gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Broadband and gain-flattened amplifier composedof a 1.55 µm-band and a 1.58 µm-band Er <sup>3+</sup> -doped fibre amplifierin a parallel configuration (1997)

The authors construct a broadband and gain-flattened Er3+-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) with a flat amplification bandwidth of 54 nm for wavelength division multiplexed signals. This was achieved by employing a 1.58 µm-band EDFA and a 1.55 µm-band EDFA in a parallel configuration. Excellent flat amplification characteristics were obtained for 1530–1560 nm and 1576–1600 nm signal wavelength regions, with a gain non-uniformity of <1.7 dB and a signal gain of 30 dB.
Low‐Temperature Combustion‐Synthesized Nickel Oxide Thin Films as Hole‐Transport Interlayers for Solution‐Processed Optoelectronic Devices (2013)

A method to deposit NiOx thin films by employing combustion reactions is reported and a low processing temperature of 175 °C is demonstrated. The resulting NiOx films exhibit high work functions, excellent optical transparency, and flat surface features. The NiOx thin films are employed as hole-transport interlayers in organic solar cells and polymer light-emitting diodes, exhibiting superior electrical properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Consecutive Condensation, C—N and N—N Bond Formations: A Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 2H‐Indazole. (2011)

Abstract The reaction of 2‐bromobenzaldehydes, primary amines and sodium azide gives rise to the various 2H‐indazole derivatives.
Low‐Transition‐Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs): A New Generation of Designer Solvents (2013)

A new generation of designer solvents emerged in the last decade as promising green media for multiple applications, including separation processes: the low-transition-temperature mixtures (LTTMs). They can be prepared by mixing natural high-melting-point starting materials, which form a liquid by hydrogen-bond interactions. Among them, deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) were presented as promising alternatives to conventional ionic liquids (ILs). Some limitations of ILs are overcome by LTTMs, which are cheap and easy to prepare from natural and readily available starting materials, biodegradable, and renewable.
Detecting Dominant Motions in Dense Crowds (2008)

We discuss the problem of detecting dominant motions in dense crowds, a challenging and societally important problem. First, we survey the general literature of computer vision algorithms that deal with crowds of people, including model- and feature-based approaches to segmentation and tracking as well as algorithms that analyze general motion trends. Second, we present a system for automatically identifying dominant motions in a crowded scene. Accurately tracking individual objects in such scenes is difficult due to inter- and intra-object occlusions that cannot be easily resolved. Our approach begins by independently tracking low-level features using optical flow. While many of the feature point tracks are unreliable, we show that they can be clustered into smooth dominant motions using a distance measure for feature trajectories based on longest common subsequences. Results on real video sequences demonstrate that the approach can successfully identify both dominant and anomalous motions in crowded scenes. These fully-automatic algorithms could be easily incorporated into distributed camera networks for autonomous scene analysis.
Judge's Role in Settlement: Opinions from Missouri Judges and Attorneys, The (1988)

This study investigates judges' involvement in settlement, and the opinions that Missouri judges and attorneys hold toward that involvement. In a survey of 1,100 judges and 1,550 attorneys, we found that Missouri judges differ significantly from Missouri attorneys. Specifically, Missouri judges prefer less judicial involvement in settlement and they, in the cases sent to them, were less aggressive in facilitating settlement. Finally, judges and attorneys from Missouri's metropolitan areas were found to favor stronger involvement in settlement than were their counterparts from the non-metropolitan areas.
Birefringence in dielectric optical waveguides (1972)

The linear and circular birefringent properties of low-loss single-mode glass fibers are found to depend upon length. Depolarization is about 1 percent/km. Some anomalous behavior can be explained in terms of properties varying locally along the fiber and a resultant upper information rate of over 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> bits/s is estimated. Very small stress distributions or core ellipticities could give rise to the observed effects.
Later-Onset Fabry Disease (2006)

The presentation of cramps and fasciculations without apparent small-fiber neuropathy expands the phenotype of later-onset Fabry disease.
Solvent‐Stabilized Photoconductive Metal Phthalocyanine Nanoparticles: Preparation and Application in Single‐Layered Photoreceptors (2010)

Abstract This article features solvent‐stabilized nanoparticles of photoconductive metal phthalocyanines (MPcs) with small particle sizes and narrow size distributions, which are tractable building blocks for photoelectric devices. The preparation and stabilization mechanism of 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE)‐stabilized oxovanadium phthalocyanine (VOPc) and oxotitanium phthalocyanine (TiOPc) nanoparticles are discussed. It is found for the first time that the DCE‐stabilized TiOPc and VOPc nanoparticles are positively charged with zeta potentials of about +66 mV, which is ascribed to the electron transfer from the nanoparticles to DCE molecules. The excellent xerographic properties of the single‐layered photoreceptors based on TiOPc or VOPc nanoparticles and the charge transport mechanism of these photoreceptors are discussed. The strategy for further improving the xerographic properties of single‐layered photoreceptors is proposed.
A 2.4 GHz Wideband Open-Loop GFSK Transmitter With Phase Quantization Noise Cancellation (2011)

A wide-bandwidth phase modulation transmitter with phase quantization noise cancellation technique is proposed. Unlike conventional phase-locked loop closed-loop modulation, very wide-bandwidth arbitrary phase modulation can be synthesized at the phase-locked loop output by selecting the desired phases that are generated by a phase generator. To further reduce the phase quantization noise due to the finite number of available phases, a phase quantization noise cancellation path is proposed through a second VCO control port. At least 7 dB phase noise cancellation was demonstrated using a prototype 0.18 μm CMOS 2.4 GHz GFSK transmitter integrated circuit. Measurements on the prototype show that out-of-band phase quantization noise is 49 dB lower than the signal when transmitting 20 Mb/s GFSK signal and that the rms error is only 3.2%. The current consumption is 34.5 mA excluding the transmitter output buffer.
Single photon emission tomography using 99mTc-HM-PAO in the investigation of dementia. (1987)

Single photon emission tomographic imaging of the brain using 99mTc HM-PAO was carried out in patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, non-Alzheimer frontal-lobe dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Independent assessment of reductions in uptake revealed posterior hemisphere abnormalities in the majority of the Alzheimer group, and selective anterior hemisphere abnormalities in both other groups. The findings were consistent with observed patterns of mental impairment. The imaging technique has potential value in the differential diagnosis of primary cerebral atrophy.
Attenuation Correction Synthesis for Hybrid PET-MR Scanners: Application to Brain Studies (2014)

Attenuation correction is an essential requirement for quantification of positron emission tomography (PET) data. In PET/CT acquisition systems, attenuation maps are derived from computed tomography (CT) images. However, in hybrid PET/MR scanners, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images do not directly provide a patient-specific attenuation map. The aim of the proposed work is to improve attenuation correction for PET/MR scanners by generating synthetic CTs and attenuation maps. The synthetic images are generated through a multi-atlas information propagation scheme, locally matching the MRI-derived patient's morphology to a database of MRI/CT pairs, using a local image similarity measure. Results show significant improvements in CT synthesis and PET reconstruction accuracy when compared to a segmentation method using an ultrashort-echo-time MRI sequence and to a simplified atlas-based method.
Mathematically Modeling the Involvement of Axons in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (2012)

The quantitative histopathologic data from this study revealed that the PMB is most susceptible in LHON, supporting clinical findings seen early in the course of disease onset. The present study also showed that the subsequent progression of axonal loss within the optic nerve can be predicted precisely with the NFL-S(I) equation. The results presented provided further insight into the pathophysiology of LHON.
Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Nanotube Structures (nanoPaNTs) Based on Antenna Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) polarize readily in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) fields, enabling a variety of electrochemical reactions. Here, we study the reaction of transition metal ion salts in the presence of surfactant-stabilized SWNT individually suspended in water when activated by alternating EM fields in the radio frequency (RF), microwave (MW), and optical regimes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show formation of novel SWNT nanoparticle−nanotube structures (nanoPaNTs). The resulting nanoPaNTs include SWNT with metallic nanoparticles at one or both tips (“dumbbells”), SWNT toroids, and straight SWNT “threaded” through multiple SWNT rings to form shish-kebab structures. Mixtures of surfactants and polymer apparently modify the local environment of polarized SWNT in a manner that reduces the energy needed for ring formation. We also infer that electrodeposition reactions proceed on a significantly faster time scale than ring formation. These processes can potentially be used for self-assembly of complex 3-D structures.
Alpha detection as a probe for counter proliferation (1994)

An indication of the presence of special nuclear material (SNM) can be obtained by the detection of alpha particles from the decay of the SNM. Current techniques for detecting alpha particles have a number of limitations. Sensitive conventional detection of SNM traces involves off-site laboratory analysis-but at the loss of an on-site confirmation. Fieldable detection instruments, on the other hand, are delicate and have poor sensitivity. New long-range alpha detection (LRAD) technology mitigates these limitations. An LRAD-based instrument relies an the detection of the hundreds of thousands of ions produced in ambient air by one emitted alpha particle. The ions can be transported to an ion detector at a distance much greater than the range of the original alpha particle. The LRAD-based monitors have the characteristics of high sensitivity, fast (real-time) response, ruggedness, and reliability. Many of the designs are quite portable. In this paper, several scenarios are identified for which particular LRAD-based detectors can provide confirmation of proliferation activity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 8.8-ns 54×54-bit multiplier using new redundant binary architecture (2002)

A new redundant binary (RB) architecture for a high-speed multiplier is presented. In this architecture, a pair of partial products is converted to one RB number by inverting one of the pair without additional circuitry or latency. Generated RB partial products are added by the Wallace tree of improved RB adders (RBAs) which have a latency of 0.9 ns, and converted to a normal binary (NB) number by a simply structured RB-to-NB converter in which the carry-propagation circuit is constructed only with simple selector circuits. A 54/spl times/54-bit multiplier is designed using 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. A multiplication time of 8.8 ns is obtained by SPICE2 simulation for a supply voltage of 3.3 V which is the fastest that has been reported for 54/spl times/54-bit multipliers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Service Clouds: A Distributed Infrastructure for Constructing Autonomic Communication Services (2006)

This paper describes Service Clouds, a distributed infrastructure designed to facilitate rapid prototyping and deployment of services that enhance communication performance, robustness, and security. The infrastructure combines adaptive middleware functionality with an overlay network substrate in order to support dynamic instantiation and reconfiguration of services. The Service Clouds architecture includes a collection of low-level facilities that can be either invoked directly by applications or used to compose more complex services. After describing the Service Clouds architecture, we present results of two experimental case studies conducted on the PlanetLab Internet testbed, the first to improve throughput of bulk data transfer, and the second to enhance the robustness of multimedia streaming
Depressive symptoms in mid‐pregnancy, lifetime stressors and the 5‐HTTLPR genotype (2006)

Few studies of gene-environment interactions for the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), life stressors and depression have considered women separately or examined specific types of stressful life events. None have looked at depression during pregnancy. In the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) Study, women were queried about history of stressful life events and depressive symptoms at the time of enrollment (15-27 weeks gestation). Stressful life events were grouped a priori into "subconstructs" (e.g. economic, legal, abuse, loss) and evaluated by subconstruct, total subconstruct score and total stressful life event score. The effect of genotype on the association between stressful life events and elevated depressive symptoms was assessed in 568 white non-Hispanic participants. The relationship between exposure to abuse and elevated depressive symptoms was more pronounced in the s/s group (OR = 24.5) than in the s/l group (OR = 3.0) and the l/l group (OR = 7.7), but this significant interaction was detected only after excluding 73 (13%) women with recent use of psychotropic medications. There was no evidence of gene-environment interaction in analytic models with other stressful life events subconstructs, total subconstruct score or total stressful life events score. These data offer modest support to other reports of gene-environment interaction and highlight the importance of considering specific stressful life events.
Effects of electrical fields on cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells (1999)

The effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the differentiation of cardiomyocytes in embryoid bodies derived from pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells were investigated. A single direct current (DC) field pulse was applied to 4-day-old embryoid bodies. The electrical field induced a hyperpolarization of the anode-facing side of embryoid bodies and a depolarization at the cathode-facing side. Significant effects of a single electrical field pulse applied for 90 s on cardiomyocyte differentiation were achieved with field strengths of 250 and 500 V/m, which increased both the number of embryoid bodies differentiating beating foci of cardiomyocytes and the size of the beating foci. The 500-V/m electrical field increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), but not [Ca(2+)](i) and activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). A comparable increase in the number of beating embryoid bodies was achieved by an incubation for 1 h with H(2)O(2) (1-10 nM), indicating that the electrical field effect was transduced via the intracellular generation of ROS. Because the radical scavengers dehydroascorbate and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and the NF-kappaB antagonist N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) inhibited cardiac differentiation, we assume that ROS and NF-kappaB may play a role in early cardiac development.
SABUL: A high performance data transfer protocol (2003)

Plant litter decomposition is a critical ecosystem process representing a major pathway for carbon flux, but little is known about how it is affected by changes in plant composition and diversity. Single plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes, non-leguminous forbs) were removed from a grassland in northern Canada to examine the impacts of functional group identity on decomposition. Removals were conducted within two different environmental contexts (fertilization and fungicide application) to examine the context-dependency of these identity effects. We examined two different mechanisms by which the loss of plant functional groups may impact decomposition: effects of the living plant community on the decomposition microenvironment, and changes in the species composition of the decomposing litter, as well as the interaction between these mechanisms. We show that the identity of the plant functional group removed affects decomposition through both mechanisms. Removal of both graminoids and forbs slowed decomposition through changes in the decomposition microenvironment. We found non-additive effects of litter mixing, with both the direction and identity of the functional group responsible depending on year; in 2004 graminoids positively influenced decomposition whereas in 2006 forbs negatively influenced decomposition rate. Although these two mechanisms act independently, their effects may be additive if both mechanisms are considered simultaneously. It is essential to understand the variety of mechanisms through which even a single ecosystem property is affected if we are to predict the future consequences of biodiversity loss.
Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1 in Arterial Wall Cells Promotes Atherosclerosis (2007)

TNFR1 signaling, just in arterial wall cells, contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by enhancing arterial wall chemokine and adhesion molecule expression, as well as by augmenting medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.
Treatment systems for household water supplies: Chlorination (1992)

What impurities will chlorination remove?Chlorination is a water treatment that destroys diseasecausing bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other organisms.Chlorination also oxidizes iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide so they can be filtered out.Disease-causing bacteria can infect humans and animals in several ways.Fecal waste from an infected host frequently carries organisms which cause diseases such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, bacillary dysentary, infectious hepatitis and others.Disease-causing organisms are transmitted from host to host in many ways including through a contaminated water supply.Human and/or livestock populations concentrated together with improperly located or constructed wells may result in contamination of water supplies by sewage or fecal wastes.There is no substitute for a safe and sanitary water supply.If your water supply becomes contaminated, elimination of the source of contamination is the most permanent solution.Continuous chlorination to kill disease-causing bacteria in a contaminated water source should be a temporary measure used only until you can develop a new, sanitary water supply.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF SHORT CHAIN ALCOHOLS AND GLYCOLS (1980)

Antimicrobial activities of various short chain alcohols and diols against a staphylococcus, a lactobacillus and a yeast, have been determined using a liquid culture system. There appears to be a relationship between carbon chain length and antimicrobial activity, and between molecular asymmetry and antimicrobial activity. Microorganisms which are resistant to the antimicrobial activity of propylene glycol have been found to be resistant to that of ethanol as well, as demonstrated by dilution plating of suspension cultures, and observations of single cells or small groups of cells in hanging drops. Cell membrane function interference is suggested as a mechanism of action since the inhibitory activity increases directly with reduced surface tension capability in the alcohol series.
A compact routing scheme and approximate distance oracle for power-law graphs (2012)

Compact routing addresses the tradeoff between table sizes and stretch, which is the worst-case ratio between the length of the path a packet is routed through by the scheme and the length of an actual shortest path from source to destination. We adapt the compact routing scheme by Thorup and Zwick [2001] to optimize it for power-law graphs. We analyze our adapted routing scheme based on the theory of unweighted random power-law graphs with fixed expected degree sequence by Aiello et al. [2000]. Our result is the first analytical bound coupled to the parameter of the power-law graph model for a compact routing scheme. Let n denote the number of nodes in the network. We provide a labeled routing scheme that, after a stretch--5 handshaking step (similar to DNS lookup in TCP/IP), routes messages along stretch--3 paths. We prove that, instead of routing tables with Õ ( n 1/2 ) bits ( Õ suppresses factors logarithmic in n ) as in the general scheme by Thorup and Zwick, expected sizes of O ( n γ log n ) bits are sufficient, and that all the routing tables can be constructed at once in expected time O ( n 1+γ log n ), with γ = τ-22/τ-3 + ε, where τ∈(2,3) is the power-law exponent and ε 0 (which implies ε < γ < 1/3 + ε). Both bounds also hold with probability at least 1-1/ n (independent of ε). The routing scheme is a labeled scheme, requiring a stretch--5 handshaking step. The scheme uses addresses and message headers with O (log n log log n ) bits, with probability at least 1- o (1). We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme by simulations on real-world graphs as well as synthetic power-law graphs. With the same techniques as for the compact routing scheme, we also adapt the approximate distance oracle by Thorup and Zwick [2001, 2005] for stretch-3 and we obtain a new upper bound of expected Õ ( n 1+γ ) for space and preprocessing for random power-law graphs. Our distance oracle is the first one optimized for power-law graphs. Furthermore, we provide a linear-space data structure that can answer 5--approximate distance queries in time at most Õ ( n 1/4+ε ) (similar to γ, the exponent actually depends on τ and lies between ε and 1/4 + ε).
Dielectric properties of animal tissues in vivo at radio and microwave frequencies: comparison between species (1982)

An improved and modified technique with an open-ended coaxial-line sensor was used for measurement of the dielectric properties of animal tissues in vivo. The permittivity of skeletal muscle, brain cortex, spleen and liver of live cats and rats was measured at frequencies between 0.1 and 10 GHz. The results were compared with various published data on in vivo permittivity of the same and other species. The differences between the properties of the same tissue for various animals are very small. The tissues properties at frequencies above 1 GHz correlate well with the water content. Practically all water in the skeletal muscle is in the free form, while in other tissues both free and bound water are present.