gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-chip Structures and Techniques to Improve the Security, Trustworthiness and Reliability of Integrated Circuits (2013)

Due to the globalization of the semiconductor design and fabrication process, inte- grated circuits (ICs) are becoming increasingly vulnerable to malicious activities. There are two major problems that impact the security, trustworthiness, and relia- bility of ICs used in military, financial, or other critical applications: (i) Malicious inclusions and alterations, known as hardware Trojans, could be easily inserted into intellectual properties (IPs) or ICs by an untrusted process. These hardware Trojans may leak confidential information to an adversary or potentially disable part or all of an IC at a specific target time in the field. Techniques need to be developed to identify these hardware Trojans to prevent the potential damages. (ii) The number of circuit-related counterfeiting incidents reported by component manufacturers increases significantly over the past few years and recycled ICs contribute major percentages of the total reported counterfeiting incidents. These recycled ICs enter the market when electronic “recyclers” divert scrapped circuit boards away from their designated place of disposal for the purposes of removing and reselling the ICs on those boards. Since these recycled ICs have been used in the field before, the performance of such ICs has been degraded by aging effects and harsh recycling process. In this thesis, to address the above two problems, we developed several light-weight on-chip structures and techniques to improve the security and reliability of ICs. These structures and techniques include (i) a verification-based flow to detect hardware Trojans in IPs, (ii) an on-chip ring oscillator network (RON) acting as power monitors to detect hardware Trojans in ICs, (iii) a novel technique combining the improved RON with transient current to improve the sensitivity of the RON for hardware Trojan detection, (iv) three light-weight sensors recording the usage time to identify recycled ICs, (v) a path- delay fingerprinting flow with zero area overhead to identify recycled ICs, and (vi) two true random number generators (TRNGs) to generate sequences with high randomness, which are widely used for secure data communication and storage. The simulation results and implementation analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques.
Cerebral hemometabolism: from isolated measurements to monitoring and therapy (1993)

An overview is presented on historical and multivariate aspects of cerebral hemometabolism. This involves a full multivariate approach, from blood pressure to cerebral metabolism. From isolated measurements, to monitoring and management, a comprehensive overview of cerebral hemometabolism is addressed, from its inception to current days, up to a new concept, the cerebral hemodynamic reserve. A multivariate functional diagram is proposed, to summarize the multivariate interrelationships of cerebral hemometabolism. A generic proposition is made for studies of truly normal cerebral hemometabolism in children, for subsequent clinical applications. Another proposition is made for multivariate cerebral hemometabolic monitoring, in a broad variety of circumstances of predominantly global changes in intracranial dynamics, both in animal and clinical research.
Substrate and Trigger Ablation for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation (STAR AF): a randomized, multicentre, international trial (2010)

In high-burden paroxysmal/persistent AF, PVI + CFE has the highest freedom from AF vs. PVI or CFE alone after one or two procedures. Complex fractionated electrogram alone has the lowest one and two procedure success rates with a higher incidence of repeat procedures. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number NCT00367757.
Modeling component based embedded systems applications with explicit connectors in UML 2.0 (2007)

When building a system by connecting components, the connection itself, the connector, becomes a hot-spot of abstraction for any interaction. In contrary to most existing component models, we introduce explicit connectors as first class architectural entities. They materialize detailed contracts regarding composition, deployment and interaction and hence provide fine granular information on composed structures. Using explicit connectors results in customtailored and consequently light-weight middleware, as any interaction logic is contained within them. Modeling component architectures with explicit connectors allows the usage of off-the-shelf connector libraries. Thereby, developing a distributed component based application becomes less complex and more competitive due to reduced costs and increased reliability. We contribute by adopting a model driven development process for the use of explicit connectors by extending the syntax of UML 2.0 and defining a set of required model transformations.
Analysis of alternative front suspension systems for motorcycles (2006)

Virtual prototyping is a common practice in the automotive industry but still a developing one for the motorcycle companies. Among other advantages, such techniques can greatly reduce the development time necessary to validate novel ideas. In that fashion, a motorcycle is modelled as a highly detailed multibody system in order to provide a test-rig for a number of alternative front suspension systems. These systems are compared in terms of kinematics and dynamics, to provide improved insight into the aspects that need to be considered when deciding upon the use of an alternative system instead of the conventional forks. Apart from the motorcycle model, a driver model has been developed to allow for the systems to be validated through subjection to a variety of driving manoeuvres during simulations. Some indicative results are shown to prove the performance potential of such systems when compared with the default solution of conventional forks and bring into attention the differences between each design philosophy.
Processor-memory co-exploration driven by a Memory-Aware Architecture Description Language (2002)

Memory represents a major bottleneck in modern embedded systems. Traditionally, memory organizations for programmable systems assumed a fixed cache hierarchy. With the widening processor-memory gap, more aggressive memory technologies and organizations have appeared, allowing customization of a heterogeneous memory architecture tuned for the application. However, such a processor-memory co-exploration approach critically needs the ability to explicitly capture heterogeneous memory architectures. We present in this paper a language-based approach to explicitly capture the memory subsystem configuration, and perform exploration of the memory architecture to trade-off cost versus performance. We present a set of experiments using our Memory-Aware Architectural Description Language to drive the exploration of the memory subsystem for the TIC6211 processor architecture, demonstrating a range of cost and performance attributes.
Initial investigation into lower-cost CT for resource limited regions of the world (2010)

This paper describes an initial investigation into means for producing lower-cost CT scanners for resource limited regions of the world. In regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, intermediate level medical facilities serving millions have no CT machines, and lack the imaging resources necessary to determine whether certain patients would benefit from being transferred to a hospital in a larger city for further diagnostic workup or treatment. Low-cost CT scanners would potentially be of immense help to the healthcare system in such regions. Such scanners would not produce state-of-theart image quality, but rather would be intended primarily for triaging purposes to determine the patients who would benefit from transfer to larger hospitals. The lower-cost scanner investigated here consists of a fixed digital radiography system and a rotating patient stage. This paper describes initial experiments to determine if such a configuration is feasible. Experiments were conducted using (1) x-ray image acquisition, a physical anthropomorphic chest phantom, and a flat-panel detector system, and (2) a computer-simulated XCAT chest phantom. Both the physical phantom and simulated phantom produced excellent image quality reconstructions when the phantom was perfectly aligned during acquisition, but artifacts were noted when the phantom was displaced to simulate patient motion. An algorithm was developed to correct for motion of the phantom and demonstrated success in correcting for 5-mm motion during 360-degree acquisition of images. These experiments demonstrated feasibility for this approach, but additional work is required to determine the exact limitations produced by patient motion.
ChemInform Abstract: BISCHLER‐NAPIERALSKI REACTIONS OF N‐(2‐INDOLYLETHYL)ACETAMIDE (1976)

Abstract Das Indol (I) gibt beim Behandeln mit P20 5 in Xylol in Gegenwart von Pyridin nach Bisch1er‐Napieralski die Cyclisierungsprodukte (II) und (III).
Beating the Spread (2016)

The UV tracer seems to be a useful analog of contaminated bodily fluids because it spread easily and its spread decreased with the use of barrier methods. This model could be used in future studies to measure the effectiveness of different forms of PPE and to study the effectiveness of provider education on appropriately donning and doffing PPE.
Impact of gate-induced drain leakage current on the tail distribution of DRAM data retention time (2002)

In this paper we propose a new model for leakage mechanism in tail-mode bits of DRAM data retention characteristics. For main-mode bits, leakage current can be attributed to junction thermal-generation leakage current. For tail-mode bits, it is found for the first time that Gate-Induced Drain Leakage (GIDL) current has a dominant impact. The root cause is electric field enhancement caused by metal precipitates located at the gate-drain overlap region.
Fabrication of coloured zirconia ceramics by infiltrating water debound injection moulded green body (2010)

AbstractThe authors developed a new technique combining ceramic injection moulding and liquid precursor infiltration, presenting a new strategy for fabrication of coloured zirconia ceramics. The authors’ strategy includes ceramic injection moulding 3Y‐TZP powder using a water debinding binder system, debinding moulded parts in water and drying, immersing debound parts in solutions containing different colouring ions and then sintering and creating coloured zirconia ceramics. The fabricated coloured ceramic bars exhibit a core shell structure, and the thickness of the coloured shell can be tailored by adjusting immersion time and temperature. Using solutions containing different colouring ions, ceramic bars with various colours can be prepared.
Automatic summarization for popular songs (2008)

In this paper, we present an automatic summarization approach for popular songs. The approach includes two stages. First, a rough summary of the song is extracted efficiently by the energy information and the songpsilas structure, and then the segment boundaries of the summary are detected. Different from most previous works, the summary has a more complete meaning and a varied length instead of a fixed length, therefore it is much helpful for popular songpsilas audition and management. The algorithm is tested and evaluated by objective means. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves satisfactory results.
Molecular basis for the antimycotic and antibacterial activity of <i>N</i>‐substituted imidazoles and triazoles: The inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis (1984)

Abstract The antimycotic N‐substituted imidazoles and triazoles, such as imazalil, ketoconazole and itraconazole, interfere selectively at low concentrations (≥0.01nm) with the 14α‐demethylase system (which is dependent on cytochrome P‐450) of fungal cells, for example, Candida albicans and Penicillium italicum. This results in a decreased availability of ergosterol and the accumulation of 14α‐methyl‐sterols such as lanosterol. Cholesterol synthesis in a subcellular fraction of rat liver, in intact fibroblasts, and in vivo in rat liver, was much less sensitive, for example, to ketoconazole. The imidazole derivatives imazalil, miconazole, ketoconazole and parconazole, and the triazole derivatives propiconazole, terconazole and itraconazole affect the cytochrome P‐450 species of microsomal fractions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat liver. Cytochrome P‐450 of rat‐liver microsomes was much less sensitive to these azole derivatives, in parallel with the lower sensitivity of cholesterol synthesis. Using unilamellar vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine and diphosphatidylcholine, multilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphos‐phatidylcholine, and intact S. cerevisiae, it was shown that the substitution of ergosterol by lanosterol leads to functional changes in the membranes. It is speculated that the selective interaction of the azole derivatives with the yeast microsomal cytochrome P‐450 leads to the accumulation of 14a‐methyl‐sterols and results in changes in the permeability of the membranes and leakages. The observed inhibition of growth may have its origin in these changes. Miconazole, ketoconazole and deacylated ketoconazole (R‐39519) also affect the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, miconazole being 12.5 and 14 times, respectively, more active than R‐39519 and ketoconazole. The greater antibacterial activity of miconazole coincides with its greater inhibition of the biosynthesis of C‐55 isoprenoid alcohol and vitamin K. The phosphorylated derivative of C‐55 isoprenoid alcohol has functional importance in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall and membrane polymers, and the menaquinone vitamin K plays a role in the electron transport of Gram‐positive bacteria. The reduced synthesis of these vital compounds may contribute to the antibacterial activity of miconazole.
Progressive Damage and Failure Modeling in Fiber-Reinforced Laminated Composites Containing a Hole (2011)

A progressive damage and failure model for fiber-reinforced laminated composites is developed in combination of finite element procedure and micromechanical model based on a unit cell. The micromechanical model can be used to evaluate failure criteria at the micro-level with fiber and matrix material properties rather than laminate material parameters. Once either of the constituents has damaged, the corresponding material properties are degraded by the damage factor. The micromechanical model and the damage theory are implemented in the finite software to model the damage progression and compute the ultimate strength of the composite laminates containing a hole. The simulation results of this model are compared with a model that is used in the failure criteria at the macro-level. The predicted strengths for both models are furthermore compared with the experimental results, and a well agreement in the simulation and experimental results is revealed.
Synthesis and Testosterone 5.ALPHA.-Reductase-Inhibitory Activity of 4-Aza-5.ALPHA.-androstane-17-carboxamide Compound with an Aromatic Moiety in the C-17 Carbamoyl Group. (1996)

A series of 4-aza-5 alpha-androstane compounds with one or two aromatic moieties in the carbamoyl group at the C-17 position were synthesized and their inhibitory activities for rat and human prostatic testosterone 5 alpha-reductase were tested in vitro. Compounds with one aromatic moiety in the carbamoyl group showed high inhibitory activity for rat 5 alpha-reductase, but little for human prostatic 5 alpha-reductase. On the other hand, compounds with two aromatic moieties had potent inhibitory activities for both rat and human 5 alpha-reductase. The structural requirements for potent inhibition for both enzymes are discussed in relation to the spatial arrangement of the C-17 carbamoyl group.
Dynamic reconfiguration and routing algorithms for IP-over-WDM networks with stochastic traffic (2005)

We develop algorithms for joint IP-layer routing and WDM logical topology reconfiguration in IP-over-WDM networks experiencing stochastic traffic. At the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) layer, we associate a nonnegligible overhead with WDM reconfiguration, during which time tuned transceivers cannot service backlogged data. The Internet Protocol (IP) layer is modeled as a queueing system. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve asymptotic throughput optimality by using frame-based maximum weight scheduling decisions. We study both fixed and variable frame durations. In addition to dynamically triggering WDM reconfiguration, our algorithms specify precisely how to route packets over the IP layer during the phases in which the WDM layer remains fixed. We demonstrate that optical-layer constraints do not affect the results, and provide an analysis of the specific case of WDM networks with multiple ports per node. In order to gauge the delay properties of our algorithms, we conduct a simulation study and demonstrate an important tradeoff between WDM reconfiguration and IP-layer routing. We find that multihop routing is extremely beneficial at low-throughput levels, while single-hop routing achieves improved delay at high-throughput levels. For a simple access network, we demonstrate through simulation the benefit of employing multihop IP-layer routes.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of acid birnessites before and after Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption (2012)

Abstract To provide fundamental knowledge for studying the relative content of vacant sites and exploring the mechanism of interaction between Pb 2+ and birnessite, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of birnessites with different Mn average oxidation states (AOS) before and after Pb 2+ adsorption were investigated. The number of absorption bands of FTIR spectra was determined by using the second derivatives of the original spectra. The band at 899–920 cm –1 was assigned to the bending vibration of -OH located at vacancies. The bands at 1059–1070, 1115–1124 and 1165–1171 cm –1 could be attributed to the vibrations of Mn(III)-OH in MnO 6 layers, and the intensities of these bands increased with decreasing Mn AOS. The bands at 990 and 1023–1027 cm –1 were ascribed to the vibrations of Mn(III)-OH in the interlayers. Mn(III) in MnO 6 layers partially migrated to interlayers during Pb 2+ adsorption, which led to an increased intensity of the band at 990 cm –1 . The band at 564–567cm –1 was assigned to the vibration of Mn-O located at vacancies. This band could split by coupling of vibrations due to Pb 2+ and/or Mn 2+ adsorbed at vacant sites. The large distance between the band at 610–626 cm –1 and that at 638–659 cm –1 might reflect small Mn(III) ions located in Mn(III)-rich rows.
Theoretical analysis of plasmonic black gold: periodic arrays of ultra-sharp grooves (2013)

Periodic arrays of tapered grooves in gold surfaces are theoretically considered for turning high-reflectivity (shiny) gold surfaces into broadband low-reflectivity (black) surfaces, when illuminated by light polarized perpendicular to the groove direction, by making use of nanofocusing and subsequent absorption of gap-plasmon modes excited in the tapered grooves. The importance of realization of the adiabatic regime of nanofocusing, i.e. without reflection of plasmonic modes by tapered walls, is emphasized, and the taper angle that can be used for a given groove width without causing significant reflection is quantified. It is shown that nearly parallel groove walls at the groove bottom, i.e. ultra-sharp grooves, are required in order to sufficiently suppress the light reflection. Periodic arrays of V-grooves, and grooves with profiles described by a power-formula, are demonstrated to have much higher reflectivity levels than ultra-sharp groove arrays. Reflectivity spectra of ultra-sharp groove arrays are presented for a wide range of parameters, including the groove depth, bottom groove width, period, width of a flat plateau, and the angle of light incidence. Similar surface geometries in other metals are shown to have higher or smaller reflectivity levels depending on whether the metals are more or less absorptive than gold.
Star‐ and Banana‐Shaped Oligomers with a Pyrimidine Core: Synthesis and Light‐Emitting Properties (2008)

Abstract By using Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions we have synthesised a series of star‐ and banana‐shaped oligomers with a pyrimidine unit as the central core and π‐conjugated arms consisting of aromatics bearing electron‐donor substituents. The position of the arms as well as the nature of their substituents were investigated with a view to accessing compounds that exhibit interesting light‐emitting properties. The best fluorescence quantum yields were obtained withbanana‐shaped pyrimidines substituted with p ‐(dimethylamino)phenyl or 2‐furyl groups. Comparison of the optical properties of oligomers with benzene, pyrimidine or s ‐triazine as the central unit revealed that the pyrimidinic compounds gave the best results. Some of the oligomers synthesised exhibit solvatochromic properties and pH sensibility, which could allow their use as polarity or pH sensors.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes (1998)

We report in detail that unlike other materials, carbon nanotubes are so small that changes in structure can affect the Young’s modulus. The variation in modulus is attributed to differences in torsional strain, which is the dominant component of the total strain energy. Torsional strain, and correspondingly Young’s modulus, increases significantly with decreasing tube diameter and increases slightly with decreasing tube helicity.
The Flip Side of Holland Type Congruence: Incongruence and Job Satisfaction (2010)

This study examined the relationship between Holland type (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional; Holland, 1959, 1997) congruence and incongruence (i.e., lack of fit between an occupation's 3‐letter Holland code and a person's lowest 3 Holland interest types) and tested whether incongruence predicts unique variance in satisfaction beyond congruence. Results from an employee sample suggest that incongruence and congruence are distinct constructs (in that they correlated r = ‐.32) and that beyond congruence, incongruence did not predict variance in overall or intrinsic job satisfaction. Counselors are urged to assess both congruence and incongruence, but to focus on helping clients to identify best‐fitting occupations when possible, rather than to merely avoid incongruent occupations.
Multiphysics Neuron Model for Cellular Volume Dynamics (2011)

Even though cellular volume dynamics has been linked to cell apoptosis and intrinsic optical signals, there is no quantitative model for describing neuronal volume dynamics on the millisecond time scale. This study introduces a multiphysics neuron model, where the cell volume is a time-varying variable and multiple physical principles are combined to build governing equations. Using this model, we analyzed neuronal volume responses during excitation, which elucidated the variety of optical signals observed experimentally across the literature. Several physiological conditions were examined to investigate their effect on the pattern of volume response. In addition, we analyzed volume responses on a longer time scale with repetitive stimulation to study the characteristics of slow cell swelling. This multiscale analysis of the multiphysics model will provide not only a novel quantitative elucidation of physiologically important issues related with cellular volume dynamics but also a chance for further studies, such as the interesting possibility of inferring the balance of ion flux from plateau volume changes.