gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Jet formation and shock wave emission during collapse of ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles and their role in the therapeutic applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound (2005)

The dynamics of inertial cavitation bubbles produced by short pulses of high-intensity focused ultrasound near a rigid boundary are studied to get a better understanding of the role of jet formation and shock wave emission during bubble collapse in the therapeutic applications of ultrasound. The bubble dynamics are investigated by high-speed photography with up to 2 million frames/s and acoustic measurements, as well as by numerical calculations. The significant parameter of this study is the dimensionless stand-off, gamma, which is defined as the distance of the bubble centre at its maximum expansion scaled by the maximum bubble radius. High-speed photography is applied to observe the bubble motion and the velocity of the liquid jet formed during bubble collapse. Hydrophone measurements are used to determine the pressure and the duration of the shock wave emitted during bubble rebound. Calculations yield the variation with time of the bubble wall, the maximum velocity and the kinetic energy of the re-entrant jet. The comparisons between experimental and numerical data are favourable with regard to both shape history and translational motion of the bubble. The acoustic energy constitutes the largest individual amount in the energy balance of bubble collapse. The ratio of the shock wave energy, measured at 10 mm from the emission centre, to the cavitation bubble energy was 1:2.4 at gamma = 1.55 and 1:3.5 at gamma = 1. At this distance, the shock wave pressure ranges from 0.122 MPa, at gamma = 1, to 0.162 MPa, at gamma = 1.55, and the temporal duration at the half maximum level is 87 ns. The maximum jet velocity ranges from 27 m s(-1), at gamma = 1, to 36 m s(-1), at gamma = 1.55. For gamma < 1.2, the re-entrant jet can generate an impact pressure on the nearby boundary larger than 50 MPa. We discuss the implications of the results for the therapeutic applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound.
Novel 1.3 µm MQW light-emission-and-detectiondiodewith flat responsivity characteristics (1995)

A novel 1.3 µm MQW light-emission-and-detection diode including a bulk detection layer is proposed for use in time-compression-multiplexing transmission systems. In the lasing mode, this diode has a threshold current of 9 mA at 25°C and a maximum output power of >10 mW at 85°C. In the detection mode, the polarisation dependence of its responsivity, as a detection operation, is <0.5 dB and the wavelength dependence of the responsivity is only 1 dB at a wavelength 35 nm longer than the lasing wavelength.
FFA-1, a Protein That Promotes the Formation of Replication Centers Within Nuclei (1995)

In the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, initiation of DNA replication occurs at a discrete number of foci. One component of these foci is the DNA replication factor RP-A. Here, the process leading to the association of RP-A with foci was reconstituted with cytosolic fractions derived from Xenopus eggs. With the use of this fractionated system, a 170-kilodalton protein required for the assembly of RP-A into foci was identified and purified. The protein appears to be an integral component of the foci at which replication of DNA is initiated in eukaryotic nuclei.
Electrospinning of Hyperbranched Poly-L-Lysine/Polyaniline Nanofibers for Application in Cardiac Tissue Engineering (2010)

Electrospun polyaniline nanofibers are one of the most promising materials for cardiac tissue engineering due to their tunable electroactive properties. Moreover, the biocompatibility of polyaniline nanofibes can be improved by grafting of adhesive peptides during the synthesis. In this paper, we describe the biocompatible properties and cardiomyocytes proliferation on polyaniline electrospun nanofibers modified by hyperbranched poly-L-lysine dendrimers (HPLys). The microstructure characterization of the HPLys/polyaniline nanofibers was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the application of electrical current stimulates the differentiation of cardiac cells cultured on the nanofiber scaffolds. Both electroactivity and biocompatibility of the HPLys based nanofibers suggest the use this material for culture of cardiac cells and opens the possibility of using this material as a biocompatible electroactive 3-D matrix in cardiac tissue engineering.
Delivery of EZH2-shRNA with mPEG-PEI nanoparticles for the treatment of prostate cancer in vitro (2014)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising therapeutic approach for castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). For the clinical application of siRNA, it is vital to find a safe and efficient gene transfer vector. Nanotechnology can provide a crucial advantage in developing strategies for cancer management and treatment by helping to improve the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic delivery vehicles. In this study, we describe a novel nanoparticle (mPEG-PEI) as an efficient non-viral carrier and found that this copolymer displayed enhanced efficiency in the shRNA-mediated knockdown of target genes. The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is often elevated in castration-resistant PCa and has been implicated in the progression of human PCa. Targeting EZH2 may have therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of metastatic, hormone-refractory PCa. mPEG-PEI binds plasmid DNA yielding nanoparticles and these complexes exhibit low cytotoxicity and high gene transfection efficiency. Taken together, mPEG-PEI may be a promising non-viral gene carrier for the delivery of EZH2 short hairpin (sh)RNA to PC3 cells for advanced PCa therapy.
Modified atmosphere packaging of individual 'Fuyu' sweet persimmons (2010)

Individual ‘Fuyu’ persimmon fruits were packaged in different plastic films (50-µm low density polyethylene (LDPE), 50-µm polypropylene (PP)/ LDPE laminated film, 35-µm microperforated PP) to create a variety of internal atmospheres. Perforated 50-µm LDPE was also used as an atmospheric control. The fabricated packages were stored at 0°C for different periods and subsequently moved to 20°C to evaluate the durability of the packaged fruit under temperature-abused marketing conditions. The fruit in the perforated control package experienced little atmosphere modification and showed the most severe weight loss and skin blackening, whereas the fruit packaged in the least permeable PP/LDPE laminated film developed an anaerobic atmosphere and underwent browning (discoloration) at 82 days. The LDPE film package attained an internal atmosphere of 3-8% O2 and of 3-7% CO2 and best preserved the visual quality of the fruit. None of the MA packages protected the fruit from the effects of high temperature (20°C), which caused physiological disorders. Low temperatures should therefore be considered essential during the distribution and marketing of the packaged fruit.
A high-resolution, adaptive beam-shaping system for high-power lasers (2010)

A high-resolution, high-precision beam-shaping system for high-power-laser systems is demonstrated. A liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator is run in closed-loop to shape laser-beam amplitude and wavefront. An unprecedented degree of convergence is demonstrated, and important practical issues are discussed. Wavefront shaping for the applications in OMEGA EP laser is demonstrated, and other interesting examples are presented.
The Chemical Structure of Kaki-tannin from Immature Fruit of the Persimmon (<i>Diospyros kaki</i> L.) (1978)

A partially purified tannin was prepared by a K2HP04-precipitation method from immature persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L., cv. “Hiratanenashi,” astringent type). The kaki-tannin gave delphinidin and eyanidin on acid hydrolysis. Its methylated derivative showed vmax 1720 cm−1 in IR spectrum and had the molecular weight of ca. 1.38 × l04 daltons in Mw. From the results of toluene-α-thiol treatment, it is suggested that the kaki-tannin consists of catechin, catechin-3-gallate, gallocatechin, gallocatechin-3-gallate and an unknown terminal residue, and belongs to proanthocyanidin B group with a carbon-carbon interflavan linkage from C–4 of one unit to C–6 or C–8 of another unit.
Corrosivityy Test of Industrial Waters (2nd Report) (1966)

In the previous report, it was found that the corrosion rates measured by cell voltage-current curves were in good agreement with those found by weight loss measurements at the stagnant condition, if the sweep velocity of cell voltage was less than 100mV/min and the area ratio of cathode to anode was more than 1.In this report, cell voltage-current curves were measured under the condition that the sweep velocity of cell voltage was 100mV/min and the area ratio of cathode to anode was 1.In the first time, the effects of the concentration of chloride ion and flow rate on corrosion rates of mild steel were investigated in 0.3-30g/l sodium chloride solution recycling at the rate of 0-2m/sec at 20-22°C.Then, corrosion rates of mild steel in the industrial waters at Kawasaki City were measured, and it was indicated that their corrosion rates in these waters were greatly affected by two factors: concentration of chloride ion and flow rate.
Charge-coupled devices for computer memories (1974)

The charge-coupled device (CCD) is an analog shift register which is based upon MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) technology and is capable of large scale integration. As an analog device it offers exciting and unique capabilities as an image sensor and in a variety of signal processing and filtering applications.
Time-domain finite elements in optimal control with application to launch-vehicle guidance (1991)

A time-domain finite element method is developed for optimal control problems. The theory derived is general enough to handle a large class of problems including optimal control problems that are continuous in the states and controls, problems with discontinuities in the states and/or system equations, problems with control inequality constraints, problems with state inequality constraints, or problems involving any combination of the above. The theory is developed in such a way that no numerical quadrature is necessary regardless of the degree of nonlinearity in the equations. Also, the same shape functions may be employed for every problem because all strong boundary conditions are transformed into natural or weak boundary conditions. In addition, the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are very sparse. Use of sparse matrix solvers allows for the rapid and accurate solution of very difficult optimization problems. The formulation is applied to launch-vehicle trajectory optimization problems, and results show that real-time optimal guidance is realizable with this method. Finally, a general problem solving environment is created for solving a large class of optimal control problems. The algorithm uses both FORTRAN and a symbolic computation program to solve problems with a minimum of user interaction. The use of symbolic computation eliminates the need for user-written subroutines which greatly reduces the setup time for solving problems.
The long term follow-up analysis in sixteen patients with lasting ST segment depression and T wave inversion (1999)

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance and prognosis in patients with untypical chest pain complicated by lasting ST segment depression and T wave inversion in a standard 12 lead ECG Methods Sixteen patients were followed for 5 to 15 years and ECG, UCG, chest X ray, clinical symptoms, and cardiac function were detected regularly Results Of 16 patients, the final diagnosis was 9(56 3%) with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 2(12 5%) with dilated cardiomyopathy, 2(12 5%) with diabetes mellitus, 1(6 3%) with constrictive pericarditis, and 2(12 5%) with unknown reason T wave inversion Conclusion The results showed that left ventricular hypertrophy was the major cause of inducing ST segment depression and T wave inversion Diabetes mellitus was another reason Prognosis doesn′t depend on the depth of T wave inversion, but mainly on the primary disease, and concomitant arrhythmias
Evaluation of promoters and ribosome binding sites for biotechnological applications in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (2016)

For effective metabolic engineering, a toolbox of genetic components that enables predictable control of gene expression is needed. Here we present a systematic study of promoters and ribosome binding sites in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. A set of metal ion inducible promoters from Synechocystis were compared to commonly used constitutive promoters, by measuring fluorescence of a reporter protein in a standardized setting to allow for accurate comparisons of promoter activity. The most versatile and useful promoter was found to be PnrsB, which from a relatively silent expression could be induced almost 40-fold, nearly up to the activity of the strong psbA2 promoter. By varying the concentrations of the two metal ion inducers Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Co<sup>2+</sup>, expression from the promoter was highly tunable, results that were reproduced with PnrsB driving ethanol production. The activities of several ribosomal binding sites were also measured, and tested in parallel in Synechocystis and Escherichia coli. The results of the study add useful information to the Synechocystis genetic toolbox for biotechnological applications.
Stochastic Sensing of Single Molecules in a Nanofluidic Electrochemical Device (2011)

We report the electrochemical detection of individual redox-active molecules as they freely diffuse in solution. Our approach is based on microfabricated nanofluidic devices, wherein repeated reduction and oxidation at two closely spaced electrodes yields a giant sensitivity gain. Single molecules entering and leaving the cavity are revealed as anticorrelated steps in the faradaic current measured simultaneously through the two electrodes. Cross-correlation analysis provides unequivocal evidence of single molecule sensitivity. We further find agreement with numerical simulations of the stochastic signals and analytical results for the distribution of residence times. This new detection capability can serve as a powerful alternative when fluorescent labeling is invasive or impossible. It further enables new fundamental (bio)electrochemical experiments, for example, localized detection of neurotransmitter release, studies of enzymes with redox-active products, and single-cell electrochemical assays. Finally, our lithography-based approach renders the devices suitable for integration in highly parallelized, all-electrical analysis systems.
Self-Powered Wireless Affinity-Based Biosensor Based on Integration of Paper-Based Microfluidics and Self-Assembled RFID Antennas (2016)

This paper presents a wireless, self-powered, affinity-based biosensor based on the integration of paper-based microfluidics with our previously reported method for self-assembling radio-frequency (RF) antennas. At the core of the proposed approach is a silver-enhancement technique that grows portions of a RF antenna in regions where target antigens hybridize with target specific affinity probes. The hybridization regions are defined by a network of nitrocellulose based microfluidic channels which implement a self-powered approach to sample the reagent and control its flow and mixing. The integration substrate for the biosensor has been constructed using polyethylene and the patterning of the antenna on the substrate has been achieved using a low-cost ink-jet printing technique. The substrate has been integrated with passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags to demonstrate that the resulting sensor-tag can be used for continuous monitoring in a food supply-chain where direct measurement of analytes is typically considered to be impractical. We validate the proof-of-concept operation of the proposed sensor-tag using IgG as a model analyte and using a 915 MHz Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tagging technology.
Effect of ammonia flow rate on impurity incorporation and material properties of Si-doped GaN epitaxial films grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy (1998)

Effect of ammonia flow rate on the impurity incorporation and material properties of Si-doped GaN films grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy (RMBE) process is discussed. It appears that the ammonia flow rate has a marginal effect on the incorporation of impurities into the Si-doped GaN films except there was a little decrease in O and Si with increasing ammonia flow rate when the Si concentration in the film is higher than 1018 cm−3. Electron Hall mobility of Si-doped GaN films grown by RMBE varies with ammonia flow rate used during film growth. From deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements for Schottky diodes grown with different ammonia flow rates, one deep trap (C1) particular to the RMBE films was found. The concentration of C1 trap was found to be the lowest in the sample grown with the condition leading to the highest electron Hall mobility within the scope of this experiment. In addition to the DLTS result, other characterization techniques used (x-ray diffraction, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and low-temperature photoluminescence) also consistently show that the RMBE process requires certain value of ammonia flow rate (or V/III ratio if the Ga flux is fixed) to produce Si-doped GaN films with high quality.
Properties of Cotton Fabrics Crosslinked with Different Molecular Chain Lengths of Aldehyde Agents (1992)

Cotton fabric has been crosslinked with differing molecular chain lengths of an aldehyde crosslinking agent (formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde). The formaldehyde treated fabric shows lower tensile strength retention than the glutaraldehyde treated fabric but higher elongation retention for a given agent concentration. At the same dry or wet crease recovery angle, tensile strength of the formaldehyde treated fabric is lower than that of the glutaraldehyde treated fabric, but elongation is higher. Wet crease recovery of the formaldehyde treated fabric is better than that of the glutaraldehyde treated fabric. The degree of surface migration is similar for both fabrics. Agent distribution in the treated fibers is different for the differing molecular chain lengths of the crosslinking agents.
Inducible System Designed for Future Gene Therapy (2003)

Gene therapy involves the introduction of foreign therapeutic genes into humans to treat certain diseases. In current protocols, the expressions of the delivered foreign genes are under the control of a constitutive promoter. However, most genes are regulated under physiological conditions in response to various stimuli, including metabolites, growth factors, and hormones. Constitutive expression of foreign genes may result in cytotoxicity as well as undesired immune responses. In order to further the development of gene therapy, it is essential to regulate the expression of the genes once they are delivered into the body.
Designing a leaner, cleaner machine (1997)

With factories cutting back on emissions and municipalities stepping up recycling efforts, environmentalists have cast automobiles as the primary pollution culprit. A concept car called the XCAR, which incorporates a fuel-efficient, low-pollution engine from Australia, may one day rehabilitate automobiles` bad environmental reputation. The XCAR is being designed by XCORP in Malibu, Calif. The company was founded in 1991 to transfer cutting-edge aerospace and defense technologies to business and manufacturing applications. Their goals are to design a next-generation automobile that will use less energy; provide a higher degree of safety by being more impact-resistant; reduce stress on roads, highways, and bridges by its lighter weight, thus extending the life of infrastructure; and be easily recycled and repaired. The company is developing a roadster, a subcompact coupe, and a sports/utility version of the XCAR for American civilian use, as well as a general-purpose version for the US military and a multipurpose car for developing nations. The design of the XCAR includes molded thermoplastic panels, which reduces the vehicle`s overall weight. Thermoplastic also lowers the energy needed to stamp steel parts by eliminating the by-products generated from spot-welding, drilling, and riveting, such as welding fumes and spent machining oils. Using large, moldedmore » thermoplastic/aluminum sections for much of the chassis and body assemblies will also reduce the number of parts required by a third compared to conventional autos. In addition, paint application and its attendant solvents are eliminated because the color is molded into the plastic body.« less
Trace Elements in Meconium from Preterm and Full-Term Infants (1989)

Meconium samples from 23 preterm infants (birth weight = 1,097 +/- 359 g; gestational age 29 +/- 3 weeks, mean +/- SD) and 27 full-term infants (3,453 +/- 476 g; 39.5 +/- 1 weeks) were analyzed for zinc, copper, manganese, chromium and iron by atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to meconium from preterm infants, full-term infants had an elevated (p less than 0.05) total excretion (microgram) of zinc (957 +/- 545 vs. 503 +/- 506), copper (245 +/- 256 vs. 128 +/- 94) and manganese (62 +/- 55 vs. 29 +/- 29), but not iron (190 +/- 147 vs. 332 +/- 532) or chromium (0.4 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.75 +/- 1.0). Two preterm infants had high losses (1.5 and 2 mg) of iron in their meconium. Zinc, copper and manganese losses into meconium appear to increase with gestation, whereas iron and chromium losses occur early in gestation and may be reabsorbed by term.
Assessment of flywheel energy storage for spacecraft power systems (1983)

The feasibility of inertial energy storage in a spacecraft power system is evaluated on the basis of a conceptual integrated design that encompasses a composite rotor, magnetic suspension, and a permanent magnet (PM) motor/generator for a 3-kW orbital average payload at a bus distribution voltage of 250 volts dc. The conceptual design, which evolved at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), is referred to as a Mechanical Capacitor. The baseline power system configuration selected is a series system employing peak-power-tracking for a Low Earth-Orbiting application. Power processing, required in the motor/generator, provides a potential alternative configurations that can only be achieved in systems with electrochemical energy storage by the addition of power processing components. One such alternative configuration provides for peak-power-tracking of the solar array and still maintains a regulated bus, without the expense of additional power processing components. Precise speed control of the two counterrotating wheels is required to reduce interaction with the attitude control system (ACS) or alternatively, used to perform attitude control functions. Critical technologies identified are those pertaining to the energy storage element and are prioritized as composite wheel development, magnetic suspension, motor/generator, containment, and momentum control. Comparison with a 3-kW, 250-Vdc power system using either NiCd or NiH2 for energy storage results in a system in which inertial energy storage offers potential advantages in lifetime, operating temperature, voltage regulation, energy density, charge control, and overall system weight reduction.