gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interference effects on the drag of bluff bodies in tandem (1978)

The objective of this study is to obtain better understanding of the flow over two tandemly positioned bluff bodies in close enough proximity to strongly interact with each other. This interaction is often beneficial in that the drag of the overall system is reduced. Prototypes for this problem come from tractor-trailer and cab-van combinations and from various add-on devices designed to reduce their drag.

The object of the present investigation is an axisymmetric configuration which seems to have first been studied by Saunders (1966). A disc of diameter d1 is coaxially placed in front of a flat faced cylinder of diameter d2. For a given ratio d1/d2, there is a value of gap ratio, g*/d2 for which the drag of the system is a minimum. In the most optimum configuration, d1/d2 = 0.75, g*/d2 = 0.375, and the corresponding drag coefficient is 0.01, a remarkable reduction from the value of 0.72 for the cylinder alone. For each value of d1/d2, the minimum drag configuration g*/d2 appears to correspond to a condition in which the separation streamsurface just matches (joins tangentially onto) the rearbody. Support for this idea is furnished by comparison with results derived from free-streamline theory and from flow visualization experiments. However, when g*/d2 exceeds a critical value of about 0.5, the value of CD, while still optimum, is almost an order of magnitude higher than for subcritical optimum gap ratios. The increase seems to be connected with the onset of cavity oscillations.

Measurements of the velocity field in the vicinity of the forebody have been made using a frequency-shifted laser-Doppler velocimeter. These measurements indicate an order of magnitude difference in the shear stress along the separation surface between optimum subcritical and supercritical geometries.

The drag characteristics of the axisymmetric forebody system are altered by modifying the shape of the component bodies. Modifications that change the conditions at separation from the frontbody, interfere with the cavity flow or effect the flow on the rearbody face can produce significant changes in the forebody drag.

For non-axisymmetric geometry (square cross-sections) the separation surface cannot exactly match the rear body and the subcritical minimum values of drag are higher than for circular cross-sections.
MCPIC: a video coding algorithm for transmission and storage applications (1990)

The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) of ISO is considering a standard for storage applications below 1.5 Mb/s. A video coding algorithm developed at Bellcore that has been proposed as a contribution to the standardization activity of ISO/MPEG is described. The following characteristics of the algorithm are described. The following characteristics of the algorithm are described in detail: frequent periodic reset of the temporal predictor (to provide random access), interpolative coding of every second frame, flexibility of providing adaptive Huffman code tables for digital-storage-media (DSM)-based applications (not feasible for real-time transmissions), 1/2-pel accuracy in motion estimation, and optional quantization matrix. Additional features of reverse playback, fast searches, and random access are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptors in human lymphocyte membranes by [<sup>3</sup>H]‐SCH 58261 binding (1997)

1. The present study describes for the first time the characterization of the adenosine A2A receptor in human lymphocyte membranes with the new potent and selective antagonist radioligand, [3H]-5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo [4,3-e]-1,2,4 triazolo [1,5-c] pyrimidine, ([3H]-SCH 58261). In addition, both receptor affinity and potency of reference adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists were determined in binding and adenylyl cyclase studies. 2. Saturation experiments revealed a single class of binding sites with Kd and Bmax values of 0.85 nM and 35 fmol mg-1 protein, respectively. A series of adenosine receptor ligands were found to compete for the binding of 0.8 nM [3H]-SCH 58261 to human lymphocyte membranes with a rank order of potency consistent with that typically found for interactions with the A2A-adenosine receptor. In the adenylyl cyclase assay the same compounds exhibited a rank order of potency similar to that observed in binding experiments. 3. Thermodynamic data indicate that [3H]-SCH 58261 binding to human lymphocytes is entropy and enthalpy-driven, a finding in agreement with the thermodynamic behaviour of antagonists for rat striatal A2A-adenosine receptors. 4. It is concluded that in human lymphocyte membranes [3H]-SCH 58261 directly labels binding sites showing the characteristic properties of the adenosine A2A-receptor. The presence of A2A-receptors in peripheral tissue such as human lymphocytes strongly suggests an important role for adenosine in modulating immune and inflammatory responses.
5-aza-2′-Deoxycytidine Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells (2012)

Treatment strategies that include DAC present promising options for sensitizing breast cancer cells to irradiation.
Delineation of a segment of adsorbed salivary acidic proline-rich proteins which promotes adhesion of Streptococcus gordonii to apatitic surfaces (1991)

Cells of several strains of Streptococcus gordonii attached in much higher numbers to experimental pellicles formed from samples of submandibular or parotid saliva on hydroxyapatite (HA) beads than to buffer controls. The nature of the salivary components responsible were investigated by preparing experimental pellicles from chromatographic fractions of submandibular saliva obtained from Trisacryl GF 2000M columns. Adhesion of S. gordonii Blackburn was promoted by two groups of fractions. The adhesion-promoting activity in the first group of fractions was associated with the family of acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs), while that of the second group is as yet unidentified. Experimental pellicles prepared by treating HA with 2 micrograms of pure 150-amino-acid-residue PRPs (PRP-1, PRP-2, and PIF-s) promoted adhesion of S. gordonii Blackburn cells to an extent comparable to that obtained with unfractionated saliva. However, pellicles prepared from a 106-residue PRP (PRP-3) were significantly less effective, and those prepared from the amino-terminal tryptic peptide (residues 1 to 30) of the PRP and the salivary phosphoprotein statherin were completely ineffective in promoting adhesion. Although adhesion of several strains of S. gordonii was promoted by adsorbed PRP-1, the adhesion of several strains of Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus oralis was either not affected or only weakly enhanced by this protein. S. gordonii cells bound avidly to PRPs adsorbed onto HA beads, but the streptococci did not appear to bind PRPs in solution, since concentrations of PRP as high as 200 micrograms/ml did not inhibit binding of bacterial cells to pellicles prepared from pure PRP. S. gordonii cells also attached well to PRP or a synthetic decapeptide representing residues 142 to 150 of the PRP when the peptide was linked to agarose beads. Studies with a series of synthetic decapeptides indicated that the minimal segment of PRP which promoted high levels of S. gordonii adhesion was the carboxy-terminal dipeptide Pro-Gln (residues 149 and 150).
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (2016)

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in certain areas of tropics and subtropics to control malaria and other insect-transmitted diseases. DDT and its metabolites have been extensively studied for their toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans and shown to have an endocrine disrupting potential affecting reproductive system although the effects may vary among animal species in correlation with exposure levels. Epidemiologic studies revealed either positive or negative associations between exposure to DDT and tumor development, but there has been no clear evidence that DDT causes cancer in humans. In experimental animals, tumor induction by DDT has been shown in the liver, lung, and adrenals. The mechanisms of hepatic tumor development by DDT have been studied in rats and mice. DDT is known as a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen and has been shown to induce microsomal enzymes through activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the rodent liver. The results from our previously conducted 4-week and 2-year feeding studies of p,p'-DDT in F344 rats indicate that DDT may induce hepatocellular eosinophilic foci as a result of oxidative DNA damage and leads them to hepatic neoplasia in combination with its mitogenic activity and inhibitory effect on GJIC. Oxidative stress could be a key factor in hepatocarcinogenesis by DDT.
Ischemia/reperfusion‐induced arrhythmias in the isolated rat heart: Prevention by melatonin (1998)

Cardiac arrhythmias during ischemia/reperfusion are believed to be related to free radicals generated in the heart especially during the period of reperfusion. Since melatonin functions as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, the ability of this molecule to influence cardiac arrhythmias was investigated. The pineal secretory product, melatonin, reduced the incidence and severity of arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion due to ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery in the isolated rat heart. Melatonin was either infused during both the ischemia and reperfusion periods or only late in the ischemia period and throughout reperfusion. The percentage of hearts that developed cardiac arrhythmias during reperfusion as indicated by the incidence of premature ventricular contraction (PVC) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were recorded. Melatonin either infused during both the ischemia and reperfusion periods or during essentially the period of reperfusion greatly reduced PVC and VF due to occlusion and reopening the anterior descending coronary artery. Presumably melatonin's beneficial effect in reducing cardiac arrhythmias was due in part to its free radical scavenging activity, which is greatly assisted by the rapidity with which it is taken up into cells. Previous studies have shown that vitamin C is effective in reducing the severity of cardiac arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion; thus, we also compared the efficacy of melatonin with this well-known antioxidant. Melatonin was more potent than vitamin C in protecting against arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Besides melatonin's function as a broad spectrum free radical scavenger, melatonin may have also reduced cardiac arrhythmias due to its regulation of intracellular calcium levels, i.e., by preventing calcium overloading, or due to its ability to suppress sympathetic nerve function and reduce adrenergic receptor function in the myocardium. Additional studies into the mechanisms of melatonin's action in reducing cardiac arrhythmias due to ischemia/reperfusion or other causes are warranted because of the possible application of this information to humans with heart disease.
Complementary satellite sound broadcasting systems: A NASA assessment for the Voice of America (1988)

Satellite concepts are examined which offer potentially significant sound broadcast coverage of audio as a complement to VOA's existing and planned terrestrial sound broadcasting system. HF bands are emphasized but additional discussion is included for systems using higher frequencies. Low altitude satellites, shuttle altitude (275 km) and sun synchronous (about 1600 to 1800 km), would not be practical for international broadcasting since many satellites would be required for reliable and widespread coverage. Two concepts are discussed which would offer significant and practical broadcast coverage at HF. One, an 8-hr posigrade equatorial orbit, would offer about 1 hr of widespread, twice daily, coverage to three areas of the globe. The time of coverage is even greater when confined to densely populated areas only (2 to 3 hrs). Another orbit, the Apogee at Constant Time/Equatorial (ACE), provides the same coverage, but only once daily to each area. The latter orbit is highly elliptical, allowing insertion of a greater payload (more broadcast channels) with the existing launch capability. The ACE and 8-hr orbit concepts led to systems of about equal costs, with the ACE being slightly better.
On Receiver Design for Uplink Low Density Signature OFDM (LDS-OFDM) (2012)

Low density signature orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (LDS-OFDM) is an uplink multi-carrier multiple access scheme that uses low density signatures (LDS) for spreading the symbols in the frequency domain. In this paper, we introduce an effective receiver for the LDS-OFDM scheme. We propose a framework to analyze and design this iterative receiver using extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts. Furthermore, a turbo multi-user detector/decoder (MUDD) is proposed for the LDS-OFDM receiver. We show how the turbo MUDD is tuned using EXIT charts analysis. By tuning the turbo-style processing, the turbo MUDD can approach the performance of optimum MUDD with a smaller number of inner iterations. Using the suggested design guidelines in this paper, we show that the proposed structure brings about 2.3 dB performance improvement at a bit error rate (BER) equal to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> over conventional LDS-OFDM while keeping the complexity affordable. Simulations for different scenarios also show that the LDS-OFDM outperforms similar well-known multiple access techniques such as multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and group-orthogonal MC-CDMA.
Bicalutamide (1996)

Maximum androgen blockade, a relatively recent development in the treatment of prostate cancer, combines medical or surgical castration with antiandrogen therapy. A large randomized study comparing the non-steroidal antiandrogen, bicalutamide, with flutamide, each in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs, showed that after a median follow-up of 49 weeks, the time to treatment failure was significantly longer for the bicalutamide patients compared with the flutamide patients (p = 0.005). After a median follow up to 95 weeks, bicalutamide in combination with LHRH analog therapy produced at least equivalent efficacy with flutamide in combination with LHRH analog therapy in terms of time to treatment failure and equivalent efficacy in terms of survival. The tolerability profile of bicalutamide, as based on reported findings and a literature review, indicates a superior tolerability to that of currently available antiandrogens, particularly with respect to diarrhea with a low incidence of treatment-related withdrawals.
Analysis of checksums, extended-precision checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (1990)

The effectiveness of extended-precision checksums is thoroughly analyzed. It is demonstrated that the extended-precision checksums most effectively exploit natural redundancy occurring in program codes. Honeywell checksums and cyclic redundancy checks are compared to extended-precision checksums. Two's complement, unsigned, and one's complement arithmetic checksums are treated in a unified manner. Results are also extended to any general radix-p arithmetic checksum. Asymptotic and closed-form formulas of aliasing probabilities for the various error models are derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Low Cost Anthropometric Body Scanning System Using Depth Cameras (2018)

The measurement of the human body and categorisation of body types has become a key indicator of health risks over the past century. At first, being of interest to a mathematician, the body shape and anthropometrics was defined in order to create "the average man", an idea of what the best proportions of the typical male should be composed of during the 18th century. This would later evolve into what is commonly known as Body Mass Index (BMI) following the interests of life insurance companies trying to define a risk of fatality. The development of body type categorisation known as BMI was soon thereafter created. BMI has been a standard of measurement in a range of applications from health and well-being industries to government policy and national health surveys. However more recently, BMI has come under question of its reliability due to the number of parameters used to classify an individuals body type. This has been found in some cases to either overestimate or underestimate the category in which an individuals body mass index is defined. In this chapter, a simple non-invasive measurement tool capable of estimating subject specific body parameters is used to increase the accuracy of BMI measurement. The formulation of synthetic data sets is used to create a data base of population characteristics models. This database was then fed into machine learning models to perform regression of anthropometric measures from images acquired from depth sensors such as Kinect.
Adaptive Ray‐bundle Tracing with Memory Usage Prediction: Efficient Global Illumination in Large Scenes (2013)

Abstract This paper proposes an adaptive rendering technique for ray‐bundle tracing. Ray‐bundle tracing can be done by per‐pixel linked‐list construction on a GPU rasterization pipeline. This rasterization based approach offers significant benefits for the efficient generation of light maps (e.g., hardware acceleration, tessellation, and recycling of shaders used in real‐time graphics). However, it is inapplicable to large and complex scenes due to the limited capacity of the GPU memory because it requires a high‐resolution frame buffer and high‐capacity node buffer for the linked‐lists. In addition, memory overflow can potentially occur on the per‐pixel linked‐list since the memory usage of the lists is usually unknown before the rendering process. We introduce an adaptive tiling technique with memory usage prediction. Our method uses an appropriately tiled frame buffer, thus eliminating almost all of the overflow risks thanks to our adaptive tile subdivision scheme. Using this technique, we are able to render high‐quality light maps of large and complex scenes which cannot be computed using previous ray‐bundle based methods.
Identification of a fourth locus (EVR4) for familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). (2004)

High-resolution genotyping and haplotype analysis excluded FZD4 as the defective gene in a family previously linked to the EVR1 locus. The results indicate that the gene mutated in this family lies centromeric to the EVR1 gene, FZD4, and is also genetically distinct from the EVR3 locus. This new locus has been designated EVR4 and is the fourth FEVR locus to be described.
The Forty-Fifth Thomas Hawksley Lecture: The Transmission and Radiation of Acoustic Waves by Structures (1959)

Of major interest to architects, designers of vehicles, and acousticians is the control of structure-borne sound. Walls and panels are set into vibration by airborne waves or by vibrating mechanisms. The panel so excited will radiate sound and it may carry the vibrations to other panels or bodies. In this lecture, the author will treat the problem of acoustic transmission through walls and panels in the audible frequency range. At low frequencies the panel vibrates as a plate or a stretched membrane. At higher frequencies the panel may behave as a quasiinfinite sheet. Above a particular ‘critical’ frequency, the wavelength of the bending waves in the panel will be longer than the compressional waves in air at the same frequency. The two wavelengths may be brought into coincidence provided the airborne wave impinges on the panel at an angle θ determined by cos θ = c a / c b where c a and c b are the speeds of sound in the air and panel, respectively. At the coincidence angle, an airborne wave striking one side of a panel will set it into a level of vibration such that the magnitude of the airborne wave radiated from the other side may be only a few decibels below that of the incident wave. This effect will be discussed both for airborne waves impinging at individual angles of incidence and for waves at many angles of incidence simultaneously. Measurements on plates, concrete sheets, and masonry walls will be presented and analysed. Analysis of the different types of response to airborne wave excitation will be made. Rules for the selection of simple and complex structures for buildings and vehicles will be suggested. Means for reducing the response of structures to airborne wave and mechanical excitation include the use of damping materials in or on the structure, the introduction of discontinuities and the use of sound-absorbing blankets in the structure. Recent data on damping materials and means for utilizing them to produce maximum reduction of flexural waves will be presented. It will be shown that by proper utilization of such materials a structure-borne wave may be attenuated in a given distance by a factor of 10 or more than when utilized in a conventional manner.
Unusual Regioselectivity in the Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Diisobutylaluminium Hydride (DIBAH): Direct Conversion of Isoflavones to Isoflavan-4-ones (1981)

Die Isoflavone (I) werden mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid in die Isoflavanone (II) umgewandelt.
Ammonia electrode with immobilized nitrifying bacteria (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmmonia electrode with immobilized nitrifying bacteriaMotohiko. Hikuma, Tatsuru. Kubo, Takeo. Yasuda, Isao. Karube, and Shuichi. SuzukiCite this: Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 7, 1020–1024Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50057a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50057a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Path Finding and Collision Avoidance in Crowd Simulation (2009)

Motion planning for multiple entities or a crowd is a challenging problem in today’s virtual environments. We describe in this paper a system designed to simulate pedestrian behaviour in crowds in real time, concentrating particularity on collision avoidance. On-line planning is also referred as the navigation problem. Additional difficulties in approaching navigation problem are that some environments are dynamic. In our model we adopted a popular methodology in computer games, namely A* algorithm. The idea behind A* is to look for the shortest possible routes to the destination not through exploring exhaustively all the possible combination but utilizing all the possible directions at any given point. The environment is formed in regions and the algorithm is used to find a path only in visual region. In order to deal with collision avoidance, priority rules are given to some entities as well as some social behaviour.