gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
VIRTUOUS: Vision-Based Road Transportation for Unmanned Operation on Urban-Like Scenarios (2004)

This work presents an intelligent transportation system (ITS) that was implemented on an autonomous vehicle designed to perform global navigation missions on a network of unmarked roads. This is the first step toward the complete implementation of ITS in urban environments, which is the long-term goal of this work. Using a global positioning system, global navigation is achieved by means of a global planner and a task manager that recurrently coordinate the execution of vision-based perception tasks for the road tracking of nonstructured roads and the navigation of intersections. In addition, a vision-based vehicle-detection task has been developed, which endows the global navigation system with a reactive capacity. The complete system has been tested on the BABIECA prototype vehicle, which was autonomously driven for hundreds of kilometers around a private circuit, designed to emulate an urban quarter, at speeds of up to 50 km/h, successfully carrying out different navigation missions. During the tests, the vehicle drove itself across crossroads and performed the appropriate turning maneuvers at intersections. It also demonstrated its robustness with regard to shadows, road texture, weather conditions, and changing illumination.
Growth of rare-earth monolayers on synthetic fluorine mica (1993)

We have grown single-crystal rare-earth films on cleaved faces of synthetic fluorine mica fluorophlogopite by molecular-beam-epitaxy techniques. This has made it possible to measure material properties such as magnetism in monolayer structures.
Chemotherapeutic agents. XIX. Synthesis of [1,2,4]‐Triazoloquinazolinones and related compounds as antihypertensive agents (1990)

Abstract A series of 1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinazolin‐5‐ones have been prepared to assess their therapeutic utility as CNS depressant, spasmolytic and hypertensive agents.
RET activation by germline MEN2A and MEN2B mutations. (1995)

The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (TK). It has been shown that distinct germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with the dominantly inherited cancer syndromes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and 2B (MEN 2A and MEN 2B) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) as well as Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a congenital disorder characterised by absent enteric innervation. In this study, we have transfected NIH3T3 and PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells with MEN2A (Cys634-> Arg) and MEN2B (Met918-> Thr) RET constructs. Both caused transformation of the NIH3T3 cells and differentiation of PC12 cells. The Ret (MEN2A) and Ret (MEN2B) proteins were constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine, and their in vitro kinase activity was significantly higher than that of the wild type protein. The MTC cell line TT carries a CYs634-> Trp MEN2A mutation, and we have shown by immunoelectronmicroscopy that Ret is clustered on the cell surface in a manner reminiscent of ligand-induced aggregation of cell surface receptors. RET is activated, as RET/PTC oncogene, by somatic rearrangements which link the TK domain to a constitutive dimerization interface in papillary thyroid carcinomas. We have compared the biological and biochemical activity of the TK domains of the wild type and MEN 2B Ret in the context of the RET/PTC. The results show that the MEN 2B mutation significantly increases the TK domain enzymatic activity suggesting that dimerization may be still necessary for MEN 2B Ret to express its full activity.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH PURITY FE-C ALLOYS AT LOW TEMPERATURES (1959)

Results of the second phase of an investigation on several high-purity, low-carbon irons in the alpha region of the Fe-C diagram which was made in an attempt to correlate brittle behavior, as defined by the Charpy V-notch transition temperature, with yield-point and fracture data from uniaxial tension tests are summarized in this report. All of the alloys tested showed a sharp rise in impact transition temperature corresponding to the precipitation of Fe Sub 3 C. The data also indicate that ferrites with veining have higher transition temperatures than those without veining as quenched from the alpha or unsaturated region. Two of the alloys show a decrease in the transition temperature of the ferritic structures as saturation is approached. Two hypotheses are advanced to explain this: 1) as the temperature is lowered in the alpha region, the concentration of carbon atoms at grain boundaries increases, and 2) carbon segregates at sub-grain as well as at primary boundaries and in some way strengthens the sub-grain boundaries so that they assume more of the properties of high-angle grain boundaries.
Aberrant Epigenetic Silencing Is Triggered by a Transient Reduction in Gene Expression (2009)

This study demonstrates that a transient reduction in gene expression triggers a pathway for aberrant silencing in mammalian cells and identifies histone deacetylation as a critical early step in this process. DNA methylation, in contrast, is a secondary step in the silencing pathway under study. A model to explain these observations is offered.
Synthesis of hemoglobin AIc in normal and diabetic mice: potential model of basement membrane thickening. (1975)

Adult diabetic mice (C57Bl/KsJ--db/db) have increased amounts of a minor hemoglobin in their peripheral blood compared to wild-type (+/+) mice. This increase is analogous to the 2-fold increase of a glycohemoglobin with similar chromatographic mobility (Hb AIc) seen in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. Although the exact chemical nature of human or mouse Hb AIc is unknown, both contain a sodium-borohydride-reducible linkage on the beta chain which is a presumed Schiff base between a sugar moiety and the protein. The db/db animals, which have normal amounts of mouse Hb AIc at weaning, show the increase approximately 4 weeks after the onset of the signs of diabetes. This rise is brought about by an increase in a circulating factor that determines directly or indirectly the synthesis of mouse Hb AIc as a post-synthetic modification of Hb A. Evidence for this was obtained by showing that the rate of synthesis of the modified Hb is linear for at least the first 50 days of the life of the red cell and that the rate of synthesis is dependent on the environment in which the cells circulate. Thus the rate of mouse Hb AIc synthesis in +/+ cells is greater when those cells circulate in a db/db host than when they circulate in a +/+ host. The nature of the humoral factor is unknown. If glycosylations of basement membrane proteins and hemoglobin proceed via a common mechanism, then the monitoring of Hb AIc could provide a useful model for studying the early events of basement membrane thickening.
Propagation Of Vlf Electromagnetic-Waves In An Idealized Earth-Crust Wave-Guide With Overburden (1991)

Theoretical study of propagation characteristics of VLF electromagnetic waves through an idealised parallel-plane earth-crust waveguide with overburden, experimental verification of some of these characteristics with the aid of a model tank and use of range equation reveal the superiority of radio communication between land and a deeply submerged terminal inside a ocean via the earth-crust over direct link communication through the ocean.
Recent Educational Policy in China (1950)

A FTER its armies took over the major urban centers of China in late 1948 and I949, the Chinese Communist Party was confronted with the problem of evolving a satisfactory policy towards, and an effective means of control over, the national educational system-its curricula, administration, teachers and students. Since the schools, and particularly the colleges and universities, are concentrated for the most part in these recently-occupied urban centers, the Communists possessed relatively little experience to guide them in dealing with these complex issues. In the older Liberated Areas, starting virtually from scratch, they had created their own schools and universities. The problems now presented by long established institutions with diverse and deep-rooted traditions of their own, embracing private as well as public schools, mission-administered as well as secular, foreign-controlled as well as wholly Chinese establishments, were quite different. Aside from the specific policies followed by the Communists in dealing with these schools, which have generally been calculated to arouse a minimum of resentment toward the new government and to discourage unnecessary interruptions in established routine, there have been special features in the situation that have unquestionably favored cooperation between the schools and the authorities in this period of transition. For one thing, numerous prominent Communists are themselves graduates or former students of the leading universities, including many of the Christian institutions, and are therefore acquainted with their teaching and administrative personnel. Such acquaintance has certainly made it easier for the latter to establish working arrangements with the new authorities than might otherwise have been the case, and has in all likelihood also made the authorities aware of the spirit and traditions of the different institutions with which they have now to deal. Then, too, a probable majority of the students and a substantial proportion of the teaching staffs in the colleges, universities and normal schools were, at the time of the change-over, sympathetic to the Communists in degrees ranging from enthusiastic support to passive
Enzymatic Degradation of Methacrylated Dextrans (1997)

Dextran and methacrylated dextrans (dex-MA) were degraded with dextranase, and the formed degradation products were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry. It was shown that the main degradation product was isomaltose for both dextran and dex-MA. In degraded dex-MA, the main methacrylated product was isomaltotriose. The relative contribution of oligosaccharides with a higher molecular weight (up to isomaltohexaose) and of multiply methacrylated oligosaccharides increased with the degree of substitution of dex-MA. Enzyme kinetics with a three-substrate model showed that the Michaelis−Menten constant for the monomethacrylated substrate was smaller than for the unsubstituted substrate, whereas the Michaelis−Menten constant for multiply methacrylated susbtrates was higher. This indicates a favorable interaction of one methacrylate group with a hydrophobic binding subsite in the enzyme. The maximum degradation rate, however, was substantially lower for the substituted substrates than for the native substrate. From these results, it is concluded that the enzyme hydrolyzes a glycosidic bond between a methacrylated glucopyranose residue and an unsubstituted one in the dex-MA chain. This hypothesis is further supported with electrospray mass spectrometry because of both the presence of an ion formed by fragmentation at the nonreducing end of an oligosaccharide and the absence of oligosaccharides in which the number of methacrylates equals or exceeds the number of glucopyranose residues.
Moisture separator and cycle efficiency improvements by installing moisture preseparators (1984)

In nuclear power plants with wet steam turbines, the connection between the HP turbine and the moisture separator reheater, i.e. the crossunder line, is a problem area. As the steam leaving the HP turbine has a considerable moisture content, the crossunder line suffers erosion corrosion and the tendency of the moisture to form compact ''gushes'' causes problems in the moisture separator. BBC has developed a moisture preseparator (MPS) which removes a major part of the moisture at the HP turbine exhaust. The removal of the moisture results reduces the erosion corrosion rate of the carbon steel material of the crossunder line and the moisture separator reheater. In many cases existing moisture separator problems could be solved. Furthermore, the pressure drop in the crossunder line is reduced and the overall moisture separator efficiency is improved. This, in turn, improves cycle efficiency, thus contributing to a rapid return on investment. The first retrofitted MPS was commissioned at the Rochester Gas and Electric Company, R.E. Ginna Nuclear Station (500 MWe) in June, 1983. Performance tests were conducted during the commissioning period. This paper presents the latest details on the MPS, describes the system changes that were required and discusses the performance tests andmore » their results. The most significant test results were: MPS efficiency greater than 70%; Overall moisture separation efficiency improved to 99%; Plant electric output increased by approximately 3 to 4 MWe.« less
Immunologic Control of Diarrheal Disease Due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Reactogenicity, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy Studies of Pili Vaccines (1981)

Purified type 1 somatic pill from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain H10407 (078:H11) was evaluated as a parenteral immunizing pilus vaccine. Intramuscular inoculation with 45, 90, 900 or 1800 mcg of pili vaccine was tolerated without incident in 82 volunteers. Six of 15 persons who received a 28 day booster of 1800 mcg developed local reactions while none of 52 persons receiving 180 or 450 mcg boosters evinced such reactions. Pili vaccine did not significantly alter intestinal transit time, absorptive capacity or the prevalence of colonic E. coli bearing type 1 somatic pili of the H10407 antigenic variety. Parenterally inoculated type 1 somatic pili were safe and highly immunogenic in man but did not consistently include protection.
Introduction (1995)

In a single generation, Asia's economies have undergone a transformation that has been more rapid and extensive than anyone could have imagined. From a collection of predominantly agricultural economies, linked to the world economy chiefly by colonial exploitation of natural resources and plantation agriculture, has emerged a group of vigorous exporting nations enjoying a commanding position in several industries. This has been a shift of global importance. As each fresh segment of the world has industrialised — North West Europe in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; the United States, Germany and Japan in the latter half of the nineteenth century; the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s — it has had global implications for the distribution of income and power. The process unfolding today in Asia is of comparable dimensions, and the internal dynamics of that change are as complex and varied as were those in the earlier periods of industrialisation.KeywordsPolitical ChangeRuling ClassAsian EconomyPolitical FreedomPolitical LiberalisationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Expression profiling of genes related to starch synthesis in rice leaf sheaths during the heading period (2006)

The stems (leaf sheaths and culms) of rice plants ( Oryza sativa L.) accumulate high levels of starch before heading, which is subsequently remobilized after heading to provide a carbon source for grain filling. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of starch synthesis in rice leaf sheath, a comprehensive expression analysis was conducted on the gene families encoding starch synthesis–related enzymes, ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27), starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18). The changes in the activities of these enzymes in leaf sheaths during the heading period were shown to be accompanied by a coordinated change in the transcript levels of particular members of the corresponding gene families. A similar change before and after heading was also found in the messenger RNA level of GPT2 , one of the two genes encoding for a plastidial glucose‐6‐phosphate/phosphate translocator, suggesting that the capacity of both starch synthesis and its substrate import is under coordinated transcriptional regulation. The members of the gene families predominantly expressed in leaf sheaths are mostly different from those actively expressed in the developing endosperm. The time course for the transcript level of some of these genes appears to correlate to hexose level in the leaf sheaths, suggesting that hexose levels may be a controlling factor in their expression.
Fire Protection with Bromoalkene/Nitrogen Gaseous Mixtures (2001)

The fire suppression efficiencies of 1-bromo-1-propene/nitrogen and 2-bromo-3,3,3 trifluoro-1-propene/nitrogen gas mixtures were studied by a cup burner method. It was shown that addition of 1-bromo-1-propene and 2-bromo-3,3,3 trifluoro-1-propene to nitrogen can improve the suppression effectiveness of the inert gas by 34.5 and 64.3%, respectively. An arrangement for mixing organic compounds with inert gases before application to fire was proposed, and it was shown that droplets of bromoalkenes with diameters as large as 100 μm can be vaporized in less than 1 s.
[Urinary incontinence: anticholinergic treatment]. (2005)

The bladder and urethra are a functional unit controlled and coordinated by the central and peripheral nervous systems. Voluntary or involuntary contraction of the Detrusor muscle depends mainly on muscarinic receptor stimulation by Acetylcholine, which is released from parasympathetic terminals. This receptors are the antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) drug target. Anticholinergic drugs are the first line of treatment for overactive bladder. They have been widely investigated and have shown superior efficacy to placebo in numerous studies. Their effects on bladder function result in an increase of the capacity at which involuntary detrusor contractions are produced, a decrease in its amplitude and an increase in bladder capacity. The purpose of this Literature Review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the current situation of this form of treatment (Oxybutinin, Long Acting Tolterodine, Trospium Chloride) and the main developments in this area. Some of these drugs are already commercially available in Spain (Long Acting Tolterodine), some may appear soon (Extended Release Oxybutinin, Transdermal Oxybutinin), and others are available for specific cases (Intravesical Oxybutinin). Other drugs, which are theoretically more uroselective (Darifenacin or Solifenacin), are not yet freely available on the open market, while yet others are already in use in other countries (Propioverine). Finally I would like to mention the increasing use of Botulinum Toxin detrusor injection for bladder hyperactivity that fails to respond to conservative treatments.
The Modified Minimal Model: Application to Measurement of Insulin Sensitivity in Children* (1990)

The modified minimal model (MMM), a recently introduced method that assesses insulin sensitivity (SI) by a computed mathematical analysis of the relation between the change in insulin and glucose clearance after a bolus of iv glucose, followed 20 min later by a bolus of tolbutamide, has been standardized in adults, but this method has not been validated in children. We performed an abbreviated 90-min MMM test in 50 children who were siblings of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 7 healthy adult volunteers and compared the results to the standard 180-min MMM test in 11 of these subjects. The cohort consisted of 29 prepubertal children [16 males and 13 females; 8.7 +/- 2.0 (mean +/- SEM) yr old]; 16 pubertal children defined as less than 17 yr of age and Tanner stage 2-5 (8 males and 8 females; 13.4 +/- 1.8 yr old), and 12 postpubertal subjects (7 males and 5 females; 18.2 +/- 0.9 yr old), with no significant difference in the weight for length index (WLI) among the 3 groups and with sera of all subjects negative for islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies. The test procedure consisted of 3 baseline blood samples over 30 min, followed at zero time by 0.3 g/kg 25% dextrose infused iv over 1 min and an iv injection of tolbutamide (5 mg/kg) 20 min later; sequential blood samples for glucose and insulin measurements were withdrawn from zero time until completion 90 or 180 min later. In the 11 subjects who underwent both the standard and the abbreviated tests, there was no significant difference between the SI estimated by the 2 methods provided that glucose and insulin values were interpolated at 180 min during the computer calculations of the abbreviated test. Using the 90-min abbreviated test, the SI of the pubertal subjects (2.92 +/- 0.45) was markedly less than that of the prepubertal subjects (6.57 +/- 0.45; P = 0.0001). While the postpubertal group value of 4.63 +/- 0.86 was significantly higher than that of the pubertal group (P = 0.0001), the pre- and postpubertal groups remained significantly different (P = 0.0001). The 10 obese subjects with WLI greater than 120% had a lower SI (3.5 +/- 0.53) than the 47 nonobese subjects with WLI less than 120% (SI = 5.48 +/- 0.42; P less than 0.04), and there was a negative correlation between SI and WLI. None of the study subjects experienced symptomatic hypoglycemia during the test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Structural and Transport Properties of Tertiary Ammonium Triflate Ionic Liquids: A Molecular Dynamics Study (2017)

Ammonium-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) have shown promising physicochemical properties as proton conductors in polymer membrane fuel cells. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the structural, dynamic, and transport properties of a series of tertiary ammonium triflate PILs. Nonpolarizable all-atom force fields were used, including two different models for the triflate anion. Previous simulation studies of these PILs have yielded poor results for transport properties due to unrealistically slow dynamics. To improve performance, polarization and charge-transfer effects were approximately accounted for by scaling all atomic partial charges by a uniform factor, γ. The optimum scaling factor γ = 0.69 was determined by comparing simulation results with available experimental data and found to be transferable between different ammonium cations and insensitive to both the temperature and choice of experimental data used for comparison. Simulations performed using optimized charge scaling showed that the transport properties significantly improved over previous studies. Both the self-diffusion coefficients and viscosity were in good agreement with experiment over the whole range of systems and temperatures studied. Simulated PIL densities were also in good agreement with experiment, although the thermal expansivity was underestimated. Structural analysis revealed a strong directionality in interionic interactions. Triflate anions preferentially approach the ammonium cation so as to form strong hydrogen bonds between sulfonate oxygen atoms and the acidic ammonium hydrogen. The ionic conductivity was somewhat underestimated, especially at lower temperatures. Analysis of conductivity data suggests that there is significant correlated motion of oppositely charged ions in these PILs, especially at short times. These results overall indicate that the transport properties of this class of PILs are accurately modeled by these force fields if charge scaling is used and properly calibrated against selected experimental data.