gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Depletion of CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Deficient Mice (1991)

The maturation of T cells in the thymus is dependent on the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. By disruption of the MHC class II Ab beta gene in embryonic stem cells, mice were generated that lack cell surface expression of class II molecules. These MHC class II-deficient mice were depleted of mature CD4+ T cells and were deficient in cell-mediated immune responses. These results provide genetic evidence that class II molecules are required for the maturation and function of mature CD4+ T cells.
Image Retrieval Based on Bit-Plane Distribution Feature (2009)

Based on the analysis of color histogram for image retrieval, a new descriptor, bit-plane distribution feature (BPDF), is proposed in this paper. The image is firstly divided into eight bit-planes. Meantime, the Gray code of bit-planes is used to avoid the effect of changes in the intensity values on bit-planes. Then, according to the distribution of each bit-plane, a feature vector is constructed by the first four significant planes which contain most of the structural information of the image. Finally, the Mahalanobis distance is adopted to measure the similarity because of the correlation between the concerned vectors after designing a correlation-weighted matrix. Comparisons are conducted between BPDF and other descriptors. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides more significantly retrieval results than the traditional ones.
Three-dimensional optical disk data storage via the localized alteration of a format hologram (2008)

Three-dimensional optical data storage is demonstrated in an initially homogenous volume by first recording a reflection grating in a holographic photopolymer. This causes the entire volume to be weakly reflecting to a confocal read/write head. Superposition of two or three such gratings with slightly different k-vectors creates a track and layer structure that specialized servo detection optics can use to lock the focus to these deeply-buried tracks. Writing is accomplished by locally modifying the reflectivity of the preexisting hologram. This modification can take the form of ablation, inelastic deformation via heating at the focus, or erasure via linear or two-photon continued polymerization in the previously unexposed fringes of the hologram. Storage by each method is demonstrated with up to eight data layers separated by as little as 12 microns.
Immunological characterisation of barley polypeptides in lager foam (1994)

Abstract Eight monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognising barley polypeptides have been identified from a library developed to wheat prolamins. The specificity or the mAb has been determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Six were of broad specificity, recognising D, B, C and γ‐hordeins to varying degrees by both techniques. IFRN 0610 preferentially recognised γ‐hordeins by ELISA but was highly specific for this hordein group by immunoblotting. Another mAb, IFRN 0624, bound to a M r ∽ 18000 polypeptide belonging to the CM protein (trypsin/α‐amylase inhibitor) family by immunoblotting. This, or a related protein, was detected by 0624 in all hordein fractions using ELISA. These mAb, together with two others described previously and found to recognise the repeat motif of C hordein, were used in ELISA and immunoblot analysis of Octyl‐Sepharose fractions of lager foam. Hordein polypeptides were found in all foam fractions, indicating that much foam protein originates from the malt. The CM‐like protein was found present in a virtually unmodified form. In contrast, the repeat motif of C hordein was not detected, indicating that it had either been destroyed or masked by other beer constituents. The foam stabilising agent, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), increased the apparent hydrophobicity of hordein fragments suggesting that at least part of the activity of PGA is mediated by interactions with the hordein components of foam.
Fabrication and characterization of pre-aligned gallium nitride nanowire field-effect transistors (2006)

We report on the fabrication of gallium nitride (GaN) nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) with both bottom-gate and top-gate structures, with very high yield using a unique pre-alignment process. The catalyst positions were chosen to be aligned with the source/drain position, and Ni catalysts with a diameter of 200 nm were deposited selectively at these pre-determined positions. Electrostatic analysis was performed for the bottom-gate devices to estimate the nanowire's electrical characteristics. Comparison of the bottom-gate and the top-gate structures indicated that better performance, in terms of saturation and breakdown characteristics, can be obtained using the top-gate structure. For the top-gate nanowire FETs, temperature-dependent characteristics were investigated up to the current saturation regime, and memory effects were observed at room temperature.
PART I (2009)

An individual organism placed under new conditions [often] sometimes varies in a small degree and in very trifling respects such as stature, fatness, sometimes colour, health, habits in animals and probably disposition. Also habits of life develope certain parts. Disuse atrophies. [Most of these slight variations tend to become hereditary.]
Using Link Disconnection Entropy Disorder to Detect Fast Moving Nodes in MANETs (2016)

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are dynamic by nature; this dynamism comes from node mobility, traffic congestion, and other transmission conditions. Metrics to evaluate the effects of those conditions shine a light on node's behavior in an ad-hoc network, helping to identify the node or nodes with better conditions of connection. In this paper, we propose a relative index to evaluate a single node reliability, based on the link disconnection entropy disorder using neighboring nodes as reference. Link disconnection entropy disorder is best used to identify fast moving nodes or nodes with unstable communications, this without the need of specialized sensors such as GPS. Several scenarios were studied to verify the index, measuring the effects of Speed and traffic density on the link disconnection entropy disorder. Packet delivery ratio is associated to the metric detecting a strong relationship, enabling the use of the link disconnection entropy disorder to evaluate the stability of a node to communicate with other nodes. To expand the utilization of the link entropy disorder, we identified nodes with higher speeds in network simulations just by using the link entropy disorder.
Behind the veil : India's relations with apartheid South Africa (2011)

History remembers India as a vocal and consistent supporter of the anti-apartheid movement. The existing literature on relations between India and apartheid South Africa describes an antagonistic relationship defined by decades of sanctions. However, such literature only scratches the surface of India and South Africa's true relations. Archival research demonstrates that India's stance towards South Africa was much more ambiguous than expressed on the international stage. Evidence has surfaced that India considered re-establishing diplomatic relations with apartheid South Africa and exchanged military technology. Moreover, the reasons for publicly opposing the apartheid regime were not purely ethical but also strategic. These include establishing newly-independent India as a player on the world stage, seeking to play a role in the Commonwealth and maintaining manoeuvrability in a bi-polar world. Thus, this article analyses archival evidence within India's domestic and international context, including the Indian foreign policy establishment, economic and security crises and caste issues. This article also serves a wider purpose by demonstrating the complexity of foreign policy making and the inability of a single theory to explain these complex processes.
Lock release lithography for 3D and composite microparticles (2009)

We present a method called "Lock Release Lithography (LRL)" that utilizes a combination of channel topography, mask design, and pressure-induced channel deformation to form and release particles in a cycled fashion. This technique provides a means for the high-throughput production of particles with complex 3D morphologies and composite particles with spatially configurable chemistries. In this work, we demonstrate a diverse set of functional particles including those displaying heterogeneous swelling characteristics and containing functional entities such as nucleic acids, proteins and beads.
Diaphorase/Naphthoquinone Derivative-modified Electrode as an Anode for Diffusion-controlled Oxidation of NADH in Electrochemical Cells (2003)

Abstract Diaphorase and 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone as an enzyme and a mediator for NADH oxidation, respectively, were successfully co-immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode with poly-l-lysine and glutaraldehyde as a polymer support and a cross-linking reagent, respectively. The diffusion-controlled oxidation of NADH (10 mM) was achieved around −0.25 V vs Ag|AgCl|KCl(sat.).
Radioassay for cobalamin (vitamin B12) requiring no pretreatment of serum. (1981)

We describe a radioassay for cobalamin (vitamin B12) in human serum or plasma that requires no boiling or other pretreatment of the sample. Normal chicken serum covalently coupled to magnetizable particles is used as the binding agent. The assay is performed at pH 12.9, at which pH all cobalamin in human serum is released from its binding proteins, whereas the binding agent maintains a high affinity for cobalamin (Ka 1.7 x 10(10) L/mol). Under these assay conditions the binding protein shows a specificity for cobalamin similar to that of purified intrinsic factor. The assay is simple, rapid, and precise, and results correlate well with those of the Euglena gracilis microbiological assay and an intrinsic-factor binding assay.
High Efficiency Single and Multijunction Organic Photovoltaics (2018)

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) offer a lightweight and potentially cost-effective approach for solar energy harvesting. The first OPV heterojunction device was reported in 1985 with 1% efficiency. There has been a rapid development of small molecule and polymer materials, as well as different growth techniques such as vapor-deposition and solution-processing over the past 30 years. With recent emergence of the non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), the efficiency has been improved to 15%; a benchmark for OPV commercialization. The flexible and semitransparent form factors of OPVs also lead to unique applications such as flexible electronics and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), showing considerable market potential. This dissertation will focus on high efficiency single and multijunction OPVs. Following the background introduction of organic materials and solar cells, the simulation methods based on transfer matrix is discussed. The rest of the work can be divided into two parts. The first part studies a group of dipolar donor molecules with donor-acceptor-acceptor' structures, either with the propeller or coplanar donor unit. The molecular conjugation length and side chain configuration are adjusted to better understand the structure-property-performance relationships. In the second part, two multijunction structures will be discussed, both of which employ subcells with the d-a-a' donors. The first structure focuses on the fully vacuum-deposited tandem and triple junction cells with efficiencies of 10-11%, delivering several important multijunction design principles. It is followed by discussion of a tandem cell combining the vacuum-deposited and solution-processed NFA-based subcells, achieving a record 15% efficiency with close to 100% fabrication yield. A variety of characterization methods including crystallography, photoluminescence, external quantum efficiency and current density-voltage measurements, optical simulation etc. will be presented along with these results. With improved donor and NFA materials along with their inherent structural design flexibility, further improvement of OPV performance is expected to be achieved in the near future with plenty of market potential.
Influence of modified carbon nanotubes addition to SAC solder paste on solder joints properties and their thermal and mechanical fatigue (2012)

One of the solution for improving the environmental performance of the products is elongation of products life time and getting their higher reliability by applying different additives. The purpose of our work was to investigate the influence of modified carbon nanotubes addition to solder paste on the solder joints properties and their thermal and mechanical fatigue. In the investigation, to the basic solder paste contains the commercial SAC 305 alloy were added the 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 wt. % of the self-modified CNT. After the pastes had stabilized, the basic properties of the pastes like slump, solder ball, wetting were performed. Next, after reflow soldering process of “zero ohm” chip resistors on PCBs with SAC (HAL) and Ni/Au finishes the mechanical and microstructure properties of the solder joints were investigated. Finally, the cyclic bending strength and thermo-shock methods were used to define of thermal and mechanical fatigue of the solder joints.
Spherosome Membranes (1972)

Spherosomes are bounded by unusual single-line "membranes" which measure 2 to 3.5 nanometers in width, contrasted to the well known tripartite unit-membranes which measure 6 to 8.5 nanometers in over-all thickness. Juxtaposed externally (from the side addressing the hyaloplasm), two spherosomal membranes adjoin to form a thicker single line, but apposed internally (the sides that contact stored lipid) two single-line membranes touch to form a tripartite structure resembling a unit-membrane. Morphologically, we interpret the single-line membranes of spherosomes as half unit-membranes whose polar surfaces face the hyaloplasm and whose lipoidal nonpolar surfaces contact internal storage lipid.Corroboration of this interpretation was shown biochemically by demonstrating the presence of membrane structural protein in peanut spherosomes. In addition, an immunological identity between membrane protein isolated from spherosomes of quiescent seeds and membrane protein extracted from the mitochondrial fraction of 10-day germinated seedlings was observed. We conclude that the atypical, single-line membranes bounding spherosomes are in fact biological membranes that correspond to half unit-membranes.
The effects of intravenous supplements of amino acids on the milk production of dairy cows consuming grass silage and a supplement containing feather meal (1995)

Abstract Two experiments were carried out to identify the limiting amino acids for milk production in dairy cows consuming diets based on grass silage and a cereal‐based supplement containing feather meal as the only high‐protein ingredient. In the first experiment, the yield of protein in milk was increased by 26% in response to intravenous infusion of a mixture of histidine, lysine, methionine and tryptophan. In the second experiment, omission of methionine from the infused mixture led to no reduction in the milk response compared with that seen with the mixture of four amino acids, confirming that methionine was not limiting milk production from the basal diet. The results have important implications for the choice of complementary proteins to blend with feather meal in diets for ruminants.
Isolation and characterization of a unique natural killer cell inhibitory factor present in the anterior chamber of the eye (1996)

The eye is a classic example of an immunologically privileged organ. Immune privilege in the anterior chamber is a multifaceted phenomenon that may have evolved to protect delicate ocular tissues from immune-mediated damage. The anterior chamber of the eye is lined with corneal endothelial cells, which are terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of regeneration. Since corneal endothelial cells are crucial for maintaining corneal clarity, damage to these cells leads to impairment of vision and, in some cases, blindness. The absence of constitutive expression of MHC class I molecules on corneal endothelial cells makes them potential targets for NK cell-mediated cytolysis. The aqueous humor (AH) that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and bathes the corneal endothelial surface contains numerous immunomodulatory molecules, such as TGF-beta, which may protect the corneal endothelium from NK cell-mediated damage. Functionally significant levels of TGF-beta are present in AH. In this study, we demonstrate that AH inhibits NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro, but does not affect cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis. The inhibitory effect was immediate and occurred without preincubation of NK cells with aqueous humor. The inhibitory factor could not be neutralized by Abs to TGF-beta, but was abrogated by treating AH with proteases. Inhibition was not simply due to lysis of NK cells, since AH did not alter NK cell viability. Initial purification using gel filtration chromatography showed that the activity was restricted to a single elution peak. Analysis of the active fractions by gel electrophoresis indicated that the inhibitory factor was a single protein of approximately 10 kilodaltons. The NK inhibitory factor might be an important modulator for protecting the corneal endothelium from unbridled NK cell-mediated injury and, thus, might be instrumental in preserving vision.
Effect of MAP 1, MAP 2, and tau-proteins on structural parameters of tubulin assemblies. (1990)

When temperature-dependent recycling procedures for purification were used, tubulin is usually accompanied by a mixture of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) primarily comprising MAP 1, MAP 2, and the tau-proteins. Formerly we reported that microtubules formed from tubulin in the presence of these MAPs have more protofilaments than those formed without MAPs. Furthermore, these MAPs suppress the formation of aberrant assemblies (Böhm et al., BBA 800, 119, 1984). Now, we report that each single MAP fraction is able to influence the protofilament number of microtubules and the ratio between aberrant assemblies and microtubules in the same manner as the MAP mixture. This implies that all the MAPs investigated play a certain role in lateral association of tubulin dimers.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. (1998)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are varied. The exact etiology and appropriate treatment are difficult to determine. We describe a 43-year-old woman who was diagnosed 18 years earlier with SLE. She developed dementia, gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and deterioration of consciousness. Her cerebrospinal fluid pressure was not elevated. Brain computerized tomography scan revealed enlarged ventricle and cortical sulci. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was diagnosed. She was treated by establishing a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, resulting in the return of normal consciousness. But she still had slurred speech, slow mentation and poor calculation ability. Her urinary incontinence persisted. Along with a literature review on NPH, we discuss its etiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Effect of a Coadsorbent on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized TiO<sub>2</sub> Solar Cells:  Shielding versus Band-Edge Movement (2005)

The mechanism by which the adsorbent chenodeoxycholate, cografted with a sensitizer onto TiO2 nanocrystals, alters the open-circuit photovoltage and short-circuit current of dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated. The influence of tetrabutylammonium chenodeoxycholate on dye loading was studied under a variety of conditions in which the TiO2 films were exposed to the sensitizing dye and coadsorbent. Photocurrent--voltage measurements combined with desorption studies revealed that adding chenodeoxycholate reduces the dye loading by as much as 60% while having a relatively small effect on the short-circuit photocurrent. Calculations along with measurements showed that even at low loading, enough dye is present to absorb a significant fraction of the incident light in the visible spectrum. In concurrence with the observations of others, we find evidence for weakly and strongly adsorbed forms of the dye resulting from either different binding conformations or aggregates. The most strongly adsorbed dyes are less susceptible to displacement by chenodeoxycholate than those that are weakly adsorbed. While having no observable effect on dye coverage, multiple exposures of a TiO2 film to a dye solution substantially increased the fraction of strongly adsorbed dye as judged by the resistance of the adsorbed dye to displacement by chenodeoxycholate. Measurements of the open-circuit voltage as a function of the photocharge density, determined by infrared transmittance, showed that chenodeoxycholate not only shifts the conduction band edge to negative potentials, but also significantly increases the rate of recombination. The net effect of adding chenodeoxycholate is, however, to improve the photovoltage.
Treatment of Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: Historical and Critical Review (2002)

Newer targeted therapies are likely to add to the progress that has already been achieved in the multimodality management of patients with head and neck cancers.
Radiation from sources of any state of coherence (1995)

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CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE USE OF TIO2 DOPED NANOPARTICLES IN MEDICINE (2007)

In present work, nanocrystalline powders of TiO2 undoped and doped with Pt and Au ions respectively were synthesized. The synthesis was performed under hydrothermal conditions, at a temperature of 493 K for 5h. Obtained nanocrystalline powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The citotoxic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles undoped and doped with Pt and Au ions respectively on human eritroleukemia tumoral cell line (K562) was investigated.
Optical subcarrier multiplexed system using microwave-opticalmixing (1996)

Optical SCM systems using microwave-optical mixing are proposed in the Letter. Narrowband optical resonant receivers instead of wideband optical receivers employed in conventional SCM systems can be used in this scheme. Performance evaluations for both intensity modulated and external modulated SCM systems using microwave optical mixing are discussed.
“Tonic‐absence seizures”: an unusual seizure phenotype, but not necessarily in that order (2007)

Video telemetry in a 15-year-old boy with moderate learning difficulties revealed episodes of staring and cessation of activity, followed by sudden stiffening of the body for several seconds, abduction of the arms and a brief vocal utterance ("ugh"). Each episode lasts around 30 seconds, 3-4 times/day despite treatment. The EEG showed generalized 3-4Hz spike-wave discharges during the "absence" period followed immediately by a run of fast polyspikes typical of a tonic seizure, terminating in a run of 1-2 Hz sharp-slow wave complexes. Although tonic-absence seizures have been reported rarely, the clinical sequence appears to be reversed in this patient, with the occurrence of "absence-tonic" attacks. We present video documentation of such attacks and discuss their nosology.[Published with video sequences].
Current injection in multiquantum well lasers (1983)

A model of current injection in a multiquantum well laser structure is proposed. A condition for uniform pumping of the wells is derived. For a given barrier height, uniform pumping can be achieved by increasing the ratio of the well-to-barrier thickness. The mechanism of current transport at thermal equilibrium for uniform pumping is by drift current in the barrier layers which equals the current injected from the external circuit.