gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Incorporation of vascular information into interactive image-guided surgery</title> (1996)

In interactive, image-guided surgery (IIGS) we use stacked slice tomographic image sets as three dimensional maps of the patient's anatomy. Such sets can provide exquisite information on bony anatomy (computed tomography), soft tissue structure and lesion definition (magnetic resonance) or function (positron emission tomography). However, none of these tomographic sets clearly show the location and extent of vascular structures, which may be of critical importance to the surgical process. Vascular information can be obtained from conventional x- ray angiography (XRA), a form of projection imaging, or from tomographic scans sensitive to flow such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA). Projection images show the extent and intersection of vessels at high resolution but lose the three-dimensional relationship of the vessels during image formation. The high resolution available from conventional angiograms makes them attractive for the localization of small aneurysms and other vascular anomalies, but the projection nature of the image makes displaying surgical position difficult. We have developed techniques for interactively displaying surgical position on both topographically derived vascular sets such s CTA and MRA and on projection sets such as XRA. In the XRA images,homologous points are determined on the film and on the patient. Since we use extrinsic, bone-implanted fiducial markers for our surgical guidance system, these markers can serve as most, if not all, of our homologous points and can be localized very precisely on the film and in 3-space. A homogeneous transform matrix (HTM) is constructed to provide a best 'first-guess' of position. The HTM is decomposed into nine spatial parameters which represent the XRA process and those parameters are optimized using Powell's Conjugate Direction Method. In the tomographic vascular images, the issue is not one of registration but one of display. We presently track probe position on tomographic slices but the information inherent in vascular tomograms is masked by a raster-slice display; the vessel's path and extent are difficult to discern. Vascular path and extent are best displayed as a rotoscope of projection images created from the raster-slice set. By 'rotating' a series of projection images the three- dimensional geometry is discerned by motion parallax.
Introduction (2008)

The time is the beginning of the 1980s. Six of us are seated along a rectangular table, three on each side, in a Japanese restaurant on the other side of the world from Japan. At one end of the table is a Japanese trade official talking in English to the second-in-command of the host country's agency tasked with coaxing inward direct investment sitting opposite him. Diagonally across at the other end of the table is the executive of a Japanese manufacturer talking across to me, but in Japanese. Facing each other between these two pairs are the director of the agency and the president of the said manufacturer. Linguistic incompatibility has rendered them silent. In no uncertain terms, and making no attempt whatsoever to mute his tones, the executive is launching on a tirade addressed to me but aimed at the trade official. He detested that type. They just sat on their behinds and did nothing. They had no idea what work really meant. The message was not new to me. I had had first-hand experience with a number of small businesses in Japan where I had lived by that time for over a decade. I was familiar with the Mercedes-driving machine shop owner quivering with indignation as he recounted the frosty reception given him by an administrative flunky in ill-fitting trousers or a bank clerk half his age and commanding a tiny fraction of his income.
Fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed bovine MFGM supplemented formula or standard formula with breast-fed infants as reference: a randomized controlled trial (2019)

Abstract Human milk delivers an array of bioactive components that safeguard infant growth and development and maintain healthy gut microbiota. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a biologically functional fraction of milk increasingly linked to beneficial outcomes in infants through protection from pathogens, modulation of the immune system and improved neurodevelopment. In the present study, we characterized the fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed a bovine MFGM supplemented experimental formula (EF) and compared to infants fed standard formula (SF) and a breast-fed reference group. The impact of MFGM on the fecal microbiome was moderate; however, the fecal metabolome of EF-fed infants showed a significant reduction of several metabolites including lactate, succinate, amino acids and their derivatives from that of infants fed SF. Introduction of weaning food with either human milk or infant formula reduces the distinct characteristics of breast-fed- or formula-fed- like infant fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles. Our findings support the hypothesis that higher levels of protein in infant formula and the lack of human milk oligosaccharides promote a shift toward amino acid fermentation in the gut. MFGM may play a role in shaping gut microbial activity and function.
Set Redundancy, the Enhanced Compression Model, and Methods for Compressing Sets of Similar Images. (1996)

Image compression is the process of reducing the number of bits required to represent an image. This can be achieved by reducing (or ideally, eliminating) various types of redundancy that exist in the imaging data. All current image compression methods are based on the same theoretical model, which targets redundancy found in individual images. However, this model ignores an additional type of redundancy that exists in sets of similar images, the "set redundancy". The source of set redundancy is the common information existing in more than one image in a set of similar images. Set redundancy can be recognized by the appearance of similar pixel values at the same image regions, comparable image histograms, similar image features, or analogous distributions of edges. This research explores the concept of set redundancy and establishes its importance for image compression. A new theoretical compression model is proposed, the Enhanced Compression Model, which extends the current model by including set redundancy extraction. The requirements and restrictions for set redundancy extraction are discussed, and practical methods to implement it are developed. These methods are collectively referred to as SRC or Set Redundancy Compression methods. Three SRC methods are presented: the Min-Max Differential (MMD) method, the Min-Max Predictive (MMP) method, and the Centroid method. According to the Enhanced Compression Model, the SRC methods can be combined with any current compression technique to achieve higher compression ratios when compressing sets of similar images. One of the best application areas for the Enhanced Compression Model is medical imaging. Medical image databases usually store large sets of similar images and, therefore, contain significant amounts of set redundancy. Tests were performed by implementing the SRC methods on a test database of CT and MR brain images. The results show an average of as much as two-fold improvement in the performance of standard compression techniques when they are combined with the SRC methods. In addition, the SRC methods developed in this research are fast, lossless, and easy to implement.
Recombination and Gene Conversion in a 170-kb Genomic Region of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2002)

Arabidopsis thaliana is a highly selfing plant that nevertheless appears to undergo substantial recombination. To reconcile its selfing habit with the observations of recombination, we have sampled the genetic diversity of A. thaliana at 14 loci of approximately 500 bp each, spread across 170 kb of genomic sequence centered on a QTL for resistance to herbivory. A total of 170 of the 6321 nucleotides surveyed were polymorphic, with 169 being biallelic. The mean silent genetic diversity (pi(s)) varied between 0.001 and 0.03. Pairwise linkage disequilibria between the polymorphisms were negatively correlated with distance, although this effect vanished when only pairs of polymorphisms with four haplotypes were included in the analysis. The absence of a consistent negative correlation between distance and linkage disequilibrium indicated that gene conversion might have played an important role in distributing genetic diversity throughout the region. We tested this by coalescent simulations and estimate that up to 90% of recombination is due to gene conversion.
A Rapid Method for Determining Weight Percentages of Unsieved Heavy Minerals (1967)

A method is proposed for converting number frequencies of unsieved heavy minerals to weight percentages. If the grain count is made by a method, such as the ribbon count method, that gives an unbiased estimate of the number frequency of a mineral, the conversion involves multiplying the number frequency of the mineral in a given microscopically measured size class by a density or density-grain shape weighting factor and by a grain-size weighting factor equal to the cube of the grain diameter. If the grain count is made by the point count method, the grain-size weighting factor is equal to the grain diameter. A study of a natural sand showed that the proposed method gives results comparable in accuracy to the results given by the standard method of making grain counts of closely spaced sieve fractions. For a given degree of accuracy, the proposed method is faster than the standard method, at least when relatively small numbers of grains are counted. Also, the proposed method eliminates the possibility of contamination from sieves. The size distribution data obtained microscopically are easily converted to sieve-size data.
A statistical bandwidth allocation and usage monitoring algorithm for ATM networks (2003)

A load control method and load monitor function are proposed for continuous bit-rate-oriented (CBO) and variable bit-rate (VBR) services in asynchronous transfer mode networks. The allocation algorithm features low complexity and optimizes quality of service and statistical multiplexing gain for variable bit-rate sources. The need to implement a monitor function to verify the assumptions made by the load control is demonstrated. Every single connection is monitored and the negative cumulative distribution of the cell rate compared with an envelope. The load monitor function ensures the proper functioning of the load control mechanisms under all input conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase from human lymphocytes. Purification and characterization. (1985)

S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Equilibrium sedimentation studies and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicate that the native enzyme has a molecular weight of 185,000 and a subunit composition of either alpha alpha' beta 2, alpha 2 beta 2, or alpha' 2 beta 2, where alpha, alpha', and beta are polypeptide chains of molecular weight 53,000, 51,000, and 38,000. The alpha and alpha' subunits appear to be the same polypeptide and presumably differ by some kind of post-translational modification. Stoichiometric studies show that the expected products S-adenosylmethionine, pyrophosphate, and orthophosphate are generated in equimolar amounts. The enzyme exhibits linear kinetics with respect to substrate dependency and product inhibition, except for orthophosphate which shows parabolic noncompetitive inhibition with respect to ATP. Initial velocity studies of substrate dependence and product inhibition indicate a steady state mechanism that is ordered Bi Ter with ATP adding before L-methionine and S-adenosylmethionine as the first product released. Pyrophosphate and orthophosphate, however, appear to be released by a random mechanism. Free Mg2+ is an essential activator with a half-maximal effect at 1.0 mM. The Km and Kia for ATP are 31 microM and 84 microM, and the Km for L-methionine is 3.3 microM. The enzyme also has tripolyphosphatase activity which is stimulated by S-adenosylmethionine.
The effect of temperature on drop size of black liquor sprays (2010)

The effect of temperature on drop size of black liquor sprays produced by small grooved-core nozzles at near boiling point conditions was investigated. It was found that increasing temperature through the boiling point decreased the Sauter mean diameter in a smooth manner, by a magnitide accounted for by the viscosity decrease. In contrast, water sprayed through the same nozzle under similar conditions showed a near step increase in mean drop size for the same temperature increase through its boiling point. The mass-weighted distributions of drop size for black liquor sprays were much broader than those of water, or glycerol/water solutions having the same viscosity as black liquor. Increasing the temperature through the boiling point of black liquor shifted its drop size distribution to smaller diameters.
A Multicomponent Flow Calculation Using MUSCL Type Central Scheme (2000)

In this paper, we demonstrate that we can exploit the Riemann-solver-free feature of MUSCL type central scheme and apply it to single-component and multicomponent one-dimensional, unsteady compressible Euler equations with stiffened gas equation of state. Under the present framework, the traditional difficulty of constructing a proper Riemann solver according to the equation of state considered in multicomponent flow calculation is now eliminated.
Fundamentals of Positron Emission Tomography and Applications in Preclinical Drug Development (2001)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that can dynamically image trace amounts of positron-labeled radiopharmaceuticals in vivo. Tracer concentrations can be determined quantitatively, and by application of appropriate tracer kinetic models, the rates of a wide range of different biological processes can be measured noninvasively in humans. PET has been used as a research tool for more than 25 years and has also found clinical applications, particularly in oncology, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, there has been tremendous interest in applying PET technology to in vivo small-animal imaging. Significant improvements in the imaging technology now permit a wide range of PET studies in mice and rats, using compact, relatively low-cost, dedicated small-animal PET scanners. This article reviews the fundamental basis of PET imaging and discusses the development of small-animal PET scanners and their possible application in preclinical drug development.
<title>PRISM: a visual programming system for pipelined image processors</title> (1992)

Pipelined image processing hardware has become increasingly popular because it makes it possible to build real-time machine vision systems at reasonable cost. Unfortunately, this type of hardware is often difficult to program, and the difficulty increases rapidly as the machines become more flexible and powerful. In this paper we present PRISM, a visual programming language that supports rapid prototyping and algorithm development on pipelined image processors. Computations are represented by graphs whose nodes are data transformations and whose arcs are data paths. The system allows the user to build and edit graphs and attach attributes to graph nodes specifying details of the computation (gains, masks, et cetera). Once the graph is adequately connected, the system traverses the graph, analyzes the data dependencies, and constructs an execution schedule. It then repeatedly executes the schedule, mapping graph nodes to specific hardware resources as needed. We discuss the overall architecture of the system, describe the class of hardware devices to which it is applicable, and then present an implementation for the Datacube MV 20. We analyze the implementation in terms of how well it makes use of the underlying hardware, and discuss ways of improving its efficiency.
STAGE-HISTORY (2009)

Three great acting parts, strong dramatic incidents and plenty of opportunities for scenery and costume are enough to explain the steady success of King John with both stage and audience. Shakespeare's handling of the relations between the English King and the Pope leaves the play unfit, as it stands, for use in propaganda on either side; and the invasion of England by the French has not been caught at in times of similar danger so much as might have been expected. The importance of the play in theatrical history lies in its being the chief vehicle for the introduction of archaeology into the theatre.
Acoustic Rendering and Auditory–Visual Cross‐Modal Perception and Interaction (2012)

Abstract In recent years research in the three‐dimensional sound generation field has been primarily focussed upon new applications of spatialized sound. In the computer graphics community the use of such techniques is most commonly found being applied to virtual, immersive environments. However, the field is more varied and diverse than this and other research tackles the problem in a more complete, and computationally expensive manner. Furthermore, the simulation of light and sound wave propagation is still unachievable at a physically accurate spatio‐temporal quality in real time. Although the Human Visual System (HVS) and the Human Auditory System (HAS) are exceptionally sophisticated, they also contain certain perceptional and attentional limitations. Researchers, in fields such as psychology, have been investigating these limitations for several years and have come up with findings which may be exploited in other fields. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the major techniques for generating spatialized sound and, in addition, discusses perceptual and cross‐modal influences to consider. We also describe current limitations and provide an in‐depth look at the emerging topics in the field.
Generation of a Recombinant 65-Kilodalton Mannoprotein, a Major Antigen Target of Cell-Mediated Immune Response to<i>Candida albicans</i> (2000)

ABSTRACT A 65-kDa mannoprotein (CaMp65) has long been studied as a major, immunodominant antigen of the human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans . An expression library of C. albicans was screened with serum from mice immunized with ScMp65 (ScW10), a Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant protein of about 48 kDa. This serum recognized the CaMp65 from a cell wall extract of C. albicans . After cloning and sequencing of the relevant C. albicans cDNA, an open reading frame encoding a protein of 379 amino acids was identified. Its deduced amino acid sequence showed regions of identity with all previously characterized tryptic fragments of CaMp65, as well as with the corresponding regions of ScMp65. A prepeptide of 32 amino acids with signal peptidase and Kex2 cleavage sites as well as a high number of potential O-glycosylation sites but no N-glycosylation sites or GPI anchor were observed in sequence studies of CaMp65. A putative adhesin RGD sequence was also present in the C-terminal region of the molecule. This triplet was absent in the ScMp65. The relevant gene (designated CaMP65 ) was localized to chromosome R of C. albicans as determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that gene transcription was heat inducible and associated with germ-tube formation by the fungus. A recombinant, His 6 -tagged protein (rCaMp65) was expressed in Escherichia coli under an inducible promoter. After purification by nickel-chelate affinity chromatography, the recombinant product was detected as a 47-kDa protein band in immunoblots with the anti-ScMp65 serum, as well as with CaMp65-specific monoclonal antibodies. Both ScMp65 and CaMp65 were assayed for antigenic stimulation in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 10 unselected human donors. While ScMp65 was substantially nonstimulatory, both rCaMp65 and the native CaMp65 were equally able to induce lymphoproliferation of the PBMC from all the donors. In addition, a number of CD4 + T-cell clones were generated using a C. albicans mannoprotein fraction as an antigenic stimulant. Several of these clones specifically responded to both the native and the recombinant C. albicans Mp65 but not to ScMp65. Thus, the recombinant Mp65 of C. albicans retains antigenicity and, as such, could be a valid, standardized reagent for serodiagnostic and immunological studies.
Ornithine Is a Novel Amino Acid and a Marker of Arginine Damage by Oxoaldehydes in Senescent Proteins (2005)

Long-lived proteins undergo age-related postsynthetic modifications by glycation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which destabilize them by altering their conformation and charge. It was accidentally discovered that ornithine (orn) increased with age in acid hydrolyzates of human skin collagen and lens crystallins which led us to investigate the source of orn. Here, we detected such modifications of orn in these proteins. Acid hydrolysis of arginine (arg)-base AGE standards produced orn at different yields. The data provide unequivocal evidence for the in vivo formation of orn and its own AGEs in aging proteins, and suggest that arg-based AGEs serve as precursors of orn.
High Carrier Density and Metallic Conductivity in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Achieved by Electrostatic Charge Injection (2006)

Abstract The use of electrostatic charge injection (i.e., the transverse field effect) to induce both very large two‐dimensional hole densities (∼ 10 15 charges cm –2 ) and metallic conductivities in poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is reported. Films of P3HT are electrostatically gated by a solution‐deposited polymer‐electrolyte gate dielectric in a field‐effect‐transistor configuration. Exceptionally high hole field‐effect mobilities (up to 0.7 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ) are measured concurrently with large hole densities, resulting in an extremely large sheet conductance of 200 μS sq. –1 . The large room‐temperature conductivity of 1000 S cm –1 together with the very low measured activation energies (0.7–4 meV) suggest that the metal–insulator transition in P3HT is achieved. A maximum in sheet conductance versus charge density is also observed, which may result from near‐filling of the valence band or from charge correlations that lower the carrier mobility. Importantly, the large hole densities in P3HT are achieved using capacitive coupling between the polymer‐electrolyte gate dielectric and P3HT (i.e., the field effect) and not via chemical or electrochemical doping. Electrostatic control of carrier density up to 10 15 charges cm –2 (∼ 10 22 charges cm –3 ) opens opportunities to explore systematically the importance of charge‐correlation effects on transport in conjugated polymers without the structural rearrangement associated with chemical or electrochemical doping.
Growth of atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride films by diffusion through a metal film and precipitation (2012)

Abstract Atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride films were grown on both the top and bottom surfaces of a polycrystalline Co or Ni film by annealing a Co (Ni)/amorphous boron nitride/SiO 2 structure in vacuum. This method of growing hexagonal boron nitride is much simpler than other methods, such as thermal chemical vapour deposition. B and N atoms diffuse through the metal film, although N is almost completely insoluble in both Co and Ni, and precipitation occurs at the topmost surface. The mass transport is considered to be caused by grain boundary diffusion.
InvokeDynamic support in Soot (2012)

Java Specification Request (JSR) 292, which was realized with Java 7, defines a new java bytecode called invokedynamic, which can be used to call methods by name, without determining statically where the implementation of the called method is to be found. This mechanism eases the implementation of highly dynamic languages for the Java Virtual Machine.