gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integration of tone related feature for Chinese speech recognition (2003)

Chinese is a tonal language that uses tones, in addition to phones for word differentiation. Commonly used front-end features, such as Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), however, are optimized for non-tonal languages such as English and explicitly remove vocal tract information that is important for tone identification. In this paper, we examine the integration of tone-related acoustic features for Chinese recognition.. We propose the use of a cepstrum method (CEP), which uses the same window as in MFCC extraction, for the extraction of pitch-related features. The pitch periods extracted from the CEP algorithm can be used directly for speech recognition and do not require any special treatment for unvoiced frames. In addition, we explore a number of feature transformations and find that the addition of a properly normalized and transformed set of pitch related-features can reduce the recognition error rate from 34.61% to 29.45% on the Chinese 1998 National Performance Assessment (Project 863) corpus.
Assessment of the Amino Sugar–Nitrogen Test on Iowa Soils: II. Field Correlation and Calibration (2006)

There has been growing interest in using the amino sugar–nitrogen test (ASNT) to improve N fertilization of corn ( Zea mays L.). The ASNT is intended to measure the soil organic N fraction that contributes to plant available N. The objectives of this study were to correlate the ASNT to corn N response measures and calibrate the test to Iowa soils and climatic conditions. Soil samples were collected in the fall, early spring, and late spring at the 0‐ to 15‐cm and 0‐ to 30‐cm sample depths. No significant correlation could be found between the ASNT and relative leaf chlorophyll meter value, relative grain protein, relative grain yield, grain yield response to applied N, and economic optimum N rate (EONR). The ASNT was not able to differentiate sites that were responsive or nonresponsive to N fertilization and could not be calibrated to EONR. There were strong linear correlations between the ASNT and total soil N (TSN), hydrolyzable NH 4 –N, and hydrolyzable NH 4 + amino sugar–N. The ASNT was not significantly correlated to hydrolyzable amino sugar–N. The soils tested in this study had large amounts of hydrolyzable NH 4 –N relative to hydrolyzable amino sugar–N, which may partially explain the poor results with the ASNT. Also, liberation of a constant proportion of TSN by the ASNT procedure explains the inability of the test to estimate a specific portion of soil N that contributes to plant available N. Based on the results of this work, the ASNT is not recommended in Iowa for estimating corn N responsiveness or adjusting N application rate.
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor expression in normal human lung and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. (2002)

Abnormal GDNF expression in CCAM suggests a dysregulation of the GDNF signaling pathway and argues in favor of a focal arrest in maturation during development. GDNF expression in lung tissue seems to be correlated with cell proliferation, suggesting that this factor could play a role in the growth of both fetal lung and CCAM.
A New Class of Skew-Normal Distributions (2004)

Abstract We introduce a new family of asymmetric normal distributions that contains Azzalini's skew-normal (SN) distribution as a special case. We study the main properties of this new family, showing in particular that it may be generated via mixtures on the SN asymmetry parameter when the mixing distribution is normal. This property provides a Bayesian interpretation of the new family.
Why Large Trees are Difficult to Transplant (1983)

Southern magnolia trees from 1 to 5 inch stem diameter were evaluated for total stem surface area. The square inches of stem surface area show that a one inch diameter magnolia has approximately 580 square inches whereas a 3 inch tree has 5,200 square inches and a 5 inch tree has in excess of 25,000 square inches. This emphasizes the importance of stored carbohydrate reserves in the stems and roots prior to transplanting. The larger the tree the more critical the stored reserves and the demand for stored reserves immediately following transplanting. A schematic diagram of the sequence of events following transplanting is included.
Self-Calibration of Optical Lenses (2015)

Even high-quality lenses suffer from optical aberrations, especially when used at full aperture. Furthermore, there are significant lens-to-lens deviations due to manufacturing tolerances, often rendering current software solutions like DxO, Lightroom, and PTLens insufficient as they don't adapt and only include generic lens blur models. We propose a method that enables the self-calibration of lenses from a natural image, or a set of such images. To this end we develop a machine learning framework that is able to exploit several recorded images and distills the available information into an accurate model of the considered lens.
Constructively learning a near-minimal neural network architecture (1994)

Rather than iteratively manually examining a variety of pre-specified architectures, a constructive learning algorithm dynamically creates a problem-specific neural network architecture. Here we present an revised version of our parallel constructive neural network learning algorithm which constructs such an architecture. The three steps of searching for points on separating hyperplanes, determining separating hyperplanes from separating points and selecting separating hyperplanes generate a near-minimal architecture. As expected, experimental results indicate improved network generalization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Granulocyte Transfusions for Infection in Acute Leukemia (1977)

In a prospective, controlled, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of filtration-leukapheresis granulocytes in granulocytopenic, febrile patients with leukemia, 19 patients received antibiotics alone, and 12 received antibiotics plus daily granulocyte transfusions from ABO-matched donors. In skin-chamber studies the granulocytes appeared at sites of inflammation for at least six hours after transfusion. Infected subjects survived longer if they received granulocytes. Differences between control and transfused patients were greatest in patients with persistent bone-marrow failure, the 21-day survival being 20 per cent in controls, and 75 per cent in transfused patients. Granulocytes appeared to have no effect on the outcome of febrile episodes in which infection was not documented, the 21-day survival being 79 per cent for controls and 88 per cent for transfused patients. The transfusion of granulocytes thus appears to offer a survival advantage to infected, persistently granulocytopenic patients.
3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5<i>H</i>)-furanone Levels in Fortified Madeira Wines: Relationship to Sugar Content (2004)

The maturation of Madeira wines usually involves exposure to relatively high temperatures and humidity levels >70%, which affect the aroma and flavor composition and lead to the formation of the typical and characteristic bouquet of these wines. To estimate the levels of sotolon [3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone] and their behavior over time, 86 aged Madeira wines samples (1-25 years old), with different sugar concentrations, respectively, 90 g L(-)(1) for Boal, 110 g L(-)(1) for Malvazia, 25 g L(-)(1) for Sercial, and 65 g L(-)(1) for Verdelho varieties, were analyzed. Isolation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane followed by chromatographic analysis by GC-MS. The reproducibility of the method was found to be 4.9%. The detection and quantification limits were 1.2 and 2.0 microg L(-)(1), respectively. The levels of sotolon found ranged from not detected to 2000 microg L(-)(1) for wines between 1 and 25 years old. It was observed that during aging, the concentration of sotolon increased with time in a linear fashion (r = 0.917). The highest concentration of sotolon was found in wines with the highest residual sugar contents, considering the same time of storage. The results show that there is a strong correlation between sotolon and sugar derivatives: furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. These compounds are also well correlated with wine aging. These findings indicate that the kinetics of sotolon formation is closely related with residual sugar contents, suggesting that this molecule may come from a component like sugar.
Loom-constrained designs (1969)

This paper presents an algebraic solution to the problem: given a diagrammatic representation of a woven design (weave), determine (1) the size and type of loom patterning mechanism necessary to produce it; (2) the initial conditions of this loom, i.e., the way the threads are connected to the patterning mechanism; and (3) the dynamic control information to this mechanism. First, the problem is solved for weaves of one layer (two dimensions). Then the method is extended to two-layer (three dimensional) weaves. It is then generalized to n layers (three dimensions).
Channel Length Dependent Bias-Stability of Self-Aligned Coplanar a-IGZO TFTs (2013)

We report channel length L ( L ranging from 2 to 40 μm) dependence of the electrical stability of amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). The a-IGZO TFTs employ a coplanar structure with a SiNx interlayer used to dope the source/drain regions. After application of positive gate bias stress (PBS), short-channel devices ( L = 2 μm) exhibit smaller threshold voltage shifts ( ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) compared to longer-channel devices ( L ≥ 4 μm). It is proposed that carrier diffusion takes place from the high carrier concentration regions under the SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sub> interlayer to the intrinsic channel region, thereby shifting the Fermi level closer to the conduction band. Higher Fermi levels mean less defect states available for carrier trapping - hence the small ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> in short devices under PBS.
<i>N</i>‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine‐hydrolysing phospholipase D lacks the ability to transphosphatidylate (1999)

The N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolysing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) generates N-acylethanolamines, including N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (anandamide), that may be neuroprotective and analgesic. The properties of NAPE-PLD from rat heart and brain microsomes are investigated and compared to those of other PLDs. NAPE-PLD is inhibited by the fatty acid aminohydrolase inhibitor MAFP in high concentrations (> or = 100 microM) while PMSF in high concentrations (10 mM) tends to stabilise NAPE-PLD activity. Oleate inhibits NAPE-PLD but the enzyme is not affected by PIP2, alpha-synuclein or mastoparan. Furthermore, it is for the first time reported that NAPE-PLD is not capable of catalysing a transphosphatidylation reaction like most other known PLDs.
Horse Liver Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (1972)

Abstract Aldehyde:NAD oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.1.3), purified to homogeneity from horse liver, possesses, in addition to its dehydrogenase activity, the ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl esters at a rate equal to approximately one-third that of the oxidation-reduction reaction. That this esterase activity is most probably an active site phenomenon is suggested by the competitive inhibition of nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis by high concentrations of propionaldehyde, a substrate for the dehydrogenase reaction. The coenzyme for the dehydrogenase reaction, NAD, also exerts a modifying influence on the esterase activity, producing a 2-fold enhancement of rate of nitrophenyl ester hydrolysis. NADH exerts the same 2-fold stimulation of the esterase reaction. By comparing the concentrations of substrate and coenzyme needed to affect the esterase reaction with the calculated dissociation constants determined from initial velocity studies, it has been possible to suggest an ordered binding of substrates in the dehydrogenase reaction. The mechanism postulates that NAD binds preferentially to free enzyme to form an enzyme-NAD binary complex, followed by the binding of aldehyde to give a ternary complex. Binding of aldehyde to free enzyme occurs only at extremely high concentrations of aldehyde, and, thus, is not significant under normal assay conditions nor at physiological aldehyde concentrations. In view of the preferred order of the dehydrogenase reaction, the dependence of the Vmax of the reaction upon the choice of aldehyde substrate suggested that either the formation, interconversion, or breakdown of the ternary complex (or complexes) is most probably rate limiting. The kinetic importance of the interconversion of ternary complexes was eliminated by determining that no deuterium isotope was obtained when 1-deutero-propionaldehyde was used as a substrate. A Taft plot of the Vmax and substrate for the dehydrogenase reaction gave a positive p* value, indicating that the ratelimiting step is favored by enhancement of the partially positive nature of the carbonyl carbon. In accordance with the data and by analogy with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, it is suggested that either the formation or the breakdown of a covalent intermediate through nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate is most probably the rate-limiting step in the dehydrogenase reaction scheme.
On the use of asymmetric windows for reducing the time delay in real-time spectral analysis (1991)

The idea of asymmetric windowing as a way of reducing time delay in spectral analysis is explored. Traditional windows are analyzed in relation to time delay. Some asymmetric windows are introduced and a comparative analysis with traditional windows is made. It is shown that it is possible to reduce the time delay up to about 25% of the analysis window size. Application to linear predictive speech coding is analyzed, and the experimental results of using an asymmetric window on a standard LPC vocoder are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electric Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (2013)

Carboxymethyl cellulose [C6H7O(OH)3x(OCH2COOH)x]n is a derivative of the regenerated cellulose [C6H10O5]n with hydroxy-acetic acid (hydroxy ethanoic acid) CH2(OH)COOH or sodium monochloroacetate ClCH2COONa. The CMC backbone consist of D-glucose residues linked by -1,4-linkage. The molecular mass of one glucose unit in CMC chain is mCMC = 146.14 + 75.04x, where x  3 is the degree of substitution (DS). As a rule CMC is produced as sodium salt [C6H7O(OH)3x(OCH2COONa)x]n with DS = 0.41.2, then the molecular mass per unit is mNaCMC = 146.14 + 97.03x  185263 g/mol.
The intramitochondrial ATP/ADP‐ratio controls cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase activity allosterically<sup>1</sup> (1999)

Recently the signal transduction function for oxidative phosphorylation was found to be second order in ADP [Jeneson, J.A.L., Wiseman, R.W., Westerhoff, H.V. and Kushmerick, M.J. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27995-279981, but the molecular mechanism of signal transduction remained unclear. Previously we described inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by intramitochondrial ATP, accompanied by a change of hyperbolic into sigmoidal kinetics. The present study describes a sigmoidal relationship also between the ascorbate respiration of reconstituted cytochrome c oxidase and intraliposomal ADP concentration. Its possible role in the control of oxidative phosphorylation and cell respiration is discussed.
Comprehensive analysis of β-catenin target genes in colorectal carcinoma cell lines with deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling (2014)

Based on the large number of potential β-catenin target genes found to be similarly regulated in DLD1, SW480 and LS174T cells as well as the large overlap with confirmed β-catenin target genes, we conclude that DLD1 and SW480 colon carcinoma cell lines are suitable model systems to study Wnt/β-catenin signaling and associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the confirmed and the newly identified potential β-catenin target genes are useful starting points for further studies.
CE<sub>50</sub>: Quantifying collision induced dissociation energy for small molecule characterization and identification (2009)

Survival yield analysis is routinely used in mass spectroscopy as a tool for assessing precursor ion stability and internal energy. Because ion internal energy and decomposition reaction rates are dependent on chemical structure, we reasoned that survival yield curves should be compound-specific and therefore useful for chemical identification. In this study, a quantitative approach for analyzing the correlation between survival yield and collision energy was developed and validated. This method is based on determining the collision energy (CE) at which the survival yield is 50% (CE(50)) and, further, provides slope and intercept values for each survival yield curve. In initial experiments using a defined set of homologous compounds, we found that CE(50) values were easily determined, quantitative, highly reproducible, and could discriminate between structural and even positional isomers. Further analysis demonstrated that CE(50) values were independent of cone potential and orthogonal to compound mass. Experimentally determined CE(50) values for a diverse set of 54 compounds were correlated to Molconn molecular structure descriptors. The resulting model yielded a statistically significant linear correlation between experimental and calculated CE(50) values and identified several structural characteristics related to precursor ion stability and fragmentation mechanism. Thus, the CE(50) is a promising method for compound identification and discrimination.
Notes on the biology of Gynacantha nervosa Rambur (Aeschninae), a crepuscular dragonfly in Guatemala (1937)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Local stereo matching with 3D adaptive cost aggregation for slanted surface modeling and sub-pixel accuracy (2008)

This paper presents a new local binocular stereo algorithm which takes into consideration plane fitting at the per-pixel level. Two disparity calculation passes are used. The first pass assumes that surfaces in the scene are fronto-parallel and generates an initial disparity map, from which the disparity plane orientations of all pixels are extracted and refined. In the second pass, the cost aggregation for each pixel is conducted along the estimated disparity plane orientations, rather than the fronto-parallel ones. Large window size with adaptive support weights is used to ensure the effectiveness of the slanted surface modeling. The disparity search space is also quantized at sub-pixel level to improve the accuracy of the disparity results. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of our presented approach.
Brain tumor stem cells: The cancer stem cell hypothesis writ large (2010)

Brain tumors, which are typically very heterogeneous at the cellular level, appear to have a stem cell foundation. Recently, investigations from multiple groups have found that human as well as experimental mouse brain tumors contain subpopulations of cells that functionally behave as tumor stem cells, driving tumor growth and generating tumor cell progeny that form the tumor bulk, but which then lose tumorigenic ability. In human glioblastomas, these tumor stem cells express neural precursor markers and are capable of differentiating into tumor cells that express more mature neural lineage markers. In addition, modeling brain tumors in mice suggests that neural precursor cells more readily give rise to full blown tumors, narrowing potential cells of origin to those rarer brain cells that have a proliferative potential. Applying stem cell concepts and methodologies is giving fresh insight into brain tumor biology, cell of origin and mechanisms of growth, and is offering new opportunities for development of more effective treatments. The field of brain tumor stem cells remains very young and there is much to be learned before these new insights are translated into new patient treatments.
A θ‐defensin composed exclusively of <scp>d</scp>‐amino acids is active against HIV‐1 (2004)

The ability of certain theta-defensins, including retrocyclin-1, to protect human cells from infection by HIV-1 marks them as potentially useful molecules. Theta-defensins composed of L-amino acids are likely to be unstable in environments that contain host and microbial proteases. This study compared the properties of two enantiomeric theta-defensins, retrocyclin-1, and RC-112. Although these peptides have identical sequences, RC-112 is composed exclusively of D-amino acids, whereas retrocyclin-1 contains only L-amino acids. We compared the ability of these peptides to protect JC53-BL human cells from infection by 30 primary HIV-1 isolates. JC53-BL cells are modified HeLa cells that express surface CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5. They also contain reporter cassettes that are driven by the HIV-1 LTR, and express beta-galactosidase and luciferase. The HIV-1 isolates varied in co-receptor specificity and included subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01-AE, and G. RC-112 was several fold more potent than retrocyclin-1 across the entire HIV-1 panel. Although RC-112 bound immobilized gp120 and CD4 with lower affinity than did retrocyclin-1, surface plasmon resonance experiments performed with 1 microg/mL of RC-112 and retrocyclin-1 revealed that both glycoproteins were bound to a similar extent. The superior antiviral performance of RC-112 most likely reflected its resistance to degradation by surface-associated or secreted proteases of the JC53-BL target cells. Theta-defensins composed exclusively of D-amino acids merit consideration as starting points for designing microbicides for topical application to the vagina or rectum.
Leucine and phenylalanine kinetics during mixed meal ingestion: a multiple tracer approach (1992)

To estimate whole body and splanchnic metabolism of dietary amino acids, phenylalanine and leucine kinetics were determined simultaneously in six normal volunteers before and during the constant administration of a complete mixed meal, employing multiple tracers of these amino acids. L-[5,5,5-2H]leucine and L-[2,6-3H]-phenylalanine were infused intravenously; L-[1-13C]leucine and L-[1-14C]phenylalanine were administered orally with the meal. During the meal, steady-state leucine concentration rose from 136 +/- 6 to 190 +/- 14 mumol/l (P less than 0.01), phenylalanine from 44 +/- 4 to 61 +/- 6 mumol/l (P less than 0.01), total leucine rate of appearance (Ra) from 1.29 +/- 0.03 to 1.77 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.01, +37 +/- 3%), and phenylalanine Ra from 0.73 +/- 0.05 to 0.80 +/- 0.07 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (P less than 0.05, +8 +/- 3%). Splanchnic uptake of dietary phenylalanine was greater (P less than 0.001) than that of leucine (58 +/- 4 vs. 25 +/- 4%, respectively), 44 +/- 3% of circulating leucine derived from the diet vs. 20 +/- 2% of circulating phenylalanine (P less than 0.01). Endogenous leucine and phenylalanine Ra were significantly suppressed (P less than 0.05). In summary: 1) splanchnic uptake of dietary phenylalanine is onefold greater than that of leucine; 2) dietary contribution to systemic phenylalanine Ra is about half of that to leucine Ra; and 3) endogenous appearance of both leucine and phenylalanine after the meal is suppressed. In conclusion, splanchnic metabolism of dietary leucine and phenylalanine differs markedly and can be quantitated in vivo without catheterization.