gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Safe, Convenient <i>ortho-</i>Claisen Thermal Rearrangement Using a Flow Reactor (2011)

The [3,3] Claisen rearrangement is a well-known reaction that has been very useful for the synthesis of o-allyl phenols. The thermally induced rearrangement could present safety and operational issues at large batch scale. Herein, we report a process that utilized a tube reactor to make 80 g of an early phase intermediate in a short time while mitigating the potential chemistry hazards. Thus, both project material demands and flow chemistry proof of concept were achieved.
Degradation of bradykinin in human urine by carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase and neutral endopeptidase and their inhibition by ebelactone B and phosphoramidon. (1995)

Incubation of bradykinin with human urine resulted in a successive degradation of bradykinin-(1-8), bradykinin-(1-7), bradykinin-(1-6), and bradykinin-(1-5). Although D,L-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid (100 microM) and captopril (100 microM) did not have any significant effect on bradykinin degradation in human urine, the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor phosphoramidon (100 microM), a carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase inhibitor ebelactone B (100 microM), and o-phenanthroline (100 microM) significantly inhibited bradykinin degradation by 36%, 38% and 48% respectively. The combination of phosphoramidon and ebelactone B completely (by 95%) inhibited bradykinin degradation in human urine. At pH 5, bradykinin degradation was performed by carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase; at pH 7, this degradation was performed by neutral endopeptidase in addition to carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase. From these results, it can be concluded that carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase and/or neutral endopeptidase certainly have a role in kinin degradation in human urine under neutral and acid pH conditions.
Synthesis and x-ray photoelectron spectra of some azines (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and x-ray photoelectron spectra of some azinesNizar R. El-Rayyes and Ali H. KatribCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1983, 28, 1, 132–134Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je00031a035https://doi.org/10.1021/je00031a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Optogenetic experimentation on astrocytes (2010)

We briefly review the current literature where optogenetics has been used to study various aspects of astrocyte physiology in vitro and in vivo. This includes both genetically engineered Ca(2+) sensors and effector proteins, such as channelrhodopsin. We demonstrate how the ability to target astrocytes with cell-specific viral vectors to express optogenetic constructs helped to unravel some previously unsuspected roles of these inconspicuous cells.
Mutation of the mouse hepatocyte nuclear factor/forkhead homologue 4 gene results in an absence of cilia and random left-right asymmetry. (1998)

Winged helix transcription factors play important roles in cellular differentiation and cell-specific gene expression. To define the role of the winged helix factor hepatocyte nuclear factor/forkhead homologue (HFH)-4, a targeted mutation was created in the mouse hfh-4 gene. No expression of HFH-4 was detected in hfh-4(-)/- mice by RNA blot analysis, in situ hybridization, or RT-PCR. hfh-4(-)/- mice were noted to have abnormalities of organ situs consistent with random determination of left-right asymmetry. In addition, a complete absence of cilia was noted in hfh-4(-)/- mice. The hfh-4 gene is thus essential for nonrandom determination of left-right asymmetry and development of ciliated cells. Homozygous mutant mice also exhibited prenatal and postnatal growth failure, perinatal lethality and, in some cases, hydrocephalus. RT-PCR revealed an absence of left-right dynein (lrd) expression in the embryonic lungs of hfh-4(-)/- mice, suggesting that HFH-4 may act by regulating expression of members of the dynein family of genes. The abnormalities in ciliary development and organ situs in hfh-4(-)/- mice are similar to those observed in human congenital syndromes such as Kartagener syndrome. Targeted mutation of hfh-4 thus provides a model for elucidating the mechanisms regulating ciliary development and determination of left-right asymmetry.
Catalytic enantioselective acyl transfer: the case for 4-PPY with a C-3 carboxamide peptide auxiliary based on synthesis and modelling studies (2016)

A series of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (4-PPY) C-3 carboxamides containing peptide-based side chains have been synthesised and evaluated in the kinetic resolution of a small library of chiral benzylic secondary alcohols. A key design element was the incorporation of a tryptophan residue in the peptide side chain for promoting π-stacking between peptide side chain and the pyridinium ring of the N-acyl intermediate, in which modelling was used as a structure-based guiding tool. Together, a catalyst containing a LeuTrp-N-Boc side chain (catalyst 8) was identified that achieved s-values up to and in slight excess of 10. A transition-state model based on the modelling is proposed to explain the origin of enantioselectivity. This study establishes the usefulness of modelling as a structure-based guiding tool for enantioselectivity optimization as well as the potential for developing scalable peptide-based DMAP-type catalysts for large-scale resolution work.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MICE TO NATIVE PROTOPLASMIC POLYSACCHARIDE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (1974)

Functional separation of the two signals involved in stimulating immunological responses was achieved through the judicious use of two natural bacterial antigens. Native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP) extracted from Escherichia coli was immunochemically identical to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the same organism. However, NPP was not endotoxic, not mitogenic, did not fix complement, and was immunologically independent of T cells. The NPP, which appeared to contain only the antigenic signal, could induce a primary antibody response in mice and could sensitize mice for a secondary response. However, the antigenic signal contained in NPP was insufficient to trigger a secondary response in mice primed with either NPP or LPS. LPS, containing both the antigenic and second signals, was required to trigger a secondary response in primed mice.
Greater Celandine's Ups and Downs−21 Centuries of Medicinal Uses of Chelidonium majus From the Viewpoint of Today's Pharmacology (2018)

As antique as Dioscorides era are the first records on using Chelidonium as a remedy to several sicknesses. Inspired by the "<i>signatura rerum</i>" principle and an apparent ancient folk tradition, various indications were given, such as anti-jaundice and cholagogue, pain-relieving, and quite often mentioned-ophthalmological problems. Central and Eastern European folk medicine has always been using this herb extensively. In this region, the plant is known under many unique vernacular names, especially in Slavonic languages, associated or not with old Greek relation to "chelidon"-the swallow. Typically for Papaveroidae subfamily, yellow-colored latex is produced in abundance and leaks intensely upon injury. Major pharmacologically relevant components, most of which were first isolated over a century ago, are isoquinoline alkaloids-berberine, chelerythrine, chelidonine, coptisine, sanguinarine. Modern pharmacology took interest in this herb but it has not ended up in gaining an officially approved and evidence-based herbal medicine status. On the contrary, the number of relevant studies and publications tended to drop. Recently, some controversial reports and sometimes insufficiently proven studies appeared, suggesting anticancer properties. Anticancer potential was in line with anecdotical knowledge spread in East European countries, however, in the absence of directly-acting cytostatic compounds, some other mechanisms might be involved. Other properties that could boost the interest in this herb are antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Being a common synanthropic weed or ruderal plant, <i>C. majus</i> spreads in all temperate Eurasia and acclimates well to North America. Little is known about the natural variation of bioactive metabolites, including several aforementioned isoquinoline alkaloids. In this review, we put together older and recent literature data on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies on <i>C. majus</i> aiming at a critical evaluation of state-of-the-art from the viewpoint of historical and folk indications. The controversies around this herb, the safety and drug quality issues and a prospective role in phytotherapy are discussed as well.
Will the Real Virginia Woolf Stand Up, Please? Virginia Woolf en authenticiteit (2003)

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Acid Activation of Bentonites and Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites (2009)

Research Article| April 01, 2009 Acid Activation of Bentonites and Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites Kathleen A. Carrado; Kathleen A. Carrado 1Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA E-mail: kcarrado@anl.gov Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Peter Komadel Peter Komadel 2Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia E-mail: Peter.Komadel@savba.sk Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Kathleen A. Carrado 1Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA E-mail: kcarrado@anl.gov Peter Komadel 2Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia E-mail: Peter.Komadel@savba.sk Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1811-5217 Print ISSN: 1811-5209 © 2009 by the Mineralogical Society of America Elements (2009) 5 (2): 111–116. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.5.2.111 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Kathleen A. Carrado, Peter Komadel; Acid Activation of Bentonites and Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Elements 2009;; 5 (2): 111–116. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.5.2.111 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyElements Search Advanced Search Abstract Modified bentonites are of widespread technological importance. Common modifications include acid activation and organic treatment. Acid activation has been used for decades to prepare bleaching earths for adsorbing impurities from edible and industrial oils. Organic treatment has sparked an explosive interest in a class of materials called polymer-clay nanocomposites (PCNs). The most commonly used clay mineral in PCNs is montmorillonite, which is the main constituent of bentonite. PCN materials are used for structural reinforcement and mechanical strength, for gas permeability barriers, as flame retardants, and to minimize surface erosion (ablation). Other specialty applications include use as conducting nanocomposites and bionanocomposites. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
A Hardware Proof of Concept of a Sailing Robot for Ocean Observation (2006)

A design for a sailing robot capable of holding station in a variety of wind and sea conditions is described. Results from experiments with an autonomously controlled small-scale prototype on a lake are also presented. The likely effects and problems of scale-up are examined, as are the cost considerations. Potential applications for a larger version of the robot are discussed and the requirements for communication and long term autonomy are considered in the light of the results obtained with the prototype. The potential for low-cost, flexible, in situ ocean observation is examined and likely capabilities of a system based on this type of robot are considered
283. Allenes. Part IV. The synthesis of an optically active allenic chloride (1963)

R. J. D. Evans, S. R. Landor and R. T. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 1506 DOI: 10.1039/JR9630001506
Preparation of sulfonated polysulfone/polysulfone and aminated polysulfone/polysulfone blend membranes (1996)

Sulfonation and amination of polysulfone (PSf) were performed in this study to improve the hydrophilicity of PSf membranes. The sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) and aminated polysulfone (APSf) membranes with a higher degree of reaction exhibited a higher water flux and worse mechanical strength than that of the original PSf membranes. Therefore, SPSf/PSf and APSf/PSf blended membranes were prepared in this study to improve their individual properties. By altering the formulations of casting solutions and forming conditions of the membranes (e.g., blending ratios of both polymers, additives, evaporation time, and gelation temperature), different SPSf/PSf and APSf/PSf blending membranes were prepared; and their performance in water flux and salt rejection were measured and are discussed. A difference in salt rejection was also observed between both SPSf/PSf and APSf/PSf blending membranes that rejected the various salts. Experimental results indicated that water flux increased and salt rejection decreased with an increase of the SPSf/PSf blending ratio from 1: 9 to 2: 1. The order of salt rejection, in which the SPSf/PSf blended membranes rejected four varieties of salts, was Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl > MgCl2. Furthermore, the opposite order was obtained by the APSf/PSf blended membranes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First Report of Aphanomyces Root Rot Caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides on Beta vulgaris in Arizona, USA (2020)

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is primarily used for the production of sugar, however, the yield is largely affected by below-ground diseases. In April 2018, sugar beet stecklings demonstrated chlorotic foliage in the seed production area of Arizona (34.0489° N, 111.0937° W). Roots appeared water soaked lesions. The disease incidence was about 2%.  Beet roots were washed to remove soil particle, surface-sterilized in a 10% NaOCl solution for 1 minute, and dipped twice in sterile water. Isolations were done on MBV (metalaxyl-benomyl-vancomycin, 72 h at 25 ± 2°C) selective media [1]. It yielded to oomycete-like organisms that were transferred to CMA (Corn Meal Agar, 14 days, 25 ± 2°C) using hyphal-tip methods
Clarification of the Role of Water in Proline-Mediated Aldol Reactions (2007)

A coherent mechanistic rationalization of the role of water in aldol reactions employing aromatic aldehydes shows that the intrinsic kinetic effect of water within the catalytic cycle is a suppression of reaction rate. The presence of water suppresses formation of key intermediates within the cycle as well as reversibly and irreversibly formed spectator species such as oxazolidinones and oxapyrrolizidines, respectively. The net effect on the observed productivity of the reaction will depend on the balance between these two effects. This work highlights the complex role that water plays both on and off the catalytic cycle and the need to separate these effects to achieve mechanistic understanding.
AlGaN Channel High Electron Mobility Transistors: Device Performance and Power-Switching Figure of Merit (2008)

In this paper, AlGaN channels for high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been evaluated based on a power device figure of merit. AlGaN-channel HEMTs grown on SiC substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) were fabricated. Maximum saturation current of 0.55 A/mm was obtained at VGS=1 V. Current-gain cutoff ( ft) and power-gain cutoff ( fmax) frequencies obtained from small signal measurements were ft=13.2 GHz and fmax=41 GHz. Pulsed current–voltage (I–V) measurements at 200 ns showed no dispersion in I–V curves. Large signal continuous wave (CW) measurement yielded an output power density of 4.5 W/mm with power added efficiency (PAE) of 59% at 4 GHz. This work demonstrates the potential of AlGaN channel HEMTs for high voltage switching and microwave power applications.
Formation of Lactyl-Coenzyme A and Pyruvyl-Coenzyme A from Lactic Acid by<i>Escherichia coli</i> (1965)

Megraw, Robert E. (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.), Henry C. Reeves, and Samuel J. Ajl. Formation of lactyl-coenzyme A and pyruvyl-coenzyme A from lactic acid by Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:984-988. 1965.-Cell extracts of propionate-adapted Escherichia coli were found to contain a lactyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase which catalyzes the formation of the CoA thiolester from lactate, CoA, and cofactors. The extracts also catalyzed the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidation of lactyl-CoA. The product of this oxidation was identified chromatographically as pyruvyl-CoA.
Electromagnetic response of two crossing, infinitely long, thin wires (1991)

The electromagnetic coupling of two crossed thin wires of infinite length is considered. Two coupled integral equations are obtained, given in terms of generalized impedance functions, for the spectral currents flowing in each wire. The wires may be in a homogeneous medium or over a half-space. The numerical implementation focuses, however, only on the former. The numerical solution may be obtained by either applying moment or multiple scattering methods. The solution obtained from the method of moments is applicable for any wire spacing. Obversely, the multiple scattering method leads to a convenient matrix series solution, which shows that the coupling between wires is proportional to 1/d/sup 2/ (where d is the wire separation) plus higher order scattering terms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adaptive Data Scheduling for Mobile Broadcast Carousel Services (2007)

Several mobile operators have now started "broadcast-like" services, which are based on the channel delivery model, known from classical broadcast services like radio and TV. Examples are goal notification for football fans (one club = one channel), news channels and mobile television in general. In order to efficiently support mobile broadcast services 3GPP has standardized multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS) for UMTS and GPRS in Release 6. The delivery of multicast/broadcast channels over capacity limited radio links requires intelligent scheduling mechanisms that make best use of the resources. The scheduler has to determine what content should be sent at which time in order to satisfy as many clients as possible. This work focuses on carousel based content delivery, which means periodical retransmission of each content. The paper investigates the performance and computational complexity of different scheduling algorithms applied for mobile multicast. The algorithms then are enhanced to fulfil the identified requirements of MBMS which are mainly adaptation to new contents, adaptation to network congestion and adaptation to the clients' demands. The simulation results are compared to conclude with recommendations for scheduling of mobile broadcast carousel services.
Recent advances in electrochemical detection in capillary electrophoresis (2000)

Recent advances in the design and application of electrochemical (EC) detection systems in capillary electrophoresis (CE) are reviewed, with the objective of providing the nonelectrochemist with a state-of-the-art picture of CEEC instrumentation and an overview of the principal analytes for which CEEC is best suited. The detection schemes considered here include those based both on amperometry and on potentiometry as both kinds of EC systems are being actively developed in CE and have the potential for broad application in analysis. Over the three-year period covered by this review, an important direction that CEEC has taken is the construction of more complex electrode systems beginning with the use of multiple EC electrodes and culminating with the adaptation of EC detection to microfabricated "lab-on-a-chip" analysis devices. In addition, CEEC applications have now grown to include a broad variety of inorganic, organic, and biochemical analytes and samples.
A system for identifying post‐invasion functions of invasion genes: requirements for the Mxi–Spa type III secretion pathway of <i>Shigella flexneri</i> in intercellular dissemination (1999)

Invasion and intercellular spread are hallmarks of Shigella pathogenicity. Invasion of the eukaryotic cell cytosol requires a type III secretion system (Mxi-Spa) and its cognate set of secreted Ipa invasins. Once intracellular, the IcsA protein directs a form of actin-based motility that helps to drive intracellular bacterial movement, formation of cellular protrusions and cell-to-cell spread. Work in our laboratory has focused on identifying additional factors required for this intercellular form of dissemination. In this study, we sought to identify novel contributions of the type III secretion pathway to post-invasion-specific processes, distinct from its previously characterized roles in invasion. Studies of post-invasion Ipa and Mxi-Spa functions are complicated by an absolute requirement for these virulence proteins in invasion. To circumvent this problem, we developed a system called TIER (for test of intracellular expression requirements), whereby specific ipa, mxi or spa loci are transiently expressed before infection of tissue culture cell monolayers (thus supporting invasion), but then repressed after invasion in the intracellular environment. Such invasive type III secretion mutants (called TIER mutants) were severely restricted in their ability to spread intercellularly and form plaques in confluent tissue culture cell monolayers. Intercellular spread defects were associated with the repression of most type III pathway components examined, including structural (MxiM and Spa33), secreted effector (IpaB, IpaC and IpaD) and regulatory elements (VirF and VirB). A kinetic analysis of bacterial growth in L2 cell monolayers showed that each of the TIER mutants was defective with respect to long-term intracellular proliferation and viability. Examination of TIER mutant-infected monolayers by electron microscopy revealed that the type III pathway was required for a late step in intercellular spread - bacterial escape from protrusion-derived, double-membrane-bound vacuoles. The TIER mutants were eventually degraded in a process involving vacuolar acidification. Based on these findings, we propose that Ipa secretion via Mxi-Spa is required in the protrusion vacuole for double-membrane lysis.