gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effect of ozone and ionizing radiation on an in vitro model--a pilot study of 4 gynecologic tumors]. (1987)

In order to investigate the sensibility of cultured tumor cells to ozone and irradiation primary tissue cultures from one undifferentiated non-classified ovarian carcinoma, two solid adenocarcinomas of the ovary and one endometrial carcinoma were established. Cultivation was performed according to standard techniques involving the stem cell assay in soft agar as well as the monolayer technique in liquid nutrient media. The type of culture system did not influence the sensitivity of the culture cells to ozone and/or irradiation. Ozone treatment was performed with three different Ozone concentrations (0.03 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0.3 ppm). Irradiation was done with 100 rd Ra226, Ir192 or Co60. A control experiment showed that the proliferative tendency of benign cells (skin fibroblasts) was not inhibited by the three ozone concentrations used in this study. Ra226 and even the combination of ozone and Radium did not influence the proliferative activity of these benign cells. Ir192 and Co60 were cytotoxic to benign as well as to carcinoma cells. Cultivated cells from endometrial carcinoma resisted to ozone treatment as well as to Ra226 (but they were destroyed by Ir119 and Co60). After pretreatment with ozone (0.1 ppm), Ra226 treatment of endometrial carcinoma cells induced a cytostatic effect implying that no cell divisions were observed after irradiation and the cells lysed within two weeks after irradiation. For the three ovarian carcinoma cell lines analysed in this study ozone treatment had a cytostatic effect even at the lowest concentration (0.03 ppm), with the two higher ozone concentrations a cytotoxic effect could be induced in ovarian carcinoma cells. Exclusive treatment with Ra226 induced a cytostatic effect, but it was cytotoxic after combination with ozone treatment of the lowest concentration (Ir192 and Co60 were cytotoxic in all cases). Our investigation confirmed the radiosensitizing effect of ozone treatment. Furthermore it was shown that exclusive ozone treatment even without combined irradiation displayed a selective cytotoxic action at the ovarian carcinoma cells.
High-energy self-starting femtosecond Cr^4+:Mg_2SiO_4 oscillator operating at a low repetition rate (2001)

We describe a self-starting high-power femtosecond laser based on the Cr(4+):Mg(2)SiO(4) crystal that produces 17-nJ pulses of 40-fs duration at 26.5-MHz repetition rate. This low repetition rate is achieved by employment of a one-to-one telescope in the cavity. The pulse energy is five times greater than with a short-resonator laser. To our knowledge, the laser produces the highest energy ever achieved from this type of laser directly from the resonator without cavity dumping or external amplification. We believe that this laser source can be used for many applications, including nonlinear optics, microscopic imaging, and micromachining of silicon and other semiconductor materials.
The Influence of Dopants on the Reaction Between Liquid Silicon and Silica (1992)

Oxygen incorporation into Czochralski silicon crystals during crystal growth is influenced by reactions at the crucible interface. In the present study it was found that different dopants have different effects on these reactions, both in sealed ampuls and in Czochralski crucibles. Different reaction products and morphologies are formed along the interface depending on dopant types and levels. It was concluded that some of these reactions can affect the oxygen concentration in the melt. The dopants investigated were B, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb, and Bi.
Limits on band discontinuities in GaAs-GaAlAs heterostructures deduced from optical photoresponse (1985)

Sharp transitions have been observed in the photoconductivity of GaAs-GaAlAs multi-quantum wells at energies greater than the energy gap of GaAs, corresponding to both allowed and forbidden excitonic transitions between electron and hole sub-bands in the quantum wells. Transition energies have been analysed using the Bastard envelope function model, with the energy band offset and well width as variable parameters, and the model has been found not to give an accurate description of the energy levels involved. A simpler empirical approach has been used to yield limits on the distribution of band discontinuity between conduction and valence bands; these limits are found to disagree with the previously accepted value Delta Ec=0.85 Delta Eg, suggesting the valence band discontinuity is greater than previously thought.
Photometric Determination of Sulfide and Reducible Sulfur in Alkalies (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotometric Determination of Sulfide and Reducible Sulfur in AlkaliesM. S. Budd and H. A. BewickCite this: Anal. Chem. 1952, 24, 10, 1536–1540Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60070a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60070a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views397Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Efficient Inverse Auger Recombination at Threshold in CdSe Nanocrystals (2004)

We apply the semiempirical nonlocal pseudopotential method to the investigation of prospects for direct carrier multiplication (DCM) in neutral and negatively charged CdSe nanocrystals. In this process, known in the bulk as impact ionization, a highly excited carrier transfers, upon relaxation to the band edge, its excess energy Δ to a valence electron, promoting it across the band gap and thus creating two excitons from one. For excess energies just a few meV above the energy gap Eg (the DCM threshold), we find the following: (i) DCM is much more efficient in quantum dots than in bulk materials, with rates of the order of 1010 s-1. In conventional bulk solids, comparable rates are obtained only for excess energies about 1 eV above Eg. (ii) Unlike the case in the bulk, in both neutral and charged nanocrystals the DCM rate is not an increasing function of the excess energy but oscillates as Δ moves in and out of resonance with the energy of the discrete spectrum of these 0D systems. (iii) The main contribution to the DCM rates is found to come from the dot surface, as in the case of Auger multiexciton recombination rates. (iv) Direct radiative recombination of excited electron−hole pairs and phonon-assisted decay are slower than DCM, but (v) the rate of Auger cooling (where the relaxation energy of an excited electron is used to excite a hole into deeper levels) can be of the same order of magnitude as that of the DCM process. Furthermore, for excess energies well above the DCM threshold, the presence of an energy gap within the hole manifold considerably slows DCM compared to Auger cooling (AC), which is not affected by it. Achieving competitive DCM processes will, therefore, require the suppression of Auger cooling, for example, by removing the hole from the dot or by trapping it at the surface.
On the Complexity of Variants of Cooperative Peer-to-peer Repair for Wireless Broadcasting (2006)

multimedia, wireless networks, complexity The well-known NAK implosion problem for wireless broadcast can be addressed by leveraging cooperative peer-to-peer connectivity to repair corrupted data. This paper studies the Cooperative Peer-to-peer Repair (CPR) framework for multimedia broadcast. We show that CPR can be formulated as an optimization problem that minimizes the number of iterations it takes to wirelessly disseminate a desired message from peers &apos;with &apos; the content to peers &apos;without &apos; it. Complicating the problem are transmission conflicts, where pre-specified sets of links cannot simultaneously transmit due to interference. In this paper, we formalize CPR as a discrete optimization problem, and prove that CPR and its many variants are NP-hard.
Ultrastructural Localization of Epithelial Mucin Core Proteins in Colorectal Tissues (1999)

Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins with a variety of postulated biological functions, including physicochemical protection from toxins and mutagens, adhesion modulation, signal transduction, and regulation of cell growth. Mucins are widely and differentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. To date, studies of cellular expression have relied on light microscopy using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Although informative, it has been difficult with these techniques to ascertain exactly which cell types are producing a given mucin. We studied expression of MUC1, MUC2, and MUC4 apomucins in a series of normal colon biopsies using a combination of immunoelectron microscopy and light microscopy. MUC1 mucin was localized to both goblet and columnar cells, where it was seen in secretory vesicles, microvilli, and in cytoplasmic remnants in goblet cell thecae. MUC2 expression was restricted to goblet cells, in which reactivity was concentrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). MUC4 expression was seen in both columnar and goblet cells, localized to the RER. The inability to detect MUC2 and MUC4 apomucins in the Golgi complex and the mature mucous gel probably represents masking of peptide epitopes following O-glycosylation. This study has helped clarify lineage-specific mucin synthesis in the normal colon.
Relative clock synchronization in wireless networks (2010)

This letter introduces a simple convex, constraint based, optimization protocol for the problem of relative clock synchronization in wireless (sensor) networks.
Superconductivity Modulated by Quantum Size Effects (2004)

We have fabricated ultrathin lead films on silicon substrates with atomic-scale control of the thickness over a macroscopic area. We observed oscillatory behavior of the superconducting transition temperature when the film thickness was increased by one atomic layer at a time. This oscillating behavior was shown to be a manifestation of the Fabry-Perot interference modes of electron de Broglie waves (quantum well states) in the films, which modulate the electron density of states near the Fermi level and the electron-phonon coupling, which are the two factors that control superconductivity transitions. This result suggests the possibility of modifying superconductivity and other physical properties of a thin film by exploiting well-controlled and thickness-dependent quantum size effects.
Sequential Amination/Annulation/Aromatization Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds and Propargylamine:  A New One-Pot Approach to Functionalized Pyridines (2003)

A general one-pot synthesis of pyridines 4a-t from the reaction of dialkyl acyclic/cyclic ketones 1a-i, methyl, aryl/heteroaryl ketones 1m-r, and aldehydes bearing alpha-hydrogens 1s,t with propargylamine 2 is described. Gold and copper salts are efficient catalysts for the reaction of ketones with 2. The formation of the pyridines 4 is suggested to proceed through the sequential amination of carbonyl compounds followed by regioselective 6-endo-dig cyclization of the N-propargylenamine (N-propargyldienamine) intermediate 3(5) and aromatization reaction. Whereas the preparation of linear polycyclic pyridine 4i can be carried out by reacting cholestan-3-one 1i with 2, the angular polycyclic pyridine 4j has been obtained starting from cholest-5-en-3-one 1j. Selectivity of the reaction of polycyclic dicarbonyls 1k,l with 2 has also been investigated.
Synthesis of dual‐functional copolymer with orthogonally photosensitive groups (2012)

Abstract A dual‐functional copolymer, poly(4‐styrenesulfonyl azide‐ co ‐ t ‐butyl‐methacrylate), with built‐in photoacid labile and photocrosslinkable components was designed and synthesized by radical copolymerization. The mixture of copolymer and photoacid generators was spin coated on aminosilane treated Si wafers and polycarbonate (PC). When exposed to 365 nm UV light, photoacids were generated, which decomposed the acid labile groups, t ‐butyl‐ester, to carboxylic acid in the exposed region, leading to drastic change of wettability from hydrophobic to hydrophilic after developing the film in an aqueous base solution. The patterned polymer film could be subsequently photoimmobilized on the substrate under 254 nm deep UV exposure through CH insertion via exited azide groups. 1 H‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the synthesis of the copolymer, and the photodecomposition and photografting reactions occurred orthogonally at 365 and 254 nm, respectively, without interfering each other. On the patterned surfaces, including a hexagonal dot array and a gradient line array, we demonstrated selective wetting in the 365 nm exposed regions. On the gradient line array, we showed an interesting ratchet wetting pattern. Finally, we showed that the copolymer could be used to modify the wettability of PC while maintaining its high optical quality. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Dispersing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Surfactants:  A Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study (2004)

We have investigated the dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in heavy water with the surfactant octyl-phenol-ethoxylate (Triton X-100) using small angle neutron scattering. The results indicate an optimal surfactant concentration for dispersion, which we suggest results from competition between maximization of surfactant adsorption onto SWNT surfaces and a depletion interaction between SWNT bundles mediated by surfactant micelles. The latter effect drives SWNT reaggregation above a critical volume fraction of micelles. These behaviors could be general in dispersing SWNTs using amphiphilic surfactant. The data also reveal significant incoherent scattering from hydrogen in SWNTs, most likely due to acid and water residues from the purification process.
Foetal sex determination in maternal blood from the seventh week of gestation and its role in diagnosing haemophilia in the foetuses of female carriers (2008)

The existence of foetal DNA in maternal blood, discovered in 1997, opened new possibilities for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. This includes foetal sex assessment by the detection of specific Y chromosome sequences in maternal blood, particularly important when a foetus may be affected by an X-linked disorder such as haemophilia. This study aims to validate this sex assessment method and to test its clinical utility in the diagnosis of 15 potentially affected pregnancies in female carriers of haemophilia. In the validation study, 316 maternal blood samples from 196 pregnant women at gestations ranging from 5 weeks to 12 weeks were analysed. In the clinical study, 15 pregnancies at risk of having a haemophilic foetus were tested. All pregnancies in the validation study were correctly diagnosed. The accuracy and specificity of the methodology from the seventh week of gestation was 100%. The sex of all 15 pregnancies identified as being at risk of bearing a haemophilic foetus was correctly diagnosed. Foetal sex assessment by detecting specific Y chromosome sequences in maternal blood is now routinely used in our hospital because of its high accuracy from the seventh week of gestation. Reliable foetal gender determination from maternal blood of pregnant women carriers of haemophilia in the first trimester of gestation can avoid more conventional, invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis.
Computation Improvement for the Rigorous Coupled-wave Analysis with GPU (2012)

The rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) technique needs to obtain the exact solution of Maxwell's equations, a huge number of matrix operations may be involved in the process. The graphics process unit (GPU) has inherent advantage in large-scale parallel computation compared with CPU. In this paper, matrix operations are put on GPU using NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). It is shown that by exploitation of the General Purpose Computing based on GPU, several-fold speed up in the numerical efficiency is produced. The numerical experiment is run on NVIDIA's GPU GTX460, and the results show that GPU performs better than CPU.
Liposome–nucleic acid immunotherapeutics (2007)

Cationic liposome-nucleic acid complexes, which were originally developed for use as non-viral gene delivery vectors, may now have an equally important application as immunotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have highlighted the ability of cationic liposomes to potently activate the innate immune system when used to deliver certain Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The immune-enhancing properties of cationic liposomes have been most clearly demonstrated when combined with nucleic acid agonists for endosomally located TLRs, including TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9. Immune potentiation by cationic liposomes likely results from the combined effects of endosomal targeting, protection of nucleic acids from extracellular degradation, and from signaling via newly identified cytoplasmic receptors for nucleic acids. The potent innate immune stimulatory properties of liposome-nucleic acid complexes make them particularly attractive as non-specific immunotherapeutics and as vaccine adjuvants. Liposome-nucleic acid complexes have demonstrated impressive anticancer activity in a number of different animal tumor models. Moreover, liposome-nucleic acid complexes have also been shown to be effective for immunotherapy of acute viral and bacterial infections, as well as chronic fungal infections. When used as vaccine adjuvants, liposome-nucleic acid complexes target antigens for efficient uptake by dendritic cells and are particularly effective in eliciting CD8(+) T-cell responses to protein antigens. Thus, liposome-nucleic acid complexes form a potent and versatile immunotherapeutic platform.
Introduction: Why this Book? (2011)

This chapter discusses the application of statistics and algorithms in spectroscopic analysis. The availability of very powerful microcomputers, together with the proliferation of sophisticated computer programs that implement the most complex of mathematical operations and bring them within the reach of most practicing scientists has created a situation virtually unprecedented in analytical chemistry. One of the current trends in modern analytical spectroscopy is the incorporation of highly sophisticated mathematical algorithms into the computers and instrumentation used to extract useful information from raw spectral data. While methods such as principal component analysis, partial least squares, and even a “simple” technique as multiple regression analysis are founded in the science of statistics, few chemists or spectroscopists are aware of the basis of these algorithms, or proper methods of determining the meaning of the results produced. The chapter helps provide the chemists/spectroscopists with a tutorial on the basic mathematical/statistical tools needed to use statistics correctly and to properly evaluate situations to which statistical concepts apply.
Transfer of Electronic Energy between a Metastable Argon Atom and a Nitrogen Molecule (1967)

A detailed study has been made of the mechanism of electronic energy transfer between a metastable argon atom and a nitrogen molecule. The transition involves the excitation of nitrogen to the C3Π state. The metastable energy of argon is sufficient to excite the v′ = 2 level of the C3Π state if the nitrogen is originally in its v″ = 0 vibrational level of the X1Σ state. It was found that (1) the v′ = 3 level was not excited, (2) the population of the v′ = 0 level was greatly enhanced with the excess energy going into rotational energy of the N2 molecule, (3) the relative intensities of the v′ = 0, 1, and 2 levels could not be predicted on the basis of the Franck—Condon factors, and (4) the collision cross section for the observed energy transfer is about 100 times greater than the argon—argon de-excitation cross section. It is shown that the enhanced rotational structure of the v′ = 0 level of the C3Π state can be explained from the viewpoint of a minimum amount of initial internal energy transferring to relative kinetic energy of the particles. The v′ = 1 and 2 levels did not show enhanced rotational structure. From a consideration of the carbon monoxide—argon system, it is shown that the Wigner spin-conservation rule governs the efficiency of the electronic energy transfer during collision. This condition applies regardless of whether or not the transitions are optically allowed.
All-Reflection Interferometer for Use as a Fourier-Transform Spectrometer* (1972)

This paper describes the design and tests of an all-reflection two-beam interferometer. The unique feature of this interferometer is the use of a combination of three diffraction gratings as a beam splitter. The use of reflection-type diffraction gratings as a beam splitter eliminates the need for transmission elements and thereby extends the applicability of two-beam interferometry to regions of the electromagnetic spectrum such as the vacuum ultraviolet where transmitting beam splitters are not available. A preliminary type of grating beam splitter using a single grating is discussed, and its disadvantages are described. Finally, an interferometer that uses three gratings as a beam splitter and which can function as an all-reflection Fourier-transform spectrometer is described. Interferograms of simple spectra taken with this instrument are presented.
Insulator-to-metal transition in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2008)

We have carried out a comprehensive study of the transport and thermodynamic properties of ${R}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($R=\mathrm{Pr}$, Sm, and Y), obtaining detailed information on the nature of the insulator-metal transition induced by Ca doping. The behavior of the electronic term of the specific heat as a function of doping indicates that the transition is achieved by the use of band-filling control. We find that disorder plays an important role in the transition, which is manifested by weak localization effects in the vicinity of the critical doping level. The metallic state in all three materials is characterized by the presence of strong electron correlations.