gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Über die Alkalispaltung <i>N</i>‐Substituierter Benzolsulfon‐Hydrazide (1957)

Abstract Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel RR´C = N—N(SO 2 . C 6 H 5 )CHRR´ lassen sich aus Benzolsulfon‐hydrazonen mit 1/2 der äquiv. Menge Natriummethylat herstellen. Dabei geht ein Teil des Ausgangsproduktes unter Abspaltung von Benzolsulfinsäure in ein substituiertes Diazomethan über, das auf den Rest des Benzolsulfon‐hydrazons alkylierend wirkt. Benzolsulfon‐hydrazid‐Derivate, die keinen an Stickstoff gebundenen Wasserstoff enthalten, zerfallen bei Einwirkung von Natriumisopropylat entweder ebenfalls unter Bildung von benzolsulfinsaurem Natrium oder gehen unter Lösung der N_N‐Bindung in die Natriumverbindung eines Sulfonamids über.
Physical Activity and Health: Does Physical Education Matter? (2011)

Physical education has been an institution in American schools since the late 19th century, and today almost all American children are exposed to physical education classes. It has often been claimed that physical education provides important benefits to public health. The purpose of this paper is to determine if physical education increases students' physical activity levels, in the short and longer terms, and thereby provides important health benefits. We reviewed the literature to determine the amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during physical education classes, as well as to determine if physical education classes increase students' overall daily physical activity, and if physical education classes provide short-term and long-term health benefits. Our conclusion is that the literature addressing the public health effects of physical education is limited. Given the significance of this issue to the future of school-based physical education, studying the short- and long-term health and fitness effects of physical education should be a high priority for future research.
Depigmenting action of platycodin D depends on the cAMP/Rho-dependent signalling pathway (2011)

The overproduction and accumulation of melanin in the skin could lead to a pigmentary disorders, such as melasma, freckle, postinflammatory melanoderma and solar lentigo. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of platycodin D (PD) on melanogenesis and its action mechanisms. In this study, we found that PD significantly inhibited melanin synthesis at low concentrations. These effects were further demonstrated by the PD-induced inhibition of cAMP production, phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element-binding protein and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and its downstream genes, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins-1 and Dct/tyrosinase-related proteins-2, suggesting that PD inhibits melanogenesis through the downregulation of cAMP signalling. Furthermore, PD induced significant morphological changes in melanocytes, namely, the retraction of dendrites. A small GTPase assays revealed that PD stimulated an increase in GTP-bound Rho content, one of downstream molecules of cAMP, but not in Rac or CDC42 content. Moreover, a Rho inhibitor (C3 exoenzyme) and a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632) attenuated the dendrite retraction induced by PD. Taken together, these findings indicate that PD inhibits melanogenesis by inhibiting the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway and also suppresses melanocyte dendricity through activation of the Rho signal that is mediated by PD-induced reduction in cAMP production. Therefore, these results suggest that PD exerts its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and melanocyte dendricity via suppression of cAMP signalling and may be introduced as an inhibitor of hyperpigmentation caused by UV irradiation or pigmented skin disorders.
A dual channel chemodosimeter for Hg2+ and Ag+ using a 1,3-dithiane modified BODIPY (2012)

There has been a growing interest in the development and application of chemical probes capable of simultaneously recognizing more than one analyte. Based on the concept of aldehyde group protection/deprotection, a new BODIPY based dual-channel chemodosimeter for Hg2+ and Ag+ has been developed. Upon addition of Hg2+ to the solution of probe 1, the deprotection reaction happened immediately, accompanied with an apparent colour change which was readily detected by the naked eye. Probe 1 also gave a response to Ag+ and displayed fluorescence enhancement without wavelength shift.
Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Fruits and Leaves of Paprika ( <i>Capsicum Annuum</i> L., var. <i>Special</i> ) Cultivated in Korea (2011)

The phytochemical composition of carotenoids, tocopherols, free sugars, organic acids, L-ascorbic acid, capsaicinoids, and flavonoids in green and red paprika (GP and RP), and paprika leaves (PL) cultivated in Korea were analyzed. The ethanolic extracts of GP, RP, and PL were obtained with 80% ethanol, and their antioxidative activities were determined by measuring their ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. RP showed the highest contents of capsanthin (58.33 ± 3.91 mg/100 g dry weight) and L-ascorbic acid (1987.25 ± 19.64 mg/100 g dry weight), and main compounds of PL were lutein, chlorophyll, and γ-tocopherol (96.91 ± 14.58, 2136.71 ± 21.11, and 723.49 ± 54.10 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively). RP showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC(50) = 55.23 ± 6.77 μg/mL in a 2, 2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] assay and 150.40 ± 8.07 μg/mL in a 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay), and the antioxidant activity of PL was higher than β-carotene but lower than RP. The results indicate that the amounts of capsanthin and L-ascorbic acid in RP correlate well with antioxidant activity. PL, which has various phytochemicals such as lutein, chlorophyll, and γ-tocopherol, might be used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals for improving human health.
The <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> Avirulence Gene <i>Avr4</i> Encodes an RXLR-dEER Effector (2008)

Resistance in potato against the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is conditioned by resistance (R) genes that are introgressed from wild Solanum spp. into cultivated potato. According to the gene-for-gene model, proteins encoded by R genes recognize race-specific effectors resulting in a hypersensitive response (HR). We isolated P. infestans avirulence gene PiAvr4 using a combined approach of genetic mapping, transcriptional profiling, and bacterial artificial chromosome marker landing. PiAvr4 encodes a 287-amino-acid-protein that belongs to a superfamily of effectors sharing the putative host-cell-targeting motif RXLR-dEER. Transformation of P. infestans race 4 strains with PiAvr4 resulted in transformants that were avirulent on R4 potato plants, demonstrating that PiAvr4 is responsible for eliciting R4-mediated resistance. Moreover, expression of PiAvr4 in R4 plants using PVX agroinfection and agroinfiltration showed that PiAvr4 itself is the effector that elicits HR on R4 but not r0 plants. The presence of the RXLR-dEER motif suggested intracellular recognition of PiAvr4. This was confirmed in agroinfiltration assays but not with PVX agroinfection. Because there was always recognition of PiAvr4 retaining the signal peptide, extracellular recognition cannot be excluded. Deletion of the RXLR-dEER domain neither stimulated nor prevented elicitor activity of PiAvr4. Race 4 strains have frame shift mutations in PiAvr4 that result in truncated peptides; hence, PiAvr4 is apparently not crucial for virulence.
Aspectos moleculares relevantes de las proteínas de patogenicidad de Leptospira sp. (2010)

La leptospirosis es una zoonosis ampliamente difundida, que afecta cerca de 160 especies salvajes y domésticas, las cuales se constituyen en reservorios latentes y son fuente primaria de contaminación para el hombre. Esta zoonosis es causada por la Leptospira sp., bacteria Gram negativa que tiene la capacidad de sobrevivir en la orina. Esto, sumado a la presencia de charcos, lagunas y aguas estancadas que se contaminan fácilmente y se convierten en un foco permanente de transmisión, hace de la leptospirosis una enfermedad de impacto en salud pública. La leptospirosis se diagnóstica utilizando la técnica convencional por microglutinación (MAT). Sin embargo, no existen criterios unificados respecto a los títulos considerados como positivos, originando un número relevante de falsos positivos y negativos. Por consiguiente, es necesario evaluar nuevas estrategias diagnósticas altamente sensibles y específicas para lograr un diagnóstico preciso y confiable. Con este artículo se busca hacer una revisión sobre el papel de las proteínas asociadas con patogenicidad y la utilidad de estudios de expresión génica, en la implementación de nuevas técnicas diagnósticas que permitan postular marcadores moleculares de infección.
High-speed wide-field time-gated endoscopic fluorescence-lifetime imaging (2004)

We report the development of a high-speed wide-field fluorescence-lifetime imaging (FLIM) system that provides fluorescence-lifetime images at rates of as many as 29 frames/s. A FLIM multiwell plate reader and a potentially portable FLIM endoscopic system operating at 355-nm excitation have been demonstrated.
Determining Gelatinized Starch in a Dry Starchy Product (1993)

ABSTRACT Degree of gelatinization (DG) of starch in dry products was measured from the amount which dissolved in 0.2N KOH. The dissolved starch was complexed with O.1N iodine and quantitated from absorption at 600 nm. When pregelatinized starch in KOH was the basis for the standard curve only 94% of added gelatinized starch mixed with raw starch was recovered. Recovery was 100% and coefficient of variation was <2% when absorbance of a blank was used to correct sample absorbance. The blank was prepared from the same mixture with only raw starch. The procedure adequately differentiated DG in several dry sweet potato‐tapioca samples.
Discoveries missed, discoveries made: creativity, influence, and fame in chemistry (1992)

The paper describes some of the historical background of the discoveries of the diene synthesis and the orbital symmetry conservations rules. It examines the circumstances that prevented these discoveries from being made by earlier investigators and speculates about the mental qualities conductive to creativity in science.
Probabilistic shared cache management (PriSM) (2012)

Effective sharing of the last level cache has a significant influence on the overall performance of a multicore system. We observe that existing solutions control cache occupancy at a coarser granularity, do not scale well to large core counts and in some cases lack the flexibility to support a variety of performance goals. In this paper, we propose Probabilistic Shared Cache Management (PriSM), a framework to manage the cache occupancy of different cores at cache block granularity by controlling their eviction probabilities. The proposed framework requires only simple hardware changes to implement, can scale to larger core count and is flexible enough to support a variety of performance goals. We demonstrate the flexibility of PriSM, by computing the eviction probabilities needed to achieve goals like hit-maximization, fairness and QOS. PriSM-HitMax improves performance by 18.7% over LRU and 11.8% over previously proposed schemes in a sixteen core machine. PriSM-Fairness improves fairness over existing solutions by 23.3% along with a performance improvement of 19.0%. PriSM-QOS successfully achieves the desired QOS targets.
Erectile dysfunction as a sentinel marker of endothelial dysfunction disease. (2009)

ED is the first clinical presentation of sub-clinical endothelial dysfunction disease prior to the appearance of clinical cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors. ED can be the sentinel marker of early cardiovascular and other systemic vascular diseases and it should thus be employed in preventive strategies.
Synthesis of some binaphthoxazoles (1972)

Abstract Four of the six possible 2,2′‐binaphthoxazoles, as well as several of their cyano derivatives, have been prepared. Naphth[2,3‐ d ]oxazole was synthesized for the first time and 2,2′‐binaphth‐[2,3‐ d ]oxazole was made using a previously reported technique in which an incorrect assumption was made.
Effects of Texture on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Sheets and Texture Optimization Strategy (2005)

It is known that the crystallographic texture affects very much the mechanical properties of sheet metals. In this paper, rolled aluminum alloy sheets are considered as target materials. Typical texture components usually observed in rolled aluminum alloy sheets are the deformation textures of Cu, Brass and S, and the recrystallization textures of Cube and Goss. First, the effects of these components on mechanical properties, such as variations of Lankford’s r‐value for different tensile directions and forming limit strains, are investigated using full crystal plasticity analyses. In general, the most appropriate volume fractions of the texture components for a user‐defined particular requirement, e.g. the smallest possible in‐plane anisotropy, or the largest possible formability for a particular strain path, are unknown. Then, a texture optimization strategy is considered, i.e. a genetic algorithm is adopted to solve texture optimization problems. We describe a genetic algorithm with real‐valued genes, which is called the real‐coded GA. This algorithm is used to search for optimum textures that satisfy the requirements of smallest possible in‐plane anisotropy and largest possible formability in biaxial stretch, as examples, to verify the efficiency of the method.
Engineering cysteine mutants to obtain crystallographic phases with a cutinase from <i>Fusarium solani pisi</i> (1993)

Cutinases are extracellular enzymes involved in the disruption of cutine, an insoluble polyester which covers the surface of plants. They belong to a class of serine esterases that are able to hydrolyse fatty acid esters and emulsified triglycerides as efficiently as lipases, but without displaying interfacial activation. Classical crystallographic methods for obtaining heavy-atom derivatives failed, so the cutinase structure has been solved exclusively by the multiple isomorphous replacement method using four Hg derivatives obtained from mutants S4C, S92C, S120C and S129C. Two of these derivatives behaved as expected: (i) the cys mutant of the catalytic Ser S120C, located at the surface of the active site pocket, leads to a good derivative; and (ii) the Hg atom of the derivative obtained with the S92C mutant is completely accessible to the solvent and occupies two alternative positions--consequently a poor derivative results. In contrast, two mutants show an unexpected behaviour: (i) the Hg atom in the S129C mutant was completely buried 10 A below the protein surface and yielded the best derivative; and (ii) a poor quality derivative was obtained with the S4C mutant. Cys 4 belongs to the disordered propeptide 1-16. The Cys 4 bound Hg atom is located in front of the Asp58 side chain, but neither Cys4 nor parts of the propeptide are clearly visible in the electron density maps of the derivative structure.
Absence of Transverse Tubules Contributes to Non-Uniform Ca <sup>2+</sup> Wavefronts in Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes (2009)

Mouse (m) and human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) are known to exhibit immature Ca(2+) dynamics such as small whole-cell peak amplitude and slower kinetics relative to those of adult. In this study, we examined the maturity and efficiency of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release in m and hESC-CMs, the presence of transverse (t) tubules and its effects on the regional Ca(2+) dynamics. In m and hESC-CMs, fluorescent staining and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to detect the presence of t-tubules, caveolin-3, amphiphysin-2 and colocalization of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs). To avoid ambiguities, regional electrically-stimulated Ca(2+) dynamics of single ESC-CMs, rather than spontaneously beating clusters, were measured using confocal microscopy. m and hESC-CMs showed absence of dyads, with neither t-tubules nor colocalization of DHPRs and RyRs. Caveolin-3 and amphiphysin-2, crucial for the biogenesis of t-tubules with robust expression in adult CMs, were also absent. Single m and hESC-CMs displayed non-uniform Ca(2+) dynamics across the cell that is typical of CMs deficient of t-tubules. Local Ca(2+) transients exhibited greater peak amplitude at the peripheral than at the central region for m (3.50 +/- 0.42 vs. 3.05 +/- 0.38) and hESC-CMs (2.96 +/- 0.25 vs. 2.72 +/- 0.25). Kinetically, both the rates of rise to peak amplitude and transient decay were faster for the peripheral relative to the central region. Immature m and hESC-CMs display unsynchronized Ca(2+) transients due to the absence of t-tubules and gene products crucial for their biogenesis. Our results provide insights for driving the maturation of ESC-CMs.
New filtering method for GPS/INS integrated navigation (2010)

The error caused by linearization in the filtering process is an important factor that decrease the filtering accuracy, and if the error exceeds the allowable range it may result in filter divergence for some highly nonlinear systems. In the GPS/INS system integrated with position and velocity, though the linearization process is eliminated because of its linear model, the navigation accuracy is degraded by the correlation between the system's measurements. So the integration of range was adopted for observation model, which makes use of the original measurements of GPS, so it can improve the navigation accuracy. As this observation model is nonlinear, for the high accuracy requirement of GPS/INS integrated navigation system, the UPF (Unscented Particle Filter) algorithm was introduced to estimate the system states. The UPF is a nonlinear filer which is more suitable for nonlinear systems. The simulation was carried out under the condition of less than four GPS satellites data available, the results of which show that the estimated values with UPF are quite close to real values, and the UPF algorithm has a very good performance when it applied in the GPS/INS integrated navigation.
Comprehensive focusing analysis of various Fresnel zone plates (2004)

A series-form expression for the individual diffracted field of a general annular ring is derived from the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral. It can be used for the accurate and fast simulation of any diffractive focusing element composed of concentric transparent rings. We present a comprehensive analysis, based on the leading term and the linear superposition principle, of the focusing performances of various Fresnel zone plates. Many problems, such as the equivalent aperture function, the diffraction efficiency, the focal spot pattern, the suppression of higher orders and the appearance of "fractional orders," and the explanation for the appearance of Fraunhofer diffraction patterns, are analytically investigated in detail. Because of the great similarity between Fresnel zone plates and multilevel diffractive lenses, most of the obtained results are also applicable to multilevel diffractive lenses.
Dosimetry of Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides: Report No. 3 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6 (1994)

The biological effects of Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides can be as severe as those of alpha particles of high linear energy transfer. A great deal of effort has been expended in exploring the biological effects of Auger electron emitters. Much of this effort has been devoted to improving theoretical and experimental techniques required to calculate absorbed doses and correlate them with the observed biological effects. Given that the main purpose of dosimetry is to obtain a physical descriptor with which to correlate radiation toxicity, then nowhere is this challenge greater than when biological specimens are subject to Auger electron cascades. The dense shower of short-range Auger electrons released by radionuclides, which decay by electron capture or internal conversion, results in biological damage that is highly dependent on the location of the decay site within the cell. In this report, different approaches to Auger electron dosimetry are described and compared. Methods to calculate the absorbed dose from Auger electron emitters at the DNA, cellular, multicellular, and organ levels are described as they relate to the biological effects. The concept of a radiation weighting factor for Auger electrons to be used in the calculation of equivalent dose is reviewed. The importance of subcellular distribution of Auger emitters in determining the biological effects of these radionuclides is emphasized and incorporated into the equivalent dose formalism. The Task Group recommends that a preliminary radiation weighting factor of 10 be used for deterministic effects of Auger electrons, and a value of 20 for stochastic effects.
Mitral valve reconstruction - surgical techniques and results (2012)

Summary Mitral valve insufficiency is the second most common heart valve disease and untreated regurgitation leads to enlargement of the left atrium, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Besides functional regurgitation, the main cause is degenerative valve disease with elongation of the chordae tendineae and prolapsing of the leaflets. Surgical repair is the gold standard therapy for mitral valve insufficiency today. Numerous techniques have been described. Proposed techniques are resection of the prolapsed segment, chordae transfer and ring annuloplasty. Lately, the implantation of neochordae and the loop-technique has been established and is the preferred technique in many centres. There is ongoing discussion about the ideal timing for the intervention in asymptomatic patients. Some groups prefer a watchful waiting strategy; others promote an early intervention, which is also recommended in the guidelines. Results of surgical mitral valve repair are good with low rates of re-intervention and mortality. With minimally invasive techniques, the patient satisfaction is high and hospital stay is short. In conclusion, mitral valve repair should be the preferred strategy in patients with symptomatic mitral valve insufficiency or with asymptomatic mitral valve insufficiency in accordance with the guidelines. Modern repair techniques such as neo-chord implantation with the loop-technique combined with minimally invasive access routes result in low mortality and morbidity and short hospital stay as well as high patient satisfaction.
Efficient and Substrate‐Specific Hydration of Nitriles to Amides in Water by Using a CeO<sub>2</sub> Catalyst (2011)

CeO2 acted as a reusable and effective catalyst for the hydration of various nitriles to amides in water under neutral conditions at low temperature (30–100 °C). CeO2 showed notable substrate specificity for nitriles that have a heteroatom adjacent to the α-carbon atom of the CN group (see scheme).