gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Satellite-Image-derived Gulf Stream Currents Compared with Numerical Model Results (1992)

Sequential infrared satellite imagery is used to objectively compute surface currents in the Gulf Stream region using the maximum correlation (MCC) method. The infrared images, filtered for cloud cover, are used to find the displacement of surface temperature patterns by locating the maximum cross correlation in windowed portions of the image pair. Statistical significance and next-neighbor filter techniques are applied to remove fictitious surface current vectors due to the presence of residual cloud or other nonadvective processes. The core of the Gulf Stream is found to require special treatment due to the high local velocities and the weak sea surface temperature gradients. For the central Gulf Stream, currents are inferred by the MCC tracking of features along the northern edge of the stream. Other special MCC techniques are applied to the strong rotational motions in the Gulf Stream rings. To test the validity of the MCC technique in this geographic region where no in situ measurements were available, a quasigeostrophic numerical model was used to simulate ocean surface currents in the Gulf Stream region. A random surface tracer was introduced into the model field, tracked with the MCC method, and the resulting velocities were validated by comparisons with the model surface currents. Excellent agreement was found for those realizations less than 12 h apart in time, suggesting the reliability of MCC surface currents computed from sequential infrared images separated by less than 12 h.
<i>Response</i> : Hypothalamic Stimulation of Growth Hormone Secretion (1969)

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Piezoelectric Transducer Actuated Leading Edge De-Icing with Simultaneous Shear and Impulse Forces (2007)

Piezoelectric actuations for simultaneous generation of shear and impulse forces for effective and energy efficient de-icing applications are proposed. Aircraft leading edge structures are considered for analysis and lab experiments. Piezoelectric actuators are affixed on the inner surface of the leading edge at the locations where highest amount of ice accretion on the outer surface has occurred. Simultaneous shear and impulse force generation is achieved with actuators consisting of two sets of electrodes, one arranged in parallel to the poling direction, and the other perpendicular to it, to generate shear forces and normal forces, respectively. Finite element models of the leading edge structure with ice accretion layer are formulated. Simulations of the de-icing process are performed and the actuator locations, electric charge applied, and impulse duration are optimized to achieve effective ice removal
Novel CO2-Emulsified Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluid System Enables Commercial Production From Bypassed Pay in the Olmos Formation of South Texas (2006)

Abstract A novel carbon dioxide- (CO2-) emulsified viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid system has recently been used to improve the Olmos production in the Caterina SW field in Texas. The reservoir is characterized by thin streaks of pay with potential water production in close proximity. Due to the low permeability and formation rock properties, CO2-type fracture fluids have proven to be more effective. VES-CO2 was selected as the fracturing fluid because of its higher retained proppant pack permeability and controllable rheological behavior. These unique fluid characteristics resulted in a high-conductivity fracture and a geometry that stayed out of the water-bearing zones. The outcome from 11 treatments resulted in an average production of &gt; 430 Mscf/D and 82 BOPD in zones that were previously bypassed. The successful field applications of this new fluid system highlight the versatility of VES surfactant fluids in terms of rheological property and adaptability. Specific performance requirements can be met through modifying the functionalities of the surfactants, namely, utilizing surfactants with different functions to emulsify super-critical CO2 and still maintain all of the attributes normally associated with VES systems. VES fracturing fluid systems exhibit lower friction pressure, superior proppant transport, higher fracture conductivity and longer effective fracture half-length than conventional systems by completely eliminating polymer. Coupling the benefits of polymer-free VES fluid with a CO2-emulsified system further enhances cleanup of depleted reservoirs, extends the application to water-sensitive formations, and maintains reservoir gas saturation to prevent any potential water blocks.
Liposomes in Drug Delivery (2001)

Liposomes or (phospho)lipid vesicles are self-assembled colloidal particles that occur in nature or can be prepared artiﬁcially. In the beginning, liposomes were used to study biological membranes, while several practical applications, most notably in drug delivery, emerged in the 1970s. After three decades of research, several products are commercially available. They rely on liposome colloidal, microencapsulating, and surface properties. Products range from drug dosage forms (antifungals, anticancer agents, and vaccines) and cosmetic formulations (skin care products, shampoos) to diagnostics and food industry products. However, at present, it seems that drug delivery applications are now the most widely investigated area of their practical applications.
Structure and evolution of the<i>Xcyl</i>restriction-modification system (1992)

The XcyI restriction-modification system from Xanthomonas cyanopsidis recognizes the sequence, CCCGGG. The XcyI endonuclease and methylase genes have been cloned and sequenced and were found to be aligned in a head to tail orientation with the methylase preceding and overlapping the endonuclease by one base pair. The nucleotide sequence codes for an N4 cytosine methyltransferase with a predicted molecular weight of 33,500 and an endonuclease comprised of 333 codons and a molecular weight of 36,600. Sequence comparisons revealed significant similarity between the XcyI, CfrI and SmaI methylisomers. In contrast, no similarity was detected between the primary structures of the XcyI and SmaI endonucleases. The XcyI restriction-modification system is highly homologous to the XmaI genes, although the DNA sequences flanking the genes rapidly diverge. The sequence of the XcyI endonuclease contains two motifs which have recently been identified as essential to the activity of the EcoRV endonuclease.
Efficient and Practical Arene Hydrogenation by Heterogeneous Catalysts under Mild Conditions (2009)

An efficient and practical arene hydrogenation procedure based on the use of heterogeneous platinum group catalysts has been developed. Rh/C is the most effective catalyst for the hydrogenation of the aromatic ring, which can be conducted in iPrOH under neutral conditions and at ordinary to medium H(2) pressures (<10 atm). A variety of arenes such as alkylbenzenes, benzoic acids, pyridines, furans, are hydrogenated to the corresponding cyclohexyl and heterocyclic compounds in good to excellent yields. The use of Ru/C, less expensive than Rh/C, affords an effective and practical method for the hydrogenation of arenes including phenols. Both catalysts can be reused several times after simple filtration without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
Recycling BIOPOL–Composting and Material Recycling (1995)

Abstract The recycling of biodegradable thermoplastics such as ZENECA's BIOPOL range of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and poly-3-hydroxyvalerate copolymers needs to be considered in terms of both material recycling and organic recycling by composting. BIOPOL can be recycled as regrind. The addition of BIOPOL to a model waste stream demonstrates that at the anticipated addition levels, BIOPOL should not have a deleterious effect on the processing or properties of the thermoplastic waste stream. Therefore, BIOPOL should not compromise the recycling initiatives underway. Recycling BIOPOL by composting not only offers an additional waste management option where material recycling is not a viable option for technical, economic, or environmental reasons, but also generates a useful product, valuable as a soil conditioner.
Enhanced current in nematic liquid crystal cell using alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (2007)

Photoinduced carrier injection through the aligning layer–liquid crystal (LC) interface or the electrode–LC interface has been suggested as the fundamental process involved in the surface mediated photorefractive effect in the LC cell. In this paper we construct LC cells with the gold film as one substrate as well as cells with the gold film covered with decanethiol and hexadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We find that the current–voltage curves for the three kinds of cells are consistent with the equations describing carrier injection and bulk-ion-generation. The dark current and photocurrent are enhanced by the existence of alkanethiol SAM. The length of the alkane chain of alkanethiol SAM also affects the currents. The above experimental results indicate that the model which involves carrier injection from the gold electrode to the LC is more suitable and the role of the alkanethiol aligning layer is to enhance carrier injection.
High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in All Ethnic Groups, Including Europeans, in a British Inner City (2001)

A surprisingly high prevalence of diabetes, despite expected increases with new lower criteria, was found in Europeans, as previously established in Caribbeans and Pakistanis. Lower height eliminated ethnic differences in regression models. History and relative poverty, which cosegregate with obesity and physical inactivity, are likely contributors. Whatever the causes, the implications for health services are alarming, although substantial preventive opportunities through small reversals of glucose distributions are the challenge.
A new oleanane-skeleton triterpene isolated from <i>Coffea canephora</i> (2021)

Extensive fractionation of <i>n</i>-hexane extract from the dried powdered-trunks of <i>Coffea canephora</i> Pierre ex A.Froehner (Rubiaceae) led to the isolation of a new oleanane-skeleton triterpene, coffecanolic acid (<b>1</b>), along with three known analogues sumaresinolic acid (<b>2</b>), oleanolic acid (<b>3</b>), and 3-<i>O</i>-acetyloleanolic acid (<b>4</b>). The chemical structures were elucidated using FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS data analysis. The isolated compounds were assayed for <i>in vitro</i> α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by determining their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>, µM). Compounds <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> exhibited higher inhibitory activities when compared with acarbose, a positive control. Compound <b>1</b> was found to be the most potent molecule against α-glucosidase, with the IC<sub>50</sub> = 83.0 ± 1.2 µM, which improved by 2.5-fold over acarbose (IC<sub>50</sub> = 209.8 ± 0.3 µM) in this assay.[Formula: see text].
Detection and counting of Nitrobacter populations in soil by PCR (1995)

Although the biological conversion of nitrite to nitrate is a well-known process, studies of Nitrobacter populations are hindered by their physiological characteristics. This report describes a new method for detecting and counting Nitrobacter populations in situ with the PCR. Two primers from the 16S rRNA gene were used to generate a 397-bp fragment by amplification of Nitrobacter species DNA. No signal was detected from their phylogenetic neighbors or the common soil bacteria tested. Extraction and purification steps were optimized for minimal loss and maximal purity of soil DNA. The detection threshold and accuracy of the molecular method were determined from soil inoculated with 10, 10(2), or 10(3) Nitrobacter hamburgensis cells per g of soil. Counts were also done by the most-probable-number (MPN)-Griess and fluorescent antibody methods. PCR had a lower detection threshold (10(2) Nitrobacter cells per g of soil) than did the MPN-Griess or fluorescent antibody method. When PCR amplification was coupled with the MPN method, the counting rate reached 65 to 72% of inoculated Nitrobacter cells. Tested on nonsterile soil, this rapid procedure was proved efficient.
Vision of a Visipedia (2010)

The web is not perfect: while text is easily searched and organized, pictures (the vast majority of the bits that one can find online) are not. In order to see how one could improve the web and make pictures first-class citizens of the web, I explore the idea of Visipedia, a visual interface for Wikipedia that is able to answer visual queries and enables experts to contribute and organize visual knowledge. Five distinct groups of humans would interact through Visipedia: users, experts, editors, visual workers, and machine vision scientists. The latter would gradually build automata able to interpret images. I explore some of the technical challenges involved in making Visipedia happen. I argue that Visipedia will likely grow organically, combining state-of-the-art machine vision with human labor.
A survey of Brisbane general practitioners (1974)

A survey of general practitioners in Brisbane, Australia, was undertaken in early 1972 by three medical students, using a 28 question questionnaire. Of 340 general practitioners in Brisbane, a multistage sampling system using census districts produced a sample of 140. Of these, 106 (75.7%) returned a completed questionnaire. 52.8% were members of the Royal Australasian College of General Practice, 18.8% had postgraduate qualifications, 40.6% were in solo practice, and less than 25% were in practices of groups of more than three. Details of practice administration and work load were elicited, and a comparison of work patterns with those of five years previously showed a decline in the amount of obstetrics, major surgery and anesthetics performed by general practitioners. 64.3% considered health centres would improve present medical (and paramedical) services to the community, but 66.7% stated they would use the health centre for its paramedical facilities only. Lastly, the awareness and use of paramedical referral agencies available in Brisbane was assessed. Meals on Wheels, community home care, the various nursing services, and Alcoholics Anonymous were well reported. Geriatric units, guidance and psychiatric clinics, Lifeline, etc., were little used.
News Notes (1937)

The eighteenth annual meeting of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics which was held at the Palmer House in Chicago on February 19 and 20 was by far the biggest meeting that the Council has ever held. There were over one thousand people present at the meeting and the Chicago mathematics teachers showed their loyalty by running their own attendance up to 650.
A microfluidic Coulter counting device for metal wear detection in lubrication oil (2009)

We present the design, fabrication, and testing of a microfluidic device for metal wear detection in lubrication oils. The detection is based on the capacitance Coulter counting principle, that is, on the change in a microchannel's capacitance caused by the presence of a metal particle in the microchannel. The testing of the microfluidic device using 10-25 microm aluminum particles has demonstrated the feasibility for detection and counting of microscale metal particles in low-conductive lubrication oils. This microfluidic device is promising for online oil debris detection by the use of multiple detection microfluidic channels.
Optical properties of nanoengineered gold blocks (2005)

We report on control over the extinction spectrum of tetragonal gold nanoblocks by changing their lateral aspect ratio. Nanoblocks were patterned on a glass substrate by electron-beam lithography and were 40-400 nm in lateral dimensions and spanned from 1 to 9 in aspect ratio. This allowed us to tune the localized surface plasmon bands from 700 nm to 1.5 microm (longitudinal mode) and from 700 to 550 nm (transverse mode). Unprecedented polarization selectivity of the transverse and longitudinal plasmon bands was achieved via alignment and 3D control of the dimensions of the nanoblocks.
Organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth of (Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/)/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P and its heterostructures (1988)

Low pressure organometallic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P and (Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/)/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P is examined. Epitaxial layers of bulk materials are characterized using photoluminescence, electroreflectance, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and surface morphology studies to determine lattice match and optimum growth conditions. Lattice matching at the growth temperature produces featureless growth surfaces, while lattice matching at room temperatures results in minimum photoluminescence linewidth but cracked surfaces due to tensile strain during growth. Raman scattering spectra of the quaternary reveal a three mode structure, with spectral peaks due to GaP-like, InP-like, and AIP-like LO phonons. Heterostructures are investigated including quantum shifts from a series of superlattices. These materials are incorporated in double-heterostructure lasers and single-quantum-well laser with graded-index separate confinement heterostructure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The open reading frames UL3, UL4, UL10, and UL16 are dispensable for the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 in cell culture (1991)

By means of insertion and deletion mutagenesis, we have constructed four herpes simplex virus 1 recombinants, each lacking most sequences encoding a different open reading frame. The deleted genes are located in the unique sequences of the long component and include those designated UL3, UL4, UL10, and UL16. The recombinant virus R7211 lacks 579 of the 696 bp of UL3. The recombinant virus R7217 lacks 307 of the 597 bp of the UL4 open reading frame. R7216 contains a 972-bp deletion within the 1,419-bp open reading frame of UL10, whereas R7210 lacks 988 bp of the 1,119-bp UL16 open reading frame. Growth curves indicated that the yields of these viruses in Vero and BHK cell cultures were only slightly reduced from or in some instances equivalent to that of the parent virus. The function of the gene products is not known. It is of interest to note that (i) the UL16 open reading frame maps entirely within the single intron of UL15 and (ii) on the basis of the extent and size of hydrophobic domains, the UL3 and UL10 gene products were predicted to be membrane proteins.
<title>Weighted time-frequency and time-scale transforms for nonstationary signal detection</title> (1997)

Maximum likelihood detectors of narrowband, non-stationary random echos in Gaussian noise can be efficiently implemented in the time-frequency domain. When the transmitted signals have large time-bandwidth products, the natural implementation of estimators and detectors is the time-scale or wavelet transform domain implementation. This paper extends the wavelet transform implementations to include weighted time-frequency or time-scale (TF/TS) transforms. We define weighted TF/TS transforms using Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space inner products. Inverses of these weighted TF/TS transforms are also given. The particular case of the weight being the inverse noise covariance is presented. We show how weighted transforms are used in the estimator-correlator detection statistic for complex scattering environments in conjunction with cascaded scattering functions so that the resulting detection statistic is much more robust. The weighted TF/TS transform turns out to be a natural transform for solving nonstationary detector, estimation, and filtering problems and has important applications to transient signal estimation in multipath channels with colored non-stationary Gaussian noise.
Inhibition of mTOR Radiosensitizes Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Tumor Vasculature (2009)

Minimally cytotoxic concentrations of rapamycin inhibited the mTOR cascade in culture and in vivo while radiosensitizing soft tissue sarcoma, and produced synergistic effects with radiation on HDMEC microvessel formation. By targeting both tumor and endothelial compartments, rapamycin produced potent radiosensitization of soft tissue sarcoma xenografts. Clinical trials combining rapamycin and radiotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma are warranted.
SiGe bipolar transceiver circuits operating at 60 GHz (2005)

A low-noise amplifier, direct-conversion quadrature mixer, power amplifier, and voltage-controlled oscillators have been implemented in a 0.12-/spl mu/m, 200-GHz f/sub T/290-GHz f/sub MAX/ SiGe bipolar technology for operation at 60 GHz. At 61.5 GHz, the two-stage LNA achieves 4.5-dB NF, 15-dB gain, consuming 6 mA from 1.8 V. This is the first known demonstration of a silicon LNA at V-band. The downconverter consists of a preamplifier, I/Q double-balanced mixers, a frequency tripler, and a quadrature generator, and is again the first known demonstration of silicon active mixers at V-band. At 60 GHz, the downconverter gain is 18.6 dB and the NF is 13.3 dB, and the circuit consumes 55 mA from 2.7 V, while the output buffers consume an additional 52 mA. The balanced class-AB PA provides 10.8-dB gain, +11.2-dBm 1-dB compression point, 4.3% maximum PAE, and 16-dBm saturated output power. Finally, fully differential Colpitts VCOs have been implemented at 22 and 67 GHz. The 67-GHz VCO has a phase noise better than -98 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset, and provides a 3.1% tuning range for 8-mA current consumption from a 3-V supply.
Killing of autologous B-lineage malignancy using CD3 x CD19 bispecific monoclonal antibody in end stage leukemia and lymphoma (1994)

To develop an effective tumor immunotherapy for B-lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsAb) has been generated with the first specificity for the CD3 epsilon-chain and the second for the CD19 antigen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with NHL or ALL during remission or relapse rapidly proliferated (up to 179-fold increase) on in vitro activation combining phytohemagglutinin or CD3 monoclonal antibody with interleukin-2. After 3 weeks of stimulation, more than 90% of the PBMCs was CD3+ and CD8+, even when cultures were started with only 5% CD3+ cells. Cytotoxic activity against autologous malignant B cells was markedly enhanced (from 5% baseline to 70% lysis) by the addition of the CD3 x CD19 BsAb in all samples tested. Immunophenotypic examination of a series of tumor target cells showed that all samples examined showed CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and HLA class I, but showed no B7 expression. CD11a (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) expression was heterogeneous. Various types of experiments showed that efficient CD3 x CD19 BsAb-mediated cytolytic capacity was not dependent on expression of either of these surface proteins. This contrasts with normal major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen-specific cytotoxicity and may be essential for effective in vivo application of this BsAb.