gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detective quantum efficiency of electron area detectors in electron microscopy (2009)

Recent progress in detector design has created the need for a careful side-by-side comparison of the modulation transfer function (MTF) and resolution-dependent detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of existing electron detectors with those of detectors based on new technology. We present MTF and DQE measurements for four types of detector: Kodak SO-163 film, TVIPS 224 charge coupled device (CCD) detector, the Medipix2 hybrid pixel detector, and an experimental direct electron monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) detector. Film and CCD performance was measured at 120 and 300 keV, while results are presented for the Medipix2 at 120 keV and for the MAPS detector at 300 keV. In the case of film, the effects of electron backscattering from both the holder and the plastic support have been investigated. We also show that part of the response of the emulsion in film comes from light generated in the plastic support. Computer simulations of film and the MAPS detector have been carried out and show good agreement with experiment. The agreement enables us to conclude that the DQE of a backthinned direct electron MAPS detector is likely to be equal to, or better than, that of film at 300 keV.
Three-Dimensional, High-Resolution Printing of Carbon Nanotube/Liquid Metal Composites with Mechanical and Electrical Reinforcement (2019)

The formation of three-dimensional (3D) interconnections is essential in integrated circuit packaging technology. However, conventional interconnection methods, including the wire-bonding process, were developed for rigid structures of electronic devices, and they are not applicable to the integration of soft and stretchable electronic devices. Hence, there is a strong demand for 3D interconnection technology that is applicable to soft, stretchable electronic devices. Herein, we introduce the material and the processing required for stretchable 3D interconnections on the soft forms of devices and substrates with high resolutions. Liquid-metal-based composites for use as stretchable interconnection materials were developed by uniformly dispersing Pt-decorated carbon nanotubes in a liquid metal matrix. The inclusion of carbon nanotubes in the liquid metal improves the mechanical strength of the composite, thereby overcoming the limitation of the liquid metal that has a low mechanical strength. The composites can be 3D printed with various dimensions: the minimum diameters are about 5 μm and have a breakdown current density comparable to that of metal wires.
Preparation and characterization of iron(III)- and rhodium(III)-containing heteropolytungstates. Identification of novel oxo-bridged iron(III) dimers (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and characterization of iron(III)- and rhodium(III)-containing heteropolytungstates. Identification of novel oxo-bridged iron(III) dimersFrans Zonnevijlle, Claude M. Tourne, and Gilbert F. TourneCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1982, 21, 7, 2751–2757Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00137a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00137a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1612Altmetric-Citations136LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Role of N-linked glycans in antigenicity, processing, and cell surface expression of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein gIV (1993)

Glycoprotein gIV, a structural component of bovine herpesvirus type 1, stimulates high titers of virus-neutralizing antibody. The protein contains three potential sites for the addition of N-linked carbohydrates. Three mutants were constructed by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, in each case changing one N-linked glycosylation site from Asn-X-Thr/Ser to Ser-X-Thr/Ser. A fourth mutant was altered at two sites. The altered forms of the gIV gene were cloned into a vaccinia virus transfer vector to generate recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing mutant proteins. Analysis of these mutants revealed that only two (residues 41 and 102) of the three (residues 41, 102, and 411) potential sites for the addition of N-linked glycans are actually utilized. Absence of glycans at residue 41 (gN1) showed no significant effect on the conformation of the protein or induction of a serum neutralizing antibody response. However, mutant proteins lacking glycans at residue 102 (gN2) or residues 41 and 102 (gN1N2) showed altered reactivity with conformation-dependent gIV-specific monoclonal antibodies. These mutants also induced significantly lower serum neutralizing antibody responses than wild-type gIV. Nonetheless, each of the mutant proteins were modified by the addition of O-glycans and transported to the cell surface. Our results demonstrate that absence of N-linked glycans at one (residue 102) or both (residues 41 and 102) utilized N-linked glycosylation sites alters the conformation but does not prevent processing and transport of gIV to the cell surface.
Protein-losing enteropathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome due to intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma (1987)

• Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) often have hypoalbuminemia. We report the case of a patient with AIDS in whom marked hypoalbuminemia developed due to a protein-losing enteropathy caused by small intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma—an entity not previously reported in AIDS. The patient presented with ankle edema, pleural effusions, and a decrease in albumin from 3.0 g/dL (30 g/L) to 1.7 g/dL (17 g/L) over one month. Protein-losing enteropathy was confirmed by a marked elevation in fecal α-<sub>1</sub>antitrypsin, and extensive evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract revealed the source to be small intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma. A protein-losing enteropathy should be considered when hypoalbuminemia is encountered in a patient with AIDS. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1987;147:1174-1175)
Self-organizing Dynamic Fractional Frequency Reuse on the uplink of OFDMA systems (2010)

Reverse link (or uplink) performance of cellular systems is becoming increasingly important with the emergence of new uplink-bandwidth intensive applications such as Video Share, where end users upload video clips captured through their mobile devices. In particular, it is important to design the system to provide good user throughput in most of the coverage area, including at the cell edge. Soft fractional frequency reuse (FFR) is one of the techniques for mitigating inter-cell interference in cellular systems, leading to overall spectral efficiency enhancements and/or cell edge throughput improvements. We propose a novel algorithm that dynamically creates efficient soft FFR patterns on the uplink of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based cellular systems; this allows the system to ?automatically? adapt to user traffic distribution and system layout. Our algorithm is based on systematically ascending towards a local maximum of the system-wide sum of user utilities, which depend on user throughputs. We show that this can be done in a semi-autonomous fashion: each sector does its resource allocation independently, with only an infrequent periodic exchange of interference costs between neighboring sectors. The proposed algorithm, called Multi-sector Gradient for Uplink (MGR-UL), allocates in-sector resources (power, frequency, time-slots to each user) in a way that simultaneously takes into account both the benefit to its ?own? users' utility and the cost of creating interference to neighboring sectors; along with that each sector estimates the cost of interference to itself. Extensive simulation results show that significant performance benefits (up to 69% in total throughput in some typical scenarios) can be achieved with respect to a baseline approach. Simulations also show the automatic formation of soft FFR patterns.
Voltage drop in n- and p-type Bragg reflectors for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1995)

An analysis of carrier transport in n- and p-type distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers that consist of stacks of quarter-wave GaAs-AlAs layers is presented. The analysis is based on the diffusion-drift approximation with the thermionic boundary conditions at heterojunction interfaces. The spatial distribution of carrier effective masses and mobilities has been taken into account. While the voltage drop in n-type DBR is determined mostly by thermionic emission at the interfaces, the drift-diffusion component of the voltage drop is comparable with the thermionic emission in p-type DBR. We present the calculated resistance as a function of graded-region thicknesses and doping levels, which can be useful for low-resistive DBR design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effective noise reduction of speech signals using adaptive lattice filtering, segmentation and soft decision (1993)

One major aspect of current research in speech processing, such as recognition and coding, is to develop systems which retain good performance across a wide variety of acoustic environments. The need for such systems is well appreciated. One method of making robust speech systems is to include a preprocessing stage of noise reduction. The challenge here is to reduce the noise level, preserve or improve the intelligibility and, at the same time, introduce as little distortion as possible. This is a very difficult task and a good solution is still to be found. The work presented here was inspired by previous research by the author in maximum noise reduction of noisy images using Karhunen-Loeve transform.
Optimizing outcomes in ADHD treatment: from clinical targets to novel delivery systems (2016)

Our knowledge and understanding of the underlying neurobiology and symptomatic expression of ADHD has advanced dramatically over the past decade. Associated with these advances has been a similar explosion of new treatment options to individualize treatment for our patients. This article will: ∙ review strategies to measure ADHD symptoms and functional difficulties while seeking to achieve full symptomatic remission throughout the day ∙ summarize recent findings regarding the management and prioritization of ADHD and comorbid conditions and ∙ discuss the various pharmacologic treatment options with a focus on recently developed molecules and novel delivery systems.
Lightweight, low cost GaAs solar cells on 4&#x2033; epitaxial liftoff (ELO) wafers (2008)

GaAs single junction solar cells were fabricated on epitaxial liftoff (ELO) 4:″ GaAs wafers. 1 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> single junction GaAs solar cells have been fabricated with a yield ≫80% across full 4″ ELO wafers. Photoluminescence studies of ELO GaAs wafers showed no evidence of residual strain in the layers as indicated by single peak at 870 nm at 300 K. Transmission electron microscopy studies of ELO solar cells indicated no evidence of threading dislocations, voids or delaminating at the semiconductor-metal interface. Quantum efficiency measurements on ELO GaAs single junction solar cells indicated improved performance near the band edge in the ELO samples compared with conventional, non-ELO GaAs cells. GaAs ELO solar cells exhibited efficiencies in excess of 21% with V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf> = 1.007 V and FF≫85%.
Antioxidant Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes (2009)

In the last few decades, the occurrence of type 2 diabetes has rapidly increased internationally, and it has been estimated that the number of diabetic patients will more than double within 15 years (1). Type 2 diabetes is mainly characterized by the development of increased morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease (CVD); thus, it has been suggested that diabetes may be considered a CVD (1). However, diabetes is also characterized by dramatic microangiophatic complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (1).

Recent evidence suggests that glucose overload may damage the cells through oxidative stress (2). This is currently the basis of the “unifying hypothesis” that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress may account for the pathogenesis of all diabetic complications (2).

It has been suggested that the following four key biochemical changes induced by hyperglycemia are all activated by a common mechanism—overproduction of superoxide radicals (2): 1 ) increased flux through the polyol pathway (in which glucose is reduced to sorbitol, reducing levels of both NADPH and reduced glutathione); 2 ) increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs); 3 ) activation of protein kinase C (with effects ranging from vascular occlusion to expression of proinflammatory genes), and 4 ) increased shunting of excess glucose through the hexosamine pathway (mediating increased transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines). Excess plasma glucose drives excess production of electron donors (mainly -NADH/H+) from the tricarboxylic acid cycle; in turn, this surfeit results in the transfer of single electrons (instead of the usual electron pairs) to oxygen, producing superoxide radicals and other reactive oxygen species (instead of the usual H2O end product). The superoxide anion itself inhibits the key glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), and consequently, glucose and glycolytic intermediates spill into the polyol and hexosamine pathways, as well as additional pathways that culminate in protein kinase …
Survivability analysis of network specifications (2002)

Survivability is the ability of a system to maintain a set of essential services despite the presence of abnormal events, such as faults and intrusions. Ensuring system survivability has increased in importance as critical infrastructures have become heavily dependent on computers. In this paper, we present a systematic method for performing survivability analysis of networks. A system architect injects fault and intrusion events into a given specification of a network and then visualizes the effects of the injected events in the form of scenario graphs. In our method, we automatically generate scenario graphs using model checking. Out method enables further global analysis, such as reliability analysis, where mathematical techniques used in different domains are combined in a systematic manner. We illustrate our ideas on an abstract model of the United States Payment System.
Cell-Type Specific Actions of Progesterone Receptor Modulators in the Regulation of Uterine Leiomyoma Growth (2010)

Although the traditional concept supports a crucial role of estrogen in promoting leiomyoma growth, unequivocal evidence has emerged indicating that progesterone also plays a vital role in the regulation of leiomyoma growth. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of asoprisnil, a selective progesterone receptor modulator, and CDB-2914, a novel progesterone receptor modulator, for the treatment of women with symptomatic leiomyomata. These compounds significantly reduced leiomyoma and uterine volume and improved leiomyoma-related symptoms without serious complications. However, the precise mechanism whereby these compounds cause leiomyoma regression remains poorly understood. Our extensive in vitro studies have provided novel evidence for the growth inhibitory effects of asoprisnil and CDB-2914 on cultured leiomyoma cells. Both compounds exhibited antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antifibrotic actions on cultured leiomyoma cells in the absence of comparable effects on cultured normal myometrial cells. Asoprisnil and/or CDB-2914 modulated the ratio of progesterone receptor isoforms (PR-A and PR-B) in cultured leiomyoma cells; decreased the cell viability; suppressed the expression of growth factors, angiogenic factors, and their receptors in those cells; and induced apoptosis through activating the mitochondrial and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathways and eliciting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, these compounds suppressed types I and III collagen synthesis by modulating extracellular matrix-remodeling enzymes in cultured leiomyoma cells without affecting those syntheses in cultured normal myometrial cells. These findings indicate that both compounds exert antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antifibrotic actions on leiomyoma cells in a cell-type specific manner. This supports the notion that asoprisnil and CDB-2914 hold promise for the nonsurgical treatment of uterine leiomyomata.
ASA 1999 Quality and Productivity Research Conference (1999)

One way to decrease variation in key production processes is by improved adjustments of their control inputs. “Dynamic Optimization” does this and more:  It can be applied by an engineer/black-belt “by hand”; and can be integrated with DCS/SCADA systems for on-line automatic performance optimization even as conditions and objectives change.
Amplifiable messenger RNA. (1992)

RNA molecules were prepared that consisted of an mRNA encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase embedded within the sequence of midivariant RNA, which is a template for the RNA-directed RNA polymerase Q beta replicase. These recombinant RNAs were shown to be bifunctional: they are amplified exponentially by incubation with Q beta replicase, and the replicated RNA serves as template for the cell-free synthesis of enzymatically active chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. The availability of amplifiable mRNAs will enable relatively large amounts of protein to be synthesized in vitro.
Gas Depolarized Graphite Anodes for Aluminum Electrowinning (1969)

Anode potential sweep studies on electronic conducting refractories and several metals in a cryolite‐alumina melt have shown copper, nickel, and graphite to be the most stable anode materials. However, even these materials were attacked in this electrolyte at anodic potentials normally attained in aluminum electrowinning. Uncatalyzed graphite electrodes could be depolarized by methane, but carbon monoxide would depolarize only catalyzed electrodes. There are significant fluoride losses from the electrolyte when hydrogen‐containing fuel gases are used to depolarize the anode.
Phytosterols as functional food ingredients: linkages to cardiovascular disease and cancer (2009)

Dietary phytosterols appear to play an important role in the regulation of serum cholesterol and to exhibit anticancer properties.
Soft Proposal Networks for Weakly Supervised Object Localization (2017)

Weakly supervised object localization remains challenging, where only image labels instead of bounding boxes are available during training. Object proposal is an effective component in localization, but often computationally expensive and incapable of joint optimization with some of the remaining modules. In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we for the first time integrate weakly supervised object proposal into convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in an end-to-end learning manner. We design a network component, Soft Proposal (SP), to be plugged into any standard convolutional architecture to introduce the nearly cost-free object proposal, orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art methods. In the SP-augmented CNNs, referred to as Soft Proposal Networks (SPNs), iteratively evolved object proposals are generated based on the deep feature maps then projected back, and further jointly optimized with network parameters, with image-level supervision only. Through the unified learning process, SPNs learn better object-centric filters, discover more discriminative visual evidence, and suppress background interference, significantly boosting both weakly supervised object localization and classification performance. We report the best results on popular benchmarks, including PASCAL VOC, MS COCO, and ImageNet.
Indole Inhibitors of Human Nonpancreatic Secretory Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>. 1. Indole-3-acetamides (1996)

Phospholipases (PLAs) produce rate-limiting precursors in the biosynthesis of various types of biologically active lipids involved in inflammatory processes. Increased levels of human nonpancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnps-PLA2) have been detected in several pathological conditions. An inhibitor of this enzyme could have therapeutic utility. A broad screening program was carried out to identify chemical structures which could inhibit hnps-PLA2. One of the lead compounds generated by the screening program was 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-acetic acid (13a). We describe the syntheses, structure−activity relationships, and pharmacological activities of a series of indole-3-acetamides and related compounds derived from this lead. This SAR was undertaken with the aid of X-ray crystal structures of complexes between the inhibitors and hnps-PLA2 which were of great value in directing the SAR.
Despite substantial degradation, 2‐arachidonoylglycerol is a potent full efficacy agonist mediating CB<sub>1</sub> receptor‐dependent G‐protein activation in rat cerebellar membranes (2001)

1. Two endocannabinoids, arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) bind and activate G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, but limited data exist on their relative ability to activate G-proteins. 2. Here we assess agonist potency and efficacy of various cannabinoids, including 2-AG, HU-310 (2-arachidonoyl glyceryl ether, a third putative endocannabinoid), HU-313 (another ether analogue of 2-AG), AEA, R-methanandamide (an enzymatically stable analogue of AEA), and CP-55,940 at rat brain CB(1) receptors using agonist-stimulated [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding to cerebellar membranes and whole brain sections. Degradation of endocannabinoids under experimental conditions was monitored by HPLC. 3. To enhance efficacy differences, agonist dose-response curves were generated using increasing GDP concentrations. At 10(-6) M GDP, all compounds, except HU-313, produced full agonists responses approximately 2.5 fold over basal. The superior efficacy of 2-AG over all other compounds became evident by increasing GDP (10(-5) and 10(-4) M). 4. In membrane incubations, 2-AG was degraded by 85% whereas AEA and HU-310 were stable. Pretreatment of membranes with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride inhibited 2-AG degradation, resulting in 2 fold increase in agonist potency. Such pretreatment had no effect on AEA potency. 5. Responses in brain sections were otherwise consistent with membrane binding data, but 2-AG evoked only a weak signal in brain sections, apparently due to more extensive degradation. 6. These data establish that even under conditions of substantial degradation, 2-AG is a full efficacy agonist, clearly more potent than AEA, in mediating CB(1) receptor-dependent G-protein activity in native membranes.