gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the regulation of leucocyte recruitment (2001)

Constitutively produced nitric oxide released by endothelial cells has been shown to act as an endogenous agent which inhibits the rolling and adhesion of leucocytes in the microcirculation. However, during various types of inflammation, expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can dramatically increase the amount of nitric oxide present in tissues. Furthermore, as iNOS can be expressed by a wide variety of cell types, the distribution of nitric oxide is likely to be altered relative to that in unstimulated tissue. Under these conditions, it is less well understood whether iNOS-derived nitric oxide retains the anti-adhesive capabilities of constitutively produced nitric oxide. This review summarizes work done to examine this issue. Three main approaches have been used. In vitro studies have examined the role of iNOS in adhesive interactions between stimulated endothelial cells and leucocytes, providing evidence of an anti-adhesive effect of iNOS. In addition, the role of iNOS has been examined in vivo in animal models of inflammation using pharmacological iNOS inhibitors. These experiments were extended by the advent of the iNOS-deficient (iNOS(-/-)) mouse. Intravital microscopy studies of these mice have indicated that, under conditions of low-dose endotoxaemia, iNOS-derived nitric oxide can inhibit leucocyte rolling and adhesion. The potential mechanisms for these effects are discussed. In contrast, several other studies have observed either no effect or an enhancing effect of iNOS on inflammatory leucocyte recruitment. Taken together, these studies suggest that the importance of iNOS in modulating leucocyte recruitment can vary according to the type of inflammatory response.
A Vibrating Reed Magnetometer for Microscopic Particles (1970)

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Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption on Au Nanoparticle Films for Optical Biosensing (2006)

This work is focussed on the investigation of surface enhanced infrared ab- sorption (SEIRA) of adsorbates on wet chemically prepared Au nanoparticle (AuNP) films. Optical properties of AuNP films were investigated with VIS spectroscopy; it was shown, that it is possible to describe these properties with effective media theories. The SEIRA activity was analysed by FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbates on AuNP films and comparison of the spectra with other FTIR spectra of the same adsorbate on a smooth SEIRA inactive Au film. A SEIRA factor of 26 was found for a film of discrete spherical AuNP, while in case of grown AuNP films a SEIRA enhancement of up to three or- ders of magnitude was achieved. The AuNP film morphology was characterized with scanning force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. SEIRA ac- tive AuNP films were used as optical sensors for the ex-situ measurement of specific antibody-antigen coupling and the in-situ measurement of adsorbates (octadecanethiol, DNA) during the adsorption process.
Privacy Enhanced Active RFID Tag (2005)

In the coming future ubiquitous society, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags will be affixed to every product and person. This technology is anticipated to be a key technology that will be utilized by various ubiquitous services where these tags will be used to identify things and people and will automatically take advantage of contextual information such as location. On the other hand, a problem is arising where the excellent tracking ability of RFID is abused and personal privacy is being violated. This paper clarifies the active tag privacy problem and proposes a method for protecting personal privacy regarding the active RFID tags. In the proposed method, reencryption technologies are used to make the tag ID variable. Since variable IDs generated from one ID are cannot be linked to one another by third parties, RFID privacy problems based on a fixed ID can be abated. Furthermore, we introduce an active tag prototype that implements the proposed method and evaluated its effectiveness.
<b>Differentiation of Sinus Tachycardia From Ventricular Tachycardia with 1:1 Ventriculoatrial Conduction in Dual Chamher Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators</b>: Feasibility of a Criterion Based on the Atrioventricular Interval (1994)

Tachycardia discrimination in future implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is likely to be enhanced by the addition of an atrial sensing/pacing lead. However, differentiation of sinus tachycardia (ST) from ventricular tachycardia (VT) with 1:1 VA conduction will remain problematic. We assessed the use of the AV interval as a potential criterion for correctly differentiating ST from VT. Incremental V pacing at the right ventricular (RV) apex served as a "VT" model in each of 41 patients with 1:1 VA conduction to pacing cycle lengths < or = 450 msec. High right atrial and RV apical electrograms during normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and during incremental V pacing were digitized (simulating ICD sensing). From these signals, AV interval versus pacing cycle length plots were computer generated to identify crossover cycle lengths, each defined as the cycle length at which the AV interval during V pacing equals the AV interval during NSR. At cycle lengths longer than the crossover value, the AV interval during "VT" exceeds the AV interval during NSR. In contrast, the AV interval during ST is physiologically shorter than the AV interval during NSR. Thus, ST can be readily differentiated from "VT" over a range of cycle lengths greater than the crossover value. The overall mean calculated crossover cycle length was 371 +/- 52 msec. In 11 patients paced multiple times, each crossover cycle length was reproducible (mean coefficient of variation was 1.2% +/- 0.9% per patient). AV intervals measured at the RV apex were also analyzed with incremental V pacing during catecholamine stimulation (isoproterenol, n = 5) and during alternate site "VT" (RV outflow tract [n = 8] and left ventricle [n = 2]). In all these cases, the new "VT" plots of AV interval versus pacing cycle length coincided with or fell to the left of those obtained during control RV apical pacing and recording (i.e., these AV interval values crossed the NSR baseline at cycle lengths < or = the crossover cycle length). Thus, the cycle length range for recognizable differentiation of ST from "VT" remained valid. The data suggest that the described AV interval criterion relying on the crossover cycle length: (1) is a promising approach to improve differentiation of ST from relatively slow VTs with 1:1 VA conduction, and (2) can readily be automated in future dual chamber ICDs, given its computational simplicity.
A systems approach to electromigration prevention in bipolar integrated circuits (2003)

A rigorous statistical technique is presented for properly modeling the design rules for the maximum current density permitted to pass through the interconnecting metal of an integrated circuit. The electromigration model includes consideration of the circuit's overall manufacturing and systems environment. Process variables, assembly variables, and variations in the system's electrical and thermal environment are statistically accounted for when determining current density limits in the metallization. This assures that the reliability requirements of the circuit are met.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cytoplasmic and Extracellular IsK Peptides Activate Endogenous K and Cl Channels in Xenopus Oocytes (1996)

IsK is a 14.5-kDa type III membrane glycoprotein which induces slowly activating K+ and Cl- currents when expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK 293 cells. Recently, mutagenesis experiments identified amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of IsK as critical for induction of Cl- and K+ currents, respectively. This hypothesis was tested by examining effects of synthetic IsK hydrophilic peptides on untreated Xenopus oocytes. In agreement with IsK membrane topology, we show here that peptides derived from carboxyl and amino termini are sufficient to activate slow K+ and Cl- channels whose biophysical and pharmacological characteristics are similar to those exhibited by the native IsK protein. That data provide further evidence that IsK is a regulatory subunit of pre-existing silent channel complexes rather than a channel per se.
Query-by-example (1975)

Query-by-Example is a query language for use by non-programmers querying a relational data base. In an earlier paper, the features of this language were introduced; however, it was assumed that the data base was already defined and available to the user.
Partial removal of transmission errors in digitally encoded speech (1978)

Error protection coding is often used to combat the effect of transmission errors in binary encoded speech, but, if data throughput is to be kept constant, it requires an increase in transmission bit rate. An alternative approach, which does not use a protection code, decodes the erroneous speech at the receiver, inspects it, deduces the effect of transmission errors, and partially corrects it using a simple statistical hypothesis
A fast division algorithm for VLSI (2002)

A novel and fast method for VLSI division is presented. The method is based on Svoboda's algorithm and uses the radix-2 signed-digit number system to give a divider in which quotient bit selection is a function of the two most significant digits of the current partial remainder. An n-bit divider produces an n-bit quotient in redundant form in 3n gate delays using n(n-1) controlled full add/subtract circuits. Operand pre-scaling necessary for the algorithm is accomplished by a single subtraction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nanoengineered Multiscale Hierarchical Structures with Tailored Wetting Properties (2006)

A simple method for fabricating micro/nanoscale hierarchical structures is presented using a two-step temperature-directed capillary molding technique. This lithographic method involves a sequential application of the molding process in which a uniform polymer-coated surface is molded with a patterned mold by means of capillary force above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Various microstructures and nanostructures were fabricated with minimum resolution down to approximately 50 nm with good reproducibility. Also contact angle measurements of water indicated that two wetting states coexist on a multiscale hierarchical structure where heterogeneous wetting is dominant for the microstructure and homogeneous wetting for the nanostructure. A simple theoretical model combining these two wetting states was presented, which was in good agreement with the experimental data. Using this approach, multiscale hierarchical structures for biomimetic functional surfaces can be fabricated with precise control over geometrical parameters and the wettability of a solid surface can be tailored in a controllable manner.
A practical multi-plane method for a low-cost camera calibration technique (1999)

This work presents a camera calibration technique based on the use of two (or more) independent calibration planes. It's robust with respect to noise and plane configurations, and it is suited for in situ image acquisition in the context of robot vision. The use of independent calibration planes for getting 3D test points without any knowledge about their relative displacement and without the need of an expensive calibration setup is a major advantage of the proposed method. The framework proposed here is believed to have important applications for robot eye-hand systems.
Piezoelectric Properties of Fine-Grained Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Modified with Pb(Sb<sub>1/2</sub>Nb<sub>1/2</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> (1994)

Sinterability, microstructure and piezoelectric properties were examined in the piezoelectric ceramics of the (1- x )Pb(Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 )O 3 - x Pb(Sb 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 ternary system. Pb(Sb 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 suppressed the grain growth of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics; the substitution with Pb(Sb 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 was effective to obtain fine-grained piezoelectric ceramics. Furthermore, the submicron grinding of calcined powder by ball-milling enabled densification even at the firing temperature of 1000° C. The piezoelectric ceramics having submicron-size grains were consequently obtained. The sample had an average grain size of 0.7 µ m and showed planar coupling factors ( k p ) around 0.65.
The spin delocalization substitutent parameter σ<sub>JJ</sub>. 5. Correlation analysis of <sup>19</sup>F chemical shifts of substituted trifluorostyrenes. The unresolved polar substituent parameter σ<sub>mb</sub> (1990)

Abstract The 19 F NMR spectra of 30 substituted α,β,β‐trifluorostyrenes (Y‐TFSs, 1) covering a diverse range of substituents are reported and discussed. Values (δ F 1, δ F 2, Δδ 3 − 1 and Δδ 3 − 2 ) derived from the 19 F NMR chemical shifts of the fluorine atoms of 1 are found to correlate very well with σ I and σ . The results of the correlations of the 19 F chemical shifts with dual (σ F and σ R ) and triple parameter (σ F , σ R and σ α ) treatments are compared. An unresolved substituent parameter σ mb , is proposed for applications to systems in which the substitutent Y interacts with a multiple bond and is compared with σ + .
Reversible Hydration of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> in Films, Single Crystals, and Solar Cells (2015)

Solar cells composed of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPI) are notorious for their sensitivity to moisture. We show that (i) hydrated crystal phases are formed when MAPI is exposed to water vapor at room temperature and (ii) these phase changes are fully reversed when the material is subsequently dried. The reversible formation of CH3NH3PbI3·H2O followed by (CH3NH3)4PbI6·2H2O (upon long exposure times) was observed using time-resolved XRD and ellipsometry of thin films prepared using “solvent engineering”, single crystals, and state-of-the-art solar cells. In contrast to water vapor, the presence of liquid water results in the irreversible decomposition of MAPI to form PbI2. MAPI changes from dark brown to transparent on hydration; the precise optical constants of CH3NH3PbI3·H2O formed on single crystals were determined, with a bandgap at 3.1 eV. Using the single-crystal optical constants and thin-film ellipsometry measurements, the time-dependent changes to MAPI films exposed to moisture were modeled. The results suggest that the monohydrate phase forms independent of the depth in the film, suggesting rapid transport of water molecules along grain boundaries. Vapor-phase hydration of an unencapsulated solar cell (initially Jsc ≈ 19 mA cm–2 and Voc ≈ 1.05 V at 1 sun) resulted in more than a 90% drop in short-circuit photocurrent and ∼200 mV loss in open-circuit potential; however, these losses were fully reversed after the device was exposed to dry nitrogen for 6 h. Hysteresis in the current–voltage characteristics was significantly increased after this dehydration, which may be related to changes in the defect density and morphology of MAPI following recrystallization from the hydrate. Based on our observations, we suggest that irreversible decomposition of MAPI in the presence of water vapor only occurs significantly once a grain has been fully converted to the monohydrate phase.
Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis (2009)

Neuraminidase inhibitors have modest effectiveness against the symptoms of influenza in otherwise healthy adults. The drugs are effective postexposure against laboratory confirmed influenza, but this is a small component of influenza-like illness, so for this outcome neuraminidase inhibitors are not effective. Neuraminidase inhibitors might be regarded as optional for reducing the symptoms of seasonal influenza. Paucity of good data has undermined previous findings for oseltamivir's prevention of complications from influenza. Independent randomised trials to resolve these uncertainties are needed.
Reactivity of a palladium fluoro complex towards silanes and Bu<sub>3</sub>SnCHCH<sub>2</sub>: catalytic derivatisation of pentafluoropyridine based on carbon–fluorine bond activation reactions (2006)

The chloro and azido complexes trans-[PdCl(4-C5NF4)(PiPr3)2] (3) and trans-[Pd(N3)(4-C5NF4)(PiPr3)2] (4) can be prepared by reaction of [PdF(4-C5NF4)(PiPr3)2] (2) with Et3SiCl or MeSiN3, respectively. In contrast, reactions of 2 with Ph3SiH or Me2FSiSiFMe2 give the products of reductive elimination 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine (5) or 4-(fluorodimethylsilyl)tetrafluoropyridine (6) as well as [Pd(PiPr3)2] (1). In a catalytic experiment, pentafluoropyridine can be converted with Ph3SiH into 5 in 62% yield, when 10% of 2 is employed as catalyst. Treatment of trans-[PdF(4-C5NF4)(PiPr3)2] (2) with Bu3SnCH=CH2 in THF at 50 degrees C results in the formation of [Pd(PiPr3)2] (1) and 4-vinyltetrafluoropyridine (7). Complex 2 is also active as a catalyst towards a Stille cross-coupling reaction of pentafluoropyridine with Bu3SnCH=CH2 to give 4-vinyltetrafluoropyridine (7) with a TON of 6. The molecular structure of the complex 3 has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Dances and Music at the International Folk Music Congress and Festival, Venice, 1949 (1950)

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The HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (2001)

Many people know of Health Level 7 (HL7) as an organization that creates health care messaging standards. Health Level 7 is also developing standards for the representation of clinical documents (such as discharge summaries and progress notes). These document standards make up the HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA). The HL7 CDA Framework, release 1.0, became an ANSI-approved HL7 standard in November 2000. This article presents the approach and objectives of the CDA, along with a technical overview of the standard. The CDA is a document markup standard that specifies the structure and semantics of clinical documents. A CDA document is a defined and complete information object that can include text, images, sounds, and other multimedia content. The document can be sent inside an HL7 message and can exist independently, outside a transferring message. The first release of the standard has attempted to fill an important gap by addressing common and largely narrative clinical notes. It deliberately leaves out certain advanced and complex semantics, both to foster broad implementation and to give time for these complex semantics to be fleshed out within HL7. Being a part of the emerging HL7 version 3 family of standards, the CDA derives its semantic content from the shared HL7 Reference Information Model and is implemented in Extensible Markup Language. The HL7 mission is to develop standards that enable semantic interoperability across all platforms. The HL7 version 3 family of standards, including the CDA, are moving us closer to the realization of this vision.
Randomized phase III trial of regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of the CORRECT Japanese and non-Japanese subpopulations (2014)

Regorafenib appears to have comparable efficacy in Japanese and non-Japanese subpopulations, with a manageable adverse-event profile, suggesting that this agent could potentially become a standard of care in patients with mCRC.
Polarization-independent filtering in a grating-assisted horizontal directional coupler (1995)

We report here on the design and the first realization of a grating-assisted horizontal directional coupler filter exhibiting a highly reduced polarization sensitivity. The filter, which is based on InP-InGaAsP materials, is particularly suitable for integration in a 1.3/spl plusmn/1.3 μm duplexer. A polarization dependence below 1 dB has been measured for the separation of two 10 nm wide channels, respectively centered at 1.28 μm and 1.32 μm, for a rejection ratio of 10 dB.
A simplified cataract grading system The WHO Cataract Grading Group (2002)

A simplified method for grading the presence and severity of different cataract types is needed for field use in assessment of the magnitude of the cataract problem. A cataract grading system was developed by a panel of experts with the objective of making available a simple system for use with a slit lamp to allow for the reliable grading of the most common forms of cataract by relatively inexperienced observers. Three levels, reflecting progressive severity, for grading of nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract were included in the classification; three standard photos were used for grading nuclear cataract. Field evaluation from four different sites indicated very good to fair interobserver agreement with the use of this system following minimal training of residents in ophthalmology at each site. Further testing of this system is warranted. The WHO simplified cataract grading system should allow for the obtaining of comparable data across countries based on field assessment of the most common forms of cataract.
Appearance-based Arabic Sign Language recognition using Hidden Markov Models (2014)

In this paper, we propose a new method to solve sign language recognition problem using appearance-based features. Particularly, Local Binary Patterns (LBP) are employed to describe the texture and the shape of sign language images. The feature vector resulted from LBP operator is further reduced using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The appearance-based features are classified using Hidden Markov Models (HMM). The performance of the proposed method is measured using Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) database. The proposed method does not rely on the use of data gloves or other means of input devices, and it allows the deaf signers to perform gestures without imposing any restriction on clothing or image background. Using LBP and PCA features, a recognition rate up to 99.97% was achieved for signer dependent recognition.
Quantification of scattering corrections to the Beer-Lambert law for transmittance measurements in turbid media (2002)

We present a modelled approach of scattering contribution to the radiation transmission through a scattering medium, such as an aerosol, yielding a correction term to the Lambert-Beer law. The correction is essential because a certain amount of the forward scattered light flux is always overlaid on the transmitted radiation. Hence it enters together with the attenuated beam into the finite aperture of any detector system and therefore constitutes a potential problem in the inversion of measured data. This correction depends not only on the geometry of the measuring system but also substantially on the optical depth of the medium. We discuss the numerical analysis of the magnitude and functional behaviour of the scattering correction for a number of important measuring parameters and we give a simple approximation for the determination of the range of applicability of the scattering correction for single scattering conditions. Finally, we show that the derived expressions yield useful values of optical depths at which non-negligible multiple scattering effects occur.
System in package "the rebirth of SIP" (2004)

SIP, or system in package, is a fairly old concept that is enjoying rebirth in a new body, literally. On the scene over the years as a means to create a tightly coupled high performance system using bare chips attached in a single package, the new embodiment of SIP is targeting handheld computing and communication products which require space minimization. For SIP to be successful requires reaching toward new assembly technologies to enable die thinning and stacking. Stacking the multiple chips needed for the system helps to minimize x-y package dimensions, while thinning minimizes total height, especially when stacking many chips. This paper provides an overview of several SIP approaches, describes the required assembly technologies, the key silicon-package integration challenges, and how these are being brought together to enable increasing performance and function in ever decreasing space.