gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a radiation-hard CMOS process (1983)

It is recommended that various techniques be investigated which appear to have the potential for improving the radiation hardness of CMOS devices for prolonged space flight mission. The three key recommended processing techniques are: (1) making the gate oxide thin. It has been shown that radiation degradation is proportional to the cube of oxide thickness so that a relatively small reduction in thickness can greatly improve radiation resistance; (2) cleanliness and contamination control; and (3) to investigate different oxide growth (low temperature dry, TCE and HCL). All three produce high quality clean oxides, which are more radiation tolerant. Technique 2 addresses the reduction of metallic contamination. Technique 3 will produce a higher quality oxide by using slow growth rate conditions, and will minimize the effects of any residual sodium contamination through the introduction of hydrogen and chlorine into the oxide during growth.
On the Structure and Catalytic Function of Mammary Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (1966)

Abstract Experiments were conducted in order to elucidate the relationship between the structure of mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its catalytic activities with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A model is proposed to account for the results which depicts the enzyme as existing in the form of two monomers, X and Y, in rapid, mobile equilibrium with each other, and in which X can be reversibly dissociated into inactive subunits under suitable conditions and Y can be dimerized at high protein concentration. The formation of Y from X is promoted by the addition of NADP+ or NADPH, whereas glycerol or NAD+ promote the formation of X from Y. The NADP-linked activity of Y is greater than that of X, but X possesses greater NAD-linked activity than Y. The experiments here presented in support of the proposed model deal with the interconversion of X and Y. The kinetics of NADPH inhibition of NAD-linked glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is compared in aqueous solution and in 40% glycerol. Sigmoid kinetics is seen in aqueous solution, but normal kinetics obtains in 40% glycerol. Experiments are reported showing that, under the conditions used in the kinetic studies, NADPH does not cause the enzyme to dimerize. It is also shown that the rate and extent of reactivation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from inactive subunits are promoted in the presence of NADPH and hindered in the presence of glycerol. Finally, the effects of various reagents upon the NADP-linked and NAD-linked activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are seen to be compatible with their action on the equilibrium between X and Y. Interconversion of X and Y may be of importance in the regulation of mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
Multiplex Fluorescent <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization in Zebrafish Embryos Using Tyramide Signal Amplification (2005)

One of the strengths of the zebrafish is the ease with which in situ hybridization can be performed to determine spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in whole embryos. Thus far, colorimetric detection methods are mainly used for these analyses. Here we describe a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for whole-mount zebrafish embryos using tyramide signal amplification (TSA). An optimal set of reagents was identified that allows for simultaneous localization of gene expression patterns of two genes within the same embryo, permitting identification of colocalized expression within single cells. This protocol can be extended to perform multiplex studies by repetition of the TSA-based detection for each target sequentially with a different fluorescent dye label. To this effect, we demonstrate that this approach can be combined with standard horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated immunocytochemistry procedures in addition to FISH.
Berry Leaves: An Alternative Source of Bioactive Natural Products of Nutritional and Medicinal Value (2016)

Berry fruits are recognized, worldwide, as "superfoods" due to the high content of bioactive natural products and the health benefits deriving from their consumption. Berry leaves are byproducts of berry cultivation; their traditional therapeutic use against several diseases, such as the common cold, inflammation, diabetes, and ocular dysfunction, has been almost forgotten nowadays. Nevertheless, the scientific interest regarding the leaf composition and beneficial properties grows, documenting that berry leaves may be considered an alternative source of bioactives. The main bioactive compounds in berry leaves are similar as in berry fruits, i.e., phenolic acids and esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and procyanidins. The leaves are one of the richest sources of chlorogenic acid. In various studies, these secondary metabolites have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. This review focuses on the phytochemical composition of the leaves of the commonest berry species, i.e., blackcurrant, blackberry, raspberry, bilberry, blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry leaves, and presents their traditional medicinal uses and their biological activities in vitro and in vivo.
Plants from Brazilian Cerrado with Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity (2012)

The increased amount of melanin leads to skin disorders such as age spots, freckles, melasma and malignant melanoma. Tyrosinase is known to be the key enzyme in melanin production. Plants and their extracts are inexpensive and rich resources of active compounds that can be utilized to inhibit tyrosinase as well as can be used for the treatment of dermatological disorders associated with melanin hyperpigmentation. Using in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, extracts from 13 plant species from Brazilian Cerrado were evaluated. The results showed that Pouteria torta and Eugenia dysenterica extracts presented potent in vitro tyrosinase inhibition compared to positive control kojic acid. Ethanol extract of Eugenia dysenterica leaves showed significant (p<0.05) tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibiting the IC₅₀ value of 11.88 µg/mL, compared to kojic acid (IC₅₀ value of 13.14 µg/mL). Pouteria torta aqueous extract leaves also showed significant inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 30.01 µg/mL. These results indicate that Pouteria torta and Eugenia dysenterica extracts and their isolated constituents are promising agents for skin-whitening or antimelanogenesis formulations.
Polyaniline Membranes for Separation and Purification of Gases, Liquids, and Electrolyte Solutions (2006)

Abstract Conjugated polymers are excellent barriers for membrane separations because their porosity can be controlled at the molecular level through chemical doping. Polyaniline (PANI) is particularly attractive because simple acid/base doping/undoping enables a controllable level of doping that can be readily achieved using dopants of different sizes and shapes. PANI, which belongs to an important member of the family of electrically conducting polymers, has been studied extensively as a membrane due to its distinct electrochemical properties and environmental stability. Adding dopants to PANI leads to a decrease in gas permeability, while removal of these dopants would produce extremely high permeability. This review provides an overview of the use of PANI membrane in gas separation (GS), pervaporation (PV) and electrodialysis (ED) applications. Our discussion will be concerned with the utility of PANI as a homopolymer, blend and composite membrane, discussing a considerable amount of background information on their developments and applications. Various modifications of PANI as efficient membranes and their future prospects in membrane separation and purification technology are discussed.
Nucleating cavitation from laser-illuminated nano-particles (2005)

Vapor bubble generation from laser-illuminated gold nano-particles has been investigated as a means of providing nucleation sites for cavitation induced by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Pulses from a 532-nm Nd:Yag laser were synchronized with a pulsed 1.1-MHz HIFU source in an acrylamide phantom seeded with 82-nm-diameter gold particles. Emissions from bubble collapses were detected by a 15-MHz focused transducer at a laser pulse energy and HIFU focal pressure of 0.10 mJ and 0.92 MPa, respectively. In comparison, a HIFU peak focal pressure of 4.50 MPa was required to nucleate detectable cavitation without laser illumination.
Optical response of bulk Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (1989)

Preliminary results of measurements of optical detection in bar-shaped bulk samples of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-Cu-O at wavelengths of 504, 632, and 820 nm are presented. At 77 K, a roughly logarithmic decay of response with increasing modulation frequency of a GaAs laser (820 nm) was found. A much higher responsivity was observed at 504 nm than at either 632 or 820 nm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fertilization and Development In Vitro of Bovine Oocytes Following Intracytoplasmic Injection of Heat-Dried Sperm Heads (2005)

This study investigated the development of bovine oocytes following intracytoplasmic injection of sperm heads from spermatozoa dried by heating. When sperm suspension was heated in a dry oven at 50, 56, 90, and 120 degrees C, the mean amounts of residual water were about 0.3 g water/g dry weight within 8 h, 6 h, 1.5 h, and 20 min of heating, respectively. Oocyte activation, cleavage of oocytes, and development of cleaved embryos to the morula stage were better in oocytes injected with spermatozoa stored at 25 degrees C for 7-10 days following drying at 50 and 56 degrees C than at 90 and 120 degrees C; however, only a small proportion of oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage. When spermatozoa were dried at 50 degrees C for 16 h, activation, male pronucleus (MPN) formation, cleavage, and development to the morula stage were less good than when spermatozoa were dried for 8 and 10 h and no blastocysts were obtained. The development of oocytes was significantly better when spermatozoa were stored for 7-10 days at 4 degrees C than 25 degrees C after drying at 50 degrees C for 8 h. Longer storage (7 days-12 mo) of heat-dried spermatozoa at 4 degrees C did not affect MPN formation in activated oocytes, but blastocyst development was significantly lower when spermatozoa were stored for 3 mo or more. These results demonstrate that bovine oocytes can be fertilized with heat-dried spermatozoa and that the fertilized oocytes can develop at least to the blastocyst stage.
Recognition of Arabic characters (1992)

A statistical approach for the recognition of Arabic characters is introduced. As a first step, the character is segmented into primary and secondary parts (dots and zigzags). The secondary parts of the character are then isolated and identified separately, thereby reducing the number of classes from 28 to 18. The moments of the horizontal and vertical projections of the remaining primary characters are then calculated and normalized with respect to the zero-order moment. Simple measures of the shape are obtained from the normalized moments. A 9-D feature vector is obtained for each character. Classification is accomplished using quadratic discriminant functions. The approach was evaluated using isolated, handwritten, and printed characters from a database established for this purpose. The results indicate that the technique offers better classification rates in comparison with existing methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CXCL12 and osteopontin from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells improve muscle regeneration (2017)

Muscle satellite cells are essential for muscle regeneration. However, efficient regeneration does not occur without muscle-resident mesenchymal progenitor cells. We show here that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (Bm-MSCs) also facilitate muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) model mice. Bm-MSCs transplanted into peritoneal cavities of DMD model mice with severe muscle degeneration strongly suppressed dystrophic pathology and improved death-related symptoms, which resulted in dramatic lifespan extension. Isolated single myofibers from Bm-MSC-transplanted mice manifested considerably less myofiber splitting compared with myofibers from non-transplanted mice, which indicated that transplantation significantly ameliorated abnormal regeneration. With regard to the number of satellite cells, several cells remained on myofibers from Bm-MSC-transplanted model mice, but satellite cells rarely occurred on myofibers from non-transplanted mice. Also, CXCL12 was crucial for muscle regeneration. CXCL12 facilitated muscle regeneration and paired box protein-7 (PAX7) expression after cardiotoxin-related muscle injury in vivo. The majority of primary muscle satellite cells sorted by integrin-α7 and CD34 expressed CXCR4, a receptor specific for CXCL12. CXCL12 strongly suppressed p-STAT3 expression in these sorted cells in vitro. CXCL12 may therefore influence muscle regeneration through STAT3 signaling in satellite cells. Targeting these proteins in or on muscle satellite cells may improve many degenerative muscle diseases.
E-Maintenance as an Emerging Customer Value Generating IT-Enabled Resource (2012)

This paper reports business related challenges and opportunities for e-maintenance as an emerging customer value generating IT-enabled resource. The research study is concerned with the e- maintenance based on remote diagnostics in the vehicle industry. E-maintenance of vehicles is of great importance as e-maintenance technology has great potential to provide various state of the art maintenance related services for the vehicles. This emerging technology brings challenges and opportunities to generate value both for the companies and their customers. In this paper, we have presented several business related challenges and opportunities for e-maintenance. In the form of a set of propositions, the contribution of this paper is to conceptualize e-maintenance as an emerging customer value generating IT-enabled resource by showing challenges and opportunities related to it.
Single x‐ray absorptiometry method for the quantitative mammographic measure of fibroglandular tissue volume (2009)

An automated method for quantifying fibroglandular tissue volume has been developed. It exhibited good accuracy and precision for a broad range of breast thicknesses, paddle tilt angles, and %FGV values. Clinical testing showed high correlation to mammographic density and between left and right breasts.
Human Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus: Review of Clinical Issues (2009)

This article provides an updated review of the clinical issues related to human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. The clinical data available to date are presented, as well as recent findings on the pathogenesis of and antiviral treatment and immunotherapy for H5N1 virus infection in humans and animal models.
Determining the burst-correcting limit of cyclic codes (1980)

Two new computationally efficient algorithms are developed for finding the exact burst-correcting limit of a cyclic code. The first algorithm is based on testing the colmn rank of certain submatrices of the parity-check matrix of the code. An auxiliary result is a proof that every cyclic <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(n,k)</tex> codes with a minimum distance of at least three, corrects at least all bursts of length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lfloor (n - 2k + 1)/2 \rfloor</tex> or less. The second algorithm, which requires somewhat less computation, is based on finding the length of the shortest linear feedback shift-register that generates the subsequences of length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n - k</tex> of the sequence formed by the coefficients of the parity-check polynomial <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h(x)</tex> , augmented with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lfloor (n-k)/2 \rfloor -1</tex> leading zeros and trailing zeros. Tables of the burst-correcting limit for a large number of binary cyclic codes are included.
Emerging Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes (2019)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia despite hyperinsulinemia, affects more than 400 million people worldwide, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Insulin resistance, of which ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver [nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)] and skeletal muscle is the root cause, plays a major role in the development of T2D. Although lifestyle interventions and weight loss are highly effective at reversing NAFLD and T2D, weight loss is difficult to sustain, and newer approaches aimed at treating the root cause of T2D are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight emerging pharmacological strategies aimed at improving insulin sensitivity and T2D by altering hepatic energy balance or inhibiting key enzymes involved in hepatic lipid synthesis. We also summarize recent research suggesting that liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling may be an attractive therapeutic approach to treat NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and T2D.
High endothelial venule binding as a predictor of the dissemination of passaged murine lymphomas. (1987)

It has long been postulated that normal lymphocyte homing mechanisms help determine the metastatic spread of lymphoid neoplasms. The traffic of normal lymphocytes is controlled in part by the regulated expression of surface receptors for high endothelial venules (HEV), specialized venules that mediate the extravasation of circulating lymphocytes from the blood into lymphoid organs and sites of chronic inflammation. Here we have compared the in vivo growth patterns of HEV-binding vs. nonbinding murine lymphomas passaged intramuscularly into syngeneic recipients. We report that lymphomas that bind well to HEV (as assessed in a quantitative in vitro assay) disseminate widely via the blood, involving all lymph node groups symmetrically. Although both HEV-binding and nonbinding lymphomas gain access to the blood, gross involvement of lymph nodes by nonbinding lymphomas is limited to nodes draining local tumor at the site of injection, a prominent feature of these lymphomas; distant lymph nodes are not enlarged. The results suggest that the expression of functional receptors for HEV either controls the hematogenous dissemination of malignant lymphocyte populations to HEV-bearing organs, or is coregulated with factors determining this metastatic behavior. The findings support the concept that normal lymphocyte homing mechanisms are important to the spread of leukemias and lymphomas.
Genomic organization, expression, and function of bitter taste receptors (T2R) in mouse and rat (2005)

Mammalian type 2 taste receptors (T2R) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that mediate bitter signals in taste cells. In the present study, we compared the genomic organization of rodent T2R genes based on the recently completed mouse and rat genomes and examined tissue- and cell-specific expression of T2Rs. Both mouse and rat T2R families consist of 36 intact genes and at least 7 pseudogenes that are mapped to mouse chromosomes 15, 2, and 6 and to rat chromosomes 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All but two T2R genes are clustered on mouse chromosome 6 and rat chromosome 4 with virtually identical genomic organization. The orthologs of the first human T2R gene identified, mT2R119 and rT2R1, are located on mouse chromosome 15 and rat chromosome 2, whereas the novel rodent-specific T2R genes, mT2R134 and rT2R34, are located on mouse chromosome 2 and rat chromosome 3, respectively. Our results, using RT-PCR, demonstrate the presence of transcripts corresponding to the putative denatonium benzoate (DB) and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) receptors in the antrum, fundus, and duodenum as well as in STC-1 and AR42J cells. The novel rodent-specific T2R gene (mT2R134 and rT2R34) was also expressed in these tissues and cell lines. The addition of DB, PTC, or cycloheximide to AR42J cells induced a rapid increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The specificity of these effects is shown by the fact that these bitter stimuli did not induce any detectable Ca(2+) signaling in many other rodent or human cells that do not express receptors or G proteins implicated in bitter taste signaling. These results demonstrate that mouse and rat T2R genes are highly conserved in terms of genomic organization and tissue expression, suggesting that rodent T2Rs are evolved under similar dietary pressure and share bitter sensing functions in the lingual and gastrointestinal systems.
A single chip decompression LSI based on ATRAC for mini disc (1993)

A single chip that decompresses the ATRAC (adaptive transform acoustic coding) used for mini disc has been developed. The authors outline how the low power consumption and high-precision calculation capability of this LSI were achieved. This LSI was developed by making an ideal compromise between lower power consumption and efficient high-precision calculation. Calculation precision has been enhanced due to 24-bit block-floating-point calculation, a customized calculation unit, and an error concealment function.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spatio-Temporal Control of Gene Expression and Cancer Treatment Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Focused Ultrasound (2007)

Local temperature elevation may be used for tumor ablation, gene expression, drug activation, and gene and/or drug delivery. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is the only clinically viable technology that can be used to achieve a local temperature increase deep inside the human body in a noninvasive way. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance of the procedure allows in situ target definition and identification of nearby healthy tissue to be spared. In addition, MRI can be used to provide continuous temperature mapping during HIFU for spatial and temporal control of the heating procedure and prediction of the final lesion based on the received thermal dose. The primary purpose of the development of MRI-guided HIFU was to achieve safe noninvasive tissue ablation. The technique has been tested extensively in preclinical studies and is now accepted in the clinic for ablation of uterine fibroids. MRI-guided HIFU for ablation shows conceptual similarities with radiation therapy. However, thermal damage generally shows threshold-like behavior, with necrosis above the critical thermal dose and full recovery below. MRI-guided HIFU is being clinically evaluated in the cancer field. The technology also shows great promise for a variety of advanced therapeutic methods, such as gene therapy. MR-guided HIFU, together with the use of a temperature-sensitive promoter, provides local, physical, and spatio-temporal control of transgene expression. Specially designed contrast agents, together with the combined use of MRI and ultrasound, may be used for local gene and drug delivery.