gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis Resistance of Blood Cells From Patients With Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria, Aplastic Anemia, and Myelodysplastic Syndrome (1997)

Bone marrow (BM) hypoplasia is a major cause of death in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). However, little is known about the molecular events leading to the hypoplasia. Considering the close pathologic association between PNH and aplastic anemia (AA), it is suggested that a similar mechanism operates in the development of their BM failure. Recent reports have indicated apoptosis-mediated BM suppression in AA. It is thus conceivable that apoptosis also operates to cause BM hypoplasia in PNH. If this is the case, PNH clones need to survive apoptosis and show considerable expansion leading to clinical manifestations. We report here that granulocytes obtained from 11 patients with PNH were apparently less susceptible than those from 20 healthy individuals to both spontaneous apoptosis without any ligands and that induced by anti-FAS (CD95) antibody in vitro. The patients' BM CD34+ cells were also resistant to apoptosis induced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and subsequently with anti-FAS antibody. In lymphocytes, the pathologic resistance was not discriminated from inherent resistance to apoptosis. Granulocytes from 13 patients with AA and 12 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) exhibited similar resistance to apoptosis. CD34+ cells from MDS-BM also showed similar tendency. Thus, the comparative resistance to apoptosis supports the pathogenic implication of apoptosis in marrow injury of PNH and related stem cell disorders.
Indications and Recommendations by Societies and Institutions for the Use of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Paediatric Functional Intestinal Disorders (2016)

ABSTRACT Purpose of review: To report the indications and/or recommendations by Societies and Institutions for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in functional intestinal disorders in childhood. Recent findings: A position by Societies and Institutions is available only for infant colic, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation. Supplementation with the probiotic L reuteri DSM 17938 in breastfed term infants with colic appears to be effective in reducing crying, while still debated is its role in the prevention of colic. Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder in children and at present no specific treatments are available; existing data show that although high‐quality studies are still needed, some evidence support the efficacy of LGG and VSL#3 in paediatric IBS. At present there is no evidence for the use of pre‐ or probiotics in childhood constipation. Summary: Probiotics in a near future may have a definite role is some FGIDs of infants and children. The main limitations for the recommendation by Societies and Institutions are the methodological issues that limit the quality of the evidence and the heterogeneity of treatments (probiotic strain and dose, mode, dose and duration of supplementation, primary outcomes, etc). Some specific strains are promising for infant colic (L. reuteri DSM 17938) and irritable bowel syndrome (LGG) while at present there is no indication for their use in the treatment of childhood constipation.
Activators and inactivators of Ca++ channels: new perspectives. (1986)

Recent advances in the pharmacology of voltage-operated Ca++ channels (VOCs) are reviewed. It is proposed that three subgroups of calcium-antagonists exist and the pharmacology of the "subgroups" is compared at the level of ligand binding and functional (in vitro and in vivo) experiments. Recent electrophysiological experiments have indicated that there may be two populations of VOCs. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the different antagonist subgroups.
Age‐related changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide dependent vasodilation: evidence for a novel mechanism involving sphingomyelinase and ceramide‐activated phosphatase 2A (2006)

Aging is the single most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. The underlying etiologies that elevate CVD risk are unknown, but increased vessel rigidity appears to be a major hallmark of cardiovascular aging. We hypothesized that post-translational signaling pathways become disrupted with age and adversely affect endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) production. Using arterial vessels and isolated endothelia from old (33-month) vs. young (3-month) F344XBrN rats, we show a loss of vasomotor function with age that is attributable to a decline in eNOS activity and NO bioavailability. An altered eNOS phosphorylation pattern consistent with its inactivation was observed: phosphorylation at the inhibitory threonine 494 site increased while phosphorylation at the activating serine 1176 site declined by 50%. Loss of phosphorylation on serine 1176 was related to higher ceramide-activated protein phosphatase 2 A activity, which was driven by a 125% increase in ceramide in aged endothelia. Elevated ceramide levels were attributable to chronic activation of neutral sphingomyelinases without a concomitant increase in ceramidase activity. This imbalance may stem from an observed 33% decline in endothelial glutathione (GSH) levels, a loss known to differentially induce neutral sphingomyelinases. Pretreating aged vessel rings with the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor, GW4869, significantly reversed the age-dependent loss of vasomotor function. Taken together, these results suggest a novel mechanism that at least partly explains the persistent loss of eNOS activity and endothelial-derived NO availability in aging conduit arteries.
Phase ordering with automatic window selection (PAWS): A novel motion-resistant technique for 3D coronary imaging (2000)

Navigator acceptance imaging methods are hindered by the loss in scan efficiency which results from the changes in the breathing pattern of a subject over time. The diminishing variance algorithm (DVA), which does not use a predefined acceptance window, is less influenced by such changes. The use of phase ordering and weighting techniques has been shown to significantly improve image quality over nonordered window methods. However, the use of an acceptance window is inherent in all these techniques as a decision to accept or reject data must still be made. A technique is presented which is resistant to changes in breathing while allowing the use of phase ordering to provide effective motion artifact reduction in optimal time. The basic principle is described and illustrated for this automatic window-selection technique with in vitro results to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. Results of an in vivo study are also presented which demonstrate significant improvement in image quality over the DVA (p < 0.01) and hybrid-ordered phase encoding methods (p < 0.05).
Field-emitter arrays for vacuum microelectronics (1991)

An ongoing program on microfabricated field-emitter arrays has produced a gated field-emitter tip structure with submicrometer dimensions and techniques for fabricating emitter arrays with tip packaging densities of up to 1.5*10/sup 7/ tips/cm/sup 2/. Arrays have been fabricated over areas varying from a few micrometers up to 13 cm in diameter. Very small overall emitter size, materials selection, and rigorous emitter-tip processing procedures have contributed to reducing the potential required for field emission to tens of volts. Emission current densities of up to 100 A/cm/sup 2/ have been achieved with small arrays of tips, and 100-mA total emission is commonly produced with arrays 1 mm in diameter containing 10000 tips. Transconductances of 5.0 mu S per tip have been demonstrated, indicating that 50 S/cm/sup 2/ should be achievable with tip densities of 10/sup 7/ tips/cm/sup 2/. Details of the cathode arrays and a variety of performance characteristics are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: New High‐Permittivity AgNb<sub>1‐x</sub>Ta<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Microwave Ceramics. Part 2. Dielectric Characteristics. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers (2006)

This chapter reviews the application of nanoparticles as drug carriers. One of the major obstacles to drug efficacy is the nonspecific distribution of the biologically active compound after administration. Nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is dispersed within the polymer throughout the particle. The most likely mechanism is endocytosis by the endothelial cells lining the blood capillaries of the brain. Efforts have been made to achieve molecular addressing of nanoparticles. This approach consists of the decoration of the nanoparticle surface with the aid of molecules able to recognize a biological target. Oral administration of peptides is another important challenge for nanotechnologies. The capacity of insulin nanocapsules to reduce glycemia could be explained by their translocation through the intestinal barrier by the paracellular pathway or via M cells in Peyer’s patches. The development of new vaccines is another application of nanotechnologies by the oral route.
Systemic linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI)-mediated gene delivery in the mouse (2000)

These observations suggest that effective lung transfection primarily depends on the injection conditions: the large nonionic glucose bolus prevents aggregation as well as mixing of the cationic complexes and excess free L-PEI with blood. This may favour vascular leakage in the region where the vasculature is dense and fragile, i.e. around the lung alveoli. Cationic particles can thus reach the epithelium from the basolateral side where their receptors (heparan sulphate proteoglycans) are abundant.
A Hybrid Flash Memory SSD Scheme for Enterprise Database Applications (2010)

Flash memory has many advantages such as high performance, low electronic power, non-volatile storage and physical stability, over hard-disks. For this reason, flash memory has been deployed as data storage for mobile devices, including PDAs, MP3 players, laptop-computers and database systems. According to the cell type, flash memory can be divided into SLC(Single Level Chip) and MLC(Multi Level Chip). In general, SLC is known to have high performance and longer lifetime (i.e. more than 100 K wear-leveling) while MLC is to offer larger capacity and with low price but have wear leveling of not longer than 10 K. In this paper, we show that it is possible to design a fast and cost-efficient storage by combining two types of flash memories in a hybrid fashion. Specifically, we propose a hybrid flash memory solid state disk(SSD) scheme using FAST FTL for enterprise applications, where SLC chip is used as the log space for FAST while MLC chips store the normal data blocks. SLC chips allow fast and durable performance for write while MLC chips provide the large capacity. And, this is mainly due to the FAST FTL algorithm's characteristics: it tends to direct the random writes to SLC chips and direct the other most random read to MLC chips. By taking the advantages of both chip types, we can find an economically desirable flash SSD design option. Experimental results show that our hybrid flash SSD scheme outperforms MLC-only flash scheme by far both in terms of performance and price.
Atypical Dependence of Electroosmotic Transport on Surface Charge in a Single-wall Carbon Nanotube (2003)

Electroosmotic phenomena is widely used to transport and mix fluids in micro- and nanoscale lab-on-a-chip applications. A single-wall carbon nanotube is a promising candidate for nanofluidic applications because of its extraordinary mechanical, electronic, and chemical properties. In this paper, we report on molecular dynamics simulation of electroosmotic transport of NaCl solution through a 5.42 nm diameter carbon nanotube with different surface charge densities. Simulation results indicate that if the carbon nanotube surface is negatively charged, a significant amount of Na+ ion is contact adsorbed on the nanotube wall and immobilized, resulting in negligible electroosmotic transport. However, if the carbon nanotube surface is positively charged, the contact adsorption of the Cl- ion is moderate and the adsorbed Cl- ions are not immobilized, thus generating a significant electroosmotic transport and a velocity slip on the carbon nanotube surface. The observed dependence of electroosmotic transport on the surface charge is significantly different from the results obtained using the conventional continuum theories, which predict that the electroosmotic transport will simply reverse its direction if the surface charge density is flipped. This anomalous dependence of electroosmotic transport on the surface charge is mainly caused by the different adsorption behavior of the counterions, which depends on the size of the counterion, the local electrostatic interactions between ion−water and ion-charged surface atoms, and on the external electric field.
Design of high-voltage-tolerant level shifter in low voltage CMOS process for neuro stimulator (2016)

A new high-voltage-tolerant level shifter is proposed and verified in a 0.18-μm CMOS process with 1.8-V/3.3-V devices, whereas the operation voltage can be up to 12V. The output signal of high-voltage-tolerant level shifter has an offset of 3 times the normal supply voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> ) of the used technology with respect to the input signal. The converting speed of level shifter is improved by using the coupling capacitors and the cross-coupled transistor pairs. Electrical overstress and the gate-oxide reliability issues can be fully eliminated because all transistors in the proposed level shifter are operating within the safe voltage range.
Application of an E. coli signal sequence as a versatile inclusion body tag (2017)

We present proof-of-concept for the use of ssTorA as a small, versatile tag for robust E. coli-based expression of heterologous proteins in IBs.
Differences in the Phenotypic Characteristics of Subjects With Familial Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 and Familial Hypercholesterolemia (1995)

Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) is a recently identified autosomal-dominantly inherited disorder caused by a point mutation in the apolipoprotein (apo) B gene. To determine whether the phenotypic characteristics in FDB subjects are similar to those in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 76 kindreds fulfilling the clinical criteria for heterozygous FH/FDB were characterized using molecular biological techniques. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at the apoB locus was used for diagnosis or exclusion of FDB. PCR-based methods for detection of two point mutations (V408M and P664L) at the LDL receptor (LDLR) locus, cosegregation analysis using eight restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the LDLR locus, or the exclusion of FDB confirmed the clinical diagnosis of FH. Three kindreds were not included because of a missing cosegregation between a particular haplotype and the FH phenotype. We predicted that a similar number of kindreds would be detected in the two groups, assuming comparable prevalences of the diseases in our population and similar phenotypic characteristics. However, only nine kindreds were identified with the FDB mutation compared with 64 kindreds with FH (P < .0001). From these 73 kindreds, 28 FDB heterozygotes and 129 FH heterozygotes were compared using multivariate analysis. There were no differences between these two groups with respect to age, sex, and apoE genotype distribution, lipoprotein(a) concentrations, body mass index, blood pressure, and smoking habits. However, FDB subjects demonstrated significantly lower concentrations of total cholesterol (8.1 versus 10.2 mmol/L, P < .001), LDL cholesterol (6.3 versus 8.2 mmol/L, P < .001), and triglycerides (1.3 versus 1.8 mmol/L, P = .025) and higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol (1.4 versus 1.2 mmol/L, P = .015) than subjects with FH. In contrast to FH, female FDB subjects tended to have higher concentrations of total cholesterol (8.9 versus 7.5 mmol/L, P = .032) and LDL cholesterol (7.1 versus 5.7 mmol/L, P = .026) than FDB males. The same results regarding total and LDL cholesterol and sex differences were observed when individual data of 238 FDB and 415 FH subjects from the literature were compared. In addition, FDB subjects showed much larger total cholesterol fluctuations than FH subjects (median of intraindividual coefficients of variation: FDB, 14.5%; FH, 5.3%; P < .001). In summary, these results demonstrate that FDB subjects tend to have a milder form of hyperlipoproteinemia than FH subjects and that only a part of the subjects with FDB fulfill the established criteria for identifying FH.
Heterologous transplantation of mouse tumors into the newborn albino rat. (1960)

Progressive growth fatal to the host resulted when three rapidly growing ascites-forming mouse tumors, the lymphosarcoma 6C3HED, lymphoma L4946, and Ehrlich ascites were injected intraperitoneally into newborn albino rats. Serial passage through newborn rats has not altered their lethality to this heterologous host or to their indigenous mouse host.

Two rapidly growing mouse tumors which do not form ascites, the lymphoma P1534 and neuroblastoma C1300, regularly grew to demonstrable size by the 10th day after subcutaneous injection into newborn rats. Although the neuroblastoma always regressed, the lymphoma P1534 occasionally grew progressively, but serial passage was unsuccessful.

Three relatively slow-growing mouse tumors—the myeloma X5563, mammary carcinoma BW10232, and melanoma S91—did not grow in newborn rats.

Considerable mortality occurred in those rats given injections of the mouse tumors at birth, whether transplantable growth was ever present or not.
All-optical atomic clocks (2002)

We have developed two all-optical clocks in which the RF output is generated directly from the optical process within the clockwork. The frequency comb created by a femtosecond mode-locked laser and a microstructure fiber is used to phase-coherently measure the frequencies of both the Hg/sup +/ and Ca optical frequency standards with respect to the SI second as realized at NIST. We find the transition frequencies to bef/sub Hg/=1064721609899143(10) Hz and f/sub Ca/ =455986240494158(26) Hz, respectively. This work begins to reveal the high stability and potential for accuracy of optical atomic clocks. Furthermore, when combined with previous measurements, we find no time variations of these atomic frequencies within the uncertainties of 1|(/spl part/f/sub Hg///spl part/t)/f/sub Hg/| =2/spl times/10/sup -14/ yr/sup -1/ and |(/spl part/f/sub Ca///spl part/t)/f/sub Ca/| =8/spl times/10/sup -14/ yr/sup -1/.
Wireless MEMS Sensing System for Human Activity Monitoring (2007)

This study describes a human activity monitoring system that uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors. The prototype system contains four sensors for ambient monitoring: 3-axis acceleration, barometric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. The peripheral circuitry for each sensor is connected to a one-chip microprocessor. The measured data is stored in memory and transferred via a wireless transmitter. We measured a human subject's daily life activities, and using data mining, we were able to obtain a representation of that subject's life circumstances.
REAL-TIME PCR (2007)

REAL-TIME PCR Editor: Tevfik M. Dorak Bibliographic Data: Informa Healthcare/Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN: 978-0-415-37734-8, Series Title: BIOS Advanced Methods, 359 pages, soft cover, $69.95. Reviewer's Expert Opinion Description: This book provides both general and specific information about the use of real time PCR. After a series of chapters discussing principles of the procedure, protocols are provided for specific applications. Purpose: The goal is to provide both theoretical and practical information for those wishing to use real time PCR as a laboratory tool. This is a generally worthwhile aim and, with some caveats, suitably met. Audience: The target audience for this book includes advanced graduate students and fellows as well as senior laboratory personnel. The editor has assembled a knowledgeable group of contributors. Features: The downstream technologies that stem from the development of PCR are many, and with broad applications. One of them, real time PCR, is the subject of this book. This procedure can provide quantitative data on specific sequence targets, identify possible polymorphisms, and allow for specific diagnosis of infectious agents. As with any method, it is useful for the investigator to be aware of both applications and limitations as well as to have a practical sense of what is required in the laboratory for effective implementation. The first section of the book is devoted to a general overview of the method, data analysis, and probe design. Subsequent material includes specific target applications (tissue analysis, viral identification, for example) and provides detailed protocols for laboratory use. Each of the 17 chapters has a short bibliography of useful primary references. The editor has assembled a strong international group of authors and maintained a high standard throughout. This book will be of general interest to senior laboratory personnel contemplating use of the procedure and of specific utility to bench scientists seeking well validated protocols. Assessment: This is a useful book, in that limitations and uses are both covered. Some of the chapters (ocular tissue, for example) seem a stretch, somewhat niche items. Newer methods of sequencing and whole genome analysis are not discussed and are highly competitive in this arena. Reviewer: Eugene A. Davidson, PhD (Georgetown University School of Medicine)
Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs (1995)

Osteoarthritis (also known as osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease) is a term covering a broad spectrum of poorly understood joint disorders. Although it is preferable to think of osteoarthritis as a disease process with a variety of initiating factors, it may, for the purposes of this article, be defined as a disorder of synovial joints characterised by aberrant repair and eventual degeneration of articular cartilage and also by the formation of new bone at the articular margins, sclerosis of subchondral bone and variable low grade synovial inflammation. While the apophyseal joints of the spine can also be affected, the association between osteoarthritis of these joints, disc disease and the clinical signs is unclear. Discussion will, therefore, be limited to the joints of the appendicular skeleton.