gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subcellular Localization of Chitinase and of Its Potential Substrate in Tomato Root Tissues Infected by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>radicis-lycopersici</i> (1990)

Antiserum raised against a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) chitinase (molecular mass of 26 kilodaltons) was used as a probe to study the subcellular localization of this enzyme in tomato root tissues infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. A time-course experiment revealed that chitinase accumulated earlier in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible one. However, in both systems, chitinase deposition was largely correlated with pathogen distribution. The enzyme was found to accumulate in areas where host walls were in close contact with fungal cells. In contrast, the enzyme could not be detected in vacuoles and intracellular spaces. The substantial amount of chitinase found at the fungus cell surface supports the view of an antifungal activity. However, the preferential association of the enzyme with altered fungal wall areas indicates that chitinase activity is either preceded by the hydrolytic action of other enzymes such as beta-1,3-glucanases or coincides with these enzymes. The possibility that fungal glucans released through the action of beta-1,3-glucanases may act as elicitors of chitinase production is discussed.
A structural basis for antigen recognition by the T cell-like lymphocytes of sea lamprey (2010)

Adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates is mediated by leucine-rich repeat proteins called "variable lymphocyte receptors" (VLRs). Two types of VLR (A and B) are expressed by mutually exclusive lymphocyte populations in lamprey. VLRB lymphocytes resemble the B cells of jawed vertebrates; VLRA lymphocytes are similar to T cells. We determined the structure of a high-affinity VLRA isolated from lamprey immunized with hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) in unbound and antigen-bound forms. The VLRA-HEL complex demonstrates that certain VLRAs, like gammadelta T-cell receptors (TCRs) but unlike alphabeta TCRs, can recognize antigens directly, without a requirement for processing or antigen-presenting molecules. Thus, these VLRAs feature the nanomolar affinities of antibodies, the direct recognition of unprocessed antigens of both antibodies and gammadelta TCRs, and the exclusive expression on the lymphocyte surface that is unique to alphabeta and gammadelta TCRs.
A genetic linkage map for coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) (2008)

Construction of genetic linkage maps is an important first step for a variety of genomic applications, such as selective breeding in aquaculture, comparative studies of chromosomal evolution and identification of loci that have played key roles in the evolution of a species. Here we present a sex-specific linkage map for coho salmon. The map was constructed using 148 AFLP markers, 133 microsatellite loci and the phenotypic locus SEX. Twenty-four linkage groups spanning 287.4 cM were mapped in males, and 33 linkage groups spanning 429.7 cM were mapped in females. Several male linkage groups corresponded to two female linkage groups. The combination of linkage groups across both sexes appeared to characterize regions of 26 chromosomes. Two homeologous chromosomes were identified based on information from duplicated loci. Homologies between the coho and rainbow trout maps were examined. Eighty-six loci were found to form common linkage relationships between the two maps; these relationships provided evidence for whole-arm fissions, fusions and conservation of chromosomal regions in the evolution of these two species.
Crosstalk driven routing advice (2002)

This paper examines the feasibility of generating routing advice for interconnects on printed circuit boards (PCBs) at the design stage, on the basis of crosstalk noise requirements and relevant timing information. A set of analytical expressions have been developed to relate physical design parameters, such as the spacing between a pair of coupled signal lines, to the amount of crosstalk noise generated on these lines. Timing windows have been used to define time intervals during which noise on a specific signal line can affect the functioning of the entire system. An algorithm has been developed, based on the above expressions, to estimate the minimum safe spacing between a pair of coupled signal lines, given the crosstalk noise budget and timing information.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Computer aided inspection system for food products using machine vision &#x2014; A review (2013)

The aim of this review paper is to emphasis Computer Aided Inspection (CAI) system for the detection of defects in food products. As the food products are being consumed directly (processed / Unprocessed) by human beings, defects in food products cause serious health hazards which insists to develop an inspection system which facilitates for food products of high quality and safety standards. CAI system provides an alternative for an automated, non-destructive and cost effective technique to accomplish accurate, fast and objective quality determination. This CAI system is based on image Analysis and processing which can be adopted in food industry. The various stages of CAI system consists of preprocessing, enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Considerable research as proven its potential for inspection and grading of fruits, meat, vegetables, grain, bakery products, confessionary products and processed food products. This paper reviews the recent development and advances of CAI in the food industry. The fundamental elements of the system and technology are examined.
Morphology and Stability of CO<sub>2</sub>-in-Water Foams with Nonionic Hydrocarbon Surfactants (2010)

The morphologies, stabilities, and viscosities of high-pressure carbon dioxide-in-water (C/W) foams (emulsions) formed with branched nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants were investigated by in situ optical microscopy and capillary rheology. Over two dozen hydrocarbon surfactants were shown to stabilize C/W foams with Sauter mean bubble diameters as low as 1 to 2 microm. Coalescence of the C/W foam bubbles was rare for bubbles larger than about 0.5 microm over a 60 h time frame, and Ostwald ripening became very slow. By better blocking of the CO(2) and water phases with branched and double-tailed surfactants, the interfacial tension decreases, the surface pressure increases, and the C/W foams become very stable. For branched surfactants with propylene oxide middle groups, the stabilities were markedly lower for air/water foams and decane-water emulsions. The greater stability of the C/W foams to coalescence may be attributed to a smaller capillary pressure, lower drainage rates, and a sufficient surface pressure and thus limiting surface elasticity, plus small film sizes, to hinder spatial and surface density fluctuations that lead to coalescence. Unexpectedly, the foams were stable even when the surfactant favored the CO(2) phase over the water phase, in violation of Bancroft's rule. This unusual behavior is influenced by the low drainage rate, which makes Marangoni stabilization of less consequence and the strong tendency of emerging holes in the lamella to close as a result of surfactant tail flocculation in CO(2). The high distribution coefficient toward CO(2) versus water is of significant practical interest for mobility control in CO(2) sequestration and enhanced oil recovery by foam formation.
Comparison of mononuclear cell subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in acute rejection after lung transplantation and Mycoplasma infection in rats. (1990)

Acute lung rejection after orthotopic left lung transplantation and Mycoplasma pulmonis infection were studied immunohistologically by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in inbred rats using monoclonal antibodies differentiating lymphocyte and macrophage subpopulations. Twenty transplants in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-different strain combination (Brown-Norway/Lewis) were examined 2, 4, and 6 days after transplantation. Thirty isotransplants (Lewis/Lewis) and normal Lewis rats were used as controls. Eight Lewis rats with acute Mycoplasma pulmonis infection and six Lewis rats with chronic Mycoplasma infection also underwent BAL. Mononuclear cell subpopulations were analyzed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to MHC and macrophage differentiation antigens: ED1 monocyte/macrophages, ED2 inflammatory tissue macrophages, OX19 T lymphocytes, and OX12 B lymphocytes. The following results were obtained: (1) All allotransplants developed acute rejection on day 2, and it advanced until day 6, demonstrating severe perivascular and peribronchiolar infiltration of inflammatory tissue macrophages (ED1+/ED2+): (2) the proportion and number of inflammatory macrophages (ED2+) in BAL fluid increased on day 6; (3) in BAL the proportion and number of T lymphocytes (OX19+) increased more prominently than B lymphocytes (OX12+) on day 6 of acute rejection; (4) in infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis the increase of T lymphocytes (OX19+) in BAL was more prominent than that of B lymphocytes (OX12+). In conclusion, serial analysis of macrophage, T- and B-lymphocyte antigens was performed. The increase of the proportion of inflammatory macrophages (ED2+) and lymphocytes (OX19+, OX12+) in BAL fluid occurred rather late in the rejection response. This limits the use of BAL as an early diagnostic method of allografted lung rejection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evidence and perspective for the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in ischemic stroke and its therapeutic potential (Review) (2018)

Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and disablement globally. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is established as a sensor of detecting cellular damage and modulating inflammatory responses to injury during the progress of ischemic stroke. Inhibiting or blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome at different stages, including expression, assembly, and secretion, may have great promise to improve the neurological deficits during ischemic stroke. The current review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding in the literature of the molecular structure, expression, and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
<title>Optics For Multibeam Optical Disk Systems (OMODS)</title> (1982)

Optical disc recorder systems are being developed for ultra-high data rate, high-density applications. These systems utilize multiple independently modulated laser beams to simultaneously record closely spaced tracks of data with near diffraction limited performance. The record and playback laser source for these systems is an argon laser whose output is efficiently split into the number of beams needed to achieve the desired data rates. Two techniques for beamsplitting were evaluated -- acousto-optic deflectors and phase gratings. The record beams are passed through a multiple transducer A-0 modulator to encode the desired information to be recorded and focused onto the optical disc to form closely spaced tracks. A second set of low-power unmodulated beams pass through the same optical system and are focused onto the optical disc to allow playback while recording for data verification purposes. These same beams are also used for normal playback during subsequent data retrieval operations. The optical designs for these systems will be described and test results presented.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 49) (2016)

Abstract Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since June 2016 are reviewed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-accuracy spectrometer for measurement of regular spectral transmittance (1995)

A high-accuracy spectrometer has been developed for measuring regular spectral transmittance. The spectrometer is an automated, single-beam instrument that is based on a grating monochromator, reflecting optics, and an averaging sphere detector unit with a silicon photodiode. The uncertainties related to wavelength calibration, detector nonlinearity, system instability, beam displacement, polarization, stray light, interreflections, and beam uniformity are determined for the visible spectral range from 380 to 780 nm. A total uncertainty of 3 × 10(-4) (1σ) is estimated for transmittance measurements of homogeneous neutral-density filters. The uncertainty of the wavelength scale is 0.06 nm. As a specific application, calibration of V(λ)-correction filters is studied. To verify the accuracy of the transmittance measurements, a comparison of the measured and predicted transmittances of a sample of high-purity fused silica is made, revealing agreement at the 5 × 10(-4) level.
[Structure-functional properties of conjugates of proteins with polyalkylene oxides: study by a fluorescence method]. (1993)

A fluorescent study of some structural and functional properties of conjugates of a number of proteins (bovine serum albumin, pyruvate kinase, alpha-chymotrypsin, and the two toxic proteins of plant origin--ricin and viscumin) with polyalkylene oxides (polyethylene glycol and pluronic) has been carried out. Analysis of the intrinsic protein fluorescence showed that the structure and stability of various protein conjugates to denaturing agents change only slightly: the conformational mobility of tryptophan residues accessible to the solvent decreases, whereas that of tryptophan residues localized in the protein regions of low polarity remains unchanged. Besides, the conjugates display a higher thermal stability in comparison with their native proteins. The fluorescence of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid and water insoluble 2',3',4',5'-tetrabenzoylriboflavin bound to the native and modified proteins indicated that modification of the proteins with polyalkylene oxides decreased the polarity and increased the viscosity of the microenvironment. Hence, this modification makes it possible to change some functional characteristics of the protein without causing any significant changes in its structure.
Un intento de ejecutar el paradigma dinámico. Evaluación de audiometrías y espirometrías en una empresa mexicana (2019)

Introducción: Se evalúan las ventajas de un paradigma dinámico en salud y seguridad en el trabajo, así como la audiometría y la espirometría sistemáticas, como lo primeros pasos en la prevención. Material y método: Se evaluaron en total 134 trabajadores (104 audiometrías y 30 espirometrías), utilizando un audímetro y un espirómetro tradicional y el método de Fletcher modificado. Los exámenes los realizó el mismo equipo, bien calificado, bajo condiciones de temperatura, presión y ruido. Resultados: Se constató una frecuencia alarmante de enfermedades auditivas y respiratorias no relacionadas con la edad ni con la antigüedad en el puesto, lo que hace sospechar de una exposición mantenida a los dos riesgos: ruido y polvo. Conclusiones y recomendaciones: Una alta frecuencia de trastornos auditivos y respiratorios fue el resultado de la pesquisa realizada, necesitando esta empresa un programa de capacitación y sistemas de vigilancia sobre riegos del trabajo, lo que evitará la hipoacusia profesional en muchos casos.
Present‐day zonal wind influences projected Indian Ocean Dipole skewness (2016)

Abstract A prominent feature of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is its positive skewness, where positive phases tend to be stronger in amplitude than the negative phase. Positive IOD events are associated with devastating floods over parts of East Africa and India, while Australia and Indonesia experience dry conditions. Under greenhouse warming, climate models project a weakening of the positive IOD skewness, but their simulation of present‐day skewness is too weak. Here we show that this bias and the projected skewness change are related to the simulation of the climatological zonal wind in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. In particular, models with overly weak present‐day westerlies, which is a common model bias, generate overly weak present‐day skewness and a smaller projected reduction in skewness. Improving the ability of models in simulating stronger westerly winds may lead to stronger present‐day simulated skewness and a larger skewness reduction in a warmer climate.
RNA Elements in Open Reading Frames of the Bluetongue Virus Genome Are Essential for Virus Replication (2014)

Members of the Reoviridae family are non-enveloped multi-layered viruses with a double stranded RNA genome consisting of 9 to 12 genome segments. Bluetongue virus is the prototype orbivirus (family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus), causing disease in ruminants, and is spread by Culicoides biting midges. Obviously, several steps in the Reoviridae family replication cycle require virus specific as well as segment specific recognition by viral proteins, but detailed processes in these interactions are still barely understood. Recently, we have shown that expression of NS3 and NS3a proteins encoded by genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus is not essential for virus replication. This gave us the unique opportunity to investigate the role of RNA sequences in the segment 10 open reading frame in virus replication, independent of its protein products. Reverse genetics was used to generate virus mutants with deletions in the open reading frame of segment 10. Although virus with a deletion between both start codons was not viable, deletions throughout the rest of the open reading frame led to the rescue of replicating virus. However, all bluetongue virus deletion mutants without functional protein expression of segment 10 contained inserts of RNA sequences originating from several viral genome segments. Subsequent studies showed that these RNA inserts act as RNA elements, needed for rescue and replication of virus. Functionality of the inserts is orientation-dependent but is independent from the position in segment 10. This study clearly shows that RNA in the open reading frame of Reoviridae members does not only encode proteins, but is also essential for virus replication.
Gliomatosis Cerebri Presenting as Intractable Epilepsy During Early Childhood (1995)

We review 160 cases of gliomatosis cerebri from the literature and report an additional three infants and young children who presented with intractable epilepsy, corticospinal tract deficits, and developmental delay in whom a pathologic diagnosis was made. The progressive nature of the encephalopathy in our cases was documented by serial clinical examination, electroencephalograms, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic scans. The natural history of gliomatosis cerebri was determined by a retrospective review of the literature of 160 cases in 85 reports. The most common neurologic symptoms and signs included corticospinal tract deficits (58%), dementia/mental retardation (44%), headache (39%), seizures (38%), cranioneuropathies (37%), increased intracranial pressure (34%), and spinocerebellar deficits (33%). The most commonly involved central nervous system structures were the centrum semiovale and cerebrum (76%), mesencephalon (52%), pons (52%), thalamus (43%), basal ganglia (34%), and the cerebellum (29%). Fifty-two percent of patients were dead within 12 months of onset. Different grades of glial neoplasm may also coexist within gliomatosis cerebri such as astrocytoma with anaplastic astrocytoma, atypical or anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma multiforme. Hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of gliomatosis cerebri include blastomatous dysgenesis, diffuse infiltration, multicentric origin, in situ proliferation, and "field transformation." The biologic determinants of whether a transformed glial cell behaves as a relatively localized tumor mass or truly loses anchorage dependence to become migratory as well as proliferative are not understood.
Tilted-front-interface chirped mirrors (2001)

One can achieve perfect impedance matching of dispersive mirrors to the environment over an arbitrarily broad spectral range by tilting the front interface with respect to internal interfaces of the multilayer. As a result, by drawing on this concept one can increase the bandwidth over which the dispersion of the mirrors can be controlled to a full optical octave, limited only by technological constraints (number of layers that can be coated and accuracy of thickness control). Additionally, the undesired fluctuations of the group-delay dispersion as a function of optical frequency are dramatically reduced for tilted-front-interface mirrors compared with conventional chirped mirrors.
The guanylate cyclase/receptor family of proteins (1989)

Guanylate cyclase, which catalyzes the formation of cGMP from GTP, exists in both the soluble and particulate fractions of cells. At least two different cellular compartments for the particulate enzyme exist: the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton. The enzyme form found in the soluble fraction is a heterodimer that can be regulated by free radicals and nitrovasodilators, whereas the membrane form exists as a single‐chain polypeptide that can be regulated by various peptides. These peptides include resact and speract obtained from eggs and atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP). The species of guanylate cyclase present in cytoskeletal fractions resists solubilization with non‐ionic detergents; its structural properties are not yet known. cDNAs encoding the membrane form of guanylate cyclase have been isolated from different tissues and species, and in all cases the DNA sequences predict a protein containing a single transmembrane domain. The carboxyl (intracellular) domain is highly conserved from sea urchins through mammals, whereas the extracellular domain (amino terminus) varies considerably. The predicted amino acid sequences demonstrate that the membrane form of guanylate cyclase is a member of a diverse and complex family of proteins that includes a low molecular weight ANP receptor, protein kinases, and the cytoplasmic form of guanylate cyclase. cDNA encoding a membrane form of the enzyme from mammalian tissues has been expressed in cultured cells, and the expressed guanylate cyclase specifically binds ANP and is activated by ANP. The membrane form of guanylate cyclase, then, serves as a cell surface receptor, representing the first recognized protein to directly catalyze formation of a low molecular weight second messenger in response to ligand binding.—S chulz , S.; C hinkers , M.; G arbers , D. L. The guanylate cyclase/receptor family of proteins. FASEB J. 3: 2026‐2035; 1989.
Polymer‐Mediated Synthesis of Ferritin‐Encapsulated Inorganic Nanoparticles (2007)

Building only on the inside: Poly(methacrylic acid) mediated inhibition of bulk precipitation is used to direct the nucleation and growth of CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3, or calcium phosphate nanoparticles specifically within the empty cavity of the iron-storage protein, apoferritin, to produce new types of biomimetic nanostructures (see image). The approach is facile and should be readily applicable to other capsid-like biological templates, such as viroids, enzyme complexes, and chaperonins.