gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the Endotoxin Receptor (CD14) in Septic Patients (1992)

The monocyte is a pivotal cell in septic patients that responds to endotoxin with release of inflammatory cytokines. Monocytes display on their surface a receptor (CD14) for complexes formed by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and a plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP). We compared monocytes obtained from normal controls with those obtained from septic patients for expression of CD14 by flow cytometric analysis of immunofluorescent-stained cells. In normal individuals and patients, 75%–95% of monocytes are CD14 positive (CD14+). Mean fluorescence exhibited by the CD14+ population was measured after maintaining cells at 37°C for 15 minutes and compared with baseline cells held at 4°C (mean fluorescence ratio). All cells increased their CD14 mean fluorescence ratio with warming; however, the level achieved by monocytes obtained from septic patients was on average 78% ± 8% of control levels (p= 0.014). To further clarify CD14 expression, we examined the effect of Escherichia coli LPS on normal monocytes by comparing monocytes treated in serum-free buffer (no LBP) with monocytes treated in whole blood (containing LBP). The LPS (1.0 ng/mL) incubated with whole blood for 120 minutes generated an increase in CD14+ mean fluorescence compared with buffer. In contrast, phorbol myristate acetate lowered CD14+ mean fluorescence levels. These data indicate that normal monocytes incubated in the presence of ligand (LBP-LPS complexes) increase their expression of CD14, whereas CD14 expression in septic patients is diminished. We conclude that monocytes from septic patients were responsive to other stimuli aside from LPS and that decreased expression of CD14 may indicate a poor prognosis.
The Future of Dry Eye Treatment: A Glance into the Therapeutic Pipeline (2015)

Dry eye syndrome is both a primary disease and a secondary result of many pathological states of the eye. The symptoms range from mild to severe itching, burning, irritation, eye fatigue, and even vision loss that can lead to disability. Dry eye affects approximately 60 million people worldwide; as a result, medications to treat dry eye comprise approximately 15% of the ophthalmic pharmaceutical market. While doctors and patients eagerly await new treatments, pharmaceuticals in the pipeline are moving through the approval process with several promising drugs having completed phase 3 clinical testing. This review summarizes the findings of studies of the most promising, upcoming dry eye treatments in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials in the USA.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in health and disease: an overview (2006)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of an enzyme family that require a zinc ion in their active site for catalytic activity. MMPs are critical for maintaining tissue allostasis. MMPs are active at neutral pH and can therefore catalyze the normal turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules such as the interstitial and basement membrane collagens, proteoglycans such as aggrecan, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin and versican as well as accessory ECM proteins such as fibronectin. Members of the MMP family include the "classical" MMPs, the membrane-bound MMPs (MT-MMPs) the ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase; adamlysins) and the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif). There are more than 20 members in the MMP and ADAMTS family including the collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, some elastases and aggrecanases. Adamlysins are membrane-bound MMPs that also degrade aggrecan, but more importantly, one ADAM family member (i.e.ADAM-17) is a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-converting enzyme (TACE) that activates pro-TNF-alpha. Most of the MMPs are synthesized as inactive latent enzymes. Conversion to the active enzyme is generally mediated by activator systems that include plasminogen activator or the pro-hormone convertase, furin. MMP activity is regulated by a group of endogenous proteins, called, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that bind to active and alternative sites of the activated MMP. Significant advances have occurred in the understanding of the regulation of MMPs, ADAMs and ADAMTSs gene expression. In addition, development of MMP inhibitors to study MMP structure/function relationships spawned many studies to determine the effectiveness of MMP inhibitors in regulating abnormal connective tissue turnover. In addition, development of MMP null mice carrying specific MMP deletions has provided an opportunity to explore the role of MMPs in normal development as well as in such diverse conditions and diseases as skeletal dysplasias, coronary artery and heart disease, arthritis, cancer, and brain disorders.
Control of hybrid microgrid (2014)

Nowadays the hybrid micro grid based on the distributed generations is playing a more and more significant role in electricity field with the increasing concerns about the global warming, air pollution and energy crisis. This thesis introduces the basic concept of the hybrid micro grid with its advantages , drawbacks and development in different countries and areas. A simple simulation of hybrid micro grid is configured using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The AC grid is connected to a DC link through a controlled converter. In DC side, PV module is connected to the DC link through a boost converter under MPPT, which makes PV module always operate at its maximum output power. An induction motor is connected to the DC link bus through a controlled inverter under DTC control, which maintains a stable value of flux in IM to follow the change of torque very quickly. The motor can operate as two modes: the motor mode and generator mode. When it operates as generator mode, the regenerative energy will be sent back to DC link through the controlled inverter, causing impact on the micro grid system. The energy storage battery is connected to the DC link through a controlled converter. When the regenerative energy flows back to the DC link, it starts to work and absorbs the additional energy. The simulation on this is to verify the system can maintain its balance and bus terminal voltage or not when it experiences the energy impact from the transition of motor working mode. And the speed of response and the severity of effect of each generative or storage elements for this change are being investigated in this thesis as well. Given the tight deadline, some limits and drawbacks still exist. The simulation of wind turbine is not configured in yet, which also leads to the failure of simulation on two modes transition of system: grid-connected mode and isolated mode.
An All-Digital RF Signal Generator Using High-Speed $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulators (2009)

An all-digital RF signal generator using DeltaSigma modulation and targeted at transmitters for mobile communication terminals has been implemented in 90 nm CMOS. Techniques such as redundant logic and non-exact quantization allow operation at up to 4 GHz sample rate, providing a 50 MHz bandwidth at a 1 GHz center frequency. The peak output power into a 100 Omega diff. load is 3.1 dBm with 53.6 dB SNDR. By adjusting the sample rate, carriers from 50 MHz to 1 GHz can be synthesized. RF signals up to 3 GHz can be synthesized when using the first image band. As an example, UMTS standard can be addressed by using a 2.6 GHz clock frequency. The measured ACPR is then 44 dB for a 5 MHz WCDMA channel at 1.95 GHz with output power of -16 dBm and 3.4% EVM. At 4 GHz clock frequency the total power consumption is 120 mW (49 mW for DeltaSigma modulator core) on a 1 V supply voltage, total die area is 3.2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (0.15 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the active area).
Two problems with variational expectation maximisation for time series models (2011)

Variational methods are a key component of the approximate inference and learning toolbox. These methods fill an important middle ground, retaining distributional information about uncertainty in latent variables, unlike maximum a posteriori methods, and yet generally requiring less computational time than Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. In particular the variational expectation maximisation (vEM) and variational Bayes algorithms, both involving variational optimisation of a free-energy, are widely used in time series modelling. Here, we investigate the success of vEM in simple probabilistic time series models. First we consider the inference step of vEM, and show that a consequence of the well-known compactness property of variational inference is a failure to propagate uncertainty in time, thus limiting the usefulness of the retained distributional information. In particular, the uncertainty may appear to be smallest precisely when the approximation is poorest. Second, we consider parameter learning and analytically reveal systematic biases in the parameters found by vEM. Surprisingly, simpler variational approximations (such as mean-field) can lead to less bias than more complicated structured approximations.
DWT proven to increase accidents (2009)

Subtitle: While using cell phones in general greatly contributes to vehicle accidents, driving while texting (DWT) poses a higher risk than just talking on the phone while driving.
Embedded passive components for MCM (2002)

MCMs often have a large number of passive components connected to a small number of active devices. Integration of passive components into the MCM substrate improves electrical properties and reliability, and also reduces the cost, size and weight of electronic systems. The embedded components are mostly used in MCM-D (thin film) and MCM-C (thick film) modules. The use of embedded elements for MCM-L is at the early stage of development. The basic information on embedded passives as well as the activity of Dresden University of Technology and Wroclaw University of Technology in the area of LTCC buried passives is presented.
An Approach for Mobility Modeling - Towards an Efficient Mobility Management Support in Future Wireless Networks (2006)

Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) is deployed in the Internet backbone to support service differentiation and traffic engineering. In recent years, there has been an interest to extend the MPLS capability to the wireless access networks for mobility management support. In this paper, we present an analytical approach to study the handoff performance of a wireless system with a new micro-mobility support called micro mobile MPLS. Our scheme includes two protocol variants. In the first variant called FH-micro mobile MPLS, we consider the fast handoff mechanism, which anticipates the LSP procedure setup with an adjacent neighbor subnet that an mobile node (MN) is likely to visit. This mechanism is proposed to reduce service disruption by using the link-layer (L2) functionalities. In the second variant called FC-micro mobile MPLS, the forwarding chain concept, which is a set of forwarding path, is provided to track efficiently the host mobility within a domain. This concept can significantly reduce the resource reservation cost, the registration updates cost and provide low handoff latency. Analytical models, which capture the mobility behavior of an MN, are developed for cost analysis. Numerical and simulation results are given to justify the benefits of our proposed mechanisms
Differences in Innervation and Innervated Neurons between Hip and Inguinal Skin (2008)

Pain originating from the hip may be referred to the groin and anterior thigh. We investigated sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the hip and the inguinal skin in rats using retrograde neurotransport and immunohistochemistry. A retrograde neurotracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into the left hip or inguinal skin of rats. Seven days later, we harvested bilateral dorsal root ganglions and counted the number of Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, a marker of nerve growth factor-dependent neurons, or isolectin B4, a marker of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent neurons. In the hip group, Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons were distributed throughout the left dorsal root ganglions from T13 to L5, primarily at L1, L2, L3, and L4, and the percentage of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive neurons was higher than that of isolectin B4-binding neurons. In the inguinal skin group, Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons were distributed throughout the left dorsal root ganglions from T13 to L3, primarily at L1, L2, and L3, and the percentage of isolectin B4-binding neurons was higher than that of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive neurons. These data suggest the sensory innervation pattern and characteristics of the sensory nerve of the rat hip are different from those of inguinal skin.
Evaluation of a MOSFET radiation sensor for the measurement of entrance surface dose in diagnostic radiology. (1999)

A patient dosimetry system using MOSFET technology (Thomson and Neilson Electronics Ltd, Canada) is evaluated for entrance surface dose measurements in diagnostic radiology. The system sensitivity for the standard MOSFET detector coupled to a high sensitivity bias supply was measured to be 1 mV mGy-1. Response of a new high sensitivity dosemeter was measured to be 3 mV mGy-1. The minimum detectable entrance surface dose at which a single measurement can be made with less than 25% total uncertainty at the 95% confidence level was estimated to be 4 mGy for the standard dosemeter and 1.5 mGy for the new high sensitivity dosemeter. The dosemeters were found to be linear with absorbed dose in air, linear with dose rate and reproducible, although they showed some energy dependence across the diagnostic energy range. The system is also compared with thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) as a tool for the measurement of entrance surface dose in diagnostic radiology. MOSFET detectors are considered to have advantages over TLD dosemeters with the instant readout of entrance surface dose. These dosemeters do have the disadvantage that they are visible in radiographs, they have a finite shelf life and can only accumulate absorbed dose up to a limiting value after which the dosemeters can no longer be used.
Azithromycin reduces spontaneous and induced inflammation in ΔF508 cystic fibrosis mice (2006)

Our findings further support the concept that inflammatory responses are upregulated in cystic fibrosis. Azithromycin reduces some lung inflammation outcome measures in cystic fibrosis mice. We postulate that some of the benefits of azithromycin treatment in cystic fibrosis patients are due to modulation of lung inflammation.
Mechanisms of mutagenesis by the vinyl chloride metabolite chloroacetaldehyde. Effect of gene-targeted in vitro adduction of M13 DNA on DNA template activity in vivo and in vitro (1990)

2-Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), a metabolite of the carcinogenic industrial chemical vinyl chloride, reacts with single-stranded DNA to form the cyclic etheno lesions predominantly at adenine and cytosine. In both ethenoadenine and ethenocytosine, normal Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonding atoms are compromised. We have recently shown that CAA adduction leads to efficient mutagenesis in Escherichia coli predominantly at cytosines, and less efficiently at adenines. About 80% of the mutations at cytosines were C-to-T transitions, and the remainder were C-to-A transversions, a result similar to that of many noninstructional DNA lesions opposite which adenine residues are preferentially incorporated. It is widely believed that noninstructional lesions stop replication and depend on SOS functions for efficient mutagenesis. We have examined the effects of in vitro CAA adduction of the lacZ alpha gene of phage M13AB28 on in vivo mutagenesis in SOS-(UV)-induced E. coli. CAA adduction was specifically directed to a part of the lacZ sequence within M13 replicative form DNA by a simple experimental strategy, and the DNA was transfected into appropriate unirradiated or UV-irradiated cells. Mutant progeny were defined by DNA sequencing. In parallel in vitro experiments, the effects of CAA adduction on DNA replication by E. coli DNA polymerase I large (Klenow) fragment were examined. Our data do not suggest a strong SOS dependence for mutagenesis at cytosine lesions. While adenine lesions remain much less mutagenic than cytosine lesions, mutation frequency at adenines is increased by SOS. SOS induction does not significantly alter the specificity of base changes at cytosines or adenines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Neurobiology of Tobacco Dependence: A Commentary (2002)

This commentary summarises the evidence that nicotine has the pharmacological properties of a psychostimulant drug of dependence. Behaviourally it serves as a reinforcer in self-administration experiments. Within the brain, acute nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine (DA) in the shell of the nucleus accumbens whereas repeated nicotine results in selective sensitization of its effects on DA overflow in the accumbal core. These effects are thought to play a central role in the acquisition of responding for nicotine and the development of associations between delivery of the drug and cues that predict its delivery. These responses, therefore, are thought to be pivotal to its ability to cause dependence. The commentary also emphasises the evidence that cigarette smoke provides a vehicle for nicotine that maximises its addictive potential since it delivers nicotine directly into the lungs and, within 10–15 s, to the brain. For habitual cigarette smokers, this process is repeated frequently and regularly and in the context of many other sensory cues within the smoke that potentially provide additional conditioned reinforcers. This, it is argued, explains the strong addiction that many smokers develop to tobacco smoke. Smoking cessation is also associated with the expression of an abstinence syndrome that can, largely, be attributed to nicotine withdrawal and is also likely to contribute to the maintenance of the habit. The commentary closes with a brief review of the pharmacological mechanisms that may contribute to the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy and Zyban<sup>®</sup> (bupropion) as aids to smoking cessation.
Synthesis and Properties of Low-Bandgap Zwitterionic and Planar Conjugated Pyrrole-Derived Polymeric Sensors. Reversible Optical Absorption Maxima from the UV to the Near-IR (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Properties of Low-Bandgap Zwitterionic and Planar Conjugated Pyrrole-Derived Polymeric Sensors. Reversible Optical Absorption Maxima from the UV to the Near-IRThorsten W. Brockmann and James M. TourCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 16, 4437–4447Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00121a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00121a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1409Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Fabrication and characterization of highly pure and homogeneous YBa2Cu3O7 superconductors from sol-gel derived powders (1991)

The high Tc superconducting oxide YBa2Cu3O7−d has been fabricated by a simple colloidal sol-gel precursor technique based on citrate complexes uniformly dispersed into ethyleneglycol and water. The present method permits easier fabrication of highly pure and homogeneous superconducting materials when compared with other more elaborate preparation procedures based on solution techniques as it eliminates many steps such as centrifugation, filtration, and pH control. The purity of the final product was estimated to be &gt;99.5% based on the combined results of x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering analyses. The composition of the sample was determined to be Y1.00Ba1.98Cu3.05O6.85 by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and idiometry. The sol-gel process produced homogeneous materials with particle sizes smaller than ∼3 μm. The superconducting transition determined with resistivity measurements was shown to be sharp with a transition width narrower than 1 K. The magnetic susceptibility measurements exhibited sharp superconducting transitions without any indication of two-phase character or impurity phases. The material fabricated by this method showed improved properties compared to those prepared by the usual dry powder-mix (so-called solid-state reaction) technique.
Fibronectin-mediated Cell Adhesion Is Required for Induction of 92-kDa Type IV Collagenase/Gelatinase (MMP-9) Gene Expression during Macrophage Differentiation (1998)

Induction of the 92-kDa gelatinase (MMP-9) gene expression is associated with macrophage differentiation. In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanisms underlying this differentiation-associated MMP-9 gene expression in human HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells and human peripheral blood monocytes. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) markedly induced MMP-9 gene expression in HL-60 cells; the induction closely paralleled the timing and extent of PMA-induced cell adhesion and spreading, a hallmark of macrophage differentiation. Similarly, treatment with PMA or macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulated adherence and spreading of blood monocytes with a concurrent 7- or 5-fold increase in MMP-9 production, respectively. In protein kinase C (PKC)-beta-deficient HL-60 variant cells (HL-525), PMA failed to induce cell adhesion and MMP-9 gene expression. Transfecting HL-525 cells with a PKC-beta expression plasmid restored PKC-beta levels and PMA inducibility of cell adhesion and spreading as well as MMP-9 gene expression. Induction of cell adhesion and MMP-9 gene expression in HL-60 cells and blood monocytes was strongly inhibited by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to fibronectin (FN) and its receptor alpha5 beta1 integrin. HL-525 cells, which constitutively display high levels of surface alpha5 beta1 integrin, adhered and spread on immobilized FN with concomitant induction of MMP-9 gene expression. Cytochalasins B and D were each a potent inhibitor of MMP-9 production. Our results suggest that alpha5 beta1 integrin-mediated interaction of immature hematopoietic cells with FN plays a critical role in modulating matrix-degrading activities during macrophage differentiation.
An evaluation of cine-mode 3D portal image dosimetry for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (2010)

We investigated cine-mode portal imaging on a Varian Trilogy accelerator and found that the linearity and other dosimetric properties are sufficient for 3D dose reconstruction as used in patient-specific quality assurance for VMAT (RapidArc) treatments. We also evaluated the gantry angle label in the portal image file header as a surrogate for the true imaged angle. The precision is only just adequate for the 3D evaluation method chosen, as discrepancies of 2° were observed.