gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The initiation phenomena of electrical treeing in XLPE cable insulation (2012)

Since the XLPE cables are widely used in power system and electrical treeing is one of the major breakdown mechanisms for solid dielectrics subjected to high electrical stresses, it's of great importance to study the electrical treeing phenomena in XLPE cable insulation for the improvement of safety and reliability of power system. The process of electrical treeing includes three stages: initiation, propagation and breaking down. In this paper, the initiation phenomena of electrical treeing in XLPE cable insulation are studied. XLPE samples are obtained from a commercial XLPE power cable, in which electrical trees have been grown from pin to plane. The process of electrical treeing in XLPE samples are uninterrupted recorded by an online microphotograph system. The growing time and structure of tree initiation subjected to various voltages, frequencies and pin-plane spacings are analyzed. The results show that trees in different structures have the similar initiation structure. With the larger voltage and shorter pin-plane spacing, the time for initiation was longer and less dispersed. The influence of frequency on initiation is relatively small.
Noninvasive quantitative imaging of shape and volume of lungs (1983)

The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR) can be used to determine detailed structure-to-function relationships or organ systems in vivo. A basic index of lung structure (shape and dimensions) is total lung volume. We checked the accuracy with which in vivo lung volumes can be measured by comparing lung volume (air plus tissue) determined by DSR scanning with that determined by excision and water displacement. Six dogs (2.5-26 kg) under morphine-pentobarbital anesthesia were scanned supine or prone at functional residual capacity and/or total lung capacity. With the trachea clamped at the lung volume scanned, a lethal dose of pentobarbital was administered, the lung excised, and its volume determined by water displacement. In vivo scan data were used to reconstruct adjacent 0.9-mm-thick transverse sections over the entire axial extent of the thorax. A three-dimensional surface-detection algorithm was used to generate shaded surface displays of the in situ lungs. The number of voxels (volume picture elements) of known dimensions contained within the three-dimensional image of the lung was summed to estimate total lung volume. Lung volumes calculated from the in vivo images ranged from -3.4 to +2.3% of the lung volume determined in vitro. The mean difference was 1.38 +/- 0.07% (SE). Regression analysis yielded an r value (correlation) of 1.00, a slope of 0.99, and an intercept of -4.35 ml. Multiple lung inflation steps scanned and analyzed in one dog showed similar accuracy. This technique is applicable to subjects with thorax dimensions up to 42 cm in cephalocaudal height and 39 cm in ventrodorsal and transverse diameters.
Micro-fabrication by laser radiation forces: A direct route to reversible free-standing three-dimensional structures (2012)

The origins and first demonstration of structurally stable solids formed by use of radiation forces are presented. By experimentally proving that radiation forces can indeed produce stable solid material forms, a novel method enabling two- and three-dimensional (2d and 3d) microfabrication is introduced: An optical, non-contact single-step physical operation, reversible with respect to materials nature, based on the sole use of radiation forces. The present innovation is elucidated by the formation of polyisoprene and polybutadiene micro-solids, as well as plasmonic and fluorescent hybrids, respectively comprising Au nanoparticles and CdS quantum dots, together with novel concepts of polymeric fiber-drawing by radiation forces.
BPIFB1 Is a Lung-Specific Autoantigen Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease (2013)

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that is often associated with autoimmune syndromes. Despite the connection between ILD and autoimmunity, it remains unclear whether ILD can develop from an autoimmune response that specifically targets the lung parenchyma. We examined a severe form of autoimmune disease, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1), and established a strong link between an autoimmune response to the lung-specific protein BPIFB1 (bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing B1) and clinical ILD. Screening of a large cohort of APS1 patients revealed autoantibodies to BPIFB1 in 9.6% of APS1 subjects overall and in 100% of APS1 subjects with ILD. Further investigation of ILD outside the APS1 disorder revealed BPIFB1 autoantibodies present in 14.6% of patients with connective tissue disease-associated ILD and in 12.0% of patients with idiopathic ILD. The animal model for APS1, Aire⁻/⁻ mice, harbors autoantibodies to a similar lung antigen (BPIFB9); these autoantibodies are a marker for ILD. We found that a defect in thymic tolerance was responsible for the production of BPIFB9 autoantibodies and the development of ILD. We also found that immunoreactivity targeting BPIFB1 independent of a defect in Aire also led to ILD, consistent with our discovery of BPIFB1 autoantibodies in non-APS1 patients. Overall, our results demonstrate that autoimmunity targeting the lung-specific antigen BPIFB1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of ILD in patients with APS1 and in subsets of patients with non-APS1 ILD, demonstrating the role of lung-specific autoimmunity in the genesis of ILD.
Design noise out of spacecraft payloads. (1968)

Spacecraft design for noise free payload, noting power supply isolation, connection, insulation and shielding
Learning Document-Level Semantic Properties from Free-Text Annotations (2014)

This paper presents a new method for inferring the semantic properties of documents by leveraging free-text keyphrase annotations. Such annotations are becoming increasingly abundant due to the recent dramatic growth in semi-structured, user-generated online content. One especially relevant domain is product reviews, which are often annotated by their authors with pros/cons keyphrases such as a real bargain or good value. These annotations are representative of the underlying semantic properties; however, unlike expert annotations, they are noisy: lay authors may use different labels to denote the same property, and some labels may be missing. To learn using such noisy annotations, we find a hidden paraphrase structure which clusters the keyphrases. The paraphrase structure is linked with a latent topic model of the review texts, enabling the system to predict the properties of unannotated documents and to effectively aggregate the semantic properties of multiple reviews. Our approach is implemented as a hierarchical Bayesian model with joint inference. We find that joint inference increases the robustness of the keyphrase clustering and encourages the latent topics to correlate with semantically meaningful properties. Multiple evaluations demonstrate that our model substantially outperforms alternative approaches for summarizing single and multiple documents into a set of semantically salient keyphrases.
The history of von Hippel-Lindau disease (2006)

von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease is a heritable multisystem cancer syndrome that is associated with a germ line mutation of the vHL tumor suppressor gene on the short arm of chromosome 3. Affected individuals are at risk of developing various benign and malignant tumors of the central nervous system, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and epididymis. The name of this disease derives from two prestigious European physicians, Eugen von Hippel and Arvid Lindau, but many others played an important part in the description of the disorder. vHL disease has an old and modern history, thanks to the advent of new radiology and molecular biology diagnostic techniques.
The Science and Manufacturing Behind Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A-ABO in Clinical Use (2009)

A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action, product characteristics, and effects of NAP is important to ensure appropriate and safe clinical use of BoNT-A products. Now approved in the United States, Dysport is an important addition to the group of available BoNT-A formulations.
Measurement of knee stiffness and laxity in patients with documented absence of the anterior cruciate ligament. (1984)

Thirty-five patients with documented absence of the anterior cruciate ligament were tested on the University of California, Los Angeles, instrumented clinical knee-testing apparatus and we measured the response curves for the following testing modes: anterior-posterior force versus displacement at full extension and at 20 and 90 degrees of flexion; varus-valgus moment versus angulation at full extension and 20 degrees of flexion; and tibial torque versus rotation at 20 degrees of flexion. Absolute values of stiffness and laxity and right-left differences for these injured knees were compared with identical quantities measured previously for a control population of forty-nine normal subjects with no history of treatment for injury to the knee. For both the uninjured knees and the knees without an anterior cruciate ligament, at 20 and 90 degrees of flexion the anterior-posterior laxity was greatest at approximately 15 degrees of external rotation of the foot. The injured knees demonstrated significantly increased total anterior-posterior laxity and decreased anterior stiffness when compared with the uninjured knees in all tested positions of the foot and knee. The mean increase in paired anterior-posterior laxity for the injured knees in this group of patients at +/- 200 newtons of applied anterior-posterior force was 3.1 millimeters (+39 per cent) at full extension, 5.5 millimeters (+57 per cent) at 20 degrees of flexion, and 2.5 millimeters (+34 per cent) at 90 degrees of flexion. The mean reduction in anterior stiffness for injured knees was also greatest (-54 per cent) at 20 degrees of knee flexion. Only slight reduction in posterior stiffness (-16 per cent) was measured at 20 degrees of flexion, and this probably reflected the presence of associated capsular and meniscal injuries. In the group of anterior cruciate-deficient knees, the patients with an absent medial meniscus showed greater total anterior-posterior laxity in all three positions of knee flexion than did the patients with an intact or torn meniscus. Varus-valgus laxity at full extension increased an average of 1.7 degrees (+36 per cent) for the injured knees, while varus and valgus stiffness decreased 21 per cent and 24 per cent. Absence of the medial meniscus (in a knee with absence of the anterior cruciate ligament) increased varus-valgus laxity at zero and 20 degrees of flexion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Automatic drip irrigation of corn and soybean. (2000)

Irrigation scheduling goals may include maximizing yield and maximizing water use efficiency - two goals that usually conflict. Which goal is chosen depends on many factors. But, clearly, an automatic irrigation system that allowed either goal to be chosen would be a useful farming tool. We tested a system that uses species-specific threshold temperatures and region-specific threshold times, compared with daily canopy temperature time above the threshold, to automatically schedule and apply irrigations. Corn (Zea mays L., hybrid Pioneer 3162) was grown in 1997 and 1999; and soybean ( Glycine Max (L.), var. Pioneer 9481) was grown in 1996 and 1998, all with surface and subsurface drip irrigation. Four automatic treatments were implemented each season. The default threshold temperatures are 27°C and 28°C for soybean and corn, respectively, as determined from the peak photosynthetic enzyme activity measured as a function of temperature. We applied treatments using the default threshold temperatures and thresholds 2°C higher; and for each threshold we used two threshold times. The times were the daily mean time that well-watered crops of each species were above the threshold temperatures during the irrigation season in previous studies. If canopy temperature, measured every minute with an infrared thermometer, was above the threshold temperature for more than the threshold time in any day, then an irrigation equal to peak consumptive use (10 mm) was applied that night. Each year, the four automatic treatments were compared with a manual weekly irrigation regime that was 100% replenishment of water to field capacity as measured by neutron probe. Treatments of 67% and 33% of the 100% amount were also applied manually to provide data for curves of yield vs. water use. Treatments were triply replicated. Most or all of the automatic treatments out yielded the 100% treatment in each year. Corn yields were 0.94 to 1.21 kg m -2 for automatic treatments and 0.65 to 1.15 kg m -2 for the 100% treatment. Soybean yields were 0.35 to 0.43 kg m -2 for automatic treatments and 0.36 to 0.40 kg m -2 for the 100% treatment. In general, increasing threshold temperature or time shifted treatments away from maximum yields and closer to maximum water use efficiencies. In mid-season, the mean corn canopy temperature for the 28 and 30°C treatments (three replicates) was separated by about 2°C through most of the daylight hours. As with corn yield, total water use (mm) and water use efficiency, WUE (kg m -3 ), were stable over the 1997 and 1999 years for the automatic irrigation treatments (means of 752 mm and 1.48 kg m -3 , respectively). Water use and WUE varied widely over the two years for the manual treatments (569 and 756 mm, and 0.65 and 1.52 kg m -3 for 1997 and 1999, respectively, for the 100% treatment). For soybean, yields and WUE were not more stable for all automatic treatments. It appears that manipulation of temperature and time thresholds will allow a choice between maximum yields and maximum water use efficiencies to be achieved for corn, but not for soybean.
Room temperature silicon single-electron quantum-dot transistor switch (2002)

We fabricated a silicon single-electron quantum-dot transistor, which showed drain current oscillations at room temperature. Analysis of its I-V characteristic indicates that the energy level separation is about 110 meV and the silicon dot size is about 12 nm.
Learning Visual Odometry with a Convolutional Network (2015)

We present an approach to predicting velocity and direction changes from visual information (”visual odometry”) using an end-to-end, deep learning-based architecture. The architecture uses a single type of computational module and learning rule to extract visual motion, depth, and finally odometry information from the raw data. Representations of depth and motion are extracted by detecting synchrony across time and stereo channels using network layers with multiplicative interactions. The extracted representations are turned into information about changes in velocity and direction using a convolutional neural network. Preliminary results show that the architecture is capable of learning the resulting mapping from video to egomotion.
The [Bmim]<sub>4</sub>W<sub>10</sub>O<sub>23</sub> Catalyzed Oxidation of 3,4-Diaminofurazan to 3,4-Dinitrofurazan in Hydrogen Peroxide (2011)

1-Methyl-3-butylimidazolium decatungstate ([C8H15N2]4W10O23, [Bmim]4W10O23) was prepared from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and sodium tungstate in hydrochloric acid solution. With the use of [Bmim]4W10O23 as the catalyst and 50% H2O2 as the oxidant, 3,4-dinitrofurazan (, DNF) was synthesized from 3,4-diaminofurazan (, DAF) in concentrated H2SO4. At a temperature of 35 °C, this process significantly increased the DNF yield from 39% to 58%, when compared with that with the conventional Na2WO4·2H2O catalyst under the same conditions. The effects of catalyst, reaction time, and temperature were investigated. A maximum DNF yield of 58% was obtained under optimal reaction conditions: 0.03 g of [Bmim]4W10O23, H2O2/H2SO4 molar ratio of 1.5:1, temperature and reaction time of 35 °C and 210 min, respectively.
Performance cycle analysis on turbo fan engine PW4000 (2015)

This paper describes an effort to investigate and better define the capabilities of a modern mathematical solver in predicting the in on-design performance of a turbo fan engine PW4000. The results will validate the use of commercially available Object Oriented Programming (OOP) with C++ software tools for these problems and lead to a better understanding of the flow phenomenon within the inlet to the outlet in the engine. Better engine designs that enhance design-point operation and improve performance could result once confidence is gained in applying performance analysis tools to the component section of the PW4000 engine.
Methods and Challenges of Using the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) as a Model Organism in Antimicrobial Compound Discovery (2019)

Among non-mammalian infection model organisms, the larvae of the greater wax moth <i>Galleria mellonella</i> have seen increasing popularity in recent years. Unlike other invertebrate models, these larvae can be incubated at 37 °C and can be dosed relatively precisely. Despite the increasing number of publications describing the use of this model organism, there is a high variability with regard to how the model is produced in different laboratories, with respect to larva size, age, origin, storage, and rest periods, as well as dosing for infection and treatment. Here, we provide suggestions regarding how some of these factors can be approached, to facilitate the comparability of studies between different laboratories. We introduce a linear regression curve correlating the total larva weight to the liquid volume in order to estimate the in vivo concentration of pathogens and the administered drug concentration. Finally, we discuss several other aspects, including in vivo antibiotic stability in larvae, the infection doses for different pathogens and suggest guidelines for larvae selection.
A unified approach for encoding clean and noisy sources by means of waveform and autoregressive model vector quantization (1988)

Data compression by vector quantization is considered for sources which have been degraded by noise. It is shown that, by appropriately modifying the given distortion measure, the problem becomes a standard quantization problem for the noisy source and the modified distortion measure. For the special case of sources corrupted by statistically independent additive noise, the authors provide sufficient conditions on the original distortion measure and probability distributions of the source and the noise for convergence of the generalized Lloyd algorithm in designing the quantizers. The results are specialized to waveform and autoregressive model vector quantization using the weighted quadratic and the Itakura-Saito distortion measures, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Manual of Industrial Corrosion Standards and Control (1973)

Description A comprehensive 11 Chapter volume covering corrosion in petroleum, gas, automotive, pipeline, telephone, marine, nuclear, chemical, nonferrous and ferrous industries.
Early afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. (1991)

These results suggest that patients with congenital long QT syndrome have primary repolarization abnormalities and that EADs induced by isoproterenol play an important role in the exaggeration of these repolarization abnormalities.
History of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Evolution and Perspectives (2012)

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has evolved over the last half century from experimental bone marrow transplantation for patients with incurable leukemia or bone marrow failure to standard of care for a broad range of patients with congenital or acquired disorders of the hematopoietic system or radio-, chemo- or immune-sensitive malignancies. More than 60,000 such transplants are currently carried out annually worldwide with increasing frequency. HSCT has always been closely linked to Dermatology from its very beginning through its main and most devastating complication graft-versus-host disease. Treatment complications of HSCT have provided a great deal of insight into basic mechanisms of immunology, clinical medicine and networking in general. It remains a challenge to turn this knowledge from the two disciplines into benefit for the future patients with disturbed immune function and skin diseases.
Design patterns for safety-critical embedded systems (2010)

Over the last few years, embedded systems have been increasingly used in safety-critical applications where failure can have serious consequences. The design of these systems is a complex process, which is requiring the integration of common design methods both in hardware and software to fulfill functional and non-functional requirements for these safety-critical applications. Design patterns, which give abstract solutions to commonly recurring design problems, have been widely used in the software and hardware domain. In this thesis, the concept of design patterns is adopted in the design of safety-critical embedded system. A catalog of design patterns was constructed to support the design of safety-critical embedded systems. This catalog includes a set of hardware and software design patterns which cover common design problems such as handling of random and systematic faults, safety monitoring, and sequence control. Furthermore, the catalog provides a decision support component that supports the decision process of choosing a suitable pattern for a particular problem based on the available resources and the requirements of the applicable patterns. As non-functional requirements are an important aspect in the design of safety-critical embedded systems, this work focuses on the integration of implications on non-functional properties in the existing design pattern concept. A pattern representation is proposed for safety-critical embedded application design methods by including fields for the implications and side effects of the represented design pattern on the non-functional requirements of the systems. The considered requirements include safety, reliability, modifiability, cost, and execution time. Safety and reliability represent the main non-functional requirements that should be provided in the design of safety-critical applications. Thus, reliability and safety assessment methods are proposed to show the relative safety and reliability improvement which can be achieved when using the design patterns under consideration. Moreover, a Monte Carlo based simulation method is used to illustrate the proposed assessment method which allows comparing different design patterns with respect to their impact on safety and reliability.