gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stepwise refinement and verification in box-structured systems (1988)

The author proposes that the formality of specifications and designs be developed together in box structures with many sponsor and user interfaces. Box structures of data abstractions allow the stepwise refinement and verification of hierarchical system designs from their specifications at formal and informal levels. He discusses the features and advantages of the approach. He used a navigation and weather buoy case study and gives a detailed, step-by-step application of the method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Digitally controlled time-gain compensation for ultrasonic scanners (1997)

A new digitally controlled time-gain compensation (TGC) amplifier for ultrasonic scanners has been developed. The TGC amplifier features low-noise, 40 dB compensation gain and can perform full customizing of the slope profile, thus permitting adjustable compensation for different frequency transducers and allowing particular areas of interest to be enhanced. The TGC is based on a specialized low-noise, voltage-controllable amplifier, an 8 bit digital-to-analogue converter, and a high-density `in-system programmable' logical device. The simple design makes it possible to use the amplifier as a stand-alone unit or to incorporate it into existing ultrasonic equipment.
Breakdown of Mucin as Barrier to Digestive Enzymes in the Ischemic Rat Small Intestine (2012)

Loss of integrity of the epithelial/mucosal barrier in the small intestine has been associated with different pathologies that originate and/or develop in the gastrointestinal tract. We showed recently that mucin, the main protein in the mucus layer, is disrupted during early periods of intestinal ischemia. This event is accompanied by entry of pancreatic digestive enzymes into the intestinal wall. We hypothesize that the mucin-containing mucus layer is the main barrier preventing digestive enzymes from contacting the epithelium. Mucin breakdown may render the epithelium accessible to pancreatic enzymes, causing its disruption and increased permeability. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of mucin as a protection for epithelial integrity and function. A rat model of 30 min splanchnic arterial occlusion (SAO) was used to study the degradation of two mucin isoforms (mucin 2 and 13) and two epithelial membrane proteins (E-cadherin and toll-like receptor 4, TLR4). In addition, the role of digestive enzymes in mucin breakdown was assessed in this model by luminal inhibition with acarbose, tranexamic acid, or nafamostat mesilate. Furthermore, the protective effect of the mucin layer against trypsin-mediated disruption of the intestinal epithelium was studied in vitro. Rats after SAO showed degradation of mucin 2 and fragmentation of mucin 13, which was not prevented by protease inhibition. Mucin breakdown was accompanied by increased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran as well as degradation of E-cadherin and TLR4. Addition of mucin to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro protected against trypsin-mediated degradation of E-cadherin and TLR4 and reduced permeability of FITC-dextran across the monolayer. These results indicate that mucin plays an important role in the preservation of the mucosal barrier and that ischemia but not digestive enzymes disturbs mucin integrity, while digestive enzymes actively mediate epithelial cell disruption.
Automated cryo-EM sample preparation by pin-printing and jet vitrification (2019)

Abstract The increasing demand for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reveals drawbacks in current sample preparation protocols, such as sample waste and lack of reproducibility. Here, we present several technical developments that provide controlled and efficient sample preparation for cryo-EM studies. Pin printing substantially reduces sample waste by depositing only a sub-nanoliter volume of sample on the carrier surface. Sample evaporation is mitigated by dewpoint control feedback loops. The deposited sample is vitrified by jets of cryogen followed by submersion into a cryogen bath. Because the cryogen jets cool the sample from the center, premounted autogrids can be used and loaded directly into automated cryo-EMs. We integrated these steps into a single device, named VitroJet. The device’s performance was validated by resolving 4 standard proteins (apoferritin, GroEL, worm hemoglobin, beta-galactosidase) to ~3 Å resolution using a 200-kV electron microscope. The VitroJet offers a promising solution for improved automated sample preparation in cryo-EM studies.
Learning curve for Doppler measurement of fetal modified myocardial performance index (2010)

Evaluation of fetal MPI by an inexperienced trainee requires on average 65 measurements to achieve competence.
Arsenic Pressure Dependence of the Surface Diffusion in Molecular Beam Epitaxy on (111)B-(001) Mesa-Etched GaAs Substrates Studied by In Situ Scanning Microprobe Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (1993)

The arsenic pressure dependence of surface diffusion of Ga adatoms in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on (111)B-(001) mesa-etched substrates was investigated by means of in situ scanning microprobe reflection high-energy electron diffraction (µ-RHEED). It was observed for the first time that the direction of Ga adatom migration from or to the (111)B sidewall is changed depending on the arsenic pressure. Furthermore, the diffusion length of Ga adatoms on the (001) surface along the [1̄10] direction was found to vary with arsenic pressures exponentially; however, it was independent of the direction of lateral migration. The diffusion length of Ga adatoms on the (001) surface along the [1̄10] direction varied from about 0.25 µm to 1.2 µm at 600°C within our arsenic pressure range. This suggests that the lifetime of Ga adatoms before incorporation into the crystal on each surface depends strongly on arsenic pressure.
Predicting the confirmation time of Bitcoin transactions (2018)

We study the probabilistic distribution of the confirmation time of Bitcoin transactions, conditional on the current memory pool (i.e., the queue of transactions awaiting confirmation). The results of this paper are particularly interesting for users that want to make a Bitcoin transaction during `heavy-traffic situations', when the transaction demand exceeds the block capacity. In such situations, Bitcoin users tend to bid up the transaction fees, in order to gain priority over other users that pay a lower fee. We argue that the time until a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed can be modelled as a particular stochastic fluid queueing process (to be precise: a Cramér-Lundberg process). We approximate the queueing process in two different ways. The first approach leads to a lower bound on the confirmation probability, which becomes increasingly tight as traffic decreases. The second approach relies on a diffusion approximation with a continuity correction, which becomes increasingly accurate as traffic intensifies. The accuracy of the approximations under different traffic loads are evaluated in a simulation study.
A Comparison of 3D Camera Tracking Software (2008)

In the past decade computer generated images have become widely used in the visual effects industry. One of the main reasons is being able to seamlessly blend three dimensional (3D) animation with live-action footage. In this study, different 3D camera tracking software (also referred to as matchmoving) is compared focusing on workflow, user-friendly system, and quality of production.
A Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Carboxy-Terminus of Angiotensin II (1984)

A monoclonal antibody specific for the carboxy-terminus of angiotensin II was produced from the somatic cell fusion between SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells from CAF/J mice immunized with angiotensin II selectively coupled to thyroglobulin. The subcloned line D5-7R2 was augmented in the ascites form and shown to be specific for angiotensin II (octapeptide) and shorter angiotensin peptides. This antibody, however, did not cross-react with angiotensin I (decapeptide). This selectivity will be important in clinical assays that measure angiotensin II in the presence of angiotensin I.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PHYCOPELTIS (CHROOLEPIDACEAE: CHLOROPHYTA). I. SPOROPOLLENIN IN THE CELL WALLS (1978)

Electron microscope observations on Phycopeltis epiphyton , a subaerial green alga found growing on the leaves of vascular plants and bryophytes, revealed the presence of a densely staining material within the inner and outer zones of the cell walls. This material resists acetolysis, is degraded by chromic acid, is unaffected by ethanolamine and exhibits secondary fluorescence when stained with the fluorochrome Primuline. These characteristics, together with infrared absorption spectra indicate that, on the basis of currently accepted criteria, the densely staining material is a sporopollenin and that it is a major component of the cell wall. Tests for cellulose, chitin, and lignin were negative, and little if any silica is present. It is suggested that negative results in tests for cellulose may be due to a masking effect by the sporopollenin. Comparison of the fine structure of the cell walls of P. epiphyton , pollen grains, and algal cells (known to contain sporopollenin) supports the suggestion that sporopollenin deposition on “unit membranes” is universal. Morphological similarity among sporopollenin lamellae in P. epiphyton , pollen grains, spores of land plants, and the trilaminar sporopollenin sheath in Chlorella, Scenedesmus , and Pediastrum indicates that the structures may be analogous. As in pollen grains, sporopollenin may provide protection against desiccation and parasitism. It may also be involved in the adhesion of Phycopeltis to host plants and in the adhesion between adjacent filaments of the thallus.
Modality Preference and the Teaching of Reading: A Review (1978)

Teaching to a child's strengths versus improving areas of weakness has long been a key concept in remedial planning for many practitioners. Strengths and weaknesses have often been related to sensory modality capabilities resulting in the notion of auditory learners, visual learners, and learners needing haptic and kinesthetic feedback. This excellent review of research which assesses the validity of the modality strength concept finds strikingly little support; thus, practical wisdom is not supported by research data. Because the modality preference/strength concept has intuitive appeal and is apparently useful to many practitioners, the possibility certainly exists that the research is inadequately designed or insufficiently sensitive to validate this central principle. Comments regarding the methods of the studies and the conclusions of this review are invited from practitioners and researchers. — G.M.S.
Elliptic curves: number theory and cryptography (2004)

INTRODUCTION THE BASIC THEORY Weierstrass Equations The Group Law Projective Space and the Point at Infinity Proof of Associativity Other Equations for Elliptic Curves Other Coordinate Systems The j-Invariant Elliptic Curves in Characteristic 2 Endomorphisms Singular Curves Elliptic Curves mod n TORSION POINTS Torsion Points Division Polynomials The Weil Pairing The Tate-Lichtenbaum Pairing Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields Examples The Frobenius Endomorphism Determining the Group Order A Family of Curves Schoof's Algorithm Supersingular Curves The Discrete Logarithm Problem The Index Calculus General Attacks on Discrete Logs Attacks with Pairings Anomalous Curves Other Attacks Elliptic Curve Cryptography The Basic Setup Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Massey-Omura Encryption ElGamal Public Key Encryption ElGamal Digital Signatures The Digital Signature Algorithm ECIES A Public Key Scheme Based on Factoring A Cryptosystem Based on the Weil Pairing Other Applications Factoring Using Elliptic Curves Primality Testing Elliptic Curves over Q The Torsion Subgroup: The Lutz-Nagell Theorem Descent and the Weak Mordell-Weil Theorem Heights and the Mordell-Weil Theorem Examples The Height Pairing Fermat's Infinite Descent 2-Selmer Groups Shafarevich-Tate Groups A Nontrivial Shafarevich-Tate Group Galois Cohomology Elliptic Curves over C Doubly Periodic Functions Tori Are Elliptic Curves Elliptic Curves over C Computing Periods Division Polynomials The Torsion Subgroup: Doud's Method Complex Multiplication Elliptic Curves over C Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields Integrality of j-Invariants Numerical Examples Kronecker's Jugendtraum DIVISORS Definitions and Examples The Weil Pairing The Tate-Lichtenbaum Pairing Computation of the Pairings Genus One Curves and Elliptic Curves Equivalence of the Definitions of the Pairings Nondegeneracy of the Tate-Lichtenbaum Pairing ISOGENIES The Complex Theory The Algebraic Theory Velu's Formulas Point Counting Complements Hyperelliptic Curves Basic Definitions Divisors Cantor's Algorithm The Discrete Logarithm Problem Zeta Functions Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields Elliptic Curves over Q Fermat's Last Theorem Overview Galois Representations Sketch of Ribet's Proof Sketch of Wiles's Proof APPENDIX A: NUMBER THEORY APPENDIX B: GROUPS APPENDIX C: FIELDS APPENDIX D: COMPUTER packages REFERENCES INDEX Exercises appear at the end of each chapter.
Heme Regulatory Motifs in Heme Oxygenase-2 Form a Thiol/Disulfide Redox Switch That Responds to the Cellular Redox State (2009)

Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme catabolism to generate CO, biliverdin, and free iron. Two isoforms of HO have been identified in mammals: inducible HO-1 and constitutively expressed HO-2. HO-1 and HO-2 share similar physical and kinetic properties but have different physiological roles and tissue distributions. Unlike HO-1, which lacks cysteine residues, HO-2 contains three Cys-Pro signatures, known as heme regulatory motifs (HRMs), which are known to control processes related to iron and oxidative metabolism in organisms from bacteria to humans. In HO-2, the C-terminal HRMs constitute a thiol/disulfide redox switch that regulates affinity of the enzyme for heme (Yi, L., and Ragsdale, S. W. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20156-21067). Here, we demonstrate that the thiol/disulfide switch in human HO-2 is physiologically relevant. Its redox potential was measured to be -200 mV, which is near the ambient intracellular redox potential. We expressed HO-2 in bacterial and human cells and measured the redox state of the C-terminal HRMs in growing cells by thiol-trapping experiments using the isotope-coded affinity tag technique. Under normal growth conditions, the HRMs are 60-70% reduced, whereas oxidative stress conditions convert most (86-89%) of the HRMs to the disulfide state. Treatment with reductants converts the HRMs largely (81-87%) to the reduced dithiol state. Thus, the thiol/disulfide switch in HO-2 responds to cellular oxidative stress and reductive conditions, representing a paradigm for how HRMs can integrate heme homeostasis with CO signaling and redox regulation of cellular metabolism.
Impacts of Residual Insecticide Barriers on Perimeter-Invading Ants, with Particular Reference to the Odorous House Ant, Tapinoma sessile (2004)

Three liquid insecticide formulations were evaluated as barrier treatments against perimeter-invading ants at a multifamily housing complex in West Lafayette, IN. Several ant species were present at the study site, including (in order of abundance) pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum (L.); honey ant, Prenolepis imparis (Say); odorous house ant, Tapinoma sessile (Say); thief ant, Solenopsis molesta (Say); acrobat ant, Crematogaster ashmeadi (Mayr); crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Latrielle), field ants, Formica spp.; and carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). Studies began in May 2001 and concluded 8 wk later in July. Individual replicate treatments were placed 0.61 in (2 feet) up and 0.92 m (3 feet) out from the ends of 46.1 by 10.1-m (151 by 33-foot) apartment buildings. Ant sampling was performed with 10 placements of moist cat food for 1 h within treatment zones, followed by capture and removal of recruited ants for later counting. All treatments led to substantial reductions in ant numbers relative to untreated controls. The most effective treatment was fipronil, where 2% of before-treatment ant numbers were present at 8 wk after treatment. Both imidacloprid and cyfluthrin barrier treatments had efficacy comparative with fipronil, but to 4 and 2 wk, respectively. Odorous house ants were not sampled before treatment. Comparisons of ant species composition between treatments and controls revealed an increase in odorous house ant frequencies at 1-8 wk after treatment in treated locations only. These results demonstrate efficacy for both nonrepellent and repellent liquid insecticides as perimeter treatments for pest ants. In addition, our findings with odorous house ant highlight an apparent invasive-like characteristic of this species that may contribute to its dramatic increase in structural infestation rates in many areas of the United States.
Implementation of memristive neural networks with spike-rate-dependent plasticity synapses (2014)

The property of changing resistance according to applied currents of memristors makes them candidates for emulating synapses in artificial neural networks. In this paper, we introduce a memristive synapse design into neural network circuits. Combined with modified integrate-and-fire (I&F) complementary metal-oxide-semiconducter (CMOS) neurons, the memristive neural network shows similarities to its biological counterpart, in respect of biologically realistic, current-controlled spikes and adaptive synaptic plasticity. Then, the spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP) of the synapse, an extended protocol of the Hebbian learning rule, is originally implemented by the circuit. And some advanced neural activities including learning, associative memory and forgetting are realized based on the SRDP rule. These activities are comprehensively validated on a neural network circuit inspired by famous Pavlov's dog-experiment with simulations and quantitative analyses.
Peptide-Based Affinity Adsorbents with High Binding Capacity for the Purification of Monoclonal Antibodies (2012)

High binding capacity and selectivity are key features for the successful application of affinity adsorbents for antibody purification. This study presents the development of affinity resins based on hexapeptide ligand HWRGWV for recovering monoclonal antibodies from cell culture fluids. Methods are presented for the immobilization of the peptide ligand and its variants on polymethacrylate and agarose based chromatographic supports using two main coupling strategies. The first one involves the formation of a peptide bond between the amino groups on the substrate and the peptide C-terminus activated with the uronium coupling agent HATU. The second approach involves resin activation with iodoacetic acid, followed by coupling of a cysteine-terminated variant of the ligand to form a thioether bond. The reaction conditions of peptide coupling were optimized to maximize the binding capacity of the resulting adsorbents. The peptide resins were characterized by measuring their static IgG binding capacities. The measured static binding capacity ranged from 35 to 48 mg/mL. The dynamic binding capacities (DBC) of four selected adsorbents were also determined, and they ranged from of 35 to 42 mg/mL with a 5-min residence time. All the resins exhibited high selectivity toward the Fc fragment of IgG. The affinity resins were used to purify two MAbs, a chimeric IgG1 and a humanized IgG4, from commercial CHO cell culture fluids. The resulting yields and purities for both MAbs were found to be in the range of 87–93% and >94%, respectively, which compare well with the purity and yield values obtained using commercially available Protein A media. Finally, the peptide resin with the highest IgG binding capacity, HWRGWVC-WorkBeads, was tested for 20 DBC cycles which included cleaning in place with 0.1 M NaOH after every cycle. The resin showed a high degree of reusability and alkaline stability, as it maintained 90% of its initial capacity.
Impact of cyber-security issues on Smart Grid (2011)

Greater complexity and interconnectivity across systems embracing Smart Grid technologies has meant that cyber-security issues have attracted significant attention. This paper describes pertinent cyber-security requirements, in particular cyber attacks and countermeasures which are critical for reliable Smart Grid operation. Relevant published literature is presented for critical aspects of Smart Grid cyber-security, such as vulnerability, interdependency, simulation, and standards. Furthermore, a preliminary study case is given which demonstrates the impact of a cyber attack which violates the integrity of data on the load management of real power system. Finally, the paper proposes future work plan which focuses on applying intrusion detection and prevention technology to address cyber-security issues. This paper also provides an overview of Smart Grid cyber-security with reference to related cross-disciplinary research topics.
Restoration of companies : company law (2015)

Section 82 of the Companies Act (71 of 2008) (the New Act) replaced s73 of the Old Companies Act (61 of 1973).
Chemistry of 1,2,3‐thiadiazole. IV. Synthesis of [1]benzoxepino‐[3,4‐<i>d</i>][1,2,3]thiadiazole, [1]benzothiepino‐[3,4‐<i>d</i>][1,2,3]thiadiazole, [1]benzoxepino[4,3‐<i>d</i>][1,2,3]thiadiazole, [1]benzoxepino[4,3‐<i>d</i>]oxazole and [1]benzoxepino[4,3‐<i>d</i>]oxazole. Four novel heterocycles (1981)

Abstract Starting from the readily available 4‐bromomethy‐5‐carbethoxy 1,2,3‐thiadiazole (V), 5‐bromomethy‐4‐carbethoxy‐1,2,3‐thiadiazole (IX) and ethyl 2‐aryl‐5‐bromomethyloxazole‐4‐carboxylate (XIV), 4,10‐dihydro‐10‐oxo[1]benzoxepino[3,4‐ d ][1,2,3]thiadiazole (Ia), 4,10‐dihydro‐10‐oxo[1]benzothiepino[3,4‐ d ][1,2,3]thiadiazole (Ib), 4,10‐dihydro‐4‐oxo[1]benzothiepino[4,3‐ d ] [1,2,3]thiazole (II), 2‐aryl‐4,10‐dihydro‐4‐oxo[1]benzoxepino[4,3‐ d ]oxazoles (XIXa‐XIXc) and 2‐aryl‐4,10‐dihydro‐4‐oxo[1]benzothiepino[4,3‐ d ]oxazoles (XIXd‐XIXf) were prepared.
A Neurally Plausible Encoding of Word Order Information into a Semantic Vector Space (2013)

Distributed models of lexical semantics increasingly incorporate information about word order.One influential method for encoding this information into high-dimensional spaces uses convolution to bind together vectors to form representations of numerous n-grams that a target word is a part of.The computational complexity of this method has led to the development of an alternative that uses random permutation to perform order-sensitive vector combinations.We describe a simplified form of order encoding with convolution that yields comparable performance to earlier models, and we discuss considerations of neural implementation that favor the use of the proposed encoding.We conclude that this new encoding method is a more neurally plausible alternative than its predecessors.
Baseball: Too Much on a Young Pitcher's Shoulders? (1991)

In brief Adolescent baseball pitchers who pitch too frequently may place too great a demand on their rapidly growing shoulders, resulting in damage that may curtail and possibly end their playing careers. Muscle imbalance is another factor that causes career-limiting damage. Two helpful approaches are to limit pitching frequency in games and to initiate total body conditioning programs that include developing or increasing flexibility, cardiopulmonary endurance, and lower-extremity muscle strength and endurance. Flexibility and balanced strength are necessary for normal biomechanics of the shoulder complex and successful delivery of a pitch.