gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mg Segregation at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi></mml:math>Heterophase Interfaces on an Atomic Scale: Experiments and Computations (2003)

Microscopic factors governing solute partitioning in ternary two-phase Al-Sc-Mg alloys are investigated combining three-dimensional-atom-probe (3DAP) microscopy measurements with first-principles computations. 3DAP is employed to measure composition profiles with subnanometer-scale resolution, leading to the identification of a large enhancement of Mg solute at the coherent alpha-Al/Al(3)Sc (fcc/L1(2)) heterophase interface. First-principles calculations establish an equilibrium driving force for this interfacial segregation reflecting the nature of the interatomic interactions.
PM-2: A recyclable porous material with unusual adsorption capability: self assembly via structural transformations (2003)

Structural transformation via deliberate and partial topological changes in a grid network structure has led to a three-dimensional, fully recyclable porous material (RPM-2) with a very high sorption capability.
All-optical microwave bandpass filters implemented in a radio-over-fiber link (2005)

An all-optical microwave bandpass filter implemented in a radio-over-fiber (RoF) link is proposed and demonstrated. The filter consists of an optical phase modulator, a length of high birefringence (Hi-Bi) fiber, a 25-km singlemode fiber and a narrow linewidth laser source. Different time delays are achieved when the two orthogonal polarization modes are traveling along the Hi-Bi fiber. The baseband resonance is eliminated by use of the optical phase modulator in combination with the 25-km single-mode fiber serving as a dispersive device. The proposed filter is immune to optical interference because of the orthogonality of the two polarization modes. A two-tap all-optical microwave bandpass filter with a null-to-null bandwidth of 8.7 GHz and a notch rejection level greater than 30 dB implemented in the 25-km RoF link is demonstrated.
Two virescent mutants in melon (Cucumis melo) (1991)

International audience
Elevating Calcium in Th2 Cells Activates Multiple Pathways to Induce IL-4 Transcription and mRNA Stabilization (2008)

PMA and ionomycin cause T cell cytokine production. We report that ionomycin alone induces IL-4 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-2, from in vivo- and in vitro-generated murine Th2 and Th1 cells. Ionomycin-induced cytokine production requires NFAT, p38, and calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV). Ionomycin induces p38 phosphorylation through a calcium-dependent, cyclosporine A-inhibitable pathway. Knocking down ASK1 inhibits ionomycin-induced p38 phosphorylation and IL-4 production. Ionomycin also activates CaMKIV, which, together with p38, induces AP-1. Cooperation between AP-1 and NFAT leads to Il4 gene transcription. p38 also regulates IL-4 production by mRNA stabilization. TCR stimulation also phosphorylates p38, partially through the calcium-dependent pathway; activated p38 is required for optimal IL-4 and IFN-gamma.
Cluster II<i>che</i>Genes from<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Are Required for an Optimal Chemotactic Response (2002)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gamma-proteobacterium, is motile by means of a single polar flagellum and is chemotactic to a variety of organic compounds and phosphate. P. aeruginosa has multiple homologues of Escherichia coli chemotaxis genes that are organized into five gene clusters. Previously, it was demonstrated that genes in cluster I and cluster V are essential for chemotaxis. A third cluster (cluster II) contains a complete set of che genes, as well as two genes, mcpA and mcpB, encoding methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Mutations were constructed in several of the cluster II che genes and in the mcp genes to examine their possible contributions to P. aeruginosa chemotaxis. A cheB2 mutant was partially impaired in chemotaxis in soft-agar swarm plate assays. Providing cheB2 in trans complemented this defect. Further, overexpression of CheB2 restored chemotaxis to a completely nonchemotactic, cluster I, cheB-deficient strain to near wild-type levels. An mcpA mutant was defective in chemotaxis in media that were low in magnesium. The defect could be relieved by the addition of magnesium to the swarm plate medium. An mcpB mutant was defective in chemotaxis when assayed in dilute rich soft-agar swarm medium or in minimal-medium swarm plates containing any 1 of 60 chemoattractants. The mutant phenotype could be complemented by the addition of mcpB in trans. Overexpression of either McpA or McpB in P. aeruginosa or Escherichia coli resulted in impairment of chemotaxis, and these cells had smooth-swimming phenotypes when observed under the microscope. Expression of P. aeruginosa cheA2, cheB2, or cheW2 in E. coli K-12 completely disrupted wild-type chemotaxis, while expression of cheY2 had no effect. These results indicate that che cluster II genes are expressed in P. aeruginosa and are required for an optimal chemotactic response.
Bioactive <i>α</i>-pyrone meroterpenoids from mangrove endophytic fungus <i>Penicillium</i> sp. (2016)

Five α-pyrone meroterpenoids, including one new 3-epiarigsugacin E (1) and four known compounds, arisugacin D (2), arisugacin B (3), territrem C (4) and terreulactone C (5) were obtained from the marine fungus Penicillium sp. SK5GW1L. Their structures were identified by MS and NMR experiments, and the absolute configuration of compound 1 was further confirmed by low temperature (150 K) single crystal X-ray diffraction with Cu Kα radiation. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 showed strong inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AchE) with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 3.03, 0.23 and 0.028 μM, respectively.
Laser modulated scattering as a nondestructive evaluation tool for defect inspection in optical materials for high power laser applications (1998)

Laser modulated scattering (LMS) is introduced as a tool for defect inspection and characterization of optical materials for high power laser applications. LMS is a scatter sensitive version of the well-known photothermal microscopy techniques. Because only the defects of a super-polished optic generate a scattering signal, the technique is essentially a method for dark-field photothermal microscopy. Experimental results show that the technique (1) measures the local absorption properties of defects, contamination, and laser damage sites; (2) when used in conjunction with DC scattering, can differentiate between absorbing and non-absorbing defects; and (3) detects thermal transport inhomogeneities.
Visualisation of refinements (2002)

Animation tools have proven to be effective as a means of visualising formal specifications. Specifications that might otherwise be impenetrable can be communicated to a wide range of people involved in the software development process. The authors argue that animation can also aid understanding of formal program development or refinement. We examine two case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of visualisations generated from a specification animation tool for improving the understanding of refinements.
Introduction to Special Section: Ocean Measurements and Models of Carbon Sources and Sinks (2001)

This issue of Global Biogeochemical Cycles contains a remarkable set of papers, which critically evaluate a variety of model‐ and observation‐based approaches addressing the oceanic distribution, storage, and transport of CO 2 . Three of the papers are concerned with observation‐based estimates of excess (or anthropogenic) CO 2 [ Coatanoan et al ., this issue; Sabine and Feely , this issue; Chen , this issue]. They focus on the approaches, assumptions, and uncertainties involved in detecting the excess CO 2 signal above the ocean's large and variable natural dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) background.
Protein conformational plasticity and complex ligand-binding kinetics explored by atomistic simulations and Markov models (2015)

Understanding the structural mechanisms of protein-ligand binding and their dependence on protein sequence and conformation is of fundamental importance for biomedical research. Here we investigate the interplay of conformational change and ligand-binding kinetics for the serine protease Trypsin and its competitive inhibitor Benzamidine with an extensive set of 150 μs molecular dynamics simulation data, analysed using a Markov state model. Seven metastable conformations with different binding pocket structures are found that interconvert at timescales of tens of microseconds. These conformations differ in their substrate-binding affinities and binding/dissociation rates. For each metastable state, corresponding solved structures of Trypsin mutants or similar serine proteases are contained in the protein data bank. Thus, our wild-type simulations explore a space of conformations that can be individually stabilized by adding ligands or making suitable changes in protein sequence. These findings provide direct evidence of conformational plasticity in receptors.
Blazed gratings and Fresnel lenses fabricated by electron-beam lithography (1982)

A blazing technique using electron-beam lithography to achieve higher efficiency of gratings and Fresnel lenses is described. Transmission-type blazed gratings have been formed in polymethyl methacrylate films. As a result of measurement, we found that their diffraction efficiency of the first order in these gratings amounts to as much as 60 to 70% at 0.633 microm. Fresnel lenses of 1-mm diameter and 5-mm focal length, which have a sawtooth relief profile, have been also fabricated, and the experimental results showed high-efficiency performance (about 50%) and nearly diffraction-limited focusing.
A Two-Population Evolutionary Algorithm for Constrained Optimization Problems (2006)

A new approach to solving constrained nonlinear programming problems using evolutionary computations is discussed. According to the method two populations are evolved, one population (females) is evolved inside the feasible domain of the design space and a second population (males) is evolved outside this feasible domain. Both populations can be independently subject to crossover and mutation operations and the design space explored. Female-male crossover however ensures the desirable increase in the search pressure upon the boundaries of the feasible space -it is known that in many optimization problems the global optimum is bounded. The experiments performed on three test objective functions of two variables show some promise of the proposed approach in that it can cope with both linear and nonlinear constraints and with nonconvex feasible domains.
Stereovision-based side lane and guardrail detection (2006)

This paper presents a fast and robust side lane and guardrail detection technique, based on the 3D information obtained from stereovision and on the already detected geometry of the current lane. The 3D points that belong to the road surface are selected using the road surface parameters inferred from the current lane detection, and they are used for detection of the side lane. The 3D points above the road are used in the detection of guardrails and fences, with the same technique. In both cases, the point sets are smoothed in an attempt to compensate for the variable density, and then analyzed through lateral distance histograms. The peaks of the histograms locate the position of the side lane delimiters and fences, while the shape of the histogram is used for the validation of the side lane or fence's existence. The results are then tracked for increased stability
PCNU (1982)

PCNU is a new nitrosourea compound which has recently entered clinical trials. Preclinically it has been found to be effective against a variety of tumor models. Biochemically, PCNU was found to have optimal lipophilic, alkylating, and carbamoylating properties as compared to other nitrosourea agents. PCNU is able to diffuse into the CSF as demonstrated by pharmacokinetic studies. Clinical phase I studies indicate that the main toxicity is myelosuppression; nausea and vomiting were less frequently observed with PCNU than with other nitrosourea compounds. Human antitumor activity has been reported in a number of tumors, but most consistently in brain tumors. Phase II studies are now underway to confirm the antitumor activity of PCNU.
Handbook of Sensor Networks (2005)

Preface. Contributors. 1. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networking (Fernando Martincic and Loren Schwiebert). 2. Distributed Signal Processing Algorithms for the Physical Layer of Large-Scale Sensor Networks (An-swol Hu and Sergio D. Servetto). 3. Energy Scavenging and Non-traditional Power Sources for Wireless Sensor Networks (Shad Roundy and Luc Frechette). 4. A virtual infrastructure for wireless sensor networks (Stephan Olariu, Ashraf Wadaa, Qingwen Xu, and Ivan Stojmenovic). 5. Broadcast authentication and key management for secure sensor networks (Peng Ning and Donggang Liu). 6. Embedded operating systems for wireless micro sensor nodes (Brian Shucker, Jeff Rose, Anmol Sheth, James Carlson, Shah Bhatti, Hui Dai, Jing Deng and Richard Han). 7. Time Synchronization and Calibration in Wireless Sensor Networks (Kay Roemer, Philipp Blum and Lennart Meier). 8. The Wireless Sensor Network MAC (Edgar H. Callaway). 9. Localization in sensor networks (Jonathan Bachrach, and Christopher Taylor). 10. Topology construction and maintenance in wireless sensor networks (Jennifer Hou, Ning Li, and Ivan Stojmenovic). 11. Energy efficient broadcasting, activity scheduling and area coverage in sensor networks (David Simplot-Ryl, Ivan Stojmenovic, and Jie Wu). 12. Geographic and energy aware routing in sensor networks (Hannes Frey and Ivan Stojmenovic). 13. Data-centric protocols for wireless sensor networks (Ivan Stojmenovic and Stephan Olariu). 14. Path exposure, target location, classification and tracking in sensor networks (Kousha Moaveni-Nejad, and XiangYang Li). 15. Data gathering and fusion in sensor networks (Wei-Peng Chen and Jennifer Hou). Index.
Epoxy Replication - Advantages And Limitations (1988)

Epoxy replication of front surface mirrors has been practiced for more than forty years. Properly applied, the technique can offer the advantages of lower cost, low mass, monolithic construction and high producibility. This paper examines most aspects of the process and discusses its virtues and weaknesses.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein from<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2001)

The peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (Pal) from Escherichia coli is part of the Tol--Pal multiprotein complex used by group A colicins to penetrate and kill cells. Pal homologues are found in many Gram-negative bacteria and the Tol--Pal system is thought to play a role in bacterial envelope integrity. The Pal protein comprises 152 amino acids. Crystals of the C-terminal 109-amino-acid fragment of the Pal protein have been produced. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group I4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 89.3, c = 67.2 A. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Frozen crystals diffract to at least 2.8 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. Selenomethionine-substituted truncated Pal protein is currently being produced in order to use multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) for phasing.
Effect of the Addition of Fumarate on Methane Production by Ruminal Microorganisms In Vitro (1999)

The effect of fumarate used as a feed additive on the reduction of methanogenesis in the rumen was evaluated by in vitro experiments. The addition of fumarate to the culture of mixed ruminal microorganisms that were fermenting hay powder and concentrate reduced methane production. Most fumarate was metabolized to propionate, and a slight increase was noted in other volatile fatty acids. Fumarate was utilized by mixed bacteria but not by mixed protozoa. Fibrobacter succinogenes, Selenomonas ruminantium ssp. ruminantium, Selenomonas ruminantium ssp. lactilytica, Veillonella parvula, and Wollinella succinogenes oxidized H2 by using fumarate as a final electron acceptor, suggesting that these bacteria compete with methanogens for H2, which is the main substrate for methanogenesis in the rumen. However, the affinity of these bacteria to H2 was lower than their affinity to methanogens. These fumarate-utilizing bacteria metabolized malate to products that were similar to those from fumarate, suggesting the possession of fumarate dehydratase. Fibrobacter succinogenes, V. parvula, and W. succinogenes utilized formate, another substrate for methanogenesis, as an electron donor for fumarate reduction. The affinity of these bacteria to formate was higher than the affinity methanogenes have for formate. When methanogens were cocultured with an equal cellular amount of each of the fumarate-utilizing bacteria, methane production was markedly decreased, not only from formate, but also from H2. These results suggest that the addition of fumarate to ruminant feed reduces methanogenesis and enhances propionate production in the rumen.
A Language-Independent Approach to Keyphrase Extraction and Evaluation (2008)

We present Likey, a language-independent keyphrase extraction method based on statistical analysis and the use of a reference corpus. Likey has a very light-weight preprocessing phase and no parameters to be tuned. Thus, it is not restricted to any single language or language family. We test Likey having exactly the same configuration with 11 European languages. Furthermore, we present an automatic evaluation method based on Wikipedia intra-linking. 1
Strong Completeness and Faithfulness in Bayesian Networks (2013)

A completeness result for d-separation applied to discrete Bayesian networks is presented and it is shown that in a strong measure-theoretic sense almost all discrete distributions for a given network structure are faithful; i.e. the independence facts true of the distribution are all and only those entailed by the network structure.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE REDUCTION WITH ZINC BOROHYDRIDE. REACTION IN ZINC BOROHYDRIDE WITH SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING REPRESENTATIVE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (1976)

Abstract Das Reduktionsmittel wird durch Zugabe einer THF‐Lösung von ZnCl 2 zu überschüssigem NaBH 4 in THF bei Raumtemperatur dargestellt.
Studies in Wool Yellowing (1964)

The use of thiourea-formaldehyde resin for retarding the rate of yellow ing of wool by sunlight has been examined. This method provides considerable protection against yellowing, particularly of wet fabrics. It has been found that treatment with thiourea- formaldehyde mixtures. which does not give rise to resin, provides similar protection against yellowing. This modification has the advantages that the handle and color of the wool are unaffected, As for the resin treatment, initial rinsing reduces the pro tective effect, although this is not further reduced by subsequent washing.
Characterization of two genes encoding the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (1997)

Two nrdF genes, nrdF1 and nrdF2, encoding the small subunit (R2) of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis have 71% identity at the amino acid level and are both highly homologous with Salmonella typhimurium R2F. The calculated molecular masses of R2-1 and R2-2 are 36,588 (322 amino acids [aa]) and 36,957 (324 aa) Da, respectively. Western blot analysis of crude M. tuberculosis extracts indicates that both R2s are expressed in vivo. Recombinant R2-2 is enzymatically active when assayed with pure recombinant M. tuberculosis R1 subunit. Both ATP and dATP are activators for CDP reduction up to 2 and 1 mM, respectively. The gene encoding M. tuberculosis R2-1, nrdF1, is not linked to nrdF2, nor is either gene linked to the gene encoding the large subunit, M. tuberculosis nrdE. The gene encoding MTP64 was found downstream from nrdF1, and the gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase was found downstream from nrdF2. A nrdA(Ts) strain of E. coli (E101) could be complemented by simultaneous transformation with M. tuberculosis nrdE and nrdF2. An M. tuberculosis nrdF2 variant in which the codon for the catalytically necessary tyrosine was replaced by the phenylalanine codon did not complement E101 when cotransformed with M. tuberculosis nrdE. Similarly, M. tuberculosis nrdF1 and nrdE did not complement E101. Activity of recombinant M. tuberculosis RR was inhibited by incubating the enzyme with a peptide corresponding to the 7 C-terminal amino acid residues of the R2-2 subunit. M. tuberculosis is a species in which a nrdEF system appears to encode the biologically active species of RR and also the only bacterial species identified so far in which class I RR subunits are not arranged on an operon.
Ribosomes as sensors of heat and cold shock in Escherichia coli. (1990)

Nearly all cells respond to an increase in temperature by inducing a set of proteins, called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Because a large number of other stress conditions induce the HSPs (or at least the most abundant ones), this response is often termed the universal stress response. However, a careful study of conditions that truly mimic a temperature shift suggested that these proteins are induced in response to a change in the translational capacity of the cell. To test this directly, Escherichia coli cells were treated with antibiotics that target the prokaryotic ribosome. Two-dimensional gels were used to evaluate the ability of these drugs to alter the rate of synthesis of the HSPs. One group of antibiotics induced the HSPs, whereas a second group repressed the HSPs and induced another set of proteins normally induced in response to a cold shock. Depending on the concentration used, the induction of the heat or cold shock proteins mimicked a mild or severe temperature shift. In addition, antibiotics of the cold shock-inducing group were found to block high temperature induction of the HSPs. The results implicate the ribosome as a prokaryotic sensor for the heat and cold shock response networks, a role it may serve in eukaryotes as well.
Translation initiation factors are differentially regulated in cereals during development and following heat shock (1998)

Summary The level of protein synthetic activity varies greatly in plants during development or following many environmental stresses. In order to determine whether these global changes in protein synthesis involve changes in the expression of the translational machinery itself, the expression patterns of the initiation factors (eIFs) during cereal seed development, germination, and in leaves following a heat shock were investigated. The expression patterns of initiation factors during seed development fell into four classes: those whose levels were high during early to mid‐development but decreased during late seed development (eIF4 A, eIFiso4E, eIFiso4G, and most eIF3 subunits); those whose levels increased from early to mid‐development followed by a decrease during late seed development (eIF4B, eIF4E, eIF2α, eIF2β, and PABP); those whose levels steadily increased throughout seed development (eIF4G); and those whose levels remained constant (the p34 subunit of eIF3). In contrast to these observations, the expression patterns of the factors appeared to be coordinately regulated during early germination although differences were observed at later stages. Following a heat shock, the changes in initiation factor expression in wheat leaves fell into two classes, those whose level increased (eIF4G, eIFiso4G, eIF3, and PABP) and those whose level remained unchanged (eIF4 A, eIF4B, eIF4E, eIFiso4E). These observations reveal the complexity of the expression patterns of the initiation factors during seed development, germination, and following thermal stress and may have mechanistic importance for the selective translation of certain mRNAs under these conditions.