gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Snow removal--A noise-stripping process for picture signals (1962)

It is quite often possible to separate "picture" from "noise" in a television image. We do this when we view television under unfavorable conditions. This ability of the human observer suggests that completely automatic operation might at least partially separate noise and picture. A nonstationary, nonlinear operation has been found which selectively removes moderate amounts of additive Gaussian noise from a received picture signal. Running tests are performed upon the signal to detect the presence of perceptually significant picture detail in a number of different categories. Depending upon the test results, a selection is made from a number of available smoothing filter modes to maximize the suppression of noise without picture blurring. No preparatory operation is required at the transmitter, so that the technique is compatible with existing picture transmission systems. The process is applicable to conventional broadcast television, and could in principle be incorporated in home receivers to improve reception in fringe areas.
775. Electrophoresis of gold and silver particles (1959)

J. T. Harrison and G. A. H. Elton, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 3838 DOI: 10.1039/JR9590003838
Minimum set of mutations needed to optimize cyan fluorescent proteins for live cell imaging (2012)

Cyan fluorescent proteins (CFPs) are widely used as FRET donors in genetically encoded biosensors for live cell imaging. Recently, cyan variants with greatly improved fluorescence quantum yields have been developed by large scale random mutagenesis. We show that the introduction of only two mutations, T65S and H148G, is able to confer equivalent performances on the popular form ECFP, leading to Aquamarine (QY = 0.89, τ(f) = 4.12 ns). Besides an impressive pH stability (pK(1/2) = 3.3), Aquamarine shows a very low general sensitivity to its environment, and undetectable photoswitching reactions. Aquamarine gives efficient and bright expression in different mammalian cell systems, with a long and single exponential intracellular fluorescence lifetime mostly insensitive to the fusion or the subcellular location of the protein. Aquamarine was also able to advantageously replace the CFP donor in the FRET biosensor AKAR for ratiometric measurements of protein kinase A activity. The performances of Aquamarine show that only two rounds of straightforward single point mutagenesis can be a quick and efficient way to optimize the donor properties in FRET-based biosensors.
Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene <i>Dwarf 1</i> encodes the α-subunit of GTP-binding protein (1999)

A rice Dwarf 1 gene was identified by using a map-based cloning strategy. Its recessive mutant allele confers a dwarf phenotype. Linkage analysis revealed that a cDNA encoding the alpha-subunit of GTP-binding protein cosegregated with d1 in 3,185 d1 segregants. Southern hybridization analysis with this cDNA as a probe showed different band patterns in several d1 mutant lines. In at least four independent d1 mutants, no gene transcript was observed by Northern hybridization analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed that an 833-bp deletion had occurred in one of the mutant alleles, which resulted in an inability to express GTP-binding protein. A transgenic d1 mutant with GTP-binding protein gene restored the normal phenotype. We conclude that the rice Dwarf 1 gene encodes GTP-binding protein and that the protein plays an important role in plant growth and development. Because the d1 mutant is classified as gibberellin-insensitive, we suggest that the GTP-binding protein might be associated with gibberellin signal transduction.
Flammability Resistance Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites (2006)

Current aerospace and naval applications require blast and flammability resistance characteristics. Materials and formulations with flammability resistance properties are most suitable in these type applications since fire and smoke toxicity are inherently associated with blast situations. In this effort, VAHLUP fabricated epoxy nanocomposites are evaluated and characterized for flammability resistance properties such as effective heat of combustion, ignition time, rate of mass loss, rate of heat release and smoke density. The effects of nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites are also evaluated. Uncoated polyaramid papers (Kevlar, Nomex with heat release rates of 0.18, 0.175 MJ/m2 respectively) exhibit better flammability resistance properties than resin/nanocomposites coated polyaramid papers. VAHLUP fabricated epoxy nanocomposites exhibit better flammability resistance properties than cast epoxy nanocomposites. Kapton, polyimide film with ignition time of 90 seconds+] give the best overall flammability resistance properties. Mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites are enhanced by processing. The preliminary data of the influence of the post-curing protocol tend to suggest the 2.0% nanoclay level as the optimal clay content level with respect to mechanical properties.
Brazing with (NiCoCr)–B–Si amorphous brazing filler metals: Alloys, processing, joint structure, properties, applications (2004)

This paper is a detailed and updated review of the properties and specifics of METGLAS amorphous brazing foil (MBF) and a review of the positive qualities it has brought to many applications in the last two decades. The major emphasis is to provide practical guidance for intelligent use that will contain, in the first part, a description of these materials in the virgin as cast state. This state has a unique combination of physical properties. The metallurgical background will also be given in this part to the existing range of available chemical compositions and their potential compatibility with various base metals. The amorphous alloy mechanical properties and thermal stability, wettability over various metals and its dependence on the brazing atmosphere and preform preparation will also be described. The second part presents the properties of MBF joints manufactured from various classes of base metals and obtained under optimised brazing conditions for each class of base metals. Particular attention is given to the joint microstructure/properties relationships yielding brazements with high strength, ductility and corrosion and fatigue resistance. Finally, the versatile technical and manufacturing features of MBF are underlined. These features are the driving force behind the rapid expansion of their applications in various industries. Examples of these applications are also given.
Effects of age at vaccination on efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to protect cattle against brucellosis. (1996)

Immunogenicity and failure to induce antibodies that interfere with the serologic diagnosis of field infections of B abortus make strain RB51 an effective vaccine.
High aspect ratio semiconducting nanostructure random networks: highly versatile materials for multiple applications (2013)

Abstract magnified image In this work we demonstrate that, based on a simple and versatile fabrication method, the collective use and integration of high aspect ratio (AR) nanostructures, here Si and ZnO nanowires (NWs), is possible and addresses multiple application fields, including light detection, active materials for bio‐sensing devices, or materials with interesting wettability properties. A suitable implementation of the filtration method enables then to design networks composed of semiconducting NWs with AR in the range of 10–400. Even for the lowest AR, the network is coherent. However, good electrical properties and flexibility are obtained only for AR greater than 50. magnified image Si nanowire (SiNW) random networks observed by SEM: Large magnification showing the nanowires and low magnification showing the electrical test structure. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light isotope separation in carbon nanotubes through quantum molecular sieving (2001)

The theoretical basis for the phenomenon of quantum sieving is detailed for confined one-dimensional systems. A simple theory is presented to calculate zero-pressure selectivities due to quantum sieving in nanopores. This simple theory is used to evaluate the ability of various carbon nanotubes and interstices of nanotubes to separate mixtures of light-isotope species. Realistic and accurate potentials are used for the interactions between adsorbates and nanotubes. Path integral molecular simulations are also used to determine quantum sieving zero-pressure selectivities. Good agreement is found between the simple theory and detailed path integral calculations. Systems of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{T}}_{2},$ and ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ are studied in this work, as well as ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{CD}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{HD}.$
Some modern methods of organic synthesis (1971)

Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition 1. Formation of carbon-carbon single bonds 2.Formation of carbon-carbon double bonds 3. The Diels-Alder and related reactions 4. Reactions at unactivated C-H bonds 5. Synthetic applications of organoboranes and organosilanes 6. Oxidation 7. Reduction References Index.
Physiological Consequences of Multiple-Target Regulation by the Small RNA SgrS in Escherichia coli (2013)

Cells use complex mechanisms to regulate glucose transport and metabolism to achieve optimal energy and biomass production while avoiding accumulation of toxic metabolites. Glucose transport and glycolytic metabolism carry the risk of the buildup of phosphosugars, which can inhibit growth at high concentrations. Many enteric bacteria cope with phosphosugar accumulation and associated stress (i.e., sugar-phosphate stress) by producing a small RNA (sRNA) regulator, SgrS, which decreases phosphosugar accumulation in part by repressing translation of sugar transporter mRNAs (ptsG and manXYZ) and enhancing translation of a sugar phosphatase mRNA (yigL). Despite a molecular understanding of individual target regulation by SgrS, previously little was known about how coordinated regulation of these multiple targets contributes to the rescue of cell growth during sugar-phosphate stress. This study examines how SgrS regulation of different targets impacts growth under different nutritional conditions when sugar-phosphate stress is induced. The severity of stress-associated growth inhibition depended on nutrient availability. Stress in nutrient-rich media necessitated SgrS regulation of only sugar transporter mRNAs (ptsG or manXYZ). However, repression of transporter mRNAs was insufficient for growth rescue during stress in nutrient-poor media; here SgrS regulation of the phosphatase (yigL) and as-yet-undefined targets also contributed to growth rescue. The results of this study imply that regulation of only a subset of an sRNA's targets may be important in a given environment. Further, the results suggest that SgrS and perhaps other sRNAs are flexible regulators that modulate expression of multigene regulons to allow cells to adapt to an array of stress conditions.
Selective Adherence of IgA to Murine Peyer’s Patch M Cells: Evidence for a Novel IgA Receptor (2002)

M cells represent the primary route by which mucosal Ags are transported across the intestinal epithelium and delivered to underlying gut-associated lymphoid tissues. In rodents and rabbits, Peyer's patch M cells selectively bind and endocytose secretory IgA (SIgA) Abs. Neither the nature of the M cell IgR nor the domains of SIgA involved in this interaction are known. Using a mouse ligated ileal loop assay, we found that monoclonal IgA Abs with or without secretory component, but not IgG or IgM Abs, bound to the apical surfaces of Peyer's patch M cells, indicating that the receptor is specific for the IgA isotype. Human serum IgA and colostral SIgA also bound to mouse M cells. The asialoglycoprotein receptor or other lectin-like receptors were not detected on the apical surfaces of M cells. We used recombinant human IgA1 and human IgA2 Abs and domain swapped IgA/IgG chimeras to determine that both domains Calpha1 and Calpha2 are required for IgA adherence to mouse Peyer's patch M cells. This distinguishes the M cell IgA receptor from CD89 (FcalphaI), which binds domains Calpha2-Calpha3. Finally, we observed by immunofluorescence microscopy that some M cells in the human ileum are coated with IgA. Together these data suggest that mouse, and possibly human, M cells express an IgA-specific receptor on their apical surfaces that mediates the transepithelial transport of SIgA from the intestinal lumen to underlying gut-associated organized lymphoid tissues.
Visual Imaging Technologies, Embodied Sympathy and Control in the 9/11 Wars (2004)

Paradoxically, at its moment of utmost insecurity, America gained a global moral hegemony. Condemnation of the\n9/11 attacks and outpourings of fellow human feeling with America generated a brief and unprecedented consensus on\na global scale. This consensus made the job of securing approbation to acts of aggression relatively easy, effectively resuscitating American control. However, qualities of insecurity and consent are unstable across time. Every action taken by the American state since 9/11 to obtain greater security has whittled away the nation’s control over moral outrage and sympathy, particularly as these responses have relied on divisive models of collective identity.
The experimental and theoretical approaches of contraction stress build-up of anisotropic conductive adhesives for flip chip interconnection (2005)

The important mechanical mechanism for the electrical conduction of anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) is the joint clamping force after curing and cooling-down processes of ACFs. In this study, the mechanism of shrinkage and contraction stress and the relationship between these mechanisms and the thermo-mechanical properties of ACFs are investigated in detail. Both thickness shrinkages and modulus changes of four kinds of ACFs with different thermo-mechanical properties are experimentally investigated with thermo-mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis. Based on the incremental approach to linear elasticity, contraction stresses of ACFs developed along the thickness direction are estimated. Contraction stresses in ACFs were found to be significantly developed by the cooling process from the glass transition temperature to room temperature. Moreover, electrical characteristics of ACF contact during the cooling process indicates that the electrical conduction of ACF joint is robustly maintained by large contraction stress below T/sub g/. The increasing rate of contraction stresses below T/sub g/ was strongly dependent on both thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) and elastic modulus (E) of ACFs. A linear relationship between the experimental increasing rate and E/spl times/CTE reveals that the build-up behavior of contraction stress is closely correlated with the ACF material properties: thermal expansion coefficient, glassy modulus, and T/sub g/.
Shiga Toxin (Verotoxin)-producing<i>Escherichia coli</i> and Foodborne Disease:A Review (2017)

Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) is an important cause of foodborne disease. Since outcomes of the infections with STEC have a broad range of manifestation from asymptomatic infection or mild intestinal discomfort, to bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and death, the disease is a serious burden in public health and classified as a notifiable infectious disease in many countries. Cattle and other ruminants are considered to be the major reservoirs of STEC though isolation of STEC from other animals have been reported. Hence, the source of contamination extends to a wide range of foods, not only beef products but also fresh produce, water, and environment contaminated by excretes from the animals, mainly cattle. A low- infectious dose of STEC makes the disease relatively contagious, and causes outbreaks with unknown contamination sources and, therefore, as a preventive measure against STEC infection, it is important to obtain characteristics of prevailing STEC isolates in the region through robust surveillance. Analysis of the isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) could help finding unrecognized foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of respective contaminated sources. However, though the results of molecular analysis of the isolates could indicate linkage of sporadic cases of STEC infection, it is hardly concluded that the cases are related via contaminated food source if it were not for epidemiological information. Therefore, it is essential to combine the results of strain analysis and epidemiological investigation rapidly to detect rapidly foodborne outbreaks caused by bacteria. This article reviews STEC infection as foodborne disease and further discusses key characteristics of STEC including pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, prevention and control of STEC infection. We also present the recent situation of the disease in Japan based on the surveillance of STEC infection.
Development and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) and casein blend films (2019)

Abstract Blends of plasticized casein (CA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at various ratios were prepared using the solution‐casting method. The prepared blend solutions were cast onto polystyrene petri plates and bend films were obtained. The characterization of films was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurements and water vapour permeability. According to spectroscopic analysis, there were interactions between the CA and PVA molecules. The tensile test results showed that the tensile strength of CA increased with increasing PVA content. The flexibility of plasticized CA film increased with the incorporation of PVA. The thermal stability and water vapour barrier properties of plasticized CA improved on blending with PVA. As a result, it was seen that blend films were successfully produced using plasticized CA and PVA with potential for use in biodegradable packaging applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Detection of invalid routing announcement in the Internet (2003)

Network measurement has shown that a specific IP address prefix may be announced by more than one autonomous system (AS), a phenomenon commonly referred to as Multiple Origin AS, or MOAS. MOAS can be due to either operational need to support multi-homing, or false route announcements due to configuration or implementation errors, or even by intentional attacks. Packets following such bogus routes will be either dropped or in the case of an intentional attack, delivered to a machine of the attacker's choosing. The paper presents a protocol enhancement to BGP which enables BGP to detect bogus route announcements from false origins. Rather than imposing cryptography-based authentication and encryption to secure routing message exchanges, our solution makes use of the rich connectivity among ASs that exists in the Internet. Simulation results show that this simple solution can effectively detect false routing announcements even in the presence of multiple compromised routers, become more robust in larger topologies, and can substantially reduce the impact of false routing announcements even with a partial deployment.
Modulation of myocellular fat stores: lipid droplet dynamics in health and disease (2009)

Storage of fatty acids as triacylglycerol (TAG) occurs in almost all mammalian tissues. Whereas adipose tissue is by far the largest storage site of fatty acids as TAG, subcellular TAG-containing structures--referred to as lipid droplets (LD)--are also present in other tissues. Until recently, LD were considered inert storage sites of energy dense fats. Nowadays, however, LD are increasingly considered dynamic functional organelles involved in many intracellular processes like lipid metabolism, vesicle trafficking, and cell signaling. Next to TAG, LD also contain other neutral lipids such as diacylglycerol. Furthermore, LD are coated by a monolayer of phospholipids decorated with a variety of proteins regulating the delicate balance between LD synthesis, growth, and degradation. Disturbances in LD-coating proteins may result in disequilibrium of TAG synthesis and degradation, giving rise to insulin-desensitizing lipid intermediates, especially in insulin-responsive tissues like skeletal muscle. For a proper and detailed understanding, more information on processes and players involved in LD synthesis and degradation is necessary. This, however, is hampered by the fact that research on LD dynamics in (human) muscle is still in its infancy. A rapidly expanding body of knowledge on LD dynamics originates from studies in other tissues and other species. Here, we aim to review the involvement of LD-coating proteins in LD formation and degradation (LD dynamics) and to extrapolate this knowledge to human skeletal muscle and to explore the role of LD dynamics in myocellular insulin sensitivity.
Secondary Metabolites by Chemical Screening, 25. New Cyclic Polysulfides from Hyperthermophilic Archaea of the Genus <i>Thermococcus</i> (1993)

Abstract From the intact cells of the sulfur‐metabolizing hyperthermophilic archea Thermococcus tadjuricus (strain Ob9) and Thermococcus acidaminovorans (strain Vc6bk) 23 predominantly new cyclic polysulfides could be isolated by using chemical screening methods. The structures of nine preparatively separated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, whereas those of 14 compounds were established by GC‐MS only. Most of the polysulfides are derivatives of 1,2,4‐trithiolane, 1,2,4,5‐tetrathiane and 1,2,3,5,6‐pentathiepane. They differ from each other by aliphatic or aromatic side chains, derived from predominantly metabolized proteinogenic amino acids. The building mechanism and the relevance of the polysulfides are discussed.
The Effect of Herbal Extract (EstroG‐100) on Pre‐, Peri‐ and Post‐Menopausal Women: A Randomized Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Study (2011)

This clinical research study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new herbal product, EstroG-100, containing a mixture of standardized extracts of Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa and Angelica gigas, on menopausal symptoms. This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed for 12 weeks with 64 pre-, peri- and postmenopausal White Hispanic, White non-Hispanic and African American women who were randomly allocated to either the EstroG-100 group (n = 31) or the placebo group (n = 33). Primary end-points were the mean change in scores of the Kupperman menopause index (KMI) that evaluates 11 symptoms, and the mean change in scores of vaginal dryness. The mean KMI score was significantly reduced in the EstroG-100 group from 29.5 ± 7.4 at baseline to 11.3 ± 5.8 (p < 0.01) compared with change of the placebo group (29.2 ± 6.6 at baseline vs 23.7 ± 7.7 at week 12). The constituting symptoms of vasomotor, paresthesia, insomnia, nervousness, melancholia, vertigo, fatigue and rheumatic pain were significantly improved in the EstroG-100 group in comparison with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Statistically significant improvement in vaginal dryness in the EstroG-100 group was also observed compared with that of the placebo group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EstroG-100 significantly improved the menopausal symptoms of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women without weight gain or any serious side effects.