gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial DNA Typing Screens with Control Region and Coding Region SNPs (2005)

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis has found an important niche in forensic DNA typing. It is used with highly degraded samples or low-copy number materials such as might be found from shed hair or bones exposed to severe environmental conditions. The primary advantage of mtDNA is that it is present in high copy number within cells and therefore more likely to be recovered from highly degraded specimens. A major disadvantage to traditional forensic mtDNA analysis is that it is time-consuming and labor-intensive to generate and review the 610 nucleotides of sequence information commonly targeted in hypervariable regions I and II (HVI and HVII) of the control region. In addition, common haplotypes exist in HVI/HVII mtDNA sequences that can reduce the ability to differentiate two unrelated samples. In this report we describe the utility of two newly available screening assays for rapid exclusion of non-matching samples. The LINEAR ARRAY mtDNA HVI/HVII Region-Sequencing Typing Kit (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN) was used to type 666 individuals from U.S. Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic groups. Processing of the LINEAR ARRAY probe panels “mito strips” was automated on a ProfiBlot workstation. Observable variation in 666 individuals is reported and frequencies of the mitotypes within and between populations are presented. Samples exhibiting the most common Caucasian mitotype were subdivided with a multiplexed amplification and detection assay using eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome. These types of screening assays should enable more rapid evaluation of forensic casework samples such that only samples not excluded would be subjected to further characterization through full HVI/HVII mtDNA sequence analysis.
Liposomal Polyamine−Dialkyl Phosphate Conjugates as Effective Gene Carriers: Chemical Structure, Morphology, and Gene Transfer Activity (2010)

Synthetic cationic lipids are promising transfection agents for gene therapy. We report here that polyamine conjugates of dialkyl phosphates, combined with natural lipids and assembled in the form of liposomes (polycationic liposome: PCL), possess high transfection activity in the COS-1 cell line. Furthermore, we describe the functional morphology of the PCL/DNA complexes as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The conjugates were synthesized from dialkyl phosphates (with alkyl chain lengths of 12, 14, or 16 carbons) by reaction with the polyamine molecules, spermidine, spermine, or polyethylenimine (PEI(1800)). [Dewa, T., et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2004, 15, 824]. The PCL composed of the spermidine and C16 conjugate combined with phospholipid and cholesterol (conjugate/phospholipid/cholesterol = 1/1/1 as a molar ratio) exhibited 3.6 times higher activity than that of a popular commercial product. Systematic tests revealed clear correlations of the transgene activity with physical properties of the polyamine, in particular, that longer alkyl chains and the lower molecular weight polyamines (spermidine, spermine) favor high efficacy at the higher nitrogen/phosphate ratio = 24 (N/P, stoichiometric ratio of nitrogen in the conjugate to phosphate in DNA). The low molecular weight polyamine-based PCLs, which formed 150-400 nm particles with plasmid DNA (lipoplexes), exhibited approximately 3-fold higher gene transfer activity than micellar aggregates (lacking phospholipid and cholesterol) of the corresponding conjugate. In contrast, the PEI-based PCL formed large aggregates (approximately 1 microm), that, like the micellar aggregate form, had low activity. Activity of the low molecular weight polyamine-based PCLs increased linearly with the N/P of the lipoplex up to N/P = 24. Formation of lipoplexes was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and AFM. At the lower N/P = 5, large aggregates of complex (approximately 1 microm), in which DNA molecules were loosely packed, were observed. At higher N/P, lipoplexes were converted into smaller particles (150-400 nm) having a lamellar structure, in which DNA molecules were tightly packed. Such morphological features of the lipoplex correlate with the dependence of transfection on the N/P in that the lamellar structures gave superior transfection. AFM also indicated that the lipoplexes disassembled significantly, releasing DNA, when the lipoplexes were exposed to acidic conditions (pH 4). The significance for transfection activity of the metamorphosis of bilayer lipoplexes is discussed relative to that of the less active micellar aggregate form, which is unresponsive to pH change.
A 2pAspl radic/Hz 622 Mb/s GaAs MESFET transimpedance amplifier (2002)

Telecommunication systems require high sensitivity transimpedance amplifiers with wide dynamic range for loopback testing. Although GaAs MESFET technology has superior noise performance compared to silicon technology for transimpedance amplifiers, this has not been fully exploited. Low voltage gain, which leads to a small feedback resistor, and the use of numerous active devices that have significant channel noise degrades the noise performance of many designs. Silicon bipolar transimpedance amplifiers suffer from poor sensitivity because of the shot noise produced by the base current, and from the thermal noise produced by a low-value feedback resistor. A low-value feedback resistor can result from the parasitic capacitance associated with implanted or thin-film resistors, and the lossy silicon substrate. This parasitic capacitance lowers the bandwidth because it exists in the feedback path with the feedback resistor and/or because it degrades stability. GaAs MESFET technology, on the other hand, does not suffer from this limitation because of the semi-insulating substrate. The challenge for GaAs MESFET technology is to produce adequate voltage gain in spite of the low inherent gain of short-channel MESFETs without degrading noise performance or stability. The circuit described here meets these requirements and achieves an average input-referred noise current of <2pAspl radic/Hz over 500 MHz bandwidth. Self-contained AGC extends dynamic range without external components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Carrying Amino Lipid Groups at the 3′-End for RNA Interference Studies (2010)

Novel lipid derivatives carrying amino and triazolyl groups were efficiently synthesized and covalently anchored at the 3′-termini of oligonucleotides. The desired amino-lipid conjugates were fully characterized by reversed-phase HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The methodology was applied to the synthesis of lipid−siRNA designed to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in order to obtain siRNAs with anti-inflammatory properties. The siRNA duplex carrying amino-lipids at the 3′-end of the passenger strand has inhibitory properties similar to those of unmodified RNA duplexes in HeLa cells, indicating that the new lipid derivatives are compatible with the RNA interference machinery.
Aberrant Crypt Foci of the Colon as Precursors of Adenoma and Cancer (1998)

Aberrant crypt foci, particularly those that are large and have dysplastic features, may be precursors of adenoma and cancer.
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy study on graphite and 2<i>H</i>–NbSe2 (1988)

Simultaneous measurements of scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are performed on HOPG and 2H–NbSe2 in air. In order to see the distribution of local density of states related to different atomic sites and species STS images of normalized differential conductance are mapped. Correlation function between the STS images and corrugation in corresponding STM image is obtained as a function of the tip bias voltage.
Lobular carcinoma in situ at percutaneous breast biopsy: surgical biopsy findings. (1999)

Surgical excision was warranted in lesions in which LCIS was found at percutaneous breast biopsy when the percutaneous biopsy histologic features overlapped with those of DCIS, when a high-risk lesion was present, or when there was imaging-histologic discordance. LCIS without these factors was not shown to require surgical excision in our small series, but a larger study is needed. Diagnosis of LCIS at percutaneous biopsy is a marker for women who are at increased risk of ductal or lobular carcinoma in either breast.
Treatment of Cellulite Using a 1440-nm Pulsed Laser With One-Year Follow-Up (2011)

Background: Cellulite is characterized by a thickened hypodermal fat layer, along with hypodermal fat lobules that extend upward into the dermis, expanding and stretching the fibrous septae that separate the fat lobules. Eventually, the septae sclerose, contract, and harden, holding the skin at an inflexible length while the surrounding tissue continues to expand.
Linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in spherical quantum dots: Effects of impurities, electric field, size, and optical intensity (2008)

In the present work, the case of a spherical quantum dot with parabolic confinement subjected to an external electric field with the presence of an impurity, the linear and third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients as well as refractive index changes have been calculated. The numerical method we are using for the calculation of the energy levels and the corresponding wave functions is the potential morphing method in the effective mass approximation. As our results indicate an increase of the electric field and/or the position of the impurity and/or the quantum dot radius redshifts the peak positions of the total absorption coefficient and total refractive index changes. Additionally, an increase of the position of the impurity and/or the quantum dot radius decreases the total absorption coefficient and increases the total refractive index changes. An increase also of the electric field decreases the total absorption coefficient but does not significantly affect the peak values of the total refractive index changes. Finally, an increase of the optical intensity considerably changes the total absorption coefficient as well as the total refractive index changes.
Treatment of Inappropriate Secretion of Thyrotropin with Somatostatin Analog SMS 201-995 (1988)

Inappropriate thyrotropin secretion (IST) may originate from either neoplastic disease (nIST) or non-neoplastic resistance to thyroid hormone (nnIST). An inhibitory effect of somatostatin on TSH secretion has been documented. In an attempt to elucidate the possible therapeutic effect of this peptide on nIST and nnIST, a study was conducted in 7 such patients. Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) was administered in daily doses of 100 micrograms for several days to 1 month. Four patients with nIST responded with a fall in circulating TSH as well as alpha-subunit with concomitant normalization of free thyroxine and clear symptomatic improvement. In the 3 nnIST patients this effect was considerably less apparent and a partial TSH escape was observed on long-term treatment in 2 cases. The importance of somatostatin and its analogs in the management of thyroid malignancy is stressed.
Applications and Technology of Electronic Nose for Clinical Diagnosis (2013)

Rapid advances in sensor technologies have facilitated the development of high-performance electronic noses that can detect and discriminate volatile compounds in situ. The research and development of electronic noses has resulted in a new qualitative and semi-quantitative detection approach in the field of clinical diagnostics. Electronic noses have a clear potential to be a non-invasive, simple and rapid but above all accurate early diagnostic screening tool. This review collates existing knowledge of recent advances in electronic nose technologies and applications.
Online Viscosity Measurement of Complex Solutions Using Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (2006)

A new method to measure the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids over a wide range of shear rates in a short period of time is presented. The technique is based on the measurement of the velocity profile in a pipe flow using ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV), which is a non-invasive method, and simultaneously determining the pressure drop. The velocity profile is used to obtain shear rate distribution, while the pressure drop is used to calculate the shear stress distribution. By taking the ratio of these quantities at a radial position, local viscosity can be obtained within the shear rate range in the flow, zero at the center, and maximum at the wall, within minutes. For comparison purposes, viscosity of xanthan gum solutions with concentrations of 0.6 and 1.0 kg/m(3) are also measured using a conventional technique and the agreement between the results is satisfactory. Therefore, this technique shows promise for use as an online viscosity sensor for production processes.
Rehabilitative Success After Brain Trauma by Augmenting a Subtherapeutic Dose of Environmental Enrichment With Galantamine (2017)

The findings support the hypothesis and have clinical relevance because, often, only brief rehabilitation may be available in the clinic and, thus, augmenting with a pharmacotherapy such as GAL may lead to outcomes that are significantly better than either therapy alone.
Effect of nitrate and its reduction products on the growth and activity of the rumen microbial population (1988)

1. The nature of the digestion-inhibiting substance in Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum, Hochst), containing high levels of nitrate, was investigated using in vitro digestibility techniques. 2. Nitrite, which accumulated during the reduction of nitrate to ammonia, seemed to be the primary factor reducing digestibility. Nitrate and ammonia did not affect digestion in vitro. 3. Nitrite caused a reduction in the cellulolytic, xylanolytic and total microbial population, with a concomitant reduction in cellulase and xylanase activity of the digesta. 4. The mode of action of nitrite on rumen microbial growth was investigated. 5. The possibility that the growth of cellulolytic rumen microbes was depressed by a reduction in concentration of essential branched-chain volatile fatty acids by nitrite was discounted. 6. Although nitrite caused a marked increase in the redox potential, due to its oxidizing properties, the more-positive redox potential did not reduce the digestibility of the grass. 7. The growth of three of the four major cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in the rumen was severely depressed by nitrite, while some rumen bacteria were relatively insensitive to nitrite. 8. Growth inhibition seemed to depend primarily on the extent to which these microbes derive their energy from electron-transport-mediated processes. 9. It was suggested that, due to the sensitivity of some rumen bacteria to nitrite, digestibility and therefore animal performance could be affected long before clinical symptoms of nitrite toxicity become apparent.
Is TWEAK a Biomarker for Autoimmune/Chronic Inflammatory Diseases? (2013)

The TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is now well-known for its involvement in the modulation of inflammation in various human autoimmune/chronic inflammatory diseases (AICID) including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. A panel of data is now available concerning TWEAK expression in tissues or biological fluids of patients suffering from AICID, suggesting that it could be a promising biological marker in these diseases. Evidences from several teams support the hypothesis that blocking TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is an attractive new therapeutic lead in such diseases and clinical trials with anti-TWEAK-blocking antibodies are in progress. In this mini-review we discuss the potential use of TWEAK quantification in AICD management in routine practice and highlight the challenge of standardizing data collection to better estimate the clinical utility of such a biological parameter.
Electrochemical Behavior of Chloramines on the Rotating Platinum and Gold Electrodes (2003)

Electroreduction of chloramines (mono-, di-, and trichloramine) in 1 M solutions of different pH was investigated at the rotating platinum and gold electrodes. It was found that all chloramines are present in the solution in nonprotonated forms and give well-formed one-step or two-step current-potential waves. The final products of reduction are ammonium (or ammonia) and chloride ions. Monochloramine is reduced in a single two-electron irreversible wave. Hydrazine is not an intermediate in monochloramine reduction. Dichloramine reduction generally proceeds in two two-electron steps (via monochloramine). Below pH 4.3 a kinetic current due to the protonated dichloramine reduction (single four-electron wave) is in force, appearing as an increase of the height of the first step on lowering pH. Due to this process below pH 2.5 only one four-electron reduction wave is observed. Trichloramine reduction occurs in two steps: two-electron trichloramine to dichloramine reduction and four-electron dichloramine reduction. In strong acidic solutions the kinetic current due to the protonated trichloramine reduction has to be taken into account. A reaction mechanism common for all chloramines was proposed with [NXCl⋅] as an intermediate HCl, and for mono-, di-, and trichloramine, respectively). The rate-determining step does not involve proton transfer. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Thermal Deterioration of Wood (1977)

When wood is heated at elevated temperatures, it will show a permanent loss of strength resulting from chemical changes in its components. The thermal decomposition can start at temperatures below 100°C if wood is heated for an extended period of time. Figure 1 shows that wood heated at 120° loses 10% of its strength in about one month, but i t takes only one week to obtain the same loss of strength if it is heated at 140° (1). Heating at higher temperatures gives volatile decomposition products and a charred residue. The pyrolytic reactions and products control the combustion process and relate to the problems of cellulosic fires, chemical conversion of cellulosic wastes and utilization of wood residues as an alternative energy source. In our laboratory, the pyrolytic reactions of wood and its major components have been investigated by a variety of analytical methods. Thermal analysis of cottonwood and its
Demonstration of Direct Bioanalysis of Drugs in Plasma Using Nanoelectrospray Infusion from a Silicon Chip Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2003)

Quantitative bioanalysis by direct nanoelectrospray infusion coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been achieved using an automated liquid sampler integrated with an array of microfabricated electrospray nozzles allowing rapid, serial sample introduction (1 min/ sample). Standard curves prepared in human plasma for verapamil (r2 = 0.999) and its metabolite norverapamil (r2 = 0.998) were linear over a range of 2.5-500 ng/ mL. Based on the observed precision and accuracy, a lower limit of quantitation of 5 ng/mL was assigned for both analytes. Sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation with an organic solvent containing the structural analogue gallopamil as an internal standard. Protein precipitation was selected both to maximize throughput and to test the robustness of direct nanoelectrospray infusion. Aliquots of supernatant (10 pL) were transferred to the back plane of the chip using disposable, conductive pipet tips for direct infusion at a flow rate of 300 nL/min. Electrospray ionization occurred from the etched nozzles (30-microm o.d.) on the front of the chip, initiated by a voltage applied to the liquid through the pipet tip. The chip was positioned near the API sampling orifice of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which was operated in selected reaction monitoring mode. Results are presented that document the complete elimination of system carry-over, attributed to lack of a redundant fluid path. This technology offers potential advantages for MS-based screening applications in drug discovery by reducing the time for methods development and sample analysis.
An adaptive bloom filter cache partitioning scheme for multicore architectures (2008)

This paper investigates the problem of partitioning the last-level shared cache of multicore architectures. Contention for such a shared resource has been shown to severely degrade performance when running multiple applications. As architectures incorporate more cores, multiple application workloads become increasingly attractive, further exacerbating contention at the last-level cache. Today, cache replacement policies, extensively studied for uniprocessor systems, are being employed within new multicore architectures with little, if any, adaptation. However the parameters in these new systems are likely to be different. The least recently used (LRU) policy, for example, which is widely accepted as the best replacement policy in uniprocessor caches, often results in poor resource sharing in a multicore system, signalling the importance of reevaluating the effectiveness of these policies in the new architectures. This paper proposes adaptive bloom filter cache partitioning (ABFCP), a low-cost, dynamic cache partitioning mechanism capable of better resource sharing at the last-level cache than LRU, improving the performance of an eight-core system on average by 5.92% over the LRU policy. Moreover, the proposed scheme provides the equivalent performance benefits that could be gained from almost a 50% increase in the last-level cache and shows increasing benefit as the number of cores rises.
<i>Viviparous-1</i> Mutation in Maize Conditions Pleiotropic Enzyme Deficiencies in the Aleurone (1985)

The viviparous-1 (vp1) mutation in maize (Zea mays L.) conditions a unique pleiotropic phenotype: premature germination of the embryo and failure to synthesize anthocyanin (flavonoid) pigments in the aleurone. By using a B-A translocation, it is possible to analyze the basis for the anthocyaninless phenotype of vp1 in the absence of vivipary. Anthocyaninless vp1 aleurones were found to be deficient in at least three enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, and UDPG-flavonoid glucosyltransferase) as well as in several other metabolically unrelated enzymes that show pronounced increases in late stages of aleurone development. The set of structural genes encoding such enzymes is postulated to be under the regulation of the vpl gene.
The effect of EMG triggered electrical stimulation plus task practice on arm function in chronic stroke patients with moderate-severe arm deficits (2013)

An intensive program of EMG-ES assisted functional training is feasible, well tolerated, and leads to improvements in moderate-severe deficits of arm function post stroke. Larger placebo controlled studies are needed to explore any advantage of bilateral over unilateral EMG-ES assisted training.
High performance algorithms for digital signal processing AGC (2002)

New types of discrete-time automatic gain control (AGC) circuits are proposed. The AGCs are based on iterative processes, and both feedforward and feedback structures are considered for two different signal energy detectors: mean absolute deviation (MAD) and root mean square (RMS). The different algorithms were implemented on a digital signal processor, and experimental results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Charge fluctuations from the chiral magnetic effect in nuclear collisions (2010)

We derive a nonlocal effective Lagrangian for the chiral magnetic effect. An electric field is generated by winding number fluctuations of the nonabelian gauge field in the presence of a strong magnetic field. We estimate the magnitude of charge asymmetry fluctuations with respect to the reaction plane induced by the chiral magnetic effect in relativistic heavy-ion collisions to be less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, several orders of magnitude smaller than the signal observed in the STAR experiment.