gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multicenter Evaluation of the <i>Clostridium difficile</i> TOX A/B TEST (1998)

Clostridium difficile, the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the United States and many other industrialized countries, is recognized as a major health concern because of its ability to cause severe intestinal disease leading to complications such as relapses and infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The disease results from two toxins, toxins A and B, produced by this pathogen. In this study, we evaluated the TOX A/B TEST, a new 1-h enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that detects toxins A and B. We compared the test with the tissue culture assay, which is recognized as the "gold standard" for C. difficile testing. Evaluations were performed in-house at TechLab, Inc. (Blacksburg, Va.) and off-site at four clinical laboratories. Of 1,152 specimens tested, 165 were positive by the TOX A/B TEST and tissue culture and 973 were negative by both tests. The sensitivity and specificity were 92.2 and 100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 98.6%, respectively, and the correlation of the TOX A/B TEST with tissue culture was 98.8%. When discrepant samples were resolved by culture, the sensitivity and specificity were 93.2 and 98.9%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 98.8%, respectively, with a correlation of 99.0%. There were no specimens that were positive by the TOX A/B TEST and negative by tissue culture. Fourteen specimens were negative by the TOX A/B TEST but positive by tissue culture. Of these, two were negative by toxigenic culture, five were positive by toxigenic culture, and seven were not available for further testing. There were no indeterminate results, since the test does not have an indeterminant zone. In a separate study, 102 specimens that were positive by tissue culture and the TOX A/B TEST were examined in toxin A-specific EIAs. Two specimens that presumptively contained toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive (toxA-/toxB+) isolates were identified. One specimen was from a patient with a clinical history consistent with C. difficile infection. Isolates obtained from these specimens by selective culture on solid media and in broth tested toxA-/toxB+ when grown in brain heart infusion dialysis flasks, which stimulate in vitro production of both toxins. Our findings show that the TOX A/B TEST is suitable as a diagnostic aid for C. difficile disease because it correlates well with tissue culture and detects isolates that may be missed with toxin A-specific EIAs.
Three-Dimensional Printing and Cell Therapy for Wound Repair (2018)

<b>Significance:</b> Skin tissue damage is a major challenge and a burden on healthcare systems, from burns and other trauma to diabetes and vascular disease. Although the biological complexities are relatively well understood, appropriate repair mechanisms are scarce. Three-dimensional bioprinting is a layer-based approach to regenerative medicine, whereby cells and cell-based materials can be dispensed in fine spatial arrangements to mimic native tissue. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Various bioprinting techniques have been employed in wound repair-based skin tissue engineering, from laser-induced forward transfer to extrusion-based methods, and with the investigation of the benefits and shortcomings of each, with emphasis on biological compatibility and cell proliferation, migration, and vitality. <b>Critical issues:</b> Development of appropriate biological inks and the vascularization of newly developed tissues remain a challenge within the field of skin tissue engineering. <b>Future Directions:</b> Progress within bioprinting requires close interactions between material scientists, tissue engineers, and clinicians. Microvascularization, integration of multiple cell types, and skin appendages will be essential for creation of complex skin tissue constructs.
Finite Element Modelling of Rigidity of Fishing Rods with Various Cross-sections (2009)

Summary D-Flex Ltd has developed and patented a novel design of fishing rod that is based upon adopting a non-circular cross sectional shape which is a Curve of Constant Width, in particular an extended Reuleaux Triangle, to beneficially enhance flexural rigidity. In this report a basic evaluation of the bending of tubes was undertaken to simulate how fishing rods with various cross-sectional shapes might behave. Finite element models were developed and the rigidity of representative tubes was determined in terms of deflection under a static load. Dimensional parameters were chosen to ensure a matched volume of material per unit length. The shapes evaluated were circular, equilateral triangle, Reuleaux Triangle and extended Reuleaux Triangle. An elastic constitutive model was employed and nominal material properties were used. Deformed shapes of tubes are presented and discussed. It was found that all the non-circular shaped tubes demonstrated increased rigidity (reduced deflection) when compared to a circular tube and that the extended Reuleaux Triangle was the most efficient shape of those investigated. In addition, different elastic modulii, representative of the variable compression/tension properties of the carbon fibre composite materials typically used in fishing rods, were incorporated into the tension and compression zones of an extended Reuleaux tube and loadings through its apex and side were modelled. This revealed different rigidities in relation to these two loading conditions and thus that there is a differential in the flexural properties of such a tube depending upon the direction of loading. Overall, it was found that an extended Reuleaux Triangle tube will demonstrate a reduced deflection of approximately 25% less than an otherwise equivalent circular section tube.
Insulin Increases Cell Surface GLUT4 Levels by Dose Dependently Discharging GLUT4 into a Cell Surface Recycling Pathway (2004)

The insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis. A novel assay was used to study GLUT4 trafficking in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts/preadipocytes and adipocytes. Whereas insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in both cell types, in nonstimulated fibroblasts GLUT4 readily cycled between endosomes and the plasma membrane, while this was not the case in adipocytes. This efficient retention in basal adipocytes was mediated in part by a C-terminal targeting motif in GLUT4. Insulin caused a sevenfold increase in the amount of GLUT4 molecules present in a trafficking cycle that included the plasma membrane. Strikingly, the magnitude of this increase correlated with the insulin dose, indicating that the insulin-induced appearance of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane cannot be explained solely by a kinetic change in the recycling of a fixed intracellular GLUT4 pool. These data are consistent with a model in which GLUT4 is present in a storage compartment, from where it is released in a graded or quantal manner upon insulin stimulation and in which released GLUT4 continuously cycles between intracellular compartments and the cell surface independently of the nonreleased pool.
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol based OS fingerprinting (2007)

Abstract: Many different parameters impact the management of a device (nature, IP address...), and the Operating System (OS) it runs is one of them. With IPv6 being deployed, many new device, all different, will be able to obtain an IP address and acces the network. Knowing the OS these devices are running is very important in order to manage them efficiently. This is performed with OS Fingerprinting. In this report, we present a study we performed on the subject. We present our methodology and the results observed, leading to the definition of fingerprints for some IPv6 stacks and thus Operating Systems. Key-words: IPv6, management, monitoring, networkOS Fingerprinting basé sur le protocol de découverte de voisins d’IPv6 Résumé: De nombreux paramètres différents impactent le management des systèmes (nature, adresse IP...), et le système d’exploitation (OS) qu’ils utilisent est l’un d’eux. Avec le déploiement d’IPv6 qui a commencé, beaucoup de nouveaux systèmes, tous différents, seront capables d’obtenir une adresse IP et d’accéder au réseau. Connaître l’OS de ces systèmes est donc très important pour pouvoir les gérer efficacement. Cette opération est possible grâce à l’OS Fingerprinting. Dans ce rapport, nous présentons une étude menée
An Infinitely Variable Choke for Multi-Zone Intelligent Well Completions (2000)

Abstract State-of-the-art completion technologies to more efficiently support the needs of the oilfield continue to be developed. For example, intelligent completion techniques, which are designed to allow the operator to reconfigure well architecture without well intervention, have gained a great deal of attention because of their capabilities to improve monitoring and overall well performance in multi-zone oil and gas field developments. In all of these multi-zone intelligent-well completions, flow adjusting and monitoring devices or interval control valves are located between zonal isolation packers to control flow into or out of each zone. The first generation of these interval control valves was a choke that offered only four positions. To overcome the position limitations, an infinitely variable choke has now been designed. The requirements for this next-generation interval control valve provided many design challenges. This paper describes the design, development and testing of a metal-to-metal sealing, infinitely variable downhole choke with true position sensing capability. All topics from the conceptual design and customer requirements to accelerated erosion testing and component life predictions will be discussed. Testing has verified that the new interval control valve can support the needs of the multi-zone well completion. This new technology has been installed in a Statoil water injection well.
Position-fixing using the USSR's GLONASS C/A code (1989)

The possibility of the USSR's global satellite navigation system GLONASS and the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System using a common navigation system can only be determined following exhaustive testing of two systems in a variety of satellite and receiver modes and configurations. The authors describe their first attempts to carry out basic position-fixing and timing measurements with a single-channel, sequencing digital receiver in a C/A code phase-measurement mode using the GLONASS satellites. The receiver used to produce the fixes was a digital sequencing unit with a single stage of downconversion and followed by 1-bit quantization. Code acquisition was accomplished using 1-Q channels measuring code phase. The number of satellites available in the present preoperational phase heavily restricts the time and satellite configurations which can be tested. However, the results have encouraged the authors to propose a range of experiments aimed at evaluating the two systems and eventual integration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Partial Inhibition of mTORC1 in Aged Rats Counteracts the Decline in Muscle Mass and Reverses Molecular Signaling Associated with Sarcopenia (2019)

There is a lack of pharmacological interventions available for sarcopenia, a progressive age-associated loss of muscle mass, leading to a decline in mobility and quality of life. We found mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1), a well-established positive modulator of muscle mass, to be surprisingly hyperactivated in sarcopenic muscle. Furthermore, partial inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway counteracted sarcopenia, as determined by observing an increase in muscle mass and fiber type cross-sectional area in select muscle groups, again surprising because mTORC1 signaling has been shown to be required for skeletal muscle mass gains in some models of hypertrophy. Additionally, several genes related to senescence were downregulated and gene expression indicators of neuromuscular junction denervation were diminished using a low dose of a "rapalog" (a pharmacological agent related to rapamycin). Therefore, partial mTORC1 inhibition may delay the progression of sarcopenia by directly and indirectly modulating multiple age-associated pathways, implicating mTORC1 as a therapeutic target to treat sarcopenia.
TiN/Al2O3/ZnO gate stack engineering for top-gate thin film transistors by combination of post oxidation and annealing (2018)

Control of fabrication processes for a gate stack structure with a ZnO thin channel layer and an Al2O3 gate insulator has been examined for enhancing the performance of a top-gate ZnO thin film transistor (TFT). The Al2O3/ZnO interface and the ZnO layer are defective just after the Al2O3 layer formation by atomic layer deposition. Post treatments such as plasma oxidation, annealing after the Al2O3 deposition, and gate metal formation (PMA) are promising to improve the interfacial and channel layer qualities drastically. Post-plasma oxidation effectively reduces the interfacial defect density and eliminates Fermi level pinning at the Al2O3/ZnO interface, which is essential for improving the cut-off of the drain current of TFTs. A thermal effect of post-Al2O3 deposition annealing at 350 °C can improve the crystalline quality of the ZnO layer, enhancing the mobility. On the other hand, impacts of post-Al2O3 deposition annealing and PMA need to be optimized because the annealing can also accompany the increase in the shallow-level defect density and the resulting electron concentration, in addition to the reduction in the deep-level defect density. The development of the interfacial control technique has realized the excellent TFT performance with a large ON/OFF ratio, steep subthreshold characteristics, and high field-effect mobility.
Urinary fibrinogen degradation products and differential protein clearances in renal disease. (1979)

The close correlation observed between urine concentration of fibrinogen degradation products and differential protein clearances in the proteinuria of renal disease has been confirmed. Heavy proteinuria in excess of 5 g/l however leads to raised FDP levels, irrespective of the selectivity of the protein clearance. A correction factor for proteinuria enables an accurate estimate of protein clearance from a single measurement of urine FDP.
Monoclonals and DNA probes in diagnostic and preventative medicine (1987)

This book contains 24 selections. Some of the titles are: Use of DNA Probes for Prenatal and Carrier Diagnosis of Hemophilia and Fragile X Mental Retardation; The Application of DNA Probes to Diagnosis and Research of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Clinical Trial, New Probes and Deletion Mapping; Molecular Genetics of the Human Collagens; Molecular Genetics of Human Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Genes; Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA and Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA: Implications in Diagnosis and Pathogenesis; and DNA Probes to Evaluate the Possible Association of Papovaviruses with Human Tumors.
Using Directed Self Assembly of Block Copolymer Nanostructures to Modulate Nanoscale Surface Roughness: Towards a Novel Lithographic Process (2012)

Abstract Nanoscale surface roughness is an important factor in determining the properties of surfaces and can affect the performance of a range of devices prepared by lithographic methods. Here, a method is reported, which enables modulation of the nanoscale roughness of surfaces through the directed self assembly (DSA) of positively charged polymersomes, composed of specifically designed block copolymers, onto negatively charged surfaces. Assembly of the polymersomes on surfaces can result in an increase in the nanoscale surface roughness; however, through a controlled annealing step we can also significantly reduce the nanoscale roughness of the original surface. The ability to decrease the roughness of lithographic patterns is expected to have a significant impact on the manufacture of integrated circuits.
Reducing thermal interface impedance using surface engineering (2014)

The ever-increasing demand for more functionality of electronic and optoelectronic components led to increased packaging and thermal power densities. Higher processing density can be reached by developing thermal management solutions. The current technology in electronic packaging is to attach the die to heat spreader, using materials known as Thermal Interface Materials (TIM), such as solder or silver sinter pastes. The advantage of these materials is their relatively high thermal conductivity; however, there are major problems such as voiding and degradation of TIMs over time [1]. Furthermore, the thermal resistance of the interface between TIM and surfaces is considered as a serious issue in electronics packaging. In this work, we present a new scheme to reduce thermal impedance using surface patterning. Heat transfer enhancement in this method is based on increasing heat transfer surface area per unit die are and replacing TIM with patterns made of high thermal conductive materials such as Copper. Effect of different parameters such as pattern height, diameter and pitch on heat transfer rate was investigated both experimentally and numerically. Thermal resistance was measured using conventional 1-dimensional heat transfer setup. Finally, our experimental results show that using this scheme will increase effective thermal conductivity by almost 5-fold.
The Composition and Quality of Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>Extracted Cinnamon (1989)

ABSTRACT Coarsely ground cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) was extracted using supercritical CO2 in commercially available equipment. The extracts were made at 50°C with pressures varying from 300–600 bar. The extracts were compared chemically with a methylene chloride oleoresin and a water-distilled oil. It was found that the chemical composition between all of the materials was very similar. The cinnamaldehyde and eugenol contents varied from 75.72% to 83.19% and 1.57% to 2.40%, respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that for supercritical CO2 extraction of cinnamon at 500C, pressures greater than 300 bar are not necessary.
Carbon nanotube/polypropylene composite particles for microwave welding (2012)

Abstract Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polypropylene (PP) composite particles with various compositions were prepared by mechanical grinding of PP microparticles and MWCNT powders in a mortar at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that PP particles were coated by MWCNTs, forming a core‐shell structure. The electrical resistivity versus temperature behavior of MWCNT/PP composite particles and the changes in phase structures before and after melting were studied. Furthermore, MWCNT/PP composite particles with 4 wt % MWCNT were used to weld PP substrates under microwave irradiation. The effects of the irradiation duration and the compression pressure on the welding strength were examined. Here, we have demonstrated a simple and economic method for polymer welding. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Perspectives in Organ Preservation (2007)

Maintaining organ viability after donation until transplantation is critically important for optimal graft function and survival. To date, static cold storage is the most widely used form of preservation in every day clinical practice. Although simple and effective, it is questionable whether this method is able to prevent deterioration of organ quality in the present era with increasing numbers of organs retrieved from older, more marginal, and even non-heart-beating donors. This review describes principles involved in effective preservation and focuses on some basic components and methods of abdominal organ preservation in clinical and experimental transplantation. Concepts and developments to reduce ischemia related injury are discussed, including hypothermic machine perfusion. Despite the fact that hypothermic machine perfusion might be superior to static cold storage preservation, organs are still exposed to hypothermia induced damage. Therefore, recently some groups have pointed at the beneficial effects of normothermic machine perfusion as a new perspective in organ preservation and transplantation.
Molecular cloning of genes involved with expression of A-band lipopolysaccharide, an antigenically conserved form, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1991)

Most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa can express two chemically and immunologically distinct types of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an antigenically conserved form called A band and the serotype-specific form called B band. To study the molecular controls regulating expression of the A-band LPS antigen, we have cloned the genes involved with A-band LPS expression. Strain AK1401, a phage-resistant mutant of PAO1 which was shown previously to produce only A-band LPS and not the O-antigen-containing B-band LPS, was mutagenized by using ethyl methanesulfonate to generate an A-band-deficient mutant called rd7513. A cosmid clone bank of P. aeruginosa PAO1 whole genomic DNA was constructed in Escherichia coli. The gene bank was mobilized en masse into strain rd7513, and detection of complementation of synthesis of A band was done by screening transconjugants in a colony immunoblot assay with the A-band-specific monoclonal antibody N1F10. One recombinant cosmid, pFV3, complemented synthesis of A-band polysaccharide in rd7513. Silver-stained polyacrylamide gel and Western immunoblot analyses of LPS extracted from the transconjugant rd7513(pFV3) showed that the A band produced had a higher molecular weight than the A band of AK1401. Analysis of the plasmid pFV3 showed that it contained a chromosomal insert of 27 kb. Two subclones of pFV3, namely, pFV35 and pFV36, containing chromosomal inserts of 5.3 and 4.2 kb, respectively, also complemented A-band expression in rd7513. The LPS banding profile of rd7513(pFV35) was similar to that of AK1401, while the LPS profile of rd7513(pFV36) more closely resembled that of rd7513(pFV3). pFV3 complemented A-band expression in five of the six P. aeruginosa O serotypes which lack A band as well as in rough strain AK44 but failed to complement A-band expression in core mutants AK1012 and AK1282, suggesting that pFV3 contains genes for A-band expression and that synthesis of a complete core region in isogenic mutant strains is required for A-band synthesis.
The Bech–Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (MES) in clinical trials of therapies in depressive disorders: a 20‐year review of its use as outcome measure (2002)

The MES has been found a valid and reliable scale for the measurement of changes in depressive states during short-term as well as long-term treatment.
Interplay between glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid transmitter systems in the physiological regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor synthesis in hippocampal neurons. (1991)

In the central nervous system brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are predominantly located in neurons. Here we demonstrate that the balance between the activity of the glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems controls the physiological levels of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo. The blockade of the glutamate receptors and/or stimulation of the GABAergic system reduces BDNF and NGF mRNAs in hippocampus and NGF protein in hippocampus and septum. The reduction of NGF in the septum reflects the diminished availability of NGF in the projection field of NGF-dependent septal cholinergic neurons. These neurons do not synthesize NGF themselves but accumulate it by retrograde axonal transport. The refined and rapid regulation of BDNF and NGF synthesis by the glutamate and GABA transmitter systems suggests that BDNF and NGF might be involved in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.