gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lead Forming and Outer Lead Bond Pattern Design for Tape-Bonded Hybrids (1978)

Tape automated bonding (TAB) has progressed to such an extent that hybrid devices are now being designed and built with this technology. In contrast with monolithic device configurations, where inner and outer lead bonds are coplanar, the hybrid device requires the leads to descend from the chip top surface level to the substrate level. It is desirable that the leads follow a carefully designed trajectory to match a substrate bonding pattern of a definite repeatable design. Funded by contracts from the U.S. Army Electronics Command (ECOM) and by internal sources, Honeywell Avionics Division developed a number of different designs for lead forming and outer lead bonding. These designs are now matured to the point that they are being standardized and incorporated into manual and automatic bonding equipment built by the Jade Corporation. They are also being submitted to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for consideration. Early experimentation with lead forming revealed a two-piece forming tool unable to shape the leads to the designed trajectory. This trajectory, where the leads simultaneously descend and spread out, was termed "fan-out on the slope." The lead frame was redesigned to present identical cross-sectional areas for all leads in the bending areas. Persisting alignment problems after forming resulted in the design and trial of a more complex "triple-action" forming tool. Finally because of continued questionable results, the fan-out on the slope approach was abandoned, and a "fan-out on the level" approach was selected, where the lead fan-out is accomplished on the chip top level before the lead descends to the substrate surface. Next, the development effort was directed to standardize tooling for manual and automatic bonding of multiple chip sizes. Resulting were a set of three outer lead bonding patterns: small, medium, and large, corresponding to carder tape window sizes of 5, 7, and 10 mm, respectively. The basic premise was to make use of all the available beam length by excising as close as possible to the Kapton window in order to allow maximum chip sizes in each of the patterns. The small size measures 170 rail square and can accept chips up to 80 mil square and up to 24 leads. The medium-size measures 250 mil square and can accept chips up to 160 mil in largest dimension and up to 40 leads. The large size measures 350 mil and can accept 250-mil chips and up to 48 leads. The small pattern is designed so that, with 10-mil spacing between adjacent pads and 50-mil spacing from the edges, exactly five patterns fit on a 1inch substrate length. With the same 10-mil spacing, exactly two small patterns fit in the space of one large pattern. The lead trajectory of all three patterns is identical up to a point 40 rail from the excise line, inside of which it is matched to the chip layout. A provision is made for vias and corresponding clearance underneath the lead trajectory inside the outer lead bonds
Mechanochemistry and the Other Branches of Chemistry: Similarities and Differences (2012)

It is argued that mechanical action can induce a unique chemical reaction, if enough mechanical energy is concentrated in the bonds involved in the process to bypass the activation energy. This can happen at crack tips, at the core of dislocations, or at the asperities of colliding or sliding surfaces. A mechanical reaction is always complex, as the macroscopic work is distributed among many possible reaction sites. In comparison, an elementary photochemical reaction is induced by a single photon, while thermochemical reactions rely on the accidental concentration of energy by thermal uctuations. The paper also compares mechanochemical synthesis in a ball mill with reactions under well-dened loading conditions and mechanochemical experiments carried out on the molecular scale. Closer interaction among those branches of mechanochemistry is urged.
Animal models for vaccine studies for visceral leishmaniasis. (2006)

Visceral leishmaniases (VL) or kala-azar is the most dreaded and devastating amongst the various forms of leishmaniases. The disease, though localized in certain areas only, has gained immense importance because of high mortality rate, mainly in children. The parasite is responsible for a spectrum of clinical syndromes, which can, in most extreme cases, go from an asymptomatic infection to a fatal form of VL. Chemotherapeutic measures, alone are not sufficient to control and contain the disease. As an alternate strategy, vaccination is also under experimental and clinical trails. The situation unquestionably demands the use of proper screening system, rationale chemical synthesis, vaccine development and targeted vaccine delivery. Thus, development of an acceptable vaccine is not an easy task. While the factors, which determine clinical outcomes, are in part, a feature of the parasite, it is the nature of the host and its genetic make up and immune status that play crucial role. The prerequisite of reliable animal model is that it should have a considerably good correlation with the clinical situation and is expected to mimic the pathological features and immunological responses observed in humans when exposed to a variety of Leishmania spp. with different pathogenic characteristics. Many experimental animal models like rodents, dogs and monkeys have been developed, each with specific features, but none accurately reproduces what happens in humans. In addition to the nature of the host, the major difference between natural and experimental infections is the parasite inoculum; in natural conditions, the infected sand fly vector deposits a few hundred metacyclic promastigotes into the dermis of the host, whereas experimental infections are induced by the injection (subcutaneous or intravenous) of millions of promastigotes grown in axenic cultures in vitro or amastigotes recovered from infected spleens. In public health terms, VL is the disease of humans and dogs (which may be considered secondary or 'accidental' hosts in the leishmanial life cycle) who often exhibit severe clinical signs and symptoms when infected, whereas reservoir hosts generally show a few, minor or no signs. This situation makes the definition of a suitable laboratory model a difficult one since the various experimental hosts may behave either like a reservoir or an accidental host. This review discusses the concept of animal models for VL and provides a critical evaluation of the most common experimental models and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Particular emphasis is given to the value of using mouse, hamster, dog and primate models, especially in the context of testing potential antileishmanial vaccines.
Learning Image-Derived Eye Movement Patterns to Characterize Perceptual Expertise (2012)

Experts have remarkable capability of locating, identifying and categorizing objects in their domain-specific images.Eliciting experts' visual strategies will benefit image understanding by transferring human domain knowledge into image-based computational procedures.In this paper, an experiment conducted to collect both eye movement and verbal description data from three groups of subjects with different medical training levels (eleven board-certified dermatologists, four dermatologists in training and thirteen novices) while they were examining and describing 42 photographic dermatological images.We present a hierarchical probabilistic framework to discover the stereotypical and idiosyncratic viewing behaviors exhibited within each group when they are diagnosing medical images.Furthermore, experts' annotations of thought units on the transcribed verbal descriptions are time-aligned with discovered eye movement patterns to interpret their semantic meanings.By mapping eye movement patterns to thought units, we uncover the manner in which these subjects alternated their behaviors over the course of inspection and how these experts parse the images.
Metabolically Favorable Remodeling of Human Adipose Tissue by Human Adenovirus Type 36 (2008)

Ad-36 proteins may provide novel therapeutic targets that remodel human adipose tissue to a more metabolically favorable profile.
Novel isolation process using selective polysilicon filled trench technology for high speed bipolar circuits (2002)

Zero encroachment variable-width trench isolation (ZERO) with selective polycrystalline refill has been developed for emitter coupled logic (ECL) circuits. Subsequent oxidation of the selective polysilicon film produces a box-type oxide isolation with vertical sidewalls, no faceting, and zero encroachment. From the planarization point of view, selective polysilicon growth reduces the process complexity of LPCVD (low-pressure chemical vapor deposition) polysilicon-filled single-width trench technology. The selective polysilicon growth also facilitates variable-width trench isolation. Furthermore, it eliminates the faceting problem associated with selective monosilicon trench refill. Bipolar devices were built with variable-width trenches of 1 mu m depth. Gate delay performance was improved by 40-45% as compared to recessed LOCOS isolated circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fatally flawed? (2005)

A scrutiny committee has called the government's draft mental health bill 'fundamentally flawed', chiefly for its emphasis on compulsory treatment. Daniel Allen examines the history and future prospects of this contentious legislation
Cortical and Subcortical Connectivity Changes during Decreasing Levels of Consciousness in Humans: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study using Propofol (2010)

While ubiquitous, pharmacological manipulation of consciousness remains poorly defined and incompletely understood (Prys-Roberts, 1987). This retards anesthetic drug development, confounds interpretation of animal studies conducted under anesthesia, and limits the sensitivity of clinical monitors of cerebral function to intact perception. Animal and human studies propose a functional "switch" at the level of the thalamus, with inhibition of thalamo-cortical transmission characterizing loss of consciousness (Alkire et al., 2000; Mashour, 2006). We investigated the effects of propofol, widely used for anesthesia and sedation, on spontaneous and evoked cerebral activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A series of auditory and noxious stimuli was presented to eight healthy volunteers at three behavioral states: awake, "sedated" and "unresponsive." Performance in a verbal task and the absence of a response to verbal stimulation, rather than propofol concentrations, were used to define these states clinically. Analysis of stimulus-related blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes identified reductions in cortical and subcortical responses to auditory and noxious stimuli in sedated and unresponsive states. A specific reduction in activity within the putamen was noted and further investigated with functional connectivity analysis. Progressive failure to perceive or respond to auditory or noxious stimuli was associated with a reduction in the functional connectivity between the putamen and other brain regions, while thalamo-cortical connectivity was relatively preserved. This result has not been previously described and suggests that disruption of subcortical thalamo-regulatory systems may occur before, or even precipitate, failure of thalamo-cortical transmission with the induction of unconsciousness.
Repair Integrity and Functional Outcome After Arthroscopic Double-Row Rotator Cuff Repair (2007)

Arthroscopic double-row repair can result in improved repair integrity compared with open or miniopen repair methods. However, the retear rate for shoulders with large and massive tears remains higher than that for smaller tears, and shoulders with large repair defects (type V) demonstrate significantly inferior functional outcomes.
Automatic feature detection and interpretation in borehole data (2015)

Detailed characterisation of the structure of subsurface fractures is greatly facilitated by digital borehole logging instruments, however, the interpretation of which is typically time-consuming and labour-intensive. Despite recent advances towards autonomy and automation, the final interpretation remains heavily dependent on the skill, experience, alertness and consistency of a human operator. Existing computational tools fail to detect layers between rocks that do not exhibit distinct fracture boundaries, and often struggle characterising cross-cutting layers and partial fractures. This research proposes a novel approach to the characterisation of planar rock discontinuities from digital images of borehole logs by using visual texture segmentation and pattern recognition techniques with an iterative adaptation of the Hough transform. This approach has successfully detected non-distinct, partial, distorted and steep fractures and layers in a fully automated fashion and at a relatively low computational cost. Borehole geometry or breakouts (e.g.borehole wall elongation or compression) and imaging tool decentralisation problem affect fracture characterisation and the quality of extracted geological parameters. This research presents a novel approach to the characterisation of distorted fracture in deformed borehole geometry by using least square ellipse fitting and modified Hough transform. This approach approach has successfully detected distorted fractures in deformed borehole geometry using simulated data. To increase the fracture detection accuracy, this research uses multi-sensor data combination by combining extracted edges from different borehole data. This approach has successfully increased true positive detection rate. Performance of the developed algorithms and the results of their application have been promising in terms of speed, accuracy and consistency when compared to manual interpretation by an expert operator. It is highly anticipated that the findings of this research will increase significantly the reliance on automatic interpretation.
[Artificial mineralization of desalinated drinking water using salt tablets and powders]. (1990)

This paper presents data on the biological role of most macro- and trace elements contained in potable water and emphasizes the necessity of enriching it with mineral components. A profound study of the effect of water desalinated by various methods demonstrated that its salt composition should be standardized with respect to the optimal, allowable and threshold levels of mineralization. The dosage of salt and trace element supplements should be strictly controlled and therefore methods of artificial water mineralization should be thoroughly developed. One of the advanced methods is water conditioning by its supplementation with salt tablets. The purpose of the present investigation was to modify the salt composition of Aquasol tablets in accordance with the new requirements and to perform experiments to investigate the possibility of their enrichment with various calcium salts. The results obtained were used to produce Aquasol-2 tablets that help to improve organoleptic properties of desalted water and to enrich it with physiologically important macro- and trace elements.
Long-term contraceptive efficacy of vaccine of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone in male bonnet monkeys ( <i>Macaca radiata</i> ) (1992)

A group of ten healthy fertile adult male bonnet monkeys were actively immunized using procedures acceptable for human use with pure follicle-stimulating hormone (oFSH) isolated from sheep pituitaries. The vaccine elicited an immunogenic response in all ten monkeys; the antibody-binding capacity, determined by Scatchard analysis, varied from 3 to 18 micrograms oFSH ml-1, the binding affinity ranging from 0.13 to 2.0 x 10(10) mol-1. A substantial population of antibodies against oFSH crossreacted with 125I-labelled human (h) FSH, used here as a representative ligand of primate FSH. The bioneutralization activity of the antisera assessed by a specific bioassay in vitro, when the antibody titre was high, was 6.9 +/- 0.18 micrograms hFSH ml-1. Immunization for 4.7-5.7 years did not affect the health and libido of the animals. Concentration of testosterone in serum remained normal throughout the study, but, within 150 days of immunization, there was a marked decrease (75-100%) in the number of spermatozoa in seminal ejaculates. Oligospermic status interspersed with azoospermia was maintained by periodic boosting. The fertility of these animals was monitored between 6 months and 2 years after primary immunization. All the ten animals proved infertile in repeated mating experiments with females of proven fertility. After stopping booster injections, nine of ten animals regained fertility, but the time taken for this depended upon the rate of decline of antibody titres. Re-boosting these monkeys with 100 micrograms oFSH after confirming that recovery had occurred revealed prompt increases in antibody titres followed once again by onset of oligo-azoospermia and infertility, underscoring the specificity of immunization effect. The immunized monkeys, apart from being acutely oligospermic, ejaculated spermatozoa that were markedly deficient in key acrosomal enzymes, such as acrosin and hyaluronidase, and motility as well as in their ability to penetrate a gel in vitro, suggesting that the infertility observed was due to gross reductions in the numbers of spermatozoa that could effectively interact with the oocyte and cause successful fertilization.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GUERBET REACTION (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GUERBET REACTIONCH. WEIZMANN, ERNST BERGMANN, and MAX SULZBACHERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1950, 15, 1, 54–57Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01147a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01147a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views400Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
POLICY ADVICE IN MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS (2009)

Despite the existence of a large body of literature on policy analysis, empirical studies of the work of policy analysts are rare, and in the case of analysts working at the sub-national level in multi-level governance systems, virtually non-existent. Many observers decry the lack of even such basic data as how many policy analysts work in sub-national government, on what subjects, and with what effect. This is true in many countries, for example, the U.S., Germany, and Canada, all federal systems with extensive sub-national governments but where what little empirical work exists focuses on government at the national level. In most cases, in justifying their observations and conclusions observers rely on only one or two quite dated works, on very partial survey results, or on anecdotal case studies and interview research. This article reports the findings of a 2008-2009 survey aimed specifically at examining the background and training of provincial policy analysts in Canada, the types of techniques they employ in their jobs, and what they do in their work on a day-by-day basis. The resulting profile of sub-national policy analysts presented here reveals several substantial differences between analysts working for national governments and their sub-national counterparts, with important implications for training and for the ability of nations to accomplish their long-term policy goals.
Chain Formation of Metal Atoms (2001)

The possibility of formation of single-atomic chains by manipulation of nanocontacts is studied for a selection of metals (Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au). Molecular dynamics simulations show that the tendency for chain formation is strongest for Au and Pt. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the metals which form chains exhibit pronounced many-atom interactions with strong bonding in low coordinated systems.
Chromatography with Two Mobile Phases (2005)

Experimental results for the investigation of chromatographic columns containing two mobile phases are presented. The eluent was composed of mixtures of methanol and carbon dioxide. The column was an uncoated fused-silica-lined stainless steel capillary column. At certain experimental conditions, the eluent divided into two phases, both of which moved through the column. The predominant component of the liquid phase was methanol whereas the gas phase was composed of at least 93 mol % CO2. The columns were studied over a range of feed compositions (45-95 mol % CO2), pressures (61-101 bar), and temperatures (30-100 degrees C). The compositions and densities of each phase were calculated from the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The residence times of the two mobile phases were determined by tracer pulse chromatography. The partition coefficients of a probe solute, benzene, were measured along with the retention times of neon and the total volume of the chromatographic column as a function of temperature, pressure, and stoichiometric feed composition. The calculated column volumes, that is the volume of the liquid and gas, were constant over the full range of feed composition. The partition coefficient of benzene was constant at fixed pressure and temperature, varied logarithmically with density at fixed temperature and feed composition, and displayed a maximum at intermediate temperatures at fixed pressure and feed composition. The measured retention times of neon were consistently equivalent to the calculated residence times of the gas phase, indicating that neon did not dissolve in the liquid phase and could thus serve as an accurate dead time marker. The implementation of chromatography with two mobile phases produces a chromatographic "window". There is a lower limit for the retention volume of all solutes, viz., the residence time of the gas phase, exactly the same as normal chromatography. However, elimination of the stationary phase produces an upper limit to the retention volumes of solutes. This upper limit is the residence time of the liquid phase, so there is a retention window such that tG < or = ti < or = tL for all solutes.
South Korea: Media System (2011)

South Korea, in its pan‐national homogeneity across many fronts, has been a friendly and profitable market for the mass media industry. All South Koreans speak in just one common language of their own, and they all come from just one identical race. Hence they all share an identical heritage from their common history, ancient and modern. The literacy rate is extremely high at 99 percent. The literate and educated public, armed with affluence from the vibrant economy, handsomely supports a steady consumption of the traditional media as well as ready experimentation with the rapidly advancing new media.
Self-networking of carbon nanotubes (2002)

Carbon nanotube self-assembly into honeycomb-networks via controlling the ratio of the catalyst over hydrocarbon in the vapor phase using a tunable chemical vapor deposition process.