gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in Cancer Progression (1996)

Epithelial cells are the most important cell type in the development of human malignancies. More than 90% of all malignant tumors are carcinomas, and thus of epithelial origin. Aberrant growth and the ability to invade the underlying tissues are intrinsic properties of the fatally altered cells. Multiple genetic alterations that can influence growth and genetic stability of the carcinoma cells have been characterised during tumor progression. Loss of epithelial morphology and the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics are typical for carcinoma cells late in tumor progression and correlate with metastatic potential. In vitro, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions can be induced by interference with the integrity of the adherens junction, by signalling via tyrosine kinases, and by oncogene expression. In carcinoma cells, loss or downregulation of E-cadherin expression are frequently observed in carcinomas, and correlate with the malignancy of the tumor. In general, this change in expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. However, tumor types or cell lines exist which show mesenchymal characteristics but nevertheless express E-cadherin protein or mRNA. A more-detailed analysis demonstrated that other mechanisms that interfere with E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion can be operative. Mutations in the E-cadherin gene and loss or mutation of the second, intact copy as well as mutation in the catenin genes, which encode proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic portion of E-cadherin, can be observed. In addition, transient or unregulated phosphorylation by receptor tyrosine kinases or oncogenic tyrosine kinases, respectively, can interfere with the epithelial morphology and induce a mesenchymal conversion. Since tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin correlates with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is observed, E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion might be modulated by such a mechanism. Interestingly, the same molecules implicated in the control of malignant properties turn out to play fundamental roles in the control of normal epithelial growth, differentiation and morphogenesis.
Entamoeba histolytica Cytotoxin: Purification, Characterization, Strain Virulence, and Protease Activity (1982)

A heat-labile cytotoxin was isolated from virulent strains of axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica. Strains of E. histolytica representing a spectrum of virulence as determined in animal and in vitro models of disease were examined for cytotoxic activity. Extracts of virulent strain HM1 possessed marked cytotoxic activity, those of moderately virulent strain 200 showed intermediate activity, and those of avirulent strains 303 and Rahman showed no activity. The cytotoxin was partially purified from the cell-free supernatant of sonicated E. histolytica HM1 trophozoites by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Cytotoxic activity was stable in a narrow pH range (6-7.2) and in 1 M NaCl, urea, and guanidine. Specific immune rabbit and human antiserum as well as the protease inhibitors aprotinin, pepstatin, and leupeptin inhibited cytotoxicity. The partially purified cytotoxin did not have any detectable degradative enzymatic activities. Thus, virulent strains of E. histolytica possess an immunogenic cytotoxic protein which may be important in the pathophysiology of amoebiasis.
Targeting Angiogenesis and HGF Function Using an Adenoviral Vector Expressing the HGF Antagonist NK4 for Cancer Therapy (2002)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) affects tumor growth/invasion and tumor neovascularization. A proposed HGF antagonist, NK4 (an amino-terminal kringle-domain peptide of HGF), inhibits tumor growth/invasion through the competition of HGF binding to its receptor, c-Met, and acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor. To investigate the in vivo effect of NK4 gene transfer, we constructed an adenovirus vector expressing human NK4 (AdCMV.NK4). Human lung cancer cell lines (A549 and H358) infected in vitro with AdCMV.NK4 yielded NK4 protein without a change in the cell growth rate. In contrast, direct injection of AdCMV.NK4 (1 x 10(9) pfu, twice) into established subcutaneous tumors in BALB/c nu/nu mice resulted in suppression of the tumors by 64% for A549 or by 91% for H358 compared with controls (P<0.02 or P<0.01, respectively). Counting of the tumor vessels revealed suppressed vascularity by 57% in H358 tumors when using AdCMV.NK4 (P<0.0001). Furthermore, systemic NK4 delivery by intraperitoneal injection of AdCMV.NK4 effectively suppressed both angiogenesis in the Matrigel assay (86% reduction, P<0.032), subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo (by 65% for H358, P<0.001), and hematogenous lung metastases without obvious side effects. These results indicate that NK4 elicits tumor-growth suppression in vivo through its anti-angiogenic activity and anti-HGF activity and that NK4 gene transfer can be an effective tool in the treatment of cancer.
Post-translational modification of p53 and the integration of stress signals. (1997)

The p53 tumour suppressor protein is a potent transcription factor. p53 is latent in cells and can be activated in response to signals arising from a range of stresses including DNA damage, hypoxia, nucleotide depletion, viral infection and cytokines. Activation of p53 leads either to cellular growth arrest at the G1/S or G2/M transitions of the cell cycle or to programmed cell death (apoptosis). The mechanism of activation of p53 is poorly understood, as are the factors which govern the decision between growth arrest or apoptosis. However, accumulating evidence points to a role for multi-site phosphorylation of p53 in mediating these events. p53 is phosphorylated at different sites within its N-terminal domain by protein kinases which are responsive to UV radiation, cytokines, DNA damage and growth factors. At the C-terminus p53 is phosphorylated by protein kinases involved in growth stimulation, cell cycle control and apoptosis. While little is yet understood about the role of phosphorylation at the N-terminal sites, the C-terminal phosphorylation events are each involved in controlling the specific DNA binding function of p53, perhaps in a coordinate manner, and may also play a role in regulating other functions of p53 such as DNA strand annealing and transcriptional repression. Understanding the control of p53 by multisite phosphorylation may therefore provide essential information concerning the mechanisms of activation of p53, the biological consequences of this activation, and the role of p53 as an integrator of stress signals.
Dynamic adaptation to available resources for parallel computing in an autonomous network of workstations (2001)

Networks of workstations (NOWs), which are generally composed of autonomous compute elements networked together, are an attractive parallel computing platform since they offer high performance at low cost. The autonomous nature of the environment, however, often results in inefficient utilization due to load imbalances caused by three primary factors: 1) unequal load (compute or communication) assignment to equally-powerful compute nodes, 2) unequal resources at compute nodes, and 3) multiprogramming. These load imbalances result in idle waiting time on cooperating processes that need to synchronize or communicate data. Additional waiting time may result due to local scheduling decisions in a multiprogrammed environment. In this paper, we present a combined approach of compile-time analysis, run-time load distribution, and operating system scheduler cooperation for improved utilization of available resources in an autonomous NOW. The techniques we propose allow efficient resource utilization by taking into consideration all three causes of load imbalance in addition to locality of access in the process of load distribution. The resulting adaptive load distribution and cooperative scheduling system allows applications to take advantage of parallel resources when available by providing better performance than when the loaded resources are not used at all.
Phylogeny of Microorganisms Populating a Thick, Subaerial, Predominantly Lithotrophic Biofilm at an Extreme Acid Mine Drainage Site (2000)

An unusually thick ( approximately 1 cm) slime developed on a slump of finely disseminated pyrite ore within an extreme acid mine drainage site at Iron Mountain, near Redding, Calif. The slime was studied over the period of 1 year. The subaerial form of the slime distinguished it from more typical submerged streamers. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed a diversity of sequences that were mostly novel. Nearest relatives to the majority of sequences came from iron-oxidizing acidophiles, and it appears that iron oxidation is the predominant metabolic characteristic of the organisms in the slime. The most abundant of the 16S rRNA genes detected were from organisms related to Leptospirillum species. The dominant sequence (71% of clones) may represent a new genus. Sequences within the Archaea of the Thermoplasmales lineage were detected. Most of these were only distantly related to known microorganisms. Also, sequences affiliating with Acidimicrobium were detected. Some of these were closely related to "Ferromicrobium acidophilus," and others were affiliated with a lineage only represented by environmental clones. Unexpectedly, sequences that affiliated within the delta subdivision of the Proteobacteria were detected. The predominant metabolic feature of bacteria of this subdivision is anaerobic sulfate or metal reduction. Thus, microenvironments of low redox potential possibly exist in the predominantly oxidizing environments of the slime. These results expand our knowledge of the biodiversity of acid mine drainage environments and extend our understanding of the ecology of extremely acidic systems.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the adenine methyltransferase M.<i>C</i>viRI from<i>Chlorella</i>virus XZ-6E (1991)

The gene encoding the DNA methyltransferase M.CviRI from Chlorella virus XZ-6E was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. M.CviRI methylates adenine in TGCA sequences. DNA containing the M.CviRI gene was sequenced and a single open reading frame of 1137 bp was identified which could code for a polypeptide of 379 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 42,814. Comparison of the M.CviRI predicted amino acid sequence with another Chlorella virus and 14 bacterial adenine methyltransferases revealed extensive similarity to the other Chlorella virus enzyme.
Seeding of proteins into amyloid structures by metabolite assemblies may clarify certain unexplained epidemiological associations (2018)

The accumulation of various metabolites appears to be associated with diverse human diseases. However, the aetiological link between metabolic alteration and the observed diseases is still elusive. This includes the correlation between the abnormally high levels of homocysteine and quinolinic acid in Alzheimer's disease, as well as the accumulation of oncometabolites in malignant processes. Here, we suggest and discuss a possible mechanistic insight into metabolite accumulation in conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Our hypothesis is based on the demonstrated ability of metabolites to form amyloid-like structures in inborn error of metabolism disorders and the potential of such metabolite amyloids to promote protein aggregation. This notion can provide a new paradigm for neurodegeneration and cancer, as both conditions were linked to loss of function due to protein aggregation. Similar to the well-established observation of amyloid formation in many degenerative disorders, the formation of amyloids by tumour-suppressor proteins, including p53, was demonstrated in malignant states. Moreover, this new paradigm could fill the gap in understanding the high occurrence of specific types of cancer among genetic error of metabolism patients. This hypothesis offers a fresh view on the aetiology of some of the most abundant human maladies and may redirect the efforts towards new therapeutic developments.
TUMOR STROMA AND REGULATION OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT (2006)

Abstract In the past 25 years, a majority of cancer studies have focused on examining functional consequences of activating and/or inactivating mutations in critical genes implicated in cell cycle control. These studies have taught us a great deal about the functions of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and the signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation and/or cell death. However, such studies have largely ignored the fact that cancers are heterogeneous cellular entities whose growth is dependent upon reciprocal interactions between genetically altered "initiated" cells and the dynamic microenvironment in which they live. This review highlights the aspects of cancer development that, like organogenesis during embryonic development and tissue repair in adult mammals, are regulated by interactions between epithelial cells, activated stromal cells, and soluble and insoluble components of the extracellular matrix.
Tracer Studies of Oxidation—Reduction Polymerization and Molecular Weight of “Teflon” Tetrafluoroethylene Resin (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTracer Studies of Oxidation—Reduction Polymerization and Molecular Weight of "Teflon" Tetrafluoroethylene ResinK. L. Berry and J. H. PetersonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 11, 5195–5197Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01155a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01155a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views478Altmetric-Citations89LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Two Organizational Roles: Manager's and Leader's (1998)

In this decade⁄ leadership has been one of the most popular topics with speakers and writers on management. It is by its nature a somewhat enigmatic concept and⁄ therefore⁄ not largely amenable to research. Still⁄ it has been possible to develop better understanding. Leader's personality is not so much in focus now. It has shifted to leadership role and tends to shift further to leadership as a process. Distinction between leadership and managerial roles is becoming clearer. Whether leaders are born or made is no longer a serious controversy. It is asserted that leadership success or failure depends more on learning processes and situational contexts. How to interpret the life around and how to promote meaningful action are some of the vital questions which only better understanding can help in answering. The purpose of this paper by Sampat Singh is to promote efforts in that direction.
Progress in space (1971)

The danger of writing a survey of the year's progress in a given branch of science as early as October to meet editorial deadlines is readily appreciated but this does not excuse MrDFA Edwards's opening statement (Physics Bulletin December 1970 p533) to the effect that the USA remained the major centre of world space activity in 1970. The survey was probably written during the period of 19 consecutive launches between 8 September and 23 October and since then there have been only five American launches and one Italian launched American payload to set against a further 18 Soviet launches.
Modelling and experimental operation of a "reverse-rectification column" for an absorption heat pump. (1990)

In a “reverse-rectification system,” a volatile liquid (water) is injected into the evaporator placed at the bottom of a packed column. A less-volatile liquid (ethylene glycol) is injected into the head of the column. In the column, vapor and liquid are contacted in countercurrent flow (glycol downfiow, water-vapor upflow). Some heat is evolved by the vapor-liquid absorption, and is extracted through a heat exchanger incorporated in the column.Three different structures of the system are modelled and compared, by using the Ponchon diagram.A lab-scale reverse-rectification column with an integrated glycol preheater was constructed and operated under atmospheric pressure.The measured performance criteria are: the temperature lift, which is the difference between the temperature of the upgraded heat flux extracted from the column and that of the heat flux supplied to the evaporator, and the heal efficiency, which is the ratio of these two heat fluxes.The temperature lift and the heat efficiency were studied as functions of the flow rates of the liquids injected at the top and the bottom of the system.
THE FAR ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF POLYPEPTIDE AND PROTEIN SOLUTIONS AND THEIR DEPENDENCE ON CONFORMATION (1961)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Industrial applications of Maya-type pigments (2004)

Palygorskite clay and Indigo was used to make synthetic Maya Blue. Indigo derivatives were used to synthesize colors of purple, pink and brown. Several tests were performed to analyze the potential use of the Maya type pigments in coatings applications compared to those pigments that are already commercially available. Oil Absorption values for Maya type pigments were in the range of 62–68g/100g, while that for Copper Phthalocyanine blue was 61.13g/100g and Ultramarine Blue was 42.74g/100g. Specific gravity was 2.29 and the critical pigment volume concentration was in the range of 37.23–39.42. K/S ratio for these pigments ranges from 0.34–1.08. The resistance of the Maya type pigments to acid rain was tested using simulated lab test called Kesternich test. Results show that the presence of calcium carbonate impurities affects the stability of Maya pigments to acid rain resulting in the formation of calcium sulfate. Resistance to ultraviolet light and moisture condensation were determined using a UV weathering chamber that simulates real weather conditions. Color difference values were recorded before and after exposure to the simulated weathering. Results of the exposure test on acrylic solvent based paints after 500 hours shows Maya type pigments have superior performance as compared to Ultramarine blue and slightly inferior performance as compared against Copper Phthalocyanine Blue. Water based Maya type paints show superior performance as compared to Ultramarine Blue and superior or comparable performance as compared to Copper Phthalocyanine. Results of Maya type pigments in injection molded plastics shows superior or comparable performance as compared against commercially available pigments.
Practical metal-free synthesis of chalcone derivatives via a tandem cross-dehydrogenative-coupling/elimination reaction (2013)

Metal-free synthesis of chalcone derivatives through a tandem cross-dehydrogenative-coupling/elimination reaction is described. A simple and inexpensive ammonium persulfate salt enables the reaction between ketones and benzylamines to proceed with high stereoselectivity and good functional group compatibility.
Altered Tissue Distribution of Amphotericin B by Liposomal Encapsulation: Comparison of Normal Mice to Mice Infected with <i>Candida albicans</i> (1984)

Recently, it has been observed that encapsulation of Amphotericin B (Amp-B) into multilamellar vesicles (liposomes) decreases the toxicity associated with the administration of Amp-B, while maintaining its antifungal efficacy. In this study, the tissue concentrations of Amp-B in normal mice and in mice infected with Candida albicans were examined. Amp-B concentrations in various tissues were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Liposomal encapsulation improved the delivery of Amp-B to the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney in both normal and infected mice. Furthermore, after injection of the encapsulated drug, Amp-B was demonstrable in brain tissue of infected animals at potentially therapeutic concentrations. None was demonstrable in the brains of normal animals or animals injected with free Amp-B. The results suggest that capillary endothelial damage and phagocytic cell uptake may contribute to an enhanced liposome delivery of Amp-B to those organs most frequently infected with fungi.
Lanthanide Complexes for Second Order Nonlinear Optics:  Evidence for the Direct Contribution of f Electrons to the Quadratic Hyperpolarizability (2005)

This study descibes for the first time the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of multipolar lanthanide complexes, Na3[Ln(dipic)3]. The "metal-induced" NLO activity enhancement is confirmed as a general property of f-block elements, and the direct participation of f electrons to the hyperpolarizability beta is strongly supported by experimental data.
Catalysis of semiconductor nanoparticles towards electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid (2010)

Nano-materials show great electrocatalysis on redox reaction, e.g. metal nano-particles and carbon nano-tube. The electrocatalytic activity of semiconductor nano-particles, however, has not been reported although semiconductor was widely used as an electrode substrate for a variety of applications. In this work, we demonstrated a remarkable catalysis on electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid on indium tin oxide nano-particles (ITO NPs)-modified electrode. It was found that the oxidation potential of ascorbic acid decreased by ~800 mV, compared with that on sputtered ITO film electrode. Coupling with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL) emission studies, the catalytic effect can be deduced to relate with the existence of oxygen vacancy defects in In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> crystals, one of the components of ITO. The findings could shed light on fabricating novel electrochemical device for biosensing in future work.
An unusual cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: psoriasis vulgaris (2010)

Psoriasis, being limited to the skin, is generally a chronic inflammatory disorder. Several glomerular diseases have been distinguished due to renal histological findings of psoriatic patients to date. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of these associations remain unclear because of the limited number of cases. We report a second case of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a psoriatic patient.