gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A broad drug arsenal to attack a strenuous latent HIV reservoir (2019)

HIV cure is impeded by the persistence of a strenuous reservoir of latent but replication competent infected cells, which remain unsusceptible to c-ART and unrecognized by the immune system for elimination. Ongoing progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that control HIV transcription and latency has led to the development of strategies to either permanently inactivate the latent HIV infected reservoir of cells or to stimulate the virus to emerge out of latency, coupled to either induction of death in the infected reactivated cell or its clearance by the immune system. This review focuses on the currently explored and non-exclusive pharmacological strategies and their molecular targets that 1. stimulate reversal of HIV latency in infected cells by targeting distinct steps in the HIV-1 gene expression cycle, 2. exploit mechanisms that promote cell death and apoptosis to render the infected cell harboring reactivated virus more susceptible to death and/or elimination by the immune system, and 3. permanently inactivate any remaining latently infected cells such that c-ART can be safely discontinued.
High resolution micromachining using short wavelength and short pulse lasers (2002)

High-resolution micromachining of a range of materials (polymers, fused silica, silicon, diamond) has been investigated using both short wavelength (157 nm, F/sub 2/) and short (100 fsec, Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) pulse laser radiation. Results using the two sources are compared.
METROPOGIS: the next generation (2007)

This paper describes a highly automatic work flow for urban model generation from digital aerial imagery. The images used in our approach feature one high resolution panchromatic channel and four lower resolution channels (red, green, blue and near infrared). In the first step an initial land use classification is performed where a support vector machine is applied to each image. Subsequently the Aerial Triangulation algorithm integrates area- and feature-based points of interest to determine the position and orientation of all images. Afterwards, a digital surface model is generated by a dense image matching procedure. Based on the AT and dense image matching result a true ortho image is computed. Different layers for building blocks, streets, vegetation or water regions are generated from a refined land use classification. The building block layer is used in a subsequent step to extract polygonized buildings. En este trabajo se describe un flujo de trabajo altamente automático para la generación del modelo urbano a partir de imágenes aéreas digitales. Las imágenes utilizadas en nuestro enfoque van en función de un canal pancromático de alta resolución y cuatro canales de menor resolución (rojo, verde, azul e infrarrojo cercano). En la primera etapa se realiza una clasificación inicial de uso del suelo, dónde una máquina de vectores de soporte se aplica a cada imagen. A continuación, el algoritmo de triangulación aérea integra la zona y, basado en características de lugares de interés, determina la posición y orientación de todas las imágenes. Posteriormente, un modelo digital de la superficie se genera por una densa imagen procedimiento de igualación, con base en el resultado al de la imagen densa que coincide con una ortoimagen verdadera se computa. Diferentes capas de construcción, calles, vegetación o regiones de agua se generan a partir de una clasificación de uso del suelo refinada. La capa de construcción se utiliza en una etapa posterior para extraer edificios poligonizados. En aquest treball es descriu un fluxe de treball altament automàtic per la generació del model urbà a partir d'imatges aèries digitals. Les imatges utilitzades en el nostre enfocament van en funció d'un canal pancromàtic d'alta resolució i quatre canals de menor resolució (vermell, verd, blau i infraroig proper). A la primera etapa es realitza una classificació inicial d'ús del sòl, on una màquina de vectors de suport s'aplica a cada imatge. A continuació, l'algoritme de triangulació aèria integra la zona i, basat en característiques de llocs d'interès, determina la posició i orientació de totes les imatges. Posteriorment, un model digital de la superfície es genera per una densa imatge procediment d'igualació, amb base en el resultat de la imatge densa que coincideix amb una ortoimatge veritable es computa. Diferents capes de construcció, carrers, vegetació o regions d'aigua es generen a partir d'una classificació d'ús del sòl refinada. La capa de construcció s'utilitza en una etapa posterior per extreure edificis poligonitzats.
Collagen Gel Assay for Angiogenesis: Induction of Endothelial Cell Sprouting (2003)

The inner lining of blood vessels, the endothelium, consists of a monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs), that present a free luminal surface and attach on their abluminal side to the underlying basement membrane (apart from a minimal amount of cell-cell overlap). A great deal of heterogeneity exists in the morphology of the endothelium and in the phenotype displayed by individual ECs. In spite of this, all ECs may be defined by two general criteria: anatomical location (i.e., luminal wall of blood vessels) and functionality (e.g., provision of a nonthrombogenic surface). In a mature resting vessel, the functionality and integrity of the endothelium is maintained under steady state conditions by the biosynthetic activity of the ECs, in conjunction with low levels of cell proliferation and motility. Significant changes in the motility of the endothelial cells, often accompanied by cell proliferation, occur during angiogenesis and in response to vessel injury.
Coherent interactions of the polarized nuclear spins of gaseous atoms with the container walls (1988)

We have developed a general perturbative theory which describes how coherent wall interactions affect the NMR spectrum of nuclear-spin--polarized gases in containers of any shape. The important practical case of cylindrical containers with quadrupolar wall interactions has been worked out completely. The basic results are quite simple. The frequency shift and damping of the NMR spectrum depend on seven fundamental parameters: v, the mean thermal velocity of spin polarized atoms; \ensuremath{\lambda}, the mean-free path of spin-polarized atoms in the gas; l, a characteristic linear dimension of the container; A, an asymmetry parameter of the container; 〈\ensuremath{\theta}〉, the mean twist angle experienced by the nuclear polarization of an atom as a result of a collision with the wall; 〈${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}$〉, the mean-squared twist angle experienced by the nuclear polarization of an atom as a result of a collision with the wall; and \ensuremath{\beta}, the angle between the symmetry axis of the container and the direction of the quantizing magnetic field.
Exciting Potential of DNA Vaccines Explored (1995)

A TOTALLY new step in vaccine development is nearing clinical trials and, if successful, is headed for clinical practice. The new work may open the way to preventing diseases such as hepatitis C, tuberculosis, malaria, and those caused by the herpes simplex and human papilloma viruses—and even by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, influenza is likely to be the first candidate for clinical trial, although it may share primacy with a test of a vaccine against HIV, or perhaps hepatitis B, according to some authorities. The technology has opened the way to what Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, director, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pa, calls "the future of vaccinology." The new approach involves delivering the gene sequences of the desired antigen into the host by inserting the gene for the antigen via a nonreplicating plasmid vector (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:929-931). This is in distinction to the current approach, which
Light-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Semi-Fluorinated (Meth)acrylates: Facile Access to Functional Materials (2017)

A highly efficient photomediated atom transfer radical polymerization protocol is reported for semi-fluorinated acrylates and methacrylates. Use of the commercially available solvent, 2-trifluoromethyl-2-propanol, optimally balances monomer, polymer, and catalyst solubility while eliminating transesterification as a detrimental side reaction. In the presence of UV irradiation and ppm concentrations of copper(II) bromide and Me<sub>6</sub>-TREN (TREN = tris(2-aminoethyl amine)), semi-fluorinated monomers with side chains containing between three and 21 fluorine atoms readily polymerize under controlled conditions. The resulting polymers exhibit narrow molar mass distributions (Đ ≈ 1.1) and high end group fidelity, even at conversions greater than 95%. This level of control permits the in situ generation of chain-end functional homopolymers and diblock copolymers, providing facile access to semi-fluorinated macromolecules using a single methodology with unprecedented monomer scope. The results disclosed herein should create opportunities across a variety of fields that exploit fluorine-containing polymers for tailored bulk, interfacial, and solution properties.
원저 : 사암침법(舍巖鍼法)의 처방구조(處方構造)와 군신좌사(君臣佐使)의 관계에 대한 소고(小考) (2010)

Objectives: This study was undertaken in order to establish the composite principles of fomulas through the of Sa-am acupuncture therapy and the theory of sovereign, minister, assistant and courier. Methods: We analyzed the formula construction of Sa-am acupuncture therapy, and applied the theory of sovereign, minister, assistant and courier that was referred to in the preface of 『Essential Rhymes on Acupuncture and Moxibustion by Master Sa-am』 to the analysis of formula construction. Results & Conclusions: 1. Sa-am acupuncture therapy was acupuncture and moxibustion method that inherited and developed progress contents of Chinese traditional acupuncture and moxibustion. 2. The theory of sovereign, minister, assistant and courier was based on the idea that acupuncture and herbal medicine had the same origins. 3. Formula constructions of Sa-am acupuncture therapy were formed complicatedly, but reflected the theory of sovereign, minister, assistant and courier. 4. The supplementing acupuncture point that is Chunbu-point in other merdian became Sovereign, the draining acupuncture point that is Chunbu-Point in other merdian became Minister, and the supplementing and draining acupuncture points in same merdian became Assistant and Courier that mean leading merdian points.
Performance of Immunoblotting in Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus- <i>Leishmania</i> sp.-Coinfected Patients (2000)

This study evaluated the performance of immunoblotting with Leishmania infantum soluble antigens for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and immunocompetent patients and assessed the humoral responses of patients coinfected with HIV and Leishmania. In this work, the results of the immunoblot analysis were compared to those of parasitological examination (Giemsa-stained smears and/or parasite isolation in Novy, Nicolle, and MacNeal medium from bone marrow) and indirect immunofluorescence and counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques. Patients were considered to be infected if one or more of the comparison techniques gave a positive result. Immunoblotting was considered to be positive if at least one band was present. For 198 HIV-positive patients with a clinical suspicion of visceral leishmaniasis, immunoblot analysis had a sensitivity of 70.6%, a specificity of 73.2%, and an accuracy of 72.7%. For a separate group of 40 immunocompetent patients not infected with Leishmania, the immunoblot analysis was negative for all patients (100% specificity), and for a third group of 32 immunocompetent patients with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis, the immunoblot analysis was positive for all patients (100% sensitivity). Sera of coinfected patients recognized few bands and recognized bands at lower intensities compared with sera from immunocompetent patients. The most frequently detected band was 63 to 66 kDa (55.9%), with the difference being statistically significant compared to frequency of detection of the other bands. This study confirms that the humoral response in patients coinfected with HIV and Leishmania is much lower than that in immunocompetent patients and that the immunoblot method is a sensitive, noninvasive, and specific serological technique for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients.
What the willow teaches: Sustainability learning as craft (2014)

Whilst the importance of mainstreaming sustainability in higher education curricula is now widely acknowledged, the challenge for educators at university level is to develop and maintain authority and confidence in an area dominated by limited knowledge and uncertainty. This article suggests that the most empowering and authentic response is to adopt an approach of shared learning, but with the pedagogue demonstrating expertise and inspiration. I suggest that this is an approach to learning and teaching more familiar in areas of craft learning, characterised by apprenticeship and learning-by-doing. The article relies heavily on the work of Richard Sennett in providing a sociological account of craft learning, which is then applied to the field of sustainability. I explore how his three modes of instruction – 'sympathetic illustration', 'narrative' and 'metaphor' – are being used in the field of sustainability education, and draw parallels from the craft of basket weaving in particular, to show how these approaches might be developed. I conclude by suggesting that sustainability education is best undertaken within a community and in place, rather than abstractly and in the classroom.
Fast Online Object Tracking and Segmentation: A Unifying Approach (2019)

In this paper we illustrate how to perform both visual object tracking and semi-supervised video object segmentation, in real-time, with a single simple approach. Our method, dubbed SiamMask, improves the offline training procedure of popular fully-convolutional Siamese approaches for object tracking by augmenting their loss with a binary segmentation task. Once trained, SiamMask solely relies on a single bounding box initialisation and operates online, producing class-agnostic object segmentation masks and rotated bounding boxes at 55 frames per second. Despite its simplicity, versatility and fast speed, our strategy allows us to establish a new state-of-the-art among real-time trackers on VOT-2018, while at the same time demonstrating competitive performance and the best speed for the semi-supervised video object segmentation task on DAVIS-2016 and DAVIS-2017.
On the thermal characterization of two-layer systems by means of the photoacoustic effect (1996)

In this work, the problem of the thermal characterization of two-layer systems by means of the photoacoustic technique is discussed. For a two-layer system under rear-side illumination conditions, we have applied the Rosencwaig and Gersho model for calculating the pressure fluctuation in the photoacoustic gas chamber. The limiting cases in which both layers are thermally thin, thermally thick and one layer is thermally thin and the other is thermally thick are discussed. When both layers are thermally thin, a consistent equation for the heat capacity is obtained and an effective thermal diffusivity equation is derived when both layers are thermally thick. In order to test our theoretical results, we apply them to two-layer systems consisting of AlGaAs layers of different Al concentrations, grown by liquid phase epitaxy on GaAs substrates. The results of our measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Our results show the general character of the expression for the effective thermal diffusivity of two-layer systems reported by Mansanares et al (1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 4477).
A Study of Disk Performance Optimization. (2000)

Response time is one of the most important performance measures associated with a typical multi-user system. Response time, in turn, is bounded by the performance of the input/output (I/O) subsystem. Other than the end user and some external peripherals, the slowest component of the I/O subsystem is the disk drive. One standard strategy for improving I/O subsystem performance uses high-performance hardware like Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) drives to improve overall response time. SCSI hardware, unfortunately, is often too expensive to use in low-end multi-user systems. The low-end multi-user systems commonly use inexpensive Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) disk drives to keep overall costs low. On such IDE based multi-user systems, reducing the Central Processing Unit (CPU) overhead associated with disk I/O is critical to system responsiveness. This thesis explores the impact of PCI bus mastering Direct Memory Access (DMA) on the performance of systems with IDE drives. DMA is a data transfer protocol that allows data to be sent directly from an attached device to a computer system’s main memory, thereby reducing CPU overhead. PCI bus mastering allows modern IDE disk controllers to manipulate main memory without utilizing motherboard-resident DMA controllers. Using a series of experiments, this thesis examines the impact of PCI bus mastering DMA on IDE performance for synchronous I/O, relative to Programmed Input/Output (PIO) and SCSI performance. Experiment results show that PCI bus mastering DMA, when used properly, improves the responsiveness and throughput of IDE drives by as much as a factor of seven. The magnitude of this improvement shows the importance of operating system support for DMA in low-end multi-user systems. Additionally, experimental results demonstrate that performance gains associated with SCSI are dependent on system usage and operating system support for advanced SCSI capabilities. Therefore, under many circumstances, high-performance SCSI drives are not cost effective when compared with IDE bus mastering DMA capable drives.
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Interferes with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation by Mechanisms Distinct from Endotoxin Tolerance (2004)

We show in this study that Toxoplasma gondii infection induces rapid activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK, followed promptly by their deactivation in mouse macrophages. Nevertheless, when infected cells were subsequently subjected to LPS triggering, MAPK activation was severely defective, in particular in the case of p38 MAPK, which is required for LPS-triggered TNF-alpha and IL-12 production. Similar effects occurred during endotoxin tolerance, but the phenomena were distinct. LPS pretriggering failed to activate the major p38 MAPK kinase, MAPK kinase 3/6. Toxoplasma infection, in contrast, resulted in sustained activation of this kinase. Furthermore, endotoxin pre-exposure blocked IkappaBalpha degradation upon subsequent LPS triggering, but this was not the case for Toxoplasma preinfection. Endotoxin-mediated down-regulation of the LPS receptor, Toll-like receptor 4, has been suggested as one possible mechanism contributing to tolerance, and we found in this study that LPS down-modulated Toll-like receptor 4 expression. In contrast, Toxoplasma infection induced up-regulation of this pattern recognition receptor. Our results show that T. gondii blocks LPS-triggered cytokine production in part through MAPK inactivation, and that this occurs through pathways distinct from endotoxin-induced tolerance.
324. Improved preparation of intermediates for the syntheses of α-aminobutyric acid derivatives having functional γ-substituents (1958)

Y. Knobler and M. Frankel, J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 1629 DOI: 10.1039/JR9580001629
Mevalonate-5-diphosphate decarboxylase: stereochemical course of ATP-dependent phosphorylation of mevalonate 5-diphosphate (1986)

Chicken liver mevalonate-5-diphosphate decarboxylase catalyzes the reaction of mevalonate 5-diphosphate (MVADP) with ATP to produce isopentenyl diphosphate, ADP, CO2, and inorganic phosphate. The overall reaction involves an anti elimination of the tertiary hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. To investigate the mechanism for transfer of the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP to the C-3 oxygen of MVADP, we have carried out the reaction using stereospecifically labeled (Sp)-adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio[3-17O2,18O]triphosphate) [( gamma-17O2,18O]ATP gamma S) in place of ATP. The configuration of the [17O,18O]thiophosphate produced was found to be Rp, corresponding to overall inversion of configuration at phosphorus in the thiophosphoryl group transfer step. This result is consistent with the direct transfer of the thiophosphoryl group from (Sp)-[gamma-17O2,18O]ATP gamma S to MVADP at the active site. Our result does not indicate the involvement of a covalent thiophosphoryl-enzyme on the reaction pathway.
Intravital and electron microscopic study of bradykinin‐induced vascular permeability changes using FITC‐dextran as a tracer (1979)

Fluorescein-labelled dextran (FITC-dextran) of molecular weight 145,000 was used to study vascular permeability to macromolecules by intravital and electron microscopy. Anaesthetised hamsters prepared for intravital observation of the cheek pouch microvasculature were given an intravenous injection of FITC-dextran. Leakage of macromolecules was induced by topical application of bradykinin to the cheek pouch microvasculature and observed in fluorescent light. Leakages occurred only from postcapillary venules of a diameter well below 50 micrometer. The cheek pouch preparation was rapidly fixed by immersion and samples of tissue with intravitally identified leakages of FITC-dextran were studied by electron microscopy. FITC-dextran appeared as black precipitates in the vascular lumen and also outside the lumen in bradykinin-treated animals. In most animal; gaps were found between endothelial cells and these gaps contained dextran precipitates. The results support much other evidence that bradykinin induces macromolecular leakage by opening gaps between endothelial cells in postcapillary venules.
Preparation of Polyurethane Composites with Activated Carbon Black as the Reinforcing Filler (2018)

The effect of activated carbon black (ACB) on the mechanical properties of palm-based polyurethane composites was studied. Palm-based multi-block polyurethane (PU) was prepared by reacting palm kernel oil-based (PKO-p) monoester with 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) through prepolymerization method. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as the chain extender while acetone was used as the solvent to control the reaction kinetics. The amount of ACB added into the PU system was varied at 0 to 8 wt% (percentage by weight). This study aimed to develop a formulation of PU-ACB composite film with excellent mechanical properties. The mechanical characterizations included tensile test, hardness test, and scratch resistance test. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was also conducted to identify the functional groups present in the PU composites. The incorporation of ACB as filler greatly enhanced the mechanical properties of the PU composites due to compatibility and interfacial adhesion of ACB with PU matrix. The loading of ACB at 8 wt% exhibited the optimum mechanical properties.
[An analysis of the cumulative survival curve of unresectable non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) in stage I-III after radiotherapy]. (1990)

The standard therapy for an unresectable, limited non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) now combines radiotherapy with chemotherapy, because its local and distant control is vital to improve the treatment results. Thus, in order to find the optimal combination between radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the cumulative survival curve of 155 previously untreated NSCLC patients in stages I-III has been analyzed by classifying them into 4 subgroups. The selection of suitable patients before radical treatment and the combined use of effective chemotherapy are important to improve the local control rate was found to be strongly related to the improvement in the long-term survival rate.