gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanodiamonds as Nucleating Agents for Protein Crystallization (2017)

Nanodiamond (ND) is a carbon-based nanomaterial with potential for a wide range of biological applications. One of such applications is to facilitate the nucleation of protein crystals in aqueous solution. Here, we show that NDs (nominal diameters of 30 and 100 nm) after surface oxidation in air and subsequent treatment in strong acids are useful as heterogeneous nucleating agents for protein crystallization. Tested with lysozyme, ribonuclease A, proteinase K, and catalase, the nanomaterials in either aggregate or film form are found to be able to increase the crystallization efficiency of all proteins. Particularly, for 30 nm NDs, the films with an area of ∼2 mm<sup>2</sup> can effectively induce the crystallization of lysozyme at a concentration as low as 5 mg/mL. The efficiency can be further improved by adding preformed protein clusters (∼300 nm in diameter) as inherent nucleation precursors, as demonstrated for ribonuclease A. This combined approach is easy to implement, highly compatible with existing technologies, and can be applied to other protein samples as well.
Metal oxide‐coating <scp>PMMA</scp> or Talc as a new <scp>IR</scp> blocker inhibits <scp>IR</scp>‐induced decrease of collagens in human dermal fibroblasts (2015)

The results suggest that P/M or T/M can inhibit decrease of collagens by blocking IR-induced heat transmission in human dermal fibroblasts.
Blast simulation in underground mines using the combined finite-discrete element method (2007)

The proposed models could help analyze differences in relevant bone morphometry between populations, and be integrated in patient-specific pre-surgery planning or in-surgery assessment.
Virtual memory primitives for user programs (1991)

Memory Management Units (MMUS) are traditionally used by operating systems to implement disk-paged virtual memory. !30me operating systems allow user programs to specify the protection level (inaccessible, readonly. read-write ) of pages, and allow user programs to handle protection violations. but these mechanisms are not, always robust, efficient,, or well-matched to the needs of applications,. We survey several user-level algorithms that make use of page-protection techniques, and analyze their common characteristics. in an attempt to answer the question, "M7hat virtual-memory primitives should the operating system provide to user processes, and how well do today's operating systems provide them?'
Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen (2011)

Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen (Beck-Sague and Jarvis, 1993). It is normally a harmless commensal organism. However, it is a opportunistic pathogen for some immunologically weak and immunocompromised people. It is responsible for painful mucosal infections such as the vaginitis in women and oral-pharangeal thrush in AIDS patients. In certain groups of vulnerable patients it causes severe, life-threatening bloodstream infections and it causes severe, life-threatening bloodstream infections and subsequent infections in the internal organs. There are various fascinating features of the C. albicans life cycle and biology that have made the pathogen the subject of extensive research, including its ability to grow in unicellular yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal forms (Fig. 1A); its ability to switch between different but stable phenotypic states, and the way that it retains the ability to mate but apparently loses the ability to go through meiosis to complete the sexual cycle. This research has been greatly facilitated by the derivation of the complete C. albicans genome sequence (Braun et al., 2005), the development of a variety of molecular tools for gene manipulation, and a store of underpinning knowledge of cell biology borrowed from the distantly related model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Berman and Sudbery, 2002; Noble and Johnson, 2007). This review will provide a brief overview of the importance of C. albicans as a public health issue, the experimental tools developed to study its fascinating biology, and some examples of how these have been applied.
Gold(III) Complexes as Potential Antitumor Agents: Solution Chemistry and Cytotoxic Properties of Some Selected Gold(III) Compounds (2000)

Gold(III) complexes generally exhibit interesting cytotoxic and antitumor properties, but until now, their development has been heavily hampered by their poor stability under physiological conditions. To enhance the stability of the gold(III) center, we prepared a number of gold(III) complexes with multidentate ligands - namely [Au(en)(2)]Cl(3), [Au(dien)Cl]Cl(2), [Au(cyclam)](ClO(4))(2)Cl, [Au(terpy)Cl]Cl(2), and [Au(phen)Cl(2)]Cl - and analyzed their behavior in solution. The solution properties of these complexes were monitored by visible absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chloride-selective potentiometric measurements; the electrochemical properties were also studied by cyclic voltammetry and coulometry. Since all the investigated compounds exhibited sufficient stability under physiological conditions, their cytotoxic properties were tested in vitro, via the sulforhodamine B assay, on the representative human ovarian tumor cell line A2780, either sensitive or resistant to cisplatin. In most cases the investigated compounds showed relevant cell-killing properties with IC(50) values falling in the 0.2-10 microM range; noticeably most investigated gold(III) complexes were able to overcome, to a large extent, resistance to cisplatin when tested on the corresponding cisplatin-resistant cell line. The cytotoxic properties of the free ligands were also determined under the same solution conditions. Ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and cyclam were virtually nontoxic (IC(50) values > 100 microM) so that the relevant cytotoxic effects observed for [Au(en)(2)]Cl(3) and [Au(dien)Cl]Cl(2) could be quite unambiguously ascribed to the presence of the gold(III) center. In contrast the phenanthroline and terpyridine ligands turned out to be even more cytotoxic than the corresponding gold(III) complexes rendering the interpretation of the cytotoxicity profiles of the latter complexes less straightforward. The implications of the present findings for the development of novel gold(III) complexes as possible cytotoxic and antitumor drugs are discussed.
Prevention of hair surface aging. (2011)

The hydrophobic character of the surface of human hair is particularly attributed to the lipid components of the epicuticle and to a layer of covalently bound fatty acids. This outer f-layer mainly consists of 18-methyl eicosanoic acid (18-MEA), which is covalently bound to the underlying protein matrix, forming the epicuticle as composite surface structure. Daily weathering and chemical treatments, specifically oxidative bleaching, decrease the hydrophobicity of the outer hair surface drastically.Multiple daily stress, simulated by an automatic test device including shampooing, blow drying and sun light exposure, changed the lipid composition of hair significantly. A marked loss of 18-MEA was observed. Decreasing contact angles are the direct consequence. A new method to determine the "pseudo-static" contact angle on hair was developed. The results correlate with the corresponding data obtained by dynamic contact angle measurements according to Wilhelmy. Besides that, the resorption time of water droplets by the hair surface provides additional information about the intactness of the outer f-layer.Specific proteolipids, which are lipid-modified keratins, are able to reconstruct the surface layer of damaged hair by creating renewed surface hydrophobicity and extending the water resorption time by the hair surface.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE UPON INSECTS (1946)

This paper constitutes a review and an analysis of the available literature on the effects of pressure changes upon insects. The variations of atmospheric pressure that occur are classified briefly, but the effects of pressure changes upon insects are considered from the standpoint of the reactions of insects to extremely low pressure, extremely high pressure, and slight variations in pressure. It is concluded that extreme changes of pressure exert no direct influence upon insects. On the other hand, there is evidence that slightly reduced pressure increases the rates of the development and of the various activities of insects, while slightly increased pressure does not appear to have any positive influence on these processes. A discussion of the possible role of chordotonal organs in the observed responses of some insects to fluctuating pressure is included, and some laboratory experiments are suggested that might aid in quantitative determinations of the effects of varying atmospheric pressure upon insects.
Adaptive interaction methods in speech user interfaces (2001)

The aim of this research is to build adaptive interaction techniques and methods for speech user interfaces. The focus is on interaction methods which can adapt to the different users and interaction situations. This includes multilinguality, different communication strategies, robust error handling methods and complex structural elements. The research is done in the context of the Jaspis framework, which is a general architecture for speech application development. Jaspis is based on an adaptive interaction model, which includes input agents, dialogue agents and presentation agents. Using these it is possible to construct highly adaptive, modular and reusable interaction techniques for speech applications.
Chemoresistance: Intricate Interplay Between Breast Tumor Cells and Adipocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment (2018)

Excess adipose tissue is a hallmark of an overweight and/or obese state as well as a primary risk factor for breast cancer development and progression. In an overweight/obese state adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional due to rapid hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and immune cell infiltration which is associated with sustained low-grade inflammation originating from dysfunctional adipokine synthesis. Evidence also supports the role of excess adipose tissue (overweight/obesity) as a casual factor for the development of chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Obesity-mediated effects/modifications may contribute to chemotherapeutic drug resistance by altering drug pharmacokinetics, inducing chronic inflammation, as well as altering tumor-associated adipocyte adipokine secretion. Adipocytes in the breast tumor microenvironment enhance breast tumor cell survival and decrease the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in chemotherapeutic resistance. A well-know chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin, has shown to negatively impact adipose tissue homeostasis, affecting adipose tissue/adipocyte functionality and storage. Here, it is implied that doxorubicin disrupts adipose tissue homeostasis affecting the functionality of adipose tissue/adipocytes. Although evidence on the effects of doxorubicin on adipose tissue/adipocytes under obesogenic conditions are lacking, this narrative review explores the potential role of obesity in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance with inflammation as an underlying mechanism.
Engineering organ perfusion protocols: NMR analysis of hepatocyte isolation from perfused rat liver (1994)

The development and use of an extracorporeal liver support device depends upon the isolation of a large number of viable, functioning hepatocytes from whole or partial livers. Current practice, however, produces nonoptimal yields, given that a large percentage of hepatocytes initially present are not successfully isolated. The normal hepatocyte isolation protocol consists of sequential perfusion with calcium chelating and collagenase buffers, and then separation of viable hepatocytes from non-viable and nonparenchymal cells, usually on the basis of cell density. In order to improve understanding regarding the metabolic and perfusion state of the liver during this perfusion protocol, ATP, pH, and tissue perfusion were evaluated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Perfusion with calcium chelating buffer was found to have minimal effect on the metabolic and perfusion parameters, whereas subsequent perfusion with collagenase buffer produced large declines in ATP, pH, and homogeneity of perfusion within 3 min. Perfusion with calcium-chelating buffer alone, or perfusion with calcium chelating buffer followed by a short period of ischemia to mimic the perfusion disruption of collagenase, did not produce the same decline in metabolic parameters. This NMR data suggested that enhancing the early perfusion and penetration of collagenase or prolonging the nontoxic calcium-chelation step may improve the yield and/or functionality of isolated cells. Therefore, several altered perfusion protocols were evaluated in terms of yield of viable parenchymal hepatocytes and hepatocyte albumin production. Although increasing the perfusion flow rate and initial perfusion with inactive (cold) collagenase did not produce significant improvements when compared with the control protocol (control cell yield 226 +/- 42 x 10(6) viable hepatocytes for 10- to 14-week-old female Lewis rat), prolonging and enhancing the calcium-chelating perfusion step or increasing the collagenase concentration did yield a significantly great number of viable parenchymal hepatocytes (393 +/- 44 and 328 +/- 39 x 10(6) viable hepatocytes, respectively) with no change in albumin production per seeded viable cell. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Steam reforming of methane and water‐gas shift in catalytic wall reactors (2003)

Abstract Catalytic wall reactors permit high heat‐transfer rates between exothermic and endothermic reactions taking place catalytically on opposite sides of a thin wall, because they eliminate resistance to heat transfer in thermal boundary layers, thus making them compact and efficient. A parallel plate catalytic wall reactor was built in which exothermic methane combustion on platinum and endothermic methane steam reforming on rhodium occurred on walls in alternate channels. This reactor gave 95% conversion of methane to synthesis gas with a residence time of ∼70 ms at a steam/methane ratio of 1/1 with a thermal efficiency of ∼60%. A preheat pass was added on the combustion side that enabled heat exchange between hot combustion products and cold combustion inlet gases to increase temperature upstream and decrease it downstream. This two‐pass reactor gave H 2 /CO ratios of ∼14/1 with a residence time of ∼170 ms at a steam/methane ratio of 4/1. To increase the H 2 /CO ratio, the endothermic channel length was also extended, with a platinum‐ceria wall coating on the extended region to further reduce downstream temperatures and promote water‐gas shift. This reactor gave downstream temperatures as low as 200°C, and produced H 2 /CO ratios as high as 42/1 with a residence time of ∼300 ms at a steam/methane ratio of 4/1. The extended reactor shows good potential for producing high H 2 /CO ratio product streams suitable for preferential oxidation and subsequent use in fuel cells in a scalable configuration.
Mechanisms in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Sputtering of Preformed Ions and Reactions of Itinerant Protons (1987)

the analysis of most biologically important compounds, including steroids, peptides, and proteins. The development of soft ionization techniques such as fast atom bombardment (FAB) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have made it possible to analyze such large biomolecules. The usual procedure of analysis in secondary ion mass spectrometry is dissolution of the sample in a suitable liquid matrix, usually glycerol, followed by bombardment with a 2-7 keV beam of energetic ions. The ions sputtered from the solution into the gas phase are mass-analyzed to produce the SIMS spectrum. One mechanistic model suggests that ionization of neutral molecules takes place in a two-step process, (i) the transfer of sample from the solution into the gas phase, and (ii) ionization of the sample molecules by various reactions, such as protonation to form (M + H) + or cationization to form, for example, (M + Na) + . SIMS mass spectra usually contain a lower abundance of ions
Mitigating DDoS attacks with transparent and intelligent fast-flux swarm network (2011)

Distributed denial of service attacks are a great threat to service availability in cloud computing. In recent years, DDoS attacks have increased tremendously in bandwidth and technique. In this article, we propose a novel approach to mitigate DDoS attacks using an intelligent fast-flux swarm network. An intelligent swarm network is required to ensure autonomous coordination and allocation of swarm nodes to perform its relaying operations. We adapted the Intelligent Water Drop algorithm for distributed and parallel optimization. The fast-flux technique was used to maintain connectivity between swarm nodes, clients, and servers. Fast-flux service networks also allow us to build a transparent service, which allows minimal modifications of existing cloud services (e.g. HTTP, SMTP). A software simulation consisting of 400,000 client nodes and 10,000 swarm nodes has shown that we can maintain 99.96 percent packet delivery ratio when the network is under attack from a similarly sized DDoS network of 10,000 dedicated malicious nodes.
Rtt106p is a histone chaperone involved in heterochromatin-mediated silencing (2005)

Epigenetic inheritance of heterochromatin structure is an important cellular process whose mechanism remains elusive. In this article, we describe the identification of nine enhancers of the silencing defect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-PCNA mutant by screening a library of approximately 4,700 viable yeast deletion mutants. Of the nine mutants identified, six (hir1, hir3, sas2, sas4, sas5, and sir1) were previously known to reduce silencing synergistically with a mutation in Cac1p, the large subunit of chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1). The predicted gene products that are affected in three other mutants (nam7, msh2, and rtt106) have not been implicated previously in silencing. Characterization of the rtt106Delta allele revealed that it synergistically reduced heterochromatin silencing when combined with a mutation in Cac1p but not with a mutation in Asf1p (a histone H3 and H4 chaperone). Moreover, Rtt106p interacted with histones H3 and H4 both in vitro and in vivo, and it displayed a nucleosome assembly activity in vitro. Furthermore, Rtt106p interacts with CAF-1 physically through Cac1p. These biochemical and genetic data indicate that Rtt106p is a previously uncharacterized histone chaperone connecting S phase to epigenetic inheritance.
Adhesion of a Free‐Standing Newton Black Film onto a Solid Substrate (2006)

Film transfer: A new method is presented to transfer free-standing Newton black films of surfactant onto a solid substrate (see picture). X-ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy reveal that the deposited films have a high degree of molecular organization and good adhesion.
Identifying novel strategies for treating human hair loss disorders: Cyclosporine A suppresses the Wnt inhibitor, SFRP1, in the dermal papilla of human scalp hair follicles (2018)

Hair growth disorders often carry a major psychological burden. Therefore, more effective human hair growth-modulatory agents urgently need to be developed. Here, we used the hypertrichosis-inducing immunosuppressant, Cyclosporine A (CsA), as a lead compound to identify new hair growth-promoting molecular targets. Through microarray analysis we identified the Wnt inhibitor, secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1), as being down-regulated in the dermal papilla (DP) of CsA-treated human scalp hair follicles (HFs) ex vivo. Therefore, we further investigated the function of SFRP1 using a pharmacological approach and found that SFRP1 regulates intrafollicular canonical Wnt/β-catenin activity through inhibition of Wnt ligands in the human hair bulb. Conversely, inhibiting SFRP1 activity through the SFRP1 antagonist, WAY-316606, enhanced hair shaft production, hair shaft keratin expression, and inhibited spontaneous HF regression (catagen) ex vivo. Collectively, these data (a) identify Wnt signalling as a novel, non-immune-inhibitory CsA target; (b) introduce SFRP1 as a physiologically important regulator of canonical β-catenin activity in a human (mini-)organ; and (c) demonstrate WAY-316606 to be a promising new promoter of human hair growth. Since inhibiting SFRP1 only facilitates Wnt signalling through ligands that are already present, this 'ligand-limited' therapeutic strategy for promoting human hair growth may circumvent potential oncological risks associated with chronic Wnt over-activation.
Digitization: is it worth it? (2001)

L'A. tente de determiner si les projets de numerisation entrepris par les bibliotheques et d'autres institutions valent bien les couts entraines. Il indique la moyenne des couts unitaires engendres par la numerisation d'un objet particulier. L'elargissement de l'acces constitue l'apport le plus evident de la numerisation. Chaque projet doit etre examine au cas par cas. Il faut non seulement comparer la numerisation avec d'autres scenarios possibles (comme l'acquisition) mais aussi se tourner vers d'autres aires de developpement de collection peut-etre plus benefiques du point de vue des lecteurs.
Protective effects of silybin and analogues against X-ray radiation-induced damage (2010)

Silybin (SLB) and similar analogues, namely, hesperetin (HESP), naringenin (NAN) and naringin (NAR), are believed to be active constituents of natural flavonoids that have been reported as chemopreventive agents for certain cancers. Moreover, SLB and analogues have been determined to fast repair DNA bases from oxidative damage by pulse radiolysis techniques. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of SLB and analogues on soft X-ray-induced damage to plasmid DNA in vitro. The DNA damage was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. SLB and analogues were found to protect DNA from radiation damage at micromolar concentrations. Among the compounds tested, HESP and SLB were the most effective in preventing X-ray-induced formation of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). A comparison of these results with other experiments showed that the ability of SLB and analogues to inhibit DNA damage in vitro correlated with the ability of the compounds to scavenge free radicals. Our work revealed that natural flavonoids, SLB and analogues may be used as potent radioprotectors against radiation damage.
Flow‐compensated intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion imaging (2014)

Our results strongly indicate that the biexponential limit does not adequately model the diffusion signal in liver and pancreas. By using both bipolar and flow-compensated diffusion gradients of different duration, the characteristic timescale and velocity of the incoherent motion can be determined.
Immunologic Protection against Spontaneous Mammary Tumors in RIII Female Mice (1971)

Check, Jerome H. AB; Childs, T. Craig BA; Derasse, Alain R. BA; Brady, Luther W. MD Author Information
CoP nanosheet assembly grown on carbon cloth: A highly efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen generation (2015)

There exists a strong demand to replace expensive noble metal catalysts with cheap metal sulfides or phosphides for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Recently metal phosphides such as NixP, FeP and CoP have been considered as promising candidates to replace Pt cathodes. Here we report that the nanocrystalline CoP nanosheet assembly on carbon cloth can be formed by a two-step process: electrochemical deposition of Co species followed by gas phase phosphidation. The CoP catalyst in this report exhibits a Tafel slope of 30.1 mV/dec in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 42.6 mV/dec in 1 M KOH. The high HER performance of our CoP catalysts is attributed to the rugae-like morphology which results in a high double-layer capacitance and high density of active sites, estimated as 7.77×1017 sites/cm2.