gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increase in somatostatin to glucagon ratio in islets of alloxan-diabetic dogs: effect of insulin-induced euglycemia (1993)

We have previously shown that acute insulin-induced normalization of glycemia in alloxan-diabetic (A-D) dogs results in marked inhibition of total pancreatic glucagon content, but normalization of somatostatin content. We suggested that this glucagon deficiency might account for A-cell unresponsiveness in diabetes. To examine these changes in detail at the islet level, morphometric and immunologic analyses were carried out on pancreata from four normal (N), four hyperglycemic A-D dogs (HD), and four A-D dogs after acute normalization of glycemia with insulin (ND). The total number of islets per pancreas (3.9 x 10(6) +/- 0.5 x 10(6); determined from the number of islets per square millimetre) was reduced by 60% (p < 0.001) in HD, and this was not affected by acute normalization of glycemia. Insulin content per islet was 1247 +/- 205 pg in N, and this was reduced in both HD and ND to 2 and 5%, respectively (p < 0.001). Similarly, insulin-containing B-cell area was 76 +/- 1% of the total islet area in N, and was unmeasurable in HD and ND. Glucagon content per islet was 89 +/- 6 pg in N, and this was increased by 215% (p < 0.001) in HD, but was normalized in ND. The A-cell area increased concomitantly by 170% from 17 +/- 1 to 46 +/- 2% (p < 0.01) of islet area in HD, and remained elevated in ND.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Shapes of pressure- and Doppler-broadened spectral lines in the core and near wings (1998)

The Rautian-Sobelman approach describing the collision-Doppler shape of spectral line that takes into account both soft and hard velocity-changing collisions is extended to the case when correlation between Doppler and collision broadening as well as the dispersion line asymmetry should be considered. Numerical calculations show that speed-dependent effects can produce the additional line narrowing as well as broadening and also the line asymmetry. It is shown that speed-dependent profiles based on the soft and hard collision models differ much more one from another than those which omit the speed-dependent effects.
Spherical codes generated by binary partitions of symmetric pointsets (1995)

Several constructions are presented by which spherical codes are generated from groups of binary codes. In the main family of constructions the codes are generated from equally spaced symmetric pointsets on the real line. The main ideas are code concatenation and set partitioning. Extensive tables are presented for spherical codes in dimension n/spl les/24.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation and Ozone on the Transepidermal Water Loss as a Function of Skin Temperature in Hairless Mice (2003)

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation or ozone leads to skin damage including oxidation of skin biomolecules, as well as to depletion of constitutive antioxidants. The highly organized stratum corneum forming the main barrier against most xenobiotics is particularly susceptible to such damage and possible barrier perturbation may be the consequence. Whereas ample evidence exists for an increased permeability for different solutes including water after exposure to ultraviolet radiation, such an effect has not yet been reported for ozone. This study reports on the effect of such oxidative stressors using the hairless mouse as the skin model and measuring temperature-controlled transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as an indicator for skin barrier integrity. First, a strong dependency of the TEWL on skin temperature was observed, an effect that was clearly more pronounced than that found in man. Given this temperature dependency in untreated animals, we proceeded to determine the effects of both ultraviolet radiation and ozone on TEWL over a relevant physiological skin temperature range. Solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (0.75-3 minimal erythemal dose) resulted in a delayed and dose-dependent skin barrier disruption over the entire temperature range investigated. Conversely, daily ozone exposure at 2 ppm for 1 week, however, did not significantly alter TEWL up to 72 h after the last exposure. The results demonstrate a differential response of the epidermis to two environmental stressors associated with oxidative damage; they suggest that chronic ozone exposure at relevant environmental levels does not lead to a detectable skin barrier defect, while solar UV exposure was demonstrated to increase epidermal water loss. Furthermore, experimental evidence clearly suggests that future studies applying TEWL measurements in animal models should be performed under carefully controlled skin temperature conditions.
Laboratory Studies of<i>Aedes aegypti</i>Attraction to Ketones, Sulfides, and Primary Chloroalkanes Tested Alone and in Combination with L-Lactic Acid (2015)

The attraction of female Aedes aegypti to single compounds and binary compositions containing L-lactic acid and an additional saturated compound from a set of ketones, sulfides, and chloroalkanes was studied using a triple-cage dual-port olfactometer. These chemical classes were studied because of their structural relation to acetone, dimethyl disulfide, and dichloromethane, which have all been reported to synergize attraction to L-lactic acid. Human odors, carbon dioxide, and the binary mixture of L-lactic acid and CO₂served as controls for comparison of attraction responses produced by the binary mixtures. All tested mixtures that contained chloroalkanes attracted mosquitoes at synergistic levels, as did L-lactic acid and CO₂. Synergism was less frequent in mixtures of L-lactic acid with sulfides and ketones; in the case of ketones, synergistic attraction was observed only for L-lactic acid combined with acetone or butanone. Suppression or inhibition of attraction response was observed for combinations that contained ketones of C7-C12 molecular chain length (optimum in the C8-C10 range). This inhibition effect is similar to that observed previously for specific ranges of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and alcohols.
Detection of lipid A by monoclonal antibodies in S-form lipopolysaccharide after acidic treatment of immobilized LPS on Western blot (1997)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and hydrolyzed under acid conditions known to liberate lipid A from a broad variety of bacterial species. Independent of whether bis- or monophosphorylated lipid was set free, it remained bound to the membrane during subsequent immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the 1,4'-bis- or 4'-monophosphorylated lipid A backbone. Lipid A could be detected in the smooth (S)-form LPS from Enterobacteriaceae (Salmonella enterica, Citrobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Yersinia enterocolitica) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chromobacterium violaceum, Acinetobacter, Vibrio cholerae and Legionella pneumophila, thus allowing LPS-phenotype determination. The procedure can be used for the majority of Gram-negative bacteria, since LPSs containing 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-glucose or glucosamine in the lipid A disaccharide backbone could be detected. It was shown to be sensitive (up to 20 ng of hydrolyzed LPS could be detected), and could be easily performed using isolated LPS or whole-cell lysates with or without prior digestion with proteinase K. In addition to opening several other application possibilities, the procedure may be particularly useful in cases where silver-staining of the O-chain in SDSpolyacrylamide gels fails and specific antibodies against the O-antigen are not available.
Ringöffnung von Lactonen und cyclischen Carbonaten mit Brom‐ oder Iodtrimethylsilan (1979)

Zugang zu α, ω‐funktionalisierten Derivaten , z. B. den anders kaum erhältlichen ω‐Halogenalkylisocyanaten ( 2 ), XBr, I, bietet die Spaltung von Lactonen ( 1 ) mit Brom‐ oder Iodtrimethylsilan. magnified image
Wetting of Ceramics by Liquid Metals (1971)

A linear relation is established between the cosine of the contact angle and the temperature of a liquid metal sessile drop resting on a ceramic substrate. This relation is demonstrated for many liquid metal/ceramic systems. The work of adhesion and the effects of surface roughness, porosity, chemical reactions, and structural transformations in the substrate surface are also discussed.
A Mars airplane (1979)

An airplane specifically designed for Mars flight is described, emphasizing its conceivable role as an aerial surveyor for visual imaging, gamma-ray and IR reflectance spectroscopy, studies of atmospheric composition and dynamics, and gravity-field, magnetic-field, and electromagnetic sounding. Possible imaging systems and surveying tasks are considered, along with a plausible mission scenario for a fleet of 12 airplanes, which would be taken to Mars in squadrons of four by three Shuttle/IUS Twin Stage/spacecraft carriers. A basic configuration closely resembling that of a competition glider is examined, and four types of airplane are discussed: hydrazine-powered cruisers and landers and electrically powered cruisers and landers. Attention is given to navigation, guidance, and control avionics, vehicle weight, the use of composite materials for the wing, and flight testing on earth.
Regulation of Flagellar Dynein by Phosphorylation of a 138-kD Inner Arm Dynein Intermediate Chain (1997)

One of the challenges in understanding ciliary and flagellar motility is determining the mechanisms that locally regulate dynein-driven microtubule sliding. Our recent studies demonstrated that microtubule sliding, in Chlamydomonas flagella, is regulated by phosphorylation. However, the regulatory proteins remain unknown. Here we identify the 138-kD intermediate chain of inner arm dynein I1 as the critical phosphoprotein required for regulation of motility. This conclusion is founded on the results of three different experimental approaches. First, genetic analysis and functional assays revealed that regulation of microtubule sliding, by phosphorylation, requires inner arm dynein I1. Second, in vitro phosphorylation indicated the 138-kD intermediate chain of I1 is the only phosphorylated subunit. Third, in vitro reconstitution demonstrated that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the 138-kD intermediate chain inhibits and restores wild-type microtubule sliding, respectively. We conclude that change in phosphorylation of the 138-kD intermediate chain of I1 regulates dynein-driven microtubule sliding. Moreover, based on these and other data, we predict that regulation of I1 activity is involved in modulation of flagellar waveform.
Bandwidth sharing: objectives and algorithms (1999)

This paper concerns the design of distributed algorithms for sharing network bandwidth resources among contending flows. The classical fairness notion is the so-called max-min fairness; Kelly (see Europ. Trans. Telecom. vol.8 p.33-37, 1997) has previously introduced the alternative proportional fairness criterion; we introduce a third criterion, which is naturally interpreted in terms of the delays experienced by ongoing transfers. We prove that fixed size window control can achieve fair bandwidth sharing according to any of these criteria, provided scheduling at each link is performed in an appropriate manner. We next consider a distributed random scheme where each traffic source varies its sending rate randomly, based on binary feedback information from the network. We show how to select the source behaviour so as to achieve an equilibrium distribution concentrated around the considered fair rate allocations. This stochastic analysis is then used to assess the asymptotic behaviour of deterministic rate adoption procedures.
Chemical and Enzymatic Approaches to Construct Modified RNAs (2003)

Synthesis of modified nucleotides and then incorporation into an RNA chain have facilitated our understanding of the functron and mode of action of specific nucleotides within the ribonucleic acid. Recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of RNAs (, , ) have allowed the introduction of single-atom substitutions at specific positions in an oligoribonucleotide. For example, introduction of deoxyribose moieties in an RNA or the replacement of natural nucleotide by a base not normally found in nucleic acids is now possible (,).
Anchoring fibrils. A new connective tissue structure in fibrotic lung disease. (1978)

Electron microscopic studies of lung were made and compared in 17 patients with lung disease (10 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 3 with collagen--vascular diseases, 3 with sarcoidosis, and 1 with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia) and in 5 control patients. In control patients, the alveolar epithelial cells were normal, and no hemidesmosomes were present between the plasma membranes and the basal laminae. In comparison, cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells were present in 15 of the patients with fibrotic lung disease; in 9 of these the alveolar epithelial cells were multilayered. In 7 of the latter 9 patients (5 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 2 with collagen-vascular diseases), the basal laminae of the alveolar epithelial cells were attached to the plasma membranes by hemidesmosomes and to the underlying interstitial connective tissue by "anchoring fibrils." These fibrils measured from 4000 to 6000 A in length and from 200 to 600 A in width. One or both ends of the anchoring fibrils inserted into thebasal lamina, often forming arcs through which collagen fibrils and connective tissue microfibrils penetrated. Anchoring fibrils showed a complex pattern of transverse banding, which differed from that of collagen and appeared to be symmetric about the center of the fibril. These anchoring fibrils, which resemble those in normal skin and other tissues, were not found in lungs of control patients. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the severity of the pulmonary fibrosis and the presence of anchoring fibrils. These observations suggest that in severe fibrotic lung disease, anchoring fibrils reinforce the attachment of the basal lamina of multilayered alveolar epithelial cells to interstitial connective tissue.
Context-based access control for ubiquitous service provisioning (2004)

Pervasive user mobility, wireless connectivity and the widespread diffusion of portable devices raise new challenges for ubiquitous service provisioning. In particular, mobility of users/devices causes frequent and unpredictable changes in physical user location and in consequently available resources and services. Users can also change portable access devices, with different capabilities, even at runtime and during the same service session, thus forcing us to consider very dynamic aspects even due to client heterogeneity. Access control to resources is crucial to leverage the provision of ubiquitous services and calls for novel solutions based on various context information, e.g., user/device location, device properties, user needs, local resource visibility. This work presents a novel access control model built upon the concept of context as the first-class design principle to rule access to resources. As key features, this model allows to associate access control permissions with contexts where users operate and users acquire/lose their permissions when entering/leaving a specific context. Unlike traditional access control solutions where user identity/role triggers policy evaluation when requesting resource access, this model exploits the user context to fully determine the set of available permissions. In addition, the proposed model allows to express context-based access control policies at a high level of abstraction cleanly separate from service logic implementation, thus promoting dynamic policy modification with no impact on the service code. The paper shows the implementation of the proposed model in the UbiCOSM framework and presents a mobile office service provisioning scenario.
Novel PDLLA/PEG copolymer micelles as drug carriers (1996)

In this study we attempted to develop a novel drug delivery system in the form of polymeric micelles. In order to obtain polymer chains with micelle forming abilities, we have proposed to produce copolymers by transesterification of poly(DL-lactic acid) (PDLLA) (as the hydrophobic segment) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (as the hydrophilic segment). We first produced homopolymers of PDLLA with low molecular weights by condensation polymerization of DL-lactic acid. The PDLLA homopolymer with an average molecular weight of 1866 ± 100 was then transesterified with PEG with a molecular weight range of 3300-4000. By changing the ratio of PEG to PDLLA, we were able to produce copolymers with different chain structures, and therefore, with different micelle forming abilities. FTIR, 1H-NMR, DSC, and GPC studies were performed to describe the structures of these PDLLA/PEG copolymers. Micelles of these copolymers were characterized by light scattering. We selected a model drug, i.e. adriamycin, and obtained the drug loadings to the PDLLA/PEG copolymer micelles. The maximum drug loading was about 12 mg g-1. We found that these micelles were degraded in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4 and temperature 37°C) in about 5-6 weeks. We also investigated the release of adriamycin from these PDLLA/PEG micelles, and concluded that the drug release from these micelles was mainly 'degradation controlled'.
The addition and substitution chemistry of quinones (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Nucleophilic Addition Chemistry of Quinones The Carbonyl Chemistry of Quinones The Addition of Radicals to Quinones Cycloaddition to Quinones Electrophilic Arylation of Quinones Active Methylene Anions and Quinones The Substitution Chemistry of Quinones References
Surveying Protein Structure and Function Using Bis-Arsenical Small Molecules (2011)

Exploration across the fields of biology, chemical biology, and medicine has led to an increasingly complex, albeit incomplete, view of the interactions that drive life's processes. The ability to monitor and track the movement, activity, and interactions of biomolecules in living cells is an essential part of this investigation. In our laboratory, we have endeavored to develop tools that are capable not only of monitoring protein localization but also reporting on protein structure and function. Central to our efforts is a new strategy, bipartite tetracysteine display, that relies on the specific and high-affinity interaction between a fluorogenic, bis-arsenical small molecule and a unique protein sequence, conformation, or assembly. In 1998, a small-molecule analogue of fluorescein with two arsenic atoms, FlAsH, was shown by Tsien and coworkers to fluoresce upon binding to a linear amino acid sequence, Cys-Cys-Arg-Glu-Cys-Cys. Later work demonstrated that substituting Pro-Gly for Arg-Glu optimized both binding and fluorescence yield. Our strategy of bipartite tetracysteine display emanated from the idea that it would be possible to replace the intervening Pro-Gly dipeptide in this sequence with a protein or protein partnership, provided the assembled protein fold successfully reproduced the approximate placement of the two Cys-Cys pairs. In this Account, we describe our recent progress in this area, with an emphasis on the fundamental concepts that underlie the successful use of bis-arsenicals such as FlAsH and the related ReAsH for bipartite display experiments. In particular, we highlight studies that have explored how broadly bipartite tetracysteine display can be employed and that have navigated the conformational boundary conditions favoring success. To emphasize the utility of these principles, we outline two recently reported applications of bipartite tetracysteine display. The first is a novel, encodable, selective, Src kinase sensor that lacks fluorescent proteins but possesses a fluorescent readout exceeding that of most sensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The second is a unique method, called complex-edited electron microscopy (CE-EM), that facilitates visualization of protein-protein complexes with electron microscopy. Exciting as these applications may be, the continued development of small-molecule tools with improved utility in living cells, let alone in vivo, will demand a more nuanced understanding of the fundamental photophysics that lead to fluorogenicity, as well as creative approaches toward the synthesis and identification of new and orthogonal dye-tag pairs that can be applied facilely in tandem. We describe one example of a dye-sequence tag pair that is chemically distinct from bis-arsenical chemistry. Through further effort, we expect that that bipartite tetracysteine display will find successful use in the study of sophisticated biological questions that are essential to the fields of biochemistry and biology as well as to our progressive understanding of human disease.
An Organic/Si Nanowire Hybrid Field Configurable Transistor (2008)

We report a field configurable transistor (FCT) fabricated on a Si nanowire FET platform by integrating a thin film of conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and an ionic conductive layer (RbAg4I5) into the gate. The FCT can be precisely configured to desired nonvolatile analog state dynamically, repeatedly, and reversibly by controlling the concentration of iodide ions in the MEH-PPV layer with a gate voltage. The flexible configurability and plasticity of the FCT could facilitate field-programmable circuits for defect-tolerance and synapse-like devices for learning.
Histone Dynamics on the Interleukin-2 Gene in Response to T-Cell Activation (2005)

Several models have been proposed for the mechanism of chromatin remodelling across the promoters of inducible genes in mammalian cells. The most commonly held model is one of cooccupation where histone proteins are modified by acetylation or phosphorylation and nucleosomes are remodelled, allowing the assembly of transcription factor complexes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we observed an apparent decrease of histone acetylation and phosphorylation signals at the proximal promoter region of the inducible interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genes in response to T-cell activation. We showed that this apparent decrease was due to a loss of histone H3 and H4 proteins corresponding to a decrease in nucleosome occupation of the promoter. This histone loss is reversible; it is dependent on the continual presence of appropriate activating signals and transcription factors and is not dependent on the acetylation status of the histone proteins. These data show for the first time that histone proteins are lost from a mammalian promoter upon activation of transcription and support a model of activation-dependent disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes.
Dominant-Negative Loss of PPARγ Function Enhances Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Vascular Remodeling (2009)

These findings are consistent with a normal role for PPARgamma in inhibiting SMC migration and proliferation in the context of restenosis or atherosclerosis.