gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Internal valve leakage detection using an acoustic emission measurement system (1998)

A detailed experimental study was conducted to determine the lowest detectable compressed air leakage rate through an industrial control valve that can be reliably detected using an acoustic emission (AE) technique. Through-valve leakage was deliberately introduced into a 25.4 mm (1 in.) hard-seat globe type control valve under controlled conditions. This was achieved by carefully adjusting the control signal, 4-20 mA d.c., to the valve positioner which, in turn, varied the clearance between the valve plug and seat. Two AE sensors together with the state-of-the-art data acquisition and processing systems were used to monitor a wide range of leakage rates under different working conditions. The effects of the background noise on the measured AE signal were considerably reduced by using the real-time programmable filters that were part of the AE measurement system. This was carried out to produce more reliable and consistent results. The sensitivity of the AE sensors was improved by using line amplifiers with variable gain. The frequency spectrum analysis of the AE signal indicated that leak-related frequency components can be clearly distinguished from those produced due to background noise. Furthermore, it was evident that the selected leak-related frequency components increased in their amplitude as the leakage rate was increased. The paper concludes by illustrating that AE can be used reliably to detect the onset of air leakage through control valves at a differential pressure that could be as low as 110.3 kPa (1.103 bar) and in a noisy industrial environment.
Auranofin induces apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells via oxidative stress and glutathione depletion (2014)

Auranofin (Au), an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase, is a known anti‑cancer drug. In the present study, the anti‑growth effect of Au on HeLa cervical cancer cells was examined in association with levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). Au inhibited the growth of HeLa cells with an IC50 of ~2 µM at 24 h. This agent induced apoptosis and necrosis, accompanied by the cleavage of poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The pan‑caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl‑Val‑Ala‑Asp‑fluoromethylketone, prevented apoptotic cell death and each of the assessed caspase inhibitors inhibited necrotic cell death induced by Au. With respect to the levels of ROS and GSH, Au increased intracellular O2•- in the HeLa cells and induced GSH depletion. The pan‑caspase inhibitor reduced the levels of O2•- and GSH depletion in Au‑treated HeLa cells. The antioxidant, N‑acetyl cysteine, not only attenuated apoptosis and necrosis in the Au‑treated HeLa cells, but also decreased the levels of O2•- and GSH depletion in the cells. By contrast, L‑buthionine sulfoximine, a GSH synthesis inhibitor, intensified cell death O2•- and GSH depletion in the Au‑treated HeLa cells. In conclusion, Au induced apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells via the induction of oxidative stress and the depletion of GSH.
Synthesis of corticosteroid haptens possessing the bridge at the C-4 position. (1980)

In order to obtain specific antisera for use in radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay, new haptens of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and cortisone were prepared. The synthesis of the 4-hemisuccinates of 4-hydroxycortisol and 4-hydroxy-11-deoxycortisol was accomplished by employing suitably protected 21-mono-tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of the 4-hydroxysteroids as key intermediates. As another type of hapten, the 4-carboxy-methylthio derivatives of corticosteroids were prepared by base-catalyzed ring opening of the 4, 5-epoxide with mercaptoacetic acid. In addition, the preparation of related haptens is described.
Localization immunity and coherence of extended two-dimensional semiconductor vertical cavity-locked laser arrays (1997)

Large two-dimensional arrays of vertical cavity semiconductor lasers, unlike similar one-dimensional arrays, exhibit a single lasing mode because of their immunity to defects and inhomogeneities. Both experiments and theoretical study of the coherence of the arrays verified this improved performance and attributed it to possible bypass routes for the propagation of phase information in the two-dimensional structure, which ensured the locking of remote array elements even in the presence of defects.
Vitamin D-Binding Protein Directs Monocyte Responses to 25-Hydroxy- and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (2010)

These data indicate that DBP plays a pivotal role in regulating the bioavailablity of 25OHD to monocytes. Vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial responses are therefore likely to be strongly influenced by DBP polymorphisms.
Cell adhesion on polytetrafluoroethylene modified by UV‐irradiation in an ammonia atmosphere (2003)

We report on the modification of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) by exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) light of a Xe(2)*-excimer lamp at a wavelength of 172 nm in an ammonia atmosphere. Typical treatment times were up to 30 min. Subsequently, the samples were grafted with the amino acid alanine from an aqueous solution. The samples were characterized by means of optical transmission spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence and contact-angle measurements. We studied the adhesion of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) and mouse fibroblasts (3T3 cells) to the modified polymer samples using an in vitro technique, where the population density and spread of adhering cells is determined 24 h after seeding by image analysis. For both cell types the exposure of PTFE to UV-light in an ammonia atmosphere resulted in a significant increase in the number of adhering cells and in the size of their spreading area. The grafting with alanine enhanced this effect. Additional experiments with human endothelial cells (HEC) also demonstrated improved adhesion to modified PTFE. Thus, PTFE modified by our method appears to be a promising material for fabrication of artificial vascular prostheses and implants or for cultivation of skin substitutes.
Genome-wide analysis of plant glutaredoxin systems (2006)

The recent release of the first tree genome (Populus trichocarpa) has allowed a comparison to be made of the multigenic glutaredoxin (Grx) and glutathione reductase (GR) families of this tree with those of other sequenced organisms and especially of the two other fully sequenced plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Grxs are small proteins involved in disulphide bridge or protein-glutathione adduct reduction, and they are maintained in a reduced form using glutathione and an NADPH-dependent GR. While the P. trichocarpa and O. sativa genomes are nearly five times larger than that of A. thaliana, they contain approximately 45 000 and 37 500 genes compared with the 25 500 genes of A. thaliana. On the one hand, the GR gene composition varies little between species and the gene structures are relatively conserved. On the other hand, the Grx gene family can be divided into three subgroups and the gene content is larger in P. trichocarpa (36 genes) compared with A. thaliana and O. sativa (31 and 27 genes, respectively). This could be partly explained by the occurrence of more duplication events, and this is especially true for one of the three identified Grx subgroups (subgroup III). The expression of most of these genes was confirmed by analysing expressed sequence tags present in various databases. In addition, the expression of Grx of subgroups I and II was examined by RT-PCR in various poplar organs. A complete classification based essentially on gene structure and sequence identity is proposed.
Erratum: “New neutron magnetic low index leaky waveguide coupler” [J. Appl. Phys. <b>81</b>, 4281 (1997)] (1998)

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Feasibility Study of Some Novel Concepts for High Bypass Ratio Turbofan Engines (2009)

The soaring fuel price and the burgeoning environmental concerns have compelled global research towards cleaner engines, aimed at substantial reduction in emission, noise and fuel consumption. In this context, the present research investigates the feasibility of some novel engine concepts, namely Geared Turbofan and Intercooled Recuperated Turbofan concepts, by hypothetically applying them into an existing state-of-the-art high bypass ratio engine. This paper made an effort to estimate the effects on the baseline engine performances due to the introduction of these two concepts into it. By performing steady state simulations, it was found that the incorporation of the Geared Turbofan concept into the existing Turbofan engine caused a significant reduction in thrust specific fuel consumption, engine weight, and fan blade tip speed. However, when simulations were also carried out by incorporating the Intercooler and Recuperator concept in the baseline turbofan engine, it did not demonstrate any substantial improvement in fuel consumption. It was observed that the fuel flow rate was influenced to a large extent by heat exchanger’s effectiveness and the pressure drop within it. The overall engine weight was also found to get increased due to the inclusion of massive heat exchangers necessary for the system.
Lysosomal storage disorders (2005)

Although the first description of a lysosomal storage disorder was that of Tay-Sachs disease in 1881, the lysosome was not discovered until 1955, by Christian De Duve. The first demonstration by Hers in 1963 of a link between an enzyme deficiency and a storage disorder (Pompe's disease) paved the way for a series of seminal discoveries about the intracellular biology of these enzymes and their substrates, culminating in the successful treatment of Gaucher's disease with beta-glucosidase in the early 1990s. It is now recognized that these disorders are not simply a consequence of pure storage, but result from perturbation of complex cell signalling mechanisms. These in turn give rise to secondary structural and biochemical changes, which have important implications for therapy. Significant challenges remain, particularly the treatment of central nervous system disease. It is hoped that recent advances in our understanding of lysosomal biology will enable successful therapies to be developed.
Soluble biomarkers differentiate patients with psoriatic arthritis from those with psoriasis without arthritis (2010)

This pilot study indicates that hsCRP, OPG, MMP-3 and the CPII : C2C ratio are biomarkers for PsA in patients with psoriasis.
Novel Approaches to the Parametric Cubic-Spline Interpolation (2012)

The cubic-spline interpolation (CSI) scheme can be utilized to obtain a better quality reconstructed image. It is based on the least-squares method with cubic convolution interpolation (CCI) function. Within the parametric CSI scheme, it is difficult to determine the optimal parameter for various target images. In this paper, a novel method involving the concept of opportunity costs is proposed to identify the most suitable parameter for the CCI function needed in the CSI scheme. It is shown that such an optimal four-point CCI function in conjunction with the least-squares method can achieve a better performance with the same arithmetic operations in comparison with the existing CSI algorithm. In addition, experimental results show that the optimal six-point CSI scheme together with cross-zonal filter is superior in performance to the optimal four-point CSI scheme without increasing the computational complexity.
A Spontaneous Point Mutation Produces Monoamine Oxidase A/B Knock-out Mice with Greatly Elevated Monoamines and Anxiety-like Behavior (2004)

A spontaneous monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) mutation (A863T) in exon 8 introduced a premature stop codon, which produced MAO A/B double knock-out (KO) mice in a MAO B KO mouse colony. This mutation caused a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and resulted in the absence of MAO A transcript, protein, and catalytic activity and abrogates a DraI restriction site. The MAO A/B KO mice showed reduced body weight compared with wild type mice. Brain levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and phenylethylamine increased, and serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels decreased, to a much greater degree than in either MAO A or B single KO mice. Observed chase/escape and anxiety-like behavior in the MAO A/B KO mice, different from MAO A or B single KO mice, suggest that varying monoamine levels result in both a unique biochemical and behavioral phenotype. These mice will be useful models for studying the molecular basis of disorders associated with abnormal monoamine neurotransmitters.
Optimal FEC code concatenation for unequal error protection in video streaming applications (2009)

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for constructing an Unequal Error Protection (UEP) FEC code targeted towards video streaming applications. A concatenation of a set of parallel outer block codes followed by a packet interleaver and an inner block code is presented. The algorithm calculates on the fly the optimal allocation of the code rates of the inner and outer codes. When applied to video streaming applications using H.264, the discussed UEP framework achieves gains of up to 5dB in video quality compared to equal error protection (EEP) FEC at the same code rate.
Monolithically integrated optical gate 2 × 2 matrix switch using GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structure (1987)

A 2 × 2 optical matrix switch, monolithically integrating multiple-quantum-well-gate and optical circuits fabricated by the reactive-ion-beam etching method, is described. The switch size is small, 3 mm × 1.2 mm. Low crosstalk of 20 dB at 12 V is achieved.
Polysialic Acid and Polysialylation to Modulate Antibody Pharmacokinetics (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Polysialic Acid in Nature PSA Biosynthesis and Biodegradation Pharmacological Effects of PSA PSA Conjugation: Polysialylation for Therapeutic Applications Summary References
Nano-displacement sensor based on photonic crystal fiber modal interferometer (2015)

A stable nano-displacement sensor based on large mode area photonic crystal fiber (PCF) modal interferometer is presented. The compact setup requires simple splicing of a small piece of PCF with a single mode fiber (SMF). The excitation and recombination of modes is carried out in a single splice. The use of a reflecting target creates an extra cavity that discretizes the interference pattern of the mode interferometer, boosting the displacement resolution to nanometer level. The proposed modal interferometric based displacement sensor is highly stable and shows sensitivity of 32 pm/nm.
Understanding Heliothine (Lepidoptera: Heliothinae) Pests: What is a Host Plant? (2014)

Heliothine moths (Lepidoptera: Heliothinae) include some of the world's most devastating pest species. Whereas the majority of nonpest heliothinae specialize on a single plant family, genus, or species, pest species are highly polyphagous, with populations often escalating in size as they move from one crop species to another. Here, we examine the current literature on heliothine host-selection behavior with the aim of providing a knowledge base for research scientists and pest managers. We review the host relations of pest heliothines, with a particular focus on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), the most economically damaging of all heliothine species. We then consider the important question of what constitutes a host plant in these moths, and some of the problems that arise when trying to determine host plant status from empirical studies on host use. The top six host plant families in the two main Australian pest species (H. armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren) are the same and the top three (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae) are ranked the same (in terms of the number of host species on which eggs or larvae have been identified), suggesting that these species may use similar cues to identify their hosts. In contrast, for the two key pest heliothines in the Americas, the Fabaceae contains approximately 1/3 of hosts for both. For Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), the remaining hosts are more evenly distributed, with Solanaceae next, followed by Poaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, and Rosaceae. For Heliothis virescens (F.), the next highest five families are Malvaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Again there is considerable overlap in host use at generic and even species level. H. armigera is the most widely distributed and recorded from 68 plant families worldwide, but only 14 families are recorded as a containing a host in all geographic areas. A few crop hosts are used throughout the range as expected, but in some cases there are anomalies, perhaps because host plant relation studies are not comparable. Studies on the attraction of heliothines to plant odors are examined in the context of our current understanding of insect olfaction, with the aim of better understanding the connection between odor perception and host choice. Finally, we discuss research into sustainable management of pest heliothines using knowledge of heliothine behavior and ecology. A coordinated international research effort is needed to advance our knowledge on host relations in widely distributed polyphagous species instead of the localized, piecemeal approaches to understanding these insects that has been the norm to date.
Placebo effect of eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) cream in reducing venepuncture pain in children. (1994)

A randomized double-blind study was made of 60 children aged 5 to 11 years to assess the efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA), lidocaine and prilocaine, and placebo cream in reducing venepuncture pain. The 5% EMLA or placebo cream, approximately 2 grams (2 ml), was applied to the anticipated venepuncture site and covered with an occlusive dressing for a least 60 minutes. The venepuncture of 20-gauge butterfly needle was done after wiping the skin dry and observing for any local reactions. The pain was evaluated by three methods, one by the investigator and the other two by the children. The results showed that there were no statistical differences in the subject characteristics and pain scores, between the EMLA and the placebo group. Most children in both groups experienced no pain to mild pain from venepuncture. The possible causes were discussed and it was concluded that the placebo effect of having cream and good doctor-children rapport reduced fear and anxiety, resulting in the reduction of venepuncture pain in children.
633. Reactions of sulphoxides with some Group III and IV halides (1961)

M. F. Lappert and J. K. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 3224 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610003224
Detection of Aeromonas salmonicida Antigen in Diseased Fish Tissue (1975)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Deformation of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Oligomers under Uniaxial Tension:  Quantum Chemical View (1999)

The response of a silicone polymer fragment to external stresses is considered in terms of a mechanochemical reaction. The quantum chemical realization of the approach is based on a coordinate-of-reaction concept for the purpose of introducing a mechanochemical internal coordinate (MIC) that specifies a deformational mode. The related force of response is calculated as the energy gradient along the MIC, while the atomic configuration is optimized over all of the other coordinates under the MIC constant-pitch elongation. The approach is applied to a set of linear silicone oligomers Sin with n = 4, 5, and 10 subjected to uniaxial tension, followed by the molecule breaking and a postfracture relaxation. Three stages of deformation, differing by structural transformation, have been detected. The observed peculiarities of the oligomer mechanical behavior are well attributed to the characteristic modes of vibrational spectra. The oligomer strength and the related Young's moduli are obtained. A cooperative radical-driven mechanism of silicone polymer fracture is suggested.
Human Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy — A Mystery Solved? (2009)

Just over 50 years ago, the late David Jones1 identified (using the periodic acid–Schiff and methenamine silver stains) the unique glomerular pathologic features of membranous nephropathy, thus distinguishing it from other causes of “nephrotic glomerulonephritis.” Subsequent immunofluorescence and electron-microscopical studies established that membranous nephropathy was also characterized by striking granular aggregations of IgG and electron-dense deposits along the outer (or subepithelial) aspect of the glomerular basement membrane. These glomerular IgG deposits were initially believed to represent an accumulation of immune complexes arising from the circulation, as is found with glomerulonephritis in a rabbit model (chronic serum sickness).In 1959, Heymann . . .
Bottom-up Instance Segmentation using Deep Higher-Order CRFs (2016)

Traditional Scene Understanding problems such as Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation have made breakthroughs in recent years due to the adoption of deep learning. However, the former task is not able to localise objects at a pixel level, and the latter task has no notion of different instances of objects of the same class. We focus on the task of Instance Segmentation which recognises and localises objects down to a pixel level. Our model is based on a deep neural network trained for semantic segmentation. This network incorporates a Conditional Random Field with end-to-end trainable higher order potentials based on object detector outputs. This allows us to reason about instances from an initial, category-level semantic segmentation. Our simple method effectively leverages the great progress recently made in semantic segmentation and object detection. The accurate instance-level segmentations that our network produces is reflected by the considerable improvements obtained over previous work.
Paradoxical increase in retinoblastoma protein in colorectal carcinomas may protect cells from apoptosis. (1999)

The retinoblastoma (Rb) gene is inactivated in a variety of human cancers, but in colorectal carcinomas there is frequently increased expression of this gene. This is paradoxical in view of the known role of Rb as a tumor suppressor gene. In the present study, we compared the levels of expression of the Rb protein (pRb) in normal human colorectal mucosa, adenomatous polyps, and carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. In vitro studies were also done to examine the phenotypic effects of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-Rb) targeted to Rb mRNA in the HCT116 colon carcinoma cell line that expresses a relatively high level of pRb. The incidence of pRb-positive cells was increased during multistage colorectal carcinogenesis. In vitro treatment of HCT116 cells with AS-Rb decreased the level of pRb by about 70% and also decreased the levels of the cyclin D1 protein and cyclin D1-associated kinase activity. AS-Rb inhibited growth of HCT116 cells and induced apoptosis. Reporter assays indicated about a 17-fold increase in E2F activity. These findings suggest that the increased expression of pRb in colorectal carcinoma cells may provide a homeostatic mechanism that protects them from growth inhibition and apoptosis, perhaps by counterbalancing potentially toxic effects of excessive E2F activity.