gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diverse molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in prokaryotes (2006)

Classical model of prokaryotic translation initiation based on the central role of interactions between mRNA and 16S rRNA was proposed more than 30 years ago by Shine and Dalgarno. Since then, due to the rapid progress in genome sequencing and to novel technical approaches, basic researches have substantially enriched our knowledge on the problem. The present review focuses on the bioinformatic data as well as on experimental results obtained in vivo and in vitro, which show the diversity of molecular mechanisms for ribosome recruitment in prokaryotes.
A Study of MAC Protocols for WBANs (2009)

The seamless integration of low-power, miniaturised, invasive/non-invasive lightweight sensor nodes have contributed to the development of a proactive and unobtrusive Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN provides long-term health monitoring of a patient without any constraint on his/her normal dailylife activities. This monitoring requires the low-power operation of invasive/non-invasive sensor nodes. In other words, a power-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is required to satisfy the stringent WBAN requirements, including low-power consumption. In this paper, we first outline the WBAN requirements that are important for the design of a low-power MAC protocol. Then we study low-power MAC protocols proposed/investigated for a WBAN with emphasis on their strengths and weaknesses. We also review different power-efficient mechanisms for a WBAN. In addition, useful suggestions are given to help the MAC designers to develop a low-power MAC protocol that will satisfy the stringent requirements.
Safety data of Montanide ISA 51 VG and Montanide ISA 720 VG, two adjuvants dedicated to human therapeutic vaccines (2015)

Meeting abstracts Montanide ISA 51 VG and Montanide ISA 720 VG are two novel adjuvants dedicated to human therapeutic vaccines. They have been used in more than 200 clinical trials involving cancer, AIDS, malaria or autoimmune disease vaccines and involving an accrual of more than 20000 patients.
The Use of Laser Scanner and Rapid Prototyping to Fabricate Auricular Prosthesis (2010)

The traditional method to manufacture the auricular prosthesis is based on producing a cast of the patient's contralateral ear by direct impression, and sculpting a mirror pattern corresponding to the missing ear. The accuracy and efficiency of prosthesis produced by conventional method absolutely depend on the skill，experience and aesthetic level. An approach that combines laser scanning，reverse engineering (RE) and rapid prototyping (RP) technology for prosthesis fabrication is presented in this paper. As an example related to the design and manufacture of auricular prosthesis, an optical 3D laser digitizer is used to capture the morphology of a human ear. These data are transferred into RE software to create the prosthesis using a computer-aided design (CAD) model, which is directed into the RP machine for the production of the physical model. Finally, the RP model can be used to create the silicone rubber mold to cast the auricular prosthesis. The research results have shown that the integrated method can produce exact-fit prosthesis.
Phase-Locked Loops: Theory and Applications (1997)

ELEMENTARY THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Introduction The Phase and Frequency of a Signal Relative to a Reference A Generic Problem The Phase-Locked Loop Basic Applications Phase-Locked Loop Literature Topical Outline of the Text Modeling the Phase-Locked Loop Modeling PLL Components Modeling the Nonlinear PLL Modeling the Linear PLL Modeling a PLL with an Angle-Modulated Reference Source Modeling a PLL with a Noisy Reference Source Modeling the Limiter Phase Detector Modeling the Long Loop Appendices Linear Analysis of Common First- and Second-Order PLL The First-Order PLL The Second-Order PLL with a Perfect Integrator The Second-Order PLL with Imperfect Integrator Phase-Locked Loop Components and Technologies Phase Detectors-Analog and Digital Loop Filters Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Lock Detection NONLINEAR PLL ANALYSIS Nonlinear PLL Behavior in the Absence of Noise First-Order PLL with Constant Frequency Reference A Second-Order PLL Using a Perfect Integrator A Second-Order PLL Containing an Imperfect Integrator Loop Filter Effects of IF Filtering on the Long Loop Appendices Stochastic Methods for the Nonlinear PLL Model The Random Walk-A Simple Markov Process The First-Order Markov Process The Vector Markov Process Noise in the Nonlinear PLL Model Qualitative Nature of and Models for the Phase Error Noise in the First-Order PLL Noise in the Second-Order PLL Numerical Methods for Noise Analysis in the Nonlinear PLL Model Computing an Approximation to Steady-State p1( 1,Y)
Environmentally Determined Differences in the Murine Lung Microbiota and Their Relation to Alveolar Architecture (2014)

Commensal bacteria control the micro-ecology of metazoan epithelial surfaces with pivotal effect on tissue homeostasis and host defense. In contrast to the upper respiratory tract, the lower respiratory tract of healthy individuals has largely been considered free of microorganisms. To understand airway micro-ecology we studied microbiota of sterilely excised lungs from mice of different origin including outbred wild mice caught in the natural environment or kept under non-specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions as well as inbred mice maintained in non-SPF, SPF or germ-free (GF) facilities. High-throughput pyrosequencing of reverse transcribed 16S rRNA revealed metabolically active murine lung microbiota in all but GF mice. The overall composition across samples was similar at the phylum and family level. However, species richness was significantly different between lung microbiota from SPF and non-SPF mice. Non-cultivatable Betaproteobacteria such as Ralstonia spp. made up the major constituents and were also confirmed by 16S rRNA gene cloning analysis. Additionally, Pasteurellaceae, Enterobacteria and Firmicutes were isolated from lungs of non-SPF mice. Bacterial communities were detectable by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) at alveolar epithelia in the absence of inflammation. Notably, higher bacterial abundance in non-SPF mice correlated with more and smaller size alveolae, which was corroborated by transplanting Lactobacillus spp. lung isolates into GF mice. Our data indicate a common microbial composition of murine lungs, which is diversified through different environmental conditions and affects lung architecture. Identification of the microbiota of murine lungs will pave the path to study their influence on pulmonary immunity to infection and allergens using mouse models.
Murine Salmonellosis Studied by Confocal Microscopy: <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Resides Intracellularly Inside Macrophages and Exerts a Cytotoxic Effect on Phagocytes In Vivo (1997)

Salmonella typhimurium is considered a facultative intracellular pathogen, but its intracellular location in vivo has not been demonstrated conclusively. Here we describe the development of a new method to study the course of the histopathological processes associated with murine salmonellosis using confocal laser scanning microscopy of immunostained sections of mouse liver. Confocal microscopy of 30-micron-thick sections was used to detect bacteria after injection of approximately 100 CFU of S. typhimurium SL1344 intravenously into BALB/c mice, allowing salmonellosis to be studied in the murine model using more realistic small infectious doses. The appearance of bacteria in the mouse liver coincided in time and location with the infiltration of neutrophils in inflammatory foci. At later stages of disease the bacteria colocalized with macrophages and resided intracellularly inside these macrophages. Bacteria were cytotoxic for phagocytic cells, and apoptotic nuclei were detected immunofluorescently, whether phagocytes harbored intracellular bacteria or not. These data argue that Salmonella resides intracellularly inside macrophages in the liver and triggers cell death of phagocytes, processes which are involved in disease. This method is also applicable to other virulence models to examine infections at a cellular and subcellular level in vivo.
Pheromone synthesis, CV. Synthesis of lactone components of the pheromone of <i>Anastrepha suspensa</i>, suspensolide, and the enantiomers of anastrephin and epianastrephin (1988)

Abstract The synthesis of suspensolide ( 1 ), (+)‐ and (−)‐anastrephin ( 2 ), and (+)‐ and (−)‐epianastrephin ( 3 ) was achieved from geraniol ( 4a ).
The study of the relationship between electro-oculogram and the features of closed eye motion (2008)

The study emphasized on the possibility of using computer vision to synthesize the electro-oculogram (EOG) signals acquired from the contact electrode measuring. The synchronized image frames of the closed eye status and the corresponding EOG signals were sent into the re-sampling module to be aligned. Four categories of images features including spatial domain, frequency domain, statistics, and local entropy analysis were adopted to transfer the two-dimensional image into a time sequential signal and to make the comparison between EOG signals and corresponding features. The correlation analysis was recruited to qualitatively identify the relationship of EOG signals and closed eyeball moving images. The simulation results indicates that the local entropy feature has a close correspondence with EOG signal; as a result, the proposed fuzzy membership function based on the local entropy blocks might deliver a non-invasively synthesized EOG signal in sleep research practically.
Fine-particle magnetism in the devitrified metallic glass Fe43Cr25Ni2B12 (1987)

A metallic glass, Fe43Cr25Ni20B12, which is paramagnetic at room temperature, becomes ferromagnetic under annealing near the crystallization temperature, then loses its magnetization with further annealing. This unique behavior is closely related to the precipitation of a very fine metastable body-centered-cubic phase in a nonmagnetic matrix. Since the magnetism of the annealed samples arises from very small magnetic particles, superparamagnetic behavior is observed. From the characteristic magnetization curves of superparamagnetism, the average moment and the density of the magnetic particles were estimated and found to be in good agreement with observations made by transmission electron microscopy. The tentative analyses for the sample annealed at 666 K indicate that both nucleation and growth take place in the early stage (3.5–20 h) and that nucleation ceases in the later stage (20–145 h) of the crystallization process.
An evaluation of the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications program of the U.S. Human Genome Project. (2000)

The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program is an in-house evaluation program for the United States Human Genome Project. Understanding the ethical and moral implications of genetic information and technology is crucial towards ensuring the proper use of genetic data. The ELSI programs have had a positive influence in understanding problematic areas surrounding the HGP by acting as a center for discussion for many bioethicists and scientists. However, ELSI is often too passive and does not provide enough practical guidance to the public on the complex implications of the HGP. As it stands now, there is room for major improvement such as increased cooperation between ELSI and non-government organizations. NGO's would serve as bridges between ELSI and the public, and a collaboration would enable in-depth probing and more comprehensive analysis of issues of public concern.
Efficiently combining positions and normals for precise 3D geometry (2005)

Range scanning, manual 3D editing, and other modeling approaches can provide information about the geometry of surfaces in the form of either 3D positions (e.g., triangle meshes or range images) or orientations (normal maps or bump maps). We present an algorithm that combines these two kinds of estimates to produce a new surface that approximates both. Our formulation is linear, allowing it to operate efficiently on complex meshes commonly used in graphics. It also treats high-and low-frequency components separately, allowing it to optimally combine outputs from data sources such as stereo triangulation and photometric stereo, which have different error-vs.-frequency characteristics. We demonstrate the ability of our technique to both recover high-frequency details and avoid low-frequency bias, producing surfaces that are more widely applicable than position or orientation data alone.
<title>Transfer of angular momentum to absorbing particles from a laser beam with a phase singularity</title> (1996)

Phase singularities in laser beams carry angular momentum due to the associated helical wavefront structure. This angular momentum can be transferred to absorbing particles trapped in the beam, setting them into rotation.
A small change in the design of a slit bioaerosol impactor significantly improves its collection characteristics (2007)

While several methods are available for bioaerosol monitoring, impaction remains the most common one, particularly for collecting fungal spores. Earlier studies have shown that the collection efficiency of many conventional single-stage bioaerosol impactors falls below 50% for spores with an aerodynamic diameter between 1.7 and 2.5 microm because their cut-off size is 2.5 microm or greater. The cut-off size reduction is primarily done by substantially increasing the sampling flow rate or decreasing the impaction jet size, W, to a fraction of a millimetre, with both measures often impractical to implement. Some success has recently been reported on the utilization of an ultra-low jet-to-plate distance, S (S/W < 0.1), in circular impactors. This paper describes a laboratory evaluation and some field testing of two single-stage, single-nozzle, slit bioaerosol impactors, Allergenco-D and Air-O-Cell, which feature the same jet dimensions and flow rate but have some design configuration differences that were initially thought to be of low significance. The collection efficiency and the spore deposit characteristics were determined in the laboratory using real-time aerosol spectrometry and different microscopic enumeration methods as the test impactors were challenged with the non-biological polydisperse NaCl aerosol and the aerosolized fungal spores of Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus versicolor, and Penicillium melinii. The tests showed that a relatively small reduction in the jet-to-plate distance of a single-stage, single-nozzle impactor with a tapered inlet nozzle, combined with adding a straight section of sufficient length, can significantly decrease the cut-off size to the level that is sufficient to efficiently collect spores of all fungal species. Furthermore, it appears that the slit jet design may improve the application of partial spore counting methodologies with respect to those applied to circular deposits. Data from a demonstration field study, conducted with the two samplers in environments containing a variety of fungal species, supported the laboratory findings.
Noninvasive Biophotonic Imaging for Monitoring of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections and Therapy in Mice (2005)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections acquired by humans, particularly in catheterized patients. A major problem with catheterization is the formation of bacterial biofilms on catheter material and the risk of developing persistent UTIs that are difficult to monitor and eradicate. To better understand the course of UTIs and allow more accurate studies of in vivo antibiotic efficacy, we developed a catheter-based biofilm infection model with mice, using bioluminescently engineered bacteria. Two important urinary tract pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis, were made bioluminescent by stable insertion of a complete lux operon. Segments of catheter material (precolonized or postimplant infected) with either pathogen were placed transurethrally in the lumen of the bladder by using a metal stylet without surgical manipulation. The bioluminescent strains were sufficiently bright to be readily monitored from the outside of infected animals, using a low-light optical imaging system, including the ability to trace the ascending pattern of light-emitting bacteria through ureters to the kidneys. Placement of the catheter in the bladder not only resulted in the development of strong cystitis that persisted significantly longer than in mice challenged with bacterial suspensions alone but also required prolonged antibiotic treatment to reduce the level of infection. Treatment of infected mice for 4 days with ciprofloxacin at 30 mg/kg of body weight twice a day cured cystitis and renal infection in noncatheterized mice. Similarly, ciprofloxacin reduced the bacterial burden to undetectable levels in catheterized mice but did not inhibit rebound of the infection upon cessation of antibiotic therapy. This methodology easily allows spatial information to be monitored sequentially throughout the entire disease process, including ascending UTI, treatment efficacy, and relapse, all without exogenous sampling, which is not possible with conventional methods.
Antisense Suppression of 2-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin in Arabidopsis Specifically Enhances the Activities and Expression of Enzymes Associated with Ascorbate Metabolism But Not Glutathione Metabolism (2000)

The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of decreased 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-CP) on the leaf anti-oxidative system in Arabidopsis. At three stages of leaf development, two lines of transgenic Arabidopsis mutants with decreased contents of chloroplast 2-CP were compared with wild type and a control line transformed with an empty vector. Glutathione contents and redox state were similar in all plants, and no changes in transcript levels for enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism were observed. Transcript levels for chloroplastic glutathione peroxidase were much lower than those for 2-CP, and both cytosolic and chloroplastic glutathione peroxidase were not increased in the mutants. In contrast, the foliar ascorbate pool was more oxidized in the mutants, although the difference decreased with plant age. The activities of thylakoid and stromal ascorbate peroxidase and particularly monodehydroascorbate reductase were increased as were transcripts for these enzymes. No change in dehydroascorbate reductase activity was observed, and effects on transcript abundance for glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were slight or absent. The results demonstrate that 2-CP forms an integral part of the anti-oxidant network of chloroplasts and is functionally interconnected with other defense systems. Suppression of 2-CP leads to increased expression of other anti-oxidative genes possibly mediated by increased oxidation state of the leaf ascorbate pool.
Relationship between Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Porous Materials (1992)

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate into the similarity rule which might exist between the heat transfer and the pressure drop characteristics of the fluid flow through porous materials. The steady heating method is applied to measure the heat transfer coefficient of the foamed metals and the wire lattices, and the transient heating method for the packed beds of glass beads, etc. From the pressure drop data a proper characteristic length is derived with which the Reynolds number (Re) and the Nusselt number (Nu) are defined. It is shown that a universal law or a similarity rule Nu=f(Re) exist applicable to various porous materials.
MICRONIZATION ENHANCES THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PURIFIED FLAVONOID FRACTION AGAINST POSTISCHAEMIC MICROVASCULAR INJURY IN THE HAMSTER CHEEK POUCH (2004)

1. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of micronization on the protective effect of the purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) on increases in macromolecular permeability induced by ischaemia-reperfusion in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. 2. Male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were treated orally, twice a day, with vehicle (lactose), MPFF and non-micronized purified flavonoid fraction (PFF) at 5, 20, 80 and 320 mg/kg per day for 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day, cheek pouches of anaesthetized animals were prepared for intravital microscopy. 3. Local ischaemia was obtained by clamping the neck of the everted pouch and the increase in microvascular permeability was quantified as leakage (leaks) of intravenously injected fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran (FITC-dextran 150; MW = 150 000). 4. Reperfusion, after 30 min ischaemia, resulted in an immediate but reversible increase in post-capillary leakage. The MPFF induced a significant dose-related reduction in the increased permeability, with 83.4% inhibition compared with control at 320 mg/kg per day (19.2 +/- 1.9 vs 115.7 +/- 4.1 leaks/cm2; P < 0.0001). Non-micronized PFF was significantly less effective: only 47.9% inhibition compared with control was observed at 320 mg/kg per day (60.3 +/- 1.0 vs 115.7 +/- 4.1 leaks/cm2; P < 0.0001) and there was no dose-effect relationship. 5. In conclusion, micronization significantly enhances the protective effects of the purified flavonoid fraction on reperfusion injury in the hamster cheek pouch. This improvement is likely to be related to the better absorption of the micronized formulation, which could explain the superior clinical efficacy shown in previous studies.
The Scope and Importance of Human Interruption in Human-Computer Interaction Design (2002)

Abstract At first glance it seems absurd that busy people doing important jobs should want their computers to interrupt them. Interruptions are disruptive and people need to concentrate to make good decisions. However, successful job performance also frequently depends on people's abilities to (a) constantly monitor their dynamically changing information environments, (b) collaborate and communicate with other people in the system, and (c) supervise background autonomous services. These critical abilities can require people to simultaneously query a large set of information sources, continuously monitor for important events, and respond to and communicate with other human operators. Automated monitoring and alerting systems minimize the need to constantly monitor, but they induce alerts that may interrupt other activities. Such interrupting technologies are already widespread and include concurrent multitasking; mixed-initiative interaction; support for delegation and supervisory control of automation, including intelligent agents; and other distributed, background services and technologies that increase human-human communication.
Square-wave polarography (1952)

G. C. Barker and I. L. Jenkins, Analyst, 1952, 77, 685 DOI: 10.1039/AN9527700685
A Gurmukhi script recognition system (2002)

A system for recognition of machine printed Gurmukhi script is presented. The recognition system presented operates at sub-character level. The segmentation process breaks a word into sub-characters and the recognition phase consists of classifying these sub-characters and combining them to form Gurmukhi characters. A set of very simple and easy to computer features is used and a hybrid classification scheme consisting of binary decision trees and nearest neighbours is employed. A recognition rate of 96.6% at the processing speed of 175 characters second was achieved on clean images of text without employing any post-processing technique.