gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Encapsulated nano-heat-sinks for thermal management of heterogeneous chemical reactions (2010)

This paper describes a new way to control temperatures of heterogeneous exothermic reactions such as heterogeneous catalytic reaction and polymerization by using encapsulated nanoparticles of phase change materials as thermally functional additives. Silica-encapsulated indium nanoparticles and silica encapsulated paraffin nanoparticles are used to absorb heat released in catalytic reaction and to mitigate gel effect of polymerization, respectively. The local hot spots that are induced by non-homogenous catalyst packing, reactant concentration fluctuation, and abrupt change of polymerization rate lead to solid to liquid phase change of nanoparticle cores so as to avoid thermal runaway by converting energies from exothermic reactions to latent heat of fusion. By quenching local hot spots at initial stage, reaction rates do not rise significantly because the thermal energy produced in reaction is isothermally removed. Nanoparticles of phase change materials will open a new dimension for thermal management of exothermic reactions to quench local hot spots, prevent thermal runaway of reaction, and change product distribution.
A High Performance Solution for In-Vehicle Networking - ‘Controller Area Network (CAN)’ (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Recently, significant focus and development effort has been dedicated toward in-vehicle networking. This effort includes work on behalf of the American Trucking Association (ATA), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the International Standards Organization (ISO), and independent developments by automotive and semiconductor manufacturers. In-vehicle networking extends, as a result, beyond passenger cars into heavy truck, military, and construction vehicles. In the course of these developments, the benefits of networking have been examined and networking is perceived as having significant benefits, resulting in production and custom development [<span class="xref">1</span>, <span class="xref">2</span>, <span class="xref">3</span>].</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a high-performance serial communication solution which has been designed to meet the requirements for the broad range of applications and has now progressed from a specification to a <u>product</u>.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper will detail the CAN solution and the CAN products designed to support in-vehicle networking needs in the 80's and 90's. Further, the paper will discuss the CAN development tools and show network implementations and examples from a system designers perspective.</div>
Real-Time Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Kinetics via Supercharged Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) rate constants of bovine ubiquitin in an ammonium acetate solution containing 1% of the electrospray ionization (ESI) "supercharging" reagent m-nitrobenzyl alcohol (m-NBA) were obtained using top-down, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) tandem mass spectrometry (MS). The supercharging reagent replaces the acid and temperature "quench" step in the conventional MS approach to HDX experiments by causing rapid protein denaturation to occur in the ESI droplet. The higher charge state ions that are produced with m-NBA are more unfolded, as measured by ion mobility, and result in higher fragmentation efficiency and higher sequence coverage with ETD. Single amino acid resolution was obtained for 44 of 72 exchangeable amide sites, and summed kinetic data were obtained for regions of the protein where adjacent fragment ions were not observed, resulting in an overall spatial resolution of 1.3 residues. Comparison of these results with previous values from NMR indicates that the supercharging reagent does not cause significant structural changes to the protein in the initial ESI solution and that scrambling or back-exchange is minimal. This new method for top-down HDX-MS enables real-time kinetic data measurements under physiological conditions, similar to those obtained using NMR, with comparable spatial resolution and significantly better sensitivity.
Inhibition of I kappa B-alpha phosphorylation and degradation and subsequent NF-kappa B activation by glutathione peroxidase overexpression. (1996)

We report here that both kappa B-dependent transactivation of a reporter gene and NF-kappa B activation in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) or H2O2 treatments are deficient in human T47D cell transfectants that overexpress seleno-glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx). These cells feature low reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreased intracellular ROS burst in response to TNF alpha treatment. Decreased ROS levels and NF-kappa B activation were likely to result from GSHPx increment since these phenomena were no longer observed when GSHPx activity was reduced by selenium depletion. The cellular contents of the two NF-kappa B subunits (p65 and p50) and of the inhibitory subunit I kappa B-alpha were unaffected by GSHPx overexpression, suggesting that increased GSHPx activity interfered with the activation, but not the synthesis or stability, of Nf-kappa B. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B as well as I kappa B-alpha degradation were inhabited in GSHPx-overexpressing cells exposed to oxidative stress. Moreover, in control T47D cells exposed to TNF alpha, a time correlation was observed between elevated ROS levels and I kappa B-alpha degradation. We also show that, in growing T47D cells, GSHPx overexpression altered the isoform composition of I kappa B-alpha, leading to the accumulation of the more basic isoform of this protein. GSHPx overexpression also abolished the TNF alpha-mediated transient accumulation of the acidic and highly phosphorylated I kappa B-alpha isoform. These results suggest that intracellular ROS are key elements that regulate the phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha, a phenomenon that precedes and controls the degradation of this protein, and then NF-kappa B activation.
GaAs laser amplifiers (1968)

Experimental results are presented on the operational characteristics of GaAs laser amplifiers very closely coupled to a laser oscillator. The separation between the oscillator and the amplifier was varied from 0.2 to 2.0 microns. The amplifiers were made by lapping one end at an angle of 10 to 15 degrees. This angle is several times larger than the critical angle for confinement of radiation in GaAs lasers that is estimated from experimental data to be between 2 and 3 degrees. The measured signal gain is a decaying function of input power and approaches a value of 2 to 4 for large input signals. A maximum amplifier gain of about 150 was obtained for an input signal of 2 mW/mil junction width (corresponding to an optical flux-density of about 8 kW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> incident on the input side of the amplifier). At this input power level, the output fluoresence is reduced by about 50 percent and the internal oscillatory modes of the amplifier are almost completely quenched. The ratio of the oscillator output actually coupled into the amplifier to the measured output from the oscillator was estimated from gain saturation measurements. It was found to be inversely proportional to the cleaved separation between the oscillator and the amplifier and was estimated as 0.5 and 0.07 for separations of 0.2 and 2 microns, respectively. The output quantum efficiency of the laser amplifier was demonstrated to be comparable to the output quantum efficiency of a single oscillator. Tests of a new structure for a low-noise, constant-gain laser amplifier are described.
Diversity, fertility and seed production of garlic. (2002)

This chapter cover topics on: origin of garlic and the history of its cultivation (garlic in Central Asia and the Mediterranean basin; conclusions on the origin of garlic and its immediate relatives; the spread and diversity of garlic around the world; ecology); sources of genetic variation; subclassification; flowering (genetics and environment); discovery and description of fertile clones (early studies suggesting fertility; discovery and confirmation of fertility; further developments in garlic fertility; seed production and breeding of garlic).
The Optic Oil Field: Deployment and Application of Permanent In-well Fiber Optic Sensing Systems for Production and Reservoir Monitoring (2001)

Abstract Development and exploitation of oil and gas resources in increasingly difficult operating environments such as deepwater raise many technical challenges. Among these is the ability to provide assurance on the completions and production from high-cost and complex wells. Real-time, permanent wellbore and reservoir monitoring is a critical technology for providing assurance and maximizing profitability of these fields. Recent developments in fiber optic sensing technology have resulted in reliable alternatives to conventional electronic systems for permanent, downhole production and reservoir monitoring. In-well fiber optic sensors are now being developed and deployed in the field for measuring temperature, pressure, flow rate, fluid phase fraction, and seismic response. Bragg grating-based fiber optic systems combine a high level of reliability, accuracy, resolution and stability with the ability to multiplex sensors on a single fiber, enabling complex and multilateral wells to be fully instrumented with a single wellhead penetration. These systems are being installed worldwide in a variety of operating environments for a variety of applications. This paper presents several recent deployments of in-well fiber optic monitoring systems, including descriptions of the downhole sensor assemblies, installations, and measured data. Installations of fiber optic pressure and temperature systems in a land well and in the Gulf of Mexico and an all-fiber flow and liquid fraction system in deepwater Gulf of Mexico are discussed. A general description of fiber optic sensing and Bragg grating-based sensing systems is also presented.
EVALUATION OF SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY, SYSTEM CAPACITY AND INTERFERENCE EFFECTS ON CDMA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (2012)

Wireless communication technology have been developed based on exploring new mobile communications frequency bands, reasonable use of frequency resources and minimization, portability and multifunction’s of mobile stations. The technology of wireless communications with duplex transmission is one of the fastest expanding in the world today. A very effective solution in achieving network performance in terms of system capacity and spectral efficiency with respect to the CDMA wireless network is presented in this paper. The effect of how interference grows as the number of users increases is analyzed. Equally, this paper presents the major problems in CDMA as the multiple access interference which arises due to the deviation of the spreading codes from orthogonality.
Seborrhoea is not a feature of seborrhoeic dermatitis. (1983)

The sebum excretion rate from forehead skin was measured in 44 patients with classic seborrhoeic dermatitis and 200 control subjects. The mean excretion rate was normal in the 29 men with seborrhoeic dermatitis and significantly reduced in the 15 women with the disease. This study showed that seborrhoeic dermatitis is not usually associated with seborrhoea, and therefore "dermatitis of the sebaceous areas" may be a more accurate term.
Optical Investigation of Cathodochromic Sodalite (1972)

The fluorescence and reflection spectra are studied of sodalite doped with , , , , , , , or . New fluorescence emissions reported are an emission consisting of a number of peaks between 4500 and 7000A ascribed to , an emission at 5420Å ascribed to , and an emission at 6830Aå ascribed to . The transition metals appear to be incorporated preferentially at Al or Si sites. Electron irradiation causes irreversible changes in the uv reflection spectrum. These may be connected with the occurrence of a residual coloration after optical bleaching. A residual coloration appears to be connected also with the presence of fluorescence under uv excitation.
Long Course Hyperbaric Oxygen Stimulates Neurogenesis and Attenuates Inflammation after Ischemic Stroke (2013)

Several studies have provided evidence with regard to the neuroprotection benefits of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy in cases of stroke, and HBO also promotes bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) proliferation and mobilization. This study investigates the influence of HBO therapy on the migration of BMSCs, neurogenesis, gliosis, and inflammation after stroke. Rats that sustained transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were treated with HBO three weeks or two days. The results were examined using a behavior test (modified neurological severity score, mNSS) and immunostaining to evaluate the effects of HBO therapy on migration of BMSCs, neurogenesis, and gliosis, and expression of neurotrophic factors was also evaluated. There was a lower mNSS score in the three-week HBO group when compared with the two-day HBO group. Mobilization of BMSCs to an ischemic area was more improved in long course HBO treatments, suggesting the duration of therapy is crucial for promoting the homing of BMSCs to ischemic brain by HBO therapies. HBO also can stimulate expression of trophic factors and improve neurogenesis and gliosis. These effects may help in neuronal repair after ischemic stroke, and increasing the course of HBO therapy might enhance therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke.
A level-set based approach to image registration (2002)

Image registration is an often encountered problem in various fields including medical imaging, computer vision and image processing. Here, the authors present a novel curve evolution approach expressed in a level-set framework to achieve image registration. The key features of the authors' algorithm are, (a) it can account for small and large deformations, (b) it is very fast (unlike most large deformation schemes) and (c) existence and uniqueness of the solution for the evolution model has been established in a Sobolev space. The authors demonstrate the implementation results on a variety of images including synthetic and real data.
Lazy database replication with ordering guarantees (2004)

Lazy replication is a popular technique for improving the performance and availability of database systems. Although there are concurrency control techniques, which guarantee serializability in lazy replication systems, these techniques result in undesirable transaction orderings. Since transactions may see stale data, they may be serialized in an order different from the one in which they were submitted. Strong serializability avoids such problems, but it is very costly to implement. We propose a generalized form of strong serializability that is suitable for use with lazy replication. In addition to having many of the advantages of strong serializability, it can be implemented more efficiently. We show how generalized strong serializability can be implemented in a lazy replication system, and we present the results of a simulation study that quantifies the strengths and limitations of the approach.
Generating Semantic Graphs through Self-Organization. (2004)

In this study, a technique called semantic self-organization is used to scale up the subsymbolic approach by allowing a network to optimally allocate frame representations from a semantic dependency graph. The resulting architecture, INSOMNet, was trained on semantic representations of the newly-released LinGO Redwoods HPSG Treebank of anno-tated sentences from the VerbMobil project. The results show that INSOMNet is able to accurately represent the semantic dependencies while demonstrating expectations and defaults, coactivation of multiple interpretations, and robust process-ing of noisy input. The cognitive plausibility of the model is underscored by the collective modelling of four experiments from the visual worlds paradigm to show the model’s ability to adapt to context.
Neutrophil Proteinase 3 Induces Diabetes in a Mouse Model of Glucose Tolerance (2011)

Type 1 diabetes is considered to be an autoimmune disease in which T cells attack pancreatic islet cells. Impaired glucose tolerance with type 2 diabetes has been classified as an obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. However, recent studies have revealed that type 2 diabetes is an autoinflammatory disease due to an imbalance of inflammatory cytokine production and related molecular components that cause inflammation. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) system are known to be involved in the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy, and urinary IGFBP3 protease activity has been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. A serine protease was found to be responsible for the proteolytic activity in diabetic urine; however, the identity of the precise enzyme remains unknown. We investigated neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3) to see whether it has specific enzymatic activity associated with insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGFBP3. In our study, both molecules were sufficiently degraded, which leads us to believe that PR3 may induce insulin resistance in the mouse model utilized. In addition, we found that PR3 in the urine of diabetic patients similarly affects insulin resistance. Moreover, PR3-immunized mice had an increase in glucose clearance due to inhibition of PR3 activity. As such, PR3 can be considered as an inflammatory enzyme directly linking inflammation to type 2 diabetes through downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1/IGFBP3.
Simulated Distillation Methods for Petroleum Fractions with Minimal Residue in the Boiling Range of 35-700 C (1998)

This article describes improvements to the standard methods in simulated sistillation achieved by using columns of high stability. Details of the influence of analytical parameters on acceptability of results (precision and bias) and optimization of procedure to obtain a procedure compatible with routine analyses are reported.
Liquid-liquid equilibrium of water + PEG 8000 + magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems at 35°C: experimental determination and thermodynamic modeling (2005)

Liquid-liquid extraction using aqueous two-phase systems is a highly efficient technique for separation and purification of biomolecules due to the mild properties of both liquid phases. Reliable data on the phase behavior of these systems are essential for the design and operation of new separation processes; several authors reported phase diagrams for polymer-polymer systems, but data on polymer-salt systems are still relatively scarce. In this work, experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data on water + polyethylene glycol 8000 + magnesium sulfate and water + polyethylene glycol 8000 + sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems were obtained at 35°C. Both equilibrium phases were analyzed by lyophilization and ashing. Experimental results were correlated with a mass-fraction-based NRTL activity coefficient model. New interaction parameters were estimated with the Simplex method. The mean deviations between the experimental and calculated compositions in both equilibrium phases is about 2%.
Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 activates transcription from episomal but not integrated DNA and does not alter lymphocyte growth (2001)

By binding to a cis-acting element (oriP) in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) enables persistence and enhances transcription from EBV episomes. To investigate whether EBNA1 also directly affects cell gene transcription, we conditionally expressed a Flag-tagged dominant negative EBNA1 (FDNE) in an EBV immortalized lymphoblastoid cell line, in which the EBV genome is integrated into cell DNA. FDNE induction inhibited expression from an EBNA1-dependent oriP reporter plasmid by more than 90% in these cells but did not affect expression from integrated EBV or oriP reporter DNA. FDNE induction also did not alter expression of more than 1,800 cellular mRNAs. Lymphoblastoid cell line growth under a variety of conditions was unaffected by FDNE induction. Although Gal4-VP16 and EBNA1 strongly activated and coactivated a Gal4-VP16- and oriP-dependent promoter that was on an episome, only Gal4-VP16 activated the promoter when it was integrated into chromosomal DNA. These data indicate that EBNA1 is specifically deficient in activation of an integrated oriP enhancer and does not affect cell growth or gene expression through an interaction with cognate chromosomal DNA.
Protection from oxidative stress by thioredoxin and superoxide dismutase of mouse embryos fertilized in vitro (1991)

A low oxygen tension and superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been demonstrated to promote development of embryos in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the effects of thioredoxin (TRX), a powerful protein disulphide reductase, on the development of mouse embryos fertilized in vitro. Moreover, to clarify the difference between the embryo-protecting mechanisms of TRX and SOD, as well as the critical periods of their actions, we carried out experiments in which we transferred embryos among three different media: basic, TRX- and SOD-supplemented. The rates of 4-cell, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst formation in TRX- (53%, 40% and 34% respectively), or SOD- (59%, 29%, 22%) supplemented media were significantly higher than those (28%, 4%, 0%) in the basic medium. The results of the transfer of embryos using basic and TRX-supplemented media indicated an increase in the rate of expanded blastocysts when TRX was applied from 7 to 30 h, and especially from 18 to 24 h after insemination. In contrast, the results of the transfer of embryos using basic and SOD-supplemented media indicated that SOD, which was also most effective when applied from 7 to 30 h after insemination, had some effects after 30 h. These results indicate that TRX and SOD promote the in-vitro development of mouse embryos fertilized in vitro, which suggests that protection of embryos from oxidative stress is a prerequisite for their development in vitro. SOD and TRX provide protection from oxidative stress by different mechanisms.
He<sup>2+</sup>source based on Penning-type discharge with electron cyclotron resonant heating by millimeter waves (2011)

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources are particularly useful for nuclear, atomic and high energy physics, as unique high current generators of multicharged ion beams. Plasmas of gas discharges in open magnetic traps heated by pulsed high power high-frequency microwaves of gyrotrons are promising in the field of research in the development of ECR sources for high charge state ion beams. It is necessary to decrease pressure and increase plasma density to reach higher average charge of ions in the plasma. The ECR discharge could be ignited at very low gas pressure, but it takes longer time for the discharge start-up. Hence, it is impossible to realize the ECR discharge with limited microwave heating pulse duration at gas pressure below a certain threshold value. We suggest a Penning-type discharge as a trigger discharge for fast development of pulsed-ECR plasma. The Penning-type discharge glows at a low pressure as needed. Gyrotron radiation (75 GHz, 200 kW, 1 ms) was used for plasma heating. Fully striped helium ions were demonstrated, average charge of ions in the plasma was ≈2. Temporal evolution of charge state distribution as a function of helium pressure and microwave power was investigated.
Entzündungshemmende Wirkstoffe, 4. Mitt. 1‐Aroyl‐ und 1‐Aralkylbenzotriazole (1979)

Abstract Aus der Acylierung von Benzotriazol (1a) , 5,6‐Dichlorbenzotriazol (1b) und 5,6‐Dimethylbenzotriazol (1c) mit den Carbonsäurechloriden 2a und 2c‐e resultieren die 1‐Aroylbenzotriazole 3a und 3c‐f . Die Durchführbarkeit analoger Aralkylierungen geht aus der zu 1‐(4‐Chlorbenzyl)benzotriazol (3b) führenden Umsetzung von 1a mit 4‐Chlorbenzylchlorid (2b) hervor. Besonders 3c besitzt einen auffallenden entzündungshemmenden Effekt.