gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generalization of Motor Learning Depends on the History of Prior Action (2006)

Generalization of motor learning refers to our ability to apply what has been learned in one context to other contexts. When generalization is beneficial, it is termed transfer, and when it is detrimental, it is termed interference. Insight into the mechanism of generalization may be acquired from understanding why training transfers in some contexts but not others. However, identifying relevant contextual cues has proven surprisingly difficult, perhaps because the search has mainly been for cues that are explicit. We hypothesized instead that a relevant contextual cue is an implicit memory of action with a particular body part. To test this hypothesis we considered a task in which participants learned to control motion of a cursor under visuomotor rotation in two contexts: by moving their hand through motion of their shoulder and elbow, or through motion of their wrist. Use of these contextual cues led to three observations: First, in naive participants, learning in the wrist context was much faster than in the arm context. Second, generalization was asymmetric so that arm training benefited subsequent wrist training, but not vice versa. Third, in people who had prior wrist training, generalization from the arm to the wrist was blocked. That is, prior wrist training appeared to prevent both the interference and transfer that subsequent arm training should have caused. To explain the data, we posited that the learner collected statistics of contextual history: all upper arm movements also move the hand, but occasionally we move our hands without moving the upper arm. In a Bayesian framework, history of limb segment use strongly affects parameter uncertainty, which is a measure of the covariance of the contextual cues. This simple Bayesian prior dictated a generalization pattern that largely reproduced all three findings. For motor learning, generalization depends on context, which is determined by the statistics of how we have previously used the various parts of our limbs.
<i>ROS1</i> Rearrangements Define a Unique Molecular Class of Lung Cancers (2012)

ROS1 rearrangement defines a molecular subset of NSCLC with distinct clinical characteristics that are similar to those observed in patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Crizotinib shows in vitro activity and early evidence of clinical activity in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC.
Complexation of Paraquat and Diquat by a bismetaphenylene-32-crown-10 derivative (1987)

U.v. and 1H n.m.r. spectroscopic studies in solution on the 1:1 complexes both [Paraquat][PF6]2 and [Diquat][PF6]2 form with the bismetaphenylene-32-crown-10 derivative (BMP32C10), supported by X-ray crystal structures on the free BMP32C10 and [Diquat·BMP32C10][PF6]2·Me2CO, provide further fundamental understanding of the electronic and steric nature of the intermolecular noncovalent interactions that are essential to the successful design and synthesis of a molecular receptor for optimal binding of the [Paraquat]2+ dication.
Aquarema in action: Improving the YouTube QoE in wireless mesh networks (2011)

Internet access networks in general and wireless mesh access networks in particular, are the bottleneck of today's communication networks and consequently most strongly responsible for determining the user satisfaction. The limited bandwidth and the fact that access network are most often used as mere bit pipes are however unfavorable for the users' quality of experience (QoE). The lack of application-specific service guarantees is especially inadequate in the face of an increasing degree of heterogeneity of Internet applications and their individual service requirements. Application and quality of experience resource management, Aquarema for short, addresses this challenge by enabling application specific network resource management and thereby improves the user QoE. This is achieved by the interaction of application comfort (AC) monitoring tools, running at the clients, and a network advisor which may trigger different resource management tools. AC quantifies how well an application is running and in particular, enables a prediction of the user experience, thereby allowing the network advisor to act upon an imminent QoE degradation. We demonstrate the appeal of Aquarema at the example of YouTube video streaming in a congested IEEE 802.11 based mesh testbed where AC-aware traffic shaping guarantees the successful video playback.
Activation of Meiotic Maturation in Rat Oocytes After Treatment with Follicular Fluid Meiosis-Activating Sterol In Vitro and Ex Vivo (2001)

Meiosis-activating sterols (MAS) have been found to induce meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes in vitro. In the present study we have extended these observations by investigating the effects of follicular fluid MAS (FF-MAS) on rat oocyte maturation in vitro and ex vivo. Rat oocytes freed from their follicles were cultured with FF-MAS (0 microM, 1 microM, 3 microM, 10 microM, 30 microM) for 22 h in a medium containing the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 250 microM). A dose-dependent significant increase in germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) was observed after adding FF-MAS to the culture medium in both cumulus-enclosed (CEO) and denuded (DO) oocytes. A time course study (0, 3, 8, 14, and 22 h) showed a significant increase in GVB after 14 h when DO and CEO were cultured in the presence of 10 microM FF-MAS + 250 microM IBMX. Furthermore immature rats were primed with eCG (20 IU) and 48 h later perfused ex vivo for 12 h in a recirculating system with either FF-MAS (0 microM, 10 microM, 30 microM, 60 microM), cholesterol (60 microM), or LH (0.2 microg/ml) in the presence of 200 microM IBMX, respectively. In addition, ovarian perfusion was carried out with FF-MAS (30 microM, 60 microM) or 0.2 microg/ml LH in the absence of IBMX. After 12 h, oocytes were freed from the ovaries and checked for GVB. By using the ex vivo perfused rat ovary, we found that FF-MAS, starting at 30 microM, was dose-dependently able to overcome IBMX-induced meiotic arrest leading to a comparable increase in GVB as was observed for LH. Furthermore, it was found that FF-MAS in the absence of IBMX was also able to induce meiotic maturation. Our data are consistent with the notion that the maturation-inducing effects of FF-MAS are mediated by different mechanisms compared to spontaneous maturation.
A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide (2007)

SgrS is a 227-nt small RNA that is expressed in Escherichia coli during glucose-phosphate stress, a condition associated with intracellular accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate caused by disruption of glycolytic flux. Under stress conditions, SgrS negatively regulates translation and stability of the ptsG mRNA, encoding the major glucose transporter, by means of a base pairing-dependent mechanism requiring the RNA chaperone Hfq. SgrS activity mitigates the effects of glucose-phosphate stress, and the present study has elucidated a function of SgrS that is proposed to contribute to the stress response. The 5' end of SgrS, upstream of the nucleotides involved in base pairing with the ptsG mRNA, contains a 43-aa ORF, sgrT, that is conserved in most species that contain SgrS-like small RNAs. The sgrT gene is translated in E. coli under conditions of glucose-phosphate stress. Analysis of alleles that separate the base pairing function of SgrS from the sgrT coding sequence revealed that either of these functions alone are sufficient for previously characterized SgrS phenotypes. SgrS-dependent down-regulation of ptsG mRNA stability does not require SgrT and SgrT by itself has no effect on ptsG mRNA stability. Cells expressing sgrT alone had a defect in glucose uptake even though they had nearly wild-type levels of PtsG (IICB(Glc)). Together, these data suggest that SgrS represents a previously unrecognized paradigm for small RNA (sRNA) regulators as a bifunctional RNA that encodes physiologically redundant but mechanistically distinct functions contributing to the same stress response.
Z α1-Antitrypsin Confers a Proinflammatory Phenotype That Contributes to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2014)

We show here that aggregation of intracellular mutant Z-AT invokes a specific deleterious cellular inflammatory phenotype in COPD. Oxidant-induced intracellular polymerization of Z-AT in epithelial cells causes ER stress, and promotes excess cytokine and cellular inflammation. This pathway is likely to contribute to the development of COPD in ZZ-AT homozygotes, and therefore merits further investigation.
Environment mapping and localization with an uncontrolled swarm of ultrasound sensor motes (2013)

A method is presented in which a (large) swarm of sensor motes perform simple ultrasonic ranging measurements. The method allows to localize the motes within the swarm, and at the same time, map the environment which the swarm has traversed. The motes float passively uncontrolled through the environment and do not need any other sensor information or external reference other than a start and end point. Once the motes are retrieved, the stored data can be converted into the motes relative positions and a map describing the geometry of the environment. This method provides the possibility to map inaccessible or unknown environments where electro-magnetic signals, such as GPS or radio, cannot be used and where placing beacon points is very hard. An example is underground piping systems transporting liquids. Size and energy constraints together with the occurrence of reverberations pose challenges in the way the motes perform their measurements and collect their data. A minimalistic approach in the use of ultrasound is pursued, using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique for the identification of motes. Simulations and scaled air-coupled 45–65 kHz experimental measurements have been performed and show feasibility of the concept.
Interleukin 2 abrogates the nonresponsive state of T cells expressing a forbidden T cell receptor repertoire and induces autoimmune disease in neonatally thymectomized mice. (1991)

Under physiological conditions, the vast majority of T cells differentiate in the thymus, an organ that provides an optimal microenvironment for T cell maturation and shapes the T cell repertoire via positive and negative selection processes. In the present report, we demonstrate that neonatal thymectomy of CBA/H mice results in a diminution of T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes), but is followed by a marked transient (12 wk) increase in Thy-1+ CD3+ cells in the peritoneal cavity. These cells exhibit predominantly a double-negative (CD4-CD8-) phenotype among which products of the T cell receptor (TCR) V beta 11 gene family (i.e., an I-E-reactive TCR normally deleted in I-E-bearing CBA/H mice) are selectively overexpressed. This observation suggests that, under athymic conditions, T cell differentiation and/or accumulation may occur in the peritoneal cavity. Intraperitoneal inoculation of an interleukin 2 (IL-2) vaccinia virus construct that releases high titers of human IL-2 in vivo induces conversion of these double-negative T cells to either CD4+ CD8- or CD4- CD8+ single positives, and allows in vitro stimulation of TCR V beta 11-bearing cells with a clonotypic anti-V beta antibody. Since IL-2 induces autoimmune manifestations (DNA autoantibodies, rheumatoid factors, and interstitial nephritis) in thymectomized CBA/H mice, but not in sham-treated littermates, this lymphokine is likely to enhance the autoaggressive function of T cells that bear forbidden, potentially autoreactive TCR gene products and that are normally deleted in the thymus.
Microseismic Estimates of Stimulated Rock Volume Using a Detection-Range Bias Correction: Theory and Case Study (2014)

Abstract Microseismic monitoring is becoming an integral part of hydraulic fracturing. The observed microseismic events reflect the rock failure that occurs during or after the stimulation, and so the events’ spatial distribution is often used to determine the stimulated rock volume (SRV) and the event frequency is used to derive stimulation effectiveness. However, discrepancies are often observed between the production rate (or the flow rate) and the stimulation effectiveness computed using the observed microseismic event locations and frequency. This study presents a multi-step workflow for calculating stimulation effectiveness. The workflow is developed based on two observations. The first is the recognition that the attributes used for calculating stimulation effectiveness must be related to deformation. The second is that it is possible by using a method based on the parameters of the Gutenberg-Richter to correct for spatial detection bias. We first describe the workflow and then apply it to calculate stimulation effectiveness using a microseismic event data set obtained during multistage fracturing stimulation of an upper Devonian shale gas reservoir in southern West Virginia. The workflow provides an improved estimate of stimulated reservoir volume. The approach has been tested here using only the magnitudes and locations of the events. Further improvement is possible using moment tensor / focal plane solutions.
Effects of stretch‐activated channel blockers on [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> and muscle damage in the <i>mdx</i> mouse (2004)

The mdx mouse lacks dystrophin and is a model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Single mdx muscle fibres were isolated and subjected to a series of stretched (eccentric) contractions while measuring intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) with fluo-3 and confocal microscopy. Following the stretched contractions there was a slow rise in resting [Ca(2+)](i) and after 30 min both the [Ca(2+)](i) during a tetanus (tetanic [Ca(2+)](i)) and the tetanic force were reduced. Two blockers of stretch-activated channels, streptomycin and the spider venom toxin GsMTx4, prevented the rise of resting [Ca(2+)](i) and partially prevented the decline of tetanic [Ca(2+)](i) and force. Reducing extracellular calcium to zero also prevented the rise in resting [Ca(2+)](i) and prevented some of the decline in tetanic [Ca(2+)](i) and force. Patch-clamping experiments identified a stretch-activated channel in both wild-type and mdx myotubes which was blocked by GsMTx4. These data suggest that blockers of stretch-activated channels can ameliorate the force reduction following stretched contractions by reducing the influx of Ca(2+) into the muscle. We therefore tested whether in intact mdx mice streptomycin, added to the drinking water, was capable of reducing muscle damage. mdx mice show a period of muscle damage from 20 to 40 days of life and fibres which regenerate from this damage display central nuclei. We measured the frequency of central nuclei in control mdx mice compared to streptomycin-treated mdx mice and showed that the incidence of central nuclei was significantly reduced by streptomycin treatment. This result suggests that blockers of stretch-activated channels may protect against muscle damage in the intact mdx mouse.
Coagulopathy: Another side effect of coronavirus infection (2020)

Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a major health problem around the globe. This severe acute respiratory syndrome has a bunch of features, such as high transmission rate, which are adding to its importance. Overcoming this disease relies on a complete understanding of the viral structure, receptors, at-risk cells or tissues, and pathogenesis. Currently, researches have shown that besides the lack of a proper anti-viral therapeutic method, complications provided by this virus are also standing in the way of decreasing its mortality rate. One of these complications is believed to be a hematologic manifestation. Commonly, three kinds of coagulopathies are detected in COVID-19 patients: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). In this paper, we have reviewed the relation between these conditions and coronavirus-related diseases pathogenesis, severity, and mortality rate.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reducing saccharides labeled with the fluorophore 8‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3,6‐trisulphonic acid: Application to the enzymological structural analysis of oligosaccharides (1991)

Mono- and oligosaccharides, each containing a reducing end group, were labeled with the charged fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid and the resulting derivatives were separated with high resolution by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a method developed recently (P. Jackson, Biochem. J. 1990, 270, 705-713) but with an alternative electrophoretic buffer system. The fluorescent derivatives of glucose and all its straight chain, alpha 1-4 linked, oligomers from maltose to maltoheptaose were well resolved. Various isomers such as maltose and lactose could be separated, as were maltose and cellobiose and some epimers, for instance glucose and galactose. The method was applied to the analysis of the partial sequential degradation of a complex oligosaccharide with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase. Gels showing fluorescent saccharide band patterns were recorded in picomolar quantities either photographically or using an imaging system based on a cooled charge-coupled device.
A Novel Bioartificial Liver With Culture of Porcine Hepatocyte Aggregates Under Simulated Microgravity (2005)

An extracorporeal bioartificial liver device could provide vital support to patients suffering from acute liver failure. We designed a novel, customized bioreactor for use as a bioartificial liver (patent pending). The Innsbruck Bioartificial Liver (IBAL) contains aggregates of porcine hepatocytes grown under simulated microgravity. The culture vessel rotates around its longitudinal axis and is perfused by two independent circuits. The circuit responsible for exchange of plasma components with the patient consists of a dialysis tube winding spirally around the internal wall of the culture vessel. IBAL was evaluated in vitro. Viability tests showed sufficient viability of hepatocytes for up to 10 days. Cytologic examination of samples from the bioreactor showed liver cell aggregates. These were also examined by electron microscopy. A number of biochemical parameters were analyzed. In conclusion, cell culture is possible for at least 10 days in the IBAL system, organoid hepatocyte aggregates are formed and synthetic activity of the hepatocytes was demonstrated.
A panoramic 3D video coding with directional depth aided inpainting (2014)

The success of 3D and free-viewpoint television largely depends on the efficient representation and compression of 3D video in addition to viable rendering methods. This paper presents a novel 3D video coding technique based on the creation of a panorama view to compact the information of a stereoscopic pair. The panorama view represents the information that would be visible to a virtual camera with a larger field of view embracing all the available views. The information in the panorama view is then used to estimate any intermediate view using depth image based rendering. Furthermore, to fill the disocclusions in the reconstructed view a directional depth aided fast marching inpainting technique is presented. The panorama view and corresponding depth map are amenable to standard video compression. In this paper we show that using the novel HEVC standard the proposed 3D video format can be compressed very efficiently.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances of the Combination of Au/Acid Catalysis (2014)

Abstract Review: [41 refs.
Topical Review Article: Organic Acidurias: A Review Part 2 (1991)

Laboratory findings are an essential part of the diagnostic approach to organic acidemias. In most organic acidemias, metabolism of glucose, ketone bodies, and ammonia is deranged primarily or secondarily, in addition to derangement of the acid-base balance. Hypoglycemia, lactic and/or ketoacidosis, and hyperammonemia of varying severity accompany the overt or compensated acidosis. In most instances, a definite diagnosis will be achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) studies of the urine. We detail the pattern of excreted organic acids in the major disorders. When the diagnosis reached by clinical and laboratory assessments is not conclusive, it must be supported by loading tests. We list the available methods of demonstrating the putative enzyme deficiency in the patient's cells and tissues. The majority of organic acidemias may be treated by limiting the source of or removing the toxic intermediary metabolite. We provide lists of available diets, supplements, and medications. In some instances, residual defective enzyme activity may be stimulated. We describe symptomatic management of the disturbed acid-base and electrolyte balance.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Inhibitor TAK-242 Attenuates Acute Kidney Injury in Endotoxemic Sheep (2011)

These results indicate a critical role for TLR4 in impairing renal function during ovine endotoxemia that is independent of changes in central hemodynamics.
Thin-Film III–V Photodetectors Integrated on Silicon-on-Insulator Photonic ICs (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We critically assess recent progress in the integration of near-infrared photodetectors onto nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide circuits. Integration of thin-film InGaAs photodetectors is studied in detail. This method consists of bonding unprocessed III–V dies onto the SOI substrate using an intermediate adhesive layer. Both benzocyclobutene and spin-on glass are studied and compared as bonding agents. After the removal of the III–V substrate, the thin-film detectors are fabricated using wafer-scale-compatible processes and lithographically aligned to the underlying SOI waveguides. The process is compatible with the fabrication of InP/InGaAsP laser diodes on SOI. A new design of an evanescently coupled metal–semiconductor–metal detector is proposed, proving the ability to obtain compact and highly efficient integrated InGaAs photodetectors. </para>
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. (1976)

Ascorbic acid metabolism is associated with a number of mechanisms known to be involved in host resistance to malignant disease. Cancer patients are significantly depleted of ascorbic acid, and in our opinion this demonstrable biochemical characteristic indicates a substantially increased requirement and utilization of this substance to potentiate these various host resistance factors. The results of a clinical trial are presented in which 100 terminal cancer patients were given supplemental ascorbate as part of their routine management. Their progress is compared to that of 1000 similar patients treated identically, but who received no supplemental ascorbate. The mean survival time is more than 4.2 times as great for the ascorbate subjects (more than 210 days) as for the controls (50 days). Analysis of the survival-time curves indicates that deaths occur for about 90% of the ascorbate-treated patients at one-third the rate for the controls and that the other 10% have a much greater survival time, averaging more than 20 times that for the controls. The results clearly indicate that this simple and safe form of medication is of definite value in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer.