gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development (2015)

Temperature is a primary factor affecting the rate of plant development. Warmer temperatures expected with climate change and the potential for more extreme temperature events will impact plant productivity. Pollination is one of the most sensitive phenological stages to temperature extremes across all species and during this developmental stage temperature extremes would greatly affect production. Few adaptation strategies are available to cope with temperature extremes at this developmental stage other than to select for plants which shed pollen during the cooler periods of the day or are indeterminate so flowering occurs over a longer period of the growing season. In controlled environment studies, warm temperatures increased the rate of phenological development; however, there was no effect on leaf area or vegetative biomass compared to normal temperatures. The major impact of warmer temperatures was during the reproductive stage of development and in all cases grain yield in maize was significantly reduced by as much as 80−90% from a normal temperature regime. Temperature effects are increased by water deficits and excess soil water demonstrating that understanding the interaction of temperature and water will be needed to develop more effective adaptation strategies to offset the impacts of greater temperature extreme events associated with a changing climate.
Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond in Vapor of Methanol-Based Liquid Solutions (2000)

A method for depositing diamond crystals and diamond films from methanol-based liquid solutions is reported. Liquid solutions are prepared by mixing methanol with other carbon containing liquid compounds which contain a greater than one ratio of carbon to oxygen such as acetone, ethanol, and iso-propanol. An electrical discharge is generated by microwave power in a metal cavity in order to dissociate the vapor mixture from one of the liquid solutions, from which radicals such as OH, O, and H that etch non-diamond carbon much faster than diamond, as well as carbon containing radicals such as CH3 are produced on and near a substrate surface. Graphitic, amorphous and other forms of non-diamond carbon deposits are either suppressed from being deposited on the substrate or preferentially etched by OH, O, and H radicals resulting in the deposition of high quality diamond crystals and diamond films without the need for compressed gases such as hydrogen and methane.
β2-Adrenergic Receptor Haplotypes in Mild, Moderate and Fatal/Near Fatal Asthma (1998)

Excess beta2-agonist use in asthmatics has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The mechanisms responsible for these observations are unknown. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) at amino acid positions 16, 27, and 164, which are known to alter receptor functions in vitro, may predispose asthmatics to fatal/near-fatal asthma and/or modify asthma severity. In preliminary studies we found significant differences in allele frequencies due to ethnic background: Caucasian, Black, Asian Gly16 = 0.61, 0.50, 0.40 and Gln27 = 0.57, 0. 73, 0.80, respectively. beta2AR genotyping was performed on DNA from Caucasians classified as nonasthmatic/nonatopic (n = 84), fatal/near-fatal asthmatics (n = 81) and mild/moderate asthmatics (n = 86). No polymorphism or haplotype was found to be associated with fatal/near-fatal asthma. However, the Gly16/Gln27 haplotype, which undergoes enhanced downregulation in vitro, was substantially more prevalent in moderate asthmatics than in mild asthmatics (p = 0.003, odds ratio = 3.1). We conclude that the beta2AR genotype is not a major determinant of fatal or near-fatal asthma. Furthermore, allele frequency variation among ethnic groups must be considered in clinical studies of beta2AR polymorphisms in asthma.
Impact and opportunities of medium-voltage DC grids in urban railway systems (2016)

Due to the increasing number of power-electronic components connected to the grid, medium-voltage dc (MVDC) grids are a promising alternative to established ac distribution grids. Within this work, the advantages and additional flexibility of substations for (urban) railways connected to future MVDC distribution grids are investigated. Possible topologies are presented and the efficiencies are compared.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the structure and biosynthesis of versiconal acetate (1977)

Non-governmental actors are expected to play an increasing part in both the development and implementation of policy, often supported by state funding. While many welcome these opportunities, they also face a number of dilemmas if they are to maintain their autonomy, distinctiveness and legitimacy with respect to funding bodies, members and users. This project will explore how NGOs experience these dilemmas and the strategies they adopt to address them in three countries with contrasting histories of governance and non-governmental action - Bulgaria, Nicaragua and the UK. The research will be conducted in collaboration with partners at the New Bulgarian University in Sofia, Bulgaria and the University of Central America in Managua, Nicaragua. It will focus on four locality case studies, each set within their national context, to explore, together with participants from NGOs, the challenges they face and their strategies for working in these new spaces. The research methods will include interviews with a range of stakeholders, inquiry groups, a web-based knowledge exchange and an inter-site video conference. The research will also analyse quantitative material in the research sites and countries to contribute to country specific data bases of non-governmental action.
Design and Implementation of Offline Distance Learning System in Teaching Construction Cost Engineering (2016)

This paper introduces current situation and defects of distance teaching platform and puts forward a design scheme to construct a distance teaching platform under the support of internet technology. The system owns diversified functions such as learning mode conversion, online learning and examination, and implements “low-flow” technology. Occupancy rate of such technology for network bandwidth is small in the operation process. Under the conditions of unstable network speed or slow network speed, it can operate fluently to make sure routine teaching and examination can be conducted normally. The application result of this system in Construction Cost Engineering shows that this system plays a significant role in improving the teaching quality of this course. Hence, it is feasible to apply the learning system in other courses.
Medicinal Cannabis—Potential Drug Interactions (2018)

The endocannabinoids system (ECS) has garnered considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target in various carcinomas and cancer-related conditions alongside neurodegenerative diseases. Cannabinoids are implemented in several physiological processes such as appetite stimulation, energy balance, pain modulation and the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interactions could be perceived in drug combinations, so in this short review we tried to shed light on the potential drug interactions of medicinal cannabis. Hitherto, few data have been provided to the healthcare practitioners about the drug⁻drug interactions of cannabinoids with other prescription medications. In general, cannabinoids are usually well tolerated, but bidirectional effects may be expected with concomitant administered agents via affected membrane transporters (Glycoprotein p, breast cancer resistance proteins, and multidrug resistance proteins) and metabolizing enzymes (Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases). Caution should be undertaken to closely monitor the responses of cannabis users with certain drugs to guard their safety, especially for the elderly and people with chronic diseases or kidney and liver conditions.
Annonaceous Acetogenins from the Seeds of Annona squamosa. Non-adjacent Bis-tetrahydrofuranic Acetogenins. (1994)

Four non-adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuranic acetogenins, named squamostatins-B (2), -C (3), -D (4) and -E (5), have been isolated from the petroleum ether extract of Annona squamosa seeds. The structures of these acetogenins have been established on the basis of spectral evidence. C-15/C-16-threo, C-19/C-20-threo, C-23/C-24-erythro stereochemistry was assigned for squamostatins-B and -D, whereas C-15/C-16-threo, C-19/C-20-threo, C-23/C-24-threo stereochemistry was assigened for squamostatins-C and -E. All of these acetogenins, including squamostatin-A, have been established to have C-12/C-15-trans, C-20/C-23-trans stereochemistry by 13C-NMR comparison with synthetic model mono-tetrahydrofuranic compounds. An improved <13>C-NMR assignment of squamostatin-A is presented.
Fuzzy logic PID based control design and performance for a pectoral fin propelled unmanned underwater vehicle (2008)

This paper describes the modeling, simulation, and control of a UUV in six degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motion using two NRL actively controlled-curvature fins. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and experimental results are used in modeling the fin as part of the 6-DOF vehicle model. A fuzzy logic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based control system has been developed to smoothly transition between preprogrammed sets of fin kinematics in order to create a stable and highly maneuverable UUV. Two different approaches to a fuzzy logic PID controller are analyzed: weighted gait combination (WGC), and modification of mean bulk angle bias (MBAB). Advantages and disadvantages of both methods at the vehicle level are discussed. Simulation results show desirable system performance over a wide range of maneuvers.
FairNet: a WDM-based multiple channel lightwave network with adaptive and fair scheduling policy (1993)

Increasing demands for multimedia networking ser- vices will require a much larger bandwidth than what is com- monly available today. Thus, optical medium, which offers a usable bandwidth of the order of Terahertz, is chosen for high- speed local and metropolitan area networks. However, the nodal electronic interfaces cannot cope up with this enormous channel rate of the optical medium. To solve this incompatibility problem, multiple channels are often derived from the optical medium by using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Each of these channels has a smaller bandwidth and can be accessed by elec- tronic interfaces. In this paper, we investigate an efficient and fair access scheme, called FairNet, by which a number of parallel channels can be shared among a number of nodes, connected by an optical bus-based structure. The network consists of AT nodes and W parallel channels. All the channels are slotted and synchronized and the slot length equals the packet transmission time. Since high-speed interfaces are expensive and since optical signal strength reduces with the number of taps, only a small number of transmitters and receivers are used. Specifically, each node is equipped with 1) a tunable transmitter which can be tuned to any of the IV channels, 2) a fixed receiver which can receive from a preassigned channel, and 3) a tunable sensor. Network operating parameters for various fairness criteria (e.g., equal average packet delay at each node) are analytically obtained using both exact and approximate approaches. Also, to adapt to the fluctuations (if any) of the offered loads at various nodes, the transmission probabilities can be dynamically adjusted.
Real-time abnormal motion detection in surveillance video (2008)

Video surveillance systems produce huge amounts of data for storage and display. Long-term human monitoring of the acquired video is impractical and ineffective. Automatic abnormal motion detection system which can effectively attract operator attention and trigger recording is therefore the key to successful video surveillance in dynamic scenes, such as airport terminals. This paper presents a novel solution for real-time abnormal motion detection. The proposed method is well-suited for modern video-surveillance architectures, where limited computing power is available near the camera for compression and communication. The algorithm uses the macroblock motion vectors that are generated in any case as part of the video compression process. Motion features are derived from the motion vectors. The statistical distribution of these features during normal activity is estimated by training. At the operational stage, improbable-motion feature values indicate abnormal motion. Experimental results demonstrate reliable real-time operation.
Neural network detection of management fraud using published financial data (1998)

This paper uses a Artificial Neural Network (AutoNet) to develop a model for detecting management fraud. The study offers an in-depth examination of important publicly available predictors of fraudulent financial statements. We find a model with a high probability of detecting fraudulent financial statements on one sample. The study reinforces the validity and efficiency of AutoNet as a research tool and provides additional empirical evidence regarding the merits of suggested red flags for fraudulent financial statements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of Images for Automatic Colour Correction (1995)

The ways in which image classification can be utilised in automatic colour correction are discussed. Before images can be classified, a restricted set of numeric features must be extracted from image data. Many of these features can be defined on the basis of the statistical distribution of the colour values of pixels. In some cases, however, spatial image properties are also needed. In automatic colour correction, image classification guides the selections made within and between different correction elements including the adjustment of primary colour components, adjustment of tone rendering in Lsa colour space, grey balance adjustment and skin colour correction.
Electron‐count imaging in SEM (1991)

Abstract We propose a method and a system for counting secondary electrons and for displaying micrographs from the SEM in real time. Evaluating the images obtained by the new system, we confirm that electron counting images have a higher signal to noise ratio than analogue images. This tendency is remarkable when the secondary electron signal is weak. We present the method and show experimental results obtained with our novel system for the detection of the secondary electron signal.
Adenosine Activates Mesangial Cell Proliferation (1997)

This study investigates the proliferative effect of adenosine (ADO) in cultured mesangial cells, and the possible mediation of A1 and/or A2 receptors in this proliferative effect of ADO. ADO (10(-5) M) induced a significant increase in the [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA with respect to quiescent cells. This increase was similar to that obtained with the ADO A1 receptor agonist, R-PIA (10(-5) M), and with the ADO A2 receptor agonist, NECA (10(-5) M). Theophylline (10(-4) M), and ADO receptors inhibitor, completely inhibits the ADO-induced proliferation. The combinations NECA + A2 receptor antagonist, PD 116,948 (AT1, 10(-6) M) and PIA + A2 receptor antagonists, PD 115,199 (AT2, 10(-2) M) did not induce any significant difference with respect to cells maintained in control conditions. These findings demonstrate the proliferative effect of ADO in cultured mesangial cells, and that this effect is not specific to either of A1 or A2 receptors activation.
Comparative Proteome and Phosphoproteome Analyses during Cyprid Development of the Barnacle <i>Balanus</i> (<i>=Amphibalanus</i>) <i>amphitrite</i> (2010)

The barnacle Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite) is a major marine biofouling invertebrate worldwide. It has a complex life cycle during which the larva (called a nauplius) molts six times before transforming into the cyprid stage. The cyprid stage in B. amphitrite is the critical stage for the larval decision to attach and metamorphose. In this study, proteome and phosphoproteome alterations during cyprid development/aging and upon treatment with the antifouling agent butenolide were examined with a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) multiplexed fluorescent staining approach. Optimized protein separation strategies, including solution-phase isoelectric fractionation and narrow-pH-range 2-DE, were used in a proteomic analysis. Our results show that the differential regulation of the target proteins is highly dynamic on the levels of both protein expression and posttranslational modification. Two groups of proteins, stress-associated and energy metabolism-related proteins, are differentially expressed during cyprid development. Comparison of the control and treatment groups suggests that butenolide exerts its effects by sustaining the expression levels of these proteins. Altogether, our data suggest that proteins involved in stress regulation and energy metabolism play crucial roles in regulating larval attachment and metamorphosis of B. amphitrite.
Inoculation and growth conditions for high‐cell‐density expansion of mammalian neural stem cells in suspension bioreactors (1999)

Inoculation and growth conditions for the large-scale expansion of mammalian neural stem cells (NSC) have been determined. We examined suspension culture bioreactors of murine NSC, and concluded that the oxygen level should be kept high (20%), and the osmolarity of the medium should be kept low (below 400 mOsm/kg). The pH of the medium was found to have a large effect on cell proliferation, and the best growth characteristics were obtained within an optimum pH range of 7.1 to 7.5. The inoculation conditions were also seen to have a large effect not only on the growth characteristics, but also on the number of cells that die in the initial stages of the culture. For large expansion of cells, low inoculum levels (104 cells/mL) and single-cell suspensions proved superior, whereas, for fast expansion of cells, higher inoculum levels (105 cells/mL) and spheroid inoculum forms were preferred. The inoculum temperature of the medium did not have a large effect on growth characteristics, but the pH greatly influenced cell proliferation. Inoculum pH levels should also be kept between 7.1 and 7.5. If these protocols are followed, high multiplication ratios and viabilities can be obtained in a 5-day batch suspension culture bioreactor run. A large number of cells could then be used in animal models for testing of neural drugs and in research and development toward cures for neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. The results presented here also point the way toward studies on in vitro expansion of human neural stem cells. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 63: 473–483, 1999.
Implementation of programmable multiplierless FIR filters with powers-of-two coefficients (1995)

An observation which is useful for hardware implementation of programmable FIR filters with powers-of-two coefficients (2PFIR filters) is made. Specifically, it is shown that the exponents of filter coefficients representable by the canonical signed digit (CSD) code with M ternary digits can be chosen from some subsets of {0,1,...,M-1}. This observation naturally leads to 2PFIR filters with shorter shifters whose length is strictly less than M and, as a consequence, leads to an efficient hardware structure for programmable 2PFIR filtering. In addition, we present some experimental results indicating that the shifters of 2PFIR filters can be shortened further in some cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Low-Power Integrated Bioamplifier With Active Low-Frequency Suppression (2007)

We present in this paper a low-power bioamplifier suitable for massive integration in dense multichannel recording devices. This bioamplifier achieves reduced-size compared to previous designs by means of active low-frequency suppression. An active integrator located in the feedback path of a low-noise amplifier is employed for placing a highpass cutoff frequency within the transfer function. A very long integrating time constant is achieved using a small integrated capacitor and a MOS-bipolar equivalent resistor. This configuration rejects unwanted low-frequency contents without the need for input RC networks or large feedback capacitors. Therefore, the bioamplifier high-input impedance and small size are preserved. The bioamplifier, implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, has been designed for neural recording of action potentials, and optimised through a transconductance-ef-ficiency design methodology for micropower operation. Measured performance and results obtained from in vivo recordings are presented. The integrated bioamplifier provides a midband gain of 50 dB, and achieves an input-referred noise of 5.6 muVrms. It occupies less than 0.050 mm(2) of chip area and dissipates 8.6 muW.
Equilibrium layers and wall turbulence (1961)

In turbulent flow past rigid boundaries, there can be distinguished regions close to the wall in which the local rates of energy production and dissipation are so large that aspects of the turbulent motion concerned with these processes are determined almost solely by the distribution of shear stress within the region and are independent of conditions outside it. These regions are here called equilibrium layers because of the equilibrium existing between local rates of energy production and dissipation. Three kinds of equilibrium layer have been studied experimentally, the constant-stress layer, the transpiration layer and the zero-stress layer, but there are other possible forms. One that is of importance in the theory of self-preserving flow in boundary layers and in diffusers is the ‘linear-stress’ layer in which the stress increases linearly with distance from the wall. The properties of these various equilibrium layers are considered and the distributions of mean velocity are derived from the equation for the turbulent kinetic energy and certain assumptions of flow similarity. The theory of self-preserving wall flow, usually expressed as a combination of the law of the wall and the defect law, assumes compatibility between the outer flow and the equilibrium layer, and the course of development depends on the kind of equilibrium layer. Earlier work by the author, which assumed the defect law, is only valid if the whole of the equilibrium layer is a constant-stress layer and this is not true in strong adverse pressure gradients. A consistent theory is developed for these flows by assuming a ‘linear-stress’ layer, and the solutions show the relation between flows of finite stress and of zero stress and provide a plausible explanation of the phenomenon of downstream instability observed by Clauser. Self-preserving flow in wedges is treated on similar lines.