gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The state of the art approaches to estimate the state of health (SOH) and state of function (SOF) of lithium Ion batteries (2015)

This paper discusses the commonly used techniques to estimate the state of health (SOH) and state of function (SOF) of lithium ion batteries and their limitations. Factors affecting the health and SOF of the battery are discussed in this paper. The SOH of the battery is mainly represented by the capacity degradation and the increase in the internal resistance. The other indices that could represent the battery's health are also briefly discussed. The different techniques that are used to estimate the capacity and internal resistance of the battery are discussed along with their limitations. The concept of SOF and its relationship with SOC, SOH and temperature are discussed along with the commonly used techniques to estimate the SOF of the battery. This paper also discusses the limitations in the definition and estimation of the SOF.
Interactions between Schwann cells and macrophages in injury and inherited demyelinating disease (2008)

In this article we first discuss the factors that regulate macrophage recruitment, activation, and myelin phagocytosis during Wallerian degeneration and some of the factors involved in the termination of inflammation at the end of the period of Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injuries. In particular, we deal with the early events that trigger chemokine and cytokine expression; the role of phospholipase A(2) in initiating the breakdown of compact myelin, and chemokine, cytokine expression; and the role of MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and IL-1beta in macrophage recruitment and myelin phagocytosis. We also discuss how inflammation may be switched off and the recently identified role of the Nogo receptor on activated macrophages in the clearance of these cells from the injured nerve. In the second half of the article we focus on the role of certain Schwann cell borne cytokines and chemokines, such as M-CSF and MCP-1 as well as intracellular signaling that regulate their expression in animal models of inherited demyelinating disease. Additionally, we present the preservation of sensory nerves fibers from macrophage attack in these animal models as a challenging paradigm for the development of putative treatment approaches. Finally, we also discuss the similarities and differences in these Schwann cell-macrophage responses in injury-induced Wallerian degeneration and inherited demyelinating diseases. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Schwann cell-macrophage interaction under pathological conditions is an important prerequisite to develop effective treatment strategies for various peripheral nerve disorders.
Relationship between the structure of taxol and other taxanes on induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression and cytotoxicity. (1994)

Taxol is an antitumor drug with cytotoxic properties that correlate with its microtubule-stabilizing activities. It has been reported that taxol parallels lipopolysaccharide in its effects on the induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene expression in macrophages (C. Bogdan and A. Ding, J. Leukocyte Biol., 52: 119-121, 1992; C. L. Manthey, M. E. Brandes, P. Y. Perera, and S. Vogel, J. Immunol., 149: 2459-2465, 1992; J. M. Carboni, C. Singh, and M. A. Tepper, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr., 15: 95-101, 1993). Structure-activity studies using taxol and related taxanes have been done to determine the relationship between the effects of taxol on TNF-alpha gene expression and its cytotoxic and microtubule-stabilizing activities. Using Northern blot analysis, it was found that changes in the structure of taxol that did not alter cytotoxicity did prevent the induction of TNF-alpha gene expression. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that the effects of taxol on TNF-alpha gene expression are distinct from its known cytotoxic properties.
Mining social network of conference participants from the Web (2004)

In a ubiquitous computing environment, it is desirable to provide a user with information depending on a user's situation, such as time, location, user behavior, and social context. At conventions, such as academic conferences and exhibitions, where participants must register in advance, the social context of participants can be extracted from the Web using their names and affiliations without asking the participants many questions. Here, we attempt to extract the social network of participants from the Web, where a node represents a participant and an edge represents the relationship of two participants. Each edge is added using the number of pages retrieved by a search engine which include both participants names. Moreover, each edge has a label such as "coauthors" and "members of the same project" by applying classification rules to the page content. We show an example of the extracted network and make a preliminary evaluation. This network can be used in many information services, such as finding an appropriate introducer or negotiator, and who one should talk to in order to efficiently expand his/her network.
Retinoic acid alters the expression of pattern-related genes in the developing rat lung (1996)

Exogenous retinoids alter pattern formation and differentiation in many developing systems, such as limb, vertebrae, and central nervous system. Many of these effects are mediated by changes in expression of patterning genes such as Hox genes and Sonic hedgehog. We have previously shown that exogenous retinoic acid, administered to the embryonic rat lung in culture alters the structural pattern of the developing lung, suppressing formation of distal lung and favoring growth of proximal tubules. To determine whether these retinoic acid-induced changes in lung development were linked to alterations in pattern-related genes, we characterized the expression of Hoxa-2, Hoxb-6, and Sonic hedgehog mRNAs in vivo and in vitro, with or without 10(-5)M retinoic acid, by in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Each of these genes demonstrated unique timing and distribution of expression that was similar in vivo and in control cultured embryonic lungs. Hoxb-6 and Sonic hedgehog mRNAs both decreased during lung development in vivo or in vitro. From the patterns of mRNA expression we propose that Hoxb-6 is involved in distal airway branching while Hoxa-2 is involved in differentiation of proximal mesenchymal derivatives and vasculogenesis in the lung. RA upregulated all three genes, changing their developmental pattern of distribution and preventing the developmental decrease in Sonic hedgehog expression. We propose that RA acts to maintain high levels of expression of these and likely other pattern-related genes in a fashion that is characteristic of the immature lung, promoting continued formation of proximal lung structures and preventing formation of typical distal lung structures of the mature lung.
A Shadow Dynamic Finite State Machine for Branch Prediction: An Alternative for the 2-bit Saturating Counter (2011)

We propose an adaptive learning machine-based branch predictor – the shadow dynamic finite state machine (SDFSM) – that enables more accurate branch predictions by learning unique branching patterns through a self-modifying technique. SDFSM states represent branch pattern bits. If a state mispredicts a branch, the state is swapped with its shadow state, which represents the correct branching pattern bit. Therefore, the prediction accuracy can reach 100 % if the number of states matches a branch’s pattern length. When compared to a 2-bit saturating counter using bimodal branch predictors, the SDFSM decreases average misprediction rates by 18.3%, with individual decreases as high as 55%. Povzetek: Predstavljena je metoda za učenje vejitvenih vzorcev v procesorju. 1 Introduction and related work In order to meet high performance demands, modern processor architectures exploit varieties of dynamic branch prediction topologies ([4]-[6] provide an excellent introduction and research coverage) to increase
Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Bovine Rumen (1962)

Catabolic intermediates of ~-arginine, n-lysine, and D~,-tryptophan in vivo were compared with previously determined dissimilation products of these amino acids in vitro. The relative concentrations of amino acids and amines of jugular vein-blood plasma were examined at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hr after administration of each amino acid, and rumen ingesta was assayed for amino acids, ammonia, indole, and skatole for a 24-hr period. Dl,-tryptophan (265.5 g), l~-arg'inine" HC1 (274 g), or IAysine. HCI (237 g) dissolved in one liter of water was mixed with the rumen ingesta of one of two tureen-fistula cows 2 hr after feeding 12 lb hay and 8 lb grain.
EINSTEINʼS QUARREL WITH HEISENBERG AND NEILS BOHR (1994)

Mark Rudman has been editor of Pequod Magazine for 10 years and is one of America's brilliant young poet-essayists. He has received numerous awards and a fellowship from the Poets, Essayists, and Novelists translation center. His essays have appeared in Best American Essays, 1991 and conversant essays, as well as American Poetry Review, The Nation, The New York Times Book Review, and the Times Literary Supplement. Mr. Rudman has published a book of criticism on Robert Lowell and two books of poetry, By Contraries and The Nowhere Steps. His poetry can be found in many magazines, including The New Yorker. Mr. Rudman lives in New York City where he teaches at Columbia University and New York University.
Holographic Fourier diffraction gratings with a high diffraction efficiency optimized for optical communication systems (1992)

Novel diffraction gratings in a near-infrared region that is specially optimized for optical communication systems are studied and demonstrated by using a simple holographic exposure process. These gratings have a unique groove profile. The gratings of 770 lines/mm have a very high efficiency of 95% at a wavelength of 1.31 microm and more than 85% at a wavelength of 1.52 microm for nonpolarized light in the Littrow mounting. They also show a very low dependence (less than 2%) of the efficiency on the polarization.
Política fiscal en la UEM: ¿basta con los estabilizadores automáticos? (2008)

Boehringer Ingelheim.
Stability of Water Bells Generated by Jet Impacts on a Disk (2000)

Water bells appear when a cylindrical liquid jet impacts normally onto a disk of similar diameter. First observed and described experimentally by F. Savart, their stationary shape was analytically obtained by J. Boussinesq. Here we consider the stability of these bells and derive a general stability criterion showing their sensitivity both to the pressure difference across the liquid sheet and to the ejection angle from the impacting disk. In this later case, we find a critical angle of ejection above which the bell is periodically destroyed and created.
[A comparative description of the formation of population's demand for medical care]. (2004)

One hundred and twenty seven patients of 24-hour and day-time patient-care facilities (Stavropol Region) were questioned. Problematic situations were denoted in the medical-care system, which are related with a shaping demand for medical care rendered to patients under such service conditions.
Regulation of B-cell development by BCAP and CD19 through their binding to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (2007)

Despite the importance of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in B-cell development, its activation mechanism still remains elusive. In this study, we show that deletion of both BCAP and CD19 leads to an almost complete block of BCR-mediated Akt activation and to severe defects in generation of immature and mature B cells. The YXXM motifs in BCAP and CD19 are crucial for regulating B-cell development in that mutation of these motifs abrogated their ability to induce BCR-mediated Akt activation as well as to promote B-cell development. Furthermore, the developmental defect in CD19(-/-)BCAP(-/-) B cells was partly relieved by introducing a constitutively active form of PI3K or PDK1. Together, our data suggest that BCAP and CD19 have complementary roles in BCR-mediated PI3K activation, thereby, at least in part, contributing to B-cell development.
Regulation of Guanosine Triphosphate Cyclohydrolase and Tetrahydrobiopterin Levels and the Role of the Cofactor in Tyrosine Hydroxylation in Primary Cultures of Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells (1986)

Selective modification of the tetrahydrobiopterin levels in cultured chromaffin cells were followed by changes in the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation. Addition of sepiapterin, an intermediate on the salvage pathway for tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis, rapidly increased intracellular levels of tetrahydrobiopterin and elevated the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation in the intact cell. Tyrosine hydroxylation was also enhanced when tetrahydrobiopterin was directly added to the incubation medium of intact cells. When the cultured chromaffin cells were treated for 72 h with N-acetylserotonin, an inhibitor of sepiapterin reductase, tetrahydrobiopterin content and the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation were decreased. Addition of sepiapterin or N-acetylserotonin had no consistent effect on total extractable tyrosine hydroxylase activity or on catecholamine content in the cultured chromaffin cells. Three-day treatment of chromaffin cell cultures with compounds that increase levels of cyclic AMP (forskolin, cholera toxin, theophylline, dibutyryl- and 8-bromo cyclic AMP) increased total extractable tyrosine hydroxylase activity and GTP-cyclohydrolase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin levels and intact cell tyrosine hydroxylation were markedly increased after 8-bromo cyclic AMP. The increase in GTP-cyclohydrolase and tetrahydrobiopterin induced by 8-bromo cyclic AMP was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Agents that deplete cellular catecholamines (reserpine, tetrabenazine, and brocresine) increased both total tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP-cyclohydrolase activities, although treating the cultures with reserpine or tetrabenazine resulted in no change in cellular levels of cyclic AMP. Brocresine and tetrabenazine increased tetrahydrobiopterin levels, but the addition of reserpine to the cultures decreased catecholamine and tetrahydrobiopterin content and resulted in a decreased rate of intact cell tyrosine hydroxylation in spite of the increased activity of the total extractable enzyme. These data indicate that in cultured chromaffin cells GTP-cyclohydrolase activity like tyrosine hydroxylase activity is regulated by both cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent mechanisms and that the intracellular level of tetrahydrobiopterin is one of the many factors that control the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation.
A Toxicologic Risk for Using Manganese Complexes? (1995)

This article summarizes data from the literature about biologic functions, toxicity, and biokinetics of manganese to help the reader assess the importance of complex stability of manganese-based contrast agents. Free manganese may present a greater risk than free gadolinium, especially because it has a physiologic role and can therefore trigger multiple functions. Of particular interest are the deleterious effects of manganese on the central nervous system (it can cross the intact blood-brain barrier) and on developing life (it penetrates the placental barrier as well and is teratogenic). After intravenous contrast injection, normal (enteral) regulation mechanisms for manganese homeostasis are bypassed, and there is a danger of individual overdosing. Excess manganese, for example in patients with chronic liver disease or with chronic parenteral nutrition, has already been detected by magnetic resonance imaging in the basal ganglia and was found to coincide with neurologic symptoms. Decomplexation with release of free manganese substantially prolongs the elimination of the metal because manganese can be excreted only slowly via the biliary system. This may be of particular importance in patients with impaired hepatic function. Although minimal amounts of free manganese ions are not considered harmful to the human body, significant decomplexation of manganese complexes will require careful analysis of the diagnostic benefit versus the potential risk posed by the free metal ions.
Policy Gradients with Variance Related Risk Criteria (2012)

Managing risk in dynamic decision problems is of cardinal importance in many fields such as finance and process control. The most common approach to defining risk is through various variance related criteria such as the Sharpe Ratio or the standard deviation adjusted reward. It is known that optimizing many of the variance related risk criteria is NP-hard. In this paper we devise a framework for local policy gradient style algorithms for reinforcement learning for variance related criteria. Our starting point is a new formula for the variance of the cost-to-go in episodic tasks. Using this formula we develop policy gradient algorithms for criteria that involve both the expected cost and the variance of the cost. We prove the convergence of these algorithms to local minima and demonstrate their applicability in a portfolio planning problem.
Development of a network model for the total health care management on multi-vendor environment (2002)

Computer networking and multimedia communication are state-of-the-art techniques. Development of the high speed, high quality, and high security system is required in the medical field. In Japan, a remarkable progress has been made in computer networking while only several medical sites have been connected to the Internet. One of the most important problems of preventive medicine is total health care in the countries of aged population because the terms of constant stage of diseases are very long, and that stage of life needs high quality medical care. However, no country has yet succeeded to build ideal protocols and systems. The authors developed a distributed database management model for the total health care (health check results during pregnancy, annual health check results, hospital consultation record prescriptions) as a first trial in Japan, using multi-vender terminals, such as UNIX, MS-DOS, Macintosh and FAX terminals. Some of them have connection with Ethernet, Local Talk, Async High speed Serial Line Internet Protocol, and Point to Point connections, UUCP and usual telecommunication lines. In our model network system, the performance of existing data transfer protocols, such as electronic mail, Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions (MIME), Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and Fax, was investigated for replying to queries. The means to establish security in practical use is also investigated.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Barium Alkali Silicate Glasses for <scp>SOFC</scp> Sealing Applications (2012)

The physical and mechanical properties of two barium alkali silicate glasses were determined as a function of temperature. Their Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were determined by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy; their viscosity, thermal expansion, and glass transition temperature were determined using a thermomechanical analyzer. The wetting behavior of the two glasses on alumina and 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (8 YSZ ) substrates was determined by measuring contact angles in air as a function of temperature and time. Values of Young's modulus for both glasses were in good agreement with those predicted by the Makishima and MacKenzie model. The physical and mechanical properties of these glasses are discussed in the context of their potential use for sealing applications in solid‐oxide fuel cells.
Electrochemistry of Organic Cations. VI. Investigations about the Cathodic Cleavage of Some Pyridinium and Triazolium Ions (1987)

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of some N‐acylamino‐, N‐amino‐, N‐benzyl‐ and N‐phenacyl‐substituted pyridinium and triazolium ions is investigated in acetonitrile by voltammetric methods and potentiostatic electrolyses. The acylaminopyridinium ions 1 and the arylaminopyridinium ions 3 are cathodically cleaved into the pyridine derivative and the carboxylic amide or the aromatic amine. In the case of the 1‐benzyl‐4‐acylaminotriazolium ions 5 the reductive formation of hydrogen from the acidic N‐acylamino group is preferred and the corresponding ylide is formed, which reacts at more negative potential by splitting off the benzyl group. The reduction of the N‐phenacylpyridinium ion 7d occurs with splitting off the phenacyl radical, which dimerizes to 1,2‐dibenzoylethane in a good yield. In the case of N‐benzyl‐ and N‐p‐cyanobenzylpyridinium ions the cathodic dimerization to the corresponding bisdihydropyridines was found, whereas the electrolysis of the N‐nitrobenzylpyridinium ions occurs with cleavage of the N‐substituent‐bond, which is initiated by the primary formation of the nitrophenyl anion radical. It follows from electrogenerated chemiluminescence experiments that the cleavage of the cations 1 and 5 occurs with the uptake of one electron.
Discovery Of Fingolimod, The Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator And Its Application For The Therapy Of Multiple Sclerosis (2012)

Fingolimod (FTY720) is a first-in-class, orally active, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-receptor modulator with a structure closely related to sphingosine. The compound was discovered by chemical modification of a natural product, myriocin. Phosphorylated form of FTY720 acts as a functional antagonist at S1P receptor type 1 (S1P(1)), inhibits lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs and shows immunomodulating effects. Phase III studies in multiple sclerosis demonstrated that oral FTY720 had superior efficacy compared with intramuscular IFN-β1a (AVONEX(®)) with regard to reducing the rate of relapse and the number of inflammatory lesions in the CNS. FTY720 has been approved as a new therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis in more than 50 countries, including the USA, Japan and some of those in the EU.
Clove Extract Inhibits Tumor Growth and Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis (2014)

Cloves ( Syzygium aromaticum ) have been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for thousands of years. Cloves possess antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, but their potential anticancer activity remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects and biological mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract of cloves (EAEC) and the potential bioactive components responsible for its antitumor activity. The effects of EAEC on cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were investigated using human cancer cell lines. The molecular changes associated with the effects of EAEC were analyzed by Western blot and (qRT)-PCR analysis. The in vivo effect of EAEC and its bioactive component was investigated using the HT-29 tumor xenograft model. We identified oleanolic acid (OA) as one of the components of EAEC responsible for its antitumor activity. Both EAEC and OA display cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. Interestingly, EAEC was superior to OA and the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil at suppressing growth of colon tumor xenografts. EAEC promoted G 0 /G 1 cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with EAEC and OA selectively increased protein expression of p21 WAF1/Cip1 and γ-H2AX and downregulated expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins. Moreover, many of these changes were at the mRNA level, suggesting transcriptional regulation by EAEC treatment. Our results demonstrate that clove extract may represent a novel therapeutic herb for the treatment of colorectal cancer, and OA appears to be one of the bioactive components.