gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Safety and Efficacy of Gadobutrol for Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Central Nervous System: Results from a Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Comparator Study (2015)

Gadobutrol is an effective and well-tolerated macrocyclic contrast agent for MRI of the CNS. Gadobutrol demonstrates greater contrast-enhancement and improved sensitivity and accuracy for detection of malignant disease than gadoteridol, likely because of its higher relaxivity.
Total Syntheses of Cystobactamids and Structural Confirmation of Cystobactamid 919‐2 (2017)

Abstract The cystobactamids are a family of antibacterial natural products with unprecedented chemical scaffolds that are active against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative pathogens. Herein, we describe the first total synthesis of cystobactamid 919‐2 from three fragments. Our convergent synthesis enabled both the confirmation of the correct structure and the determination of the absolute configuration of cystobactamid 919‐2.
Facts and Obligations. By Dorothy Emmet. Friends of Dr Williams's Library Twelfth Lecture, 1958. Published by the Dr Williams's Trust, 1958. Pp. 20. 3s. 6d. (1960)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Two antipeptide monoclonal antibodies that recognize adhesive sequences in fibrinogen: identification of antigenic determinants and unrelated sequences using synthetic combinatorial libraries. (1995)

The fine specificity of two different monoclonal antibodies raised against synthetic peptides, each representing one of the two Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences in fibrinogen, was examined using synthetic combinatorial libraries (SCLs). The monoclonal antibodies (mAb), mAb LJ-134B/29 and mAb LJ-155B/16, recognize both the immunogenic peptide and native fibrinogen. The specificity of mAb LJ-134B29 was mapped using hexa- and decapeptide positional scanning SCLs (PS-SCLs) and competitive ELISA. The most active amino acids at each position of the two libraries were identified from a single screening. Individual hexa- and decapeptides were synthesized and assayed to determine their binding affinities. The 16 individual hexapeptides represented single and multiple substitutions of the antigenic determinant sequence, -GDSTFE-, eight of which had affinities less than 10nM. Four of the twelve individual decapeptides were found to have binding affinities of approximately 300nM, or nearly three-fold less than the peptide immunogen. A dual-defined hexapeptide library was screened against mAb LJ-155B/16, and individual peptides were obtained through an iterative selection and synthesis process. Surprisingly, one of the most active sequences was Ac-WWYESW-NH2 (IC50 = 40nM), which showed no similarity to the sequence of the immunizing peptide. Further mapping of the specificity of this antibody revealed that the antigenic determinant within the peptide immunogen was not completely linear. Recognition of this unrelated sequence by mAb LJ-155B/16 was confirmed in a direct binding assay using biotinylated peptide. The use of SCLs for the elucidation of high affinity peptides recognized by these two antibodies may provide additional information on the molecular mechanisms of fibrinogen binding to different integrin receptors.
Calculation method of winding eddy‐current losses for high‐voltage direct current converter transformers (2016)

In this paper, a correction method is introduced to make a more accurate calculation of winding eddy‐current losses of high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) converter transformer. The assumption that winding eddy‐current losses of HVDC converter transformers follow the frequency with the exponent 2 proposed by IEC 61378‐2 Std. is thought to be inappropriate and the skin effect should be taken into consideration. The frequency characteristic of winding eddy‐current losses is proposed by analysing the distribution of magnetic flux in conductors, in which skin effect is taken into consideration. The correction method with a correction factor is then introduced to correct the assumption. To verify the validity of the correction method, a two‐dimension axisymmetric finite element analysis of a HVDC converter transformer is conducted. The geometrical complexity of windings and electrical connection are fully taken into account, it is shown that the correction method shows a significant advantage. Influence of different methods is revealed by applying the actual non‐sinusoidal load current and it is shown that the error of correction method is the least. At last, harmonic losses measurements are conducted on three coils to investigate the limits of the correction method.
Short-channel-effect-suppressed sub-0.1-μm grooved-gate MOSFET's with W gate (1995)

Grooved-gate Si MOSFET's with tungsten gates are fabricated using conventional manufacturing technologies, and their short-channel-effect-free characteristics are verified down to a source and drain separation of around 0.1 /spl mu/m. Phase shift lithography followed by a side-wall oxide film formation technique achieves a spacing of less than 0.2 /spl mu/m between adjacent elevated polysilicons, subsequently resulting in a sub-0.1-/spl mu/m source and drain separation in the substrate. Short-channel effects, such as threshold voltage roll-off and punchthrough, are found to be completely suppressed. From device simulations, the potential barrier formed at each grooved-gate corner is considered to be responsible for the suppression of the short-channel effects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hyperglycemia in children with sepsis (2014)

Sepsis is one of common diseases in pediatrics, critically ill children tend to suffer multiple organ damage that will increase children′s risk of death. Hyperglycemia is an important symbol of metabolic disorder after onset of sepsis, with the deepening of understanding that sepsis can cause the pancreatic damage. Therefore, not all hyperglycemia is a representation of transient or stress state. To control hyperglycemia of sepsis in children can help to reduce their complications and mortality. In this review, it will deal with the occurrence of sepsis in children with blood glucose disturbance, regulation and prognosis.

Key words: 
Sepsis; Hyperglycemia; Pancreatic damage; Insulin; Children
Adsorption of gases on 4A synthetic zeolite (1969)

Equilibrium data are presented for the adsorption of permanent gases and C 1 and C 2 hydrocarbons on Linde 4A synthetic zeolite from 50 °C down to the boiling point of the adsorbate or to a temperature at which the rate was very slow. The Freundlich equation often fits isotherms accurately; however, these linear logarithmic plots seem to be only portions of a more general non-linear relationship. Generalized Polanyi plots did not yield a unique characteristic curve for individual adsorbates at different temperatures nor for groups of adsorbates; nevertheless, these plots are useful in estimating the relative strength of adsorption of gases. Ar, O 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 6 were the least strongly adsorbed, followed in order of increasing strength by N 2 , CO, CO 2 , and C 2 H 2 . Ethylene was strongly but anomalously adsorbed. For the gases studied, the quadrupole moment seems to be the principal factor determining strong adsorption.
The early development of the autonomic nervous system provides a neural platform for social behaviour: a polyvagal perspective (2010)

We present a biobehavioral model that explains the neurobiological mechanisms through which measures of vagal regulation of the heart (e.g., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) are related to infant self-regulatory and social engagement skills. The model describes the sequential development of the neural structures that provide a newborn infant with the ability to regulate physiological state in response to a dynamically changing postpartum environment. Initially, the newborn uses primitive brainstem-visceral circuits via ingestive behaviors as the primary mechanism to regulate physiological state. However, as cortical regulation of the brainstem improves during the first year of life, reciprocal social behavior displaces feeding as the primary regulator of physiological state. The model emphasizes two sequential phases in neurophysiological development as the fetus transitions to postpartum biological and social challenges: 1) the development of the myelinated vagal system during the last trimester, and 2) the development of cortical regulation of the brainstem areas regulating the vagus during the first year postpartum.
Protein Kinase C δ Stimulates Apoptosis by Initiating G1 Phase Cell Cycle Progression and S Phase Arrest (2005)

Overexpression of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) stimulates apoptosis in a wide variety of cell types through a mechanism that is incompletely understood. PKCdelta-deficient cells are impaired in their response to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PKCdelta is required to mount an appropriate apoptotic response under conditions of stress. The mechanism through which it does so remains elusive. In addition to effects on cell survival, PKCdelta elicits pleiotropic effects on cellular proliferation. We now provide the first evidence that the ability of PKCdelta to stimulate apoptosis is intimately linked to its ability to stimulate G(1) phase cell cycle progression. Using an adenoviral-based expression system to express PKCalpha,-delta, and -epsilon in epithelial cells, we demonstrate that a modest increase in PKCdelta activity selectively stimulates quiescent cells to initiate G(1) phase cell cycle progression. Rather than completing the cell cycle, PKCdelta-infected cells arrest in S phase, an event that triggers caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis was preceded by the activation of cell cycle checkpoints, culminating in the phosphorylation of Chk-1 and p53. Strikingly, blockade of S phase entry using the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 prevented checkpoint activation and apoptosis. In contrast, inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades failed to prevent apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that the biological effects of PKCdelta can be extended to include positive regulation of G(1) phase cell cycle progression. Importantly, they reveal the existence of a novel, cell cycle-dependent mechanism through which PKCdelta stimulates cell death.
Detecting prostate cancer by intracellular macrophage prostate‐specific antigen (PSA): a more specific and sensitive marker than conventional serum total PSA (2008)

In this study, we demonstrate that imPSA is a new prostate cancer screening method that is highly sensitive and more specific than standard PSA testing.
Extending Xen* with IntelŴVirtualization Technology (2006)

Xen* is an open source virtual machine monitor (VMM) developed at the University of Cambridge to support operating systems (OSs) that have been modified to run on top of the monitor. Intel has extended the Xen VMM to use Intel ® Virtualization Technology ∆ (VT) to support unmodified guest OSs also. This was done for IA-32 Intel ® Architecture processors as well as Itanium ® architecture processors. In this paper we describe the changes that have been made to Xen to enable this support. We also highlight the optimizations that have been made to date to deliver good virtualized performance.
An endogenous colon mitosis inhibitor reduces the increased cell proliferation in colonic epithelium induced by dietary cholic acid and treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (1989)

We have recently purified and identified a tripeptide (pGlu-His-GlyOH) in mouse intestinal extracts which reversibly inhibits normal colonic epithelial cell renewal in mice. We also found a similar response to a single injection of the peptide during bile-acid-induced hyperproliferation in the colonic epithelium. To investigate the effect of repeated injections of the same dose of the inhibitor under various pathological conditions of the colonic mucosa we either fed mice low-calcium cholic acid diet, treated the animals with a single injection of the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), or gave both treatments. The peptide reduced the mitotic rate and the labelling indices in the colonic epithelium during the first 5 days of feeding the low-calcium cholic acid diet, and the size of the proliferative compartment was reduced. Proliferating cells were found significantly closer to the base of the crypts in the peptide-treated animals. The mitotic rate was also reduced by each of repeated peptide injections during the first 72 h in the DMH-treated animals; the labelling indices at 48 and 72 h only. By feeding DMH-treated animals low-calcium cholic acid diet, similar results were obtained. However, in all carcinogen-treated animals the tripeptide had no effect on the size and localization of the proliferating cells in the colonic crypts.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OLIGODENDROCYTES AND MICROGLIA (1992)

Interactions between rat microglia and oligodendrocytes were examined in vitro in order to characterize the stages of adherence, phagocytosis and cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes by microglia. Under resting conditions, microglia showed minimal contact with oligodendrocytes and exhibited surface staining of myelin basic protein and myelin debris only; they were not cytotoxic for oligodendrocytes and did not produce tumour necrosis factor (TNF). On activation with either Γ-interferon or lipopolysaccharide and interferon, these cells increased surface binding for myelin basic protein, showed greater contact with living oligodendrocytes and produced TNF in both secreted and cell surface bound forms. Secreted TNF was capable of killing oligodendrocytes but the cell surface bound form did this more efficiently. In the presence of complement, activated microglia showed significant phagocytosis of myelin basic protein which was not obvious in the unactivated cells. These results suggest that activated microglia in the presence of complement are sufficient to kill and phagocytose the oligodendrocyte-myelin complex in vitro
The Effects of In-Vehicle and Infrastructure-Based Collision Warnings at Signalized Intersections (2009)

The potential effectiveness of warnings to drivers of the imminent threat of a collision with a red light violator was evaluated in an experiment that used a driving simulator. Three warnings were tested: (1) an infrastructure-based warning that immediately turned the traffic signal red and activated red wig-wag lights, (2) an in-vehicle warning that consisted of a brake pulse, voice annunciation, and activation of a red dashboard light, and (3) simultaneous activation of both of these warnings. In addition to testing three warnings with different groups of drivers, drivers in each group were exposed to one of three traffic conditions: (1) driving with no other vehicles ahead or behind, (2) following closely to another vehicle, or (3) being closely followed by another vehicle.\n
Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Escherichia coli Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (2010)

Sepsis, characterized by a systemic inflammatory state that is usually related to Gram-negative bacterial infection, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although the annual incidence of sepsis is still rising, the exact cause of Gram-negative bacteria-associated sepsis is not clear. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), constitutively secreted from Gram-negative bacteria, are nano-sized spherical bilayered proteolipids. Using a mouse model, we showed that intraperitoneal injection of OMVs derived from intestinal Escherichia coli induced lethality. Furthermore, OMVs induced host responses which resemble a clinically relevant condition like sepsis that was characterized by piloerection, eye exudates, hypothermia, tachypnea, leukopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, dysfunction of the lungs, hypotension, and systemic induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Our study revealed a previously unidentified causative microbial signal in the pathogenesis of sepsis, suggesting OMVs as a new therapeutic target to prevent and/or treat severe sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacterial infection.
Progress on the transistor-injected quantum-cascade laser (2018)

Progress on the modeling, fabrication, and characterization of the transistor-injected quantum-cascade laser (TI-QCL) is presented. As a novel variant of the quantum cascade laser, the TI-QCL has been projected to have advantages over conventional QCLs in certain applications because of its 3-terminal nature. The separation of field and current is expected to allow separate amplitude and frequency modulation, and the location of the cascade structure in a p-n junction depletion region is expected to reduce free carrier absorption and improve efficiency. At the same time, the added complexity of the structure creates challenges in the realization of working devices. An overview of the basic operating principles of the TI-QCL is first given, and projected advantages discussed. Next, work on modeling GaAsbased TI-QCLs is presented, and a design for devices in this system is presented. Finally, work on fabrication and characterization of devices is examined and ongoing challenges are discussed. The role of quantum state alignment in the QCL region on electron-hole recombination in the base is also examined, showing the capability of using basecollector voltage to modulate the optical output from the direct-bandgap transistor base.
Cocaine, phencyclidine, and procaine inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor: characterization of the binding site by stopped-flow measurements of receptor-controlled ion flux in membrane vesicles (1986)

Noncompetitive inhibition of acetylcholine receptor-controlled ion translocation was studied in membrane vesicles prepared from both Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus electroplax. Ion flux was measured in the millisecond time region by using a spectrophotometric stopped-flow method, based on fluorescence quenching of entrapped anthracene-1,5-disulfonic acid by Cs+, and a quench-flow technique using 86Rb+. The rate coefficient of ion flux prior to receptor inactivation (desensitization), JA, was measured at different acetylcholine and inhibitor concentrations, in order to assess which active (nondesensitized) receptor forms bind noncompetitive inhibitors. The degree of inhibition of JA by the inhibitors studied (cocaine, procaine, and phencyclidine) was found to be independent of acetylcholine concentration. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which each compound inhibits by binding to a single site that exists with equal affinity on all active receptor forms. Mechanisms in which the inhibitors bind exclusively to the open-channel form of the receptor are excluded by the data. The same conclusions were reached in cocaine experiments at 0-mV and procaine experiments at -25-mV transmembrane voltage in T. californica vesicles. It had been previously shown that phencyclidine, in addition to decreasing JA (by binding to active receptors), also increases the rate of rapid receptor inactivation (desensitization) and changes the equilibrium between active and inactive receptors (by binding better to inactivated receptor than to active receptor in the closed or open conformations). These effects were not observed with cocaine or procaine. Here it is shown that despite these differential effects on inactivation, cocaine and phencyclidine bind to the same inhibitory site on active receptors (in E. electricus vesicles).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Security of high speed quantum key distribution with finite detector dead time (2010)

The security of a high speed quantum key distribution system with finite detector dead time τ is analyzed. When the transmission rate becomes higher than the maximum count rate of the individual detectors (1/τ), security issues affect the algorithm for sifting bits. Analytical calculations and numerical simulations of the Bennett-Brassard BB84 protocol are performed. We study Rogers et al.'s protocol (introduced in "Detector dead-time effects and paralyzability in high-speed quantum key distribution," New J. Phys. 9 (2007) 319) in the presence of an active eavesdropper Eve who has the power to perform an intercept-resend attack. It is shown that Rogers et al.'s protocol is no longer secure. More specifically, Eve can induce a basis-dependent detection efficiency at the receiver's end. Modified key sifting schemes that are secure in the presence of dead time and an active eavesdropper are then introduced. We analyze and compare these secure sifting schemes for this active Eve scenario, and calculate and simulate their key generation rate. It is shown that the maximum key generation rate is 1/(2τ) for passive basis selection, and 1/τ for active basis selection. The security analysis for finite detector dead time is also extended to the decoy state BB84 protocol.
Synthesis of 2-methyl and 2-phenyl-5-thiopyridines (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 2-methyl and 2-phenyl-5-thiopyridinesNeville Finch and C. W. GemendenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 5, 569–574Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00893a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00893a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views201Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts