 and SNF4.
Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity of Some Pyrazines. (1997)

This report describes the anti-platelet aggregation activity of 48 pyrazines. Among alkyl- and arylpyrazines tested, 2,3-diphenylpyrazines showed the strongest anti-platelet aggregation activity. Then, various substituents were introduced into the phenyl groups, and the 2,3-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)pyrazine derivatives were consequently found to possess considerably strong inhibitory activity.
Effect of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on Well-Developed Canine Coronary Collateral Vasculature (1993)

This study was performed to examine the effect calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on blood flow through well-developed coronary collateral vessels. Studies were performed in 9 adult mongrel dogs 4-6 months after embolic occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with a hollow intravascular plug to stimulate collateral vessel growth. At the time of study, the LAD was cannulated to determine inter-arterial collateral flow from measurement of retrograde blood flow. Radioactive microspheres were injected during retrograde flow collection to determine continuing tissue flow in the collateral dependent region. CGRP was infused into the left main coronary artery in a dose of 0.2 microgram/kg/min to reach collateral vessels originating from the left coronary system. Retrograde blood flow was 40 +/- 9 ml/min during basal conditions and increased 22 +/- 9% in response to infusion of CGRP (n = 9, p < 0.05). Tissue flow to the collateral-dependent myocardial region did not change in response to CGRP infusion. Isolated rings of epicardial collateral vessels contracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) underwent relaxation in response to CGRP which was similar in magnitude to that of normal coronary arteries of comparable size. These data demonstrate that CGRP causes vasodilation of well-developed epicardial coronary collateral vessels, resulting in an increase in collateral blood flow.
Best-Response Multiagent Learning in Non-Stationary Environments (2004)

This paper investigates a relatively new direction in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning. Most multiagent learning techniques focus on Nash equilibria as elements of both the learning algorithm and its evaluation criteria. In contrast, we propose a multiagent learning algorithm that is optimal in the sense of finding a best-response policy, rather than in reaching an equilibrium. We present the first learning algorithm that is provably optimal against restricted classes of non-stationary opponents. The algorithm infers an accurate model of the opponentýs non-stationary strategy, and simultaneously creates a best-response policy against that strategy. Our learning algorithm works within the very general framework of n-player, general-sum stochastic games, and learns both the game structure and its associated optimal policy.
Microsatellite instability in gastric cancer is associated with tumor location and family history in a high-risk population from Tuscany. (1997)

We studied the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in a series of 108 gastric cancers (GCs) previously identified in an epidemiological study carried out in a high-risk area around Florence. To investigate associations between MSI and GC family history, 34 cases (31.5%) who had a GC-affected first-degree relative were included in the series. A family history positive for colorectal cancer was reported quite rarely (5.6%). The analysis of 6 microsatellite loci in DNA from paired normal tissue and tumor samples microdissected from paraffin-embedded specimens revealed varying degrees of instability: 56 cases (51.8%) did not show instability at any of the 6 loci; 19 (17.6%) showed instability at 1 locus; 16 (14.8%) showed instability at 2 loci; 11 (10.2%) showed instability at 3 loci; 4 (3.7%) showed instability at 4 loci; and 2 (1.9%) showed instability at 5 loci. The replication error-positive (RER+) phenotype, defined as the presence of MSI at 2 or more loci, had a frequency of 30.6% (33 of 108) and tended to be positively associated with female sex, intestinal histological type, advanced tumor stage, vascular invasion, positive GC family history, and blood group of A type. No correlation emerged between age at diagnosis and RER+ phenotype, whereas a significant association with the RER+ phenotype was shown by the antral location. A multivariate analysis adjusting for a selected group of potential confounding factors confirmed the strong association of the RER+ phenotype with the antral location (P = 0.001) and with a positive GC family history (P < 0.05). Survival analyses at 5 and 8 years showed no difference between RER+ and RER- patients, even when corrected for stage distribution. By the microdissection technique, we also used microsatellite allele patterns to investigate intratumoral heterogeneity and genetic relationships between tumors and adjacent dysplasia and/or intestinal metaplasia. Areas of metaplasia and dysplasia demonstrated MSI only in cases with MSI-positive tumors. In MSI-positive tumors, there was consistent evidence of intratumoral microsatellite allele heterogeneity, indicating the presence of genetically divergent tumor cell clones within the same neoplasm.
Reservoir formation failure and sanding prediction for well-construction and completion design (2007)

Two North Sea fields overcame sanding problems after detailed rock mechanic analysis and completion designs tailored to the reservoirs' limits.
One-Pot Synthesis of Interpenetrating Inorganic/Organic Networks of CuO/Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Aerogels: Nanostructured Energetic Materials (2009)

For many applications ranging from catalysis to sensors to energetic materials, it is desirable to produce intimate mixtures of nanoparticles. For instance, to improve the reaction rates of energetic materials, the oxidizing agent and the fuel need to be mixed as intimately as possible, ideally at the nanoscopic level. In this context, the acidity of a hydrated CuCl(2) solution reacting toward a network of CuO nanoparticles (a good oxidant) is used to induce one-pot cogelation of a nanostructured network of a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin (RF, the fuel). The resulting wet gels are dried to aerogels, and upon pyrolysis under Ar, the interpenetrating CuO/RF network undergoes a smelting reaction toward metallic Cu. Upon ignition in the open air, pure RF aerogels do not burn, while CuO/RF composites, even with substoichiometric CuO, sustain combustion, burning completely leaving only a solid residue of CuO whose role then has been that of a redox mediator through the smelting reaction.
Black phosphorus carbide infrared phototransistor with wide spectrum sensing for IoT applications (2017)

We demonstrate a novel black phosphorus carbide (b-PC) phototransistor with a wide absorption spectrum that spans most molecular fingerprints till 8,000 nm and a tunable responsivity and response time at an excitation wavelength of 2,004 nm. The b-PC phototransistor achieves a high responsivity (R) of 2,163 A/W and a short response time of 5.6 ps, which renders it suitable for high speed and weak signal sensing. Its noise-equivalent-power NEP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">shot</sub> ~ 1.3 fW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> indicates infrared radiation in the femto-watt range can be detected above the shot noise level of this phototransistor. Under the same excitation power, its responsivity and detectivity performance in ambient and room temperature conditions are currently ahead of all recent top performing photodetectors based on 2D materials, showing promise for future internet-of-things (IoT) applications.
Wavelet Shrinkage: Asymptopia? (1995)

SUMMARY Much recent effort has sought asymptotically minimax methods for recovering infinite dimensional objects—curves, densities, spectral densities, images—from noisy data. A now rich and complex body of work develops nearly or exactly minimax estimators for an array of interesting problems. Unfortunately, the results have rarely moved into practice, for a variety of reasons—among them being similarity to known methods, computational intractability and lack of spatial adaptivity. We discuss a method for curve estimation based on n noisy data: translate the empirical wavelet coefficients towards the origin by an amount √(2 log n)σ/√n. The proposal differs from those in current use, is computationally practical and is spatially adaptive; it thus avoids several of the previous objections. Further, the method is nearly minimax both for a wide variety of loss functions—pointwise error, global error measured in Lp-norms, pointwise and global error in estimation of derivatives—and for a wide range of smoothness classes, including standard Holder and Sobolev classes, and bounded variation. This is a much broader near optimality than anything previously proposed: we draw loose parallels with near optimality in robustness and also with the broad near eigenfunction properties of wavelets themselves. Finally, the theory underlying the method is interesting, as it exploits a correspondence between statistical questions and questions of optimal recovery and information-based complexity.
Dormancy Breaking and Germination of Rice Seed (2012)

The importance of rice for our country is manifold as it is an agricultural commodity that adds 20% FEC to the national foreign exchange reserves. Seed is a living tissue carries a genetic potential.Failing of seeds to germinate under environmental conditions optimal for germination is called dormancy. True dormancy caused by the conditions within the seed that prevent germination. Thus dormancy is a state of seed, not of the environment, that reduces seed germination and breaking dormancy ,could be one of the most important factor for early germination. Whereas the wild species of rice offer an important source of variability for improvement of cultivated rice. Keeping in view of its importance the present work has been attempted to break dormancy of both the wild species and cultivated rice with different treatments. The outcome of breaking dormancy was the early germination, to increase survival percentage,shorten the nursery period and reduced maturity days.This book describe all the possible dormancy breaking methods of wild species and cultivated varities of rice. This may be helpful & used as protocol in future research studies by researchers.
Syntheses and conformational analyses of isomeric cocaines: a proton and carbon-13 NMR study (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses and conformational analyses of isomeric cocaines: a proton and carbon-13 NMR studyF. Ivy Carroll, Michael L. Coleman, and Anita H. LewinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 1, 13–19Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00340a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00340a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views832Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Mutant Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus Deleted for the Protein Kinase Domain of the ICP10 Gene Is a Potent Oncolytic Virus (2006)

Replication-selective oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) has shown considerable promise as an antitumor agent. Although the current oncolytic HSVs were exclusively constructed from HSV-1, HSV-2 has several unique features that could be exploited to convert the virus to an oncolytic agent. The N-terminus of the HSV-2 ICP10 gene product contains a well-defined serine/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain, which can activate the Ras/MEK/MAPK mitogenic pathway and thus facilitate efficient HSV-2 replication. Because the Ras signaling pathway is a key regulator of normal cell growth and malignant transformation, it is aberrantly activated in many human tumors. Here we report that a mutant HSV-2 (FusOn-H2), constructed by replacing the PK domain of ICP10 with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein, can selectively replicate in and thus lyse tumor cells. Moreover, infection of FusOn-H2 led to syncytia formation in tumor cells, providing an additional tumor-destroying mechanism. A single moderate-dose injection of FusOn-H2 into established breast cancer xenografts completely eradicated the tumors in more than 80% of the animals, leading to their long-term survival. We conclude that this HSV-2 mutant is a safe and potent oncolytic agent useful for the treatment of malignant solid tumors such as breast cancer.
A High Performance Connectorized LED Package for Fiber Optics (1981)

An inexpensive connectorized package for LED sources is described in both structure and performance. The new ferrule-shaped package yields coupling efficiencies near the theoretical limit due to inclusion of a high index of refraction lens positioned accurately between the device and a short length of 200-µm core diameter fiber. Excellent thermal performance is achieved by use of a copper heatspreader coupled to both the header and metal connector. By housing a high power double heterojunction planar light-emitting diode (LED) in the connectorized package, powers in excess of 1 mW are launched into a 200-µm core diameter system fiber. This novel packaging concept provides a rugged low-cost fiber optics package which exhibits exceptionally high performance and is extremely convenient for the user.
Inhibition of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain by Targeting a Mu Opioid Receptor/Chemokine Receptor5 Heteromer (MOR-CCR<sub>5</sub>) (2015)

Chemokine release promotes cross-talk between opioid and chemokine receptors that in part leads to reduced efficacy of morphine in the treatment of chronic pain. On the basis of the possibility that a MOR-CCR5 heteromer is involved in such cross-talk, we have synthesized bivalent ligands (MCC series) that contain mu opioid agonist and CCR5 antagonist pharmacophores linked through homologous spacers (14-24 atoms). When tested on lipopolysaccharide-inflamed mice, a member of the series (MCC22; 3e) with a 22-atom spacer exhibited profound antinociception (i.t. ED50 = 0.0146 pmol/mouse) that was 2000× greater than morphine. Moreover, MCC22 was ~3500× more potent than a mixture of mu agonist and CCR5 antagonist monovalent ligands. These data strongly suggest that MCC22 acts by bridging the protomers of a MOR-CCR5 heteromer having a TM5,6 interface. Molecular simulation studies are consistent with such bridging. This study supports the MOR-CCR5 heteromer as a novel target for the treatment of chronic pain.
Tradition and Originality (2008)

During the first decade of his career, Pushkin often represented poetic composition as a matter of craft and imitation rather than visionary inspiration. By addressing other writers, including prominent figures with whom he discussed the meaning of a poetic career, and by means of imaginary conversations with dead poets in which he debunked predecessors while imitating them, Pushkin subsumed numerous voices in his work. The result is that at times Pushkin cultivated an anonymous lyric, and intermittently wrote his poetic persona out of the centre of his creative text. The chapter addresses questions about Pushkin's view of originality and poetic identity. It argues that he read his predecessors with a sense of superiority free from anxiety about literary influence and informed by aspiration.
Evaluation of Methods of Determining Humic Acids in Nucleic Acid Samples for Molecular Biological Analysis (2011)

It is important in molecular biological analyses to evaluate contamination of co-extracted humic acids in DNA/RNA extracted from soil. We compared the sensitivity of various methods for measurement of humic acids, and influences of DNA/RNA and proteins on the measurement. Considering the results, we give suggestions as to choice of methods for measurement of humic acids in molecular biological analyses.
Evanescent microwave sensor scanning for detection of sub-surface defects in wires (2002)

Evanescent microwave probe (EMP) scanning is used to detect sub-surface defects in copper wire with high dielectric coatings. The primary interest is in winding wire used in the construction of high voltage motors, generators and transformer applications although this technique can be applied to other aspects of stress and flaw detection. Evanescent microwave probes have the unique ability to image subsurface features under poorly conducting or dielectric materials. This nondestructive evaluation technique will allow fast and highly accurate subsurface scans of armature or stator wire in inspecting for various surface anomalies.