gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Fluoroelastomer Processing Aid in Extrusion of LLDPE** (1987)

Abstract Fluoroelastomers are being used as processing aids for extruding thermoplastics. The mechanism of the function is studied by using a Capillary Rheometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Four different die diameters with a die aspect ratio of 40 were used in extrusion of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Slip velocities at the same pressure drop increase with the addition of a fluoroelastomer at 250 to 3000 ppm. This helps delay the onset of melt fracture to higher shear rates and produces smoother extrudates. This study shows that fluoroelastomer wets the die surface and migrates to the surface of extrudate.
Nonequilibrium discharges in air and nitrogen plasmas at atmospheric pressure (2002)

Abstract Diffuse glow discharges were produced in low temperature (<2000 K) atmospheric pressure air and nitrogen plasmas with electron number densities in excess of 1012 cm­3, more than six orders of magnitude higher than in thermally heated air at 2000 K. The measured discharge characteristics compare well with the predictions of a two-temperature kinetic model. Experimental and modeling results show that the steady-state electron number density exhibits an S-shaped dependence on the electron temperature, a behavior resulting from competition between ionization and charge-transfer reactions. Non-Maxwellian effects are shown to be unimportant for the prediction of steady-state electron number densities. The power requirements of DC discharges at atmospheric pressure can be reduced by several orders of magnitude using short repetitive high-voltage pulses. Between consecutive pulses, the plasma is sustained by the finite rate of electron recombination. Repetitive discharges with a 100-kHz, 12-kV, 10-ns pulse generator were demonstrated to produce over 1012 electrons/cm3 with an average power of 12 W/cm3, 250 times smaller than a DC discharge at 1012 cm­3.
Vaccination against periodontitis: the saga continues (2007)

Periodontal disease can be considered to be one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases inflicting humans. With the advent of advanced molecular diagnostic techniques, a better understanding of the role of specific pathogens and the contributory role of the host immune response in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease has been possible - although not completely. However, successful vaccine development that fully utilizes the current level of understanding has not yet occurred for human use. This paper reviews various in vitro, animal studies and human trials undertaken to develop a vaccine against periodontal disease, with emphases on the shortfalls of these efforts and future prospects of developing a successful vaccine against periodontal disease.
Mobile context-aware game for the next generation (2003)

Traditional networked multiplayer games are typically confined to be played on desktop computers. With the recent advances in mobile networking, context-aware computing, and sensor-based computing, researchers and game designers are able to explore the potential of combining these new technologies together to develop mobile networked, context-aware, augmented reality multiplayer games. As part of the new research collaboration between
BOTULINUM TOXIN THERAPY (2000)

BACKGROUND- Muscle overactivity (e.g., spastic dystonia and pathologic antagonistic cocontraction), in addition to motor weakness and muscle shortening, is one of the three cardinal disabling features in patients with damage to central motor pathways. Muscle overactivity is usually not distributed equally throughout the body; instead, it predominates in certain muscles. As a result, imbalance often exists between hypoactive agonists and relatively hyperactive antagonists. Treatments targeting overactivity in specific muscles (local treatments) may therefore be preferable to generalized therapies. This article reviews the physiological action, pharmacology, risks, and indications of the most promising of these local treatments, botulinum toxin (BTX). REVIEW SUMMARY- BTX is a neurotropic protein that blocks acetylcholine release from all cholinergic terminals, including peripheral motor nerves, which results in flaccid paralysis when injected into muscle. Seven serotypes of BTX are produced by several species of Clostridium, and some have been purified for therapeutic purposes. The paralyzing action of BTX is temporary, and recovery of function occurs after terminal nerve sprouting and reformation of neuromuscular junctions. No muscle or nerve destruction occurs after BTX injection into muscle, as opposed to neurolytic agents (e.g., alcohol and phenol), and clinical tolerance is usually excellent. To target specific muscles, the stimulation technique seems more effective than passive EMG monitoring. Because BTX blocks all cholinergic synapses, it has also been used in autonomic disorders as an antimuscarinic agent. CONCLUSIONS- BTX is a well-tolerated, local pharmacologic treatment for muscle overactivity, and its range of licensed indications will likely increase, particularly among spastic conditions. However, pharmaco-economic considerations mandate that controlled comparative studies between BTX and other neurolytic agents are performed. The genetic synthesis of a biologically active BTX may render this treatment more cost-effective in the future. (THE NEUROLOGIST 6:98-115, 2000)
Sulfonated nanohydroxyapatite functionalized with 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate (HAP@AEPH<sub>2</sub>-SO<sub>3</sub>H) as a new recyclable and eco-friendly catalyst for rapid one-pot synthesis of 4,4′-(aryl methylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol)s (2015)

HAP@AEPH<sub>2</sub>-SO<sub>3</sub>H, a new, green, solid acid catalyst, was prepared, characterized and applied for the synthesis of 4,4′-(aryl methylene)bis(3-methyl-1<italic>H</italic>-pyrazol-5-ol)s.
Putting usable intelligence into multimedia applications (2003)

Traditionally usability holds the status of an art applied by limited, highly expert scientists and engineers intended to enhance the design of hardware and software for the ultimate benefit of the end user. In the creation of human computer interfaces, the usability engineer (or should we say interface artist) has at her disposal a number of techniques ranging from Wizard of Oz experiments to cognitive complexity analyses to help determine the ideal interface to an application. In this position paper, we claim two basic points. First, that systems are rapidly increasing in complexity and breadth of use that even interface artists are no longer able to predict the range and contexts of uses of these systems and thus have an increasingly difficult task of creating interfaces to serve a range of users and situations. Secondly, we claim that increasing intelligence in both the interface and applications will ultimately wield this application complexity. We illustrate this with examples from intelligent multimedia interfaces and an innovative multimedia news understanding domain. We conclude by sketching a new approach to interface instrumentation and evaluation currently being explored at MITRE that promises a methodology for advancement.
Industrielle Anwendungen von Goldkatalysatoren (2016)

Abstract Erst kürzlich fanden Goldkatalysatoren den Weg in die ersten großtechnischen industriellen Anwendungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz bietet eine kritische Analyse der Rahmenbedingungen und Hindernisse auf dem langen Weg von der Entdeckung der katalytischen Eigenschaften von Gold bis zur großtechnischen Anwendung von Goldkatalysatoren. Diese Einblicke sollen Forschern aus Hochschule und Industrie, die heute an der Entwicklung von Goldkatalysatoren arbeiten, helfen, die Probleme von morgen zu bewältigen.
Fatty Acid Compositions of Serum Lipids, Erythrocytes, and Platelets in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Women* (1985)

The fatty acid composition of serum lipids, erythrocytes, platelets, and diet was studied in women with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and in normal subjects matched for age, sex, body weight, and serum lipid levels. The dietary intake of linoleic acid was higher in IDDM patients than in the normal subjects. The linoleic acid content of serum triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids and of red cells and platelets were elevated in patients with IDDM proportionately to their dietary linoleate intake. The linoleic acid content of serum lipids, but not of diet, was significantly correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin Alc in IDDM patients. However, the serum lipid contentof arachidonic acid and other n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are metabolites of linoleic acid, was decreased in IDDM patients, but these metabolites were normal or increased in their cell membranes. The contents of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were decreased in serum and platelet lipids and tended to be increased in erythrocyte membranes of diabetic patients. The results suggest that elongation and desaturation of essential fatty acids, linoleic acid in particular, are decreased in women with IDDM.
Directed evolution library creation : methods and protocols (2003)

Directed protein evolution-a powerful technique for the discovery of new enzymes and therapeutic proteins-has matured to the point that it is now the centerpiece of enzyme engineering, where it has catalyzed the development of numerous experimental methods. In Directed Evolution Library Creation: Methods and Protocols, seasoned practitioners from many leading laboratories share their best experimental protocols for the generation of molecular diversity. Described in step-by-step detail to ensure experimental success, these protocols include readily reproducible methods for random mutagenesis of entire genes or segments of genes, for homologous and nonhomologous recombination, and for constructing in vivo libraries in bacteria and yeast. In addition to the various protocols for creating libraries, this volume also describes ways to analyze libraries, particularly those made by recombination. An accompanying volume, Directed Enzyme Evolution: Screening and Selection Methods (ISBN: 1-58829-286-X), is devoted entirely to selection and screening methods that can be applied to the directed evolution of enzymes. Taken together, Directed Evolution Library Creation: Methods and Protocols and Directed Enzyme Evolution: Screening and Selection Methods capture for newcomers and more experienced investigators alike all the key methods for using directed protein evolution to better understand protein structure-function relationships, to discover new enzymes and therapeutic proteins, and to design new assays suitable for specific applications
Development and use of localized arc filament plasma actuators for high-speed flow control (2007)

The paper discusses recent results on the development of localized arc filament plasma actuators and their use in controlling high-speed and high Reynolds number jet flows. Multiple plasma actuators (up to 8) are controlled using a custom-built 8-channel high-voltage pulsed plasma generator. The plasma generator independently controls pulse repetition rate (0–200 kHz), duty cycle and phase for each individual actuator. Current and voltage measurements demonstrated the power consumption of each actuator to be quite low (20 W at 20% duty cycle). Emission spectroscopy temperature measurements in the pulsed arc filament showed rapid temperature increase over the first 10–20 µs of arc operation, from below 1000 °C to up to about 2000 °C. At longer discharge pulse durations, 20–100 µs, the plasma temperature levels off at approximately 2000 °C.Modelling calculations using an unsteady, quasi-one-dimensional arc filament model showed that rapid localized heating in the arc filament on a microsecond time scale generates strong compression waves. The results of the calculations also suggest that flow forcing is most efficient at low actuator duty cycles, with short heating periods and sufficiently long delays between the pulses to allow for convective cooling of high-temperature filaments. The model predictions are consistent with laser sheet scattering flow visualization results and particle imaging velocimetry measurements. These measurements show large-scale coherent structure formation and considerable mixing enhancement in an ideally expanded Mach 1.3 jet forced by eight repetitively pulsed plasma actuators. The effects of forcing are most significant near the jet preferred mode frequency (ν = 5 kHz). The results also show a substantial reduction in the jet potential core length and a significant increase in the jet Mach number decay rate beyond the end of potential core, especially at low actuator duty cycles.
Study on protective effects of soybean compound on radiation from gamma rays (2007)

Objective To study the radiation-protective effects of soybean compound in radiated mice from gamma rays.Methods Three batches normal male Kunming mice,every batch of mice was evenly randomized into five groups according to body weight:normal control group,radiated control group and two intervention groups.In the course of experimentation,two intervention groups were given different doses of soybean complex for 30 day.First experiment:the whole body of mice besides normal control group was subjected to 3.0Gy γ-radiation once.The WBC was observed on the 3th,14th day after radiation.Second experiment:the whole body of mice except normal control group was subjected to 5.0Gy γ-radiation once.The granulocytes and the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone-marrow were observed on the 3th day after radiation.Third experiment:the whole body of mice except normal control group was subjected to 7.0Gy γ-radiation once.The SOD activity and the MDA content of blood and liver tissue in mice were observed on the 7th day after radiation.Results Compared with radiated control group,the WBC of high and low doses of soybean complex groups was respectively increased on the 3th day and the 14th day after radiation(P0.05).And in two intervention groups,the granulocytes in bone-marrow increased significantly(P0.05) and the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone-marrow decreased significantly(P0.05) after radiation.In addition,the SOD activity of blood and liver tissue increased significantly(P0.05),and as well as the MDA content of blood decreased compared with radiated control groups.(P0.05).Conclusion Soybean compound could prevent the WBC in distal blood and the granulocytes in bone-marrow decreased after radiation,restrained the production of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes,increased the antioxidant ability of radiated mice,and released the irradiation injury from γ-rays.
Design for testability and test generation for static redundancy system level fault-tolerant circuits (2003)

The necessary conditions for designing testable static redundancy system-level fault-tolerant circuits are derived. In addition, algorithms are proposed for the efficient generation of test patterns for fault-tolerant circuits designed to satisfy these testability conditions. The test generation algorithm has been incorporated with an algorithm for the construction of majority voting devices and automated to produce a software package that generates testable fault-tolerant circuits along with test patterns to test the resultant circuit completely. As input, the algorithm requires a testable original circuit, along with an associated set of test patterns and the desired design parameters E, R, and K.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Kinase Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Keratitis (2013)

This study identifies ATM as a potential target for the treatment of HK. ATM inhibition by KU-55933 reduces epithelial infection and stromal disease severity without producing appreciable toxicity. These findings warrant further investigations into the DNA damage response as an area for therapeutic intervention in herpetic ocular diseases.
Trajectories of brain loss in aging and the development of cognitive impairment (2007)

Ventricular expansion is faster in those developing mild cognitive impairment years prior to clinical symptoms, and eventually a more rapid expansion occurs approximately 24 months prior to the emergence of clinical symptoms. These differential rates of preclinical atrophy suggest that there are specific windows for optimal timing of introduction of dementia prevention therapies in the future.
Comparative study of alkaline phosphatase activity in lymphocytes, mitogen-induced blasts, lymphoblastoid cell lines, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. (1976)

Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoricmonoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline pH optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] purified from a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi) and Moloney-virus-induced murine leukemia (YAC) showed unique catalytic properties in substrate specificity and inhibition by cysteamine-S-phosphate. It migrated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a single activity band. Alkaline phosphatase with similar properties was found in several human lymphoblastoid cell lines, in chronic lymphatic leukemic cells, in organs of leukemic mice, and in sera of patients with certain lymphoproliferative disorders.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN IL-2 DEPENDENT HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA-VIRUS TYPE-I (HTLV-I) INFECTED CELL-LINE - A SYSTEM FOR STUDYING HTLV-I MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION (1994)

The retrovirus Human T cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) is the causative agent of Adult T cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL) and is associated with HTLV-I Myelopathy. HTLV-I mediated transformation of CD4(+) T cells, during the course of ATLL, is poorly understood. It has been suggested that HTLV-I is responsible for the immortalization of infected cells, but transformation is dependent on secondary events. To investigate this hypothesis, we have isolated an HTLV-I infected T cell line that is dependent on IL-2 for growth in tissue culture. Further, a subclone of this cell line that is able to grow in the absence of IL-2 has been isolated. Both cell lines have identical TCR chain rearrangements and cell surface markers. Each,cell line produces viral mRNAs and proteins. Finally, both of these cell lines are sensitive to rapamycin and cyclosporin A regardless of the presence of IL-2. We propose that this system will provide a unique opportunity to study transformation to IL-2 independence in HTLV-I infected cells.
A gas chromatographic detector based on the quenching of luminescence from a P<sub>4</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> cold flame (1979)

Gas chromatographic effluents were detected by their quenching effect on the luminescence of a steady 'cold flame', as provided by the gas-phase reaction of phosphorus vapor and oxygen. The response of organic compounds correlated with their 'ease of oxidation' in accordance with the literature, suggesting that such compounds act as oxygen atom scavengers in the branched-chain P 4 /O 2 reaction.Most substances showed linear response over one to two orders of magnitude, and minimum detectable amounts ranged from 2 × 10 −9 g (benzaldehyde) to 2 × 10 −4 g (dichloromethane). The detector temperature could be varied to (a) alter response ratios, i.e. selectivity, among some types of compounds; and (b) produce easily-obtained Arrhenius plots. However, the response (luminescence quenching) of most compounds was independent of temperature over a considerable range.
Functional and Molecular Characterization of Naturally Occurring Mutations in the Oocyte-secreted Factors Bone Morphogenetic Protein-15 and Growth and Differentiation Factor-9 (2004)

Bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) are oocyte-secreted factors that are critical local regulators of ovarian physiology. Recent studies have identified a number of mutations in these genes that cause increased fertility and infertility in heterozygous or homozygous ewes carrying the mutations, respectively. Interestingly, heterozygous ewes with a mutation in both BMP-15 and GDF-9 exhibit higher fertility than those having mutation in only one of the genes. Here, we have produced recombinant human BMP-15 and GDF-9 that carry the mutations identified in those sheep, i.e. I31D and S99I in BMP-15 and S77F in GDF-9. We found that when individually expressed, both BMP-15 mutations had no effect on the processing, secretion, and dimerization of the mature proteins or on the biological activity of the molecules. However, when mutant BMP-15 was co-expressed with wild-type GDF-9, the secretion of BMP-15 and GDF-9 was significantly reduced, suggesting that the mechanisms by which the BMP-15 mutations affect sheep fertility occurs at the level of protein secretion rather than dimerization and biological activity. Moreover, when mutant GDF-9 was co-expressed with mutant BMP-15, the secretion levels of both proteins were significantly lower than those of cells co-expressing wildtype GDF-9 and mutant BMP-15, suggesting a possible mechanism for the extreme fertility observed in the compound heterozygous mutant sheep.
Strömungswiderstand und Wärmeübergang bei quer angeströmten Wärmeaustauschern mit kreuzgitterförmig angeordneten glatten und berippten Rohren (1964)

Abstract Das kleinste Bauvolumen läßt sich bei quer angeströmten Rohrbündeln dann erreichen, wenn in Strömungsrichtung Rohr an Rohr anliegt, wenn also das Längsteilungsverhältnis der Rohre 1 ist. Die hierbei möglichen Anordnungsformen werden besprochen und Ergebnisse für den Strömungswiderstand und den Wärmeübergang mitgeteilt. Am günstigsten verhält sich dabei die kreuzgitterförmige Rohranordnung.
909. Alkaline degradation of polysaccharides. Part V. Periodate oxycellulose (1958)

D. O'Meara and G. N. Richards, J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 4504 DOI: 10.1039/JR9580004504
Oxidative Remodeling of Chromoplast Carotenoids (2002)

The accumulation of three major carotenoid derivatives-crocetin glycosides, picrocrocin, and safranal-is in large part responsible for the color, bitter taste, and aroma of saffron, which is obtained from the dried styles of Crocus. We have identified and functionally characterized the Crocus zeaxanthin 7,8(7',8')-cleavage dioxygenase gene (CsZCD), which codes for a chromoplast enzyme that initiates the biogenesis of these derivatives. The Crocus carotenoid 9,10(9',10')-cleavage dioxygenase gene (CsCCD) also has been cloned, and the comparison of substrate specificities between these two enzymes has shown that the CsCCD enzyme acts on a broader range of precursors. CsZCD expression is restricted to the style branch tissues and is enhanced under dehydration stress, whereas CsCCD is expressed constitutively in flower and leaf tissues irrespective of dehydration stress. Electron microscopy revealed that the accumulation of saffron metabolites is accompanied by the differentiation of amyloplasts and chromoplasts and by interactions between chromoplasts and the vacuole. Our data suggest that a stepwise sequence exists that involves the oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin in chromoplasts followed by the sequestration of modified water-soluble derivatives into the central vacuole.
Raman Microprobe with Holographic Beamsplitter for Low-Frequency Operation (1992)

A Raman microprobe with a holographic beamsplitter is described. The beamsplitter is shown to have 90% laser insertion efficiency and high Raman transmission efficiency on both the Stokes and anti-Stokes side. Useful spectra are obtainable as close as ±60 cm −1 from the exciting line using 4 mW power.