gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical properties of polycrystalline GaAs films (1980)

Electrical properties of Se- and Zn-doped polycrystalline GaAs deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on substrates of polycrystalline alumina and glass were investigated. Hall-effect and resistivity measurements were made over a wide range of temperature (77–420 K). The electrical activation energies were found by measuring the variation of resistivity and carrier mobility of the polycrystalline GaAs films with sample temperature. The resistivity and mobility were found to be temperature activated over a wide temperature range as exp(Eb /kT) and exp(−Eb /kT), respectively, with the same activation energy applying to both properties. The results have been interpreted in terms of a modified grain boundary trapping model.
Measurement of Thermal Time Constant in 65-nm PD-SOI Technology with Sub-ns Resolution (2007)

In PD-SOI the oxide layer between MOSFETs and the underlying silicon substrate presents a thermal resistance that can lead to significant temperature rise for power dissipating devices. This can impact circuit performance and also introduce differences between device characteristics measured under DC conditions and those experienced under "at speed" operating conditions with low duty cycles common for CMOS circuits. Here a new technique for measuring the thermal time constant of PD-SOI MOSFETs in an adjacent heating configuration with sub-ns time resolution is presented. Experimental results for specific layouts in experimental 65 nm PD-SOI hardware show time constants of order 20 - 30 ns.
Plasma dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity correlates with body mass index and the plasma adiponectin concentration in healthy young people (2012)

We previously found that plasma dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity was associated with the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and type 1 diabetes using animal models. In this study, we investigated whether DPP4 activity is correlated with the clinical parameters of obesity and/or diabetes in healthy young subjects. Body mass index (BMI), plasma DPP4 activity, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, adiponectin concentration, and body fat were measured in 165 subjects (110 males and 55 females, age 23.2 ± 2.4 years). In correlation analyses, DPP4 activity displayed strong positive correlations with BMI (p = 5.5 × 10(-5)) and total cholesterol (p = 0.0014), and a negative correlation with the plasma adiponectin concentration (p = 0.013), but not fasting blood glucose. Our findings suggest that plasma DPP4 activity is correlated with the clinical parameters of obesity rather than diabetes in young people.
Agent-Based Computing: Promise and Perils (1999)

Agent-based computing represents an exciting new synthesis both for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and, more generally, Computer Science.It has the potential to significantly improve the theory and the practice of modelling, designing, and implementing complex systems.Yet, to date, there has been little systematic analysis of what makes an agent such an appealing and powerful conceptual model.Moreover, even less effort has been devoted to exploring the inherent disadvantages that stem from adopting an agent-oriented view.Here both sets of issues are explored.The standpoint of this analysis is the role of agent-based software in solving complex, real-world problems.In particular, it will be argued that the development of robust and scalable software systems requires autonomous agents that can complete their objectives while situated in a dynamic and uncertain environment, that can engage in rich, highlevel social interactions, and that can operate within flexible organisational structures.
Leaf alcohol. XXIII. Isolation of Z-3-hexenal in tea leaves, Thea sinensis, and synthesis thereof. (1975)

Z-3-Hexenal, a precursor in the biosynthesis of leaf alcohol and leaf aldehyde, was first isolated from fresh tea leaves, Thea sinensis and its structure was confirmed by unequivocal synthetic evidence.
New developments in diagnosis and treatment update: Schizophrenia/first episode psychosis in children and adolescents (2014)

Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) is diagnosed before the age of 13 years, and early onset schizophrenia (EOS) is diagnosed before the age of 18 years. EOS is considered extremely rare and its prevalence in comparison to the worldwide prevalence of schizophrenia (1%) has not adequately been studied. Patients who experience the first episode of psychosis need to be treated early and optimally to lessen the morbidity and improve the outcome of the illness. Treatment needs to be a combination of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities. Pharmacological intervention is necessary for remission, improvement of positive symptoms and to aid with the efficacy of psychosocial interventions. There is a lack of efficacy and safety data of the use of antipsychotic medication in children, with most of the information available being extrapolations of adult data. An increased use of atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of EOS has been accompanied by growing concern about the appropriate use and associated side effects in children and adolescents. This update highlights new developments, concepts and treatment trends in EOS.
Synchronization in FH-MFSK spread spectrum systems (2003)

The authors consider the synchronization at the frame level as well as at the chip level, in frequency hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) receivers in order to maximize performance and minimize mutual interference in FH-SS systems. A sliding correlator is implemented for frame synchronization, which is also known as coarse synchronization or acquisition. A method is proposed to ensure fine synchronization (tracking) in the system. The principles of this method are presented and the resulting circuit is implemented and evaluated. The advantages compared to previous methods are the resulting circuits simplicity and performance. Although this circuit is implemented for MFSK (M-ary frequency shift keying), it can be used for an M-ary PSK (phase shift keying) signal since it is based principally on an energy detector.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extraction of water bodies from remotely sensed images (2010)

Extracting water bodies from remotely sensed imagery is an important procedure for many water related studies. It is considered as a challenging problem of automatically and effectively extracting water bodies from remotely sensed images, and many researchers rely on existing Geoinformation System (GIS) data or manual digitizing to obtain water body boundaries. This work firstly generalizes several water body characteristics in optical remotely sensed images and then proposes a segmentation-based water body extraction method. The proposed algorithm exploits several features and uses a perception machine (PM) of neural network (NN) to build a classifier. An overall classification accuracy of 96% indicates that this method holds promise for extracting water bodies from optical remotely sensed images.
Temperature‐induced spontaneous sol–gel transitions of poly(<scp>D,L</scp>‐lactic acid‐<i>co</i>‐glycolic acid)‐<i>b</i>‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐<i>b</i>‐poly(<scp>D,L</scp>‐lactic acid‐<i>co</i>‐glycolic acid) triblock copolymers and their end‐capped derivatives in water (2007)

Abstract The spontaneous hydrogel formation of a sort of biocompatible and biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymer in water was observed, and the underlying gelling mechanism was assumed. A series of ABA‐type triblock copolymers [poly( D,L ‐lactic acid‐ co ‐glycolic acid)‐ b ‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐ b ‐poly( D,L ‐lactic acid‐ co ‐glycolic acid)] and different derivatives end‐capped by small alkyl groups were synthesized, and the aqueous phase behaviors of these samples were studied. The virgin triblock copolymers and most of the derivatives exhibited a temperature‐dependent reversible sol–gel transition in water. Both the poly( D,L ‐lactic acid‐ co ‐glycolic acid) length and end group were found to significantly tune the gel windows in the phase diagrams, but with different behaviors. The critical micelle concentrations were much lower than the associated critical gel concentrations, and an intact micellar structure remained after gelation. A combination of various measurement techniques confirmed that the sol–gel transition with an increase in the temperature was induced not simply via the self‐assembly of amphiphilic polymer chains but also via the further hydrophobic aggregation of micelles resulting in a micelle network due to a large‐scale self‐assembly. The coarsening of the micelle network was further suggested to account for the transition from a transparent gel to an opaque gel. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1122–1133, 2007
The genetic epidemiology of cancer: interpreting family and twin studies and their implications for molecular genetic approaches. (2001)

The recent completion of a rough draft of the human genome sequence has ushered in a new era of molecular genetics research into the inherited basis of a number of complex diseases such as cancer. At the same time, recent twin studies have suggested a limited role of genetic susceptibility to many neoplasms. A reappraisal of family and twin studies for many cancer sites suggests the following general conclusions: (a) all cancers are familial to approximately the same degree, with only a few exceptions (both high and low); (b) early age of diagnosis is generally associated with increased familiality; (c) familiality does not decrease with decreasing prevalence of the tumor-in fact, the trend is toward increasing familiality with decreasing prevalence; (d) a multifactorial (polygenic) threshold model fits the twin data for most cancers less well than single gene or genetic heterogeneity-type models; (e) recessive inheritance is less likely generally than dominant or additive models; (f) heritability decreases for rarer tumors only in the context of the polygenic model but not in the context of single-locus or heterogeneity models; (g) although the family and twin data do not account for gene-environment interactions or confounding, they are still consistent with genes contributing high attributable risks for most cancer sites. These results support continued search for genetic and environmental factors in cancer susceptibility for all tumor types. Suggestions are given for optimal study designs depending on the underlying architecture of genetic predisposition.
Cytoplasmic elongation and rupture in megakaryoblastic leukemia cells via activation of adhesion and motility by staurosporine on fibronectin‐bound substratum (1999)

Human megakaryoblastic leukemia Meg-01 cells were attached to fibronectin (FN)-coated substratum, on which remarkable spreading and cytoplasmic elongation was induced by treatment with a protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine (stp). This effect was inhibited by RGDS and was also not seen on FN-lacking substratum. The extended cytoplasm had swollen terminals and nodes, which contained GpIIb and β-thromboglobulin, occasionally included α granules, and tended to form particles (2–5 μm) after rupture of the narrowed cytoplasm. Among other protein kinase modulators tested, only K252a promoted the elongation, while calphostin, herbimycin, TPA, and calyculin suppressed it. The cells began to migrate soon after addition of stp, with attachment to the substratum held at some sites during the migration. This tethered movement seemed to cause the cytoplasmic elongation and the rupture into particles. The elongation was retarded by pretreating the cells with cytochalasin A and Clostridium C3 toxin but not with demecolcine. Actin microfilaments in the stp-treated Meg-01 cells accumulated in the filopodia and periphery of the extended cytoplasm, in which vinculin was colocalized as adhesion plaques. The microtubules were longitudinally oriented through the cytoplasmic extension and showed no ring profile in the nodes and particles. Thus, stp in the presence of FN appears to stimulate reorganization of actin-based cytoskeleton and formation of focal contacts in Meg-01 cells. This leads to the activation of cell adhesion and motility, and then cytoplasmic elongation and rupture into particles. J. Cell. Physiol. 179:179–192, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elicitation and conversion of hidden objects and restrictions in a database schema (2002)

Mapping a database schema from one model into another, with a higher semantic capacity, is a current research subject with application in several development fields, such as schema integration and translation, migration from legacy systems and reengineering of poor quality or no-longer accurate data models. Inclusion dependencies are one of the most important concepts in relational databases and they are the key to perform some reengineering of database schemas. Referential integrity restrictions (rir), a particular case of an inclusion constraint, requires that the set of distinct values occurring in some specified column, simple or composite (foreign key), must be a subset of the set of distinct primary key values drawn from the same domain. Pure inclusion dependencies (id), however, may apply between other pairs of attributes also (alternate keys or non-keys). Database schemas containing ids frequently reveal the presence of hidden objects and misrepresented relationships and, as a consequence, increase the effort to develop program applications and maintain the integrity. This work presents a heuristics for the conversion of schemas with ids into equivalent schemas with only rirs. In case some irreducible ids remain, a semantic interpretation of their necessity and maintenance is given.
Elevation of lymphocyte CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity during mitosis. (1994)

CD45 is an abundant cell-surface protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) of hematopoietic cells that mediates specific tyrosine dephosphorylation in lymphocyte Ag activation. The hypothesis that CD45 PTPase activity varies during progression through the cell cycle was examined in this study. Expression of CD45 PTPase activity was determined in pre-B lymphoma (70Z/3.12) and cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTLL-2) cell lines after fractionation by counterflow centrifugal elutriation into cell cycle-stage-enriched subpopulations. For both cell lines, CD45 PTPase activity was elevated 2- to 10-fold in late G2 + M fractions compared with the PTPase activity of asynchronous cells. FACS and SDS-PAGE analyses indicated that there was only a minor increase in CD45 protein expression during progression through the cell cycle, suggesting that increased CD45 PTPase activity was a result of increased enzymatic activity. Cyclin B expression in 70Z/3.12 cells was evaluated in elutriated subpopulations and intact cyclin B was present in all cell cycle phases from G1 to late G2 + M, disappearing in mitosis and just before those fractions containing maximum CD45 activity. This observation indicated that the peak PTPase activity of CD45 occurred in late mitosis or in cytokinesis. The elevation of CD45 PTPase activity in mitosis supports the hypothesis that CD45 has a role in phosphorylation events occurring during cell division.
[Veterinary surgeon Gottfried Carl Haubner (1806-1882)--promoter of scientific animal nutrition]. (1998)

The veterinary surgeon G. C. HAUBNER (1806-1882) was teacher for veterinary science at the Royal prussian academia for agriculture in Eldena near Greifswald (1836-1852) and at the royal school of veterinary science in Dresden (1853-1879). He stimulated animal nutrition in different ways. First of all he disclosed the theoretical gaps in the field of animal nutrition during the first half of the 19th century, furthermore he transferred the knowledge in agriculture chemistry and animal physiology to feeding praxis and altogether he favoured the transition from the empirical to the scientific based animal nutrition, last not least by starting exactly planned and practiced feeding experiments (s. Table 2). Most remarkable are his very early work on digestion physiology in ruminants (1837), his proof (1854), that fiber is digestible in ruminants or horses as well as his investigations on nutrition related diseases in cattle (smelting-house-smoke- and deficiency-diseases).
Effects of altered physiologic states on clearance and biodistribution of technetium-99m MAG3, iodine-131 OIH, and iodine-125 iothalamate. (1988)

Technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine [( 99mTc]MAG3) is a new renal radiopharmaceutical with biologic properties similar to iodine-131 orthoiodohippuric acid [( 131I]OIH). MAG3 may be used as a replacement for [131I]OIH and/or [99mTc]DTPA. For this reason, we compared the effects of several potential adverse clinical conditions on the clearance and biodistribution of MAG3, OIH and a GFR marker. To simulate renal failure, five mice underwent bilateral renal pedical ligation. Twenty-four hours after surgery they were injected with MAG3 and OIH and killed 2 hr postinjection. Compared to sham operated controls, liver activity for MAG3 and OIH increased from 0.2% to 14.1% and 0.1% to 13.9%, respectively, while intestinal activity increased from 1.3% to 8.9% for MAG3 and 0.2% to 7.7% for OIH. Constant infusion studies were performed in rats to evaluate the effects of increased plasma organic acid levels, mannitol diuresis, dehydration, and acid/base imbalance on the clearance of OIH, MAG3, and [125I]iothalamate. No differences were noted between the OIH and MAG3 clearances following diuresis and dehydration and the differences involving acid/base imbalance were minimal. Dehydration depressed the clearance of [125I]iothalamate more than that of OIH or MAG3. Para-aminohippurate (PAH) infusion inhibited the clearance of MAG3 more than OIH supporting proximal tubular transport for MAG3; PAH had no effect on [125I]iothalamate. In summary HPLC purified MAG3 behaved similarly to OIH under adverse physiologic conditions and the data continue to support the use of MAG3 as a potential clinical substitute for OIH.
Resolution of chlamydial genital infection with antigen-specific T-lymphocyte lines (1991)

To determine cell-mediated immune mechanisms involved in the resolution of chlamydial genital infection of mice, we utilized an established murine model in which it has been demonstrated that resolution of infection occurs independently of the antibody response. Splenic T lymphocytes were obtained from mice that had previously been immunized with viable elementary bodies of the mouse pneumonitis agent (MoPn), a Chlamydia trachomatis biovar. Antigen-reactive T lymphocytes were maintained and expanded in vitro by frequent restimulation with UV light-inactivated MoPn in the presence of antigen-presenting cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Flow cytometry indicated that this cell line was at least 92% positive for the pan-specific T-cell marker Thy1.2. Stimulation of the cells in the presence of syngeneic antigen-presenting cells plus MoPn antigen and in the absence of exogenous IL-2 induced the cells to produce IL-2 activity in culture supernatants. Following adoptive transfer, this T-lymphocyte line was effective in inducing resolution of an ongoing MoPn genital infection in congenitally athymic nude mice which otherwise maintain chronic unresolved infections. The line was less efficient in resolving the infection after longer periods in culture. An additional T-lymphocyte line was derived from the spleens of athymic mice that had received the first line and had resolved the infection. These T cells were also capable of inducing resolution of the infection. Lastly, this cell line was treated with specific antibody and complement to delete either CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes in an attempt to enrich for T-cell subpopulations prior to transfer into infected athymic mice. The anti-CD4-treated line was essentially depleted of CD4 cells, while the anti-CD8-treated line was only partially enriched for CD4 cells, with a large proportion of CD8 cells still present. Nude mice that received either of the treated T-cell lines or the parental cell line were capable of resolving the infection, although the line with increased numbers of CD4 cells was more efficient than either the parental line or the CD8 line.
Pathology of prostate cancer and focal therapy ('male lumpectomy'). (2009)

Focal therapy of the prostate is defined as prostate gland ablation aiming at eradication of unifocal low-risk prostate cancer, and preserving uninvolved (peri-) prostatic tissue and therefore quality of life. The major arguments against focal therapy can be classified under the headings of understaging and multifocality. The argument of understaging highlights the importance of the occasional, but troublesome, finding of a large, extraprostatic or high-grade tumor (Gleason score > or = 7) in about a quarter of radical prostatectomy specimens removed from men initially classified as having a low-risk tumor. Indeed, 85% of all prostate cancer cases are multifocal. These concerns can be offset by additional testing: another biopsy, especially a transperineal mapping biopsy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate. The technology needed to ablate small regions or sectors of the prostate harboring a known cancer is rapidly becoming available. Cryotherapy is already being used and the preliminary data are encouraging, Ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), photodynamic therapy using newly developed light-sensitizing agents, and MRI-guided HIFU are all promising new tools.
3D stacked chip technology using bottom-up electroplated TSVs (2009)

In this study, bottom-up electroplating is used for TSV (Through Silicon via) fabrication. With the metal temporarily bonding technology, we could remove the handling substrate and perform the chip stacking process. The TSVs made by bottom-up electroplating do not need the expensive MOCVD seed layer deposition and special designed electroplater/solution. Moreover, it is independent with the DRIE angle and the scallop at the sidewall of the vias. By using the bottom-up electroplating technology, we could fabricate the TSVs in much shorter process time to save the process cost. From the X-Ray images and the SEM pictures, the diameter of the vias is 5.3 micron meters and the length of the vias is 67 micron meters. The aspect ratio of the bottom-up electroplated TSVs is larger than 12 and all the vias are definitely void free. X-Ray image also shows the process yield is very high. After the thermal shock reliability test, the resistance measurement and the vias are fine from the SEM pictures. There is no crack found at the sidewall of the vias. After the TSV process, the bonded electrode continues to serve as electrode for the mask-less Sn electroplating. The electroplating current goes through the bottom electrode TSVs and the Sn is electroplated on the TSVs without mask define. Sn bump served as mechanical and electrical connection. We also demonstrate the dry etching process for wafer thinning on a 170degC thermal release tape with handling substrate. After the etching process, the thickness of the chip is about 5 mum and then it is released from the handling substrate successfully. For thin wafer handling technology, we proposed a metal temporarily bonding technology. Au to Au bonding is used here for metal temporarily bonding. After the wafer thinning process, the sample could sustain high temperature process without crack and could be removed from the handling substrate after the process. This study also demonstrates the process flow for the 3D chip stacking by using the bottom-up electroplated TSVs. The handling substrate is removed by metal temporarily bonding technology and the interconnection is done by Cu/Sn bump. Based on this technology, the TSVs in the 3D chip stacking could be made in shorter electroplating time and low cost way by a traditional electroplater.