gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A flexible multi-channel high-resolution time-to-digital converter ASIC (2002)

A data driven multi-channel time-to-digital converter (TDC) circuit with programmable resolution (/spl sim/25 ps-800 ps binning) and a dynamic range of 102.4 /spl mu/s has been implemented in a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. An on-chip PLL is used for clock multiplication up to 320 MHz from an external 40 MHz reference. A 32 element delay locked loop (DLL) performs time interpolation down to 97.5 ps. Finally, finer time interpolation is obtained using four samples of the DLL separated by 24.5 ps generated by an adjustable on-chip RC delay line. In the lower resolution modes of operation, 32 TDC channels are available. In the highest resolution mode eight channels are available, since four low-resolution channels are used to perform a single fine time interpolation.
Four‐channel surface coil array for 300‐MHz pulsed EPR imaging: Proof‐of‐concept experiments (2013)

Time-domain electron paramagnetic resonance imaging is currently a useful preclinical molecular imaging modality in experimental animals such as mice and is capable of quantitatively mapping hypoxia in tumor implants. The microseconds range relaxation times (T1 and T2) of paramagnetic tracers and the large bandwidths (tens of MHz) to be excited by electron paramagnetic resonance pulses for spatial encoding makes imaging of large objects a challenging task. The possibility of using multiple array coils to permit studies on large sized object is the purpose of the present work. Toward this end, the use of planar array coils in different configurations to image larger objects than cannot be fully covered by a single resonator element is explored. Multiple circular surface coils, which are arranged in a plane or at suitable angles mimicking a volume resonator, are used in imaging a phantom and a tumor-bearing mouse leg. The image was formed by combining the images collected from the individual coils with suitable scaling. The results support such a possibility. By multiplexing or interleaving the measurements from each element of such array resonators, one can scale up the size of the subject and at the same time reduce the radiofrequency power requirements and increase the sensitivity.
Substitution of methionine 63 or 83 in S100A9 and cysteine 42 in S100A8 abrogate the antifungal activities of S100A8/A9: potential role for oxidative regulation (2008)

S100A8 and S100A9 and their heterocomplex calprotectin (S100A8/A9) are abundant cytosolic constituents in human neutrophils previously shown to possess antifungal activity. This study was designed to investigate mechanisms involved in the modulation of the antifungal properties of S100A8/A9. S100A8, S100A9 and site-directed mutants of both proteins were tested for their antifungal effect against Candida albicans in microplate dilution assays. Whereas S100A8 alone did not inhibit fungal growth, S100A9 by itself had a moderate antifungal effect. Combining both proteins had the strongest effect. Supporting a potential role for oxidation in S100A8/A9, substitution of methionine 63 or 83 of S100A9 resulted in the loss of antifungal activity. Additionally, the substitution to alanine of cysteine 42 of S100A8 also caused a loss of S100A8's ability to enhance S100A9's antifungal effect. Overall, our data indicate that both S100A8 and S100A9 are required for their fully active antifungal effect and that oxidation regulates S100A8/A9 antifungal activity through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated and evaluated. Finally, together with our previous work describing the oxidation-sensitive anti-inflammatory effects of S100A8/A9, we propose that S100A8/A9 exerts an anti-inflammatory activity in healthy state and that conditions associated with oxidative stress activate the antifungal activity of S100A8/A9.
Experiments in Adaptive Pattern Recognition (1963)

The purpose of this paper and the experiments which it describes has been to supply data concerning the power of some Perceptron-like adaptive pattern recognition systems using linear discriminate functions. Three problems have been presented to such a machine: hand-print classification, blood-cell sorting and target identification in gray-scale aerial photographs. Performance of decision functions utilizing corrective training were compared with that obtained by a simple form of Bayes' weighting. In general, the technique of corrective training was found to yield markedly superior results over the training sequence, but the ability to generalize or recognize samples not included in the training sequence was found to be about the same for the two techniques. Analysis of the experimental data permitted a quantitative evaluation of the effects of statistical dependence in the system together with a prediction of terminal error rates for the condition in which the number of A units is made infinitely large.
Evidence for Cooperation between Murine Leukemia Virus Env Molecules in Mixed Oligomers (1998)

A retroviral Env molecule consists of a surface glycoprotein (SU) complexed with a transmembrane protein (TM). In turn, these complexes are grouped into oligomers on the surfaces of the cell and of the virion. In the case of murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs), the SU moieties are polymorphic, with SU proteins of different viral isolates directed towards different cell surface receptors. During maturation of the released virus particle, the 16 C-terminal residues of TM (the R peptide or p2E) are removed from the protein by the viral protease; this cleavage is believed to activate the membrane-fusing potential of MuLV Env. We have tested the possibility that different MuLV Env proteins in the same cell can interact with each other, both physically and functionally, in mixed oligomers. We found that coexpressed Env molecules can be precipitated out of cell lysates by antiserum which reacts with only one of them. Furthermore, they can evidently cooperate with each other: if one Env species lacks the R peptide, then it can apparently induce fusion if the SU protein of the other Env species encounters its cognate receptor on the surface of another cell. This functional interaction between different Env molecules has a number of implications with respect to the mechanism of induction of membrane fusion, for the genetic analysis of Env function, and for the design of targeted retroviral vectors for gene therapy.
Inversion-Mode Self-Aligned $\hbox{In}_{0.53}\hbox{Ga}_{0.47}\hbox{As}$ N-Channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor With HfAlO Gate Dielectric and TaN Metal Gate (2008)

A high-performance In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> As n-channel MOSFET integrated with a HfAlO gate dielectric and a TaN gate electrode was fabricated using a self-aligned process. After HCl cleaning and (NH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> S treatment, the chemical vapor deposition HfAlO growth on In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> As exhibits a high-quality interface. The fabricated nMOSFET with a HfAlO gate oxide thickness of 11.7 nm shows a gate leakage current density as low as 2.5 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> of 1 V. Excellent inversion capacitance was illustrated. Silicon implantation was self-aligned to the gate, and low-temperature activation for source and drain was achieved by rapid thermal annealing at 600degC for 1 min. The source and drain junction exhibited an excellent rectifying characteristic and high forward current. The result of an In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> As nMOSFET shows well-performed I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> -V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> -V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> characteristics. The record high peak electron mobility of 1560 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs has been achieved without any correction methods considering interface charge and parasitic resistance.
Resolution of referents groupings in practical dialogues (2006)

This paper presents an extension to the Reference Domain Theory (Salmon-Alt, 2001) in order to solve plural references. While this theory doesn't take plural reference into account in its original form, this paper shows how several entities can be grouped together by building a new domain and how they can be accessed later on. We introduce the notion of super-domain, representing the access structure to all the plural referents of a given type.
Localized volume selection technique using an additional radial gradient coil (1989)

A volume selection technique for the localized NMR imaging using an additional radial gradient is proposed. This volume selection gradient is the fourth gradient in addition to the usual 3-dimensional imaging gradients, i.e., x-, y-, and z-directional gradients, and is of the radial form. The principle of the proposed method is the use of the radial gradient in conjunction with the selective RF pulse thereby selecting a small cylindrical volume which can be used for the 3-dimensional volume imaging with fewer encoding steps than those of the conventional full 3-dimensional volume imaging. The present technique combined with the fast steady state free precession gradient echo imaging sequence allows us to reduce the total scan time to several minutes for the 3-dimensional volume imaging with the spatial resolution of 1 x 1 x 1 mm or to spend the same scan time for the 3-dimensional imaging with improved spatial resolution. The basic principle of the radial gradient coil consisting of a main circular loop coil and an offset compensating Helmholtz coil is discussed and the construction details are presented. Some experimental results of the proposed volume selection imaging technique as well as computer simulation results are also given.
Location Field Descriptors: Single Image 3D Model Retrieval in the Wild (2019)

We present Location Field Descriptors, a novel approach for single image 3D model retrieval in the wild. In contrast to previous methods that directly map 3D models and RGB images to an embedding space, we establish a common low-level representation in the form of location fields from which we compute pose invariant 3D shape descriptors. Location fields encode correspondences between 2D pixels and 3D surface coordinates and, thus, explicitly capture 3D shape and 3D pose information without appearance variations which are irrelevant for the task. This early fusion of 3D models and RGB images results in three main advantages: First, the bottleneck location field prediction acts as a regularizer during training. Second, major parts of the system benefit from training on a virtually infinite amount of synthetic data. Finally, the predicted location fields are visually interpretable and unblackbox the system. We evaluate our proposed approach on three challenging real-world datasets (Pix3D, Comp, and Stanford) with different object categories and significantly outperform the state-of-the-art by up to 20% absolute in multiple 3D retrieval metrics.
Specificity and biological activity of the protein deposited on the hydrogel surface. Relationship of polymer structure to biofilm formation. (1987)

The in-situ lens-bound protein layer (LBPL) was characterized on hydrogels of varying water content and ionic-binding capacity. The LBPL proved to be critically dependent on the ionic binding capacity of a given hydrogel. On nonionic polymers the LBPL invariably was thin and largely insoluble. Histochemical staining allowed the detection of all major types of tear proteins. Amino acid analysis revealed a variable composition. Extractable protein proved devoid of active lysozyme. Electrophoresis of pooled samples revealed a variable mixture of acidic, neutral, and basic bands. To what extent variability is dependent on tear film composition and lens structure awaits use of more sensitive analytic procedures. On anionic hydroxyethylmethacrylate copolymer lenses, the LBPL proved radically different. Here the LBPL invariably was much thicker and composed primarily of loosely bound protein. Electrophoresis and enzymatic analysis revealed a homogenous layer consisting primarily of lysozyme much of which retains enzymatic activity. The amino acid analysis of the insoluble protein suggests a similar composition. Specificity of deposition can be attributed to ionic affinity. Conformational integrity can be attributed partly to the unique stability of lysozyme. Electrophoresis of a pooled anionic lens extract revealed an unknown, highly mobile, basic protein. This presumably represents the selective accumulation of a highly basic trace or transient constituent of the tear film. The specificity and biological activity of the LBPL on the anionic lens may modify hydrogel biocompatibility affecting risk of spoilage, microbial colonization, and propensity to trigger an inflammatory and immune response.
Ultraviolet Quartz Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Wavelength Selection for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (2001)

A quartz acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is utilized as a wavelength selection device for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). System design is detailed. Fundamental characterizations indicate that the useful spectral range exceeds the 206 to 405 nm range. Wavelength calibration is extremely accurate with the correlation coefficient of the ICP atomic emission wavelength/inverse frequency plot exceeding 0.999999. Bandpasses were measured as 0.06 nm at 226 nm and 0.36 nm at 405 nm. These values are comparable to those of a moderate-resolution monochromator. The system was characterized with 12 metals: Ag, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, and Pb. Detection limits are in the single to tens of ng/mL range for many metals. Linearity is demonstrated from lower concentration ranges near the detection limit.
Interactions between Ras and Raf: Key regulatory proteins in cellular transformation (1995)

Ras proteins function during cell growth and development as essential, plasma membrane-bound signaling proteins. Current evidence suggests that Ras is part of a signal transduction chain extending from extracellular signals to transcriptional regulation in the nucleus. Growth factor and cytokine activation of many tyrosine kinase and kinase-linked receptors recruits many proteins to the plasma membrane including Ras-specific guanine nucleotide releasing proteins (GNRP). Under the influence of a GNRP, Ras proteins bind GTP, resulting in activation of the Ras signal. The GTP-bound form of Ras is capable of interacting directly with RasGAP, neurofibromin, and the Raf kinases. Although believed to be endowed with some signaling capacity, RasGAP and neurofibromin act primarily to negatively regulate Ras. Based upon genetic and biochemical studies in a variety of diverse organisms, the Raf kinases are considered the primary targets of Ras signaling. Activation of the Raf kinases is the first step in a cascade of multiple protein kinases, including Mek, Erk1, and Erk2. We are attempting to understand structurally how activated Ras proteins interact specifically with Raf kinases to induce the downstream signals necessary for cell division. Using mutagenesis, peptide epitope scanning, and in vitro reconstitution of protein interactions, we have identified specific sites of association between the Ras-GTP and c-Raf-1 proteins. The interaction between these contact points is essential for the plasma membrane localization of Raf, which ultimately leads to kinase activation. The formation of this protein complex is negatively regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) through phosphorylation of the c-Raf-1 N-terminus. Phosphorylation of c-Raf-1 serine 43 is believed to cause an N-terminal cap structure to cover the Ras docking site.
Receive Antenna Array Strategies in Fading and Interference: An Outage Probability Comparison (2008)

We explore tradeoffs between different reception strategies of multiple receive antennas in fading channels with co-channel interference (CCI). Our tradeoff analysis is based on outage probability. We assume the signal from the desired user at the receive antenna array to be affected by Rice, Nakagami or Rayleigh fading, while CCI signals are assumed to experience Rayleigh fading. We provide closed-form analytical expressions for the outage probability of different diversity schemes, such as maximal ratio combining (MRC) and optimum combining (OC), and also for interference cancellation (IC) based on antenna beamsteering, which steers nulls in the array radiation pattern in the direction of the strongest interferers. Our analysis provides a unified framework for studying outage probability of different multiple-antenna reception strategies, and our closed- form expressions are easily computed, facilitating a performance comparison under a range of operating conditions. Our numerical results show that IC yields significantly better performance than MRC if the system is interference-limited and the number of dominant interferers is lower than the number of receive antennas, or when the output SINR is low. In addition, when the background noise can be neglected, we provide numerical results for MRC and OC when the signals from the desired user at the different receive antennas are arbitrarily distributed.
The Sonogashira Reaction in Water via an Amphiphilic Resin-supported Palladium-Phosphine Complex under Copper-free Conditions (2003)

The Sonogashira reaction of aryl halides with terminal alkynes was catalyzed by an amphiphilic polystyrene-poly(ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG) resin-supported palladium-phosphine complex in water to give the corresponding aryl-substituted alkynes in high yields under copper-free conditions.Reaction of o-iodophenol with terminal alkynes under Sonogashira conditions gave benzofuran derivatives in one step.The palladium-catalyzed coupling of an aryl halide with a terminal alkyne promoted by CuI and an amine base, the so-called Sonogashira reaction, 1 is recognized not only as the most successful method for producing arylacetylene derivatives but is also a key step in the preparation of benzofurans or indoles. 2
Clock-jitter induced distortion in high speed CMOS switched-current segmented digital-to-analog converters (2002)

The design of high-speed CMOS current-steering (sometimes called switched-current) segmented DAC converters requires an optimal segmentation to balance area and performance requirements. In this paper a new design criteria is introduced based on the effects of the clock-jitter in the DAC spectral performance measured through the SFDR. The study of the clock-jitter produced both by a random process, independent of the input sequence, and by the dI/dt noise originated in the binary to thermometer decoder is presented. In this later case the clock-jitter is not independent from the input sequence and is related with the number of input bits assigned to the thermometer code segment. Simulation results providing design guidelines for selecting the proper segmentation are also given.
Activity Identification Utilizing Data Mining Techniques (2007)

We propose a novel method that, given an unknown moving object trajectory, determines which known activity type the trajectory would belong to. The proposed method utilizes various data mining techniques, including clustering, classification, and Markov model. We collect trajectories of moving objects of known activity types and build one Markov model for each activity type. Given an unknown trajectory, we compute the likelihood of this trajectory belonging to each activity type using the Markov model and the trajectory is determined to belong to the activity type that results in the highest likelihood. We use only location information of moving objects. We do not use any other information such as color, size, or shape of objects, or contextual information. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method using trajectories of students playing two sports activities Ultimate Frisbee and volleyball. We show that the accuracy of this method is as high as 94%.
Crown ether derivatives of L-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine: crowned DOPA (1983)

L-[3,4-(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecamethylene)phenyl]alanine and L-[3,4-(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxahexadecamethylene)phenyl]alanine have been synthesised without racemization and characterised spectroscopically.
Properties of blends of syndiotactic-rich and atactic poly(vinyl alcohols) (1988)

The crystallinity, solubility, degree of swelling, and hygroscopicity of the blends of syndiotactic-rich (st-PVA) and atactic poly(vinyl alcohols) (at-PVA) were studied. The crystallinity of the blends increased with increasing annealing temperature and that of the blends annealed at 200°C was larger than that of at-PVA. In the 200°C annealed blends containing st-PVA about 50%, the insoluble fraction in boiling water was larger than the fraction of st-PVA in each blend. The soluble fraction for the blend containing 75% st-PVA was 1.7%. The moisture regain of the blends was less than that of at-PVA.
IA-2 (Islet Cell Antigen 512) Is the Primary Target of Humoral Autoimmunity Against Type 1 Diabetes-Associated Tyrosine Phosphatase Autoantigens (1998)

IA-2 (islet cell Ag 512) and IA-2 beta (phogrin/IAR) are related autoantigens associated with type 1 diabetes. To determine the critical regions for autoantibody binding and which of these autoantigens is the primary target, mutant and chimeric constructs were used to characterize Ab epitope binding in sera from 217 new onset patients with type 1 diabetes and sequential samples from 141 islet cell Ab positive first degree relatives of patients. All 22 relatives and 121 of 129 patients with IA-2/IA-2 beta Abs had reactivity to IA-2-specific epitopes. These epitopes were in the juxtamembrane region (residues 601-682) and the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like domain of IA-2. Chimeras showed that IA-2 residues 795-889 were important for IA-2-specific Ab binding in the PTP-like domain, and mutation of IA-2 residues 877 and 911, previously indicated as relevant for phosphatase activity, also reduced Ab binding. In contrast, Ab binding to IA-2 beta was limited to its PTP-like domain, most IA-2 beta Abs recognized epitopes shared with IA-2, and only 20 patients and 2 relatives had Abs to IA-2 beta-specific epitopes. In 4 relatives, IA-2 and/or IA-2 beta Abs developed in follow-up samples. In each of these, Abs to IA-2-specific epitopes were the first detected. In three, spreading to epitopes shared between IA-2 and IA-2 beta in subsequent samples was seen. In the 17 relatives who developed type 1 diabetes, progression to disease was associated with reactivity to multiple IA-2/IA-2 beta epitopes. These data suggest that IA-2 is the primary phosphatase-like autoantigen associated with type 1 diabetes and that studying autoantibody epitope diversity may assist in disease prediction.