gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction and Characterization of Genetically Defined <i>aro omp</i> Mutants of Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Preliminary Studies of Safety and Immunogenicity in Humans (2001)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea in travelers to countries where the disease is endemic and causes a major disease burden in the indigenous population, particularly children. We describe here the generation and preclinical characterization of candidate strains of ETEC which are intended to provide the basis of a live attenuated oral vaccine to prevent this disease. It has been shown previously that a spontaneously arising toxin-negative variant ETEC strain, E1392/75-2A, could confer 75% protection against challenge when administered to volunteers. Unfortunately this strain induced mild diarrhea in 15% of recipients. To eliminate the unacceptable reactogenicity of strain E1392/75-2A, it was further attenuated by introducing three different combinations of defined deletion mutations into the chromosome. A mouse intranasal model of immunization was developed and used to show that all of the strains were immunogenic. Immune responses against colonization factor antigens (CFAs) were particularly strong when the bacterial inocula were grown on "CFA agar," which induces strong expression of these antigens. Two of the strains were selected for a phase I dose escalation safety study with healthy adult volunteers. Freshly grown organisms were harvested from CFA agar plates and administered to volunteers as a suspension containing from 5 x 10(7) to 5 x 10(9) CFU. The vaccine was well tolerated at all doses and induced significant immune responses in all recipients at the highest dose of either strain. The results provide the basis for further clinical evaluation of these vaccine candidates.
Steroid Hormone Analysis by Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2009)

LC-MS/MS now affords the specificity, imprecision, and limits of quantification necessary for the reliable measurement of steroids in human fluids, enhancing diagnostic capabilities, particularly when steroid profiles are available.
A ray tracing accelerator based on a hierarchy of 1D sorted lists (1993)

Since the introduction of ray tracing as a rendering technique, several approaches have been proposed to reduce the number of ray/object intersection tests. This paper presents yet another such approach based on a hierarchy of 1D sorted lists. A bounding box aligned with the axes encloses an object. The coordinates of each bounding box are ordered in three sorted lists (one for each axis) and are treated as events. Traversing a scene with a ray consists of traversing each sorted list in order, intersecting an object only when for this object a first event has been encountered (entered) in every dimension before a second event has been encountered (exited) in any dimension. To reduce the number of events (entries and exits) traversed, a hierarchy of sorted lists is constructed from a hierarchy of bounding boxes. The results are favourable for scenes ranging from moderate to high complexity. Further applications of the technique to hardware assist for ray tracing and to collision detecti...
Considerations on link and system throughput of Bluetooth networks (2002)

The radio network performance of a large number of Bluetooth piconets is investigated in this contribution. Asynchronous packet data connections are considered exclusively. Continuously transmitting piconets as well as partially loaded piconets with constant average user bit rate (according to a WWW traffic model) are treated. All piconets are located in a single room. It turns out that Bluetooth provides a large capacity for data connections. Under normal load conditions, the link throughput is degraded only marginally by interference. Several hundred simultaneous WWW sessions are feasible in the considered scenario. A maximum aggregate system throughput of about 18 Mbit/s can be obtained. In general, long and uncoded Bluetooth packet types should be preferred for data transmission, since they provide for the largest throughput in most interference conditions.
Plasma Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity in Mother and Fetus* (1978)

Plasma converting enzyme activity was measured by a spectre-photometric technique inplasma taken from normal mothers and fetuses at term during elective cesarean section or at spontaneous vaginal delivery. Plasma converting enzyme activity in the fetus was within the normal range for non-pregnant adults and for pregnant women undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery. Fetalconverting enzyme activity was the same whether delivery was accomplished by cesarean section or by the vaginal route, but maternal converting enzyme activity was significantly elevated at cesarean section compared with spontaneous delivery. These data are compatible with the thesis that fetal plasma converting enzyme is, at least in part, derived from extrapulmonary sources and that plasma conversion is not affected by the events that initiate labor or fetal respiration. The increment in maternal converting enzyme activity at cesarean section has not been adequately explainedbut may be due to the effects of anesthesia.II levels.
Highly Stable Hysteresis-Free Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film Transistors by Fluorocarbon Polymer Encapsulation (2014)

We report hysteresis-free carbon nanotube thin-film transistors (CNT-TFTs) employing a fluorocarbon polymer (Teflon-AF) as an encapsulation layer. Such fluorocarbon encapsulation improves device uniformity with excellent operation stability in air and even in water. The fluoropolymers possess high hydrophobicity for efficient removal of water molecules from the vicinity of nanotubes, which are known to induce charge trapping. In addition, the strong dipole associated with the carbon-fluorine bonds can provide effective screening of the charge carriers in nanotubes from various trap states in the substrate. We also report on the extended applications of encapsulation with Teflon-AF for the realization of dual-gate CNT-TFTs, where one gate is used to control the threshold voltage and the other to switch the device. The fluorocarbon encapsulation technique presents a promising approach for enhanced device reliability, which is critical for future system-level electronics based on CNTs.
Polyphosphate Kinase: Distribution, Some Properties and Its Application as an ATP Regeneration System (1988)

The distribution and some properties of polyphosphate kinase, that catalyzes the formation of polyphosphate from ATP, were investigated. High enzyme activity was found in Alcaligenes faecalis, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococuss lysodeikticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The enzyme required Mg2+ for maximum activity and was activated by basic proteins, polyamines and phosphate polymers of low molecular weight. The enzyme from E. coli B could catalyze the reverse reaction, and generated ATP from ADP and metaphosphate. The feasibility of the generation of ATP by the E. coli B enzyme was confirmed by means of the coupled reactions of polyphosphate kinase and hexokinase, which produces glucose-6-phosphate.
Cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine on titanium dioxide. 2. Kinetics and mechanisms of the photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous sulfur dioxide (1987)

Cobalt(I1) 4,4'4″4‴-tetrasulfophthalocyanine, Co^(II)TSP, covalently linked to the surface of titanium dioxide particles, TiO_2-CoTSP, is shown to be an effective photocatalyst for the oxidation of sulfur(IV) to sulfur(VI) in aqueous suspensions. Upon band-gap illumination of the semiconductor, TiO_2, conduction-band electrons and valence-band holes are separated; the electrons are channeled to the bound Co^(II)TSP complex resulting in the reduction of dioxygen while the holes react with\nadsorbed S(IV) to produce S(VI) in the form of sulfate. The formation of S(V) radicals indicates that the reaction proceeds via successive one-electron transfers. Quantum yields in excess of unity were observed and attributed to desorption of SO_3^- from the TiO_2 surface and subsequent initiation of a homogeneous free radical chain reaction. Observed quantum yields between 0.5 and 300 depend on the concentration and nature of free radical inhibitors present in the suspension. A kinetic model that integrates the photon absorption properties of the solid, the heterogeneous redox reactions on the catalyst surface, and the homogeneous reactions of S(IV) is presented.
Fractional Efficiency and Particle Mass Loading Characteristics of Engine Air Filters (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance of the air cleaning filter is important to the long-term performance and reliability of the engine and its components. In this study, the performances of cellulosic and foam filter media for engine air cleaning application are experimentally investigated. Phenolic and non-phenolic cellulose filters were studied. Both flat-sheet and pleated cellulose filters were included. The foams filters were reticulated polyurethane foam media from 20 to 110 pores-per-inch. We measured the initial air flow resistance, the collection efficiency as a function of particle size, and the behavior of dust loading. We also studied the effect of oil treatment on filter performance. The results show that the efficiencies and pressure drops of the cellulose filters increase rapidly with dust loading. Oil treated cellulose filter was found to exhibit slower increases in pressure drop and collection efficiency, resulting in higher dust holding capacity. The foam filters showed good collection efficiency for particles larger than 1 μm diameter. The foam media have higher dust holding capacity than the cellulose filters. This is because the foam media has very open structure and cake filtration does not occur. Finally, the principles of designing multi-layered foam filter are discussed.</div>
Fabrication of high frequency two-dimensional nanoactuators for scanned probe devices (1992)

The authors have developed an integrated silicon process that uses suspended single crystal silicon (SCS) structures to fabricate x-y capacitive translators and high aspect ratio conical tips for scanned probe devices. The integrated nanomechanical device design and the process sequence include methods to form integrated tunneling tip pairs and to produce electrical isolation, contacts, and conductors. Each device occupies a nominal area of 40 mu m*40 mu m. These devices include a novel self-aligned tip-above-a-tip tunneling structure and capacitive x-y translators defined by electron beam lithography and the thermal oxidation of silicon. The x-y translators produce a maximum x-y displacement of +or-200 nm for an applied voltage of 55 V. The low mass (2*10/sup -13/ kg), rigid structure has a measured fundamental mechanical resonant frequency of 5 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Demagnetizing factors for rectangular ferromagnetic prisms (1998)

An analytic expression is given for the magnetometric demagnetizing factors of the general rectangular prism, with special emphasis on the particular case of a square cross section. It is argued that this demagnetizing factor should be used in numerical computations that assume such prisms, when comparing the results with the theoretical study of ellipsoids.
Caspase-1: The inflammasome and beyond (2013)

Caspase-1 plays a fundamental role in innate immunity and in several important inflammatory diseases as the protease activates the pro-inflammatory cytokines proIL-1β and proIL-18. Caspase-1 itself is activated in different inflammasome complexes, which assemble in response to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stressors. More recently, pyroptosis, a caspase-1-dependent type of programmed cell death, has been identified that is able to support secreted IL-1 and IL-18 in triggering an inflammatory response. Whereas these 'canonical' activities are well appreciated, this review also highlights less-known pathways and molecules activated by caspase-1. There is evidence that caspase-1 supports cell survival by activation of NF-κB, induction of membrane repair and regulation of unconventional secretion of certain proteins. The physiologic effects of processing of other downstream targets, such as proteins involved in glycolysis or activation of caspase-7, are less well understood. However, there is increasing evidence that caspase-1 contributes to innate and adaptive immunologic defense mechanisms, repair and pathologic conditions by the regulation of several different and partially opposing pathways.
A 12 bit 1 MHz ACD with 1 mW power consumption (2002)

A new successive-approximation analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is described. New interpolated C-R DAC, new R-ladder-steering decoder and constant-current comparator have been applied in the A/D converter. By adopting these techniques, high-resolution (12 bit accuracy) and high-speed conversion (1 MHz) with low power consumption (1 mW) has been realized. This chip has been fabricated by double metal and double polysilicon 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS process, and the die size is 2.4/spl times/1.7 mm/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A New Purification Process for Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries (2005)

A novel separation and purification process suitable for pharmaceutical and chemical industries has been developed. The process is based on the difference in adsorption and solubility of organic compounds. The process was carried out under mechanical stirring, and individual components were isolated in short time with excellent purity. The process can be suitably adopted for the purification of organic compounds in large scale.
The Influence of  NH 4 F  on the Etch Rates of Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Arsenosilicate Glasses in Buffered Oxide Etch (1993)

The dependence of the etch rates of low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) arsenosilicate glass (AsSG) films with various dopant concentrations as a function of the composition of buffered and unbuffered hydrofluoric acid was examined. The composition of the buffered oxide etch (BOE) was varied from 0–30 weight percent (w/o) ammonium fluoride with 6 w/o hydrofluoric acid , and the concentration of from 3–10 w/o . In unbuffered hydrofluoric acid the etch rates increase linearly with the concentration. In BOE the etch rates run through a maximum. The AsSG films show principally the same etch behavior as undoped films described in a former paper. So we conclude that the same dissolution reaction occurs. A model for the reaction mechanism is proposed.
Analysis of the Clock Jitter Effects in a Time Invariant Model of Continuous Time Delta Sigma Modulators (2006)

In this paper by using an exactly analytic approach the clock jitter in the feedback path of the continuous time Delta Sigma modulators (CT DSM) is modeled as an additive jitter noise, providing a time invariant model for a jittery CT DSM. Then for various DAC waveforms the power spectral density (psd) of the clock jitter at the output of DAC is derived and by using an approximation the in-band power of the clock jitter at the output of the modulator is extracted. The simplicity and generality of the proposed approach are the main advantages of this paper. The MATALB and HSPICE simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed formulas.
Construction of the RFQ "TALL" (1985)

An RFQ linac "TALL" is constructed. The machine is designed to accelerate heavy ions with charge to mass ratio of 1 to 1/7 from 8 up to 800 keV/u. It will be used as the first stage of an injector for a heavy ion synchrotron "TARN II" which is under construction at INS. The acceleration cavity is of four vane structure driven with loop coupling at 100 MHz. The cavity is 58 cm in diameter and 730 cm in length. No vane coupling ring is used. A field uniformity was obtained easily within an error of ± 6% azimuthally and ± 5% longitudinally by use of side and end tuners. The TE210 mode has a resonant frequency of 101.78 MHz, 0.93 MHz lower than that of the closest mode TE111.
Color Technology in Video Endscopy (1994)

The psychophysical aspects of the color experience and the clinical significance of color during video endoscopy are introduced in this paper. This introduction includes a description of how colors are rendered in video endoscope systems along with basic colorimetry, the science of color. Together these provide the clinical engineer with an understanding of color and a method of effectively communicating color information. The ability to standardize color rendition in video endoscopy systems is not yet available. Nonetheless, an argument is presented in favor of the clinical engineer normalizing color rendition in video endoscope systems in the hospital and educating the clinicians on managing endoscopic system color performance in the clinical setting.
DC Link Balancing Method in Back-to-Back UPS System with Multi-Level Converters (2006)

Paper presents a novel topology of a grid-connected back-up uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with multilevel converters. The star-configuration three-phase "back-to-back" topology with a five-level diode-clamped rectifier (5LDCR) and a five-level diode-clamped inverter (5LDCI) supplies a three phase output load. The proposed multi-level current mode control techniques in both converters provide an effective solution to an imbalance problem with the capacitor voltages in a DC link network. The interfaced battery energy storage (BES), which constitutes an integral part of the entire UPS system, supplies the DC link capacitor voltages to the 5LDCI in a standby emergency mode because the proposed balancing method is constrained to the "back-to-back" operation only. Importantly, the UPS system is able to operate with an asymmetrical, a nonlinear and an impact loads in three phases and it provides the power factor correction on the grid side
Quartz crystal microbalance and spectroscopy measurements for acid doping in polyaniline films (2008)

We investigated the doping of thin polyaniline (PANI) films, prepared by the chemical oxidation of aniline, with different acids. The initial step in the investigation is the preparation of PANI films from aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. This is followed by dedoping with ammonia to obtain a PANI base, which is subsequently doped with strong acids (e.g. hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and trichloroacetic acids) and with a weak acid (acetic acid). The dopant weight fraction ( <b><i>w</i></b> ), which is connected with the gain of mass during the doping of PANI, was determined <i>in situ</i> using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The behavior of PANI upon doping with different anions derived from strong acids indicates that both proton and the anion uptake into the polymer chains occur sharply, rapidly, completely, and reversibly. However the uptake in the case in acetic acid is characterized by slow diffusion. The doping was studied at different concentrations of acetic acid. A second cycle of dedoping-redoping was also performed. The kinetics of the doping reaction is dominated by Fickian diffusion kinetics. The diffusion coefficients (<i>D</i>) of the dopant ions into the PANI chains were determined using the QCM and by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy in the range of (0.076-1.64)× 10<sup>-15</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. It was found that <i>D</i> in the second cycle of doping is larger than that evaluated from the first cycle of doping for high concentrations of acetic acid. <i>D</i> for the diffusion and for the dopant ion expulsion from the PANI chains was also determined during the redoping process. It was found that <i>D</i> for acetic acid ions in the doping process is larger than that calculated for the dedoping process.
Structure and optical properties of ZnO/Mg0.2Zn0.8O superlattices (1999)

ZnO/Mg 0.2 Zn 0.8 O superlattices with a band-gap offset of about 0.5 eV were epitaxially grown by laser molecular-beam epitaxy on a sapphire(0001) substrate using a ZnO buffer layer. The superlattice structure with a period ranging from 8 to 18 nm was clearly verified by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, Auger depth profile, and x-ray diffraction. As the well layer thickness decreased below 5 nm, the photoluminescence peak and absorption edge in the photoluminescence excitation spectra showed a blueshift, indicating a quantum-size effect.
Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Mutations and Parkinson's Disease: Three Questions (2009)

Mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) were first identified in 2004 and have since been shown to be the single most common cause of inherited Parkinson's disease. The protein is a large GTP-regulated serine/threonine kinase that additionally contains several protein-protein interaction domains. In the present review, we discuss three important, but unresolved, questions concerning LRRK2. We first ask: what is the normal function of LRRK2? Related to this, we discuss the evidence of LRRK2 activity as a GTPase and as a kinase and the available data on protein-protein interactions. Next we raise the question of how mutations affect LRRK2 function, focusing on some slightly controversial results related to the kinase activity of the protein in a variety of in vitro systems. Finally, we discuss what the possible mechanisms are for LRRK2-mediated neurotoxicity, in the context of known activities of the protein.
Phenotype and functional evaluation of ex vivo generated antigen-specific immune effector cells with potential for therapeutic applications (2009)

Ex vivo activation and expansion of lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy has demonstrated great success. To improve safety and therapeutic efficacy, increased antigen specificity and reduced non-specific response of the ex vivo generated immune cells are necessary. Here, using a complete protein-spanning pool of pentadecapeptides of the latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a weak viral antigen which is associated with EBV lymphoproliferative diseases, we investigated the phenotype and function of immune effector cells generated based on IFN-gamma or CD137 activation marker selection and dendritic cell (DC) activation. These ex vivo prepared immune cells exhibited a donor- and antigen-dependent T cell response; the IFN-gamma-selected immune cells displayed a donor-related CD4- or CD8-dominant T cell phenotype; however, the CD137-enriched cells showed an increased ratio of CD4 T cells. Importantly, the pentadecapeptide antigens accessed both class II and class I MHC antigen processing machineries and effectively activated EBV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Phenotype and kinetic analyses revealed that the IFN-gamma and the CD137 selections enriched more central memory T (Tcm) cells than did the DC-activation approach, and after expansion, the IFN-gamma-selected effector cells showed the highest level of antigen-specificity and effector activities. While all three approaches generated immune cells with comparable antigen-specific activities, the IFN-gamma selection followed by ex vivo expansion produced high quality and quantity of antigen-specific effector cells. Our studies presented the optimal approach for generating therapeutic immune cells with potential for emergency and routine clinical applications.
Spectroscopic near-field microscopy using frequency combs in the mid-infrared (2006)

We introduce a new concept of spectroscopic near-field optical microscopy that records broad infrared spectra at each pixel during scanning. Two coherent beams with harmonic frequency-comb spectra are employed, one for illuminating the scanning tip, the other as reference for multi-heterodyne detection of the scattered light. Our implementation yields 200 cm(-1) wide amplitude and phase spectra centered at 950 cm(-1) (this band can be tuned between 700 and 1400 cm(-1)). We introduce a new technique of background suppression enabled by the short, 10 mus "snapshot" acquisition of infrared spectra which allows time-resolving the tapping motion. Thus we demonstrate broad-band mid-infrared near-field imaging that is essentially free of background artefacts.