gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stress for Stress Tolerance? A Fundamentally New Approach in Mammalian Embryology1 (2010)

In vitro culture, storage, and manipulation of gametes and embryos require meticulously adjusted conditions to avoid or minimize the harmful effects of uncontrolled stress. However, recent work indicates that a well-defined and properly applied stress may induce general adaptation and increase tolerance to various in vitro procedures. The aim of this review is to summarize reports on the effects of stress on gametes and embryos of several species. Treatment with sublethal doses of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), or osmotic, heat, or oxidative stress resulted in increased morphological survival, fertilizing ability, or developmental potential after various in vitro or in vivo procedures. HHP treatment of spermatozoa, oocytes, embryos, and embryonic stem cells increased fertilizing ability, developmental competence, and differentiation and improved results after cryopreservation, parthenogenetic activation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Osmotic stress of oocytes resulted in higher developmental rates after cryopreservation, parthenogenetic activation, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Heat shock was reported to increase developmental competence of parthenogenetically activated oocytes. Although cellular and subcellular mechanisms supposedly contributing to these processes require further research, the new principle, i.e., to improve the stress tolerance by a defined sublethal stress, may outline a completely new strategy in mammalian embryology, as well as cryopreservation of other cells and tissues with remarkable theoretical and practical consequences.
PA-RISC to IA-64: transparent execution, no recompilation (2000)

Making the transition to a new architecture is never easy. Users want to keep running their favorite applications as they normally would, without stopping to adapt them to a different platform. For some legacy applications the problem is more severe. Without all the source code, it is well-nigh impossible to recompile the application to a new platform. Binary translation helps this transition process because it automatically converts the binary code from one instruction set to another without the need for high-level source code. However, different choices force different trade-offs between some form of interpretation (or emulation) and static translation. Interpretation requires no user intervention, but its performance is slow. Static translation, on the other hand, requires user intervention but provides much better performance. To help PA-RISC (precision architecture-reduced instruction set computing) users migrate to its upcoming IA-64 systems, Hewlett-Packard has developed the Aries software emulator, combining fast interpretation. The article describes how the system works and outlines its performance characteristics and quality.
Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (2008)

Proton-pump inhibitor therapy started within the past 30 days was associated with an increased risk for CAP, whereas longer-term current use was not.
An 80-Kilodalton Protein That Binds to the Pre-S1 Domain of Hepatitis B Virus (2000)

It has been suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane of human hepatocytes via the pre-S1 domain of the large envelope protein as an initial step in HBV infection. However, the nature of the receptor remains controversial. In an attempt to identify a cell surface receptor for HBV, purified recombinant fusion protein of the pre-S1 domain of HBV with glutathione S-transferase (GST), expressed in Escherichia coli, was used as a ligand. The surface of human hepatocytes or HepG2 cells was biotinylated, and the cell lysate (precleared lysate) which did not bind to GST and glutathione-Sepharose beads was used as a source of receptor molecules. The precleared lysate of the biotinylated cells was incubated with the GST-pre-S1 fusion protein, and the bound proteins were visualized by Western blotting and enhanced chemiluminescence. An approximately 80-kDa protein (p80) was shown to bind specifically to the pre-S1 domain of the fusion protein. The receptor binding assay using serially or internally deleted segments of pre-S1 showed that amino acid residues 12 to 20 and 82 to 90 are essential for the binding of pre-S1 to p80. p80 also bound specifically to the pre-S1 of native HBV particles. Analysis of the tissue and species specificity of p80 expression in several available human primary cultures and cell lines of different tissue origin showed that p80 expression is not restricted to human hepatocytes. Taken together the results suggest that p80 may be a component of the viral entry machinery.
Adaptive Image Interpolation Based on Local Gradient Features (2004)

This letter presents two adaptive interpolation methods based on applying an inverse gradient to conventional bilinear and bicubic interpolation. In simulations, the proposed methods exhibited a better performance than conventional bilinear and bicubic methods, particularly in the edge regions. In addition, the proposed methods can be used irrespective of the magnification factor (MF) and easily implemented due to their simple structure.
Seamless, Synchronous, and Supportive: Welcome to Hybridcast: An Advanced Hybrid Broadcast and Broadband System (2012)

The Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) is developing an advanced hybrid system called Hybridcast to integrate broadband technology with broadcasting. The Hybridcast receiver provides many features, including broadcast-related applications that are executed simultaneously with broadcast programs, precise synchronization of content from different delivery channels, seamless interaction with multiple device types such as mobile terminals, and support for third-party applications. Broadcasters and commercial service providers can offer services through broadcast programs using Hybridcast applications. By using a Hybridcast receiver, viewers can enjoy television (TV) programs with rich and varied applications.
Strategic Investments, Trading, and Pricing Under Forecast Updating (2006)

This paper considers two independent firms that invest in resources such as capacity or inventory based on imperfect market forecasts. As time progresses and new information becomes available, the firms update their forecasts and have the option to trade their resources. The trade contract is determined as the bargaining equilibrium or, alternatively, as the price equilibrium. Assuming a fairly general form of the profit functions, we characterize the Nash equilibrium investment levels, which are first-best under the price equilibrium trade contract, but not under the bargaining equilibrium trade contract. To gain additional insights, we then focus on firms that face stochastic demand functions with constant price elasticity and have contingent pricing power. Assuming a general forecast evolution process, we characterize the impact of the option to trade and the firms’ cooperation on equilibrium investments, expected prices, profits, and consumer surplus. Finally, to study the main driving forces of trading, we employ a well-established and empirically tested forecast updating model in which the forecast evolution process follows a two-dimensional geometric Brownian motion. Under this model, we prove that the equilibrium investments, expected prices, profits, and consumer surplus are nondecreasing in the quality and timing of forecast revisions, in market variability, and in foreign exchange volatility, but are nonincreasing in market correlation.
Transforming growth factor receptors in liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in the rat. (1990)

Transforming growth factors alpha and beta (TGF-alpha and TGF-beta) are produced in the liver and appear to play an important role in the regulation of hepatic growth. We investigated changes in receptors for these polypeptide growth factors in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in the rat with comparisons to livers from normal and sham-operated animals. In normal rats, binding of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) to liver membranes was fully and competitively displaced by TGF-alpha, indicating that these two growth factors share similar sites on the same hepatic receptor. Scatchard analyses revealed that EGF receptors bound EGF with 4- to 8-fold higher affinity than TGF-alpha. Following partial hepatectomy or sham operation, EGF/TGF-alpha receptor number decreased by 25, 40, and 55% at 12, 24, and 72 h, respectively. In all cases. Scatchard analysis obtained with EGF yielded a linear plot indicating a single population of binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 0.9 nM. Scatchard analysis of TGF-beta binding showed that liver membranes from sham-operated and normal rats express binding sites with a Kd of approximately 35 pM. In contrast, membranes obtained from 12-, 24-, and 72-h regenerating livers were altered in a manner consistent with uncovering or appearance of a higher affinity site. Affinity labeling of liver plasma membranes with 125I-TGF-beta revealed two predominant proteins with Mr 85,000 and 66,000. In unfractionated membrane preparations, two other proteins with Mr 105,000 and approximately 150,000 were seen. Following partial hepatectomy the major change in affinity-labeled proteins was a small (10-25%) but consistent decrease in the Mr 85,000 species. These results show that receptors for TGF-alpha and TGF-beta are modulated after partial hepatectomy, a further indication that these polypeptides may have an important role in liver regeneration.
Distinct differentiation-inducing activities of gamma-interferon and cytokine factors acting on the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. (1985)

The human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and monoblastic leukemia cell line U937 undergo differentiation when induced by lymphokine and cytokine preparations. Growth inhibition, acquisition of immunoglobulin Fc receptors, increased expression of monocyte-related surface antigens, and an increase in lysosomal enzyme contents accompany maturation induced by gamma-interferon and other cytokine factors tested. Additionally, increased receptors for chemotactic peptide (fMLPR), increased hydrogen peroxide release in response to phorbol myristic acetate stimulation, and the release of prostaglandins (PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1a) follow exposure to lymphokine and cell line sources of myeloid colony-stimulating activity (CSA). Gamma-Interferon (gamma-IFN) induced fMLPR in HL-60 (only at 1000 units/ml) but not in U937. Additionally, gamma-IFN did not induce prostaglandin release in either cell line. These myeloid colony-stimulating activity-associated differentiation-inducing factors were obtained from the human hepatoma++ cell line SK-Hep and bladder carcinoma cell line 5637, which were free of interferon activity. The 2-day phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphokine contained no detectable CSA and was a good source of differentiation activity. A simple, rapid assay for a new human CSA with pluripotent hematopoietic stimulating activity (pluripoietin) is described based on stimulation of [3H]glucosamine incorporation. Cell line conditioned media containing pluripoietin, purified pluripoietin, and gamma-IFN are active in this assay. These myeloid leukemia cell line differentiation factors are thus different from interferon and conventional CSA. These results suggest that endogenous human cytokines may have a role in the differentiation of leukemic as well as normal myeloid cells.
Prophylactic adenovirus‐mediated human kallistatin gene therapy suppresses rat arthritis by inhibiting angiogenesis and inflammation (2005)

This study demonstrates that kallistatin gene therapy has a prophylactic effect in inhibiting arthritis in the rat ankle. Kallistatin inhibits arthritis through its antiangiogenesis and antiinflammation activities. These results implicate potential therapeutic applications for suppression of arthritis by kallistatin gene therapy.
High nonlinearity, low loss fiber for 1 pJ switching of 8-ps optical pulses (2002)

The nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) configuration is shown. It consists of a central 50/50 achromatic fiber coupler for data input/output, two WDM Mach-Zehnder fiber couplers for add/drop of the control pulses and 2 km of the highly nonlinear fibre.
Impact of palmitic acid and α‐linolenic acid on the β‐catenin pathway with inhibition of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in HCT116 colon cancer cells (2016)

Colon cancer arises when homeostasis of essential cell functions such as proliferation and differentiation is lost (Panza, 2013). Colon cancer cell function can be regulated by diet and/or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Kim J, 2000; Kim YS, 2007). Some researchers speculate that activation of PPARγ, especially by certain fatty acids, can promote tumor development in the colon (Alex, 2013; Lefebvre, 1998) and that high levels of β-catenin, influenced by PPARγ activation (Panza, 2013), is associated with increased risk of colon cancer (Earswaran, 1999). In cancerous cells, oxidative stress signals trigger cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (Storz, 2011), however cancerous cells have also been known to have increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well (Korswagen 2006). The proposed research will elucidate the mechanism connecting fatty acids to colon cancer promotion/suppression via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the relationship between fatty acid intake and ROS in colon cancer cells. We hypothesize first that palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, will increase expression of β-catenin and α-linolenic acid, an ω-3 PUFA, will decrease expression of β-catenin in HCT116 colon cancer cell. Secondly, we hypothesize that fatty acid activation of PPARγ will increase ROS production in HCT116 colon cancer cells. We used flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle progression of HCT116 cells when treated with fatty acids for 24 hours. HCT116 cells treated with fatty acids displayed the following average % cell population of sub-G1 cells: control, 6.85±0.85; 0.5 mM Palmitic acid, 8.15±0.59; 0.5 mM linoleic acid, 4.49±0.22 and combined 0.5 mM palmitic acid + 0.5 mM linoleic acid, 27.63±24.76. Decreased G1 populations were noted in cells displaying increased sub-G1 populations. This may indicate increased ROS production in cells treated with saturated palmitic acid. Analysis of β-catenin expression and ROS production is currently underway. Support or Funding Information This study is funded by Beta Beta Beta National Biological Honor Society and the William Jewell College Biology and Chemistry Departments Proposed pathway of saturated fatty acid impact on β-catenin when PPARγ is inhibited. Saturated fatty acids should increase β-catenin levels, leading to increased tumorigenesis. Mean percentage of cell cycle populations for HCT116 cells exposed to ethanol control, 0.5 mM palmitic acid,0.5 mM α-linoleic acid, and a combination of the two fatty acids (0.5 mM palmitic acid + 0.5 mM α-linoleic acid). Error Bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 2). Representative HCT 116 cell cycle histograms (FL2: 585±40nm) illustrating cell populations after 24-hour exposure to A: 0.5 mM α-linoleic acid, B: 0.5 mM palmitic acid, and C: combined 0.5 mM palmitic acid and 0.5 mM α-linoleic acid, relative to 0.8% (v/v) ethanol control (gray filled).
Machine Vision Algorithms (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Fundamental Data Structures Images Regions Subpixel-Precise Contours Image Enhancement Gray Value Transformations Radiometric Calibration Image Smoothing Geometric Transformations Affine Transformations Projective Transformations Image Transformations Polar Transformations Image Segmentation Thresholding Extraction of Connected Components Subpixel-Precise Thresholding Feature Extraction Region Features Gray Value Features Contour Features Morphology Region Morphology Gray Value Morphology Edge Extraction Definition of Edges in 1D and 2D 1D Edge Extraction 2D Edge Extraction Accuracy of Edges Segmentation and Fitting of Geometric Primitives Fitting Lines Fitting Circles Fitting Ellipses Segmentation of Contours into Lines, Circles, and Ellipses Template Matching Gray-Value-Based Template Matching Matching Using Image Pyramids Subpixel-Accurate Gray-Value-Based Matching Template Matching with Rotations and Scalings Robust Template Matching Stereo Reconstruction Stereo Geometry Stereo Matching Optical Character Recognition Character Segmentation Feature Extraction Classification
PEGylated versus non-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles as camptothecin delivery system (2014)

Camptothecin (CPT; (S)-(+)-4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1H-pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-(4H,12H)-dione) is a highly cytotoxic natural alkaloid that has not yet found use as chemotherapeutic agent due to its poor water-solubility and chemical instability and, as a consequence, no effective administration means have been designed. In this work, camptothecin has been successfully loaded into iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles with an average size of 14 nm. It was found that surface modification of the nanoparticles by polyethylene glycol enables loading a large amount of camptothecin. While the unloaded nanoparticles do not induce apoptosis in the H460 lung cancer cell line, the camptothecin-loaded nanoparticle formulations exhibit remarkable pro-apoptotic activity. These results indicate that camptothecin retains its biological activity after loading onto the magnetic nanoparticles. The proposed materials represent novel materials based on naturally occurring bioactive molecules loaded onto nanoparticles to be used as chemotherapeutic formulations. The procedure seems apt to be extended to other active molecules extracted from natural products. In addition, these materials offer the potential of being further implemented for combined imaging and therapeutics, as magnetic nanoparticles are known to be multifunctional tools for biomedicine.
Prostacyclin-induced acute pulmonary vasodilation in primary pulmonary hypertension. (1982)

To evaluate the effects of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) on pulmonary vascular tone in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), we performed right-heart catheterization on seven patients with PPH and made hemodynamic measurements before and after infusing incremental doses of prostacyclin. In maximal doses of 2-12 mg/kg/min (mean 5.7 +/0 3.1 ng/kg/min), prostacyclin reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 62 +/- 15 to 55 +/- 16 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and total pulmonary resistance from 17.1 +/- 8.7 to 9.7 +/- 5.9 units (p less than 0.005), and increased cardiac output from 4.22 +/- 1.64 to 6.57 +/- 2.04 l/min (p less than 0.01). Heart rate increased from 83 +/- 13 to 94 +/- 11 beats/min (p = 0.1) and mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 90 +/- 12 to 77 +/- 4 mm Hg (p = 0.055). Three patients who received a continuous infusion of prostacyclin for 24-48 hours had sustained reductions in total pulmonary resistance during the infusion period. These data demonstrate that prostacyclin can increase cardiac output and reduce pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance in PPH.
Developmental Control of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor by MRAP2 Proteins in Zebrafish (2013)

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is essential for control of energy homeostasis in vertebrates. MC4R interacts with melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) in vitro, but its functions in vivo are unknown. We found that MRAP2a, a larval form, stimulates growth of zebrafish by specifically blocking the action of MC4R. In cell culture, this protein binds MC4R and reduces the ability of the receptor to bind its ligand, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). A paralog, MRAP2b, expressed later in development, also binds MC4R but increases ligand sensitivity. Thus, MRAP2 proteins allow for developmental control of MC4R activity, with MRAP2a blocking its function and stimulating growth during larval development, whereas MRAP2b enhances responsiveness to α-MSH once the zebrafish begins feeding, thus increasing the capacity for regulated feeding and growth.
High Temperature Complex Permittivity Measurements of Composite Materials Using an Open-Ended Waveguide (1992)

A method for measuring the complex permittivity for absorbing materials has been developed for temperature up to 1000° C. The test apparatus consists of an open ended flanged circular waveguide propagating TE11 mode, which radiates into material under test placed in front of the flange. Electromagnetic analysis by modal method permits the calculation of the field in different zones of the structure. Complex permittivity is deduced by both theoretical and experimental reflection coefficient values. A solar source is used to realize the complex permittivity measurement as a function of temperature. Microwave measurements were made with different samples for different temperature laws. Reproducibility of thermal tests permits the validation of the method.
Concentration dependence of the refractive index for <i>n</i> - and <i>p</i> -type GaAs between 1.2 and 1.8 eV (1974)

The refractive indices of GaAs at room temperature were determined from accurate double-beam reflectance measurements. The uncertainty in the refractive indices obtained by this technique is ±0.005. Measurements were made on high-purity n -type samples, n -type samples with free-electron concentrations from 5×1016 to 6.7×1018 cm−3, p -type samples with free-hole concentrations from 1.5×1016 to 1.6×1019 cm−3, and p -type samples heavily doped with the amphoteric impurity Si. These data agree with Marple's prism refractive data for both of his samples of the same impurity concentration. Analysis of the reflectance for the high-purity samples permitted assignment of the room-temperature energy gap as 1.424±0.001 eV. The shape of the refractive-index-vs-energy curve was found to be strongly dependent on the carrier concentration at energies near the direct energy gap.
Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation (2007)

We present a statistical machine translation model that uses hierarchical phrases—phrases that contain subphrases. The model is formally a synchronous context-free grammar but is learned from a parallel text without any syntactic annotations. Thus it can be seen as combining fundamental ideas from both syntax-based translation and phrase-based translation. We describe our system's training and decoding methods in detail, and evaluate it for translation speed and translation accuracy. Using BLEU as a metric of translation accuracy, we find that our system performs significantly better than the Alignment Template System, a state-of-the-art phrase-based system.