gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol (2010)

In December 1974 the first realtime conversation on the ARPAnet took place between Culler- Harrison Incorporated in Goleta, California, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. This was the first successful application of realtime digital speech communication over a packet network and an early milestone in the explosion of realtime signal processing of speech, audio, images, and video that we all take for granted today. It could be considered as the first voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), except that the Internet Protocol (IP) had not yet been established. In fact, the interest in realtime signal processing had an indirect, but major, impact on the development of IP. This is the story of the development of linear predictive coded (LPC) speech and how it came to be used in the first successful packet speech experiments. Several related stories are recounted as well. The history is preceded by a tutorial on linear prediction methods which incorporates a variety of views to provide context for the stories. This part is a technical survey of the fundamental ideas of linear prediction that are important for speech processing, but the development departs from traditional treatments and takes advantage of several shortcuts, simplifications, and unifications that come with years of hindsight. In particular, some of the key results are proved using short and simple techniques that are not as well known as they should be, and it also addresses some of the common assumptions made when modeling random signals. The reader interested only in the history and already familiar with or uninterested in the technical details of linear prediction and speech may skip Part I entirely.
The classification of solvents for bis‐phenol‐a polycarbonate (1979)

Abstract A procedure is described which permits the classification of solvents according to their effect on polycarbonate (PC): Class I—dissolve amorphous or crystalline PC Class II—dissolve only amorphous PC Class III—convert amorphous PC to crystalline PC Class IV—none of the above. This classification is achieved by comparing solvents to CH 2 Cl 2 with respect to the exotherm and rate of crystallization observed when the solvents are brought into contact with PC under controlled conditions.
Purification and characterization of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate:aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase from Aspergillus terreus (1978)

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate:aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase, the prenylation enzyme for the biosynthesis of aspulvinone pigments, has been purified from mycelia of Aspergillus terreus. The transferase catalyzed the transfer of the dimethylallyl moiety from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to either of the two aromatic rings of aspulvinone E to give the mono- and diprenylated derivatives which were identified with the metabolites aspulvinone I and aspulvinone H, respectively. Aspulvinone G, another fundamental metabolite of this series, also acted as substrate to afford the corresponding diprenylated derivative, which is assumed to be a precursor for aspulvinone C, D, and F. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 240 000--270 000 by gel filtration. Since the subunit molecular weight determined by NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was 45 000, the native enzyme appears to be a hexomeric protein composed of identical molecular weight subunits. The apparent Km values for aspulvinone E, aspulvinone G, and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate were 13.7, 7.7, and 40.0 micron, respectively. The enzyme shows the maximum activity at pH 7.0, and no metal ion is necessary for the activation. Sulfhydryl blocking agents or mercaptoethanol has no effect. Bromophenol blue binds specifically to the transferase and strongly inhibits the enzyme activity.
Well Tractors for Highly Deviated and Horizontal Wells (1994)

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the oil industry to a new type of downhole tools - the Well Tractors with modular power source designed for running in open hole and inside the completions of horizontal and highly deviated wells. The Well Tractors are used for cleaning, setting and pulling of plugs, operating sliding sleeves, open hole logging, running of production logs, drilling, perforation guns, cement bond logs etc. Horizontally the Well Tractors pull coiled tubing and/or wireline beyond 10,000 ft. The Well Tractors are capable of pulling more then 25,000 ft of coiled tubing and/or wireline into a highly deviated well. Furthermore the tools are designed for pushing other tools into the hole, e.g. logging tools, video cameras etc. The Well Tractors with modular power source are designed in two versions: A fluid driven version for coiled tubing operations. Powered by brine, water, mud etc. which is pumped down through standard coiled tubing. The tool is controlled from the surface via a wireline running inside the tubing. Through the wireline measurements can be transmitted to the surface. Alternatively the tool can also operate without the wireline which enables it to run with a smaller size of coiled tubing or have a higher flow rate for e.g. cleaning jobs. An electric driven version of the Well Tractor for wireline operations. Powered and controlled through the wireline. The Well Tractors are designed in 3 different sizes. A Tractor with an outside diameter of 3 1/8". A Tractor with an outside diameter of 4 3/4" and a Tractor with an outside diameter of 2 1/8".
Concurrent layered learning (2003)

Hierarchies are powerful tools for decomposing complex control tasks into manageable subtasks. Several hierarchical approaches have been proposed for creating agents that can execute these tasks. Layered learning is such a hierarchical paradigm that relies on learning the various subtasks necessary for achieving the complete high-level goal. Layered learning prescribes training low-level behaviors (those closer to the environmental inputs) prior to high-level behaviors. In past implementations these lower-level behaviors were always frozen before advancing to the next layer. In this paper, we hypothesize that there are situations where layered learning would work better were the lower layers allowed to keep learning concurrently with the training of subsequent layers, an approach we call concurrent layered learning. We identify a situation where concurrent layered learning is beneficial and present detailed empirical results verifying our hypothesis. In particular, we use neuro-evolution to concurrently learn two layers of a layered learning approach to a simulated robotic soccer keepaway task. The main contribution of this paper is evidence that there exist situations where concurrent layered learning outperforms traditional layered learning. Thus, we establish that, when using layered learning, the concurrent training of layers can be an effective option.
Static and Dynamic Large Strain Properties of Methyl Cellulose Hydrogels (2017)

Methyl cellulose (MC) hydrogels display thermoreversible gelation upon heating. These hydrogels are abundantly employed in a variety of applications, rendering study of their mechanical properties relevant and important. Here we report on their basic elastic properties, based on ultrasonic measurements, and focusing on the heated solid gel, their mechanical properties in the quasi-static and dynamic (impact) large strain regimes are characterized. Unlike most other solids which soften upon heating, we find that methyl cellulose gels toughen increasingly on heating beyond the gelation point. Flow stress curves reveal polymer concentration dependent hardening. Contrary to most other soft materials, MC hydrogels do not present strain-rate sensitivity in the quasi-static range. Nevertheless, a dramatic change is observed in the dynamic regime, where at strain rates of ∼1500 s–1 a 10–20-fold increase in flow strength is observed relative to the quasi-static regime. The results of this investigation complement the existing body of knowledge on the rheological properties of MC gels, extending the characterization to their large-strain, strain-rate dependent properties. Techniques presented in this work could be applied to examine other soft materials, and the characteristics found for methyl cellulose hydrogels could assist in advancing its employment in numerous applications.
Spatial distribution of electron cloud footprints from microchannel plates: Measurements and modeling (1999)

The measurements of the electron cloud footprints produced by a stack of microchannel plates (MCPs) as a function of gain, MCP-to-readout distance and accelerating electric field are presented. To investigate the charge footprint variation, we introduce a ballistic model of the charge cloud propagation based on the energy and angular distribution at the MCP output. We also simulate the Coulomb repulsion in the electron cloud, which is likely to cause the experimentally observed increase in the cloud size with increasing MCP gain. Calculation results for both models are compared to the charge footprint sizes measured both in our experiments with high rear-field values (∼200–900 V/mm) and in the experiments of Edgar et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60, 3673 (1989)] (accelerating electric field ∼30–130 V/mm).
Inactivation of bacteria by solids coated with magnesium peroxide (1993)

Abstract Heating diatomaceous earth or sand that has been soaked with a solution of magnesium chloride results in coating of the materials with magnesium oxide. The addition of hydrogen peroxide converts this coating to magnesium peroxide. The magnesium peroxide coating on sand or diatomaceous earth is relatively stable during storage. Greater than 50% of the oxidizing power remained after 6 months storage at room temperature. The addition of diatomaceous earth or sand coated with magnesium peroxide to aqueous solutions led to release of hydrogen peroxide into the solution, reduced the number of bacteria, and prevented bacterial growth as compared with controls. Filters made with modified and untreated diatomaceous earth removed bacteria from water equally well. However, bacteria survived or grew on filters made with untreated materials, but were greatly reduced in numbers on filters made with modified diatomaceous earth.
INCIDENCE, DETERMINANTS, AND CONSEQUENCES OF SUBCLINICAL NONCOMPLIANCE WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS (1995)

Transplantation is published monthly and is the most cited and influential journal in the field, with more than 25,000 citations per year. The journal celebrated its 50th year in 2016. Transplantation has been the trusted source for extensive and timely coverage of the most important advances in transplantation. The Editors and Editorial Board are an international group of research and clinical leaders that includes many pioneers of the field, representing a diverse range of areas of expertise. This capable editorial team provides thoughtful and thorough peer review, and delivers rapid, careful and insightful editorial evaluation of all manuscripts submitted to the journal.
Synchronization of Line-Start Permanent-Magnet AC Motors (1984)

The line-start permanent magnet ac motor has already been demonstrated to have significantly lower losses than comparable high-efficiency induction motors in low integral-horsepower sizes. Studies have shown that high power factors are also obtainable in PM motors, and that for many applications the magnet cost can be recovered in energy cost savings in a relatively short period, particularly when the duty factor is high. This paper complements earlier publications on the PM line-start motor, and describes the starting process in more detail. The synchronizing capability, which is measured by the critical combination of inertia and load torque which the motor will just synchronize, is inherently higher than that of the synchronous reluctance motor. The reasons for this are outlined in the paper.
What causes a trap in IEEE-754 floating-point? (1994)

In the ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985 (IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-point Arithmetic), and the ANSI/IEEE Std 854-1987 (IEEE Standard for Radix-Independent Floating-Point Arithmetic), is signaling a trap an "edge-triggered" or a "level-sensitive" event? Does it matter if an exception is signaled by an arithmetic operation versus a user setting a status flag?
Fyn kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (2014)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, afflicting more than one-third of people over the age of 85. While many therapies for AD are in late-stage clinical testing, rational drug design based on distinct signaling pathways in this disorder is only now emerging. Here we review the putative signaling pathway of amyloid-beta (Aβ), by which the tyrosine kinase Fyn is activated via cell surface binding of Aβ oligomers to cellular prion protein. Several lines of evidence implicate Fyn in the pathogenesis of AD, and its interaction with both Aβ and Tau renders Fyn a unique therapeutic target that addresses both of the major pathologic hallmarks of AD. We are currently enrolling patients in a phase Ib study of saracatinib (AZD0530), a small molecule inhibitor with high potency for Src and Fyn, for the treatment of AD. The results of this trial and a planned phase IIa multisite study will provide important data regarding the potential for this therapeutic strategy in AD.
Locus on human X chromosome for dihydrotestosterone receptor and androgen insensitivity. (1975)

We have studied androgen binding characteristics of cells for androgen insensitivity from an obligate heterozygote, who is the mother of three male pseudohermaphrodites with dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) receptor deficiency. Specific dihydrotestosterone binding by skin fibroblasts from her wrist and pubis is within the normal range and indicates that androgen insensitivity is X-linked in man and is therefore homologous to the tfm locus in the mouse. A significant population of clones from the heterozygote has deficient receptor activity, and this finding is compatible with inactivation of one X-linked allele at this locus. Our results indicate the presence of a gene on the human X chromosome that is essential for normal male sexual differentiation and provide further evidence for homology between X chromosomes of all mammals.
Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia (2011)

This follow-up study demonstrates that melatonin treatment in children can be sustained over a long period of time without substantial deviation of the development of children with respect to sleep quality, puberty development and mental health scores, as compared with the general Dutch population.
Glycopeptide-Membrane Interactions:  Glycosyl Enkephalin Analogues Adopt Turn Conformations by NMR and CD in Amphipathic Media (2003)

Four enkephalin analogues (Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ser-CONH(2), 1, and the related O-linked glycopeptides bearing the monosaccharide beta-glucose, 2, the disaccharide beta-maltose, 3, and the trisaccharide beta-maltotriose, 4) were synthesized, purified by HPLC, and biophysical studies were conducted to examine their interactions with membrane model systems. Glycopeptide 2 has been previously reported to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and produce potent analgesia superior to morphine in mice (J. Med. Chem.2000, 43, 2586-90 and J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 2001, 299, 967-972). The parent peptide and its three glycopeptide derivatives were studied in aqueous solution and in the presence of micelles using 2-D NMR, CD, and molecular mechanics (Monte Carlo studies). Consistent with previous conformational studies on cyclic opioid agonist glycopeptides, it was seen that glycosylation did not significantly perturb the peptide backbone in aqueous solution, but all four compounds strongly associated with 5-30 mM SDS or DPC micelles, and underwent profound membrane-induced conformational changes. Interaction was also observed with POPC:POPE:cholesterol lipid vesicles (LUV) in equilibrium dialysis experiments. Although the peptide backbones of 1-4 possessed random coil structures in water, in the presence of the lipid phase they each formed a nearly identical pair of structures, all with a stable beta-turn motif at the C-terminus. Use of spin labels (Mn(2+) and 5-DOXYL-stearic acid) allowed for the determination of the position and orientation of the compounds relative to the surface of the micelle.
Suppression of Dendrite Formation and Corrosion on Zinc Anode of Secondary Aqueous Batteries (2017)

Novel zinc anodes are synthesized via electroplating with organic additives in the plating solution. The selected organic additives are cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene-glycol (PEG-8000), and thiourea (TU). The synthesized zinc anode materials, namely, Zn-CTAB, Zn-SDS, Zn-PEG, and Zn-TU, are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that each additive produces distinctively different crystallographic orientation and surface texture. The surface electrochemical activity is characterized by linear polarization when the zinc is in contact with the battery's electrolyte. Tafel fitting on the linear polarization data reveals that the synthetic zinc materials using organic additives all exhibit 6-30 times lower corrosion currents. When using Zn-SDS as the anode in the rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery, the float current decreases as much as 2.5 times. The batteries with Zn-SDS, Zn-PEG, and Zn-TU anodes display the capacity retention of 79%, 76%, and 80% after 1000 cycles of charge-discharge at 4C rate, whereas only 67% obtained from the batteries using the anode prepared from commercial zinc foil. Among these electroplated anodes, Zn-SDS is the most suitable for aqueous batteries thanks to its low corrosion rate, low dendrite formation, low float current, and high capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
Yeast suspension filtration: Flux enhancement using an upward gas/liquid slug flow—application to continuous alcoholic fermentation with cell recycle (1998)

This study deals with the use of an upward gas/liquid slug flow to reduce tubular mineral membrane fouling. The injection of air into the feedstream is designed to create hydrodynamic conditions that destabilize the cake layer over the membrane surface inside the filtration module complex. Experimental study was carried out by filtering a biological suspension (yeast) through different tubular mineral membranes. The effects of operating parameters, including the nature of the membrane, liquid and gas flowrates, and transmembrane pressure, were examined. When external fouling was the main limiting phenomenon, flux enhancements of a factor of three could be achieved with gas sparging compared with single liquid phase crossflow filtration. The economic benefits of this unsteady technique have also been examined. To investigate the possibility of long-term operation of the two-phase flow principle, dense cell perfusion cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were carried out in a fermentor coupled with an ultrafiltration module. The air injection allowed a high and stable flux to be maintained over 100 h of fermentation, with a final cell concentration of 150 g dry weight/L. At equal biomass level, a twofold gain in flux could be attained compared with classical steady crossflow filtration at half the cost.
OTL: A Framework of Online Transfer Learning (2010)

In this paper, we investigate a new machine learning framework called Online Transfer Learning (OTL) that aims to transfer knowl-edge from some source domain to an online learning task on a target domain. We do not assume the target data follows the same class or generative distribution as the source data, and our key motivation is to improve a su-pervised online learning task in a target do-main by exploiting the knowledge that had been learned from large amount of training data in source domains. OTL is in general challenging since data in both domains not only can be different in their class distribu-tions but can be also different in their fea-ture representations. As a first attempt to this problem, we propose techniques to ad-dress two kinds of OTL tasks: one is to per-form OTL in a homogeneous domain, and the other is to perform OTL across heteroge-neous domains. We show the mistake bounds of the proposed OTL algorithms, and empir-ically examine their performance on several challenging OTL tasks. Encouraging results validate the efficacy of our techniques. 1.
Automated synthesis of a C-terminal photoprobe using combined Fmoc and t-Boc synthesis strategies on a single automated peptide synthesizer. (1992)

Peptide photoprobes can be utilized to identify peptide binding sites of various proteins. The photoprobe p-benzoylbenzoic acid (BBA) possesses several unique chemical characteristics which make it ideal for the construction of a peptide photoprobe: It can be directly coupled to the peptide during synthesis, it is stable to HF treatment, it is inert until photolysis, and the photo-activated probe is non-specific in its binding to proteins. The construction of an N-terminal p-benzoylbenzoyl-peptide photoprobe utilizing an automated peptide synthesizer is straight-forward because p-benzoylbenzoic acid can be incorporated during routine peptide synthesis as if it were the N-terminal amino acid. In contrast, the construction of a C-terminal photoprobe peptide is more complex and requires the presence of a C-terminal lysine to incorporate the photoprobe into the peptide. We have devised a suitable pathway to attach BBA to the C-terminal of a synthetic peptide in an automated fashion. The method described in this report utilizes Fmoc chemistry for the automated loading of Boc-Lysine-epsilon-Fmoc to hydroxymethyl resin. After loading, the epsilon-amine of the resin-bound lysine is deprotected with piperidine and the addition of BBA to the epsilon-amine then occurs via a peptide bond. The peptide synthesizer is then converted over to t-Boc chemistry, and the remainder of the synthesis is carried out using standard protocols.
Association of Interleukin-6, C-reactive Protein, Interleukin-10 and Adiponectin Plasma Concentrations with Measures of Obesity, Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Metabolism (2005)

Abnormal glucose tolerance is associated with subclinical chronic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers are associated with measures of obesity, insulin sensitivity, and hyperglycemia. IL-6, adiponectin, CRP, and IL-10 plasma concentrations were evaluated in 142 patients with a wide range of obesity, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. In parallel with the impairment of glucose tolerance, there was a significant increase in IL-6, and CRP, and a significant decrease in adiponectin and IL-10 plasma concentrations. There were significant correlations between the plasma concentrations of all inflammatory markers and % body fat, insulin sensitivity, and fasting plasma glucose. However, multivariate linear regression analysis identified insulin sensitivity as determined by glucose infusion rate during the steady state of an euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp as the strongest predictor of adiponectin, CRP, IL-6, and IL-10 plasma concentrations. In addition, fasting plasma glucose was a significant determinant of adiponectin, CRP, and IL-6 plasma concentrations, whereas body fat content was only a significant predictor of CRP plasma concentration. In conclusion, our data suggest that abnormal inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes are primarily related to decreased insulin sensitivity.