gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in the Research and Development of B-Raf Inhibitors (2010)

Oncogenic B-Raf has been identified in a variety of cancers with high incidence, especially in malignant melanoma and thyroid cancer. Most B-Raf mutations elicit elevated kinase activity and the constitutive activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which induces proliferation and promotes malignant transformation. Therefore, B-Raf inhibitors, targeting B-Raf or mutated B-Raf, have received increasing momentum in oncology drug discovery arena. This review focuses on the diverse small-molecule inhibitors of B-Raf kinase recently reported in the literature, including those currently in clinical and preclinical phase. They are described as two categories, type I or type II kinase inhibitors, based on their different mechanism of action with active or inactive conformations of the B-Raf kinase derived from the available crystal structures or molecular docking analysis. A particular emphasis is placed on their binding modes and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of each chemical structure class.
Antithrombotic and Anticoagulant Activity of Depolymerized Fragment of the Glycosaminoglycan Extracted from Stichopus japonicus Selenka (1991)

The antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities of depolymerized fragment (DHG-1) of glycosaminoglycan extracted from Stichopus japonicus Selenka (FGAG) were compared with those of unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). DHG-1 at more than 0.3 mg/kg i.v. significantly prevented death of mice treated with thrombin (800 U/kg i.v.). Under the same conditions, FGAG, UFH and LMWH significantly prevented death of mice at more than 0.3, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg i.v., respectively. In normal plasma, the concentration required to double the activated partial thromboplastin time (doubling APTT) of DHG-1, FGAG, LMWH and UFH were 12.0, 2.4, 5.8, and 1.2 micrograms/ml, respectively. In antithrombin III (AT III)-depleted plasma, doubling APTT of DHG-1, FGAG, and UFH were 11.3, 2.1, and 18.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. Prothrombin activation in contact-activated plasma was inhibited completely for 60 s at doubling APTT by all glycosaminoglycans used in this study. DHG-1, however, showed much less antithrombin activity than UFH as tested by thrombin clotting time in plasma and chromogenic assay in the presence of AT III. Moreover, DHG-1 showed much less inhibitory activity on factor Xa, factor IXa, and glass surface-induced factor IXa generation than UFH. These results suggested that DHG-1 is one of the promising antithrombotic agents with quite different anticoagulant property from UFH or LMWH.
Undetected Errors in Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes Caused by Receiver Symbol Slips (2009)

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are capacity-approaching forward error correction codes that operate at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decoding thresholds very near to the capacity limits. Receivers designed for less optimal codes might not function smoothly at the lower values of SNR where LDPC codes can operate. In particular, an artifact of low-SNR receiver operation is the increased probability of symbol slips. Receiver synchronization errors resulting from symbol insertions or deletions can cause unexpected decoder problems, especially for an LDPC code with a quasi-cyclic construction. In this paper we analyze the theoretical basis for symbol slips to cause undetected errors with quasi-cyclic codes, and we demonstrate these effects via simulations. We also examine several no-cost to low-cost solutions that can mitigate these effects.
Chemistry of the soluble silicates. (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTChemistry of the soluble silicates.Reynold C. Merrill Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1947, 24, 6, 262Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1947Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 1947Published inissue 1 June 1947https://doi.org/10.1021/ed024p262Request reuse permissionsArticle Views702Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (5 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Expression of HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) in ordinary lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumors: immunohistochemical reactivity correlates with karyotypic alterations. (1997)

The high mobility group proteins (HMGs) are a class of low molecular weight, nonhistone, nuclear proteins that bind DNA and function as transcription cofactors. This class includes the HMGI family members HMGI-C and HMGI(Y). Both are not significantly expressed in differentiated adult tissues, including fat, but their expression is induced in proliferating and transformed cells. Their involvement in the development of lipomatous tumors has been recently demonstrated for HMGI-C, which is encoded by a gene located at 12q15, the chromosomal segment often rearranged in ordinary lipomas. The same chromosomal segment is consistently amplified in the ring and giant marker chromosomes of atypical lipomatous tumors (ALTs), a term used to designate tumors previously labeled as well differentiated liposarcomas or atypical lipomas. The involvement of HMGI(Y) is strongly suspected as the gene coding for HMGI(Y) is located at 6p21, a chromosomal segment rearranged in a subset of ordinary lipomas. HMGI-C or HMGI(Y) protein expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in a group of 39 well differentiated adipose neoplasms (19 lipomas and 20 ALTs) of known karyotype using polyclonal antibodies raised against a recombinant protein (HMGI-C) and against a synthetic peptide (HMGI(Y)). The results of this study demonstrate that HMGI proteins are commonly expressed in well differentiated adipose neoplasms. Seventeen of twenty ALTS (85.0%), all of which had ring or giant marker chromosomes with amplification of 12q13-15, strongly expressed HMGI-C. HMGI-C expression was detected in 7 of 11 ordinary lipomas (63.6%) with alterations at 12q14-15 and in one case with an abnormal karyotype that included double minute chromosomes. HMGI-C immunoreactivity correlates with 12q13-15 chromosomal alterations (P = 0.001). HMGI(Y) reactivity was demonstrated in only two ordinary lipomas: one with 6p21 rearrangement and one with normal karyotype. No significant HMGI(Y) expression was found in the ALT group. The finding of aberrant expression of HMGI proteins in well differentiated adipose neoplasms in association with 12q13-15 and 6p21 chromosomal changes supports the proposed pathogenetic role of this group of proteins in the development of adipose tissue tumors.
Safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib citrate in patients with alopecia areata (2016)

This work was supported by the US Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institutes of Health grant R01 AR47223 and U01 AR67173, the National Psoriasis Foundation, the Swedish Society of Medicine, the Fernström Foundation, the Locks of Love Foundation, the National Alopecia Areata Foundation, and the Ranjini and Ajay Poddar Resource Fund for Dermatologic Diseases Research.
Eukaryotic extracellular catalase–peroxidase from Magnaporthe grisea – Biophysical/chemical characterization of the first representative from a novel phytopathogenic KatG group (2011)

All phytopathogenic fungi have two catalase-peroxidase paralogues located either intracellularly (KatG1) or extracellularly (KatG2). Here, for the first time a secreted bifunctional, homodimeric catalase-peroxidase (KatG2 from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea) has been produced heterologously with almost 100% heme occupancy and comprehensively investigated by using a broad set of methods including UV-Vis, ECD and resonance Raman spectroscopy (RR), thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry, mass spectrometry, steady-state & presteady-state spectroscopy. RR spectroscopy reveals that MagKatG2 shows a unique mixed-spin state, non-planar heme b, and a proximal histidine with pronounced imidazolate character. At pH 7.0 and 25 °C, the standard reduction potential E°' of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple for the high-spin native protein was found to fall in the range typical for the KatG family. Binding of cyanide was relatively slow at pH 7.0 and 25 °C and with a K(d) value significantly higher than for the intracellular counterpart. Demonstrated by mass spectrometry MagKatG2 has the typical Trp118-Tyr251-Met277 adduct that is essential for its predominantly catalase activity at the unique acidic pH optimum. In addition, MagKatG2 acts as a versatile peroxidase using both one- and two-electron donors. Based on these data, structure-function relationships of extracellular eukaryotic KatGs are discussed with respect to intracellular KatGs and possible role(s) in host-pathogen interaction.
Multifunctional Theranostic Red Blood Cells For Magnetic‐Field‐Enhanced in vivo Combination Therapy of Cancer (2014)

Red blood cells are attached to iron oxide nanoparticles pre-coated with chlorine e6, a photosensitizer, and then loaded with a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin, to enable imaging-guided combined photodynamic and chemotherapy of cancer, achieving excellent synergistic therapeutic effects in an animal tumor model. This work highlights the great promise of integrating cell-based drug-delivery systems with nanotechnology as a biocompatible multifunctional platform for applications in cancer theranostics.
Speech Emotion Recognition Using Capsule Networks (2019)

Speech emotion recognition (SER) is a fundamental step towards fluent human-machine interaction. One challenging problem in SER is obtaining utterance-level feature representation for classification. Recent works on SER have made significant progress by using spectrogram features and introducing neural network methods, e.g., convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However the fundamental problem of CNNs is that the spatial information in spectrograms is not captured, which are basically position and relationship information of low-level features like pitch and formant frequencies. This paper presents a novel architecture based on the capsule networks (CapsNets) for SER. The proposed system can take into account the spatial relationship of speech features in spectrograms, and provide an effective pooling method for obtaining utterance global features. We also introduce a recurrent connection to CapsNets to improve the model's time sensitivity. We compare the proposed model to previous published results based on combined CNN-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) models on the benchmark corpus IEMOCAP over four emotions, i.e., neutral, angry, happy and sad. Experimental results show that our model achieves better results than the baseline system on weighted accuracy (WA) (72.73% vs. 68.8%) and un-weighted accuracy (UA) (59.71% vs. 59.4%), which demonstrates the effectiveness of CapsNets for SER.
Packaged Tunable L-Band Maser System (1960)

A low-noise tunable L-band maser system is described. The maser uses a pink ruby crystal oriented at 90° and is tunable from 850 to 2000 mc. The voltage-gain bandwidth product is as high as 37.5 mc at a liquid helium bath temperature of 1.5°K. An L-band circulator has been developed for use with the maser. It has an insertion loss of 0.3 db, operates over a 200-mc frequency range at L-band, and determines the usable tuning range of the circulator-maser system. The maser and circulator have been packaged into an operational unit that includes all auxiliary components, and has a system noise factor of 0.5 db (35°K). Electrical and mechanical features of the system are described and performance data are given.
Synthesis of fly-ash cenospheres coated with polypyrrole using a layer-by-layer method (2011)

Uniform polypyrrole (PPy) films, of controlled thickness, were successfully synthesized and immobilized on polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayer-assembled fly-ash cenospheres (FACs) using a simple and versatile method. In this approach, FACs were assembled with multilayers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) using a layer-by-layer self-assembly procedure. The FACs were used as templates for the subsequent deposition of PPy. The deposition behaviours of PEs on the surfaces of the FACs were examined, and the results could be fitted to a first-order exponential decay model at pH 6. The surfaces of the PE-deposited FACs (FAC-(PDDA-PSS) n , n is the number of PE layers) became more homogeneous as n increased. Their properties were determined mainly by the PE, not by the FAC itself, after n = 4. PPy-coated FACs with PE precursor layers [(PPy/FAC-(PDDA-PSS) n ] had different morphologies for different numbers of PE layers. The PPy loading amount on the FACs and the conductivities of the composites reached plateaus after the PE layer deposition number exceeded six.
Cardiac-specific Expression of Calcineurin Reverses Embryonic Lethality in Calreticulin-deficient Mouse (2002)

Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum resident Ca(2+)-binding chaperone. The importance of the protein is illustrated by embryonic lethality because of impaired cardiac development in calreticulin-deficient mice. The molecular details underlying this phenotype are not understood. In this study, we show that overexpression of activated calcineurin reverses the defect in cardiac development observed in calreticulin-deficient mice and rescues them from embryonic lethality. The surviving mice show no defect in cardiac development but exhibited growth retardation, hypoglycemia, increased levels of serum triacylglycerols, and cholesterol. Reversal of embryonic lethality because of calreticulin deficiency by activated calcineurin underscores the impact of the calreticulin-calcineurin functions on the Ca(2+)-dependent signaling cascade during early cardiac development. These findings show that calreticulin and calcineurin play fundamental roles in Ca(2+)-dependent pathways essential for normal cardiac development and explain the molecular basis for the rescue of calreticulin-deficient phenotype.
Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials’ Optimization and Mechanical Properties (2018)

Fused particle fabrication (FPF) (or fused granular fabrication (FGF)) has potential for increasing recycled polymers in 3-D printing. Here, the open source Gigabot X is used to develop a new method to optimize FPF/FGF for recycled materials. Virgin polylactic acid (PLA) pellets and prints were analyzed and were then compared to four recycled polymers including the two most popular printing materials (PLA and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) as well as the two most common waste plastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP)). The size characteristics of the various materials were quantified using digital image processing. Then, power and nozzle velocity matrices were used to optimize the print speed, and a print test was used to maximize the output for a two-temperature stage extruder for a given polymer feedstock. ASTM type 4 tensile tests were used to determine the mechanical properties of each plastic when they were printed with a particle drive extruder system and were compared with filament printing. The results showed that the Gigabot X can print materials 6.5× to 13× faster than conventional printers depending on the material, with no significant reduction in the mechanical properties. It was concluded that the Gigabot X and similar FPF/FGF printers can utilize a wide range of recycled polymer materials with minimal post processing.
Cleanup standards for petroleum hydrocarbons. Part 1. Review of methods and recent developments (1993)

Abstract Many states across the U.S. use the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) measurement as a regulatory tool for setting cleanup standards for underground storage tank sites and other petroleum‐related sites requiring cleanup. In Part I of this article, alternative techniques for developing site‐specific cleanup standards for petroleum hydrocarbons are reviewed, including the use of chemical fingerprinting, constituent analysis, and risk assessment methods that address hydrocarbons found in the environment. New developments in standard setting for petroleum hydrocarbons are described, including risk‐based standards for hydrocarbon mixtures and ecological risk‐based approaches. In Part 2 of this article, the cost‐effectiveness and accuracy of the most commonly used of these approaches will be evaluated by comparing a generic TPH cleanup standards approach with site‐specific cleanup standards approaches for two actual sites in Washington State, a neighborhood gas station and a former bulk fuel storage facility.
A closed loop scheme for phase-sensitive fluorometry (1995)

A phase-sensitive detection technique for measuring fluorescence lifetime has the advantage that the measurement is independent of the intensity of the detected fluorescence signal which is usually a function of several properties of the sample and the environment. However, lifetime measurements require bulky and expensive instrumentation and are more suited to the laboratory. In this paper we report on a low cost, closed loop scheme applied to a fiber optic oxygen sensor. The sensor has all the advantages of lifetime-based sensors as well as the virtue of being small, compact, robust, and economical.
Zigzag and Helical AlN Layer Prepared by Glancing Angle Deposition and Its Application as a Buffer Layer in a GaN‐Based Light‐Emitting Diode (2012)

This study investigates an aluminum nitride (AlN) nanorod structure sputtered by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) and its application as a buffer layer for GaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) that are fabricated on sapphire substrates. The ray tracing method is adopted with a three‐dimensional model in TracePro software. Simulation results indicate that the zigzag AlN nanorod structure is an optimal buffer layer in a GaN‐based LED. Furthermore, the light output power of a GaN‐based LED with a zigzag AlN nanorod structure improves to as much as 28.6% at a forward current of 20 mA over that of the GaN‐based LED with a normal AlN buffer layer.
Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) (1992)

The authors describe the status of MODIS-N and its companion instrument MODIS-T (tilt), a tiltable cross-track scanning spectrometer with 32 uniformly spaced channels between 0.410 and 0.875 mu m. They review the various methods being developed for the remote sensing of atmospheric properties using MODIS, placing primary emphasis on the principal atmospheric applications of determining the optical, microphysical, and physical properties of clouds and aerosol particles from spectral reflection and thermal emission measurements. In addition to cloud and aerosol properties, MODIS-N will be used for determining the total precipitable water vapor and atmospheric stability. The physical principles behind the determination of each of these atmospheric products are described, together with an example of their application to aircraft and/or satellite measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Multi-Agent System for Controlled Charging of a Large Population of Electric Vehicles (2012)

The share of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to increase significantly in the vehicle market sales in the forthcoming years. Uncontrolled charging of EVs can affect adversely the normal operation of the power system, especially at the distribution level. This paper proposes a distributed, multi-agent EV charging control method based on the Nash Certainty Equivalence Principle that considers network impacts. Convergence of the method when the EVs control agents are uncoupled and weakly-coupled is discussed. The efficiency of the proposed management system is evaluated through simulation of a realistic, urban distribution network.
Cervical dilation: accuracy of visual and digital examinations. (1993)

Visual estimation of cervical dilation correlates well with digital examination.
DNA polymorphism-diet-cofactor-development hypothesis and the gene-teratogen model for schizophrenia and other developmental disorders (1999)

Three problems in identifying genes causing schizophrenia and other developmental disorders may be locus heterogeneity, high disease allele frequency, and unknown mode of inheritance. The DNA polymorphism-diet-cofactor-development (DDCD) hypothesis addresses the first two. The gene-teratogen model addresses the third. The DDCD hypothesis is that schizophrenia results in part from brain abnormality in utero from the aggregate effect of multiple mutations of small effect of genes related to important cofactors (e.g., folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine) potentiated by maternal dietary deficiency of these cofactors and by pregnancy. The effect results from insufficiency of the cofactors and from resulting effects such as impaired DNA synthesis, immune deficiency, effects on niacin and serotonin metabolism, and teratogens, e.g., hyperhomocysteinemia. The hypothesis addresses all of the unusual features of schizophrenia: e.g., decreased brain gray matter, birth-month effect, geographical differences, socioeconomic predilection, association with obstetrical abnormalities, decreased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis, and association with famine and viral epidemics. In the gene-teratogen model, a teratogenic effect in utero produces a developmental disorder through a teratogenic locus and a modifying or specificity locus, as well as through environmental factors. An example is the major intrauterine effect seen in offspring of phenylketonuric mothers. Thus, the mode of inheritance of genes acting prenatally may in some cases be fundamentally different from that of genes acting postnatally. The model is interesting because it is simple and because teratogenic loci will be difficult to locate by conventional linkage mapping techniques due to misspecification of the affection status of both mother and affected children. A new study design is suggested for identifying teratogenic loci.