gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combination of Folic Acid and Folinic Acid Antagonists in Human and Veterinary Medicine (1973)

Based on the mutual potentiating effect, when diaminopyrimidíne derivatives and sulfonamides or sulfones are combined, several such combinations were tested for their efficacy in the treatment and prophylaxis of various infections in human and veterinary medicine. Successful combinations were: trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of bacterial infections in human medicine; sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria; trimethoprim + sulfadoxine, trimethoprim + sulfadimethoxine and trimethoprim + sulfatroxazole for the treatment of bacterial infections in veterinary medicine, and sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim for both the treatment of bacterial infections and coccidiosis in animals. A brief analysis of the therapeutic results and of the tolerance reported in the literature is presented; it includes about 20,000 patients treated for bacterial infections with the trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole combination; 1,727 acute cases of P. falciparum malaria; 3,626 persons treated prophylactically with the sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine combination; and 9,361 animals treated for various infections with the trimethoprim + sulfadoxine combination.
The importance of food structure on the glycaemic responses of carbohydrate rich foods (2004)

Diets rich in carbohydrates have received much negative attention in relation to glycaemic regulation, obesity and diabetes. However, the botanical source of carbohydrate, the physical nature of carbohydrate inclusion and the use of dietary fibres in altering food microstructure can all affect the digestibility of carbohydrates in foods. The inclusion of dietary fibres (both soluble and insoluble) significantly affect the structure and texture of food items. This may be related to the role of fibres in adjusting water holding capacities of foods, or by the way fibres can associate with other food ingredients to form potential barriers to digestive enzymes. As such, structure plays an important role in regulating the glycaemic response from carbohydrate rich foods.
Synthesis and characteristics of a novel silicon‐containing flame retardant and its application in poly[2,2‐propane‐(bisphenol)carbonate]/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (2007)

Abstract Novel halogen‐free compounds [9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphanthrene‐10‐oxide/vinyl methyl dimethoxysilane/ N ‐β‐(aminoethyl)‐γ‐aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane (DOPO–VMDMS–NMDMS)] that simultaneously contain phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon have been synthesized through the reaction of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), vinyl methyl dimethoxysilane (VMDMS), and N ‐β‐(aminoethyl)‐γ‐aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane (NMDMS). The chemical structure and properties of DOPO–VMDMS–NMDMS have been investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These synthesized flame retardants have been blended with a poly[2,2‐propane‐(bisphenol) carbonate]/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) alloy. The flame‐retardant properties of these mixture samples have been estimated with the limiting oxygen index (LOI), and the thermal stability has been characterized with TGA. The LOI value of PC/ABS/DOPO–VMDMS–NMDMS is enhanced up to 27.2 vol % from 21.2 vol %, and the char yield is also improved slightly (from 12 to 17%) with 2.8 wt % phosphorus, 3.0 wt % silicon, and 0.5 wt % nitrogen (at a 30 wt % loading of DOPO–VMDMS–NMDMS). The results show that there is a synergistic effect of the elements phosphorus, silicon, and nitrogen on the flame retardance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1542–1551, 2007
Analysis of Using Interpulse Intervals to Generate 128-Bit Biometric Random Binary Sequences for Securing Wireless Body Sensor Networks (2011)

Wireless body sensor network (WBSN), a key building block for m-Health, demands extremely stringent resource constraints and thus lightweight security methods are preferred. To minimize resource consumption, utilizing information already available to a WBSN, particularly common to different sensor nodes of a WBSN, for security purposes becomes an attractive solution. In this paper, we tested the randomness and distinctiveness of the 128-bit biometric binary sequences (BSs) generated from interpulse intervals (IPIs) of 20 healthy subjects as well as 30 patients suffered from myocardial infarction and 34 subjects with other cardiovascular diseases. The encoding time of a biometric BS on a WBSN node is on average 23 ms and memory occupation is 204 bytes for any given IPI sequence. The results from five U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology statistical tests suggest that random biometric BSs can be generated from both healthy subjects and cardiovascular patients and can potentially be used as authentication identifiers for securing WBSNs. Ultimately, it is preferred that these biometric BSs can be used as encryption keys such that key distribution over the WBSN can be avoided.
Microwave material processing—a review (2011)

Abstract Microwave heating is caused by the ability of the materials to absorb microwave energy and convert it to heat. This article represents a review on fundamentals of microwave heating and their interaction with materials for various applications in a comprehensive manner. Experimental studies of single, multimode, and variable frequency microwave processing were reviewed along with their applications. Modeling of microwave heating based on Lambert's law and Maxwell's electromagnetic field equations have also been reviewed along with their applications. Modeling approaches were used to predict the effect of resonances on microwave power absorption, the role of supports for microwave heating, and to determine the nonuniformity on heating rates. Various industrial applications on thermal processing have been reviewed. There is tremendous scope for theoretical and experimental studies on the athermal effects of microwaves. Some of the unresolved problems are identified and directions for further research are also suggested. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Single DNG Interface Makes a Better Perfect Lens (2013)

We show that a single-interface between regular and double-negative (DNG) media constitutes the core structure of a perfect lens and, furthermore, substantially outperforms the highly discussed DNG slab-based lens under imperfect conditions, maintaining unbounded resolution. We identify the perfect-lensing mechanism as the excitation of a Brewster (real improper) mode at the interface - a mode with a completely flat-band dispersion at media-matching conditions, perfectly transferring all incident waves including evanescent. A lossless DNG slab retains the single-interface perfect-lensing characteristics solely because such a Brewster mode excited at the front (input) slab interface merges in a non-interacting fashion with a confined surface-mode at the rear (output) - thereby preserving its original flat-band dispersion. While the single interface perfect lens retains its high resolution under loss, imperfect media-matching and off-resonance excitations, the DNG slab lens performance rapidly deteriorates under such conditions due to excitation of the symmetric and anti-symmetric slab surface-modes.
Adolescência: Perspectiva de Desconstrução de uma Visão Naturalizada (2013)

A adolescência é uma etapa do desenvolvimento humano que há muito tempo é objeto de inúmeros estudos. Contudo, averigua-se que comumente se tem entendido os comportamentos adolescentes a partir de uma visão naturalizada, imbuídos de um discurso ideológico que propicia a desresponsabilização dos sujeitos, o que pode ser uma das justificativas para os altos índices de comportamentos de risco neste grupo etário. Desse modo pretende-se, nesta oportunidade, trazer para a comunidade científica um ponto de discussão: trata-se da tentativa de argumentação de que o adolescente, quando desenvolvida a autonomia de decisões, o exercício da cooperação e recursos resilientes, pode fazer escolhas responsáveis, distanciando-se dos comportamentos de risco. Pretende-se, assim, ir para além da visão naturalizada imbuída na sociedade de que o adolescente está simplesmente passando por uma fase fora do padrão. Para tanto, parte-se da premissa da necessidade do estabelecimento de relações de alteridade e do desenvolvimento de uma afetividade ampliada, isto é, da busca de relações de qualidade desde a mais tenra idade do sujeito, não se perdendo de vista que o meio afeta e é afetado pelo sujeito.
Interleukin 2 induces antigen-reactive T cell lines to secrete BCGF-I. (1983)

Antigen-activated T lymphocytes produce within 24 h of stimulation a factor that is indistinguishable biochemically and functionally from the B cell co-stimulating growth factor, BCGF-I, originally identified in induced EL4 supernatants: Supernatants from antigen-stimulated T cell lines are not directly mitogenic for resting B cells, but synergize in an H-2-unrestricted manner with anti-Ig activated B cells to produce polyclonal proliferation but not antibody-forming-cell development; biochemical studies reveal the B cell co-stimulating factor present in antigen-stimulated T cell line supernatants is identical by phenyl Sepharose chromatography and isoelectric focusing (IEF) to EL4 supernatant BCGF-I. We thus conclude that normal T cells produce BCGF-I in response to antigenic stimulation. Analysis of the mechanism of BCGF-I production by antigen-stimulated T cells showed that optimum amounts of BCGF-I were obtained as quickly as 24 h post-stimulation, and that the factor producing cells in the T cell line investigated bore the Lyt-1+2- phenotype. As few as 10(4) T cells produced sufficient BCGF-I to support the proliferation of 5 X 10(4) purified anti-Ig activated B cells. Finally, the activation of normal T cell lines to produce BCGF-I required either antigen presented in the context of syngeneic antigen-presenting cells (APC) or interleukin 2 (IL-2).
Current Challenges in Commercially Producing Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass (2014)

Biofuels that are produced from biobased materials are a good alternative to petroleum based fuels. They offer several benefits to society and the environment. Producing second generation biofuels is even more challenging than producing first generation biofuels due the complexity of the biomass and issues related to producing, harvesting, and transporting less dense biomass to centralized biorefineries. In addition to this logistic challenge, other challenges with respect to processing steps in converting biomass to liquid transportation fuel like pretreatment, hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and fuel separation still exist and are discussed in this review. The possible coproducts that could be produced in the biorefinery and their importance to reduce the processing cost of biofuel are discussed. About $1 billion was spent in the year 2012 by the government agencies in US to meet the mandate to replace 30% existing liquid transportation fuels by 2022 which is 36 billion gallons/year. Other countries in the world have set their own targets to replace petroleum fuel by biofuels. Because of the challenges listed in this review and lack of government policies to create the demand for biofuels, it may take more time for the lignocellulosic biofuels to hit the market place than previously projected.
The Electrodeposition of Iron-Molybdenum Alloys (1958)

A plating cell was designed to provide a method for the variable rotation of a cylindrical cathode between rubber wiper blades, since wiping the cathode greatly increased the efficiency of the process for plating iron‐molybdenum alloys from a solution containing sodium molybdate, ferric chloride, and sodium pyrophosphate buffered to a pH of 8 with excess sodium bicarbonate. A complete study of the variables showed it possible to electrodeposit alloys which are bright and adherent in thicknesses of a few hundredths of a millimeter. No theoretical treatment is yet available to explain completely this type of deposition.
Using posterior-based features in template matching for speech recognition (2006)

Given the availability of large speech corpora, as well as the increasing of memory and computational resources, the use of template matching approaches for automatic speech recognition (ASR) have recently attracted new attention. In such template-based approaches, speech is typically represented in terms of acoustic vector sequences, using spectral-based features such as MFCC of PLP, and local distances are usually based on Euclidean or Mahalanobis distances. In the present paper, we further investigate template-based ASR and show (on a continuous digit recognition task) that the use of posterior-based features significantly improves the standard template-based approaches, yielding to systems that are very competitive to state-of-the-art HMMs, even when using a very limited number (e.g., 10) of reference templates. Since those posteriors-based features can also be interpreted as a probability distribution, we also show that using Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as a local distance further improves the performance of the template-based approach, now beating state-of-the-art of more complex posterior-based HMMs systems (usually referred to as "Tandem").
Standard Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (2003)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammation of the colon which may present with a range of mild to severe symptoms. The disease may be localized to the rectum or can be more extensive and involve the left side of the colon or the whole colon. Treatment in UC is directed towards inducing and maintaining remission of symptoms and mucosal inflammation. The key parameters to be assessed for the most appropriate treatment are the severity and extent of the inflammation. Meta-analyses of published trials have shown that topical treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is the treatment of choice in active distal mild-to-moderate UC. Oral aminosalicylates are effective in both distal and extensive mild-to-moderate disease, but in distal disease, the rates of remission are lower than those obtained with topical 5-ASA. New steroids, such as budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), administered as enemas, constitute an alternative to 5-ASA therapy. In some studies, these have been shown to be as effective as conventional steroids but with significantly lower inhibition of plasma cortisol levels. Patients with unresponsive disease or those with more severe presentation will require oral corticosteroids and sometimes intravenous therapy. Approximately 10% of patients with unresponsive UC have severe attacks requiring hospitalization. Patients with severe disease should be managed jointly by a medical and surgical team, and intensive intravenous treatment should be started with high-dose steroids. Early recognition of failure of therapy will allow the introduction of immunosuppressive therapy with intravenous cyclosporine. Patients who respond are shifted to oral cyclosporine associated with azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, whereas those who fail will require proctocolectomy. Oral aminosalicylates are the first-line therapy in maintenance of remission. Topical 5-ASA may play a role in distal disease. Patients who are steroid dependent can be started on azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine although it may take up to 3 months for the treatment to become effective. They may have reversible immediate side effects, such as pancreatitis or bone marrow suppression, which disappear upon discontinuation of therapy. Close monitoring of these hematologic and biochemical parameters will improve safety. The use of biologic therapy with infliximab in more severe disease has not been established.
Purple plague: Eliminated or just forgotten? (1987)

Abstract The reappearance of ‘purple plague’ as a reliability and failure risk in current IC devices has led to renewed interest in the precise failure mechanisms and eventual failure mode. These are outlined and illustrated with examples of recent failures in plastic encapsulated integrated circuits, hermetically sealed integrated circuits and hybrids. The reasons for the reappearance of this type of failure are discussed, and it is shown that the problem may be expected to increase in future generation devices.
Deep learning approach for the detection and quantification of intraretinal cystoid fluid in multivendor optical coherence tomography (2018)

We developed a deep learning algorithm for the automatic segmentation and quantification of intraretinal cystoid fluid (IRC) in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) volumes independent of the device used for acquisition. A cascade of neural networks was introduced to include prior information on the retinal anatomy, boosting performance significantly. The proposed algorithm approached human performance reaching an overall Dice coefficient of 0.754 ± 0.136 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.936, for the task of IRC segmentation and quantification, respectively. The proposed method allows for fast quantitative IRC volume measurements that can be used to improve patient care, reduce costs, and allow fast and reliable analysis in large population studies.
ELECTROWETTING-BASED MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES: DESIGN ISSUES (2014)

Although Lippmann first explored the phenomenon in 1875, electrocapillarity has only recently generated substantial interest in the context of its application to electrowetting [1,2]. Electrowetting-based droplet systems have been proposed for biological sample actuation
Gene Expression Patterns in the Human Breast after Pregnancy (2010)

Epidemiologic studies have established that pregnancy has a bidirectional, time-dependent effect on breast cancer risk; a period of elevated risk is followed by a long-term period of protection. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether pregnancy and involution are associated with gene expression changes in the normal breast, and whether such changes are transient or persistent. We examined the expression of a customized gene set in normal breast tissue from nulliparous, recently pregnant (0-2 years since pregnancy), and distantly pregnant (5-10 years since pregnancy) age-matched premenopausal women. This gene set included breast cancer biomarkers and genes related to immune/inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and hormone signaling. Laser capture microdissection and RNA extraction were done from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded reduction mammoplasty and benign biopsy specimens and analyzed using real-time PCR arrays containing 59 pathway-specific and 5 housekeeping genes. We report 14 of 64 (22%) of the selected gene set to be differentially regulated (at P < 0.05 level) in nulliparous versus parous breast tissues. Based on gene set analysis, inflammation-associated genes were significantly upregulated as a group in both parous groups compared with nulliparous women (P = 0.03). Moreover, parous subjects had significantly reduced expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha, ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), and ERBB2 (Her2/neu) and 2-fold higher estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) expression compared with nulliparous subjects. These initial data, among the first on gene expression in samples of normal human breast, provide intriguing clues about the mechanisms behind the time-dependent effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk.
Mineral commodity summaries 2018 (2018)

First posted January 31, 2018 For additional information, contact: Director, National Minerals Information Center U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive 988 National Center Reston, VA 20192 Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov This report is the earliest Government publication to furnish estimates covering 2017 nonfuel mineral industry data. Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, and 5-year salient statistics for more than 90 individual minerals and materials.
Automatic Hierarchical Level of Detail Optimization in Computer Animation (1997)

We show that the hierarchical level of detail optimization problem is equivalent to a constrained version of the Multiple Choice Knapsack Problem, and present a new algorithm whose solution to it is at least half as good as the optimal one. The advantage of the hierarchical algorithm is that it allows the use of hierarchical level of detail descriptions in which shared representations may be provided for groups of objects. Rendering cost may then be saved to afford better renderings of more important objects, and the algorithm is capable of providing a complete representation of the visible scene even when the visible scene complexity is very high. Our algorithm has a worst case time complexity of O(nlogn), and is incremental so that it typically completes in only a few iterations. We introduce the use of perceptual evaluation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of representations for groups of objects that our algorithm allows.
Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. (1967)

Exposure of dogs to inescapable shocks under a variety of conditions reliably interfered with subsequent instrumental escape-avoidance responding in a new situation. Use of a higher level of shock during instrumental avoidance training did not attenuate interference; this was taken as evidence against an explanation based upon adaptation to shock. Ss curarized during their exposure to inescapable shocks also showed proactive interference with escape-avoidance responding, indicating that interference is not due to acquisition, during the period of exposure to inescapable shocks, of inappropriate, competing instrumental responses. Magnitude of interference was found to dissipate rapidly in time, leaving an apparently normal S after only 48 hr.
FMX Decoder IC Development (1987)

The FMX stereo broadcasting system was developed to extend the servicing area of the stereo broadcasting by CBS. This system is intended to have a great noise reduction affect of approximately 20dB on the stereo noise, maintaining the compatibilities with the normal FM stereo broadcasting. With this system, the stereo broadcasting can cover as large servicing area as the monaural broadcasting.
A Bidirectional Electrical Vehicle Charger and Grid Interface for Grid Voltage Dip Mitigation (2020)

Power quality issues have recently become a source of major concern due to the large increase in load demand and the addition of various sources of disturbance at the distribution level. Power quality mainly refers to voltage quality. Sudden load variations can lead to a fall in the line voltage magnitude, creating what is called a voltage sag. Many solutions have been proposed and implemented for voltage sag compensation. Power electronics-based solutions such as grid-connected converters and AC/DC schemes are considered basic units for transient voltage fault ride-through capability. This paper describes a multifunctional intelligent bidirectional electrical vehicle (EV) charger that is able to charge the EV battery at different power ratings in addition to voltage sag compensation. The performance of the proposed system is verified and validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations (R2020A). The proposed solution can effectively meet three main requirements: charging the EV battery at different power ratings, detecting the voltage sag event, and providing the required active and reactive power compensation for voltage sag compensation.