gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine-immune interactions and their relevance to the pharmacology of critical care medicine. (1991)

Many clinical conditions and the drug used to treat them are characterized by derangements of the brain/endocrine/immune axis. Drugs commonly used in the ICU have previously unrecognized effects on the immune system; these drugs (including steroid hormones, dopamine agonists, metoclopramide, haloperidol, morphine, mucolytics, cyclosporine and other pharmacologic agents) affect the release of hormones that, in turn, modulate immune function. This article will summarize some important functional interactions among the brain and the endocrine and immune systems, with particular relevance to the practice of critical care medicine. Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that the immunosuppressive effects of hypoprolactinemia, chronic morphine treatment and chronic glucocorticoid administration are reversed by prolactin or by drugs that stimulate endogenous prolactin release. Furthermore, prolactin, synthesized by lymphocytes, plays an autocrine role in their proliferation.
Properties and physiological application of focused fluid shock waves (1978)

Shock waves in solids provoke tensile stresses at free boundaries (Hopkinson effect), at low impedance surroundings or at great angles of incidence. A similar phenomenon can be observed at fluid-fluid interfaces: gas bubbles can be generated if the acoustic impedance jump and the primary pressure amplitude is sufficient for generating negative pressure (pseudocavitation). This will occur especially in the case of focused shock waves. The shock waves are generated in water by spark gap arrays or exploding wires and focused by a torus reflector. At the surface of the water a petroleum layer is arranged. In high speed schlieren- and shadow-optical picture series their propagation can be observed. Quantitative measurements are made with piezoelectric transducers. The results are important for the therapy of kidneystones with shock waves: the human tissue acoustically behaves as a fluid and by the pseudocavitation tissue damages may occur. Other applications and methods to prevent tissue damages are discussed.
Providing database as a service (2003)

We explore a novel paradigm for data management in which a third party service provider hosts "database as a service", providing its customers with seamless mechanisms to create, store, and access their databases at the host site. Such a model alleviates the need for organizations to purchase expensive hardware and software, deal with software upgrades, and hire professionals for administrative and maintenance tasks which are taken over by the service provider. We have developed and deployed a database service on the Internet, called NetDB2, which is in constant use. In a sense, a data management model supported by NetDB2 provides an effective mechanism for organizations to purchase data management as a service, thereby freeing them to concentrate on their core businesses. Among the primary challenges introduced by "database as a service" are the additional overhead of remote access to data, an infrastructure to guarantee data privacy, and user interface design for such a service. These issues are investigated. We identify data privacy as a particularly vital problem and propose alternative solutions based on data encryption. The paper is meant as a challenge for the database community to explore a rich set of research issues that arise in developing such a service.
A Null Corrector for Paraboloidal Mirrors (1963)

A simple optical system consisting of two small lenses can be designed to take the place of a large flat in testing paraboloidal mirrors. Other aspheric concave mirrors can also be tested in this manner. The procedure for computing such a null corrector and the accuracy required in its manufacture and use are discussed.
Theoretical and Practical Issues in CMOS Wave Pipelining. (1991)

Endemic species with restricted geographic ranges potentially suffer the highest risk of extinction. If these species are further fragmented into genetically isolated subpopulations, the risk of extinction is elevated. Habitat fragmentation is generally considered to have negative effects on species survival, despite some evidence for neutral or even positive effects. Typically, non-negative effects are ignored by conservation biology. The Montseny brook newt (Calotriton arnoldi) has one of the smallest distribution ranges of any European amphibian (8 km<sup>2</sup>) and is considered critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Here we apply molecular markers to analyze its population structure and find that habitat fragmentation owing to a natural barrier has resulted in strong genetic division of populations into two sectors, with no detectable migration between sites. Although effective population size estimates suggest low values for all populations, we found low levels of inbreeding and relatedness between individuals within populations. Moreover, C. arnoldi displays similar levels of genetic diversity to its sister species Calotriton asper, from which it separated around 1.5 million years ago and which has a much larger distribution range. Our extensive study shows that natural habitat fragmentation does not result in negative genetic effects, such as the loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding on an evolutionary timescale. We hypothesize that species in such conditions may evolve strategies (for example, special mating preferences) to mitigate the effects of small population sizes. However, it should be stressed that the influence of natural habitat fragmentation on an evolutionary timescale should not be conflated with anthropogenic habitat loss or degradation when considering conservation strategies.
Disruption of component processes of spatial working memory by electroconvulsive shock but not magnetic seizure therapy (2012)

Self-ordered spatial working memory measures provide important information regarding underlying cognitive strategies, such as stereotypy. This strategy is based on repetitive sequential selection of a spatial pattern once a correct sequence has been identified. We previously reported that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) but not magnetic seizure therapy (MST) impaired performance on a spatial working memory task in a preclinical model. Here we tested the hypothesis that ECS disrupted stereotyped patterns in the selection of spatial stimuli. In a within-subject study design, we assessed the effects of ECS, MST, and sham on stereotypy and reaction time in a preclinical model. Stereotypy was assessed by the correlation of actual and predicted response patterns of spatial stimuli. Predicted patterns were based on performance during baseline sessions. ECS resulted in lower correlations between predicted and actual responses to spatial stimuli in two of the three subjects, and it also disrupted stereotypy. For one subject, there was change in the predictability of the spatial locus of responses between experimental conditions. For all three subjects, reaction time was significantly longer in ECS, relative to MST and sham. This is the first study to examine the effect of ECS, and to contrast the effects of ECS and MST, on spatial working memory component processes. Our preliminary findings show that ECS, but not MST decreased stereotypy and increased reaction time. This line of investigation may have significant implications in our understanding cognitive component processes of memory function and impairment.
Cloning and Expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of Full-Length Complementary DNA Coding for Human α <sub>1</sub> -Antitrypsin (1983)

A cDNA library prepared from human liver was screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin, a major constituent of plasma which functions as inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes. The library was screened using a 12-base-long synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide corresponding to a known DNA fragment of human alpha 1-antitrypsin and by hybrid-selection of alpha 1-antitrypsin mRNA. A plasmid, pULB1523, was identified carrying a cDNA insert of about 1400 bp coding for human alpha 1-antitrypsin. Restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis indicated that the 1400 bp code for the signal peptide and for the complete mature alpha 1-antitrypsin molecule. In addition, a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay showed that pULB1523 expresses human alpha 1-antitrypsin in bacteria. Fusion of the alpha 1-antitrypsin sequence to the leader sequence of the beta-lactamase gene (plasmid pKT287) resulted also in the expression of the protein in bacteria.
Pulping of Wheat Straw using Sulfite Process: An Experimental Study (2010)

Properties of the finished products like paper and board depend on parameters namely cooking liquor concentration, the chemicals and temperature in the digester. In this study digestion of wheat straw is investigated experimentally in sulphite process by varying alkali ratio keeping all other parameters constant. Resulting pulp is characterized by a set of properties (percentage yield, consistency, Kappa No., SR and Ash content). Results reveal that the best combination of properties can be achieved at alkali ratio of 10.5 % NaOH and 3.5%Na2SO3.
Mechanisms of apoptosis by the tumor suppressor Par‐4 (2012)

Par-4 is a pro-apoptotic, tumor suppressor protein that induces apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. Endoplasmic reticulum-stress and higher levels of protein kinase A in tumor cells confer the coveted feature of cancer selective response to extracellular and intracellular Par-4, respectively. Recent studies have shown that systemic Par-4 confers resistance to tumor growth in mice, and that tumor-resistance is transferable by bone-marrow transplantation. Moreover, recombinant Par-4 inhibits the growth of tumors in mice. As systemic Par-4 induces apoptosis via cell surface GRP78, strategies that promote GRP78 trafficking to the cell surface are expected sensitize cancer cells to circulating levels of Par-4. This review illustrates the domains and mechanisms by which Par-4 orchestrates the apoptotic process in both cell culture models and in physiological settings.
Dynamic phase analysis for cycle-close trace generation (2005)

For embedded system development, several companies provide cross-platform development tools to aid in debugging, prototyping and optimization of programs. These are full system emulation systems that can emulate the final binary to be run on the real board, its operating system and devices. Many of these emulation systems do not provide cycle level information due to the time consuming nature of cycle accurate simulation.In this paper we propose a method to provide Cycle-Close Traces of cycle-level statistics for the complete execution of the program in orders of magnitude less time than performing full cycle accurate simulation, with an average error of 3.2%. Our approach uses dynamic phase analysis to generate targeted cycle-close simulation samples. Detailed simulation results for these samples are used to produce fast cycle-close traces during a program's execution, so the user can also watch, pause and debug the currently executing code and its corresponding architecture performance characteristics at any point during execution.
Rapid Identification by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Staphylococcal Exfoliative Toxin Serotype A and B Genes (1995)

A new system was designed to detect staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A (ETA) and B (ETB) genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primer pairs for the ETA gene (eta) were 20 and 20-mer, and its PCR product was a 741-bp eta fragment, while the primer pairs for the ETB gene (etb) were also 20 and 20-mer, and its PCR product was a 629-bp etb fragment. When these primers were simultaneously used in the PCR, the two types of ET were clearly detected as two bands in an ETA and ETB double-producer using only one colony within 3 hr. We examined 66 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) and compared the results obtained by ELISA and PCR. The same results were obtained for 56 of the strains, i.e., 30 strains were ETA producers, 20 strains were ETB producers, and 6 strains were double-producers. However, positive results were obtained for 5 of the 10 non-ET-producing strains. Two of these strains were judged by PCR as ETA producers and three as ETB producers. Thus, PCR is very sensitive and rapid in detecting ETA and ETB gene fragments in colonies isolated from patients with SSSS.
Corona discharge treatment (2002)

Various aspects of corona discharge treatment are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the Lissajous power measurement procedure; the significance of quartz, ceramic, or rubber as the dielectric in corona treaters; watt density considerations; and stabilizers and fatty acids.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organic Synthesis, Chemical Properties, and Biological Activities of Cyclic bis(3'-5')Diguanylic Acid (c-di-GMP) and Its Analogs (2006)

This paper describes efficient synthesis, chemical behaviors, and biological activities of cyclic bis (3'-5') diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) and its analogs, including cyclic bis (3'-5') guanylic-inosinic acid (c-GpIp), cyclic bis (3'-5') guanylic-adenylic acid (c-GpAp), and bis (3'-5') diguanylic acid monophosphorothioate (c-GpGps). c-di-GMP was synthesized via two methods shown in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2. Between the two methods, that shown in Scheme 2 is more effective, particularly, for large-scale (gram-scale) synthesis to obtain the target compound in a high yield. While, c-GpIp, c-GpAp, and c-GpGps were synthesized via strategies similar to that of Scheme 2. Studies on chemical behaviors of c-di-GMP indicated that these cyclic dinucleotides exist as the monomers in aprotic solvents such as DMSO. By contrast, it was shown that c-di-GMP smoothly aggregates to form a mixture of many compounds in water, in < 0.9% sodium chloride solutions, in < 100 mM phosphate buffer solutions, and in < 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer solutions. All aggregated compounds smoothly revert to a single compound (probably an aggeregate) by dissolving in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (a physiological salt solution), a > 100 mM phosphate buffer solution, or a > 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution. Biological investigation dis-closed some novel activities of c-di-GMP, such as inhibition of biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, inhibition of basal and growth factor stimulated human colon cancer cell prolifelation, and reduction of the viluence of biofilm-formed Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse model.
ScanComplete: Large-Scale Scene Completion and Semantic Segmentation for 3D Scans (2017)

We introduce ScanComplete, a novel data-driven approach for taking an incomplete 3D scan of a scene as input and predicting a complete 3D model along with per-voxel semantic labels. The key contribution of our method is its ability to handle large scenes with varying spatial extent, managing the cubic growth in data size as scene size increases. To this end, we devise a fully-convolutional generative 3D CNN model whose filter kernels are invariant to the overall scene size. The model can be trained on scene subvolumes but deployed on arbitrarily large scenes at test time. In addition, we propose a coarse-to-fine inference strategy in order to produce high-resolution output while also leveraging large input context sizes. In an extensive series of experiments, we carefully evaluate different model design choices, considering both deterministic and probabilistic models for completion and semantic inference. Our results show that we outperform other methods not only in the size of the environments handled and processing efficiency, but also with regard to completion quality and semantic segmentation performance by a significant margin.
Understanding the polarity of ionic liquids (2011)

The polarities of a wide range of ionic liquids have been determined using the Kamlet-Taft empirical polarity scales α, β and π*, with the dye set Reichardt's Dye, N,N-diethyl-4-nitroaniline and 4-nitroaniline. These have been compared to measurements of these parameters with different dye sets and to different polarity scales. The results emphasise the importance of recognising the role that the nature of the solute plays in determining these scales. It is particularly noted that polarity scales based upon charged solutes can give very different values for the polarity of ionic liquids compared to those based upon neutral probes. Finally, the effects of commonplace impurities in ionic liquids are reported.
Broadband digital transmission over passive optical networks (2002)

The authors propose a low-cost digital technique for broadband transport which is capable of transparently carrying distribution quality video, data, and digital audio services economically over a passive optical network. Two possible upgrade routes from unidirectional to bidirectional services are discussed, one using optical technology, the other using electrical techniques. The use of digital transmission, with its inherent scrambling abilities, enables access to switched services to be controlled and generates an architecture suitable for a bidirectional service with no switching necessary at the head end. By locating shared transcoders at the head end, low-cost, high-bit-rate transmission can be used in the access network where the onus is on cheap terminal equipment, and an economic gateway to low-bit-rate transmission in the core network can be provided. The authors also discuss a video coding technique implemented in field programmable gate array technologies that encodes PAL at around 57 Mb/s, should be capable of encoding NTSC at around 45 Mb/s, and delivers video at a weighted SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of 52 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression of the bile salt export pump is maintained after chronic cholestasis in the rat (2000)

Alterations in expression of the bile salt export pump may account for the functional alterations of bile salt secretion observed in cholestasis. However, relative preservation of expression is associated with persistent bile salt excretion and may lessen the extent of liver injury produced by bile salt retention.
The Organisation of Official British Propaganda, 1914–16 (1982)

The precise origins of the British government’s involvement in war propaganda remain clouded in uncertainty. Few records survive which throw light upon seemingly mysterious beginnings of the various organisations that sprang into being following the outbreak of the First World War. If there was any pre-war planning for such work — as is often suspected — evidence of it does not appear to exist. As a result, the picture which emerges is one of rapid improvisation, confused responsibility and empirical development. British officials unfamiliar with the management of public opinion suddenly found themselves involved in work for which they had little enthusiasm and still less experience. Before 1914, the prevailing official attitude had favoured secrecy rather than publicity. Despite the efforts of several politicians to cultivate opinion through the medium of the press, the type of atmosphere in which ideas might flourish of manipulating popular opinion on a large scale, especially in foreign countries, did not exist in nineteenth-century Britain. Indeed, even on the outbreak of the First World War, the government displayed little concern for explaining the causes or justifying British involvement to the general public at home, other than the preparation of a bluebook on the subject.
Learning to retrieve out-of-vocabulary words in speech recognition (2015)

Many Proper Names (PNs) are Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) words for speech recognition systems used to process diachronic audio data. To help recovery of the PNs missed by the system, relevant OOV PNs can be retrieved out of the many OOVs by exploiting semantic context of the spoken content. In this paper, we propose two neural network models targeted to retrieve OOV PNs relevant to an audio document: (a) Document level Continuous Bag of Words (D-CBOW), (b) Document level Continuous Bag of Weighted Words (D-CBOW2). Both these models take document words as input and learn with an objective to maximise the retrieval of co-occurring OOV PNs. With the D-CBOW2 model we propose a new approach in which the input embedding layer is augmented with a context anchor layer. This layer learns to assign importance to input words and has the ability to capture (task specific) key-words in a bag-of-word neural network model. With experiments on French broadcast news videos we show that these two models outperform the baseline methods based on raw embeddings from LDA, Skip-gram and Paragraph Vectors. Combining the D-CBOW and D-CBOW2 models gives faster convergence during training.
General Kinetic Modeling of the Selective Hydrogenation of 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol over a Commercial Palladium-Based Catalyst (2015)

A general kinetic model has been developed to simulate the three-phase solvent-free hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY) over a commercial palladium-based catalyst. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism with noncompetitive adsorption between hydrogen and the organic species is assumed. Gas–liquid mass-transfer resistance is included in the model. Experiments were carried out in a stirred slurry reactor to estimate the kinetic parameters. The proposed model is able to predict the concentration profiles of the species involved during MBY hydrogenation, at varying temperatures (313–353 K), pressures (3.0–10.0 bar), and catalyst loadings (0.075–0.175 wt %). The model predictions were successfully validated using additional experimental runs conducted under different operating conditions and at a lower initial concentration of MBY.
Identification of<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae-</i>Derived Mouse CD8 Epitopes (2002)

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common intracellular human pathogen that has been associated with several severe pathological conditions, including coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. There is no vaccine against C. pneumoniae infection, but CD8(+) T cells have been shown to be crucial for protection during experimental infection. However, the effector functions and epitope specificity of the protective CD8(+) T cell remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify C. pneumoniae-derived mouse CD8 epitopes by using a recent epitope prediction method. Of four C. pneumoniae proteins (the major outer membrane protein, outer membrane protein 2, polymorphic outer membrane protein 5, and heat shock protein 60), 53 potential CD8(+) T-cell epitopes were predicted by H-2 class I binding algorithms. Nineteen of the 53 peptides were identified as CD8 epitopes by testing for induction of a cytotoxic response after immunization. To test whether the predicted epitopes are naturally processed and presented by C. pneumoniae-infected cells, we generated a panel of seven peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines that were subsequently tested for recognition of C. pneumoniae-infected target cells. By using this strategy, we were able to identify three C. pneumoniae CD8 epitopes that were, indeed, processed and presented on infected cells. Identification of these natural CD8 epitopes provides tools for characterization of CD8(+) T-cell function in vivo and generation of epitope-specific prevention strategies.