gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lattice Particle Filters (2013)

A standard approach to approximate inference in state-space models isto apply a particle filter, e.g., the Condensation Algorithm.However, the performance of particle filters often varies significantlydue to their stochastic nature.We present a class of algorithms, called lattice particle filters, thatcircumvent this difficulty by placing the particles deterministicallyaccording to a Quasi-Monte Carlo integration rule.We describe a practical realization of this idea, discuss itstheoretical properties, and its efficiency.Experimental results with a synthetic 2D tracking problem show that thelattice particle filter is equivalent to a conventional particle filterthat has between 10 and 60% more particles, depending ontheir "sparsity" in the state-space.We also present results on inferring 3D human motion frommoving light displays.
Tilted Tool Axis Machining on 5-Axis Machine Tools (2007)

High-efficiency machining and high-quality cutting are required in mold and die machining. To produce high-quality molds and dies, we require high rigidity for cutting tools and machining with effective cutting edges. We propose tilted tool axis machining, which involves indexing using 2-axis rotary motion and machining using 3-axis feed motion on a 5-axis machining center. To conduct tilted tool axis machining by ball end mill, we must know the tool attitude to ensure stable cutting and how to control the tool attitude to stable cutting conditions. Our main objective was to clarify the tool attitude ensuring stable cutting conditions and to develop automatic determination of the indexing angle for mold and die machining. We start by discussing machining experiments using a dynamic force dynamometer on a 5-axis machining center to analyze machining features using a tilted tool axis ball end cutting tool. We then determine machining evaluation from which the results of machining experiments are determine using a tilted tool axis ball end cutting tool. We propose calculation of optimum indexing angle candidates for machining surfaces using normal vectors of surfaces and cutting edges. We then show machinable area evaluation for the calculated indexing angle based on inverse offset method with a state flag. We then give examples demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal.
The radio system-traffic channel (2003)

A description is given of the Radio Data System (RDS) facility that allows for transmission of a silent data channel using the sidebands of existing FM radio stations. One of the features developed for RDS is the Traffic Message Channel (TMC), which will offer a low-cost means of providing motorists with digitally encoded traffic data optimized for in-car reception. Significant work has already been undertaken on message management issues for RDS-TMC. Work toward the finalization of standards is continuing through the DRIVE (Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe) program. The author discusses a National Cooperative Highway Research Program designed to examine the scope for similar development in North America.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Measurement of (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha by radioimmunoassay. (1976)

Antibodies against (15s)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-MF) were produced in rabbits immunized with a 15-MF bovine serum albumin conjugate. Tritium labeled 15-MF was prepared from (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride. Antiserum specificity and label specific activity (12 Ci/mM) were sfficient to enable development of a sensitive, accurate and relatively specific radioimmunoassay for this prostaglandin analog. The assay can detect as little as five picograms of 15-MF in 100 mul of unextracted blood plasma. Endogenous concentrations of PGF2alpha should not cause a significant blank using current assay conditions, as cross reactivity with this molecule was less than one percent. There is, however, significant affinity (45%) for the C-1 methyl ester of 15-MF. This makes the assay also applicable for measuring this molecule, although no distinction can be made between it and the free acid when neat plasma is assayed. Plasma samples from human and monkey studies were assayed for 15-MF before and after recipients were treated with pharmacologically active doses of this compound. Blank values (0 Hour) of less than 0.1 nanograms per ml were found for all pre-treatment samples while post-treatment samples contained detectable levels. Results of the human study was compared and found to be in excellent agreement with values that were obtained using a gas-liquid chromatographic - mass spectrographic assay.
Improving Hand Gesture Recognition Using 3D Combined Features (2009)

In this paper, we propose a system to recognize alphabet characters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9) in real-time from stereo color image sequences using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Additionally, a robust method for hand tracking in a complex environment using Mean-shift analysis in conjunction with 3D depth map is introduced. The depth information solve the overlapping problem between hands and face, which is obtained by passive stereo measuring based on cross correlation and the known calibration data of the cameras. 3D combined features of location, orientation and velocity with respected to Cartesian systems are used. And then, k-means clustering is employed for HMMs codeword. The hand gesture path is recognized using Left-Right Banded topology (LRB) in conjunction Viterbi path. Experimental results demonstrate that, our system can successfully recognize hand gestures with 98.33% recognition rate.
A Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Array for Minimally Invasive Medical Diagnosis (2008)

A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array for minimally invasive medical diagnosis has been developed. Unlike traditional ultrasonic transducers, which generally use a bulky piece of substrate, this transducer array was integrated on a 40--thick micromachined silicon substrate into a probe shape with a typical shank width of 50-80 and a shank length of 4-8 mm. For 1-D arrays, 24-96 CMUT devices were integrated on one such silicon probe and formed an accurately configured phase array. In addition to miniaturization, reduction of the substrate thickness also decreases the intertransducer crosstalk due to substrate Lamb waves. Due to its miniature size, this array can be placed or implanted close to the target tissue/organ and can perform high-resolution high-precision diagnosis and stimulation using high-frequency ultrasounds. The issue of conflict between resolution and penetration depth of ultrasonic diagnosis can therefore be resolved. A two-layer polysilicon surface micromachining process was used to fabricate this device. Suspended polysilicon membranes of diameters ranging from 20 to 90 and thicknesses from 1.0 to 2.5 were used to generate and detect ultrasounds of frequencies ranging from 1 to 10 MHz. B-mode imaging using this transducer array has been demonstrated.
Heterologous expression of mating-type genes in filamentous fungi. (1993)

Podospora anserina and Neurospora crassa, two filamentous heterothallic ascomycetes, have a single mating-type locus with two alternate forms called mat+ and mat- and A and a, respectively. Mating type controls entry into the sexual cycle, events subsequent to fertilization, and, in N. crassa, prevents the formation of mixed mating-type heterokaryons. The mating types of these two organisms display similarity in their DNA structure and in the encoded polypeptides involved in fertilization. Here we show that this molecular similarity reflects a functional homology with respect to mating identity. Transformation experiments show that the N. crassa mating-type genes can provide the fertilization functions in P. anserina strains devoid of mating specificity as well as in mat+ and mat- strains. Reciprocally, the introduction of P. anserina mating-type genes confers mating activity in N. crassa. Functional identity between the mating types is not observed for vegetative incompatibility or for post-fertilization events such as meiosis and ascosporogenesis.
Culturing Pancreatic Islets in Microfluidic Flow Enhances Morphology of the Associated Endothelial Cells (2011)

Pancreatic islets are heavily vascularized in vivo with each insulin secreting beta-cell associated with at least one endothelial cell (EC). This structure is maintained immediately post-isolation; however, in culture the ECs slowly deteriorate, losing density and branched morphology. We postulate that this deterioration occurs in the absence of blood flow due to limited diffusion of media inside the tissue. To improve exchange of media inside the tissue, we created a microfluidic device to culture islets in a range of flow-rates. Culturing the islets from C57BL6 mice in this device with media flowing between 1 and 7 ml/24 hr resulted in twice the EC-density and -connected length compared to classically cultured islets. Media containing fluorescent dextran reached the center of islets in the device in a flow-rate-dependant manner consistent with improved penetration. We also observed deterioration of EC morphology using serum free media that was rescued by addition of bovine serum albumin, a known anti-apoptotic signal with limited diffusion in tissue. We further examined the effect of flow on beta-cells showing dampened glucose-stimulated Ca(2+)-response from cells at the periphery of the islet where fluid shear-stress is greatest. However, we observed normal two-photon NAD(P)H response and insulin secretion from the remainder of the islet. These data reveal the deterioration of islet EC-morphology is in part due to restricted diffusion of serum albumin within the tissue. These data further reveal microfluidic devices as unique platforms to optimize islet culture by introducing intercellular flow to overcome the restricted diffusion of media components.
Name Translation in Statistical Machine Translation - Learning When to Transliterate (2008)

We present a method to transliterate names in the framework of end-to-end statistical machine translation. The system is trained to learn when to transliterate. For Arabic to English MT, we developed and trained a transliterator on a bitext of 7 million sentences and Google’s English terabyte ngrams and achieved better name translation accuracy than 3 out of 4 professional translators. The paper also includes a discussion of challenges in name translation evaluation. 1
Intracellular Accumulation of β-Amyloid in Cells Expressing the Swedish Mutant Amyloid Precursor Protein (1995)

beta-Amyloid (beta A) is a normal metabolic product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) that accumulates in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Cells that express the Swedish mutant APP (Sw-APP) associated with early onset Alzheimer's disease overproduce beta A. In this report, we show that expression of Sw-APP gives rise to cell-associated beta A, which is not detected in cells that express wild-type APP. Cell-associated beta A is rapidly generated, is trypsin-resistant, and is not derived from beta A uptake, indicating that it is generated from intracellular processing of Sw-APP. Intracellular and secreted beta A are produced with different kinetics. The generation of intracellular beta A is partially resistant to monensin and a 20 degrees C temperature block but is completely inhibited by brefeldin A, suggesting that it occurs in the Golgi complex. Monensin, brefeldin A, and a 20 degrees C temperature block almost completely inhibit beta A secretion without causing increased cellular retention of beta A, suggesting that secreted beta A is generated in a post-Golgi compartment. These results suggest that the metabolism of Sw-APP gives rise to intracellular and secreted forms of beta A through distinct processing pathways. Pathological conditions may therefore alter both the level and sites of accumulation of beta A. It remains to be determined whether the intracellular form of beta A plays a role in the formation of amyloid plaques.
Rotating crystal microwave Bragg diffraction apparatus (2009)

An easily constructed microwave Bragg diffraction apparatus is described, suitable for students in introductory physics classes. In contrast with previously published designs, only a single device, either the transmitter or the receiver, must be rotated in order to locate and unambiguously identify Bragg scattering maxima from several low-index (hkl) crystal planes. Employing the “rotating crystal” technique, the orientation of the crystal need not be known a priori. This allows the students to use their measurements of θBragg to determine the lattice spacing and the orientation of a concealed crystal, thereby mimicking the procedures used in real x-ray crystallography.
Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: The impact of dual‐tasking and turning (2010)

360° turning in combination with a dual-task is the most important trigger for freezing. During turning, non-freezers and controls decreased their cadence whereas freezers increased it, which may be related to FOG. Freezers adopted a posture second strategy in contrast to non-freezers when confronted with a dual task.
Automatic interesting object extraction from images using complementary saliency maps (2010)

Automatic interesting object extraction is widely used in many image applications. Among various extraction approaches, saliency-based ones usually have a better performance since they well accord with human visual perception. However, nearly all existing saliency-based approaches suffer the integrity problem, namely, the extracted result is either a small part of the object (referred to as sketch-like) or a large region that contains some redundant part of the background (referred to as envelope-like). In this paper, we propose a novel object extraction approach by integrating two kinds of "complementary" saliency maps (i.e., sketch-like and envelope-like maps). In our approach, the extraction process is decomposed into two sub-processes, one used to extract a high-precision result based on the sketch-like map, and the other used to extract a high-recall result based on the envelope-like map. Then a classification step is used to extract an exact object based on the two results. By transferring the complex extraction task to an easier classification problem, our approach can effectively break down the integrity problem. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms six state-of-art saliency-based methods remarkably in automatic object extraction, and is even comparable to some interactive approaches.
Modulation of Gemcitabine (2′,2′-Difluoro-2′-Deoxycytidine) Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Bioavailability in Mice by 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrouridine (2008)

Abstract Purpose: In vivo, 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (dFdC) is rapidly inactivated by gut and liver cytidine deaminase (CD) to 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (dFdU). Consequently, dFdC has poor oral bioavailability and is administered i.v., with associated costs and limitations in administration schedules. 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrouridine (THU) is a potent CD inhibitor with a 20% oral bioavailability. We investigated the ability of THU to decrease elimination and first-pass effect by CD, thereby enabling oral dosing of dFdC. Experimental Design: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for plasma dFdC and dFdU. Mice were dosed with 100 mg/kg dFdC i.v. or orally with or without 100 mg/kg THU i.v. or orally. At specified times between 5 and 1,440 min, mice (n = 3) were euthanized. dFdC, dFdU, and THU concentrations were quantitated in plasma and urine. Results: THU i.v. and orally produced concentrations &gt;4 μg/mL for 3 and 2 h, respectively, whereas concentrations of &gt;1 μg/mL have been associated with near-complete inhibition of CD in vitro. THU i.v. decreased plasma dFdU concentrations but had no effect on dFdC plasma area under the plasma concentration versus time curve after i.v. dFdC dosing. Both THU i.v. and orally substantially increased oral bioavailability of dFdC. Absorption of dFdC orally was 59%, but only 10% passed liver and gut CD and eventually reached the systemic circulation. Coadministration of THU orally increased dFdC oral bioavailability from 10% to 40%. Conclusions: Coadministration of THU enables oral dosing of dFdC and warrants clinical testing. Oral dFdC treatment would be easier and cheaper, potentially prolong dFdC exposure, and enable exploration of administration schedules considered impractical by the i.v. route.
An inhibitor of phospholipase D in saliva (1974)

1. Bovine, dog and human saliva contain substances which inhibit the soluble phospholipase D present in grass leaf or celery stalk. 2. The inhibitor in bovine saliva is of high molecular weight and exhibits considerable stability to heat, acids and alkalis. 3. The inhibitor has been purified free from salivary mucoprotein. 4. It is suggested that the inhibitor could protect the upper alimentary tract of a herbage-eating animal from the necrotic action of phospholipase D.
Automatic generation of scheduling and communication code in real-time parallel programs (1995)

Inter-process communication and scheduling are notorious problem areas in the design of real-time systems. Using CASE tools, the system design phase will in general result in a system description in the form of parallel processes. Manual allocation of these processes to processors may result in error prone and/or slow communication code. Scheduling of the processes, necessary to meet timing constraints, is also a tedious task that takes many iterations. The described design tools result in code that is comparable in quality and performance with expert manual realization. Many network layers have been implemented to relieve the user from the low-level programming of communication software. However, the increase in user-friendliness is usually paid with performance degradation. The proposed approach combines user-friendliness with high performance by generating communication software that is tailor-made for the application. A similar approach is followed with the scheduling software. Schedulers in the form of a built-in a kernel are available all the time and cause overhead all the time. The proposed preprocessor tool generates scheduling software after analyzing the timing requirements of the particular application. This results in simple code for simple timing requirements and more complicated code for complex timing requirements. The tools have been implemented in Occam for use on a transputer. However, the results are valid for any distributed memory machine.
PRECIPITATION OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE FROM SODIUM ALUMINATE, BY TREATMENT WITH FORMALIN, AND PREPARATION OF ALUMINUM OXIDE (2006)

SUMMARY Aluminum oxide has been prepared by thermal dissociation of aluminum hydroxide obtained by precipitation, with formalin, from sodium aluminate with Na2O/Al2O3 molar ratio, M, between 1.5 and 2.0. The effect of aluminate molar ratio on the pore volume and specific surface area of the aluminum oxide was investigated. It was found that pore volume and specific surface area increased with decreasing Na2O/Al2O3 molar ratio. Aluminum oxide of pore volume 0.60–0.63 cm 3 g −1 and specific surface area 300–320 m 2 g −1 was obtained from sodium aluminate with M = 1.5. It was found that the concentration of the sodium aluminate mother liquor affects the yield of aluminum oxide and the pore volume but does not significantly affect the specific surface area.
LBP and CD14 Secreted in Tears by the Lacrimal Glands Modulate the LPS Response of Corneal Epithelial Cells (2005)

Tear CD14 and LBP complemented the LPS receptor complex expressed by the corneal epithelia to trigger an immune response in the presence of LPS. The complementation of these tear and corneal immune proteins could play an important role in LPS recognition and signaling and, therefore, could modulate ocular innate immunity.
Optimal design of a 3D-printed scaffold using intelligent evolutionary algorithms (2015)

• The aggregated artificial neural network was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of printing parameters on the compressive strength and porosity of scaffolds. • Particle swarm optimization algorithm was implemented to obtain the optimum topology of the AANN. Pareto front optimization was used to determine the optimal setting parameters. • The presented results and discussion can give informative information to practitioners who want to design a porous structure, and need to know the impact of influential design parameters. Fabrication of three-dimensional structures has gained increasing importance in the bone tissue engineering (BTE) field. Mechanical properties and permeability are two important requirement for BTE scaffolds. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds are highly dependent on the processing parameters. Layer thickness, delay time between spreading each powder layer, and printing orientation are the major factors that determine the porosity and compression strength of the 3D printed scaffold. In this study, the aggregated artificial neural network (AANN) was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of layer thickness, delay time between spreading each layer, and print orientation of porous structures on the compressive strength and porosity of scaffolds. Two optimization methods were applied to obtain the optimal 3D parameter settings for printing tiny porous structures as a real BTE problem. First, particle swarm optimization algorithm was implemented to obtain the optimum topology of the AANN. Then, Pareto front optimization was used to determine the optimal setting parameters for the fabrication of the scaffolds with required compressive strength and porosity. The results indicate the acceptable potential of the evolutionary strategies for the controlling and optimization of the 3DP process as a complicated engineering problem.
Diverse Transcriptional Response of CD4+ T Cells to Stromal Cell-Derived Factor (SDF)-1: Cell Survival Promotion and Priming Effects of SDF-1 on CD4+ T Cells (2001)

Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 is a ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 which is broadly expressed in lymphocytes, but the effects of SDF-1 on T cells are largely unknown. When examined using complementary DNA microarray, up-regulation of genes which are associated with DNA repair, detoxification, apoptosis, cell morphology, cell adhesion, and signal transduction was seen in CD4(+) T cells upon SDF-1 exposure. SDF-1 was shown to promote CD4(+) T cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)- and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-cascades without cell cycle progression. The proapoptotic Bcl-2 antagonistic of cell death protein was also seen inactivated by the SDF-1-mediated activation of MAPK-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-ribosomal S6 kinases- and PI3K-pathways. Moreover, the genes known to be associated with cell survival were up-regulated upon SDF-1 exposure and were linked to the MAPK-MEK and PI3K-pathways. Thus, SDF-1 promotes cell survival by two mechanisms: posttranslational inactivation of the cell death machinery and an increased transcription of cell survival-related genes. SDF-1 also primed resting CD4(+) T cells for cytokine- and TCR-mediated stimuli. These data suggest that the SDF-1-mediated cell survival combined with its priming function would set T cells to respond to immunologic challenges.
Distributed in-line optical regenerationfor massive WDM transmission (1999)

The implementation of optical regeneration in massive WDM transmission systems requires in-line regenerators which have a large number of parallel stages. A novel distributed regeneration scheme is proposed in which the regenerators are more closely spaced and include a limited number of stages.