gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Screening of Diboronate Arrays for Identification of Carbohydrate Binders (2004)

Abstract Boronic acids and their anionic counterpart, boronates, are known to bind reversibly to polyols, such as carbohydrates, under aqueous conditions. Monoboronic acids generally display a common selectivity rank exemplified by fructose>galactose>mannose>glucose. This order can however be modulated by the use of diboronic acids, which may give increased selectivity for e.g. glucose. Diboronic acids have previously typically been prepared and tested individually, but this paper reports a solid‐phase method for parallel synthesis of diboronate arrays, along with visual screening of the compounds for carbohydrate binding by competitive binding to alizarin. Diboronate arrays were prepared based on Fmoc‐Lys(Boc) and related amino acids, and screening identified diboronates with enhanced affinity to melibiose and glucose.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL RACES OF THE BAR-THROATED APALIS <i>APALIS THORACICA</i> (SHAW & NODDER) OCCURRING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (1965)

(1965). THE GEOGRAPHICAL RACES OF THE BAR-THROATED APALIS APALIS THORACICA (SHAW & NODDER) OCCURRING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. Ostrich: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
[Antioxidative action of pyridoindoles and N-(alkoxyphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-aza-1-cycloalkyl) acetamides in biological, enzymatic and chemical systems]. (2003)

The luminol-enhanced chemiluminiscence method was used to investigate the antioxidative activity of N-(alkoxyphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-aza-1-cykloalkyl) acetamides studied as potential cognitive enhancers and stobadine acylderivatives which form prodrugs with increased lipophilicity. The effect on the production of reactive oxygen metabolites by activated leukocytes was studied in vitro. Furthermore, the total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter was evaluated as the peroxyl radical-trapping capacity and the scavenging effect on the superoxide anion radical (generated by the enzymatic system hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase) and on the hydroxyl radical (produced in Fenton reaction) were studied. The antioxidative properties of the tested substances were compared with that of stobadine dihydrochloride. Only stobadine and its butyrylderivative have been demonstrated to possess free radical scavenging activity in all systems. Cinnamoylstobadine inhibited only the leukocyte chemiluminiscence activity. The potential cognitive enhancers did not show any antioxidant activity.
A voltage based winner takes all circuit for analog neural networks (2002)

Winner-take-all (WTA) is a usually used operation in neural network to locate the most activated neuron. This paper presents a voltage based winner-take-all circuit neural networks implemented in analog VLSI. In the presented WTA circuit, a winner follower mechanism is employed and the winner is chosen by comparing each winner with the output of the winner follower. SPICE simulation results are also presented.
MWC allosteric model explains unusual hemoglobin-oxygen binding curves from sickle cell drug binding (2021)

An oxygen-affinity-modifying drug, voxelotor, has very recently been approved by the FDA for treatment of sickle cell disease. The proposed mechanism of action is by preferential binding of the drug to the R quaternary conformation, which cannot copolymerize with the T conformation to form sickle fibers. Here, we report widely different oxygen dissociation and oxygen association curves for normal blood in the presence of voxelotor and interpret the results in terms of the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux with the addition of drug binding. The model does remarkably well in quantitatively explaining a complex data set with just the addition of drug binding and dissociation rates for the R and T conformations. Whereas slow dissociation of the drug from R results in time-independent dissociation curves, the changing association curves result from slow dissociation of the drug from T, as well as extremely slow binding of the drug to T. By calculating true equilibrium curves from the model parameters, we show that there would be a smaller decrease in oxygen delivery from the left shift in the dissociation curve caused by drug binding if drug binding and dissociation for both R and T were rapid. Our application of the Monod, Wyman, and Changeux model demonstrates once more its enormous power in explaining many different kinds of experimental results for hemoglobin. It should also be helpful in analyzing oxygen binding and in vivo delivery in future investigations of oxygen-affinity-modifying drugs for sickle cell disease.
Glycosaminoglycans in nerve injury: I. Low doses glycosaminoglycans promote neurite formation (1996)

This study has shown that glycosaminoglycans added to the culture medium may affect neurite formation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The most effective glycosaminoglycans are heparin and COS 8, a preparation with low anticoagulant activity. Promotion of neuritogenesis was remarkable at concentrations as low as 10-8 and 10-10. When added at 10-4 M both agents are inhibitory. Chondroitin-4 sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate were also effective, the doses required were, however, as high as 10-4 M for promoting and 10-4 M for inhibiting neuritogenesis. Thereby low doses of glycosaminoglycans promote, while higher doses inhibit neurite formation. The effects were observed when neuritogenesis was promoted in neuroblastoma cultures either by deprivation of serum or by addition of retinoic acid, in the former case neuritogenesis occurred within 48 hr; in the latter, in 14 days. PC12 pheochromocytoma cells neuritogenesis was triggered by adding NGF to the culture medium. We have also observed that glycosaminoglycan supplementation to the culture medium lowered the quantity of NGF required to form neurites by PC12 cells. Glycosaminoglycans at the dose of 10-8 M allow the formation of PC12 neurites even in presence of 1 ng/ml NGF, a dose that normally is ineffective. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gesetzgebung um jeden Preis? Ein Plädoyer für eine Versachlichung der Diskussion um das Arbeitsrecht (2008)

Bezogen auf die Fragestellung „Mythos Markt? Die ökonomische, rechtliche und soziale Gestaltung der Arbeitswelt“ widmet sich das vorliegende Papier den gängigen Annahmen in der öffentlichen Debatte über die Wirkung des Kündigungsschutzrechts auf die Arbeitslosigkeit und stellt diesen das vorhandene empirische Datenmaterial entgegen. Anschließend wird die Frage gestellt, inwieweit der Gesetzgeber die Ergebnisse der empirischen Arbeitsmarktforschung zur Kenntnis nimmt bzw. zur Kenntnis nehmen müsste. Hierfür werden die Grundzüge der Grenzen der Einschätzungsprärogative des Gesetzgebers nach der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts aufgezeigt. Schließlich werden die Auswirkungen des Außer-Acht-Lassens der entscheidungserheblichen Tatsachen und damit der einschlägigen empirischen Forschung auf die Qualität des demokratischen Prozesses diskutiert. Das Papier ist in großen Teilen das Ergebnis der Mitarbeit an dem Projekt REGAM (Regulierung des Arbeitsmarktes) des Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Instituts (WSI) der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung (HBS), ein interdisziplinär arbeitendes Forschungsprojekt, welches sich den Arbeitsmarktwirkungen arbeitsrechtlicher Regelungen widmet. Die Ergebnisse der Projektarbeit sind mittlerweile in Buchform erschienen (Pfarr/Ullmann/Bradtke/Schneider/Kimmich/Bothfeld: Der Kündigungsschutz zwischen Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit - betriebliche Erfahrungen mit der Beendigung von Arbeitsverhältnissen, Rainer Hampp Verlag, 2005). Die Frage der Diskrepanz zwischen Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit der Auswirkungen von Recht und die Pflichten des Gesetzgebers zur Wahrnehmung der Wirklichkeit wird in der Rechtswissenschaft erstaunlicherweise nicht bearbeitet.
Heat shock protein inhibition is associated with activation of the unfolded protein response pathway in myeloma plasma cells (2007)

Plasma cells producing high levels of paraprotein are dependent on the unfolded protein response (UPR) and chaperone proteins to ensure correct protein folding and cell survival. We hypothesized that disrupting client-chaperone interactions using heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors would result in an inability to handle immunoglobulin production with the induction of the UPR and myeloma cell death. To study this, myeloma cells were treated with Hsp90 inhibitors as well as known endoplasmic reticulum stress inducers and proteasome inhibitors. Treatment with thapsigargin and tunicamycin led to the activation of all 3 branches of the UPR, with early splicing of XBP1 indicative of IRE1 activation, upregulation of CHOP consistent with ER resident kinase (PERK) activation, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) splicing. 17-AAG and radicicol also induced splicing of XBP1, with the induction of CHOP and activation of ATF6, whereas bortezomib resulted in the induction of CHOP and activation of ATF6 with minimal effects on XBP1. After treatment with all drugs, expression levels of the molecular chaperones BiP and GRP94 were increased. All drugs inhibited proliferation and induced cell death with activation of JNK and caspase cleavage. In conclusion, Hsp90 inhibitors induce myeloma cell death at least in part via endoplasmic reticulum stress and the UPR death pathway.
Reducing Photon-Mapping Bandwidth by Query Reordering (2007)

Photon mapping places an enormous burden on the memory hierarchy. Rendering a 512 x 512 image of a simple scene can require more than 196 Gbytes of raw bandwidth to the photon map data structure. This bandwidth is a major obstacle to real time photon mapping. This paper investigates two approaches for reducing the required bandwidth: 1) reordering the kNN searches and 2) cache conscious data structures. Using a Hilbert curve reordering, we demonstrate an experimental lower bound of 15 Mbytes of bandwidth for the same scene. Unfortunately, this improvement of four orders of magnitude requires a prohibitive amount of intermediate storage. We introduce two novel cost-effective algorithms that reduce the bandwidth by one order of magnitude. Scenes of different complexities are shown to exhibit similar reductions in bandwidth. We explain why the choice of data structure does not achieve similar reductions. We also examine the interaction of query reordering with two photon map acceleration techniques, importance sampling and the irradiance cache. Query reordering exploits the additional coherence that arises from the use of importance sampling in scenes with glossy surfaces. Irradiance caching also benefits from query reordering, even when complex surface geometry reduces the effectiveness of the irradiance cache.
Amoeba-Cache: Adaptive Blocks for Eliminating Waste in the Memory Hierarchy (2012)

The fixed geometries of current cache designs do not adapt to the working set requirements of modern applications, causing significant inefficiency. The short block lifetimes and moderate spatial locality exhibited by many applications result in only a few words in the block being touched prior to eviction. Unused words occupy between 17-80% of a 64K L1 cache and between 1%-79% of a 1MB private LLC. This effectively shrinks the cache size, increases miss rate, and wastes on-chip bandwidth. Scaling limitations of wires mean that unused-word transfers comprise a large fraction (11%) of on-chip cache hierarchy energy consumption. We propose Amoeba-Cache, a design that supports a variable number of cache blocks, each of a different granularity. Amoeba-Cache employs a novel organization that completely eliminates the tag array, treating the storage array as uniform and morph able between tags and data. This enables the cache to harvest space from unused words in blocks for additional tag storage, thereby supporting a variable number of tags (and correspondingly, blocks). Amoeba-Cache adjusts individual cache line granularities according to the spatial locality in the application. It adapts to the appropriate granularity both for different data objects in an application as well as for different phases of access to the same data. Overall, compared to a fixed granularity cache, the Amoeba-Cache reduces miss rate on average (geometric mean) by 18% at the L1 level and by 18% at the L2 level and reduces L1-L2 miss bandwidth by ≃46%. Correspondingly, Amoeba-Cache reduces on-chip memory hierarchy energy by as much as 36% (mcf) and improves performance by as much as 50% (art).
Phase-change oscillations in silicon microwires (2009)

We have observed liquid-solid phase-change oscillations in 2–5.5 μm long silicon wires biased through a load resistor. Molten silicon resistivity is approximately 30 times lower than that of the room temperature solid-state resistivity of the highly doped nanocrystalline-silicon thin film used to fabricate the wires. Wires typically melt with 15–20 V electrical stresses, draining the parasitic capacitance introduced by the experimental setup within 1 μs. The power dissipated in the wire is not sufficient to keep it in molten state after the discharge, leading to repeated melting and resolidification of the wires with 1 MHz, 2–20 mA current oscillations.
Analyzing and Defending Against Evolving Web Threats (2015)

The browser has evolved from a simple program that displays static web pages into a continuously-changing platform that is shaping the Internet as we know it today. The fierce competition among browser vendors has led to the introduction of a plethora of features in the past few years. At the same time, it remains the de facto way to access the Internet for billions of users. Because of such rapid evolution and wide popularity, the browser has attracted attackers, who pose new threats to unsuspecting Internet surfers.In this dissertation, I present my work on securing the browser againstcurrent and emerging threats. First, I discuss my work on honeyclients,which are tools that identify malicious pages that compromise the browser, and how one can evade such systems. Then, I describe a new system that I built, called Revolver, that automatically tracks the evolution of JavaScriptand is capable of identifying evasive web-based malware by finding similarities in JavaScript samples with different classifications. Finally, I present Hulk, a system that automatically analyzes and classifies browser extensions.
Serum Creatine Kinase B Subunit in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma (1992)

We determined the serum levels of the creatine kinase B subunit (CK-B) by an enzyme immunoassay method in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and benign renal diseases. Eighteen of 76 patients with RCC (24%) had elevated serum CK-B levels. The positive rates were 29% in stage I, 13% in stage II, 15% in stage III, and 27% in stage IV. In all 9 patients whose serum CK-B levels were serially measured and had been elevated before operation, the CK-B levels were reduced to the normal range after nephrectomy. These findings indicate that serum CK-B is a useful biomarker for monitoring the clinical course for a limited number of RCC patients, but is not a marker for diagnosis and staging. Concentrations of CK-B in RCC tissues were significantly lower than those of normal kidney. A high rate of cell turnover in tumor tissues might entail the higher level of serum CK-B in patients with RCC.
Receive antenna selection in MIMO systems using convex optimization (2006)

A critical factor in the deployment of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is the cost of multiple analog transmit/receive chains. This problem can be mitigated by antenna subset selection at the transmitter/receiver. With antenna selection, a small number of analog chains are multiplexed between a much larger number of transmit/receive antenna elements. In this paper, we present a low complexity approach to receive antenna selection for capacity maximization, based on the theory of convex optimization. We show via extensive Monte-Carlo simulations that the proposed algorithm provides performance very close to that of optimal selection based on exhaustive search. We also, extend this approach to receive antenna selection for the JMMSE and OSIC V-BLAST architectures
An approach to segmenting speech into vowel-and nonvowel-like intervals (1979)

A speaker-independent algorithm is given for segmenting continuous speech in English into vowel-like (V) and nonvowel-like (NV) intervals. The algorithm has three stages: measurements (parameter extraction), phonetic feature detection, and V/NV decision. In measurements, the broad-band rms energy, the back-to-total cavity volume ratio (BTR), the signed front-to-back maximum area ratio (SFBR), and the normalized high-to low frequency energy ratio (HLR) are computed. The BTR and SFBR are new parameters derived from linear prediction area functions and are interpreted in terms of the speech spectrum. The BTR is useful for distinguishing nasal segments from V segments, while the SFBR is effective for detecting the bursts of voiced plosives. In phonetic feature detection, three independent types of intervals are detected on the basis of the parameters: silence, preliminary V/NV, and turbulence noise. The V/NV decision stage accomplishes the final V/NV interval decision. Interspeaker differences are handled by normalizing the frequency scale on the basis of an estimated average vocal-tract length. Ten sentences spoken by each of two males and two females resulted in 93.3 percent correct V/NV segment-detection decisions (92.9 percent for design speakers, and 93.7 percent for test speakers).
Conflict resolution for pipelined layered LDPC decoders (2009)

Many of the current LDPC implementations of DVB-S2, T2 or WiMAX standard use the so-called layered architecture combined with pipeline. However, the pipeline process may introduce memory access conflicts. The resolution of these conflicts requires careful scheduling combined with dedicated hardware and/or idle cycle insertion. In this paper, based on the DVB-T2 example, we explain explicitly how the scheduling can solve most of the pipeline conflicts. The two contributions of the paper are 1) how to split the matrix to relax the pipeline conflicts at a cost of a reduced maximum available parallelism 2) how to project the problem of the research of an efficient scheduling to the well-known “Travelling Salesman Problem” and use a genetic algorithm to solve it.
Simulation Study of Fractional Frequency Reuse for Mobile WiMAX (2008)

As a primary technology for broadband wireless access (BWA), mobile WiMAX, recently has gained tremendous momentum in the industrial and academic sectors. However, due to significant loss of signal strength along the propagation path especially at higher frequency, the transmit power constraint of mobile terminals, and the interference from neighboring cells, the sustainable coverage area for a specific high data rate is often of limited geographical size. FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can be used to improve the coverage and capacity in order to deliver cost-effective wireless services. This paper is the first time to provide a quantitative discussion on the system level simulation performance for the WiMAX FFR.
Computed tomography in clinical practice (2002)

Since it was first introduced three decades ago, computed tomography has become an important investigative tool. Conall Garvey and Rebecca Hanlon explain different types of scanners and what they are used for

Computed tomography was first introduced 30 years ago and has since become an integral part of clinical practice.1 Because of rapid advances in technology few clinicians are aware of the scope and limitations of the different types of scanners. This review describes the three main types of computed tomographic scanner that are used in routine clinical practice and discusses their use in the investigation of a wide range of different conditions. It also flags up differing views on the relative merits of computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging.

#### Summary points

The role of “conventional” computed tomography is declining and has been superseded by spiral scanning

Multislice scanning is faster and more versatile than spiral scanning and facilitates newer applications, particularly in vascular, cardiac, and colonic imaging

Multislice computed tomography is expensive and has implications for workload and data storage

Concern has been raised about the increasing radiation dose from examinations by computed tomography

As magnetic resonance scanners become faster and availability increases, considerations of dose may relegate computed tomography to a secondary role for many applications

The information contained in this review was gathered from several sources. These include many years of personal experience using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, discussions with manufacturers of equipment, and knowledge of radiation dosimetry issues, supported by a search of Medline and the Cochrane databases for systematic reviews comparing computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

By today's standards early computed tomographic scanners were extremely slow and required enormous computer facilities to generate comparatively crude scans. Improvements in tube technology and computer hardware and software have shortened scan times and improved the resolution …
321. Transcription Factor Activity Analysis Using a Functional Multiplex Gaussia Luciferase-Based Reporter Assay (2013)

Transcription Factor Activity Analysis Using a Functional Multiplex Gaussia Luciferase-Based Reporter Assay
Accelerated age-dependent transition of human regulatory T cells to effector memory phenotype (2008)

We and others recently described a method for isolating viable forkhead boxp3 (FoxP3(+)) T regulatory cells (Tregs) by means of the surface phenotype CD4(+)CD127(lo)CD25(+). In this study, we used the new strategy to measure Treg numbers, phenotype and function at different ages. Mean percentages of CD4(+)CD127(lo)CD25(+) Tregs increased only slightly throughout life, from 6.10% in cord blood to 7.22% in PBMC from adults between 20 and 25 years and 7.50% in PBMC from adults over the age of 60. In all age groups, a higher proportion of Tregs had acquired a CD45RA(-) memory phenotype compared with CD4(+)Foxp3(-) conventional T cells. This increase was entirely attributable to increased Tregs with an effector memory phenotype, whereas central memory phenotype cells were comparably represented within the Treg and conventional CD4(+) T-cell populations. Expression of CD95 also differed between Tregs and conventional CD4(+) T cells at all ages. However there was no difference in the suppressive capacity of the different naive and memory Treg subsets. These results suggest that, compared with their conventional CD4(+) T-cell counterparts, Tregs undergo preferential differentiation from a naive to an effector memory phenotype, driven by their specificity for self- rather than foreign antigen. However, number and function are remarkably stable throughout life.
A numerical evaluation of sparse direct solvers for the solution of large sparse symmetric linear systems of equations (2007)

In recent years a number of solvers for the direct solution of large sparse symmetric linear systems of equations have been developed. These include solvers that are designed for the solution of positive definite systems as well as those that are principally intended for solving indefinite problems. In this study, we use performance profiles as a tool for evaluating and comparing the performance of serial sparse direct solvers on an extensive set of symmetric test problems taken from a range of practical applications.