gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uniformity studies of inductively coupled plasma etching in fabrication of HgCdTe detector arrays (2007)

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) chemistry based on a mixture of CH<sub>4</sub>, Ar, and H<sub>2</sub> was investigated for the purpose of delineating HgCdTe mesa structures and vias typically used in the fabrication of second and third generation infrared photo detector arrays. We report on ICP etching uniformity results and correlate them with plasma controlling parameters (gas flow rates, total chamber pressure, ICP power and RF power). The etching rate and surface morphology of In-doped MWIR and LWIR HgCdTe showed distinct dependences on the plasma chemistry, total pressure and RF power. Contact stylus profilometry and cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the anisotropy of the etched profiles obtained after various processes and a standard deviation of 0.06 &mgr;m was obtained for etch depth on 128 x 128 format array vias. The surface morphology and the uniformity of the etched surfaces were studied by plan view SEM. Atomic force microscopy was used to make precise assessments of surface roughness.
Loss of hepatitis B surface antigen in a real‐life clinical cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (2014)

In a well-characterized real-life clinical cohort of chronically HBV-infected patients in various disease phases, older age, and inactive HBsAg carrier status were the only predictors of HBsAg clearance, whereas anti-HBV therapy only marginally increased annual incidence of HBsAg loss.
Sparsity-regularized image reconstruction of decomposed K-edge data in spectral CT (2014)

The development of spectral computed tomography (CT) using binned photon-counting detectors has garnered great interest in recent years and has enabled selective imaging of K-edge materials. A practical challenge in CT image reconstruction of K-edge materials is the mitigation of image artifacts that arise from reduced-view and/or noisy decomposed sinogram data. In this note, we describe and investigate sparsity-regularized penalized weighted least squares-based image reconstruction algorithms for reconstructing K-edge images from few-view decomposed K-edge sinogram data. To exploit the inherent sparseness of typical K-edge images, we investigate use of a total variation (TV) penalty and a weighted sum of a TV penalty and an ℓ1-norm with a wavelet sparsifying transform. Computer-simulation and experimental phantom studies are conducted to quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed reconstruction algorithms.
Adherence to a low‐fat vs. low‐carbohydrate diet differs by insulin resistance status (2012)

Previous research shows diminished weight loss success in insulin-resistant (IR) women assigned to a low-fat (LF) diet compared to those assigned to a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet. These secondary analyses examined the relationship between insulin-resistance status and dietary adherence to either a LF-diet or LC-diet among 81 free-living, overweight/obese women [age = 41.9 ± 5.7 years; body mass index (BMI) = 32.6 ± 3.6 kg/m(2)]. This study found differential adherence by insulin-resistance status only to a LF-diet, not a LC-diet. IR participants were less likely to adhere and lose weight on a LF-diet compared to insulin-sensitive (IS) participants assigned to the same diet. There were no significant differences between IR and IS participants assigned to LC-diet in relative adherence or weight loss. These results suggest that insulin resistance status may affect dietary adherence to weight loss diets, resulting in higher recidivism and diminished weight loss success of IR participants advised to follow LF-diets for weight loss.
Antibody responses of mice to alkaline detoxifield lipopolysaccharide. (1976)

The antibody responses of outbred normal mice and nude mice injected with alkaline detoxified lipopolysaccharide (Alk-LPS) were measured. In some cases the antibody against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP). The kinetics of the primary responses to Alk-LPS and NPP were similar, whereas LPS stimulated a more rapid appearance of antibodies in the primary responses. Alk-LPS stimulated only primary antibody responses in both types of mice and sensitized nude mice for secondary responses which could be triggered with LPS. However, secondary antibody responses could not be triggered in normal mice primed with Alk-LPS. These data suggested that, on a functional basis, Alk-LPS possessed the specific antigenic signal associated with LPS antigens but lack the second nonspecific mitogenic signal dependent on the lipid A portion of LPS.
Tissue Engineering of Heart Valves (2005)

We describe for the first time that the remaining potential of decellularized pulmonary heart valves to attract monocytic cells depends strongly on whether porcine or human scaffolds were used. These findings will have an important impact on further investigations in the field of heart valve tissue engineering.
Towards understanding IT security professionals and their tools (2007)

We report preliminary results of our ongoing field study of IT professionals who are involved in security management. We interviewed a dozen practitioners from five organizations to understand their workplace and tools. We analyzed the interviews using a variation of Grounded Theory and predesigned themes. Our results suggest that the job of IT security management is distributed across multiple employees, often affiliated with different organizational units or groups within a unit and responsible for different aspects of it. The workplace of our participants can be characterized by their responsibilities, goals, tasks, and skills. Three skills stand out as significant in the IT security management workplace: inferential analysis, pattern recognition, and bricolage.
Paracrine sonic hedgehog signalling by prostate cancer cells induces osteoblast differentiation (2009)

Altogether, these data demonstrate that Shh-expressing prostate cancer cells can directly and specifically induce differentiation in pre-osteoblasts via a Gli1-dependent mechanism that does not require transcriptional upregulation of Runx2. Paracrine activation of the Shh pathway in osteoblast progenitors and subsequent induction of osteoblast differentiation could be a mechanism through which high levels of Shh expression in prostate carcinoma contribute to bone metastasis. Targeting of paracrine Shh signalling may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against prostate carcinoma metastasis in bone.
ChemInform Abstract: P(CH2OH)3 ‐ A New Coupling Reagent for the Covalent Immobilization of Enzymes. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Supply Chain Management Processes (2001)

Increasingly, supply chain management is being recognized as the management of key business processes across the network of organizations that comprise the supply chain. While many have recognized the benefits of a process approach to managing the business and the supply chain, most are vague about what processes are to be considered, what sub-processes and activities are contained in each process, and how the processes interact with each other and with the traditional functional silos. In this paper, we provide strategic and operational descriptions of each of the eight supply chain processes identified by members of The Global Supply Chain Forum, as well as illustrations of the interfaces among the processes and an example of how a process approach can be implemented within an organization. Our aim is to provide managers with a framework to be used in implementing supply chain management, instructors with material useful in structuring a supply chain management course, and researchers with a set of opportunities for further development of the field.
An Asymbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium from the Root Environment of Corn (1972)

Examination of root systems and adhering soil associated with unusually green corn plants from nitrogen-deficient areas in fields has revealed higher acetylene-reducing activities than comparable root systems of chlorotic plants that appeared to be nitrogen deficient. From the root systems with acetylene-reducing activity, N(2)-fixing Enterobacter cloacae were isolated. Pure cultures of the organism grown in a medium lacking added fixed nitrogen reduced acetylene to ethylene and used N(2) as a sole source of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. Acetylene reduction was strikingly inhibited by 0.04 atm or greater partial pressures of O(2); however, the bacteria maintained appreciable acetylene-reducing rates in medium exposed to partial pressures of O(2) ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 atm. Nitrogenase activity in cell-free extracts of the bacterium was dependent upon Na(2)S(2)O(4) and an ATP-generating system. Some environmental conditions expected to influence N(2) fixation by free-living N(2)-fixing bacteria on root surfaces of nonlegumes are discussed.
Interfacial polyfunctional condensation: Effect of the reaction conditions (1991)

Abstract 1,2,4,5‐Benzenetetra acyl chloride (BTAC) was prepared from pyromellitic anhydride and phosphoric chloride. The behavior in interfacial polycondensation of 4,4′‐methylene dianiline (MDA) or ethylene diamine (EDA) in water with BTAC in dichloromethane with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (TBAC) as the catalyst was examined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FABMS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A heat‐resistant film can be obtained by successive heating of the resulting thin films. Because BTAC is a tetrafunctional compound with high reactivity, the interfacial reaction is a competitive reaction of hydrolysis and amidation among the reacting groups. The optical density of FTIR spectra was employed for calculating the percentage of hydrolysis. The hydrolysis is suppressed when (1) the temperature is decreased, (2) sodium carbonate is added, (3) the proportion on the concentration of diamine is increased relative to the concentration of BTAC, (4) the diamine solution is agitated, and (5) TBAC is added to the diamine (as). The percentage of hydrolysis can be controlled at will, e.g., 50%. A high‐resistant polyimide can be prepared through thermal treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere. By increasing the concentration of the reactants or using a good sovlent, the film obtained is thicker, but in our system, the maximum thickness of the film seldom exceeded 20 pm.
Nonviral gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 delivery by membrane-disruptive and endosomolytic helical polypeptide (2018)

Effective and safe delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing elements remains a challenge. Here we report the development of PEGylated nanoparticles (named P-HNPs) based on the cationic α-helical polypeptide poly(γ-4-((2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)aminomethyl)benzyl-l-glutamate) for the delivery of Cas9 expression plasmid and sgRNA to various cell types and gene-editing scenarios. The cell-penetrating α-helical polypeptide enhanced cellular uptake and promoted escape of pCas9 and/or sgRNA from the endosome and transport into the nucleus. The colloidally stable P-HNPs achieved a Cas9 transfection efficiency up to 60% and sgRNA uptake efficiency of 67.4%, representing an improvement over existing polycation-based gene delivery systems. After performing single or multiplex gene editing with an efficiency up to 47.3% in vitro, we demonstrated that P-HNPs delivering Cas9 plasmid/sgRNA targeting the polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) gene achieved 35% gene deletion in HeLa tumor tissue to reduce the Plk1 protein level by 66.7%, thereby suppressing the tumor growth by >71% and prolonging the animal survival rate to 60% within 60 days. Capable of delivering Cas9 plasmids to various cell types to achieve multiplex gene knock-out, gene knock-in, and gene activation in vitro and in vivo, the P-HNP system offers a versatile gene-editing platform for biological research and therapeutic applications.
Methylation profiling with a panel of cancer related genes: Association with estrogen receptor, TP53 mutation status and expression subtypes in sporadic breast cancer (2010)

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided in subtypes based on histology, gene expression profiles as well as differences in genomic aberrations. Distinct global DNA methylation profiles have been reported in normal breast epithelial cells as well as in breast tumors. However, the influence of the tumor methylome on the previously described subgroups of breast cancer is not fully understood. Here we report the DNA methylation profiles of 80 breast tumors using a panel of 807 cancer related genes interrogating 1505 CpG sites. We identified three major clusters based on the methylation profiles; one consisting of mainly tumors of myoepithelial origin and two other clusters with tumors of predominantly luminal epithelial origin. The clusters were different with respect to estrogen receptor status, TP53 status, ErbB2 status and grade. The most significantly differentially methylated genes including HDAC1, TFF1, OGG1, BMP3, FZD9 and HOXA11 were confirmed by pyrosequencing. Gene Ontology analysis revealed enrichment for genes involved in developmental processes including homeobox domain genes (HOXA9, HOXA11, PAX6, MYBL2, ISL1 and IPF1) and (ETS1, HDAC1, CREBBP, GAS7, SPI1 and TBX1). Extensive correlation to mRNA expression was observed. Pathway analyses identified a significant association with canonical (curated) pathways such as hepatic fibrosis including genes like EGF, NGFR and TNF, dendritic cell maturation and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results show that breast tumor expression subtypes harbor major epigenetic differences and tumors with similar gene expression profiles might belong to epigenetically different subtypes. Some of the transcription factors identified, with key roles in differentiation and development might play a role in inducing and maintaining the different phenotypes.
Trademark Law on the Internet - Will It Scale? The Challenge to Develop International Trademark Law, 16 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 3 (1997) (1997)

The author states that the rapid growth of the Internet has caused a serious collision between the efficient functioning of Domain Name Systems and the claims of trademark owners. U.S. Courts have recognized that domain names can have trademark implications. Trademarks are important because organizations responsible for allocation and registration of domain names must take trademarks and trademark law into account. The International Trademark Association (INTA) sets forth principles that should apply to the use of trademarks in the Domain Name System. The author's comment focuses on how to accommodate the interests and rights of trademark owners in the DNS and in the overall administration of the Internet. Under the present domain system there can only be one acme.com, putting the "ACME" owner who got there first and registered acme.com in an advantageous position. The DNS as it is presently structured allows no accommodations for different owners of the same mark. Network Solutions, Inc. is the best known example of an attempt to resolve the conflicts addressed in the article. All of these collisions of trademark law and the DNS have resulted in litigation. The author also addresses legal issues in addition to the technical trademark questions in the international arena. The major differences in national treatment of trademarks are in the following areas (dilution, geographical terms, famous marks, rights of publicity, religious and social issues.). Dilution is now recognized as part of US Statutory Law and took effect in 1995 in the Federal Dilution Act. The Internet International Ad Hoc Committee was published on Feb. 3, 1997 and it provides for expedited on-line mediation and administrative challenge procedure for disputes arising from the assignment of second level domains in the new generic top level domains. The author concludes that the IAHC is not intended to deprive anyone of rights existing in the law. However, the self regulation of the generic registrars as carried out by the deliberations and public decisions of the administrative challenge panels should at least point the way towards a new and creative approach to the resolution of trademark problems on an international scale.
Autoimmunity and Mental Illness (1962)

The serum of patients with functional psychoses contains abnormal globulins.<sup>1</sup>As a possible explanation of this I have previously suggested that an autoimmune mechanism might be involved in the pathogenetic chain of events leading to some functional psychoses.<sup>1-3</sup>The studies reported here demonstrate, in psychotic patients' sera, factors which react with a constituent of brain. <h3>Methods</h3> I.<i>Serum Collection</i> A. Control Subjects: Sera of 85 blood donors were obtained. B. Patients: 1. Blood was drawn from 72 patients with acute mental disturbances within 24 hours of their admission to this Institute and before administration of phenothiazine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, or electroshock therapy here; only 14 (19%) had had such treatment during the 3 months before admission. The various so-called functional psychiatric diagnoses ranged from psychogenic headaches to acute catatonic schizophrenia; about 75% had a major functional psychosis. All patients with
Spectral Analysis with Randomly Missed Observations: The Binomial Case (1965)

Estimation of the spectral density of a discrete stationary process is considered under the assumption that some of the observations are missing due to some binomially distributed random mechanism. The asymptotic variance of the estimate is derived for normally distributed random variables. As in the author's dissertation [7], the extension to processes which are stationary of fourth order is fairly standard. It is hoped that one will be able to extend these results to more complicated random mechanisms.
Clinical Staging: CT and MRI (2010)

The unique anatomy of the rectum, as well as its enveloping mesorectum and mesorectal fascia, provides interesting challenges for imaging modalities. Staging investigations should be able to identify the characteristics of tumor that determine prognosis as well as the anatomic delineators of local spread that predict surgical resectability with a clear radial margin. Multidetector CT with multiplanar formatting allows visualization of images in three dimensions. Though it is sometimes accurate in staging upper rectal tumors, it is less informative than MRI, and this is particularly so for lower rectal tumors. The ability of MRI to accurately image the relevant structures of the mesorectum in rectal cancer has become increasingly evident. Advances in imaging techniques, together with development of dedicated methods for performing MR examination in rectal cancer, have resulted in improved image quality. Standardized image interpretation using thin section (3 mm slices) magnetic resonance imaging and a small field of view (160–200 mm) allows accurate assessment of tumor infiltration within and beyond the rectal wall and several other important prognostic features in rectal cancer.
<title>Regularized reconstruction to remove blocking artifacts from block discrete cosine transform compressed images</title> (1993)

In most block-transform based codecs (coder-decoder) the compressed image is reconstructed using only the transmitted data. In this paper, the reconstruction is formulated as a regularized image recovery problem where both the transmitted data and prior knowledge about the properties of the original image are used. This is accomplished by minimizing an objective function, using iterative algorithms, which captures the smoothness properties of the original image. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate that the proposed regularized algorithms yield reconstructed images with superior quality, both visually and using objective distance metrics, to that of traditional decoders that use only the transmitted transform coefficients.
The Luminescence Mechanism and the Structure Defects of ZnO Thin Films (2014)

ZnO will become a new pattern optoelectronic material because of its many excellent properties. But the defects in ZnO crystal are the key factors for restricting the luminescence properties of the material. In this paper, we summarized the defect types that exist in ZnO thin films and reviewed on the relationship between the luminescence mechanism and the structure defects of ZnO thin films reported in recent years.
Cellular repopulation of deep‐frozen meniscal autografts: An experimental study in the dog (1992)

This study evaluated the cellular repopulation of deep-frozen meniscal autografts. Medial menisci of adult dogs were excised, deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) for 10 min, and orthotopically reimplanted into the joint. Deep-freezing was found to effectively kill all the cells within the meniscus as determined by the absence of Na(2)35SO4 incorporation. Following orthotopic replacement within the knee joint, menisci were repopulated with cells that seemed to originate from the adjacent synovium. These cells migrated over the surface of the meniscus and began to invade the deeper layers of the tissue. However, even after 6 months, the central core of the meniscus remained acellular. While the new cells appeared to modulate into cells that are similar in appearance to meniscal fibrochondrocytes, the exact phenotypic expression of these newly differentiated cells has yet to be determined. Histological alterations, as manifested by a loss of normal orientation of the collagen architecture of the superficial layers of the meniscus; was evident at 6 months and suggests that a remodeling phenomenon may be associated with the cellular repopulation. While biomaterial studies have not been carried out on these specimens, the morphologic alterations observed in the collagen orientation would suggest a possible alteration in the material properties of the repopulated meniscus. The clinical implication of this study is that the structural remodeling associated with the cellular repopulation of deep-frozen meniscal allografts may make the transplanted meniscus more susceptible to injury.
Delineation of CpG motifs for activating human immune cells (2001)

Objective While bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides with specific flanking sequences (CpG motif) are well described activators of murine immune cells, CpG motifs for activating human immune cells remain unclear. This study is to delineate CpG motifs and CpG ODN for activating human immune cells. Methods A panel of CpG ODN containing two copies of CpG motifs was screened for their capacity to stimulate human B lymphocytes to secret IgM. Then CpG ODN containing human CpG motifs was designed and tested to identify the sequence of high immunostimulatory activity for human immune cells. Results The study revealed that 5′ GTCGTT 3′ and 5′ GTCGTC 3′ were two potent CpG motifs for human immune cells, and other four CpG motifs, 5′ GACGTT 3′, 5′ GACGTC 3′, 5′ GGCGTT 3′ and 5′ GGCGTC 3′, had moderate activities. The second nucleotide in optimal human CpG motifs was thymidine, while in less active human CpG motifs or optimal murine CpG motifs, it was purines. Based on this finding, many CpG ODN were designed and identified as high immunostimulatory sequences for human B lymphocytes. Conclusion Some CpG motifs and CpG ODN are potential activators of human immune cells.