gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Illuminating Generalization in Deep Reinforcement Learning through Procedural Level Generation (2018)

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has shown impressive results in a variety of domains, learning directly from high-dimensional sensory streams. However, when neural networks are trained in a fixed environment, such as a single level in a video game, they will usually overfit and fail to generalize to new levels. When RL models overfit, even slight modifications to the environment can result in poor agent performance. This paper explores how procedurally generated levels during training can increase generality. We show that for some games procedural level generation enables generalization to new levels within the same distribution. Additionally, it is possible to achieve better performance with less data by manipulating the difficulty of the levels in response to the performance of the agent. The generality of the learned behaviors is also evaluated on a set of human-designed levels. The results suggest that the ability to generalize to human-designed levels highly depends on the design of the level generators. We apply dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques to visualize the generators' distributions of levels and analyze to what degree they can produce levels similar to those designed by a human.
Inspector Gadget: Automated Extraction of Proprietary Gadgets from Malware Binaries (2010)

Unfortunately, malicious software is still an unsolved problem and a major threat on the Internet. An important component in the fight against malicious software is the analysis of malware samples: Only if an analyst understands the behavior of a given sample, she can design appropriate countermeasures. Manual approaches are frequently used to analyze certain key algorithms, such as downloading of encoded updates, or generating new DNS domains for command and control purposes. In this paper, we present a novel approach to automatically extract, from a given binary executable, the algorithm related to a certain activity of the sample. We isolate and extract these instructions and generate a so-called gadget, i.e., a stand-alone component that encapsulates a specific behavior. We make sure that a gadget can autonomously perform a specific task by including all relevant code and data into the gadget such that it can be executed in a self-contained fashion. Gadgets are useful entities in analyzing malicious software: In particular, they are valuable for practitioners, as understanding a certain activity that is embedded in a binary sample (e.g., the update function) is still largely a manual and complex task. Our evaluation with several real-world samples demonstrates that our approach is versatile and useful in practice.
An engineered cryptic Hxt11 sugar transporter facilitates glucose–xylose co-consumption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2015)

Hxt11 is a cryptic sugar transporter of S. cerevisiae that previously has not been associated with effective d-xylose transport. Mutagenesis of Hxt11 yielded transporters that show a better affinity for d-xylose as compared to d-glucose while maintaining high transport rates. d-glucose and d-xylose co-consumption is due to a redistribution of the sugar transport flux while maintaining the total sugar conversion rate into ethanol. This method provides a single transporter solution for effective fermentation on lignocellulosic feedstocks.
Electrical loss mechanisms in travelling wave LiNbO <sub>3</sub> optical modulators (1992)

Anomalous electrical losses in travelling wave LiNbO3 optical modulators are attributes of phase matched mode coupling between the coplanar waveguide mode and off-axis substrate modes. Experimental results support the model.
An implementation of web based PDM with open source CMS (2008)

The importance of content management systems (CMS) has increased dramatically in recent years, but the open source CMS is usually criticized for the lack of applications in manufacturing fields. CMS has predominantly focused on managing documents, and on the other hand, product data management (PDM) is a digital repository of product information, including non-paper representations like CAD files. In this paper, a web based PDM System is implemented and integrated with the open source CMS to cope with the tasks of the mechanical design. There are three major functions provided in this system. First of all, to provide users with a web based product data vault system for design related files storage. Secondly, a data-sharing and collaboration system are created to enhance the pre-manufacturing planning and detailed design communication. The third function of this system allows user to setup an efficient programming environment for the engineering analysis processes.
Characterization of a low-pressure high-capacity<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>X</mml:mtext><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>129</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>e</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>flow-through polarizer (2009)

We describe a low-pressure flow-through apparatus for generating hyperpolarized $^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ and report its performance by examining both the output $^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ polarization ${P}_{\text{Xe}}$ by NMR and the in situ Rb polarization profile by optically detected electron paramagnetic resonance. The polarizer is based on a previously presented design employing a long optical pumping cell, lean Xe mixture at low pressure, Rb presaturation, and counterflow of gas with respect to the direction of light propagation. The numerical model to which we compare the polarizer's performance includes the temperature dependence of the $\text{Rb-}^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ spin-exchange rate, which has not previously been treated. The qualitative trends in the data mostly follow those in the model, although the model predicts ${P}_{\text{Xe}}$ to be up to a factor of two higher than observed. This discrepancy cannot be attributed to low Rb polarization: the model and the optically detected electron paramagnetic resonance data (acquired at six points along the length of the heated portion of the optical pumping cell) are in reasonable agreement and show typical values of 85%--95%, although measurements also reveal an anomalous region of depressed Rb polarization near the middle of the cell. The highest output $^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ polarization ${P}_{\text{Xe}}=84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16%$, was recorded using $\ensuremath{\approx}60\text{ }\text{W}$ of frequency-narrowed laser light at a Xe partial pressure (referenced to $20\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$) of $1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\text{ }\text{mbar}$, flowing at 1 sccm of Xe; typical values were ${P}_{\text{Xe}}\ensuremath{\approx}20%$ flowing at 10 sccm of Xe with $\ensuremath{\approx}30\text{ }\text{W}$ of laser light.
Dose efficiency and the effects of resolution and noise on detail perceptibility in radiographic magnification (1981)

The detail signal–to–noise ratio model of radiographic imaging is quantitatively analyzed in terms of its accuracy in describing observer threshold perceptibility of radiographic detail. The model is found to adequately describe the effects of magnification, scatter radiation, and system resolution on observer threshold perceptibility. However, it is shown that the model does not apply in screen/film radiography for very low contrasts and high scatter conditions due to insufficient optical density contrast. The dose‐to‐information conversion efficiency of a radiographic imaging system is defined and the effects of magnification, scatter, resolution, image processing, detector efficiency, grids, patient table support, field size, and geometry on the dose efficiency of the imaging system are investigated.
Widely tunable single-frequency erbium–ytterbium phosphate glass laser (1996)

A tunable, single-frequency, diode-pumped miniature Er:Yb:glass laser of high power is described. The laser exhibits two intervals of continuous tuning, from 1549 to 1563 nm (Δλ=14 nm) and from 1531 to 1540 nm (Δλ=9 nm), respectively. For an input pump power of 140 mW, a single frequency output power of 20 mW at 1563 nm has been obtained. The tuning characteristics are found to be strictly related to the gain–loss balance of the laser cavity.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2019)

This special topic issue of 'Visceral Medicine' contains contributions discussing the subject in-depth. 'Visceral Medicine' is a well-respected, international peer-reviewed journal in gastroenterology. Special topic issues are included in the subscription.
Comparison of the activity and disposition of the novel cholesterol absorption inhibitor, SCH58235, and its glucuronide, SCH60663 (2000)

Previous studies described the metabolism-based discovery of a potent, selective inhibitor of intestinal absorption of cholesterol, SCH58235 (Ezetimibe). Here we demonstrate that the phenolic glucuronide (SCH60663) of SCH58235, was more potent at inhibiting cholesterol absorption in rats than SCH58235, when administered by the intraduodenal route. To understand the increased potency of the glucuronide, the metabolism and distribution of SCH58235 and SCH60663 were studied in bile duct-cannulated rats. One minute after intraduodenal delivery of SCH58235, significant levels of compound were detected in portal plasma; >95% was glucuronidated, indicating that the intestine was metabolizing SCH58235 to its glucuronide. When intraduodenally delivered as SCH58235, the compound was glucuronidated, moved through the intestinal wall, into portal plasma, through the liver, and into bile. However, when delivered as SCH60663, >95% of the compound remained in the intestinal lumen and wall, which may explain its increased potency. Significant inhibition of cholesterol absorption and glucuronidation of SCH58235 occurred when SCH58235 was intravenously injected into bile duct-cannulated rats. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that drug related material was located throughout the intestinal villi, but concentrated in the villus tip. These data indicate that (a) SCH58235 is rapidly metabolized in the intestine to its glucuronide; (b) once glucuronidated, the dose is excreted in the bile, thereby delivering drug related material back to the site of action and (c) the glucuronide is more potent than the parent possibly because it localizes to the intestine. Taken together, these data may explain the potency of SCH58235 in the rat (ID(50) = 0.0015 mg kg(-1)) and rhesus monkey (ID(50) = 0.0005 mg kg(-1)).
A novel miniature spectrometer using an integrated acousto-optic tunable filter (1994)

In this paper, a novel miniature spectrometer is described which employs an integrated-optic acousto-optic tunable filter (IAOTF) as the monochromatic wavelength selective element. The performance of the system is highlighted by measuring the absorption spectra of two samples in the region of 1400 to 1600 nm. In the experiment, a light emitting diode (LED) centered at a wavelength of 1530 nm, is used as the light source and spectral filtering is achieved using an IAOTF that is tunable over more than 260 nm. The device exhibits a FWHM resolution of 1.2 nm, measures 25×3×1 mm3, weighs under 1 g and requires less than 70 mW of rf drive power. This miniature spectrometer offers several attractive design features that have utilities in a variety of applications, particularly for portable analysis and operation in harsh environments.
COSMIC-RAY INTENSITY BURSTS IN THE STRATOSPHERE IN NOVEMBER 1960 (1962)

Data are presented on the energy spectrum and absolute intensity of solar cosmic ray protons in cosmic ray flares recorded on Nov. 14, 15, and 21, 1960. About seventy measurements were made in the stratosphere at various latitudes. (W.D.M.)
Growth and Characterization of Skyrmion-hosting Magnetic Thin Films (2015)

Magnetic skyrmions are particle-like knots of magnetization which are both highly stable under the proper conditions and at the same time very easy to move and rotate. These properties make them very promising as a basis for future spin electronic information storage and manipulation. At the same time, these structures exhibit interesting fundamental physics including emergent mass and electrodynamics and phase transitions including a crystalline state as well as being low-dimensional analogues of a model of low-energy sub-atomic particles. Accessibility to studying these objects is hampered by the fact that most skyrmion-hosting materials have to be grown either as single crystals or by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Also, predictive studies are currently mostly restricted to full numerical simulations because of the intractability of the equation describing skyrmion structure and a dearth of analytical approximations. In this dissertation, I present work on the sputter deposition of the skyrmion hosting chiral magnetic material MnSi. MnSi was the first material observed to exhibit a skyrmion state but it has not been made by sputtering until now. I demonstrate by x-ray diffractometry and electrical measurements that the sputter-deposited MnSi exhibits properties similar to those of MBE-grown thin films including hosting skyrmions. This will hopefully improve the accessibility of experimental studies of MnSi and skyrmions. I also present an approximation for skyrmion spatial profiles which can predict skyrmion structure in a physically interesting range of material parameters and external magnetic fields. Using this structural approximation it should be possible to predict skyrmion stability and behavior under different conditions more rapidly than is possible with numerical simulations.
[Intercellular communication and Tumor Invasion in the Petri Dish] (1988)

Malignant tumor cells are characterized by their ability to invade and destroy normal tissues, whereas benign tumor cells grow locally and, therefore, can be treated with more success. Tumor cell invasion proceeds the formation of metastases, which account for the high mortality of cancer patients. We investigated whether tumor cells which communicate via trans-membrane channels (gap junctions) with each other as well as with normal cells can more easily invade normal tissues than non-communicating tumor cells. Five tumor cell lines were cultured as monolayers and investigated with histological methods for gap junction formation and with electrophysiological methods for intercellular communication. Tumor cells were tested with an in vitro invasion model: spheroidal cell aggregates of normal and of malignant cells were confronted in petri dishes and co-cultured for varying time spans. Thin sections revealed that only tumor cells with gap junctions can actively invade aggregates of normal cells. Tumor cells without gap junctions are unable to invade the normal tissue: they may, however, destroy the normal cells by a completely different mechanism which may be a result of particular culture conditions.
Chronic Subjective Dizziness (2012)

A quarter century of research has established CSD as a common clinical entity in neurologic and otorhinolaryngologic practice. Its identification and treatment offer relief to many patients previously thought to have enigmatic and unmanageable cases of persistent dizziness. Internationally sanctioned diagnostic criteria for CSD are under development for the first edition of the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders, scheduled for publication in early 2013.
Virtual electrodes and the induction of fibrillation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles: the role of intracellular calcium (2008)

A strong premature electrical stimulus (S2) induces both virtual anodes and virtual cathodes. The effects of virtual electrodes on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients and ventricu...
Theoretical Studies of Carbonyl-Based Organic Molecules for Energy Storage Applications: The Heteroatom and Substituent Effect (2014)

Organic compounds represent an attractive choice for cathode materials in rechargeable lithium batteries. Among all the organic functionalities, carbonyl-based organic molecules (C-bOMs) exhibit rapid and generally chemically reversible electrochemical behavior, and their reduced forms (enolates) can have strong ionic interactions with small radii cations (such as Li+). Furthermore, a wide range of chemical variations/modifications can be performed on C-bOM structures via synthesis. We have systematically investigated how to modify their electrochemical behavior by shifting the formal potential, maximizing the interaction of the various redox forms with lithium ions, and maximizing the number of electrons transferred while minimizing the molecular weight of the compound, thus maximizing their gravimetric energy density. We have performed density-functional calculations to predict the formal potentials of the C-bOMs materials (E = 2.0–4.0 V) and identify the most promising candidates. We have determined how the addition of electron-withdrawing and -donating groups can be used to tune the formal potentials and lithium ion binding energies. Moreover, by using the LUMO energy levels and the aromaticity, which was calculated with nuclear independent chemical shift (NICS), it was possible to study the stability of these systems. Furthermore, we have been able to design and computationally characterize new C-bOMs molecules, which represent new potentially high gravimetric energy density cathode materials for electrical energy storage applications.
Surface invasive cleavage assay on a maskless light-directed diamond DNA microarray for genome-wide human SNP mapping (2015)

The surface invasive cleavage assay, because of its innate accuracy and ability for self-signal amplification, provides a potential route for the mapping of hundreds of thousands of human SNP sites. However, its performance on a high density DNA array has not yet been established, due to the unusual "hairpin" probe design on the microarray and the lack of chemical stability of commercially available substrates. Here we present an applicable method to implement a nanocrystalline diamond thin film as an alternative substrate for fabricating an addressable DNA array using maskless light-directed photochemistry, producing the most chemically stable and biocompatible system for genetic analysis and enzymatic reactions. The surface invasive cleavage reaction, followed by degenerated primer ligation and post-rolling circle amplification is consecutively performed on the addressable diamond DNA array, accurately mapping SNP sites from PCR-amplified human genomic target DNA. Furthermore, a specially-designed DNA array containing dual probes in the same pixel is fabricated by following a reverse light-directed DNA synthesis protocol. This essentially enables us to decipher thousands of SNP alleles in a single-pot reaction by the simple addition of enzyme, target and reaction buffers.
Finding the original point set hidden among chaff (2006)

In biometric identification, a fingerprint is typically represented as a set of minutiae which are 2D points. A method [4] to protect the fingerprint template hides the minutiae by adding random points (known as chaff) into the original point set. The chaff points are added one-by-one, constrained by the requirement that no two points are close to each other, until it is impossible to add more points or sufficient number of points have been added. Therefore, if the original template consists of s points, and the total number of chaff points and the original points is m, then a brute-force attacker is expected to examine half of m chooses s possibilities to find the original. The chaff generated seem to be "random", especially if the minutiae are also randomly generated in the same manner. Indeed, the number of searches required by the brute-force attacker has been used to measure the security of the method. In this paper, we give an observation which leads to a way to distinguish the minutiae from the chaff. Extensive simulations show that our attacker can find the original better than brute-force search. For e.g. when s = 1 and the number of chaff points is expected to be about 313, our attacker on average takes about 100 searches. Our results highlight the need to adopt a more rigorous notion of security for template protection. We also give an empirical lower bound of the entropy loss due to the sketch.
Role of the Ovary in Controlling Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, and Prolactin Secretion During and After Lactation in Pigs1 (1981)

Concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone were measured in blood samples collected at various intervals during and immediately following lactation to determine the role of the ovary in controlling gonadotropin and prolactin secretion and initiation of estrous cycles in the pig. Ten primiparous sows were ovariectomized (ovex, n = 5) or left intact (n = 5) 2 to 4 days after farrowing. Serum progesterone and estrogens in samples collected daily during lactation were not different between intact and ovex sows. Serum FSH increased immediately after ovariectomy and remained elevated during lactation, but LH concentrations were similar between ovex and intact sows. Both LH and FSH were higher during the last 2 weeks of lactation than during the first 3 weeks. On Days 10 and 20 of lactation, all sows received (i.v.) two challenges of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 400 μg each) at 135 min intervals. Peak change (maximum value minus baseline) in FSH after GnRH was higher in ovex than in intact sows on both Days 10 and 20. Peak change in FSH in ovex sows was higher on Day 20 than on Day 10, but peak change in FSH in intact rows was similar between Days 10 and 20. Peak change in LH after GnRH was similar between ovex and intact sows. Peak change in LH after the second GnRH challenge on Day 10 was higher than that after each of the other three challenges. Although serum prolactin concentrations in selected samples collected on Days 10 and 20 were not significantly different between treatment groups, intact sows had consistently higher concentrations compared with ovex sows. Separation of four sows from their litters for 4 h during the last week of lactation resulted in a decline in serum prolactin, but prolactin increased fivefold within 15 min and tenfold during the second hour after piglets were replaced. In contrast, LH did not change prior to or after piglets were allowed to nurse. After weaning, concentrations of estrogens peaked during 24 h around onset of estrus prior to the preovulatory surge of LH and FSH. In ovex sows treated with estradiol-17β on Days 8, 9, and 10 after weaning, estrous behavior and LH and FSH responses were indistinguishable from those observed in intact sows at the postweaning estrus. Serum LH, FSH, and prolactin increased in response to estrogen, and duration of estrus was similar to that observed in intact sows. Results from these experiments indicate that 1) LH is low during lactation in both intact and ovex sows; 2) FSH increases following ovariectomy, presumably because of removing some ovarian inhibitor of FSH secretion; 3) prolactin, but not LH, changes acutely with suckling or weaning; and 4) surges in LH, FSH, and prolactin at estrus are induced by estrogen whether of endogenous (intact sows) or exogenous (ovex sows) origin.