gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do experts make mistakes? A comparison of human and machine identification of dinoflagellates (2003)

The authors present evidence of the difficulties facing human taxonomists/ecologists in identifying marine dinoflagellates. This is especially important for work on harmful algal blooms in marine aquaculture. It is shown that it is difficult for people to categorise specimens from species with significant morphological variation, perhaps with morphologies overlapping with those of other species. Trained personnel can be expected to achieve 67 to 83% self-consistency and 43% consensus between people in an expert taxonomic labelling task. Experts who are routinely engaged in particular discriminations can return accuracies in the range of 84 to 95%. In general, neither human nor machine can be expected to give highly accurate or repeatable labelling of specimens. It is also shown that automation methods can perform as well as humans on these complex categorisations.
BMP4 signaling is involved in the generation of inner ear sensory epithelia (2005)

Our results implicate BMP4 in two events during chicken inner ear sensory epithelium formation: first, in inducing the switch from proliferative sensory epithelium progenitors to differentiating epithelial cells and secondly, in promoting the differentiation of hair cells within the developing sensory epithelia.
An auto-gain control transimpedance amplifier with low noise and wide input dynamic range for 10-Gb/s optical communication systems (2001)

This paper describes a 10-Gb/s transimpedance amplifier (TIA), fabricated in a 0.1-/spl mu/m-p-HEMT technology. To improve the optical overload characteristics, an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is included. The measured results show excellent performance, transimpedance of 63.3 dB/spl Omega/ (1.46 k/spl Omega/), bandwidth of 8.0 GHz, and equivalent input noise current density of 6.5 pA/rtHz. When the bit error rate is 10/sup -9/, the minimum sensitivity and the optical overload are -21.2 dBm, +4.3 dBm, respectively, using a 0.8 A/W pin photodiode (PD). The power dissipation is about 0.5 W from a single -5-V supply. The die area is 1.3/spl times/1.6 mm/sup 2/.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyurethane−Cyclodextrin Pseudopolyrotaxanes (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTPreparation and Characterization of Polyurethane−Cyclodextrin PseudopolyrotaxanesIsao Yamaguchi, Yasumasa Takenaka, Kohtaro Osakada, and Takakazu YamamotoView Author Information Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan Cite this: Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6, 2051–2054Publication Date (Web):February 26, 1999Publication History Received7 April 1998Revised11 January 1999Published online26 February 1999Published inissue 1 March 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma9805452https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9805452brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views548Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Hydrogen,Irradiation,Organic polymers,Polymer chains Get e-Alerts
Selection of potentially testable path delay faults for test generation (2002)

We present a method of path selection and test generation for path delay faults. The proposed method addresses the fact that logic circuits typically have very large numbers of paths, and a large percentage of these paths are typically untestable. The proposed method selects a set of potentially testable long paths by utilizing non-enumerative identification of untestable paths and removing untestable paths from consideration. Test generation is also applied as part of the proposed method. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by presenting results for benchmark circuits.
Hydrolytic Stability of Urethan Elastomers (1966)

Abstract Data have been presented bearing on the hydrolytic stability of a wide variety of urethan elastomers (Table III). It has boon shown that polyester based elastomers are considerably more susceptible to hydrolytic attack than polyether elastomers up to 158° F. The nature of the attack and results obtained are profoundly influenced by the temperature. At temperatures of 120° F and above the attack appears to be a “simple” hydrolysis consisting of scission of main chain ester groups resulting in reversion of the rubber. In this case aging over water and in water are similar. At temperatures below 120° F the attack cannot be rationally treated without considering the part played by fungi. In this case exposure over water yields drastically different results from immersion— the former being more severe by several orders of magnitude. Typically the attack over water involves a short term (two to three weeks) cracking of stressed or unstressed specimens and a gradual softening which takes place over a period of many months. The cracking seems to be connected with fungus attack. Resistance of polyesters to hydrolytic attack can be improved by the use of additives such as diisocyanates, fungicides, and carbodiimides. The latter are most useful and apparently scavenge the carboxylic acid resulting from hydrolytic breakdown of the polyesters thereby preventing autocatalysis. Their ability to react with carboxylic acids under these mild conditions has been reported. Differences among polyesters not only in inherent resistance to hydrolysis but also in response to inhibition are found. As has been seen the early cracking can be eliminated by use of sulfur cures, or inclusion of a fungicide but only at the expense of reduced resistance at 158° F. Accelerated tests have been shown to correlate reasonably well with outdoor exposures. Results on unstressed specimens correlate with the 158° F test while the stressed specimens yield results similar to exposure at 95 per cent R.H. and 100° F. Not all linear polyesters are susceptible to hydrolysis such as is poly (ethylene propylene adipate). The terephthalate polyesters, poly (ethylene terephthalate) and poly(1,4 cyclohexane diearbinyl terephthalate), have been exposed in the form of thin films over water at 158° F for 14 months and over water at 95 per cent R.H. and 100° F for 23 months without visible signs of deterioration. They are apparently stabilized by the presence of the aromatic rings or steric factors or a combination of these. In conclusion it must be said that although some progress has been made in protecting polyester urethan elastomers from hydrolytic failure under tropical and high humidity conditions, the problem has only partially been solved.
Platelet Factor 4 Inhibits Thrombomodulin-dependent Activation of Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) by Thrombin (2010)

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a cofactor for thrombin-mediated activation of protein C and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and thereby helps coordinate coagulation, anticoagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Platelet factor 4 (PF4), a platelet α-granule protein and a soluble cofactor for TM-dependent protein C activation, stimulates protein C activation in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to stimulation of protein C activation, PF4 is shown here to inhibit activation of TAFI by thrombin-TM. Consequences of inhibition of TAFI activation by PF4 included loss of TM-dependent prolongation of clot lysis times in hemophilia A plasma and loss of TM-stimulated conversion of bradykinin (BK) to des-Arg(9)-BK by TAFIa in normal plasma. Thus, PF4 modulates the substrate specificity of the thrombin-TM complex by selectively enhancing protein C activation while inhibiting TAFI activation, thereby preventing the generation of the antifibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of TAFIa. To block the inhibitory effects of PF4 on TAFI activation, heparin derivatives were tested for their ability to retain high affinity binding to PF4 despite having greatly diminished anticoagulant activity. N-acetylated heparin (NAc-Hep) lacked detectable anticoagulant activity in activated partial thromboplastin time clotting assays but retained high affinity binding to PF4 and effectively reversed PF4 binding to immobilized TM. NAc-Hep permitted BK conversion to des-Arg(9)-BK by TAFIa in the presence of PF4. In a clot lysis assay on TM-expressing cells using hemophilia A plasma, NAc-Hep prevented PF4-mediated inhibition of TAFI activation and the antifibrinolytic functions of TAFIa. Accordingly, NAc-Hep or similar heparin derivatives might provide therapeutic benefits by diminishing bleeding complications in hemophilia A via restoration of TAFIa-mediated protection of clots against premature lysis.
Time series outlier detection: a new non parametric methodology (washer) (2013)

The production and exploitation of statistical data for a large amount of high frequency time series must allow a timely use of data ensuring a minimum quality standard. This work provides a new outlier detection methodology (washer): efficient for timesaving elaboration and implementation procedures, adaptable for general assumptions and for needing very short time series, reliable and effective as involving robust non parametric test. Some simulations, a case study and a ready-to-use R-language function (washer.AV()) conclude the work.
Evaluation of arrays of silicon photomultipliers for beta imaging (2008)

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have shown great promise as photodetectors in detecting scintillation light from gamma and beta rays, and are currently being investigated for use in imaging. Most studies have been done with single sensors for gamma detection. We have built linear and two dimensional arrays of SiPMs and evaluated them for suitability in beta imaging. Both arrays employ 1 mm × 1 mm Multi Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs). The first array is a 1 × 4 array with 2.5 mm pixel pitch. The second is a 5 × 5 array with 3 mm pitch. For both arrays we acquired energy spectra for annihilation photons with LYSO scintillators, and for positrons from F-18 and Tl-204 with blue plastic scintillator. We imaged collimated F-18 beta sources, and measured the spatial resolution and sensitivity. For the linear array, the spatial resolution is 2.6 mm at the center of the array, and the sensitivity is 0.27 cps/Bq. For the 5 × 5 array, the spatial resolution is 2.1 mm at the center of the array, and the sensitivity is 0.36 cps/Bq.
Identification and functional analysis of Joka2, a tobacco member of the family of selective autophagy cargo receptors (2011)

Two main mechanisms of protein turnover exist in eukaryotic cells: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy is an emerging important constituent of many physiological and pathological processes, such as response to nutrient deficiency, programmed cell death and innate immune response. In mammalian cells the selectivity of autophagy is ensured by the presence of cargo receptors, such as p62/SQSTM1 and NBR1, responsible for sequestration of the ubiquitinated proteins. In plants no selective cargo receptors have been identified yet. The present report indicates that structural and functional homologs of p62 and NBR1 proteins exist in plants. The tobacco protein, named Joka2, has been identified in yeast two-hybrid search as a binding partner of a small coiled-coil protein, a member of UP9/LSU family of unknown function, encoded by the UP9C gene strongly and specifically induced during sulfur deficiency. The typical domains of p62 and NBR1 are conserved in Joka2. Similarly to p62, Joka2-YFP has dual localization (cytosolic speckles and the nucleus); it forms homodimers and interacts with a member of the ATG8 family. Increased expression of Joka2 and ATG8f was observed in roots of tobacco plants grown for two days in nutrient-deficient conditions. Constitutive ectopic expression of Joka2-YFP in tobacco resulted in attenuated response (manifested by lesser yellowing of the leaves) to nutrient deficiency. In conclusion, Joka2, and presumably the process of selective autophagy, might constitute an important part of plant response to environmental stresses.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF MACROCYCLIC LACTONE (1977)

Abstract Long chain ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids were quantitatively converted to 6-phenyl-2-pyridyl esters by the treatment of the acids with 6-phenyl-2-pyridone and 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide in the presence of triethylamine. These esters were cyclized in refluxing methylene chloride by the promotion of p-toluenesulfonic acid to give macrocyclic lactones in high yields.
Patient Privacy in the Era of Big Data (2017)

Privacy was defined as a fundamental human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the 1948 United Nations General Assembly. However, there is still no consensus on what constitutes privacy. In this review, we look at the evolution of privacy as a concept from the era of Hippocrates to the era of social media and big data. To appreciate the modern measures of patient privacy protection and correctly interpret the current regulatory framework in the United States, we need to analyze and understand the concepts of individually identifiable information, individually identifiable health information, protected health information, and de-identification. The Privacy Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act defines the regulatory framework and casts a balance between protective measures and access to health information for secondary (scientific) use. The rule defines the conditions when health information is protected by law and how protected health information can be de-identified for secondary use. With the advents of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics, computational text de-identification algorithms produce de-identified results nearly as well as those produced by human experts, but much faster, more consistently and basically for free. Modern clinical text de-identification systems now pave the road to big data and enable scientists to access de-identified clinical information while firmly protecting patient privacy. However, clinical text de-identification is not a perfect process. In order to maximize the protection of patient privacy and to free clinical and scientific information from the confines of electronic healthcare systems, all stakeholders, including patients, health institutions and institutional review boards, scientists and the scientific communities, as well as regulatory and law enforcement agencies must collaborate closely. On the one hand, public health laws and privacy regulations define rules and responsibilities such as requesting and granting only the amount of health information that is necessary for the scientific study. On the other hand, developers of de-identification systems provide guidelines to use different modes of operations to maximize the effectiveness of their tools and the success of de-identification. Institutions with clinical repositories need to follow these rules and guidelines closely to successfully protect patient privacy. To open the gates of big data to scientific communities, healthcare institutions need to be supported in their de-identification and data sharing efforts by the public, scientific communities, and local, state, and federal legislators and government agencies.
Exact hidden-surface removal in digitally synthetic full-parallax holograms (2005)

A new algorithm for removing hidden surfaces from reconstruction of computer-generated holograms is presented. The object used in the algorithm is defined by surface model and each polygon composing the object provides a mask for blocking the incident field into the backside of the polygon. The computational cost of the proposed algorithm is 2 FFT/polygon by handling field transmission in Fourier space and integrating the surface diffraction method for generating fields. Reconstruction of a hologram synthesized by using the presented algorithm is demonstrated.
Stereoselectivity Switch between Zinc and Magnesium Initiators in the Polymerization of <i>rac</i>-Lactide: Different Coordination Chemistry, Different Stereocontrol Mechanisms (2014)

The preparation and characterization of several zinc and magnesium complexes bearing chiral aminophenolate ligands, [(S)- or (R)-L]ZnN(SiMe3)2 (1, 2), [(S)- or (R)-L]ZnOtBu (3, 4) and [(S)- or (R)-L]MgN(SiMe3)2 (5, 6) ((S)- or (R)-L = (S)- or (R)-2-{N-benzyl-N-[(1-nbutyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]}aminomethyl-4-methyl-6-tritylphenolate), have been reported. While the X-ray diffraction studies as well as the NMR spectroscopic data revealed that zinc and magnesium silylamido complexes possess similar structures both in the solid state and in solution, their catalytic performance toward rac-LA polymerization exhibited significant difference. The replacement of zinc center by magnesium realized an interesting stereoselectivity switch from isoselective (Pm = 0.80) to heteroselective (Pr = 0.81). The reactions of enantiopure zinc complexes 1 and 2 with (S)-methyl lactate or (R)-tert-butyl lactate resulted in the target lactate complexes 7–9 as a mixture of two diastereomers, but in different ratios. Two typical zinc lactate isomers 8α and 9β/9β′ were isolated and further characterized by the X-ray diffraction method to have pentacoordinated geometry where the coordination of lactate carbonyl group displays some hemilabile nature. The molecular structures of 8α and 9β/9β′ indicated that the specific configuration of lactate moiety in combination with the aminophenolate ligand of given chirality would favor the formation of one of the two diastereomers in each case. Based on the structures of zinc lactate model complexes and the active propagating species, as well as the preferential enchainment of one specific lactide monomer in the polymerization, a cooperation of enantiomorphic-site control and chain-end control mechanisms involving three types of active species was proposed for the formation of stereoblock PLAs from rac-LA by zinc initiators. Results of apparent rate constants for rac-, d-, and l-LA polymerizations by magnesium initiators are consistent with a chain-end control mechanism. The 13C NMR spectra of magnesium lactate complexes proved that the bonding of carbonyl group to magnesium center is stronger than that in zinc active species. The coordination number of magnesium species can expand easily to six in the presence of coordinative molecules, suggesting that the heteroselective magnesium active species have a hexacoordinated core structure. The difference of coordination geometry between zinc and magnesium active species should be responsible for the stereoselectivity switch in the polymerization of rac-LA.
Schema matching for transforming structured documents (2005)

Structured document content reuse is the problem of restructuring and translating data structured under a source schema into an instance of a target schema. A notion closely tied with structured document reuse is that of structure transformations. Schema matching is a critical strep in structured document transformations. Manual matching is expensive and error-prone. It is therefore important to develop techniques to automate the matching process and thus the transformation process. In this paper, we contributed in both understanding the matching problem in the context of structured document transformations and developing matching methods those output serves as the basis for the automatic generation of transformation scripts.
Disease markers in exhaled breath : basic mechanisms and clinical applications (2002)

This monograph contains the contributions of invited speakers and participants at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Disease Markers in Exhaled Breath: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications, held in Greece in 2001. This ASI was designed to summarize and disseminate expert knowledge regarding this rapidly evolving field of lung biology. Breath testing dates from the earliest history of medicine and puzzled brilliant scientific minds including Linus Pauling. The recent developments hold enormous promise that analysis of exhaled breath could open a valuable new window onto human metabolism and illuminate its functions in health and disease. Accordingly, analysis of NO, CO and VOCs in exhaled breath has become a primary focus of respiratory research and an essential aspect of investigations into many systemic diseases both in the laboratory and in the clinics. These activities are reflected in the rapid expansion of presentations at international meetings, scientific and clinical publications, editorials and recommendations by major respiratory societies. Topics included: acute and chronic lung inflammation with major emphasis on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury such as occurring during thoracic organ transplantation and related end stage lung disease, mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and systemic inflammation.
Assessment and bioeconomic analysis of the Majorca (NW Mediterranean) trammel net fishery (2008)

Trammel net is the main fishing gear used by artisanal fishers in Majorca Island (NW Mediterranean), and is representative of Mediterranean small-scale fisheries using static gear. The use of static gears close to the coast, where seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity are high, promotes the diversification of fishing practices or metiers. We analyze the seasonal dynamics of the nets used, target species (red and black scorpionfish, red mullet and cuttlefish) exploitation patterns and the socio-economic conditions under which this fishery takes place, based on General Fisheries Directorate daily sale records (2002–2006). Additional personal socioeconomic interviews allowed the characterization of the trammel net fishery, its fishing behaviour, cost structure and conflicts. Catch and effort data and market surveys are used to evaluate the level of exploitation of the target species and allowed describing Majorca trammel net fishery as an activity based on a sustainable resource. The main target species were found to be near their maximum sustainable yield both by means of a surplus production model (with parameters estimated by CEDA-Catch Effort Data Analysis, software) and an age structured assessment model based on yield-per-recruit analysis. Management actions currently debated by local administration and fishers focus on improving fishers' economic situation, rather than on protecting a threatened resource. One of the management actions proposed is a one day effort reduction, which was analyzed here with the help of a bioeconomic simulation model. A 15-year (2005–2020) simulation allows providing advice to local managers to focus on the commercialization aspects, in order to obtain a higher value to the fish production, rather than expecting to obtain higher profits only by a reduction of the offer.