gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Ultrafine Piercing By SiC Fiber Punch (2004)

An integrated micropress was developed for ultrafine piercing of metallic foils by a SiC fiber punch. The fiber punch was produced by a series of processes that use buffing and electrolysis operations. The technology incorporates unique tooling and fixturing techniques to handle delicate pinholes, apertures, collimators, and air slits to allow a repeatable manufacturing process with minimal part handling. Since the diagnostic pinholes may be very thin or small in size, it is critical that there is minimal human intervention from the start to the final process of the piercing operation. Selection of materials, design of the integrated micropress, and performance of the system are discussed in detail. The performance of the technique was tested on three kinds of metal foils that have various thickness and strength. A 17-μm-thick aluminum foil was tested as an example of a high aspect ratio and low strength, a 15-μm-thick beryllium copper for a high strength, and an 8 μm stainless steel for a hard-to-form materials. Observations of the scanning electron microscope show that every hole was truly round with the sheared surface being smooth and burr free. Based on the measurements of the punch force and punch stroke, the material behavior in the ultrafine piercing process resembled that of the normal punching process, with a strong dependence on the material properties and the aspect ratio. The SiC fiber was found to be a secure ultrafine punch, with sufficient strength that can produce truly round holes particularly in smaller sizes.
Botulinum toxin A inhibits salivary secretion of rabbit submandibular gland (2013)

Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) has been used in several clinical trials to treat excessive glandular secretion; however, the precise mechanism of its action on the secretory function of salivary gland has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BTXA on secretion of submandibular gland in rabbits and to identify its mechanism of action on the secretory function of salivary gland. At 12 weeks after injection with 5 units of BTXA, we found a significant decrease in the saliva flow from submandibular glands, while the salivary amylase concentration increased. Morphological analysis revealed reduction in the size of acinar cells with intracellular accumulation of secretory granules that coalesced to form a large ovoid structure. Expression of M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 receptor) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) mRNA decreased after BTXA treatment, and distribution of AQP5 in the apical membrane was reduced at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after BTXA injection. Furthermore, BTXA injection was found to induce apoptosis of acini. These results indicate that BTXA decreases the fluid secretion of submandibular glands and increases the concentration of amylase in saliva. Decreased expression of M3 receptor and AQP5, inhibition of AQP5 translocation, and cell apoptosis might involve in BTXA-reduced fluid secretion of submandibular glands.
A Fast Serial-Parallel Binary Multiplier (1985)

A fast serial-parallel (FSP) multiplier design is derived from the carry-save add-shift (CSAS) multiplier structure. The CSAS technique accepts multiplier bits serially (lsb first) and produces outputs serially (lsb first). Multiplication of two n bit unsigned numbers requires 2n clock cycles to complete the process out of which n clocks are used for n-row carry-save additions, and the other n clocks are utilized only to propagate the remaining carries. This CSAS structure is modified so that it operates as a CSAS unit for the first n clocks and reconfigures itself as an n bit ripple-carry parallel adder at the (n + 1)st clock, thus allowing the carries to ripple through, eliminating the delay due to storage elements during the last n clocks. It is shown that this modification results in an about one-third increase in speed for an approximately one-third increase in hardware. The technique is extended to signed numbers represented in 2's complement form. Also, it is shown how these implementations can be modularized.
Mushrooms of northeastern North America (1998)

This encyclopaedic volume, including 1500 species and 650 illustrations, shows the diversity of mycoflora throughout all of northeastern North America. It provides a reference for mushroom identification in the region, and has full descriptions and easy-to-follow keys.
Quantitative PCR-based approach for rapid phage display analysis: a foundation for high throughput vascular proteomic profiling (2006)

Functional proteomic strategies offer unique advantages over current molecular array approaches, as the epitopes identified can directly provide bioactive peptides for investigational and/or translational applications. The vascular endothelium is well suited to proteomic assessment by in vivo phage display, but extensive enrichment and sequencing steps limit its application for high throughput molecular profiling. To overcome these limitations we developed a quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) strategy to allow the rapid quantification of in vivo phage binding. Primers were designed for distinct clones selected from a defined phage pool to probe for age-associated changes in cardiac vascular epitopes. Sensitivity and specificity of the primer sets were tested and confirmed in vitro. Q-PCR quantification of phage in vivo confirmed the preferential homing of all phage clones to the young rather than old cardiac vasculature and demonstrated a close correlation with phage measurements previously determined using traditional bacterial-based titration methods. This Q-PCR approach provides quantification of phage within hours of phage injection and may therefore be used for rapid, high throughput analysis of binding of defined phage sequences both in vivo and in vitro, complementing nonbiased phage approaches for the proteomic mapping of vascular beds and other tissues.
Immunoperoxidase localization of lymphocyte subsets in the host response to melanoma and nevi. (1983)

Using an avidin:biotin immunoperoxidase system with monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte subsets, we have investigated the host response to malignant melanoma and melanocytic nevi in frozen sections. Eight primary melanomas, eight metastases, three dysplastic nevi, and two dermal nevi were studied with antibodies T11, T4, T8, and B1. Sections were read in a semiquantitative manner by two observers. Virtually all lymphocytes in these lesions were T-cells (T11 positive). In all primary melanomas, in the majority of metastases, and in all dysplastic nevi, both T4- and T8-positive cells were present. In two of eight metastases, tumor cells stained with T4, and in one case, melanoma cells stained with B1 antibody. The host response to melanoma involves primarily T-cells and includes both the helper:inducer (T4) and suppressor:cytotoxic (T8) subsets.
A Load-Based Approach to Forming a Connected Dominating Set for an Ad Hoc Network (2014)

Efficient routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is highly desired and connected dominating sets (CDS) have been gaining significant popularity in this regard. The CDS based approach reduces the search for a minimum cost path between a pair of source and destination terminals to the set of terminals forming the backbone network. Researchers over the years have developed numerous distributed and localized algorithms for constructing CDSs which minimize the number of terminals forming the backbone or which provide multiple node-disjoint paths between each pair of terminals. However none of this research focuses on minimizing the load at the bottleneck terminal of the backbone network constructed by the CDS algorithms. A terminal becomes a bottleneck if the offered traffic load is greater than its effective transmission rate. In this thesis we analyze the load-based performance of a popular CDS algorithm which has been employed in MANET routing and a k-connected k-dominating set (k-CDS) algorithm and compare it with our new centralized algorithm which has been designed to minimize the load at the bottleneck terminal of the backbone network. We verify the effectiveness of our algorithm by simulating over a large number of random test networks.
Comprehensive analysis of individual pulp fiber bonds quantifies the mechanisms of fiber bonding in paper (2015)

The process of papermaking requires substantial amounts of energy and wood consumption, which contributes to larger environmental costs. In order to optimize the production of papermaking to suit its many applications in material science and engineering, a quantitative understanding of bonding forces between the individual pulp fibers is of importance. Here we show the first approach to quantify the bonding energies contributed by the individual bonding mechanisms. We calculated the impact of the following mechanisms necessary for paper formation: mechanical interlocking, interdiffusion, capillary bridges, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces, and Coulomb forces on the bonding energy. Experimental results quantify the area in molecular contact necessary for bonding. Atomic force microscopy experiments derive the impact of mechanical interlocking. Capillary bridges also contribute to the bond. A model based on the crystal structure of cellulose leads to values for the chemical bonds. In contrast to general believe which favors hydrogen bonding Van der Waals bonds play the most important role according to our model. Comparison with experimentally derived bond energies support the presented model. This study characterizes bond formation between pulp fibers leading to insight that could be potentially used to optimize the papermaking process, while reducing energy and wood consumption.
Perfect data reconstruction algorithm of time interleaved ADCs (2006)

This paper analyzes the effects of gain, phase and timing imperfections in a time interleaved ADC structure by building a mathematical model, proposes a complete and perfect solution by solving equations, and validates the solution with data from real hardware
A standardized method for lectin microarray-based tissue glycome mapping (2017)

The significance of glycomic profiling has been highlighted by recent findings that structural changes of glycans are observed in many diseases, including cancer. Therefore, glycomic profiling of the whole body (glycome mapping) under different physiopathological states may contribute to the discovery of reliable biomarkers with disease-specific alterations. To achieve this, standardization of high-throughput and in-depth analysis of tissue glycome mapping is needed. However, this is a great challenge due to the lack of analytical methodology for glycans on small amounts of endogenous glycoproteins. Here, we established a standardized method of lectin-assisted tissue glycome mapping. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were prepared from brain, liver, kidney, spleen, and testis of two C57BL/6J mice. In total, 190 size-adjusted fragments with different morphology were serially collected from each tissue by laser microdissection and subjected to lectin microarray analysis. The results and subsequent histochemical analysis with selected lectins were highly consistent with previous reports of mass spectrometry-based N- and/or O-glycome analyses and histochemistry. This is the first report to look at both N- and O-glycome profiles of various regions within tissue sections of five different organs. This simple and reproducible mapping approach is also applicable to various disease model mice to facilitate disease-related biomarker discovery.
PicWall: Photo collage on-the-fly (2013)

Photo collage, which constructs a compact and visually appealing representation from a collection of input images, provides the best convenient and impressive user experience. Previous approaches for automatic collage generation are always analogized as optimization problems, in which the researchers are trying to find the best balance between maximizing the visibility of photos' salient areas as well as compactly arrange the collage canvas layout. However, automatic saliency detection can sometimes be harmful since we cannot guarantee all of the user's interest areas are well-kept. On the other hand, the rapid development of mobile technology also calls for a robust solution of fast collage generation without any computation-expensive processes such as saliency detection and graph-cut. The PicWall approach proposed in this paper offers real-time collage generation. Given the expected canvas sizes, it tightly packs the input images while keeping their aspect ratios and orientations unchanged. Experiments show that it costs less than 0.5ms for a 100-photo collage generation. Besides, various PicWall-based applications are also demonstrated.
Functional analysis of transgenic rice plants expressing a novel mutated ALS gene of rice (2007)

We performed functional analysis of transgenic plants expressing the W548L/S627I mutated ALS gene from rice as well as studies on inheritance of the mutated gene, phenotype and fertility of transgenic plants to ensure availability of the mutated gene as a selectable marker for plant genetic transformation. Expression levels of the ALS (endogenous+mutated ALS) gene of transgenic rice plants were correlated with the resistance of transgenic plants to bispyribac-sodium (BS). The BS-resistant trait of a transgenic plant was stably inherited by the progeny in a Mendelian manner. A homozygote of transgenic plants harboring the mutated gene was normal in its growth and fertility compared with the wild type. These results ensured that the W548L/S627I mutated gene from rice can be efficiently used as a selectable marker for genetic transformation of rice in combination with BS.
Free‐breathing cine MRI (2008)

Standard MRI cine exams for the study of cardiac function are segmented over several heartbeats and thus require a breath-hold to minimize breathing motion artifacts, which is a current limitation of this approach. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the measurement and correction of respiratory motion that is compatible with cine imaging. Real-time images were used to measure the respiratory motion of heart, to allow translations, rotations, and shears to be measured and corrected in the k-space domain prior to a final gated-segmented reconstruction, using the same data for both purposes. A method for data rejection to address the effects of through-plane motion and complex deformations is described (respiratory gating). A radial k-space trajectory was used in this study to allow direct reconstruction of undersampled real-time images, although the techniques presented are applicable with Cartesian k-space trajectories. Corrected and uncorrected free-breathing gated-segmented images acquired over 18 sec were compared to the current standard breath-hold Cartesian images using both quantitative sharpness profiles (mm(-1)) and clinical scoring (1 to 5 scale, 3: clinically acceptable). Free-breathing, free-breathing corrected, and breath-hold images had average sharpness values of 0.23 +/- 0.04, 0.38 +/- 0.04, and 0.44 +/- 0.04 mm(-1) measured at the blood-endocardium interface, and clinical scores of 2.2 +/- 0.5, 4.2 +/- 0.4, and 4.7 +/- 0.5, respectively.
Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Aggregate Data (2006)

Best survival results are achieved with three-drug regimens containing FU, an anthracycline, and cisplatin. Among these, regimens including FU as bolus exhibit a higher rate of toxic deaths than regimens using a continuous infusion of FU, such as epirubicin, cisplatin, and continuous-infusion FU.
Anthocyanin and Isoflavone Contents in Korean Black Soybean Landraces and Their Antioxidant Activities (2016)

Anthocyanin and isoflavone contents and antioxidant activities of 56 Korean black soybean landraces were examined in this study. Total isoflavone content of 56 Korean black soybean landraces ranged from 43.8 to 347.5 mg/100 g. Total anthocyanin content ranged from 19.8 to 1,420.4 mg/100 g, with cyaniding-3-glucoside being the most abundant anthocyanin in all landraces, ranging from 12.2 to 1,207.3 mg/100 g. Antioxidant activities based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total polyphenol content assays showed wide variations, ranging from 17.1 to 76.6 (IC50), 53.5 to 127.7 (IC50), 5.4 to 34.2 mg ascorbic acid/g, and 9.7 to 36.8 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), respectively. Using relative antioxidant capacity index, IT156132 sample had the highest antioxidant activity. In clustering analysis, the 56 Korean black soybean landraces were classified into five groups. Group I consisted of four landraces with high isoflavone contents and antioxidant activities.
Monaural speech segregation based on pitch tracking and amplitude modulation (2002)

Monaural speech segregation remains a computational challenge for auditory scene analysis (ASA). A major problem for existing computational auditory scene analysis (CASA) systems is their inability to deal with signals in the high-frequency range. Psychoacoustic evidence suggests that different perceptual mechanisms are involved to handle resolved and unresolved harmonics. We propose a system for speech segregation that deals with low-frequency and high-frequency signals differently. For low-frequency signals, our model generates segments based on temporal continuity and cross-channel correlation, and groups them according to periodicity. For high-frequency signals. the model generates segments based on common amplitude modulation (AM) in addition to temporal continuity, and groups them according to AM repetition rates. Underlying the grouping process is a pitch contour that is first estimated from segregated speech based on global pitch and then verified by psychoacoustic constraints. Our system is systematically evaluated, and it yields substantially better performance than previous CASA systems, especially in the high-frequency range.
Weakly supervised named entity transliteration and discovery from multilingual comparable corpora (2006)

Named Entity recognition (NER) is an important part of many natural language processing tasks. Current approaches often employ machine learning techniques and require supervised data. However, many languages lack such resources. This paper presents an (almost) unsupervised learning algorithm for automatic discovery of Named Entities (NEs) in a resource free language, given a bilingual corpora in which it is weakly temporally aligned with a resource rich language. NEs have similar time distributions across such corpora, and often some of the tokens in a multi-word NE are transliterated. We develop an algorithm that exploits both observations iteratively. The algorithm makes use of a new, frequency based, metric for time distributions and a resource free discriminative approach to transliteration. Seeded with a small number of transliteration pairs, our algorithm discovers multi-word NEs, and takes advantage of a dictionary (if one exists) to account for translated or partially translated NEs. We evaluate the algorithm on an English-Russian corpus, and show high level of NEs discovery in Russian.
Studies on the Escape Mutants of Rabies Virus Which Are Resistant to Neutralization by a Highly Conserved Conformational Epitope‐Specific Monoclonal Antibody #1‐46‐12 (2002)

We investigated a virus-neutralizing conformational epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein (G) that is recognized by an anti-G monoclonal antibody (mAb; #1-46-12) and shared by most of the laboratory strains of the virus. To investigate the epitope structure, we isolated escape mutants from the HEP-Flury virus (wild-type; wt) after repeated passages in culture in the presence of the mAb. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that the mutants could be classified into two groups; the Group I lacked the epitope, while Group II preserved the epitope. The latter was dominant under the passage conditions, since Group I disappeared during the continuous passages. G proteins showed different electrophoretic mobilities; G protein of Group I migrated at the same rate as wt G protein, while that of Group II migrated at a slower rate, which was shown to be due to acquisition of an additional oligosaccharide side chain. Nucleotide sequencing of the G gene strongly suggested that amino acid substitutions at Thr-36 by Pro and Ser-39 by Thr of the G protein are responsible for the escape mutations of Groups I and II, respectively. The latter is a unique mutation of the rabies virus that allows the G protein to be glycosylated additionally at Asn-37, a potential glycosylation site that is not glycosylated in the parent virus, in preserving the epitope-positive conformation. These results suggest that to keep the 1-46-12 epitope structure is of greater survival advantage for the virus to escape the neutralization than to destroy it, which could be achieved by acquiring an additional oligosaccharide chain at Asn-37.
An optimized chemical synthesis of human relaxin‐2 (2010)

Human gene 2 relaxin (RLX) is a member of the insulin superfamily and is a multi-functional factor playing a vital role in pregnancy, aging, fibrosis, cardioprotection, vasodilation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. RLX is currently applied in clinical trials to cure among others acute heart failure, fibrosis, and preeclampsia. The synthesis of RLX by chemical methods is difficult because of the insolubility of its B-chain and the required laborious and low yielding site-directed combination of its A (RLXA) and B (RLXB) chains. We report here that oxidation of the Met(25) residue of RLXB improves its solubility, allowing its effective solid-phase synthesis and application in random interchain combination reactions with RLXA. Linear Met(O)(25)-RLX B-chain (RLXBO) reacts with a mixture of isomers of bicyclic A-chain (bcRLXA) giving exclusively the native interchain combination. Applying this method Met(O)(25)-RLX (RLXO) was obtained in 62% yield and was easily converted to RLX in 78% yield, by reduction with ammonium iodide.
Regulation of carbon metabolism in <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (2000)

The biological significance of glycogen accumulation and how the process is regulated in Chlamydia trachomatis remains poorly defined. C. trachomatis-infected HeLa cells were cultured in medium containing various glucose concentrations (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg ml-1) or in the presence of gluconeogenic carbon sources (20 mM glutamate, 20 mM malate, 20 mM alpha-ketoglutarate or 20 mM oxaloacetate), and the effects of these different culture conditions on the production of infectious chlamydial elementary bodies and glycogen accumulation were monitored. When chlamydiae were cultured in glucose concentrations greater than 1 mg ml-1, optimal growth and maximal glycogen accumulation occurred. In contrast to uninfected HeLa cells, which increased their glycogen stores when grown in the presence of high glucose concentrations, chlamydial glycogen accumulation remained essentially constant. When cultured in medium supplemented with either reduced glucose concentrations or any of the gluconeogenic carbon sources, chlamydiae still grew; however, the yield of elementary bodies was substantially decreased, and there was no significant amount of glycogen accumulated by host HeLa cells or C. trachomatis. This suggests that glycogen accumulation may not be essential for chlamydial survival. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results indicated that, despite the fact that the source and amount of carbon available in the medium affected chlamydial glycogen accumulation, the expression of genes required for glycogen metabolism was not significantly changed. Similarly, the expression of several genes encoding key enzymes of central metabolism was not affected by alterations in carbon source or availability. Taken together, the data suggest that, unlike most free-living bacteria, chlamydia are unable to alter the expression of genes involved in carbon metabolism in response to changes in environmental conditions.