gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning the Structure of Sum-Product Networks (2013)

Sum-product networks (SPNs) are a new class of deep probabilistic models. SPNs can have unbounded treewidth but inference in them is always tractable. An SPN is either a univariate distribution, a product of SPNs over disjoint variables, or a weighted sum of SPNs over the same variables. We propose the first algorithm for learning the structure of SPNs that takes full advantage of their expressiveness. At each step, the algorithm attempts to divide the current variables into approximately independent subsets. If successful, it returns the product of recursive calls on the subsets; otherwise it returns the sum of recursive calls on subsets of similar instances from the current training set. A comprehensive empirical study shows that the learned SPNs are typically comparable to graphical models in likelihood but superior in inference speed and accuracy. 1.
Origins of normal and pathological tremor (1984)

Tremors, perhaps because they are so obvious, have always fascinated neurophysiologists and neurologists, even though their causes are often uncertain and their origins disputed.
Constructing Trustworthy and Safe Communities on a Blockchain-Enabled Social Credits System (2018)

The emergence of big data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is reshaping the world. While the technological revolution improves the quality of our life, new concerns are triggered. The superhuman capability enables AI to outperform human workers in many data-and/or computing-intensive tasks. Also, digital superpowers are showing arrogance towards individuals, which erodes the trust foundation of the society. In this position paper, we suggest to construct trustworthy and safe communities based on a BLockchain-Enabled Social credits System (BLESS) that rewards the residents who commit in socially beneficial activities. Human being's true value lies in serving other people. The BLESS system is considered as an efficient approach to promote the value and dignity in efforts focused on enhancing our communities and regulating business and private behaviors. The BLESS system leverages the decentralized architecture of the blockchain network, which not only allows grassroots individuals to participate rating process of a social credit system (SCS), but also provides tamper proof of transaction data in the trustless network environment. The anonymity in blockchain records also protects individuals from being targeted in the fight against powerful enterprises. Smart contract enabled authentication and authorization strategy prevents any unauthorized entity from accessing the credit system. The BLESS scheme is promising to offer a secure, transparent and decentralized SCS.
Progress and Challenges in Frontotemporal Dementia Research: A 20-Year Review (2018)

The landscape of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has evolved remarkably in recent years and is barely recognizable from two decades ago. Knowledge of the clinical phenomenology, cognition, neuroimaging, genetics, pathology of the different subtypes of FTD, and their relations to other neurodegenerative conditions, has increased rapidly, due in part, to the growing interests into these neurodegenerative brain conditions. This article reviews the major advances in the field of FTD over the past 20 years, focusing primarily on the work of Frontier, the frontotemporal dementia clinical research group, based in Sydney, Australia. Topics covered include clinical presentations (cognition, behavior, neuroimaging), pathology, genetics, and disease progression, as well as interventions and carer directed research. This review demonstrates the improvement in diagnostic accuracy and capacity to provide advice on genetic risks, prognosis, and outcome. The next major challenge will be to capitalize on these research findings to develop effective disease modifying drugs, which are currently lacking.
Passing the test (2005)

Subtitle: Airline customers and passengers expect aircraft to fly safety and reliably, no matter what, so every engine has to be thoroughly tested in line with the requirements set by airworthiness authorites. And aero engines have shown they are among the most reliable power sources in the world. Craig Brown looks at tests undertaken for the Trent 900, the latest version of the Trent to fly and due to go into service in 2006.
Electrochemistry and Computations of Stable Silylenes and Germylenes (2004)

Stable silylenes, 1 and 2, and germylenes, 3 and 4, have been studied computationally and by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electron affinities (EA) and ionization potentials (IP) were calculated; the latter agree well with available gas phase photoelectron spectroscopy data. All CV measurements in THF−Bu4NClO4 exhibit irreversible waves for all compounds, for both oxidation and reduction processes. However, in 1,2-dichlorobenzene−Bu4NClO4, the germylene derivative 3 shows a single reversible oxidation couple, whereas 4 exhibits a reversible couple at its second oxidation step, the first one being irreversible. In both cases, the redox couples become irreversible by replacing the electrolyte with either Bu4NBF4 or Bu4NHSO4, indicating the importance of the counteranion on the stability of the intermediates. The CV results also show that the unsaturated 1 and 3 are more easily oxidized than their saturated counterparts 2 and 4, and oxidation is easier for the silylenes 1 and 2 than for their germanium analogues. However the measured oxidation and reduction potentials do not correlate with the calculated IP's and EA's, probably due to kinetic and surface effects.
Synthesis of High Performance SAW Filters with Nonuniformly Spaced Fingers (1983)

Sharp cut-off filters of moderate bandwidth with low sidelobes and small passband ripple designed by the Remez exchange algorithm are difficult to implement in practice with uniform spacing and apodization. The small tap weights required are difficult to achieve exactly due to diffractionand electrostaticend effects. We avoid these problems by maiutaining a uniform overlap of the fingers and perform spectral weighting by varying only their positions. A quasi-Newton optimization procedure is used to select parameters describing the group delay and transition band shape, so as to minimize the error between the desired and achieved frequency responses. The result is a filter with significantly lower passband ripple and sidelobes than those designed via either the stationary phase method or the iterative timefrequency [6] approach. In fact, our 7.176 fractional bandwidth filter is comparable in length to a filter of similar performance designed by the Remez procedure.
Parallel genetic algorithm for service restoration in electric power distribution systems (1996)

This paper develops a coarse-grain parallel genetic algorithm for solving a service restoration problem in electric power distribution systems. Service restoration is performed to restore electricity for out-of-service areas. Developing effective service restoration procedures is a cost-effective approach to improving service reliability and enhancing customer satisfaction. The main objective in service restoration procedures is to restore as much load as possible by transferring de-energized loads via network reconfigurations to other supporting distribution feeders without violating operating and engineering constraints. Details of the parallel genetic algorithm developed in this paper are described. The proposed method is implemented on transputers for parallel computations. The feasibility of the developed algorithm for service restoration is demonstrated on several distribution networks with promising results.
Cloning and DNA sequencing of the <i>fbc</i> operon encoding the cytochrome <i>bc</i><sub>1</sub> complex from <i>Rhodobacter sphaeroides</i> (1990)

The ubiquinol: cytochrome-c oxidoreductase (cytochrome bc1 complex) is a central component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as the respiratory and/or photosynthetic systems of numerous prokaryotic organisms. In Rhodobacter sphaeroides, the bc1 complex has a dual function. When the cells are grown photosynthetically, the bc1 complex is present in the intracytoplasmic membrane and is a critical component of the cyclic electron transport system. When the cells are grown in the dark in the presence of oxygen, the same bc1 complex is a necessary component of the cytochrome-c2-dependent respiratory chain. The fact that the bc1 complex from R. sphaeroides has been extensively studied, plus the ability to manipulate this organism genetically, makes this an ideal system for using site-directed mutagenesis to address questions relating to the structure and function of the bc1 complex. In the current work, the cloning and complete sequence of the fbc operon from R. sphaeroides is reported. As in other bacteria, this operon contains three genes, encoding the Rieske 2Fe-2S subunit, the cytochrome b subunit, and the cytochrome c1 subunit. Recombination techniques were used to delete the entire fbc operon from the chromosome. The resulting strain cannot grow photosynthetically, but can grow aerobically utilizing a quinol oxidase. Photosynthetic growth is restored by providing fbc operon on a plasmid, and the reappearance of the protein subunits and the spectroscopic features due to the bc1 complex are also demonstrated. Finally, a mutation is introduced within the gene encoding the cytochrome b subunit which is predicted to confer resistance to the inhibitor myxothiazol. It is shown that the resulting strain contains a functional bc1 complex which, as expected, is resistant to the inhibitor. Hence, this system is suitable for the detailed characterization of the bc1 complex, combining site-directed mutagenesis with the biochemical and biophysical techniques which have been previously developed for the study of photosynthetic bacteria.
Quantum well devices for millimetre wave applications (1993)

Quantum well devices exhibit strong non-linearity with very short time responses which make them attractive for non-linear applications at very high frequencies. In this paper, we review several topics concerning the design, the fabrication and the frequency evaluation of these devices. We discuss notably new proposals in order to improve their frequency and power capabilities in the context of recent progress in strained layer epitaxy and finite superlattices. Concerning fabrication, the more recent developments for integrating the device in a whisker-less technology are reported. On this basis a few selected recent achievements for demonstrating the ability of these devices to operate at very high frequency are considered. Lastly, we focus on recent advances related to the applications for the devices used as oscillators, harmonic multipliers, detectors and mixers.
The Evolution to Modern Phased Array Architectures (2015)

Phased array technology has been evolving steadily with advances in solid-state microwave integrated circuits, analysis and design tools, and reliable fabrication practices. With significant government investments, the technologies have matured to a point where phased arrays are widely used in military systems. Next-generation phased arrays will employ high levels of digitization, which enables a wide range of improvements in capability and performance. Digital arrays leverage the rapid commercial evolution of digital processor technology. The cost of phased arrays can be minimized by utilizing high-volume commercial microwave manufacturing and packaging techniques. Dramatic cost reductions are achieved by employing a tile array architecture, which greatly reduces the number of printed circuit boards and connectors in the array.
A 20-Gs/s Track-and-Hold Amplifier in InP HBT Technology (2010)

This paper presents a 20-Gs/s track-and-hold amplifier (THA) fabricated InP HBT technology. This THA is capable of operating under relatively high input voltages. The THA uses a fully differential architecture with a switched emitter–follower. To mitigate the pedestal error due to the feedthrough attenuation network, we added degeneration resistors in the feedthrough attenuation block. Measured total harmonic distortion is below <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$-{\hbox{40 dB}}$</tex></formula> at low input frequencies, and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$-{\hbox{18 dB}}$</tex> </formula> at frequency of 9.9 GHz.
Can the Placebo Be the Cure? (1999)

A promising new drug for depression failed to clear efficacy tests this year, illuminating a decades-old problem in psychopharmacology that researchers say deserves more study: the placebo effect, in which patients receiving a dummy pill do almost as well as those on the drug being tested, thereby wiping out the rationale for the new drug. Drug developers regard it as an occupational hazard that masks the effects of potentially useful compounds. But some psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are fascinated by the power of the placebo effect, viewing it not as a problem but as a source of insight into mental health. And a few go further, arguing that many compounds may be little more than sophisticated placebos themselves.
Mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. II. biochemical and serologic identification of a precursor lymphotoxin form (pre-LT) produced by MLC-sensitized human T lymphocytes <i>in vitro</i>. (1981)

Abstract The biochemical and immunologic properties of a cell toxin(s) released into the fluid phase and expressed on the surface of lectin-activated alloimmune human cytotoxic lymphocytes has been investigated. The results indicate that the initial cytotoxin(s) released into the supernatant from alloimmune lymphocytes represents a precursor form of lymphotoxin (pre-LT), and in this precursor form, the α and β antigens exist as masked or cryptic determinants. The pre-LT form in unfractionated supernatants was defined immunologically by neutralization with a polyspecific anti-LT antisera (anti-WS), and its lack of reactivity with anti-α and anti-β LT antisera. However, gel filtration chromatographic profile of the pre-LT cytotoxic activity was heterogeneous and showed multiple m.w. classes that were characteristic of the chromatograms of traditionally defined LT. These fractionated components were now readily neutralized with anti-α LT antiserum. In addition, the pre-LT cytotoxic activity in unfractionated supernatants treated by various physical or chemical means rendered the cytotoxic activity neutralizable by an anti-α LT antiserum, indicating an immunologic relationship between the pre-LT form and components of the LT system. The antigens associated with pre-LT form were detectable, in part, on the LT-Cx and γ LT molecules by a fluid phase immunoadsorption assay. A functional immunoadsorption assay was used to detect the antigenic determinants of the pre-LT form on the cell surface of alloimmune lymphocytes before and after lectin activation, α LT-associated antigens were detectable on cytotoxic effectors only after lectin activation. These results imply LT may function as cell surface delivered cytotoxic molecules. LT activity was not detected in supernatants obtained from alloimmune cytotoxic reactions, however, the pre-LT and α-LT neutralizing activities of the anti-LT sera were significantly diminished after the incubation of these sera in the cytotoxic reaction and indicated that LT molecules were produced during the cytotoxic reaction, and LT remained closely associated with the lymphocyte:target cell conjugates. The relationship of the pre-LT form to the capacity of the various anti-LT antisera to affect the human alloimmune cytotoxic reaction is discussed. The results provide additional support to the concept that the LT system is involved in the lytic mechanism of cytotoxic T cells.
Hiding Data in OFDM Symbols of IEEE 802.11 Networks (2010)

This paper presents a new steganographic method called WiPad (Wireless Padding). It is based on the insertion of hidden data into the padding of frames at the physical layer of WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks). A performance analysis based on a Markov model, previously introduced and validated by the authors in, is provided for the method in relation to the IEEE 802.11 a/g standards . Its results prove that maximum steganographic bandwidth for WiPad is as high as 1.1 Mbit/s for data frames and 0.44 Mbit/s for acknowledgment (ACK) frames. To the authors' best knowledge this is the most capacious of all the known steganographic network channels.
One- and two-level filter-bank convolvers (1995)

In a recent paper, it was shown in detail that in the case of orthonormal and biorthogonal filter banks we can convolve two signals by directly convolving the subband signals and combining the results. In this paper, we further generalize the result. We also derive the statistical coding gain for the generalized subband convolver. As an application, we derive a novel low sensitivity structure for FIR filters from the convolution theorem. We define and derive a deterministic coding gain of the subband convolver over direct convolution for a fixed wordlength implementation. This gain serves as a figure of merit for the low sensitivity structure. Several numerical examples are included to demonstrate the usefulness of these ideas. By using the generalized polyphase representation, we show that the subband convolvers, linear periodically time varying systems, and digital block filtering can be viewed in a unified manner. Furthermore, the scheme called IFIR filtering is shown to be a special case of the convolver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unidirectional Binding of Clostridial Collagenase to Triple Helical Substrates (2009)

Histotoxic clostridia produce collagenases responsible for extensive tissue destruction in gas gangrene. The C-terminal collagen-binding domain (CBD) of these enzymes is the minimal segment required to bind to collagen fibril. Collagen binding efficiency of CBD is more pronounced in the presence of Ca(2+). We have shown that CBD can be functional to anchor growth factors in local tissue. A (1)H-(15)N HSQC NMR titration study with three different tropocollagen analogues ((POG)(10))(3), ((GPOG)(7)PRG)(3), and (GPRG(POG)(7)C-carbamidomethyl)(3), mapped a saddle-like binding cleft on CBD. NMR titrations with three nitroxide spin-labeled analogues of collagenous peptide, (PROXYL-G(POG)(7)PRG)(3), (PROXYL-G(POG)(7))(3), and (GPRG(POG)(7)C-PROXYL)(3) (where PROXYL represents 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-l-pyrrolidinyloxy), unambiguously demonstrated unidirectional binding of CBD to the tropocollagen analogues. Small angle x-ray scattering data revealed that CBD binds closer to a terminus for each of the five different tropocollagen analogues, which in conjunction with NMR titration studies, implies a binding mode where CBD binds to the C terminus of the triple helix.
Efficient Total Synthesis of (−)-Ilimaquinone (1998)

The total synthesis of (-)-ilimaquinone, a metabolite isolated from sea sponges, is described. The key step of the synthesis is the attachment of the quinone moiety to the drimane skeleton. Alkylation of enone 11 obtained in four steps from the readily available diketone 8, with tetramethoxybenzyl bromide 15 as the alkylating agent, led to addition product 16 in excellent yield. The presence of the tetramethoxybenzyl group induced stereoselective hydrogenation of the exo olefin 18, leading to the required isomer in a 9:1 ratio. Treatment of compound 21 with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) afforded formation of the quinone and deprotection of only one methyl ether in one step to furnish the desired ilimaquinone 1.
A high frequency pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound system for detecting and imaging blood flow in the microcirculation (2002)

Previous work with a 40 MHz continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound system has demonstrated the potential of high frequency Doppler ultrasound (HFD) operating in the frequency range 20 to 100 MHz to detect blood flow in the microcirculation. This paper describes a directional, pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound (PW HFD) system designed and constructed to further investigate this potential. The PW HFD system electronics have a dynamic range of 80 dB, a noise floor of 250 nV, a directional isolation of 45 dB and operate over the frequency range 1 to 200 MHz. Tests of the system with a focused 50 MHz PVDF transducer, string phantom and in vivo tissue have demonstrated that the PW HFD system is capable of detecting and measuring velocities on the order of 0.5 mm/s with suitable velocity and temporal resolutions and can detect and measure in vivo blood velocities of less than 5 mm/s in arterioles with diameters as small as 20 /spl mu/m and venules as small as 35 /spl mu/m. Preliminary experiments with high frequency colour Doppler (HFCD) and high frequency power Doppler (HFPD) flow imaging are also presented.
Association between stroke and acute myocardial infarction and its related risk factors: hypertension and diabetes. (2006)

The present study supports the hypothesis that there is a strong association between stroke, AMI and related risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. Furthermore, present study showed that 60% of stroke patients had AMI and nearly 46.4% of stroke patients had diabetes mellitus.
A Characterization of the Variability of Packet Arrival Processes in (1991)

We examine the problem of characterizing the variability of measured packet-arrival processes produced by individual workstations in a local-area network. Commonly referred to as burstiness, variability can be informally described as producing sequences of abrupt transitions from low to high arrival rates and vice versa. Since variability can be related to the relationship among successive arrivals, we adopt a quantitative definition, based on indices of dispersion, from the theory of point processes. We illustrate the measurement methodology and discuss the error analysis. We then analyze the first- and second-order statistical properties of interarrival time and packet-count series, which reveal the structure of the underlying point processes. We estimate indices of dispension for intervals and counts, which express the autocorrelation structure of a point process, and warn about the effect of nonstationary data. Using an artificial example based on the Markov-modulated Poisson process, we show how to incorporate into a mathematical the second-order stochastic parameters that represent dispersion. Fitting is done so that the index of dispersion for counts of the MMPP matches closely that of the data, a procedure that produces what we call a model of variability. Finally, we derive a of variability whose structure follows the structure of the data: the interarrival times of short and long packets are disjoint; the lengths of sequences of short and long packets form a discrete-time in each of the states are autocorrelated, is shown to reproduce with good approximation the correlation structure of the data for time scales up to 500 ms. The approximation requires only estimates of the first- and second-order moments of the interarrival times. To complete the model, which is two-dimensional, we also provide simple characterizations for the lengths of short and long packets. Because of the recursive nature of the model''s equations, the is suited for simulation studies.