gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
4D Spatio-Temporal ConvNets: Minkowski Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

In many robotics and VR/AR applications, 3D-videos are readily-available input sources (a sequence of depth images, or LIDAR scans). However, in many cases, the 3D-videos are processed frame-by-frame either through 2D convnets or 3D perception algorithms. In this work, we propose 4-dimensional convolutional neural networks for spatio-temporal perception that can directly process such 3D-videos using high-dimensional convolutions. For this, we adopt sparse tensors and propose generalized sparse convolutions that encompass all discrete convolutions. To implement the generalized sparse convolution, we create an open-source auto-differentiation library for sparse tensors that provides extensive functions for high-dimensional convolutional neural networks. We create 4D spatio-temporal convolutional neural networks using the library and validate them on various 3D semantic segmentation benchmarks and proposed 4D datasets for 3D-video perception. To overcome challenges in 4D space, we propose the hybrid kernel, a special case of the generalized sparse convolution, and trilateral-stationary conditional random fields that enforce spatio-temporal consistency in the 7D space-time-chroma space. Experimentally, we show that a convolutional neural network with only generalized 3D sparse convolutions can outperform 2D or 2D-3D hybrid methods by a large margin. Also, we show that on 3D-videos, 4D spatio-temporal convolutional neural networks are robust to noise and outperform the 3D convolutional neural network.
Accumulation of Mercury in Transgenic Tobacco Expressing Bacterial Polyphosphate (2006)

The feasibility of transgenic tobacco, engineered to express bacterial polyphosphate (polyP), for phytoremediation of mercury pollution was evaluated. T3 progeny of the transgenic tobacco produced a large amount of polyP in leaves and showed a relatively high resistant phenotype to Hg2+ than its wild-type progenitors. These results suggest that the integrated ppk gene, encoding polyphosphate kinase (PPK), a key enzyme for polyP biosynthesis, is stably conserved in tobacco genome, and translated to active PPK which catalyzed biosynthesis of polyP, and suggest that polyP is capable of reducing the cytotoxicity of Hg2+, probably via chelation formation with polyP. The transgenic tobacco expressing polyP accumulated significantly more mercury than its wild-type progenitors from Hg2+-containing agar medium and simulated soils without taxing the tobacco plants suggesting that the transported Hg2+ was accumulated as a less toxic Hg-polyP complex in the tobacco tissues. Based on the results obtained in the present study, the polyP-mediated accumulation of mercury from mercurial-contaminated soils may provide an ecologically compatible approach for phytoremediation of mercury pollution.
Influence of weather conditions on rheumatic pain. (2002)

These results support the belief that weather influences rheumatic pain, albeit in different ways depending on the subjacent pathology and subjective weather sensitivity. This influence may not depend on weather conditions of the previous or following days, indicating that climate would not be a pain predictor and vice versa.
Genome reduction in<i>Leptospira borgpetersenii</i>reflects limited transmission potential (2006)

Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in humans and affecting global livestock production. Most infections are caused by either Leptospira borgpetersenii or Leptospira interrogans, bacteria that vary in their distribution in nature and rely on different modes of transmission. We report the complete genomic sequences of two strains of L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo that have distinct phenotypes and virulence. These two strains have nearly identical genetic content, with subtle frameshift and point mutations being a common form of genetic variation. Starkly limited regions of synteny are shared between the large chromosomes of L. borgpetersenii and L. interrogans, probably the result of frequent recombination events between insertion sequences. The L. borgpetersenii genome is approximately 700 kb smaller and has a lower coding density than L. interrogans, indicating it is decaying through a process of insertion sequence-mediated genome reduction. Loss of gene function is not random but is centered on impairment of environmental sensing and metabolite transport and utilization. These features distinguish L. borgpetersenii from L. interrogans, a species with minimal genetic decay and that survives extended passage in aquatic environments encountering a mammalian host. We conclude that L. borgpetersenii is evolving toward dependence on a strict host-to-host transmission cycle.
PHYCOBILISOMES OF <i>PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM </i> (1972)

A procedure was developed for the isolation of phycobilisomes from Porphyridium cruentum. The cell homogenate, suspended in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), was treated with 1% Triton X-100, and its supernatant fraction was centrifuged on a sucrose step gradient. Phycobilisomes were recovered in the 1 M sucrose band. The phycobilisome fraction was identified by the characteristic appearance of the phycobilisomes, and the absorbance of the component pigments: phycoerythrin, R-phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin Isolated phycobilisomes had a prolate shape, with one particle axis longer than the other. Their size varied somewhat with their integrity, but was about 400-500 A (long axis) by 300-320 A (short axis). Phycobilisome recovery was determined at six phosphate buffer concentrations from 0.067 M to 1.0 M. In 0.5 M phosphate, phycobilisome yield (60%) and preservation were optimal. Such a preparation had a phycoerythrin 545 nm/phycocyanin 620 nm ratio of 8.4. Of the detergents tested (Triton X-100, Tween 80, and sodium deoxycholate), Triton X-100 gave the best results Freezing of the cells caused destruction of phycobilisomes.
Whole Body Vibration Exposures in Long-haul Truck Drivers (2015)

Many professional truck drivers experience low back pain (LBP) which is believed to be associated with exposure to whole body vibration (WBV). As a part of a randomized controlled trial, this study measured WBV exposures from 98 professional truck drivers continuously during their regular work shift (8-12 hours). The daily weighted average A(8), vibration dose value VDV(8), and vector sum A(8) and VDV(8) exposures were evaluated for important determinants of WBV exposures including the roads travelled on, year of truck manufacture, truck manufacturer, and seat manufacturer. LBP was also measured using a standardized visual analog scale. The results demonstrated that there were substantial differences in health risk prediction between the predominant axis exposure (advocated by the European Union Vibration Directives) and vector sum exposures. Moreover, VDV(8) measures were above the International Organization for Standardization and European Union daily exposure action limit (9.1 m/s 2 ). The average LBP score on a 0 to 10 point scale was 2.7 (SD: 2.0) ranging from 0 to 8. When comparing the two major manufacturers of truck seats, one truck seat had higher vertical, z-axis A(8) exposures than the other (24%, p =0.01); and this WBV exposure difference appeared to be reflected by the LBP outcomes. These results indicate that there are performance differences between seats in the attenuation of WBV exposures and truck drivers’ impulsive WBV exposure can exceed recommended daily action limits.
Heat Shock Proteins in Diabetes and Wound Healing (2009)

The heat shock proteins (HSPs), originally identified as heat-inducible gene products, are a highly conserved family of proteins that respond to a wide variety of stress. Although HSPs are among the most abundant intracellular proteins, they are expressed at low levels under normal physiological conditions, and show marked induction in response to various stressors. HSPs function primarily as molecular chaperones, facilitating the folding of other cellular proteins, preventing protein aggregation, or targeting improperly folded proteins to specific pathways for degradation. By modulating inflammation, wound debris clearance, cell proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis, HSPs are essential for normal wound healing of the skin. In this review, our goal is to discuss the role and clinical implications of HSP with respect to skin wound healing and diabetes. The numerous defects in the function of HSPs associated with diabetes could contribute to the commonly observed complications and delayed wound healing in diabetics. Several physical, pharmacological and genetic approaches may be considered to address HSP-directed therapies both in the laboratory and in the clinics.
Transmission structure of digital broadcasting (2002)

ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) is a future digital broadcasting system that provides viewers with a variety of services. This paper describes the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layered model of ISDB and the structure of signal transmission. This model introduces the common use of packet multiplexing methods to construct ISDB that has interoperability. A signal reception control method that selects target programs from among various broadcasting services is explained using the layered model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Integrated System for Providing Power, Water and Food for Desert Coasts (1971)

Abstract Of the 20,000 miles of coastal deserts that gird the earth (8), most are all but bereft of population. Yet, paradoxically, many of them, were they given the amenities, could be productive, pleasant places to live. Several methods that might make these areas more habitable have been put forth, the most ambitious being that of the Oak Ridge National Laboratories (9). Oak Ridge scientists conceive of huge nuclear centers. Each center could support an industrial complex and a 300-acre farm. But the prerequisite investment would be of such enormity that few less developed nations could afford one without the largess of the developed world. On a modest, and hopefully more immediately attainable scale, the University of Arizona has devised an approach that can economically provide power, water and food for coastal communities.
Easy axis dispersion in high moment Fe-Co-Ni thin films electrodeposited on various underlayers (2003)

Summary form only given The high frequency performance of write heads depends on the easy axis dispersion of the pole materials. in this work soft, high moment Fe-Co-Ni films (50-1200 nm thick) were electrodeposited on non-magnetic (100 nm Cu), ferromagnetic F (100 nm Fe/sub 20/Ni/sub 80/), antiferromagnetic AF (10 nm FeMn), and composite AF/F (F on top) underlayers in order to investigate the influence of F and AF coupling on the easy axis dispersion. Underlayers were DC sputtered onto a Si substrate, without stripping its native oxide. The influence of the underlayers on alloy composition, structure and magnetic properties - in particular, dispersion of the easy axis, coercivity and anisotropy field - was investigated. Film composition (as determined by EDX) was approximately constant at Fe/sub 33/Co/sub 47/Ni/sub 20/ (at %) down to a thickness of /spl sim/ 200nm. Below this thickness, Ni content increased slightly and Fe content correspondingly decreased. All films exhibited mixed FCC/BCC phases, with the relative amount of FCC phase increasing with thickness. In all cases, an increase in saturation magnetization Ms with decreasing thickness was observed. Films grown on Cu or FeMn exhibit an open hard axis loop, with coercivity H/sub c/ /spl sim/ 4 Oe. FeCoNi films on Fe/sub 20/Ni/sub 80/ underlayer exhibit a well-defined uniaxial anisotropy, M/sub s/ /spl sim/ 21 kG, easy axis H/sub c/ =1.5 Oe, anisotropy field H/sub k/ /spl sim/ 20 Oe, and very small hard axis hysteresis. Films grown on FeMn/Fe/sub 20/Ni/sub 80/ underlayers show very similar properties. The Permalloy layer can thus improve the uniaxial anisotropy of FeCoNi through exchange coupling, while FeMn does not exchange couple effectively to FeCoNi, perhaps due to oxidation of the underlayer upon exposure to air prior to deposition. The permeability at 10 MHz for all films is in the range 800-1300, showing no definite dependence on the film thickness or underlayer.
Small molecules with antimicrobial activity against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> identified by high‐throughput screening (2006)

Our results validate and demonstrate the utility of a growth-based phenotype screen for rapid identification of small-molecule antibacterials. The favourable efficacy and structure-activity data for several of the antibacterial classes suggests their potential development for clinical use.
From Amateurs to Connoisseurs: Modeling the Evolution of User Expertise through Online Reviews (2013)

Recommending products to consumers means not only understanding their tastes, but also understanding their level of experience. For example, it would be a mistake to recommend the iconic film Seven Samurai simply because a user enjoys other action movies; rather, we might conclude that they will eventually enjoy it -- once they are ready. The same is true for beers, wines, gourmet foods -- or any products where users have acquired tastes: the `best' products may not be the most `accessible'. Thus our goal in this paper is to recommend products that a user will enjoy now, while acknowledging that their tastes may have changed over time, and may change again in the future. We model how tastes change due to the very act of consuming more products -- in other words, as users become more experienced. We develop a latent factor recommendation system that explicitly accounts for each user's level of experience. We find that such a model not only leads to better recommendations, but also allows us to study the role of user experience and expertise on a novel dataset of fifteen million beer, wine, food, and movie reviews.
R<scp>eevaluating the origin of domesticated cotton</scp> (<i>G<scp>ossypium hirsutum</scp></i>; M<scp>alvaceae) using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms</scp> (RFLP<scp>s</scp>) (1994)

The origin of domestication in Mesoamerican G. hirsutum populations is obscured by several factors, including the absence of a clearly identified wild progenitor, a complex population genetic structure, and many centuries of human‐mediated dispersal and gene flow. Phenetic and phylogenetic analyses of allelic variation at 205 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were conducted in an effort to unravel this complicated history. The RFLP data, in conjunction with previously published molecular, morphological, and anthropological information, suggest that coastal Yucatan populations are truly wild rather than reestablished feral derivatives. The geographical proximity of these wild coastal populations to agronomically primitive forms of G. hirsutum implicates the Yucatan peninsula as the primary site for the earliest stages of domestication. Agronomically advanced cultigens developed in southern Mexico and Guatemala appear to have been derived from introduced Yucatan peninsular forms, thereby creating the secondary center of diversity that has traditionally been interpreted as the geographical point of origin of domesticated G. hirsutum. The gene pool of modern, improved (Upland) cultivars derives from Mexican highland populations that, in turn, trace their origins to southern Mexico and Guatemala. Gossypium hirsutum is the first tetraploid perennial surveyed for RFLP variation. Levels of RFLP variation in G. hirsutum ( H T = 0.048, A = 1.24, and P = 22%) are low relative to other plant taxa, and, in contrast to the few comparable studies, levels of allozyme variation are higher than levels of RFLP variation. Despite assaying 205 loci, only six of the 23 Upland cultivars were found to have unique multilocus genotypes.
검사윤리에 관한 소고(小考) (2007)

검사는 검찰권을 행사하는 국가기관으로 형사소송법상 특별한 지위에 있다. 검사는 실체진실의 발견 및 인권보장이라는 형사소송법 이념 구현을 위하여 정열과 의지가 무엇보다 요구되고, 공정하고 청렴하여야 하며, 전문가로서 자기계발에도 소홀히 해서는 안된다. 검찰 조직 내부와 경찰, 변호사, 당사자, 언론, 정치권 등 검찰조직 외부와의 관계에서도 윤리의식을 제고하고 적정한 윤리기준을 실천하여야 한다.
MD Sliding Simulations of Amorphous Tribofilms Consisting of either SiO2 or Carbon (2016)

The sliding behaviors of two simplified tribofilms with amorphous structure consisting either of SiO2 molecules or C atoms were simulated by molecular dynamics modeling. The objective was to identify mechanisms explaining the experimentally observed lubricating properties of the two amorphous films. The impacts of layer thickness, normal pressure, temperature and different substrate materials were studied systematically, while the sliding velocity was kept constant at 30 m/s. While the layer thickness was not critical, all the other parameters showed special effects under certain conditions. Normal pressure impeded void formation and could even eliminate voids if applied at high temperature. Stick-slip sliding was changed to smooth sliding at high temperature due to void healing. Considering the carbon film, high friction forces and shearing of the entire film was observed with diamond substrates, whereas interface sliding at low friction forces and an amorphous layer of iron mixed with carbon was observed if the supporting substrates consisted of α-Fe. Both films show a decrease of friction forces and smooth sliding behavior at elevated temperature, corresponding well to the tribological behavior of an advanced nanocomposite sliding against a steel disc under severe stressing conditions when high flash temperatures can be expected.
Feature compensation using linear combination of speaker and environment dependent correction vectors (2014)

In this paper, we study a novel way to compensate speech features to counter the effects of speaker variations and environment distortions in speech recognition. For each homogeneous cluster of speech data, e.g. a specific speaker and environment combination, a set of correction vectors are learnt. A correction vector measures the deviation of features in a small region of feature space due to the speaker and environment effects. From a heterogenous training set, dozens of sets of correction vectors are learnt, each from a homogenous subset of the data. During testing, those correction vector sets are linearly combined to compensate test feature vectors. The combination weights are estimated by maximizing the likelihood (ML) of the compensated features with respect to a reference model, which is a simplified version of the acoustic model used for speech recognition. In addition, variance compensation is applied to condition the variances of the compensated features during weight estimation. Experimental results on Aurora-4 multi-condition training task show that the proposed correction vector combination method reduces the word error rate (WER) to 14.97% from mean and variance normalization baseline (16.32%) for noisy test sets 2-7. In addition, the proposed ML weight estimation consistently outperforms the posterior weights used in previous studies, such as multi-environment SPLICE.
Concealment of bit error and cell loss in inter-frame coded video transmission (2002)

Experimental results on error concealment techniques to hide the video quality degradation due to bit errors and cell losses from the viewer's perception are presented. The impact of bit error and cell loss in a hybrid DPCM/DCT (differential pulse code modulation/discrete cosine transform) coding algorithm is described through three different video sequence simulations. Two effective schemes that conceal the information loss caused by bit errors and cell losses based on the information in the previous frame are presented. These error concealment techniques work very well in real-time playback as long as the location of bit error and cell loss is properly detected by the decoder. Impairments caused by a cell loss can be compensated for by simple replenishment in real-time playback. Although motion replenishment performs better in the case of uniformly slow motion, it requires that the network have a priority capability. Impairments due to undetected bit errors cannot be compensated for by any concealment algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Binding areas of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator–plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 complex for endocytosis receptors of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor family, determined by site‐directed mutagenesis (2006)

Some endocytosis receptors related to the low-density lipoprotein receptor, including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1A, very-low-density lipoprotein receptor, and sorting protein-related receptor, bind protease-inhibitor complexes, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and the uPA-PAI-1 complex. The unique capacity of these receptors for high-affinity binding of many structurally unrelated ligands renders mapping of receptor-binding surfaces of serpin and serine protease ligands a special challenge. We have mapped the receptor-binding area of the uPA-PAI-1 complex by site-directed mutagenesis. Substitution of a cluster of basic residues near the 37-loop and 60-loop of uPA reduced the receptor-binding affinity of the uPA-PAI-1 complex approximately twofold. Deletion of the N-terminal growth factor domain of uPA reduced the affinity 2-4-fold, depending on the receptor, and deletion of both the growth factor domain and the kringle reduced the affinity sevenfold. The binding affinity of the uPA-PAI-1 complex to the receptors was greatly reduced by substitution of basic and hydrophobic residues in alpha-helix D and alpha-helix E of PAI-1. The localization of the implicated residues in the 3D structures of uPA and PAI-1 shows that they form a continuous receptor-binding area spanning the serpin as well as the A-chain and the serine protease domain of uPA. Our results suggest that the 10-100-fold higher affinity of the uPA-PAI-1 complex compared with the free components depends on the bonus effect of bringing the binding areas on uPA and PAI-1 together on the same binding entity.
Molecular analysis of the effect of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal cell proliferation (2003)

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), particularly butyrate, were shown to regulate cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, butyrate is the major fuel for colonic epithelial cells, and it can influence cell proliferation through the release of growth factors or gastrointestinal peptides such as gastrin, or through modulation of mucosal blood flow. Lastly, SCFA can act directly on genes regulating cell proliferation, and butyrate is the main SCFA to display such an effect. Butyrate inhibits histone deacetylase, which will allow histone hyperacetylation. Such hyperacetylation leads to transcription of several genes, including p21/Cip1. Moreover, it will allow cyclin D3 hyper-expression by inhibiting its degradation. The induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein p21/Cip1 accounts for cell arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, in the absence of p21 other mechanisms are initiated, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation.
A properdin system intermediate formed by zymosan and serum at 0 degrees C. (1976)

The interaction of guinea pig or rat serum with Z at 0 degrees C leads to the formation of properdin pathway intermediate, ZPI, whose activity is assessed by its capacity to deplete the titer of cobra venom inducible lysis in diluted rat serum. The formation of ZPI does not require C1 or C2 and is not diminished by prior absorption of the serum with Z. In contrast, removal of P suppresses ZPI formation. Both Ca++ and Mg++ are essential cofactors for the formation of this intermediate whose function is abrogated in the presence of anti-C3, anti-P, but not by anti-Factor B. Since C4-deficient guinea pig serum is also effective in ZPI formation, the data suggest that ZPI is an alternative pathway intermediate containing both P and C3.