gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation-based load balancing for network intrusion detection and prevention systems (2008)

In large-scale enterprise networks, multiple network intrusion detection and prevention systems are used to provide high quality protections. In this context, keeping load evenly distributed among the systems is crucial. This is because even load distributions provide protection to the networks and improve the networks' quality of service.A challenging problem, however, is to maintain the load balancing of the systems while minimizing the loss of correlation information due to distributing traffic. Since anomaly- based detection and prevention of some intrusions, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and port scans, require a single system to analyze correlated flows of the attacks, this loss of correlation information might severely affect the accuracy of the detections and preventions.In this paper, we address this challenging problem by first formalizing the load balancing problem as an optimization problem, considering both the systems' load variance and the correlation information loss. We then present our Benefit-based Load Balancing (BLB) algorithm as a solution to the optimization problem.We have implemented a prototype load-balancer which uses the BLB algorithm. We evaluated the load-balancer against various port scans and DDoS attacks. The evaluation results show that our load-balancer significantly improves the detection accuracy of these attacks while keeping the systems' load close within a desired bound.
Phase holograms formed by silver halide (sensitized) gelatin processing (1980)

A novel recording process for the formation of phase volume holograms at up to 1500 cycles/mm is described. The term silver halide (sensitized) gelatin or SHG denotes an all-gelatin phase material, which records the initial image information through photon absorption by the silver halide. Our process uses a reversal bleach that dissolves the developed silver image and cross-links the gelatin molecules in the vicinity of the developed image. Experiments have determined the stored image as refractive-index differences within the remaining gelatin. The major attributes of SHG holograms are (1) panchromatic response, (2) 100:1 greater light sensitivity than dichromate (sensitized) gelatin, and (3) elimination of darkening (printout) effects.
Improving the light extraction efficiency of red-emitting conjugated polymer light emitting diodes (2006)

We demonstrate a significant improvement in the external electroluminescence efficiency of red-emitting polymer light emitting diodes (LEDs) by modifying the optical structure of the device. By using a cathode composed of a thin (5nm) film of calcium backed with an optically thick film of silver, we measured improvements in the external efficiency of polymer LEDs by a factor of 1.6 times compared to a device using a cathode composed of calcium backed with lower reflectivity aluminum. By incorporating the LED into a microcavity structure (to form a resonant cavity LED) it is possible to obtain additional (but rather smaller) improvements in external efficiency of the order of 1.15 times, compared to a standard LED utilizing the same cathode. By combining high reflectivity cathode∕mirror materials with a low finesse cavity structure, we show that the external efficiency of a LED can be improved by as much as 1.8 times compared to a standard (noncavity) LED. Our results are in good agreement with those of theoretical calculations and demonstrate the real improvements in device external efficiency that can be achieved by reducing optical losses within the LED structure.
7.4 GANPU: A 135TFLOPS/W Multi-DNN Training Processor for GANs with Speculative Dual-Sparsity Exploitation (2020)

Generative adversarial networks (GAN) have a wide range of applications, from image style transfer to synthetic voice generation [1]. GAN applications on mobile devices, such as face-to-Emoji conversion and super-resolution imaging, enable more engaging user interaction. As shown in Fig. 7.4.1, a GAN consists of 2 competing deep neural networks (DNN): a generator and a discriminator. The discriminator is trained, while the generator is fixed, to distinguish whether the generated image is real or fake. On the other hand, the generator is trained to generate fake images to fool the discriminator. The minimax rivalry between the 2 sub-DNNs enables the model to generate high-quality images, difficult even for humans to distinguish.
Neural Substrates Underlying Interactions between Appetite Stress and Reward (2012)

Neurobiological mechanisms that normally control food intake and energy expenditure can be overcome by environmental cues and by stress. Of particular importance is the influence of the mesolimbic reward pathway. In genetically susceptible individuals, problematic over-eating likely reflects a changing balance in the control exerted by homeostatic versus reward circuits that are strongly influenced by environmental factors such as stress. Both stress and activation of the reward pathway have been shown to increase food intake and promote a preference for palatable, high-energy foods. Recent research has focused on the important role of circulating and central neuropeptides that powerfully regulate the brain response to food cues. For example, ghrelin has a potent positive effect on the motivational aspects of food intake, and central oxytocin may be involved in satiety. Thus, the decision to eat, or indeed to over-eat, involves a complex integrated neurobiology that includes brain centres involved in energy balance, reward and stress and their regulation by metabolic and endocrine factors.
Laboratory characterization of invasive<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>isolates from Nunavut, Canada, 2000–2012 (2016)

During the period of 2000-2012, Hia was the predominant serotype causing invasive disease in Nunavut. This presents a public health concern due to an emerging clone of Hia as a cause of invasive H. influenzae disease and the lack of published guidelines for the prophylaxis of contacts. The clonal nature of Hia could be the result of spread within an isolated population, and/or unique characteristics of this strain to cause invasive disease. Further study of Hia in other populations may provide important information on this emerging pathogen. No antibiotic resistance was detected among Hia isolates; a small proportion of Hib and NT-Hi isolates demonstrated resistance to ampicillin due to β-lactamase production.
Calculation of wave aberration in optical systems with holographic optical elements (1991)

As we know, wave aberration is the difference between the ideal wave and the real wave. One of the important characteristics of ordinary optical system images is the condition of equal optical path distance. If all light from a point A passing through the optical system focuses at A', we can say that point A' is the ideal image of object point A and that the optical path distances of all rays from A to A' are the same. When there is aberration in the optical system, wave aberration is the difference of geometric path distances multiplied by the index. In figure 1 wave front P from point B passing through the optical system forms a new wave surface pp'. Generally we use the intersection point ' of the principal ray and the ideal imaginary surface as the center of the ideal reference spherical surface P"P" so P"P is the wave aberration
A Robot and Control Algorithm That Can Synchronously Assist in Naturalistic Motion During Body-Weight-Supported Gait Training (2007)

Locomotor training using body weight support on a treadmill and manual assistance is a promising rehabilitation tech- nique following neurological injuries, such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke. Previous robots that automate this technique impose constraints on naturalistic walking due to their kinematic structure, and are typically operated in a stiff mode, limiting the ability of the patient or human trainer to influence the stepping pattern. We developed a pneumatic gait training robot that allows for a full range of natural motion of the legs and pelvis during treadmill walking, and provides compliant assistance. However, we observed an unexpected consequence of the device's compliance: unimpaired and SCI individuals invariably began walking out-of- phase with the device. Thus, the robot perturbed rather than as- sisted stepping. To address this problem, we developed a novel algo- rithm that synchronizes the device in real-time to the actual motion of the individual by sensing the state error and adjusting the replay timing to reduce this error. This paper describes data from experi- ments with individuals with SCI that demonstrate the effectiveness of the synchronization algorithm, and the potential of the device for relieving the trainers of strenuous work while maintaining nat- uralistic stepping.
Structure, stability, and electronic properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ti</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">La</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ti</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ru</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>interfaces (2007)

Density functional theory by means of the mixed-basis pseudopotential method was employed to carry out electronic-structure calculations of interfaces in $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}∕\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}∕\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskite heterophase systems. The main objective of the work is to investigate the influence of different structural and chemical terminations of the interfaces on their electronic and adhesive properties. The investigated supercells therefore include not only interfaces with a regular perovskite stacking but also interfaces with planar stacking-fault-like defects of Ruddlesden-Popper and Magneli types. Stability of interfaces is assessed by calculating rigid and relaxed works of separation. Band offsets and Schottky barriers are determined for the insulator/insulator $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}∕\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the insulator/conductor $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}∕\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ systems, respectively.
Innate immunity and cell death in alcoholic liver disease: Role of cytochrome P4502E1 (2014)

Ethanol-induced liver injury is a complex process dependent upon the interaction of multiple cell types in the liver, as well as activation of the innate immune response. Increased expression of CYP2E1 in response to high concentrations of ethanol leads to greater production of cytotoxic ethanol metabolites, which in turn contribute to production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and ultimately, cell death. Necroptotic hepatocyte cell death in response to ethanol is mediated via a CYP2E1-dependent expression of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3), a key component of the necroptosome. In response to alarmins released during ethanol-induced necroptosis, the innate immune response is activated. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory multikine involved in many disease processes, is an essential component to this response to injury. MIF expression is increased during ethanol exposure via a CYP2E1-dependent pathway, likely contributing to an exacerbated innate immune response and chronic inflammation after chronic ethanol. This review will discuss the complex interactions between CYP2E1-dependent expression of RIP3 and MIF in the pathophysiology of chronic ethanol-induced liver injury.
Denaturant mediated unfolding of both native and molten globule states of maltose binding protein are accompanied by large Δ<i>C<sub>p</sub></i>'s (1999)

Maltose binding protein (MBP) is a large, monomeric two domain protein containing 370 amino acids. In the absence of denaturant at neutral pH, the protein is in the native state, while at pH 3.0 it forms a molten globule. The molten globule lacks a tertiary circular dichroism signal but has secondary structure similar to that of the native state. The molten globule binds 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS). The unfolding thermodynamics of MBP at both pHs were measured by carrying out a series of isothermal urea melts at temperatures ranging from 274-329 K. At 298 K, values of deltaGdegrees , deltaCp, and Cm were 3.1+/-0.2 kcal mol(-1), 5.9+/-0.8 kcal mol(-1) K(-1) (15.9 cal (mol-residue)(-1) K(-1)), and 0.8 M, respectively, at pH 3.0 and 14.5+/-0.4 kcal mol(-1), 8.3+/-0.7 kcal mol(-1) K(-1) (22.4 kcal (mol-residue)(-1) K(-1)), and 3.3 M, respectively, at pH 7.1. Guanidine hydrochloride denaturation at pH 7.1 gave values of deltaGdegrees and deltaCp similar to those obtained with urea. The m values for denaturation are strongly temperature dependent, in contrast to what has been previously observed for small globular proteins. The value of deltaCp per mol-residue for the molten globule is comparable to corresponding values of deltaCp for the unfolding of typical globular proteins and suggests that it is a highly ordered structure, unlike molten globules of many small proteins. The value of deltaCp per mol-residue for the unfolding of the native state is among the highest currently known for any protein.
Stereoscopic computer graphics display system (1974)

Handbook was published on study which describes relative merits of two general-purpose, steroscopic display systems. Both systems are adaptable to most small data processing facilities and, with minimal hardware development, greatly enhance user ability to interact with computer and to interpret data output. Section also describes digital-to-analog converters designed for use with system.
The responses of different strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella to medication. (1966)

SUMMARY The responses of 3 strains of Eimeria acervulina and 4 strains of Eimeria tenella to a number of compounds were examined and showed that different strains of the same species vary in their drug susceptibility. The drug-antagonist relationship between sulphaquinoxaline and p-amino-benzoic acid in infections with a sulphonamide-resistant strain of E. acervulina appeared to be different from that of 2 sensitive strains. The results of tests in which strains of the same species were passaged together in un-medicated birds were consistent with a retention of their separate identities.
Digest message format (1990)

This memo describes the de facto standard Digest Message Format. This
is an elective experimental protocol.
Adenovirus－mediated expression of pig α（1，3）galactosyltransferase reconstructs Gal α（1,3） Gal epitope on the surface of human tumor cells (2001)

Gal α(1,3)Gal(gal epitope)is a carbohydrate epitope and synthesized in large amount by α(1,3)galactosyltransferase [α(1,3)GT] enzyme on the cells of lower mammalian animals such as pigs and mice.Human has no gal epitope due to the inactivation of α(1,3)GT gene but produces a large amount of antibodies(anti-Gal)which recognize Gal α(1,3)Gal structures specifically.In this study,a replicationdeficient recombinant adenoviral vector Ad5sGT containing pig α(1,3)GT cDNA was constructed and characterized.Adenoviral vector-mediated transfer of pig α(1,3)GT gene into human tumor cells such as malignant melanoma A375,stomach cancer SGC-7901,and lung cancer SPC-A-1 was reported for the first time.Results showed that Gal epitope did not increase the sensitivity of human tumor cells to human complement-mediated lysis,although human complement activation and the binding of human IgG and IgM natural antibodies to human tumor cells were enhanced significantly after Ad5sGT transduction.Appearance of gal epitope on the human tumor cells changed the expression of cell surface carbohydrates reacting with Ulex europaeus I(UEA I)lectins,Vicia villosa agglutinin(VVA),Arachis hypogaea agglutinin(PNA),and Glycine max agglutinin(SBA)to different degrees.In addition,no effect of gal epitope on the growth in vitro of human tumor cells was observed in MTT assay.
InAs Nanowires Grown by Metal–Organic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) Employing PS/PMMA Diblock Copolymer Nanopatterning (2013)

Dense arrays of indium arsenide (InAs) nanowire materials have been grown by selective-area metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (SA-MOVPE) using polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) diblock copolymer (DBC) nanopatterning technique, which is a catalyst-free approach. Nanoscale openings were defined in a thin (~10 nm) SiNx layer deposited on a (111)B-oriented GaAs substrate using the DBC process and CF4 reactive ion etching (RIE), which served as a hard mask for the nanowire growth. InAs nanowires with diameters down to ~ 20 nm and micrometer-scale lengths were achieved with a density of ~ 5 × 10(10) cm(2). The nanowire structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which indicate twin defects in a primary zincblende crystal structure and the absence of threading dislocation within the imaged regions.
Performance evaluation of indel calling tools using real short-read data (2015)

All these findings indicate the necessity of improving the existing tools or developing new algorithms to achieve reliable and consistent indel calling results.
Cryopreservation in Trehalose Preserves Functional Capacity of Murine Spermatogonial Stem Cells (2013)

Development of techniques to isolate, culture, and transplant human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) has the future potential to treat male infertility. To maximize the efficiency of these techniques, methods for SSC cryopreservation need to be developed to bank SSCs for extended periods of time. Although, it has been demonstrated that SSCs can reinitiate spermatogenesis after freezing, optimal cryopreservation protocols that maximize SSC proliferative capacity post-thaw have not been identified. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient cryopreservation technique for preservation of SSCs. To identify efficient cryopreservation methods for long-term preservation of SSCs, isolated testis cells enriched for SSCs were placed in medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO and trehalose (50 mM, 100 mM, or 200 mM), and frozen in liquid nitrogen for 1 week, 1 month, or 3 months. Freezing in 50 mM trehalose resulted in significantly higher cell viability compared to DMSO at all thawing times and a higher proliferation rate compared to DMSO for the 1 week freezing period. Freezing in 200 mM trehalose did not result in increased cell viability; however, proliferation activity was significantly higher and percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly lower compared to DMSO after freezing for 1 and 3 months. To confirm the functionality of SSCs frozen in 200 mM trehalose, SSC transplantation was performed. Donor SSCs formed spermatogenic colonies and sperm capable of generating normal progeny. Collectively, these results indicate that freezing in DMSO with 200 mM trehalose serves as an efficient method for the cryopreservation of SSCs.
(+)‐Hydrastine, a potent competitive antagonist at mammalian GABA<sub>A</sub>receptors (1990)

1. (+)-Hydrastine is a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid, isolated from Corydalis stricta. It has the same 1S,9R configuration as the competitive GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and is the enantiomer of the commercially available (-)-hydrastine. 2. (+)-Hydrastine (CD50 0.16 mg kg-1, i.v.) was twice as potent as bicuculline (CD50 0.32 mg kg-1, i.v.) as a convulsant in mice. This action was stereoselective in that (+)-hydrastine was 180 times as potent as (-)-hydrastine. 3. (+)-Hydrastine was a selective antagonist at bicuculline-sensitive GABAA receptors in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. It did not influence phaclofen-sensitive GABAB receptors or acetylcholine receptors in this tissue. (+)-Hydrastine was a competitive antagonist of GABAA responses (pA2 6.5) more potent than bicuculline (pA2 6.1). 4. When tested against the binding of [3H]-muscimol to high affinity GABAA binding sites in rat brain membranes, (+)-hydrastine (IC50 2.37 microM) was 8 times more potent than bicuculline (IC50 19.7 microM). 5. As an antagonist of the activation of low affinity GABAA receptors as measured by the stimulation by GABA of [3H]-diazepam binding to rat brain membranes, (+)-hydrastine (IC50 0.4 microM) was more potent than bicuculline (IC50 2.3 microM). 6. (+)-Hydrastine, 10 nM to 1 mM, did not inhibit the binding of [3H]-(-)-baclofen to GABAB binding sites in rat brain membranes.
The Role of Opaque2 in the Control of Lysine-Degrading Activities in Developing Maize Endosperm (1999)

We have isolated a cDNA clone, designated ZLKRSDH, encoding the bifunctional enzyme lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH) from maize. The predicted polypeptide has an N-terminal LKR domain and a C-terminal SDH domain that are similar to the yeast LYS1 and LYS9 monofunctional proteins, respectively. The maize LKR/SDH protein is located in the cytoplasm of subaleurone endosperm cell layers. Transcripts and polypeptides as well as enzyme activities showed an upregulation and downregulation during endosperm development. The developmental expression of ZLKRSDH was examined in normal and opaque2 seeds. In the mutant endosperm, mRNA levels were reduced by >90%, with concomitant reductions in polypeptide levels and LKR/SDH activity. These results suggest that lysine levels in the endosperm are likely to be controlled at the transcriptional level by the Opaque2 transcription factor.
Metabolic disposition of the cognition activator tacrine in rats, dogs, and humans. Species comparisons. (1997)

The metabolic fate of tacrine [1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-acridinamine monohydrochloride monohydrate (THA)] was examined in rats, dogs, and humans. After administration of single oral doses of [14C]THA to rats, dogs, and humans, drug-derived material was well absorbed, with urinary excretion being the predominant route of radiolabel elimination. Metabolic profiling of plasma and urine from rats, dogs, and humans showed THA to be extensively metabolized with marked species differences in quantitative amounts of metabolites observed. Plasma profiles were similar to respective urinary profiles in all three species. Present in profiles of urine from rats were 1-hydroxy (OH)-THA (major), 2-OH-THA, and 4-OHA-THA, and unchanged THA. Also observed were trace amounts of more polar metabolites, presumably arising from sequential metabolism. Metabolic profiling of dog urine also showed 1-OH-THA to be the major metabolite, with trace amounts of the 2-OHA-THA and 4-OH-THA regioisomers and THA excreted. In dog urine, more of the radioactivity was associated with polar metabolites, including 1,3-dihydroxy-THA and a dihydrodiol metabolite. Human urinary metabolic profiles were more similar to that in dogs than in rats, with no single metabolite constituting > 10% of urinary radioactivity. Present in human urine were phenol glucuronide metabolites, of which 7-OH-THA was identified as an aglycone. Relevance of the marked quantitative differences in THA metabolism between rats, dogs, and humans to species differences in THA hepatotoxic potential remains to be established.
Analgesic Comparison of Meloxicam or Ketoprofen for Orthopedic Surgery in Dogs (2004)

Analgesia after administration of preoperative meloxicam was comparable with administration of ketoprofen at the end of the surgery.