gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase: A Useful Reagent for Asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger Reactions (1998)

Acinetobacter sp. NCIB 9871 cyclohexanone monooxygenase catalyzes the Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide variety of ketones to the corresponding lactones, many of which are valuable chiral building blocks. This enzyme accepts cyclobutanones, cyclopentanones, cyclohexanones and several bicyclic ketones as substrates. In most cases, the lactones are produced in high yields and optical purities. This review summarizes all of the published Baeyer-Villiger oxidations catalyzed by cyclohexanone monooxygenase published before mid-1997. An important recent finding is that the enzyme is very proficient at kinetically resolving racemic 2- and 3-substituted cyclohexanones. This provides one of the simplest routes to optically pure substituted £­ caprolactones. Unfortunately, the need to handle the pathogenic Acinetobacter strain as well as the time and expense necessary to purify the enzyme and regenerate the reduced nicotinamide cofactor have hindered the acceptance of cyclohexanone monooxygenase as a synthetic reagent. To overcome these problems, the enzyme has been expressed in baker&#039;s yeast so that whole yeast cells can be used for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations in place of the purified enzyme or the Acinetobacter cells. The engineered yeast approach requires no biochemical expertise or equipment beyond that found in a normal laboratory. Finally, active site models of the enzyme are discussed. These allow one to predict the outcome of proposed reactions based on the results summarized here.
A Survey of Current Research on CAPTCHA (2016)

The internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life, with the availability of many web services such as email and search engines. However, these are often threatened by attacks from computer programs such as bots. To address this problem, CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) was developed to distinguish between computer programs and human users. Although this mechanism offers good security and limits automatic registration to web services, some CAPTCHAs have several weaknesses which allow hackers to infiltrate the mechanism of the CAPTCHA. This paper examines recent research on various CAPTCHA methods and their categories. Moreover it discusses the weakness and strength of these types.
Influence of Endogenous Viral (ev) Gene Expression and Strain of Exogenous Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV) on Mortality and ALV Infection and Shedding in Chickens (1984)

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of endogenous viral (ev) gene expression on the response of chicken to day-old inoculation with two laboratory and two field strains of avian leukosis virus (ALV). The ev2- and ev3-negative semi-congenic chickens had much higher mortality from a unique non-neoplastic syndrome (NNS) than ev2- and ev3-positive semi-congenic chickens after inoculation with ALV strain RAV-1. The three other ALV strains induced little NNS. All four strains of ALV induced higher incidences of neutralizing antibody and lower incidences of viremia in ev2- and ev3-negative chickens than ev2- and ev3-positive chickens. The semi-congenic ev2- and ev3-negative chickens were only slightly less likely to shed ALV in the cloaca. Chickens of line 0, an unrelated line lacking ev genes, had a much higher rate of antibody production and lower rate of viremia and shedding than the semi-congenic chickens. Surprisingly, line 0 failed to get NNS after RAV-1 inoculation. There were major differences among strains of ALV in induction of antibody response, viremia, and shedding in the cloaca. The two field strains of ALV tended to be less immunogenic than the laboratory strains. We conclude that both the genetics of the host, including variation in ev gene expression, and the strain of ALV can influence the probability of ALV shedding and congenital transmission after horizontal infection.
Daily Rhythms in the Concentrations of Various Amino Acids in Human Plasma (1968)

Blood was collected at intervals during a 24-hour period from 23 healthy male volunteers on diets containing various amounts of protein; the plasma was assayed for 16 amino acids. Among subjects receiving 0.71 or 1.5 gm of protein per kilogram of body weight, the concentrations of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan tended to be lowest at 2:00 and highest at or after 10:30 a.m. Volunteers given a diet containing less than 0.04 gm of protein per kilogram showed similar fluctuations in the concentrations of the above amino acids and methionine, but peak plasma levels were observed somewhat earlier in the morning. All the amino acids studied showed some tendency to vary with time of day. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, cysteine and isoleucine underwent the greatest per cent changes; the amino acids whose plasma concentrations were highest (that is, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid) showed the least tendency to vary.
A stochastic version of the concepts evaluation model (CEM) (1995)

The concepts evaluation model (CEM) is a computer simulation model of ground and air warfare operations that is used by the U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA) to conduct analysis of the capabilities and requirements of forces engaged in warfare at theater level. The CEM has been applied to campaign analyses for numerous scenarios since the early 1970s, including Central Europe, Korea, Iran, and Iraq theaters of operation. The standard CEM is fully automated and deterministic, yielding a single outcome for any situation simulated, providing no confidence intervals, range, nor distribution of possible outcomes. Modern, faster computers have now reduced CEM execution time to a level that makes multiple replications of the CEM feasible. In this project a stochastic version of the CEM has been developed that makes use of individual replications of stochastic attrition input data, rather than averaged sample data, and that simulates commanders' decisions, the disposition of casualties and of combat-damaged vehicles, and certain other functions based on statistical distributions rather than on expected values. This article reports the methodology and results of an analysis of this stochastic version of CEM, indicating which stochastic features most influenced the variability among replications of one simulated campaign and outlining costs and benefits of using a stochastic version of the CEM. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Effect of Glucose and Lactate on Development of In Vitro Produced Bovine Embryos in a Modified Synthetic Oviduct Fluid Medium. (1999)

本研究ではウシ体外受精の全過程で同一の培養液（修正SOF液）を用い，乳酸とグルコースが胚の発育に及ぼす効果を検討した．実験1では体外成熟，受精，発生培地に乳酸の0，3.3，5，10，15 mMを，実験2ではグルコースの0，1.5，3，5 mMを添加した．実験3ではグルコースの1.5 mMを体外受精後それぞれ48，72，96，120時間後に添加した．乳酸の添加区間では胚の分割率に差はみられなかったが，胚盤胞率は3.3 mM添加区で34.8％となり，10，15 mM添加区の18.9，15.7％に比べて有意（p＜0.05）に高かった．グルコースは無添加区が66.9％の分割率となり，1.5，3，5 mM添加区の41.2，46.5，40.3％に比べて有意（p＜0.02）に高かった．また胚盤胞率は無添加区が35.6％となり，3，5 mM添加区の16.7，19.6％に比べて有意（p＜0.02）に高かった．グルコースの1.5 mMを96，120時間後に添加した試験区では胚盤胞率がそれぞれ51.6，50.8％となり，48，72時間後に添加した試験区の32.0，33.3％に比べて有意（p＜0.05）に高かった．
Bipolar Electrochemistry (2013)

A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electrically conductive material that promotes electrochemical reactions at its extremities (poles) even in the absence of a direct ohmic contact. More specifically, when sufficient voltage is applied to an electrolyte solution in which a BPE is immersed, the potential difference between the BPE and the solution drives oxidation and reduction reactions. Because no direct electrical connection is required to activate redox reactions, large arrays of electrodes can be controlled with just a single DC power supply or even a battery. The wireless aspect of BPEs also makes it possible to electrosynthesize and screen novel materials for a wide variety of applications. Finally, bipolar electrochemistry enables mobile electrodes, dubbed microswimmers, that are able to move freely in solution.
Flame Retardants (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Mechanism 2.1. Dilution 2.2. Generation of Noncombustible Gas 2.3. Gas‐Phase, Free‐Radical Inhibition 2.4. Solid‐Phase Char Formation 3. Test Methods 4. System Development 4.1. Selection Criteria of Flame Retardants 4.2. Formulation with Reactive Flame Retardants 4.3. Formulation with Additive Flame Retardants 4.4. Interactions between Flame Retardants and Other Formulation Ingredients 4.5. Formulation to Reduce Smoke 5. Flame Retardant Markets 6. Toxicology 7. Future Directions in FlameRetardants
Cyclic amidine inhibitors of indolamine N-methyltransferase (1979)

Syntheses of a large number of mono- and bicyclic, as well as a few tricyclic, amidine derivatives related to 2,3,4,6,7,8,-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine (DBN) are reported. In vitro potencies for inhibition of the enzyme indolamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) from rabbit and human lung are presented. Four bicyclic amidine derivatives and 11 monocyclic derivatives were found to be equal or superior to DBN in in vitro potencies. With the bicyclic amidines, increasing ring size or introduction of substituents reduced activity. Among the monocyclic analogues, the most potent representatives were five- or six-membered systems with an exocyclic imino group, combined with methyl of ethyl substituents on the endocyclic nitrogen. Introduction of additonal substituents decreased inhibitory potency. 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-8H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine and 3-methyl-2-iminothiazolidine have been shown to cause inhibition of lung INMT when administered orally to rabbits.
Medium access control in ad hoc networks with MIMO links: optimization considerations and algorithms (2004)

we present a medium access control (MAC) protocol for ad hoc networks with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) links. MIMO links provide extremely high spectral efficiencies in multipath channels by simultaneously transmitting multiple independent data streams in the same channel. MAC protocols have been proposed in related work for ad hoc networks with other classes of smart antennas such as switched beam antennas. However, as we substantiate in the paper, the unique characteristics of MIMO links coupled with several key optimization considerations, necessitate an entirely new MAC protocol. We identify several advantages of MIMO links, and discuss key optimization considerations that can help in realizing an effective MAC protocol for such an environment. We present a centralized algorithm called stream-controlled medium access (SCMA) that has the key optimization considerations incorporated in its design. Finally, we present a distributed SCMA protocol that approximates the centralized algorithm and compare its performance against that of baseline protocols that are CSMA/CA variants.
High Temperature Properties of Magnesium Die Casting Alloys (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The development of magnesium for components which must withstand appreciable loads at elevated temperatures must be accompanied by an expanded material properties database. Tensile, creep and stress relaxation properties are among those particularly needed to provide automotive product engineers with proper information to design in magnesium. This paper provides a compilation to date of property data which are being generated in ongoing research and development programs. Magnesium alloys from the AE and AS series are particularly emphasized.</div>
Structure of quasiparticles and their fusion algebra in fractional quantum Hall states (2009)

It was recently discovered that fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states can be characterized quantitatively by the pattern of zeros that describe how the ground-state wave function goes to zero when electrons are brought close together. Quasiparticles in the FQH states can be described in a similar quantitative way by the pattern of zeros that result when electrons are brought close to the quasiparticles. In this paper, we combine the pattern of zeros approach and the conformal field theory (CFT) approach to calculate the topological properties of quasiparticles. We discuss how the quasiparticles in FQH states naturally form representations of a magnetic translation algebra, with members of a representation differing from each other by Abelian quasiparticles. We find that this structure dramatically simplifies topological properties of the quasiparticles, such as their fusion rules, charges, and scaling dimensions, and has consequences for the ground state degeneracy of FQH states on higher genus surfaces. We find constraints on the pattern of zeros of quasiparticles that can fuse together, which allow us to derive the fusion rules of quasiparticles from their pattern of zeros, at least in the case of the (generalized and composite) parafermion states. We also calculate from CFT the number of quasiparticle types in the generalized and composite parafermion states, which confirm the result obtained previously through a completely different approach.
6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepinacetic acids with potent antiinflammatory activity (1976)

A series of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepinacetic acids was synthesized and the antiinflammatory activity determined. Studies on 29 compounds revealed certain structure-activity relationships. In the carrageenan edema test, eight compounds exhibited higher antiinflammatory activities than did indomethacin. Several compounds (2, 9, 14, 22, 25) also proved to have activities superior or comparable to indomethacin in suppressing chronic as well as acute inflammation and carrageenan-induced hyperesthesia. Gastric irritation and lethality rates were less frequently observed with these compounds.
REVIEWS Introduction to Modernity, a symposium on eighteenth-century thought. Edited with an introduction by MOLLENAUERR.. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1965. 175 pp. $5.00. (1967)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Introduction to Modernity, a symposium on eighteenth-century thought. Edited with an introduction by R. MOLLENAUER. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1965. 175 pp. $5.00. E. R. BRIGGS E. R. BRIGGS ABERYSTWYTH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXI, Issue 3, July 1967, Pages 248–249, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXI.3.248 Published: 01 July 1967
Real time resource allocation on a dynamic two level symbiotic fog architecture (2016)

A multitude of computing devices are networked around us but most do not harness their computation capacity to the fullest. With this as the core motivation, Cisco delivered the vision of fog computing to run applications on local nearby devices at network edge instead of the cloud. Fog's close proximity to client devices, dense geographical distribution and support for mobility provides end users with a cheap computational resource available at very fast speeds. We extend this architecture through the inclusion of dynamic resources, each of which consists of the residual computing capacity of a particular edge device. Thus, edge devices are allowed to dynamically arrive into the system for an interval known a priori (at the time of it's arrival) and lend a fraction of their computing capacities against financial incentives. We present a novel two level framework for the symbiotic sharing and consolidation of edge computing resources targeted towards realizing a real time fog computing environment with high resource utilization. Further, the framework has been extended to imbibe profit awareness by ensuring a minimum guaranteed revenue to the fog service provider. Our simulation based experiments on diverse datasets have procured promising results.
Performance of a high‐solids anaerobic digestion process under various ammonia concentrations (1994)

Abstract Ammonia is produced during anaerobic digestion of protein‐containing materials. While ammonia can be utilized by some members of the anaerobic population, excess ammonia can inhibit methanogenesis. High‐solids anaerobic digestion may be especially sensitive to the effects of ammonia overproduction. This study explored the performance of a pilot scale high‐solids anaerobic digestion process under various total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations. In general the high‐solids digester could operate up to 1000 mg dm −3 without any inhibitory effect. The digester performed best when it was operated at TAN concentrations in the narrow range of 600 to 800 mg dm −3 .
Learning A Metric For Music Similarity. (2008)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Glycosylation Governs the Binding of Antipeptide Antibodies to Regions of Hypervariable Amino Acid Sequence within Recombinant gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (1990)

Antibodies raised to an overlapping series of peptides following the amino acid sequence of the external envelope glycoprotein (gp 120) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recognize eight regions in recombinant gp 120 molecules. If the recombinant molecules are glycosylated, three of these regions show a reduced capacity to bind antibody. Of the other five regions, two are strain-specific and carbohydrate restricts antibody binding to their N-terminal flanks, and three can be recognized by antibodies in recombinant gp 120 from an unrelated strain of HIV-1. Antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected patients bind at high levels to peptides from five regions of gp 120. Of these regions, two coincide with those recognized by antibodies raised to peptides. Four of the five epitopes recognized by the rat antipeptide sera whose ability to bind antibody is influenced most by glycosylation, and three of the five regions which induce high levels of antibodies in patients' sera, contain putative glycosylation sites which are variable between strains of HIV-1. Such sites flank the putative neutralization and CD4-binding regions of gp 120. It is suggested that changes in the number and position of carbohydrate moieties following mutation can alternately mask and reveal epitopes. Masking an epitope can render a virus resistant to neutralization, whereas virus which binds antibody without being neutralized is able to gain entry to cells bearing antibody and complement receptors. Changes in the glycosylation pattern of gp 120 may therefore contribute to the control of HIV-1 spread within its host.
Closed-form solution for determining emitter location using time difference of arrival measurements (2003)

A direct and short derivation of an algorithm based on the closed-form solution of the nonlinear equations for emitter location using time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements from N + 1 receivers, N /spl ges/ 3, is given.
Adrenomedullin treatment abolishes ileal mucosal hypoperfusion induced by Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin—An intravital microscopic study on an isolated rat ileum (2005)

These data suggest that exogenously added adrenomedullin protects ileum mucosa by diminishing alpha-toxin-induced microcirculatory disturbances. Further investigations will have to clarify the therapeutic potential of adrenomedullin in sepsis-related gut dysfunction.
Anisotropic spin-orbit torque generation in epitaxial SrIrO3 by symmetry design (2018)

Spin-orbit coupling (SOC), the interaction between the electron spin and the orbital angular momentum, can unlock rich phenomena at interfaces, in particular interconverting spin and charge currents. Conventional heavy metals have been extensively explored due to their strong SOC of conduction electrons. However, spin-orbit effects in classes of materials such as epitaxial 5d-electron transition metal complex oxides, which also host strong SOC, remain largely unreported. In addition to strong SOC, these complex oxides can also provide the additional tuning knob of epitaxy to control the electronic structure and the engineering of spin-to-charge conversion by crystalline symmetry. Here, we demonstrate room-temperature generation of spin-orbit torque on a ferromagnet with extremely high efficiency via the spin-Hall effect in epitaxial metastable perovskite SrIrO3. We first predict a large intrinsic spin-Hall conductivity in orthorhombic bulk SrIrO3 arising from the Berry curvature in the electronic band structure. By manipulating the intricate interplay between SOC and crystalline symmetry, we control the spin-Hall torque ratio by engineering the tilt of the corner-sharing oxygen octahedra in perovskite SrIrO3 through epitaxial strain. This allows the presence of an anisotropic spin-Hall effect due to a characteristic structural anisotropy in SrIrO3 with orthorhombic symmetry. Our experimental findings demonstrate the heteroepitaxial symmetry design approach to engineer spin-orbit effects. We therefore anticipate that these epitaxial 5d transition-metal oxide thin films can be an ideal building block for low-power spintronics.
Tamoxifen DNA damage detected in human endometrium using accelerator mass spectrometry. (2003)

This study was aimed to establish whether tamoxifen binds irreversibly to uterine DNA when given to women. Patients were given a single therapeutic dose of [(14)C]tamoxifen citrate orally (20 mg, 0.37 or 1.85 MBq) approximately 18 h prior to hysterectomy or breast surgery. Nonmalignant uterine tissue was separated into myometrium and endometrium. DNA and protein were isolated and bound radiolabel determined by the sensitive technique of accelerator mass spectrometry. Levels of irreversible DNA binding of tamoxifen in the endometrium of treated patients were 237 +/- 77 adducts/10(12) nucleotides (mean +/- SE, n = 10). In myometrial tissues, a similar extent of DNA binding was detected (492 +/- 112 adducts/10(12) nucleotides). Binding of tamoxifen to endometrial and myometrial proteins was 10 +/- 3 and 20 +/- 4 fmol/mg, respectively. In breast tissue, sufficient DNA could not be extracted but protein binding was an order of magnitude higher than that seen with endometrial proteins (358 +/- 81 fmol/mg). These results demonstrate that after oral administration, tamoxifen forms adducts in human uterine DNA but at low numbers relative to those previously reported in women after long-term tamoxifen treatment where levels, when detected, ranged from 15000 to 130000 adducts/10(12) nucleotides. Our findings support the hypothesis that the low level of DNA adducts in human uterus is unlikely to be involved with endometrial cancer development.
Quantum erasure in double-slit interferometers with which-way detectors (1999)

Recently, Mohrhoff [Am. J. Phys. 64, 1468–1475 (1996)] has analyzed a thought experiment of ours [Nature (London) 351, 111–116 (1991)] where a double-slit interferometer for atoms is supplemented by a pair of which-way detectors. Owing to the quantum nature of these detectors, the experimenter can choose between acquiring which-way knowledge and observing an interference pattern. The latter option makes use of a procedure called “quantum erasure.” Mohrhoff (along with other bright colleagues who have made similar statements) claims erroneously that the experimenter has to make this choice before the atom hits the screen. We readdress this issue here and demonstrate that our original assertion was correct: The experimenter can choose between which-way knowledge and quantum erasure at any time, even after the atom has left its mark on the screen.
DNA Vaccines: A Mini Review (2011)

DNA vaccines are a major breakthrough in the field of vaccination with several advantages over traditional vaccines. Unlike traditional vaccines, DNA vaccines stimulate both arms of the immune system offering long lasting immunity. DNA vaccines not only have the potential to fight against infectious diseases such as influenza and hepatitis but they can also be used to prevent autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In general, this article is intended as a mini-review to discuss DNA vaccination, as well as patents on different types of DNA vaccines.