gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Permeability of vitamin B‐12 in chitosan membranes. Effect of crosslinking and blending with poly(vinyl alcohol) on permeability (1992)

Abstract The permeability and diffusion of vitamin B‐12 in chitosan, crosslinked chitosans, and chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blends were studied using “lag time” technique. Apparently the diffusion coefficient, D , for both crosslinked and blended chitosan membranes depends solely upon the equilibrium swelling ratio, Q , of the material in water. The functional dependence of D on Q was obtained from the data. The partition coefficients calculated for vitamin B‐12 in all membranes studied were nearly constant ( K ≈ 0.4). The results are shown to be consistent with the “pore type” transport mechanism for vitamin B‐12 in these chitosan membranes.
Convenient conversion of crystalline layered silicate octosilicate into RWR-type zeolite by acetic acid intercalation (2007)

The intercalation of acetic acid into the crystalline layered silicate octosilicate was found to take place efficiently and give a new type of layered structure. The highly crystalline RWR-type zeolite was successfully prepared by the dehydration–condensation of silanol groups on both sides of the interlayer of the acetic acid-intercalated octosilicate (Ac-octosilicate). The crystallinity of the RWR-type zeolite was strongly dependent on the amount of acetic acid molecules in the interlayer.
Power-Constrained Contrast Enhancement Algorithm Using Multiscale Retinex for OLED Display (2014)

This paper presents a power-constrained contrast enhancement algorithm for organic light-emitting diode display based on multiscale retinex (MSR). In general, MSR, which is the key component of the proposed algorithm, consists of power controllable log operation and subbandwise gain control. First, we decompose an input image to MSRs of different sub-bands, and compute a proper gain for each MSR. Second, we apply a coarse-to-fine power control mechanism, which recomputes the MSRs and gains. This step iterates until the target power saving is accurately accomplished. With video sequences, the contrast levels of adjacent images are determined consistently using temporal coherence in order to avoid flickering artifacts. Finally, we present several optimization skills for real-time processing. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides better visual quality than previous methods, and a consistent power-saving ratio without flickering artifacts, even for video sequences.
The Penetrance of Copy Number Variations for Schizophrenia and Developmental Delay (2013)

CNVs associated with SCZ have high pathogenicity. The majority of the increased risk conferred by CNVs is toward the development of an earlier-onset disorder, such as DD/ASD/CM, rather than SCZ. The penetrance of CNVs correlates strongly with their selection coefficients. The improved estimates of penetrance will provide crucial information for genetic counselling.
Performances of various types of benders for sagittally focusing crystals on ESRF synchrotron beamlines (1998)

Different types of crystal bending devices have been developed at the ESRF in the past few years for sagittal focusing of relatively wide bending magnet and wiggler synchrotron x-ray beams and of more tightly collimated undulator radiation. Their basic features and performances are presented, together with practical experience. A new bender for dynamical microfocusing of undulator beams down to micrometer spatial resolution with high efficiency is described.
Development of a framework for secure patch management (2004)

With the growing expansion of Internet connectivity and usage by consumers and merchants, financial institutions and governmental entities, the requirement for stable and secure software is being elevated to the legislative and judicial levels. No longer can software manufacturers disregard this growing requirement in fulfilling their commercial obligations. The issuance of a patch is the beginning and not the end of a software developer’s obligations to its customers and all subsequent parties impacted by its product. In this paper, the authors provide a framework detailing the components of a secure patch management system, a discussion on the necessity of managing and securing each phase/component, and some basic patch issuance concerns with regards to the supporting legal environment.
Hierarchical resource model-driven performance analysis with dynamic data control (2012)

One of the key issues confronting today's telecom carriers is how to rapidly detect variation in service quality to improve customer satisfaction. Since the volume of data required for performance analysis has been increasing due to diversification of network environments, the time required to detect any variation in the network condition has also grown. Due to the complexity of managed data, network services are at a risk of degrading customer experiences. Accordingly, to enable instant performance analysis, we present lightweight performance analysis to dynamically change the monitoring network resource via our proposed two functions. One is a continuous rule-creation function, which creates an analysis rule to change a monitoring resource based on hierarchical network topology and the network condition. The other is a data control function, which can suppress performance data by controlling a database based on the analysis rule. These functions can facilitate not only understanding of network quality, but also reduction of the analysis processing load. To evaluate our approach, a mechanism implemented into a prototype performance analysis system was successfully demonstrated in a network testbed. Its effectiveness was validated in that the proposed performance analysis mechanism reduced CPU utilization by one-third compared to the existing performance analysis approach.
Technical forum: Using logical data models for understanding and transforming legacy business applications (2006)

Many legacy applications perform essential business functions; yet, due to a number of factors, modifying such applications in order to accommodate new business requirements can be troublesome. Such factors include: the volume of code in a typical application, logical code structure that has deteriorated as updates have accumulated over time, functional redundancy, code structure that reflects the dated technology on which it was built, and scarce technical skills. We have argued that the consequent difficulty of understanding and modifying legacy code can be ameliorated through the use of logical data models. In the Mastery project, we are developing both algorithms for extracting logical data models from legacy COBOL applications and software tools that use the generated models to query and transform the code from which the models are derived.
Detection of Mutated K‐<i>ras</i> DNA in Urine, Plasma, and Serum of Patients with Colorectal Carcinoma or Adenomatous Polyps (2008)

Our previous studies demonstrated that urine contains DNA derived from the circulation and that this DNA originated, in part, from organ sites and tumors distal to the urinary tract. To explore the potential use of DNA from urine as compared to other body fluids as a source for circulating DNA for cancer detection, the DNA concentration and the frequency of detection of mutated Kristin-ras (K-ras) DNA in serum, plasma, and urine were examined. The concentration of DNA in the urine was similar to that in the serum, but the DNA concentration in plasma was significantly lower than in either urine or serum (P < 0.05). When DNA derived from 10 muL of body fluid was used in each mutation assay, the detection frequency of mutated K-ras DNA was comparable among serum, plasma, and urine. However, when DNA derived from 200 muL of body fluid was used, the incidence of detecting mutated K-ras DNA in urine was significant higher (95%) than in either serum (35%) or plasma (40%) (P < 0.0005), suggesting that inhibitory factors in serum/plasma may be more limiting than in urine. The use and practicality of urine as a source of circulating DNA for cancer detection are discussed.
Tuning the Work Function of Printed Polymer Electrodes by Introducing a Fluorinated Polymer To Enhance the Operational Stability in Bottom-Contact Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2017)

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising electrode material for organic electronic devices due to its high conductivity, good mechanical flexibility, and feasibility of easy patterning with various printing methods. The work function of PEDOT:PSS needs to be increased for efficient hole injection, and the addition of a fluorine-containing material has been reported to increase the work function of PEDOT:PSS. However, it remains a challenge to print PEDOT:PSS electrodes while simultaneously tuning their work functions. Here, we report work function tunable PEDOT:PSS/Nafion source/drain electrodes formed by electrohydrodynamic printing technique with PEDOT:PSS/Nafion mixture solutions for highly stable bottom-contact organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The surface properties and work function of the printed electrode can be controlled by varying the Nafion ratio, due to the vertical phase separation of the PEDOT:PSS/Nafion. The PEDOT:PSS/Nafion electrodes exhibit a low hole injection barrier, which leads to efficient charge carrier injection from the electrode to the semiconductor. As a result, pentacene-based OFETs with PEDOT:PSS/Nafion electrodes show increased charge carrier mobilities of 0.39 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V·s) compared to those of devices with neat PEDOT:PSS electrodes (0.021 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V·s)). Moreover, the gate-bias stress stability of the OFETs is remarkably improved by employing PEDOT:PSS/Nafion electrodes, as demonstrated by a reduction of the threshold voltage shift from -1.84 V to -0.28 V.
ANALYSIS OF TIPOVER STABILITY FOR NOVEL SHAPE SHIFTING MODULAR ROBOT (2006)

一个新奇三模块的机器人被介绍了。适应不平的地面并且在稳定性上改进它的尖端能改变它的配置。这个 three-moduletracked 机器人有三种对称配置。他们是线类型，三角类型，和排类型。在因素和活动机器人在问题上的尖端的反措施被分析以后，在稳定性索引上的稳定性金字塔和尖端被建议到全球性确定的 mobilerobot 的静态的稳定性和动态稳定性。转移机器人的形状被这种技术在模拟在沥青的联合骚乱下面测试，滚动并且偏航。模拟结果证明这种技术为活动机器人在稳定性上的尖端的分析是有效的，特别为可计算的交换子或转移模块化的机器人的形状。三种对称配置的实验在未组织的环境下面被做。环境实验显示出象三角类型配置有的模拟的一样的结果最好的稳定性。模拟和实验为交换子提供有效引用可计算的机器人的潜在的应用程序。
Something for Everyone Now and for the Future (1995)

Summary A tension has been growing for the past twenty years between the interests of the public to protect its sensitive information and the interests of governments to access the information of their adversaries. The Clipper Key Escrow program, introduced by the U.S. Government in 1993, was an attempt to overcome this tension by giving the public good cryptography while retaining for law enforcement the ability to decrypt communications when authorized. But Clipper has many problems that make it unattractive to the public. The basic concepts of key escrow are very attractive to individuals and organizations who fear the consequences of losing their encryption keys. A key escrow system that satisfies the concerns of individuals and corporations and also meets governments' interests could help resolve this growing national tension. This paper reviews the reasons for this tension and the evolution of software key escrow systems. It then examines the variety of alternative key escrow systems and describes why the government must take urgent steps to promote commercial key escrow before serious and permanent harm is done to government's law enforcement and national security interests.
Stopping light by an air waveguide with anisotropic metamaterial cladding (2009)

We present a detailed study of oscillating modes in a slab waveguide with air core and anisotropic metamaterial cladding. It is shown that, under specific dielectric configurations, slow and even stopped electromagnetic wave can be supported by such an air waveguide. We propose a linearly tapped waveguide structure that could lead the propagating light to a complete standstill. Both the theoretical analysis and the proposed waveguide have been validated by full-wave simulation based on finite-difference time-domain method.
Reverse recovery processes in silicon power rectifiers (1967)

The present review gives an account of a number of investigations that have been recently carried out in the Semiconductor Laboratory Pretzfeld, Siemens AG. The switching processes in power rectifiers from the forward into the reverse state differ greatly from the corresponding process predicted by low-level theory. This result is caused not only by the fact that the conditions are different for high injection, but in addition, the sweeping out of the charge carriers takes place from two sides, owing to the nearly uniform concentration distribution in the forward state. Because of the unequal electron and hole mobilities, the impurity distribution on the side of the p contact is of much greater importance than at the n contact; if there is no p-n junction on this more important side, then the stored change can be swept out without much voltage buildup (example: rectifiers from uniformly doped p material). If, on the other hand, a p-n junction lies before the p contact (example: rectifiers from uniformly doped n material) then tbe reverse recovery current decays soon but slowly, and the switching process takes a longer time. This fact also contributes to the relatively long turn-off time of the thyristors.
Dynamic bandwidth allocation with fair scheduling for WCDMA systems (2002)

Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) will play an important role in future broadband wireless networks, including the 3G and 4G WCDMA systems. A code-division generalized processor sharing (CDGPS) fair scheduling DBA scheme is proposed for WCDMA systems. The scheme exploits the capability of the WCDMA physical layer, reduces the computational complexity in the link layer, and allows channel rates to be dynamically and fairly scheduled in response to the variation of traffic rates. Deterministic delay bounds for heterogeneous packet traffic are derived. Simulation results show that the proposed CDGPS scheme is effective in supporting differentiated QoS, while achieving efficient utilization of radio resources.
Prolyl 4‐hydroxylases, master regulators of the hypoxia response (2013)

A decrease in oxygenation is a life-threatening situation for most organisms. An evolutionarily conserved efficient and rapid hypoxia response mechanism activated by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) is present in animals ranging from the simplest multicellular phylum Placozoa to humans. In humans, HIF induces the expression of more than 100 genes that are required to increase oxygen delivery and to reduce oxygen consumption. As its name indicates HIF is found at protein level only in hypoxic cells, whereas in normoxia, it is degraded by the proteasome pathway. Prolyl 4-hydroxylases, enzymes that require oxygen in their reaction, are the cellular oxygen sensors regulating the stability of HIF. In normoxia, 4-hydroxyproline residues formed in the α-subunit of HIF by these enzymes lead to its ubiquitination by the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase and immediate destruction in proteasomes thus preventing the formation of a functional HIF αβ dimer. Prolyl 4-hydroxylation is inhibited in hypoxia, facilitating the formation of the HIF dimer and activation of its target genes, such as those for erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. This review starts with a summary of the molecular and catalytic properties and individual functions of the four HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylase isoenzymes. Induction of the hypoxia response via inhibition of the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases may provide a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of hypoxia-associated diseases. The current status of studies aiming at such therapeutic approaches is introduced in the final part of this review.
Aging in Place (2015)

Older adults overwhelmingly prefer to age in place in their own homes rather than relocate to institutional care settings such as a nursing home. Aging in place is viewed as ideal when compared to institutional care and refers to the ability of an individual to remain in his or her home in spite of age‐ or health‐related changes that may make it difficult to do so. Aging in place is also tied to a sense of attachment to one's home as well as social connections with the community, feelings of security, and feelings of autonomy. Housing, transportation, health, community‐based services, social networks, and family caregiving all are integral aspects of successful aging in place.
CURRENT Critical Care Diagnosis & Treatment (2002)

This new volume of Lange Current Series supplies a systematic approach to the important surgical and medical problems and management of critically ill patients. In keeping with the usual format, this comprehensive resource provides quick easy access to major clinical and diagnostic features, major therapeutic goals and approaches and pathophysiology of disease processes. This resource is intended as a rapid reference in the intensive care unit, or as a review guide for subspeciality examinations in critical care. It is aimed at medical students, residents, physicians and nurses in critical care, surgery, medicine and anaesthesiology.
Humans possess two mitochondrial ferredoxins, Fdx1 and Fdx2, with distinct roles in steroidogenesis, heme, and Fe/S cluster biosynthesis (2010)

Mammalian adrenodoxin (ferredoxin 1; Fdx1) is essential for the synthesis of various steroid hormones in adrenal glands. As a member of the [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing ferredoxin family, Fdx1 reduces mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes, which then catalyze; e.g., the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, aldosterone, and cortisol. The high protein sequence similarity between Fdx1 and its yeast adrenodoxin homologue (Yah1) suggested that Fdx1, like Yah1, may be involved in the biosynthesis of heme A and Fe/S clusters, two versatile and essential protein cofactors. Our study, employing RNAi technology to deplete human Fdx1, did not confirm this expectation. Instead, we identified a Fdx1-related mitochondrial protein, designated ferredoxin 2 (Fdx2) and found it to be essential for heme A and Fe/S protein biosynthesis. Unlike Fdx1, Fdx2 was unable to efficiently reduce mitochondrial cytochromes P450 and convert steroids, indicating that the two ferredoxin isoforms are highly specific for their substrates in distinct biochemical pathways. Moreover, Fdx2 deficiency had a severe impact, via impaired Fe/S protein biogenesis, on cellular iron homeostasis, leading to increased cellular iron uptake and iron accumulation in mitochondria. We conclude that mammals depend on two distinct mitochondrial ferredoxins for the specific production of either steroid hormones or heme A and Fe/S proteins.
Perfluorocarbenes Produced by Thermal Cracking. Barriers to Generation and Rearrangement (1999)

Thermal crackings of substituted oxiranes to generate various perfluoroalkylcarbenes are examined using ab initio density functional theory. Such reactions are generalizations of a current technology for the preparation of difluorocarbene. Barriers for the generation of fluoro(perfluoroalkyl)carbenes by this approach are computed to be higher than those for generation of difluorocarbene; the difference is attributed primarily to the lower stability of the respective singlet carbenes. Once generated, however, the carbenes are reasonably stable with respect to unimolecular rearrangement, so that high selectivity for reaction with olefins, such as might be present in an unsaturated polymer, may be expected under typical experimental conditions. With respect to rearrangements of perfluorocarbenes, 1,2-alkyl shifts are lowest in energy, 1,2-fluorine atom shifts are higher, and 1,3-fluorine atoms shifts are highest of all; this ordering reflects the relative orbital energies of the sigma bonds broken in the respective migrations. In instances where thermal conditions required for oxirane cracking may be incompatible with other functionalities in the reaction medium, theory predicts that extrusion of SiF(4) from perfluorosilylalkanes may be an attractive alternative for perfluorocarbene generation.
A path restricted sequence estimator using codeword characteristics (2002)

This paper proposes a new approach for a sequence estimator to utilize redundancy of transmitted data more effectively. The main concept of the proposed estimator is that it compares only the path metrics of transition paths which agree with the coding rules of modulation in the sequence estimation process. The concept has been found to be effective even for a sequence estimator with decision feedback loops such as a DDFSE, for error propagation can be suppressed. Simulation results, using CCK as a codeword, show that the proposed estimator's packet error rate performance is superior to that of a DDFSE with a codeword correlator, with a 19% improvement in multipath tolerance and 3.5 dB improvement in noise tolerance.
Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity (1980)

A method that increases the sensitivity and specificity of the direct agglutination (AG) test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection is described. Qualitative results in the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT) and AG test were in excellent agreement (98%). Differences in titers between these two tests often related to the length of time the individual was infected. The AG test titer was most often lower than the DT titer during acute (recent) infection; the AG test titer was most often higher than the DT titer in older or chronic infection. If the AG test antigen described here can be made available, the AG test would be ideal for use as a screening test and would provide a simple and inexpensive means for the surveillance of seronegative women during pregnancy and for detection of seroconversions.
Silicon-Based True-Time-Delay Phased-Array Front-Ends at Ka-Band (2015)

A high-power and a low-power fully integrated true-time-delay (TTD) phased-array receiver front-end have been developed for Ka-band applications using a 0.25- μm SiGe:C BiCMOS technology. The high-power front-end, consisting of a high-power low-noise amplifier (LNA) and an active TTD phase shifter, achieves 13.8±1.3 dB gain and a noise figure (NF) below 3.1 dB at 30 GHz. The front-end provides 17.8-ps continuous variable delay, with 3.5% normalized delay variation (NDV) over a 22-37-GHz frequency span. The low-power front-end, composed of a low-power LNA and a passive TTD phase shifter, achieves 14.8±3 dB gain and an NF below 3.2 dB at 30 GHz. The low-power front-end offers 22-ps continuous variable delay with only 5.5% NDV over a 24-40-GHz frequency span. The low-power front-end consumes 22.5-mW power and presents an overall input 1-dB compression point ( P 1 dB) and input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of -22 and -13.8 dBm, respectively. Depending on the linearity requirements, the high-power front-end can operate in dual-power modes. In the high-power (low-power) mode, the measured worst case input P 1 dB and IIP3 are -15.8 ( -18 dBm) and -9 dBm ( -12 dBm) at 30 GHz with an averaged power consumption per channel of 269 mW (111 mW) for similar TTD and gain performance. The core area of the high-power and low-power front-ends are 0.31 and 0.48 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively.