gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pair-wise clustering of large scale Granger causality index matrices for revealing communities (2014)

The analysis of large ensembles of time series is a fundamental challenge in different domains of biomedical image processing applications, specifically in the area of functional MRI data processing. An important aspect of such analysis is the ability to reconstruct community network structures based on interactive behavior between different nodes of the network which are captured in such time series. In this study, we start with a previously proposed novel approach that applies the linear Granger Causality concept to very high-dimensional time series. This approach is based on integrating dimensionality reduction into a multivariate time series model. If residuals of dimensionality reduced models can be transformed back into the original space, prediction errors in the high-dimensional space may be computed, and a large scale Granger Causality Index (lsGCI) is properly defined. The primary goal of this study was then to present an approach for recovering network structure from such lsGCI interactions through the application of pair-wise clustering. We specifically focus on a clustering approach based on topographic mapping of proximity data (TMP) for this purpose. We demonstrate our approach with a simulated network composed of five pair-wise different internal networks with varying strengths of community structure (based on the number of inter-network vertices). Our results suggest that such pair-wise clustering with TMP is capable of reconstructing the structure of the original network from lsGCI matrices that record the interactions between different nodes of the network when there is sufficient disparity between the intra- and inter-network vertices.
Linear mass calibration in the quadrupole ion‐trap mass spectrometer (1994)

Abstract A new method of operation of the quadrupole ion‐trap mass spectrometer in the resonance ejection mode is introduced, that enables one to obtain accurate, linear mass calibration. The method employs linear modulation of the excitation voltage applied to the end‐caps while scanning the RF trapping field on the ring electrode. Calibration lines can be defined by a single calibration point because they converge near the reference point where the mass and trapping voltage are equal to zero. Mass assignment accuracy is achieved which is within, or of the order of, errors usually associated with the space‐charge effect. The method was implemented on a modified ion‐trap detector for ions formed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption, but can be used with other ionization techniques and applied to both external and internal calibration routines.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Induces Nuclear Factor-κB Activation (1998)

Inflammatory responses are a major component of secondary injury and play a central role in mediating the pathogenesis of acute and chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is required for the transcriptional activation of a variety of genes regulating inflammatory, proliferative, and cell death responses of cells. In this study we examined the temporal and cellular expression of activated NF-κB after traumatic SCI. We used a contusion model (N.Y.U. Impactor) to initiate the early biochemical and molecular changes that occur after traumatic injury to reproduce the pathological events associated with acute inflammation after SCI. The activation and cellular distribution of activated NF-κB was evaluated by using a monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes activated p65 in a NF-κB dimer. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses demonstrated that NF-κB activation occurred as early as 0.5 hr postinjury and persisted for at least 72 hr. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we demonstrate that NF-κB is activated after SCI. In our immunohistochemical, Western, and EMSA experiments there are detectable levels of activated NF-κB in our control animals. Using double-staining protocols, we detected activated NF-κB in macrophages/microglia, endothelial cells, and neurons within the injured spinal cord. Colocalization of activated NF-κB with the NF-κB-dependent gene product, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suggests functional implications for this transcription factor in the pathogenesis of acute spinal cord injury. Although there is considerable evidence for the involvement of an inflammatory reaction after traumatic SCI, this is the first evidence for the activation of NF-κB after trauma. Strategies directed at blocking the initiation of this cascade may prove beneficial as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute SCI.
Drag Torque and Synchronization modelling in a Dual Clutch Transmission (2018)

Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) is a big consideration in the automotive industry.
In order to create an as pleasant driving experience as possible for the driver,
NVH should be minimized. One of the sources of NVH comes from the transmission
due to the synchronization process. When shifting between gears, the speeds of the
target gear and the output shaft it is supported by, have to be synchronized. This
is achieved through synchronization rings that, through friction, synchronize the
speeds of the components before engaging them to each other. However, there is a
torque, the gearbox’s drag torque, that can interfere with this process by slowing
down the input shaft. This drag torque therefore aids the synchronization process
during an up-shift and resists it during a down-shift. Today’s automotive industry
lacks a definite method to calculate this drag torque and as a result, values are
assumed to simplify the problem.
This thesis has provided a model that calculates the drag torque at different operating
conditions depending on input speed, input torque, temperature and other
variables. The drag torque comes from several different sources in a transmission and
can be separated into load dependent and speed dependent drag torque. The sources
include viscous shear in the clutch, gears churning in an oil bath, gear windage in an
air-oil mist, bearing rolling elements churning in oil, friction in bearings, friction in
gear meshes, pocketing (also called squeezing) of oil between surfaces in gear meshes
and viscous shear between concentric shafts. The load dependent are those which
are generated through friction, i.e. the friction in bearings and gear meshes. Speed
dependent are those generated through resistance from a surrounding medium.
This thesis has developed multiple models within each source of drag torque and
summed them up for a total drag torque. The results have been compared to test
data to verify which combination of models from each source of drag torque sums up
to a reliable result. The thesis also shows big differences between different models,
but manages to acquire a combination of models that lies relatively close to the test
results.
The thesis has further used the new drag torque model to evaluate the friction lining
on the existing synchronizer rings of a particular transmission to see if the design
is appropriate. It also analyzes how a different inertia in the gearbox influences the
maximum speed the synchronizers are able to synchronize. Here, it is found that
only frictional work and the slip time are influenced of the investigated parameters:
specific frictional work, slip time, pressure, slip speed and specific frictional power.
A 12Gb/s non-contact interface with coupled transmission lines (2011)

The expanding capacity of today's memory cards and increasing speed of processors have created demands for high data rate interfaces between memory cards and processors. Compared to conventional contact pins, wireless interfaces have received tremendous interest for reasons of more convenience, higher reliability, and higher data rate. Two major types of near-field wireless communication techniques using capacitive coupling and inductive coupling channels have been investigated. Tens of Gb/s/ch is achieved using both methods with a communication distance of tens of microns in TCI (thru-chip-interface) applications. However, when the communication distance Centers the mm range in such applications as non-contact memory cards, the sizes of capacitors or inductors must be up scaled to detect enough electrical flux or magnetic flux, whose magnitude decay as 1/d <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> (n>;1). As a result, the self-resonance frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SR</sub> is reduced significantly, which becomes the dominant limiting factor for the achievable data rate, since the maximum data rate is usually chosen as 1/2 or 1/3 of f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SR</sub> in order to avoid signal peaking. Although multi-channel solutions are viable to increase the total data rate, complex systems are required to address the skew issues in synchronization, and low area efficiency is resulted to reduce crosstalk interferences.
Fabrication of SU-8 microstructures for analytical microfluidic applications (2007)

Miniaturization of analytical devices has been an ongoing trend to improve performance of analytical tools. These systems have been microfabricated originally of silicon and glass, but polymers have become increasingly popular as alternative materials. Polymers are mostly used because the material costs are lower and fabrication processes are easier. However, those facts depend heavily on the fabrication method and particular polymer. In this thesis the usability of epoxy-polymer SU-8 has been studied for analytical microfluidic applications. Lithographically defined SU-8 can provide simpler fabrication processes as comparison to silicon and glass fabrication. In this thesis processes for microdevice fabrication of SU-8 are studied and developed. For many devices the proper microchannel enclosure method becomes the most critical fabrication step. Therefore adhesive bonding using SU-8 has been studied extensively.\n\nA widely applicable microchannel fabrication process has been developed as a combination of lithographic patterning of SU-8 and ultraviolet-cured adhesive bonding. This process enables high yield of microfluidic devices with wide range of channel dimensions both laterally and cross-sectionally. Furthermore, multilevel structures are possible, inlet fabrication is easy and alignment of inlets and other structures like electrodes can be done fully lithographically. Hence the SU-8 fabrication process avoids many limitations of the earlier fluidic chip fabrication processes.\n\nSU-8 microchannels have been used for electrophoretic applications for the very first time. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) mobility was measured in the channels and also first electrophoretic separations were made. SU-8 promises good properties for such applications, because the EOF mobility was higher than with most other untreated polymers. Solid phase extraction was integrated to electrophoresis chips to enable sample purification or concentration before the electrophoretic separation. This was realized by applying high aspect ratio pillars and multilevel SU-8 structures. Detection from the chip can be done by fluorescence detection through the SU-8 cover. To improve detection sensitivity mass spectrometric detection was also studied from the chips using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. SU-8 provided good material properties for the ESI-analysis. Furthermore, SU-8 enables accurate tip fabrication that is difficult with most other microfabrication methods.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Its Receptor Ret in the Rat Sweat Gland (2004)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was initially identified as a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons but its effects are not restricted to nervous tissue. It is reported that GDNF-induced intercellular signaling is necessary for the normal development of a variety of non-neural tissues. In this study, immunoreactivities of both GDNF and its functional receptor Ret were evaluated in normal adult rat sweat gland by light and electron microscopy. Ret was found in the epithelial cells of the excretory duct and the coiled secretory terminal of the sweat gland. Electron microscopic observation of the secretory epithelium showed that Ret immunoreactivity is localized in the basal area of the secretory cells, facing myoepithelial cells, but it was not observed in the basal infolding or in the apical region of these cells. On the other hand, GDNF was observed in most myoepithelial cells of the coiled secretory portion of the sweat gland and in a small number of nerve fibers innervating the gland. Although the GDNF-containing nerve fibers cannot be negated as a source of the ligand for Ret in the secretory cells, the finding that GDNF and Ret are localized face to face in adjoining cells in the sweat gland implies another novel trophic role of GDNF in this tissue.
Studies on the Quality Reinforcement for Pneumatic Tire and Tube (Part 6) Physical Properties of the Experimental Production of Tire and Tube (1970)

The physical properties of tire and tube products as a series of experiments have been studied and practical usage has been discussed. 1. The tensile strength and elongation of experimental production of tire and tube revealed better values than those found in requirements of military specification. 2. Adhesion of carcass plies with domestic and foregin cords showed good results in physical properties. 3. Tensile strength of carcass plies, tenacity of domestic cord and breaking energy of tire be exhibited good results.
A multifrequency data set for parallel transmission up to 20 characters per second (1962)

A low-speed data transmission system that permits communication from machine to machine over the telephone network is described. This data set, as part of the general DATA-PHONE service, provides economical data transmission well-suited to data collection of relatively short messages from many transmitters to a single receiver. It transmits alphabetic and numeric characters, asynchronously, using parallel multifrequency signaling techniques. The system has been field tested over a wide variety of telephone facilities with very satisfactory results.
An AlN Sacrificial Buffer Layer Inserted into the GaN/Patterned Sapphire Substrate for a Chemical Lift-Off Process (2010)

InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on triangle-shaped patterned sapphire substrates were separated through a chemical lift-off process by laterally etching an AlN sacrificial layer at the GaN/sapphire substrate interface. After the epitaxial growth, an air-void structure was observed at the patterned region on the sapphire substrate that provided an empty space to increase the lateral etching rate of the AlN buffer layer. The lateral etching rate of the AlN buffer layer was calculated at 10 µm/min for the 100-µm-width LED chip that was lifted off from the sapphire substrate. A triangular-shaped hole structure and a hexagonal-shaped air-void structure were observed on the lift-off GaN surface that was transferred from the patterned sapphire substrate. Comparing to the LED/sapphire structure, a peak wavelength blueshift phenomenon of the micro-photoluminescence spectra was observed on the lifted off LED chip caused by the release of a compressive strain at the GaN/sapphire substrate interface. The chemical lift-off process was achieved by using an AlN buffer layer as a sacrificial layer in a hot potassium hydroxide solution.
On the Performance Bounds of some Policy Search Dynamic Programming\n Algorithms (2013)

We consider the infinite-horizon discounted optimal control problem\nformalized by Markov Decision Processes. We focus on Policy Search algorithms,\nthat compute an approximately optimal policy by following the standard Policy\nIteration (PI) scheme via an -approximate greedy operator (Kakade and Langford,\n2002; Lazaric et al., 2010). We describe existing and a few new performance\nbounds for Direct Policy Iteration (DPI) (Lagoudakis and Parr, 2003; Fern et\nal., 2006; Lazaric et al., 2010) and Conservative Policy Iteration (CPI)\n(Kakade and Langford, 2002). By paying a particular attention to the\nconcentrability constants involved in such guarantees, we notably argue that\nthe guarantee of CPI is much better than that of DPI, but this comes at the\ncost of a relative--exponential in $\\frac{1}{\\epsilon}$-- increase of time\ncomplexity. We then describe an algorithm, Non-Stationary Direct Policy\nIteration (NSDPI), that can either be seen as 1) a variation of Policy Search\nby Dynamic Programming by Bagnell et al. (2003) to the infinite horizon\nsituation or 2) a simplified version of the Non-Stationary PI with growing\nperiod of Scherrer and Lesner (2012). We provide an analysis of this algorithm,\nthat shows in particular that it enjoys the best of both worlds: its\nperformance guarantee is similar to that of CPI, but within a time complexity\nsimilar to that of DPI.\n
Design and Implementation of a Prototype Smart PARKing (SPARK) System Using Wireless Sensor Networks (2009)

With the rapid proliferation of vehicle availability and usage in recent years, finding a vacant car parking space is becoming more and more difficult, resulting in a number of practical conflicts. Parking problems are becoming ubiquitous and ever growing at an alarming rate in every major city. Lot of research and development is being done all over the world to implement better and smarter parking management mechanisms. Widespread use of wireless technologies paired with the recent advances in wireless applications for parking, manifests that digital data dissemination could be the key to solve emerging parking problems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has attracted increased attention and is rapidly emerging due to their enormous application potential in diverse fields. This buoyant field is expected to provide an efficient and cost-effective solution to the effluent car parking problems. This paper proposes a Smart Parking (SPARK) Management System based on wireless sensor network technology which provides advanced features like remote parking monitoring, automated guidance, and parking reservation mechanism. The paper describes the overall system architecture of SPARK from hardware to software implementation in the view point of sensor networks. We implemented a full-fledged prototype system for parking management to realize the design functionalities and features mentioned. Our preliminary test results show that the performance of this WSN based system can effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing parking hassles thereby minimizing the time consumed to find vacant parking lot, real-time information rendering, and smart reservation mechanisms.
Selective reductions. 29. A simple technique to achieve an enhanced rate of reduction of representative organic compounds by borane-dimethyl sulfide (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective reductions. 29. A simple technique to achieve an enhanced rate of reduction of representative organic compounds by borane-dimethyl sulfideHerbert C. Brown, Yong Moon Choi, and S. NarasimhanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 16, 3153–3163Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00137a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00137a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4555Altmetric-Citations133LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Kronecker Attention Networks (2020)

Attention operators have been applied on both 1-D data like texts and higher-order data such as images and videos. Use of attention operators on high-order data requires flattening of the spatial or spatial-temporal dimensions into a vector, which is assumed to follow a multivariate normal distribution. This not only incurs excessive requirements on computational resources, but also fails to preserve structures in data. In this work, we propose to avoid flattening by assuming the data follow matrix-variate normal distributions. Based on this new view, we develop Kronecker attention operators (KAOs) that operate on high-order tensor data directly. More importantly, the proposed KAOs lead to dramatic reductions in computational resources. Experimental results show that our methods reduce the amount of required computational resources by a factor of hundreds, with larger factors for higher-dimensional and higher-order data. Results also show that networks with KAOs outperform models without attention, while achieving competitive performance as those with original attention operators.
卡尔·鲍波尔—垄断国家改良主义哲学家 (1981)

在本章的标题中,我之所以这样称呼鲍波尔,是因为他的哲学主要是为德意志联邦共和国垄断国家改良主义提供理论依据效劳的。不过,我要避免使人产生这样一种印象,好象鲍波尔的哲学并没有被保守势力所利用似的。比如属于鲍波尔“批判理性主义”圈子里的托皮奇(Topitsch),就是一位露骨的保守人物。鲍波尔的哲学成了资产阶级“社会工艺学”,(Sozialtechnologie)一切变种的总根子。
Electrostatic tactile display for presenting surface roughness sensation (2004)

A new tactile display using electrostatic force and friction control has been developed for presenting surface roughness sensation. The device consists of stator electrodes and a thin film slider, on which aluminium conductive layer is deposited. A user puts his index finger on the slider and moves it horizontally to obtain certain tactile sensation. By applying various voltage patterns to stator electrodes, various friction distributions can be generated on the slider, which are transferred to the fingertip so as to generate surface roughness sensation in the subject's nerve system. In this system, finger position is detected by linear encoder equipped on the slider. Applied voltage to the stator is modulated according to the position. Resultantly, the device can simulate fine surface textures with a resolution of several tens of micrometers, even though stator electrodes are aligned with a pitch of 1mm. In this paper, the principle of the device and some simple experimental results are reported. Also, we report a combination of the electrostatic tactile display and LCD visual display.
A 300-MHz 16-b 0.5-μm BiCMOS digital signal processor core LSI (1994)

A 300-MHz 16-b fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) core LSI has been developed for video signal processing. In order to achieve high performance, the DSP core LSI employs a parallel processing architecture, 300-MHz redundant binary arithmetic units, and a sophisticated high-performance electrical design. The DSP core LSI, which was fabricated with 0.5-/spl mu/m BICMOS and triple-level-metallization technology, has a 3.9 mm/spl times/4.6 mm area, and contains about 57K transistors. It consumes 2 W at a 300-MHz clock frequency with a 3.3-V power supply. Measured clock skew and critical path delay are less than 80 ps and 2.6 ns, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water (2003)

Pesticide residues in food and drinking water : , Pesticide residues in food and drinking water : , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی