gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Does America need a "Cadillac" health care system? (1987)

From a third-party payor's perspective, productivity in the health field is not a question open to debate, it is a matter of survival. The corporate model of the health care system has disintegrated as competition declined due to a relatively free-flowing financing network. Without competition, productivity has declined. This will set the stage for domination of the health care scene by for-profit chains unless not-for-profits increase productivity. For third-party payors, selective contracting, invented by Blue Cross in 1929, will dominate health care financing in the next century.
Transcription of the Sodium/myo-Inositol Cotransporter Gene Is Regulated by Multiple Tonicity-responsive Enhancers Spread over 50 Kilobase Pairs in the 5′-Flanking Region (1998)

The sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter is a plasma membrane protein responsible for concentrative cellular accumulation of myo-inositol in a variety of tissues. When cells in kidney and brain are exposed to a hyperosmolar salt condition (hypertonicity) due to the operation of urinary concentration mechanism and pathological conditions, respectively, they survive the stress of hypertonicity by raising the cellular concentration of myo-inositol. Transcription of the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter gene is markedly stimulated in response to hypertonicity, leading to an increase in the activity of the cotransporter, which in turn drives the osmoprotective accumulation of myo-inositol. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which hypertonicity stimulates transcription, we analyzed the 5'-flanking region of the cotransporter gene for cis-acting regulatory sequences. We identified five tonicity-responsive enhancers that are scattered over 50 kilobase pairs. All the enhancers are variations of the same type of enhancer interacting with the transcription factor named tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein. In vivo methylation experiments demonstrated that exposure of cells to hypertonicity increases the binding of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein to the enhancer sites, indicating that all of these enhancers are involved in the transcriptional stimulation. We conclude that the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter gene is regulated by a large region (approximately 50 kilobase pairs) upstream of the gene.
Fuel lubricity (1998)

Problems associated with inadequate fuel lubricity were identified in the aeronautical industry in the 1960s, following a succession of in‐flight engine failures. The influence of fuel composition upon fuel lubricity was established, as was the effect of various lubricity additives. Problems associated with inadequate fuel lubricity were also subsequently identified in light‐duty diesel engines when low‐sulphur fuel was introduced. Again, the use of additives or modifications to the refining process overcame the problem at the time, but the continuing trend towards higher injection pressures may require further improvements in current fuel lubricity. The manufacture and use of biodiesel is described, together with the attendant benefits, including use as a lubricity additive in conventional diesel fuel, also disadvantages. The imminent introduction of direct‐injection gasoline passenger car engines has now focused attention on the lubricity of gasoline, which is again likely to become a key issue. Two standardised test procedures for the measurement of fuel lubricities are described.
Enzyme Mimics Based Upon Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry (2010)

Recent advances in supramolecular coordination chemistry have allowed chemists to synthesize macromolecular complexes that exhibit various properties intrinsic to enzymes. This Review focuses on structures inspired by properties and functions observed in enzymes rather than precise models of enzyme active sites. These structures are synthesized using convergent, modular, and high-yielding coordination-chemistry-based methods, which allow one to tailor the size, shape, and properties of the resulting complexes. Many of the structures discussed exhibit reactivity and specificity reminiscent of natural systems, and some of them have functions that exceed the natural systems which provided the inspiration for initially making them.
New Safety-Catch Photolabile Protecting Group (2007)

Photolabile protecting groups have proven their usefulness on many occasions. Their versions as linkers are however less attractive, as robustness and real orthogonality become critical issues. Safety-catch systems, where a preliminary activation phase is necessary, circumvent the problem of premature cleavage. In this work, we introduce a new safety-catch photolabile protecting group, whose cleavage requires the simultaneous presence of light and a chemical promoter.
Glycosidase-Inhibiting Glycomimetic Alkaloids. Biological Activities and Therapeutic Perspectives. (2000)

Alkaloids mimicking the structures of sugars inhibit glycosidases because of a structural resemblance to the sugar moiety of the natural substrate. Glycosidases are involved in a wide range of important biological processes, such as intestinal digestion, post-translational processing of glycoproteins and the lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugates. The realization that alkaloidal glycomimetics might have enormous therapeutic potential in many diseases such as viral infection, cancer and diabetes led to increasing interest and demand for these compounds. The usefulness of alkaloidal glycomimetics might not be restricted to the inhibition of glycosidases since a number of different competitive inhibitors, all known to stabilize proteins in their native conformation, are effective in rescuing the processing defect of the mutant enzyme protein. These compounds, which we call “chemical chaperones”, also may prove to be effective in correcting a number of other protein folding abnormalities in human genetic diseases.
Interrelationship Between Water-Barrier and Reservoir Functions of Pathologic Stratum Corneum (1985)

Scaly skin lesions are caused by decreased water content of the stratum corneum, despite the well-known fact that they usually show increased water passage. By performing simultaneous measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to check the water-barrier function of the stratum corneum and cutaneous conductance to the high-frequency electric current of 3.5 MHz, which is an indicator of skin-surface hydration state, in patients with psoriasis who had lesions of various grades of severity, we obtained data indicating that there is an inverse relationship between these functions of the stratum corneum. Furthermore, a time course study of TEWL and functional analysis of stratum corneum by an in vivo water sorption-desorption test performed on the experimentally induced scaly lesions after adhesive-tape stripping demonstrated that such pathologic stratum corneum is characterized by a water-holding defect that is associated with increased TEWL.
The Development and Evaluation of Color Systems for Airborne Applications--Fundamental Visual, Perceptual, and Display Systems Considerations (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A great number of complex, interacting factors determine the effectiveness of a color display system. Many of these factors characterize visual displays in general, while others are specifically related to the production of use of color. Because it is difficult, if not unwise, to isolate and consider human visual and perceptual factors separately from color display system hardware characteristics, both operator and display system requirements must be analyzed according to common functional units.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The objectives of the study were to review the current philosophy and standards on the airborne applications of electronic color display systems, develop guidelines for specifying and measuring color CRT display performance parameters, conduct a survey of currently available color systems, review and evaluate existing system capabilities, and predict future trends and applications in color display systems and componentry.</div>
Proactive approach of making eye contact with the target human in multi-party settings (2014)

Establishing eye contact with the target agent plays a central role both in human-human and human-robot communications. However, it is not so easy task for the robot to meet eye contact with a particular human. Especially, when the robot and the target human are facing each other initially or the target human is intensely involved his/her task. In this paper, we proposed a conceptual model of eye contact for social robots consisting of three parts: attracting attention, establishing gaze crossing, and displaying gaze awareness. Evaluation experiments with 36 participants reveal the effectiveness of the proposed model in three viewing situations (near peripheral field of view, far peripheral field of view, and out of field of view).
Field Emission of Individual Carbon Nanotubes in the Scanning Electron Microscope (2002)

The field emission of individual multiwall carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition was measured in a scanning electron microscope. By using a sharp anode, we were able to select one nanotube for measurements in carefully controlled conditions. Single nanotubes follow the Fowler-Nordheim law, and the dependence of the field enhancement with interelectrode distance and nanotube radius is in good agreement with the recent model of Edgcombe and Valdré. Our results suggest that only nanotubes with the highest field enhancement factors, i.e., at least 8x higher than those of the average nanotube population, contribute to the emitted current in usual large area measurements.
Rapid adhesive bonding of advanced composites and titanium (1985)

Rapid adhesive bonding (RAB) concepts utilize a toroid induction technique to heat the adhesive bond line directly. This technique was used to bond titanium overlap shear specimens with 3 advanced thermoplastic adhesives and APC-2 (graphite/PEEK) composites with PEEK film. Bond strengths equivalent to standard heated-platen press bonds were produced with large reductions in process time. RAB produced very strong bonds in APC-2 adherend specimens; the APC-2 adherends were highly resistant to delamination. Thermal cycling did not significantly affect the shear strengths of RAB titanium bonds with polyimide adhesives. A simple ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation process was found promising for evaluating bond quality.
Speech recognition using multi-state acoustic and articulatory features models with asynchronous states transition (2002)

In this paper, we propose two improvements to the articulatory feature (AF) models. We introduce the use of 3-state AF model with multiple observation distributions that gives a better modeling of the articulatory features within a phone. This results in an improvement of about 1% in phone recognition on the TIMIT task. Combining the AF model with acoustic-based HMM achieves an improvement of 1.6% compares to use acoustic features only. We then introduce the asynchronous state combination of the 3-state AF models with acoustic-based HMM and obtain an additional improvement of 1.7%.
The development of a human cell line stably expressing human CYP3A4: role in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> and comparison to CYP1A2 and CYP2A3 (1991)

We have developed a human lymphoblastoid cell line, designated 3A4/Hol, which stably expresses human CYP3A4 cDNA. This cell line exhibited testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase activity, produced immunologically detectable CYP3A4 protein and was more sensitive to the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) than was the parent cell line. The concentration-response for AFB1 cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in 3A4/Hol cells was compared to the responses of isogenic cell lines expressing comparable levels of human CYP1A2 (1A2/Hyg cells) and human CYP2A3 (2A3/Hyg cells). 1A2/Hyg cells were 3- to 6-fold more sensitive than 3A4/Hol cells to AFB1-induced mutation. 3A4/Hol cells were 10- to 15-fold more sensitive to AFB1-induced mutation than 2A3/Hyg cells. The differences in mutagenicity were supported by the relative binding of [3H]AFB1 to cellular DNA.
7-(Trifluoromethyl)-4-aminoquinoline hypotensives: novel peripheral sympatholytics (1986)

A family of 7-(trifluoromethyl)-4-aminoquinolines that are hypotensive agents and that act by a novel sympatholytic mechanism is described. Structure-activity relationships in this series have been elucidated. Some of the more potent hypotensives were evaluated for safety in the mouse. A candidate, 1-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-[4-[[7-(trifluoromethyl)-4- quinolinyl]amino]benzoyl]piperazine hydrochloride (losulazine hydrochloride) has been selected for clinical development. Losulazine hydrochloride is a hypotensive agent in the rat, cat, and dog. At acute effective hypotensive doses, it does not block the response of the sympathetic nervous system to stimuli. Both animal pharmacology and clinical experience suggest that losulazine hydrochloride may be free of the clinically limiting side effects that often plague compounds that decrease blood pressure by interfering with autonomic neurogenic function.
Carbene-Lithium Interactions (1999)

Abstract The syntheses and characterizations are described for carbene•lithium complexes in which the lithium center is ligated only by carbon atoms. A single crystal X-ray diffraction structure determination on one adduct confirms the coordination environment. The C-Li distance at the carbene center is 215.5 pm. All other coordination to the lithium center originates from a substituted η5-cyclopentadienyl ligand with an average C–Li distance of 225.4 (7) pm.
Low-Cost Dual-Loop-Antenna System for Dual-WLAN-Band Access Points (2011)

A low-cost, printed three-antenna system suitable to be embedded inside a wireless access point (AP) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) applications in the 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN bands is presented. The antenna system comprises three circular dual-loop antennas occupying a moderate area and printed on the same layer of a circular antenna substrate. Each dual-loop antenna further includes a large outer loop and a small inner loop, both operating at one-wavelength resonant mode and sharing common antenna feeding and grounding. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the substrate with an equal inclination angle of 120° to form a symmetrical multiantenna structure. The antenna substrate is further stacked above the system circuit board of an AP by a small distance. In this case the design can fully integrate the circuit board of the AP as an efficient reflector for loops into an internal multiantenna solution. The results showed that well port isolation were obtained together with high-gain and dual-polarized radiation characteristics over the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. Details of a design prototype are described and discussed in this paper.
A technique to enable the tracking of people for domestic energy monitoring applications (2015)

Domestic energy consumption has increasingly become a cause for concern for governments, energy suppliers, and individual householders. Issues surrounding gas and electricity used in the home relate to the increasing cost of fuel, the rise in the incidence of fuel poverty, carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels contributing to climate change, security of supply due to geo-political disagreement and the age and condition of the existing energy infrastructure.\nWhile buildings and appliances have become more energy-efficient, usually driven by legislation, the energy-consuming behaviour of individuals is very difficult to change. Domestic energy monitoring has so far only been carried out at a household level, while the behaviour of individuals within households has remained ambiguous. There is a gap in current knowledge about how people use energy at home, mainly because it is very difficult to capture everyday behaviour without influencing the behaviour being observed. Initiatives and campaigns targeting domestic energy-consuming behaviour have been based on assumptions of how people use energy in their homes, and have been found to be ineffective. There is a need for an unobtrusive method of capturing domestic energy behaviour.\nThis research presents a technique to deliver this requirement by enabling the tracking of people in their homes with a small number of cost-effective RFID (Radio Frequency ID) devices. Using this technique the location of multiple individuals wearing RFID tags can be determined, thereby creating an unobtrusive RTLS (Real Time Location System). This technique has been extensively evaluated through a series of tests within a typical 1940’s semi-detached house in North West England, and has been found to be able to successfully locate individuals to room level. If this RTLS data is matched with appliance level energy data, energy-consumption can be attributed to the individuals responsible, and personalised everyday energy-consuming behaviour can be established.
Sand/Well Vacuuming Technology with Concentric Coiled Tubing: Best Practices and Lessons Learned from Over 600 Operations (2008)

Abstract Sand production is a common problem with unconsolidated formations. It is very challenging to successfully remove formation sands with conventional methods in a large deviated wellbore with a low pressure gradient formation1. Since 1995, a technology combining concentric coiled tubing (CCT) with a jet pump has been developed and used to remove both the drilling fluids and solids. Initially it was developed for horizontal heavy oil reservoirs where pressures are low and viscosity is high, without placing hydrostatic loads on the reservoir. The job data from more than 600 sand/well vacuuming operations worldwide has been compiled into a database. This paper reviews the well information and the key operating parameters: maximum depth, bottom hole pressure gradient and pump rate. The engineering challenges, best practices and lessons learned for the sand/well vacuuming process are also summarized. Analysis of this data yields a better understanding about this vacuuming technology and provides good guideline for future practice. Case histories are provided which demonstrate how to deploy the different sand/well vacuuming bottom hole assemblies (BHA), to; increase the penetration capacity with a jetting tool; entering multi-laterals with an entry guidance system; accessing small size holes with a micro-vacuuming tool; and to achieve extended reach under extreme conditions. Post job analysis indicates CCT vacuuming technology reduces the skin damage and increases the production compared to non-vacuumed wells. Moreover, the details from sand and other fluid influx profiles obtained along the wellbore based on the analysis of the returns during the vacuuming process, could be used to evaluate well production and assist in formulating a management strategy.
Fructan of the inulin neoseries is synthesized in transgenic chicory plants (<i>Cichorium intybus</i> L.) harbouring onion (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.) fructan:fructan 6G‐fructosyltransferase (1997)

Fructan (polyfructosylsucrose) is an important storage carbohydrate in many plant families. fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT) is a key enzyme in the formation of the inulin neoseries, a type of fructan accumulated by members of the Liliales. We have cloned the 6G-FFT from onion by screening a cDNA library using barley sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) as a probe. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a high homology with plant invertases and 6-SFT. Incubation of protein extracts from transgenic tobacco plants with the trisaccharide 1-kestose and sucrose resulted in the formation of neokestose and fructans of the inulin neoseries with a degree of polymerization up to six. Introduction of the onion 6G-FFT into chicory resulted in the synthesis of fructan of the inulin neoseries, in addition to the synthesis of linear inulin.
Multiple Multicomponent Macrocyclizations Including Bifunctional Building Blocks (MiBs) Based on Staudinger and Passerini Three-Component Reactions (2008)

Multiple multicomponent macrocyclizations including bifunctional buildings blocks (MiBs) so far have relied almost exclusively on Ugi reactions. The efficient expansion to non-Ugi-MiBs is exemplified by the synthesis of tetra-beta-lactam and bis-alpha-acyloxy carboxamide macrocycles based on multiple Staudinger and Passerini three-component reactions (3CR), respectively. A recent variation of the Passerini-3CR that involves primary alcohols, isocyanides, and carboxylic acids under oxidative conditions is successfully adapted to this procedure.
Otitis Media Health Status Evaluation: A Pilot Study for the Investigation of Cost-Effective Outcomes of Recurrent Acute Otitis Media Treatment (1998)

There are no reliable and valid instruments that measure otitis media clinical or functional health status in children ages 1 to 3 years. This study develops and tests three new instruments of clinical and functional otitis health status: the Otitis Media Clinical Severity Index (OM-CSI), the Otitis Media Functional Status Questionnaire (OM-FSQ), and the Otitis Media Diary (OMD). The OM-CSI was found to be a reliable measure of clinical acute otitis media (AOM) severity, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) scores, as well as an accurate indicator of AOM severity. The OM-FSQ and OMD were demonstrated to be reliable and valid measures of otitis-specific functional health status, with reproducible scores over time, high internal consistency alpha scores, and high correlation with measures of AOM clinical severity and other functional health status instruments. These three new instruments were also sensitive and specific indicators of AOM episodes.
Alkylammonium-Based Protic Ionic Liquids Part I: Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization (2008)

Novel alkylammonium-cation-based protic acid ionic liquids (PILs) were prepared through a simple and atom-economic neutralization reaction between an amine, such as diisopropylmethylamine, and diisopropylethylamine, and a Brønsted acid, HX, where X is HCOO-, CH 3COO-, or HF2-. The density, viscosity, acidic scale, electrochemical window, temperature dependency of ionic conductivity, and thermal properties of these PILs were measured and investigated in detail. Results show that protonated alkylammonium such as N-ethyldiisopropyl formate and N-methyldiisopropyl formate are liquid at room temperature and possess very low viscosities, that is, 18 and 24 cP, respectively, at 25 degrees C. An investigation of their thermal properties shows that they present a wide liquid range up to -100 degrees C and a heat thermal stability up to 350 degrees C. Alkylammonium-based PILs have a relatively low cost and low toxicity and show a high ionic conductivity (up a 8 mS cm(-1)) at room temperature. They have wide applicable perspectives for fuel cell devices, thermal transfer fluids, and acid-catalyzed reaction media and catalysts as replacements of conventional inorganic acids.