gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Randomised vitamin E supplementation and risk of chronic lung disease in the Women's Health Study (2011)

In this large randomised trial, assignment to 600 IU vitamin E led to a 10% reduction in the risk of chronic lung disease in women.
Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2020)

In this study of a cohort of German patients recently recovered from COVID-19 infection, CMR revealed cardiac involvement in 78 patients (78%) and ongoing myocardial inflammation in 60 patients (60%), independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the acute illness, and time from the original diagnosis. These findings indicate the need for ongoing investigation of the long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19.
Catalytic H<sub>2</sub>S Conversion and SO<sub>2</sub> Production over Iron Oxide and Iron Oxide/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in Liquid Sulfur (2007)

A stirred-glass autoclave containing liquid sulfur and solid iron oxide catalyst was used to study low-tonnage sulfur recovery from H2S-containing gas streams. The objectives were to test the feasibility of using both liquid sulfur as a reaction medium and iron oxide as a direct oxidation catalyst for prolonged H2S conversion. Using a 1.60% H2S and 0.80% O2 (balance N2) feed gas, fresh iron oxide acted primarily as a scavenger for bulk H2S removal from the inlet gas stream. Following the scavenging phase, the steady-state iron oxide/sulfide was able to maintain low catalytic activity (30% conversion). The steady-state catalyst did, however, have a strong ability to generate significant amounts of SO2 in the presence of inlet feed O2. Data showed that this SO2 production resulted from the oxidation of the liquid sulfur over the steady-state iron oxide/sulfide. The rate of SO2 formation was shown to be directly proportional to the concentration of O2 in the inlet feed gas. Although H2S conversions over steady-state iron oxide/sulfide ended up being lower than expected, the ability to strictly control the amount of SO2 generated from the system was advantageous. By incorporating γ-Al2O3 into a liquid sulfur reactor containing steady-state iron oxide/sulfide, the dual-catalyst system achieved 97% conversion of the H2S to elemental sulfur.
Monomethylation of aromatic rings by Friedel-Crafts reaction with chloromethyl sulfide. (1986)

A novel method for the introduction of a methyl group into aromatic rings in described. Friedel-Crafts reactions of ethyl α-(chloromethylthio)acetate (3k) and α-chloromethylthio-γ-butyrolactone (3m) with an arene in the presence of stannic chloride gave ethyl α-(arylmethylthio)-acetate (6) and α-arylmethylthio-γ-butyrolactone (7), respectively, which were easily converted to the corresponding methylated arene (8) by reductive desulfurization with Raney nickel or zinc dust-acetic acid.
Effect of acid casein hydrolysate and cysteine on the viability of yogurt and probiotic bacteria in fermented frozen dairy desserts (1998)

The effect of acid casein hydrolysate and cysteine on the viability of yogurt bacteria (Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) and probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria) during a storage period of 12 weeks was assessed in fermented frozen dairy desserts. Three batches of fermented frozen dairy desserts were made with milk supplemented with acid casein hydrolysate or cysteine. The control batch was made with milk supplemented with 2% skim milk powder. Viable counts of yogurt bacteria and probiotic bacteria were enumerated and pH, titratable acidity and β-D-galactosidase activity measured at fortnightly intervals for 12 weeks. S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus was most stable in all the samples of fermented frozen dairy desserts with counts ≥10 7 cfu/g throughout the storage period. The counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus was reduced by 2 log cycles in the control sample, whereas in those supplemented with acid casein hydrolysate and cysteine, the counts decreased by 1 and 2 log cycles respectively. The counts of L. acidophilus and bifidobacteria decreased to 10 5 cfu/g in the samples supplemented with acid casein hydrolysate or cysteine. The β-D-galactosidase activity decreased rapidly in the control sample during 12-weeks storage at -18°C, as compared with those prepared with acid casein hydrolysate and cysteine.
Antioxidant therapy effectiveness: an up to date. (2009)

Antioxidants are chemical compounds that giving an electron to free radical molecules convert them to an harmless configuration, avoiding damaging chain reaction, which can involve lipids, proteins enzymes carbohydrates, DNA, cell and nuclear membranes up to the cell death. Being either exogenous or endogenous they are addressed to prevent the oxidation induced damage, a process that causes damage in all tissues through free radicals chemical reactivity. A lot of natural, nutraceutical or chemical compounds are being actually marketed with a lot of different claims and are prescribed by doctors or sold over the counter. Unfortunately, in the medical literature many heterogeneous published articles support the use of this class of drugs, but most of them cannot be compared or pooled to achieve statistical significance of effectiveness. Our review aims at defining the state of the art of antioxidant therapy, with specific reference on the evidence based clinical use.
Polyurea-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

An in situ polycondensation approach was applied to functionalize multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), resulting in various linear or hyperbranched polycondensed polymers [e.g., polyureas, polyurethanes, and poly(urea-urethane)-bonded carbon nanotubes]. The quantity of the grafted polymer can be easily controlled by the feed ratio of monomers. As a typical example, the polyurea-functionalized MWNTs were measured and characterized in detail. The oxidized MWNTs (MWNT-COOH) were converted into acyl chloride-functionalized MWNTs (MWNT-COCl) by reaction with neat thionyl chloride (SOCl2). MWNT-COCl was reacted with excess 1,6-diaminohexane, affording amino-functionalized MWNTs (MWNT-NH2). In the presence of MWNT-NH2, the polyurea was covalently coated onto the surfaces of the nanotube by in situ polycondensation of diisocyanate [e.g., 4,4"-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate)] and 1,6-diaminohexane, followed by the removal of free polymer via repeated filtering and solvent washing. The coated polyurea content can be controlled to some extent by adjusting the feed ratio of the isocyanato and amino groups. The structure and morphology of the resulting nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, NMR, Raman, confocal Raman, TEM, EDS, and SEM measurements. The polyurea-coated MWNTs showed interesting self-assembled flat- or flowerlike morphologies in the solid state. The signals corresponding to that of the D and G bands of the carbon nanotubes were strongly attenuated after polyurea was chemically tethered to the MWNT surfaces. Comparative experiments showed that the grafted polymer species and structures have a strong effect on the Raman signals of polymer-functionalized MWNTs.
Contact Patterns in a High School: A Comparison between Data Collected Using Wearable Sensors, Contact Diaries and Friendship Surveys (2015)

Given their importance in shaping social networks and determining how information or transmissible diseases propagate in a population, interactions between individuals are the subject of many data collection efforts. To this aim, different methods are commonly used, ranging from diaries and surveys to decentralised infrastructures based on wearable sensors. These methods have each advantages and limitations but are rarely compared in a given setting. Moreover, as surveys targeting friendship relations might suffer less from memory biases than contact diaries, it is interesting to explore how actual contact patterns occurring in day-to-day life compare with friendship relations and with online social links. Here we make progresses in these directions by leveraging data collected in a French high school and concerning (i) face-to-face contacts measured by two concurrent methods, namely wearable sensors and contact diaries, (ii) self-reported friendship surveys, and (iii) online social links. We compare the resulting data sets and find that most short contacts are not reported in diaries while long contacts have a large reporting probability, and that the durations of contacts tend to be overestimated in the diaries. Moreover, measured contacts corresponding to reported friendship can have durations of any length but all long contacts do correspond to a reported friendship. On the contrary, online links that are not also reported in the friendship survey correspond to short face-to-face contacts, highlighting the difference of nature between reported friendships and online links. Diaries and surveys suffer moreover from a low sampling rate, as many students did not fill them, showing that the sensor-based platform had a higher acceptability. We also show that, despite the biases of diaries and surveys, the overall structure of the contact network, as quantified by the mixing patterns between classes, is correctly captured by both networks of self-reported contacts and of friendships, and we investigate the correlations between the number of neighbors of individuals in the three networks. Overall, diaries and surveys tend to yield a correct picture of the global structural organization of the contact network, albeit with much less links, and give access to a sort of backbone of the contact network corresponding to the strongest links, i.e., the contacts of longest cumulative durations.
A Two-Sensor Noise Reduction System: Applications for Hands-Free Car Kit (2003)

This paper presents a two-microphone speech enhancer designed to remove noise in hands-free car kits. The algorithm, based on the magnitude squared coherence, uses speech correlation and noise decorrelation to separate speech from noise. The remaining correlated noise is reduced using cross-spectral subtraction. Particular attention is focused on the estimation of the different spectral densities (noise and noisy signals power spectral densities) which are critical for the quality of the algorithm. We also propose a continuous noise estimation, avoiding the need of vocal activity detector. Results on recorded signals are provided, showing the superiority of the two-sensor approach to single microphone techniques.
Factors influencing stereochemistry in the reduction of conformationally mobile 2-alkylcyclohexanones by sodium borohydride (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFactors influencing stereochemistry in the reduction of conformationally mobile 2-alkylcyclohexanones by sodium borohydrideDonald C. Wigfield and David J. PhelpsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 2, 543–549Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00809a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00809a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views821Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Method for Detecting Fuel Cladding Penetration in LMFBRs by Monitoring the Sodium Coolant for Iodine-135 (1974)

Work has been completed to demonstrate the feasibility of a new cladding-failure monitoring technique based on determination of the 135I content of the primary sodium coolant of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs). The method was devised to aid in detecting the penetration of fuel element cladding by sodium coolant. The method consists of isolating a small volume of primary sodium, sparging it with an inert gas to strip out dissolved gases which are discarded, further sparging the sample to strip 135mXe produced by 135I decay, and calculating the 135I content of the sodium from the 135mXe content of the second sparge.A sparging monitor was built and tested to determine the time required to sparge dissolved radioxenon (133Xe) from molten sodium. This time varied from ∼1 to 1.5 min, depending on experimental conditions. For the calculated background level of 135I in the primary sodium of Experimental Breeder Reactor II, a counting time of ∼2 min would be required to determine the amount of 135mXe removed by the second sparging to a 1σ counting precision of ±4%. A shorter counting time would be required for higher 135mXe levels that would occur during fuel failure.A system with automatic controls was designed for monitoring 135I in the primary sodium of an LMFBR.
STUDIES ON COPPER METABOLISM. XIV. COPPER, CERULO-PLASMIN AND OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN SERA OF NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS, PREGNANT WOMEN, AND PATIENTS WITH INFECTION, HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME 1 (1955)

Ceruloplasmin, the blue copper-containing pro- tein of serum, was first isolated in 1948 by Holm- berg and Laurell (1). They characterized this protein as an alpha 2 globulin with a copper con- tent of approximately 0.32 per cent,3 a molecular weight of about 151,000 and 8 atoms of copper per molecule. The substance has been shown to exhibit oxidase activity with a variety of sub- strates. The enzyme is most active with para- phenylene diamine (2, 3).
The p21 <sup>RAS</sup> Farnesyltransferase α Subunit in TGF-β and Activin Signaling (1996)

The alpha subunit of p21(RAS) farnesyltransferase (FNTA), which is also shared by geranylgeranyltransferase, was isolated as a specific cytoplasmic interactor of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and activin type I receptors with the use of the yeast two-hybrid system. FNTA interacts specifically with ligand-free TGF-beta type l receptor but is phosphorylated and released upon ligand binding. Furthermore, the release is dependent on the kinase activity of the TGF-beta type II receptor. Thus, the growth inhibitory and differentiative pathways activated by TGF-beta and activin involve novel mechanisms of serine-threonine receptor phosphorylation-dependent release of cytoplasmic interactors and regulation of the activation of small G proteins, such as p21(RAS).
A polymer condenser microphone on silicon with on-chip CMOS amplifier (2002)

In this paper the development of a capacitive microphone with integrated preamplifier is described. The condenser microphone is made by micromachining of polyimide on silicon, and is compatible with CMOS technology. Therefore, the structure can be realised by post processing on substrates containing integrated circuits, independently of the IC process. Microphones with a required DC bias voltage of 4 V have been realised on a CMOS substrate containing PMOS buffer preamplifiers. From the measurements on these structures, it is illustrated how an immediate improvement of 4.8 dB of the microphone sensitivity and noise level can be obtained by using the integrated preamplifier. The measured sensitivity of the integrated condenser microphone was 2.5 mV/Pa and the equivalent noise level (ENL) was 29.5 dB(A) SPL.
Reciprocal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction (2006)

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, which are also characterized by insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are also characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Metabolic actions of insulin to promote glucose disposal are augmented by vascular actions of insulin in endothelium to stimulate production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Indeed, NO-dependent increases in blood flow to skeletal muscle account for 25% to 40% of the increase in glucose uptake in response to insulin stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent insulin-signaling pathways in endothelium related to production of NO share striking similarities with metabolic pathways in skeletal muscle that promote glucose uptake. Other distinct nonmetabolic branches of insulin-signaling pathways regulate secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 in endothelium. Metabolic insulin resistance is characterized by pathway-specific impairment in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling, which in endothelium may cause imbalance between production of NO and secretion of endothelin-1, leading to decreased blood flow, which worsens insulin resistance. Therapeutic interventions in animal models and human studies have demonstrated that improving endothelial function ameliorates insulin resistance, whereas improving insulin sensitivity ameliorates endothelial dysfunction. Taken together, cellular, physiological, clinical, and epidemiological studies strongly support a reciprocal relationship between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance that helps to link cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In the present review, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms, including inflammatory processes, that couple endothelial dysfunction with insulin resistance and emphasize important therapeutic implications.
The IOT-a new, environmentally-friendly tube for UHF television transmitters (1992)

The inductive output tube (IOT) is a gridded UHF amplifier tube type which has had to wait more than 50 years for the technology to become available to permit the construction of a practical, very high efficiency, UHF-TV amplifier system. The chosen designs of input and output circuits are the key to user-friendliness and efficiency and are discussed in detail. The one major component that the IOT must have and which has delayed the practical realisation of the tube is the grid. The choice of pyrolytic graphite for the material of the IOT grid is explained and the construction method described. The technical, commercial and environmental background which finally led to the appearance of the IOT in the UHF-TV amplifier market-place is outlined.
EFFECTIVE ALGORITHMS FOR TAG SNP SELECTION (2005)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), due to their abundance and low mutation rate, are very useful genetic markers for genetic association studies. However, the current genotyping technology cannot afford to genotype all common SNPs in all the genes. By making use of linkage disequilibrium, we can reduce the experiment cost by genotyping a subset of SNPs, called Tag SNPs, which have a strong association with the ungenotyped SNPs, while are as independent from each other as possible. The problem of selecting Tag SNPs is NP-complete; when there are large number of SNPs, in order to avoid extremely long computational time, most of the existing Tag SNP selection methods first partition the SNPs into blocks based on certain block definitions, then Tag SNPs are selected in each block by brute-force search. The size of the Tag SNP set obtained in this way may usually be reduced further due to the inter-dependency among blocks. This paper proposes two algorithms, TSSA and TSSD, to tackle the block-independent Tag SNP selection problem. TSSA is based on A* search algorithm, and TSSD is a heuristic algorithm. Experiments show that TSSA can find the optimal solutions for medium-sized problems in reasonable time, while TSSD can handle very large problems and report approximate solutions very close to the optimal ones.
Animal Models for Cartilage Regeneration and Repair (2009)

Articular cartilage injury and degeneration are leading causes of disability. Animal studies are critically important to developing effective treatments for cartilage injuries. This review focuses on the use of animal models for the study of the repair and regeneration of focal cartilage defects. Animals commonly used in cartilage repair studies include murine, lapine, canine, caprine, porcine, and equine models. There are advantages and disadvantages to each model. Small animal rodent and lapine models are cost effective, easy to house, and useful for pilot and proof-of-concept studies. The availability of transgenic and knockout mice provide opportunities for mechanistic in vivo study. Athymic mice and rats are additionally useful for evaluating the cartilage repair potential of human cells and tissues. Their small joint size, thin cartilage, and greater potential for intrinsic healing than humans, however, limit the translational value of small animal models. Large animal models with thicker articular cartilage permit study of both partial thickness and full thickness chondral repair, as well as osteochondral repair. Joint size and cartilage thickness for canine, caprine, and mini-pig models remain significantly smaller than that of humans. The repair and regeneration of chondral and osteochondral defects of size and volume comparable to that of clinically significant human lesions can be reliably studied primarily in equine models. While larger animals may more closely approximate the human clinical situation, they carry greater logistical, financial, and ethical considerations. A multifactorial analysis of each animal model should be carried out when planning in vivo studies. Ultimately, the scientific goals of the study will be critical in determining the appropriate animal model.
Topaz-Denoise: general deep denoising models for cryoEM and cryoET (2020)

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is becoming the preferred method for resolving protein structures. Low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in cryoEM images reduces the confidence and throughput of structure determination during several steps of data processing, resulting in impediments such as missing particle orientations. Denoising cryoEM images can not only improve downstream analysis but also accelerate the time-consuming data collection process by allowing lower electron dose micrographs to be used for analysis. Here, we present Topaz-Denoise, a deep learning method for reliably and rapidly increasing the SNR of cryoEM images and cryoET tomograms. By training on a dataset composed of thousands of micrographs collected across a wide range of imaging conditions, we are able to learn models capturing the complexity of the cryoEM image formation process. The general model we present is able to denoise new datasets without additional training. Denoising with this model improves micrograph interpretability and allows us to solve 3D single particle structures of clustered protocadherin, an elongated particle with previously elusive views. We then show that low dose collection, enabled by Topaz-Denoise, improves downstream analysis in addition to reducing data collection time. We also present a general 3D denoising model for cryoET. Topaz-Denoise and pre-trained general models are now included in Topaz. We expect that Topaz-Denoise will be of broad utility to the cryoEM community for improving micrograph and tomogram interpretability and accelerating analysis.
Protein conformation and diagnostic tests: the prion protein. (2002)

The intent of the review is to highlight the role of protein dynamics and conformational change in protein-based diagnostics and treatments for prion disease.