gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge Transport versus Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Employing Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> and SnO<sub>2</sub> Films (2005)

We report a comparison of charge transport and recombination dynamics in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing nanocrystalline TiO(2) and SnO(2) films and address the impact of these dynamics upon photovoltaic device efficiency. Transient photovoltage studies of electron transport in the metal oxide film are correlated with transient absorption studies of electron recombination with both oxidized sensitizer dyes and the redox couple. For all three processes, the dynamics are observed to be 2-3 orders of magnitude faster for the SnO(2) electrode. The origins of these faster dynamics are addressed by studies correlating the electron recombination dynamics to dye cations with chronoamperometric studies of film electron density. These studies indicate that the faster recombination dynamics for the SnO(2) electrodes result both from a 100-fold higher electron diffusion constant at matched electron densities, consistent with a lower trap density for this metal oxide relative to TiO(2), and from a 300 mV positive shift of the SnO(2) conduction band/trap states density of states relative to TiO(2). The faster recombination to the redox couple results in an increased dark current for DSSCs employing SnO(2) films, limiting the device open-circuit voltage. The faster recombination dynamics to the dye cation result in a significant reduction in the efficiency of regeneration of the dye ground state by the redox couple, as confirmed by transient absorption studies of this reaction, and in a loss of device short-circuit current and fill factor. The importance of this loss pathway was confirmed by nonideal diode equation analyses of device current-voltage data. The addition of MgO blocking layers is shown to be effective at reducing recombination losses to the redox electrolyte but is found to be unable to retard recombination dynamics to the dye cation sufficiently to allow efficient dye regeneration without resulting in concomitant losses of electron injection efficiency. We conclude that such a large acceleration of electron dynamics within the metal oxide films of DSSCs may in general be detrimental to device efficiency due to the limited rate of dye regeneration by the redox couple and discuss the implications of this conclusion for strategies to optimize device performance.
Synchronous And Asynchronous Algorithms For Matrix Transposition On MCAP (1988)

Matrix transposition is one of the major tasks in image and signal processing and matrix decompositions. This paper presents algorithms for transposing a matrix on a mesh-connected array processor (MCAP). These algorithms make a very efficient use of the processing elements (PE's) in parallel. We discuss both synchronous and asynchronous algorithms. In the synchronized approach algorithms use a global clock to synchronize the communications between PE's. The number of time units required by synchronous algorithms for transposing an m x n matrix (n ≥ m) on an n x n MCAP is 2(n - 1). The synchronous algorithms eliminate simultaneous requests for using channels between PE's. Clock skews and delays are inevitable problems when we have a large array size (large n). An asynchronous (self-time) approach is proposed to circumvent this problem. The feasibility of the asynchronous algorithm have been demonstrated by the simulation of the algorithm for different sizes of matrices.
Effect of Human Leukocyte Interferon on Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients with Chronic Active Hepatitis (1976)

Four patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and chronic active hepatitis were treated with human leukocyte interferon. Three of them had consistently elevated levels of circulating Dane-particle markers, including Dane-particle-associated DNA polymerase activity, hepatitis B core antigen and Dane-particle-associated DNA. Parenteral interferon administration at a dosage between 6.0 X 10(3) and 17 X 10(4) U per kilogram per day was associated with a rapid and reproducible fall in all Dane-particle markers in the three patients. The suppressive effect was transient when the interferon was given for 10 days or less but appeared to be more permanent when administration was prolonged for a month or more. In addition, long-term interferon therapy was associated with a marked fall in hepatitis B surface antigen in two of three patients and a disappearance of e antigen in two of two patients. Interferon may be useful in limiting carrier infectivity or eradicating chronic infection.
Hypoxia Induces Phosphorylation of the Cyclic AMP Response Element-binding Protein by a Novel Signaling Mechanism (1998)

To investigate signaling mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates gene expression, we examined the effect of hypoxia on the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in PC12 cells. Exposure to physiological levels of hypoxia (5% O2, approximately 50 mm Hg) rapidly induced a persistent phosphorylation of CREB on Ser133, an event that is required for CREB-mediated transcriptional activation. Hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of CREB was more robust than that induced by any other stimulus tested, including forskolin, depolarization, and osmotic stress. Furthermore, this effect was not mediated by any of the previously known signaling pathways that lead to phosphorylation of CREB, including protein kinase A, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, ribosomal S6 kinase-2, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2. Hypoxic activation of a CRE-containing reporter (derived from the 5'-flanking region of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene) was attenuated markedly by mutation of the CRE. Thus, a physiological reduction in O2 levels induces a functional phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133 via a novel signaling pathway.
PIK3CA Mutation Uncouples Tumor Growth and Cyclin D1 Regulation from MEK/ERK and Mutant KRAS Signaling (2010)

Mutational activation of KRAS is a common event in human tumors. Identification of the key signaling pathways downstream of mutant KRAS is essential for our understanding of how to pharmacologically target these cancers in patients. We show that PD0325901, a small-molecule MEK inhibitor, decreases MEK/ERK pathway signaling and destabilizes cyclin D1, resulting in significant anticancer activity in a subset of KRAS mutant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Mutational activation of PIK3CA, which commonly co-occurs with KRAS mutation, provides resistance to MEK inhibition through reactivation of AKT signaling. Genetic ablation of the mutant PIK3CA allele in MEK inhibitor-resistant cells restores MEK pathway sensitivity, and re-expression of mutant PIK3CA reinstates the resistance, highlighting the importance of this mutation in resistance to therapy in human cancers. In KRAS mutant tumors, PIK3CA mutation restores cyclin D1 expression and G(1)-S cell cycle progression so that they are no longer dependent on KRAS and MEK/ERK signaling. Furthermore, the growth of KRAS mutant tumors with coexistent PIK3CA mutations in vivo is profoundly inhibited with combined pharmacologic inhibition of MEK and AKT. These data suggest that tumors with both KRAS and phosphoinositide 3-kinase mutations are unlikely to respond to the inhibition of the MEK pathway alone but will require effective inhibition of both MEK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway signaling.
Autophagy-Independent Lysosomal Targeting Regulated by ULK1/2-FIP200 and ATG9 (2017)

Iron is vital for many homeostatic processes, and its liberation from ferritin nanocages occurs in the lysosome. Studies indicate that ferritin and its binding partner nuclear receptor coactivator-4 (NCOA4) are targeted to lysosomes by a form of selective autophagy. By using genome-scale functional screening, we identify an alternative lysosomal transport pathway for ferritin that requires FIP200, ATG9A, VPS34, and TAX1BP1 but lacks involvement of the ATG8 lipidation machinery that constitutes classical macroautophagy. TAX1BP1 binds directly to NCOA4 and is required for lysosomal trafficking of ferritin under basal and iron-depleted conditions. Under basal conditions ULK1/2-FIP200 controls ferritin turnover, but its deletion leads to TAX1BP1-dependent activation of TBK1 that regulates redistribution of ATG9A to the Golgi enabling continued trafficking of ferritin. Cells expressing an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated TBK1 allele are incapable of degrading ferritin suggesting a molecular mechanism that explains the presence of iron deposits in patient brain biopsies.
The quality changes and microflora analysis of commercial instant soya milk (2016)

Soya milk can be easily contaminated because of its rich nutritional profile and simple package form, which thus may lead to short shelf life and has been considered as a public health concern. The objective of this study is to investigate the changes of sensory quality, viscosity, pH values, bacteria, and protein denaturation in soya milk samples which were stored for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h at 25 ± 2°C. The results showed that the sensory properties were on the decline along with the storage time. The viscosity value increased from 1.61 Pa.s to 2.50 Pa.s, while the pH value decreased from 6.87 to 6.61. In addition, the number of total bacteria and <i>Lactobacillus</i> increased and the protein in soya milk denatured continually. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the main microbial strains were <i>Rummeliibacillus</i>, <i>Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Phyllanthus, Bergia</i>, <i>Zhihengliuella</i>, and <i>Nesterenkonia</i>. In this study, statistics in producing, packaging, and stocking process of soya milk were given, which provided experience to controlling soya milk.
Cloudlets (2012)

Although mobile devices are gaining more and more capabilities (i.e. CPU power, memory, connectivity, ...), they still fall short to execute complex rich media and data analysis applications. Offloading to the cloud is not always a solution, because of the high WAN latencies, especially for applications with real-time constraints such as augmented reality. Therefore the cloud has to be moved closer to the mobile user in the form of cloudlets. Instead of moving a complete virtual machine from the cloud to the cloudlet, we propose a more fine grained cloudlet concept that manages applications on a component level. Cloudlets do not have to be fixed infrastructure close to the wireless access point, but can be formed in a dynamic way with any device in the LAN network with available resources. We present a cloudlet architecture together with a prototype implementation, showing the advantages and capabilities for a mobile real-time augmented reality application.
Variation in complex olfactory stimuli and its influence on odour recognition (2004)

Natural olfactory stimuli are often complex and highly variable. The olfactory systems of animals are likely to have evolved to use specific features of olfactory stimuli for identification and discrimination. Here, we train honeybees to learn chemically defined odorant mixtures that systematically vary from trial to trial and then examine how they generalize to each odorant present in the mixture. An odorant that was present at a constant concentration in a mixture becomes more representative of the mixture than other variable odorants. We also show that both variation and intensity of a complex olfactory stimulus affect the rate of generalization by honeybees to subsequent olfactory stimuli. These results have implications for the way that all animals perceive and attend to features of olfactory stimuli.
Heterosynaptic suppression of developing neuromuscular synapses in culture (1994)

Activity-dependent competition between two spinal neurons coinnervating an embryonic myocyte was studied in Xenopus cell culture. We have characterized in detail the phenomenon of heterosynaptic suppression by which tetanic stimulation of one neuron results in functional suppression of the synapse made by the untetanized neuron (Lo and Poo, 1991). Fluorescence labeling of the neurons using two different fluorophores revealed that the coinnervating nerve terminals on the spherical myocyte were in close proximity. Heterosynaptic suppression could be induced when the postsynaptic cell was held under either current-clamp or voltage-clamp conditions during the tetanic stimulation. This finding, together with the observation that repetitive postsynaptic depolarization of the myocyte by direct current injection was much less effective in inducing synaptic depression, suggests that postsynaptic ACh receptor activation plays a dominant role in the induction of heterosynaptic suppression. The heterosynaptic suppression appears to be mediated by a rise of Ca2+ levels in the postsynaptic cell, since it was not observed when the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of the myocyte was buffered at a low level with intracellular loading of a Ca2+ chelator, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA). The dependence of heterosynaptic suppression on the pattern of tetanic stimulation was also studied. At a stimulation frequency of 2 Hz, detectable heterosynaptic suppression could be induced after 20 repetitive stimuli were applied to one of the presynaptic neurons and the suppression was more effective with increasing number of stimuli. Over the range of 0.5-5 Hz, the extent of suppression was independent of the frequency of tetanic stimulation and, in some cells, detectable suppression could be induced at a frequency as low as 0.05 Hz. Except for a few cases, heterosynaptic suppression was found to last for as long as the recording was made after tetanus (up to 1 hr). The fact that the mean amplitude of spontaneous synaptic currents remained the same before and after the suppression while the evoked synaptic currents exhibited higher fluctuation after suppression suggests that the observed synaptic suppression involves a reduction of evoked ACh release from the nerve terminal, although postsynaptic changes have not been excluded. Finally we found that spontaneous synaptic activity may also contribute in part to the synaptic competition between coinnervating nerve terminals. Taken together, these findings provide a quantitative basis for further understanding of activity-dependent competition between developing neuromuscular synapses.
Cyclic Green Fluorescent Protein Produced in Vivo Using an Artificially Split PI-PfuI Intein from Pyrococcus furiosus (2001)

A cyclic protein was produced in vivo using the intein from Pyrococcus furiosus PI-PfuI in a novel approach to create a circular permutation of the precursor protein by introducing new termini in the intein domain. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was cyclized with this method in vivo on milligram scales. There was no by-product of linear or polymerized species isolated, unlike with other in vitro or in vivo cyclization methods utilizing inteins. Cyclized GFP unfolded at half the rate of the linear form upon chemical denaturation and required >2 days in 7 m guanidine hydrochloride until a residual fast folding phase (consistent with a persistent cis-proline) had disappeared. Cyclic GFP might become a novel tool for studying the role of termini and backbone topology in various biological processes such as protein degradation and translocation in vivo as well as in vitro.
Application of Thermography for Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Thyroid Gland Disease (2008)

In this paper, a computer-based prototype device was designed based on an economical noninvasive system that could detect and display the relative skin temperature variations present in human patients suffering from thyroid disorders. Such a system could be used to augment the normal procedures followed by the physician in diagnosing the thyroid to detect areas of hyperactivity within the gland. Because a hyperactive nodule is a center of increased blood flow and chemical activity, it might be also a center of heat production that is detectable by thermal sensing. This paper also presents a finite-element analysis (FEA) of a hot thyroid nodule that is used for investigating the temperature distribution in conjunction with the prototype. The instrumentation model built was based on actual dimensional human model for thyroid nodules obtained from various patients. A software program was written in Visual Basic to detect the temperature distribution around the hot spot. The software also incorporates means to minimize the thermal noise associated with the body temperature. The FEA utilizes the same boundary values used in the practical settings. This includes initial values of temperatures for the hot spot and its surroundings. The results of the finite-element simulation assisted in the selection of the solid state sensors that were used in the instrumentation of the thermographic system. The selected sensors were calibrated for their functionality and dynamic performance according to the specifications. The new noninvasive diagnostic technique was applied to patients having Graves' diseases at the Indiana University (IU) Hospital, and compared with the existing scheme that utilizes I Scan. The results of the new diagnostic method were in good agreement with the current existing method.
Enrichment of a Dictionary with Images from the Internet (2013)

既存のテキストのみからなる辞書に対し，インターネット上にある膨大な画像を関連付けることができれば，文字列情報からだけでは得られない，視覚的な情報を利用できるようになり，用途が広がると期待できる．そのため，本稿では，辞書の出来る限り広い語義に対して画像を付与することを考える．作成・維持コストを考えれば，なるべく自動的に画像を付与することが望ましいが，大量の辞書エントリに対して，高い精度で画像を付与することは容易ではない．また，そもそもどういった語義には画像を付与できるのか，あるいはできないのかといった調査が大規模になされた例はなく，画像が付与できる語義を自動的に判別することも困難である．そこで本稿では，まず語義別に画像が付与された辞書を人手で構築することを第一の目標とする．その上で，画像が付与できる語義とできない語義について，品詞や意味クラスとの関連性に着目して分析する．具体的には，名詞，動詞，形容詞，形容動詞，副詞を含む 25,481 語，39,251 語義を対象に画像付与実験と分析を行ない，その結果，全語義の 94.0% は画像付与が可能であること，品詞や意味クラスに応じて画像付与の可否が変わることを示す．また，幅広い語義に適切な画像を付与するため，インターネットから画像検索によって画像を獲得する．検索時に重要となるのが検索語である．本稿の第二の目標は，語義毎に適切な画像を得るための検索語を調査することである．本稿では，複数の検索語の組合せ（以下，検索語セット）の中から最も適切な画像を得られる検索語セットを作業者に選択してもらい，適切な検索語セットがない場合には修正してもらう．こうして最終的に利用された検索語セットを分析し，提案手法の改良点を探る．さらに，検索語セットの優先順位の決定方法も提案，その妥当性を示すことを本稿の第三の目標とする．新しい辞書への適用等を考えると，人手による画像付与ができない場合でも，優先順位の高い検索語セットによる検索結果が利用できれば，有用だと考えられるからである．提案手法では，対象語義がメジャーな語義かどうかで優先順位を変化させる．実験では，2 種類の評価方法を通してその妥当性を示す．
The customized mandible substitute based on rapid prototyping (2003)

Traditional standard bone substitutes cannot realize the individualized matching for the bones of different patients. In order to make a bone substitute match the shape of a patient's bone easily, a technology based on reverse engineering (RE) and rapid prototyping (RP) is put forward to design and fabricate a customized bone substitute. By RE, the customized bone substitute is designed according to the CT sectional pictures, and the customized localizer is designed to locate the customized bone substitute in the patient's body at the right position. A customized mandible substitute designed and fabricated by RE and RP has been put into clinical use and is discussed in detail. The results confirm that the advantage of RP in the field of bone restoration is that it can fabricate the customized bone substitute rapidly and accurately.
A new approach to studies of cell‐antibody interactions using fluorescent lipid probes (1988)

The interaction of poly- and monoclonal antibodies against the L-chain of human Ig with Burkitt lymphoma EB-3 cells was studied using a fluorescent lipid probe, anthrylvinyl-labelled sphingomyelin, incorporated into the cell plasma membrane. Binding of the antibodies to Ig receptors on the surface was shown to induce changes in the fluorescence polarization of the probe. The high sensitivity of the method allows one to detect less than 100 antibody molecules per cell. The possibility of using cells or liposomes carrying antigens and fluorescent lipids for the determination of antibodies in solution is discussed.
Cloning and Functional Expression in Escherichia coli of the Gene Encoding the Di- and Tripeptide Transport Protein of Lactobacillus helveticus (1997)

The gene encoding the di- and tripeptide transport protein (DtpT) of Lactobacillus helveticus (DtpTLH) was cloned with the aid of the inverse PCR technique and used to complement the dipeptide transport-deficient and proline-auxotrophic Escherichia coli E1772. Functional expression of the peptide transporter was shown by the uptake of prolyl-[14C]alanine in whole cells and membrane vesicles. Peptide transport via DtpT in membrane vesicles is driven by the proton motive force. The system has specificity for di- and tripeptides but not for amino acids or tetrapeptides. The dtpTLH gene consists of 1,491 bp, which translates into a 497-amino-acid polypeptide. DtpTLH shows 34% identity to the di- and tripeptide transport protein of Lactococcus lactis and is also homologous to various peptide transporters of eukaryotic origin, but the similarity between these proteins is confined mainly to the N-terminal halves.
The Effect of Bends on the Propagation of Guided Waves in Pipes (2005)

The practical testing of pipes in a pipe network has shown that there are issues concerning the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves through bends. It is therefore desirable to improve the understanding of the reflection and transmission characteristics of the bend. First, the dispersion curves for toroidal structures have been calculated using a finite element method, as there is no available analytical solution. Then the factors affecting the transmission and reflection behavior have been identified by studying a straight-curved-straight structure both numerically and experimentally. The frequency dependent transmission behavior obtained is explained in terms of the modes propagating in the straight and curved sections of the pipe.
Energy Management of Parallel-Connected Cells in Electric Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Logic Control (2017)

Inconsistencies that are associated with parallel-connected cells used in electric vehicles induce varied states of charge (SOCs) in each cell. Thus, loop current in the battery pack is inevitable, and this reduces overall capacity, energy utilization rate, and pack lifetime. However, no method is available to address loop current. To reduce loop current and the resulting battery inconsistency, a parallel-connected cell pack (PCCP) model that considers thermal effects is established, and a novel Simscape model that is based on PCCP is successfully constructed. Furthermore, the strategy of parallel-connected cell energy management (PCCEM) is proposed to utilize fuzzy logic control (FLC) strategy, which automatically adjusts the number of cells in a circuit in accordance with the load demand, and turns on the first N switches in the corresponding SOC order. The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycle simulation shows that the PCCEM strategy considerably reduces loop current and improves the consistency of battery performance and the utilization rate of battery power.
Generalized scanning beam interference lithography system for patterning gratings with variable period progressions (2002)

We demonstrate a versatile interference lithography system that can continuously vary the pattern period and orientation during fabrication of general periodic structures in one or two dimensions. Initial experimental results, using closed-loop beam steering control and double exposures on a stationary substrate, are obtained in order to illustrate its principle of operation. A fringe-locking scheme for phase control is also demonstrated including discussion of issues related to future system developments.