gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single Cell Volume Measurement by Quantitative Phase Microscopy (QPM): A Case Study of Erythrocyte Morphology (2006)

The measurement of the volume of intact, viable cells presents challenging problems in many areas of experimental and diagnostic science involved in the evaluation of cellular morphology, growth and function. This investigation details the implementation of a recently developed quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) method to measure the volume of erythrocytes under a range of osmotic conditions. QPM is a computational approach which utilizes simple bright field optics to generate cell phase maps which, together with knowledge of the cellular refractive index, may be used to measure cellular volume. Rat erythrocytes incubated in imidazole-buffered solutions (22 degrees C) of graded tonicity were analysed using QPM (n=10 cells/group, x63, 0.8 NA objective). Erythrocyte refractive index (1.367) was measured using a combination of phase and morphological data obtained from cells adopting spherical geometry under hypotonic conditions. Phase-computed volume increased with decreasing solution osmolality: 42.8 +/- 2.4, 48.7 +/- 2.3, 62.6 +/- 2.3, 90.8 +/- 7.7 microm3 in solutions of 540, 400, 240, and 170 mosmol/kg respectively. These volume changes were associated with crenated, bi-concave and spherical morphological states associated with increasing tonicity. This investigation demonstrates that QPM is a valid, simple and non-destructive approach for measuring cellular phase properties and volume. QPM cell volume analysis represents a significant advance in viable cell experimental capability and provides for acquisition of 'real-time' data - an option not previously available using other approaches.
Preserving a globular protein shape on glass slides: A self‐assembled monolayer approach (1997)

The manufacture of low‐cost, protein‐friendly, biocompatible materials is important for biomedical applications. A method is presented for making glass surfaces—on which the globular protein shape is often lost –benign to proteins by covalently grafting relatively short poly((ethylene glycol)) chains (functionalized with trimethylsilane, see Figure), which form a brush‐like self‐assembled monolayer. magnified image
Nondestructive Inspection by Using Scattering and Spectra in Terahertz Waves (2005)

In this paper, we show that the nondestructive detection of chemicals hidden in envelopes can be achieved using terahertz waves in a simple two-step procedure: First, scattering of the terahertz waves is an indicator of the presence of powders in the envelope; second, the identification of the chemicals is done by spectral fingerprinting. In addition, we examined the possibility of measurement by diffuse reflection.
Carbon nanotube (CNT) fins for enhanced cooling of shape memory alloy wire (2008)

A commonly noted disadvantage of shape memory alloys is their frequency response which is limited by how fast the material can be cooled. This paper presents a feasibility study of using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) as microscopic cooling fins to improve convective heat transfer. Using DC plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), aligned CNT's were successfully grown directly on ½ of the surface of a 0.38 mm diameter SMA wire, achieving desirable thermal contact. Cooling speeds were measured with a thermal imaging camera, and the effective convective coefficient was extracted from the temperature profiles using a basic cooling model of the wire. From this model, the effective convective coefficient was estimated to have increased by 24% (from 50 W/m<sup>2</sup>K for untreated SMA wire to 62 W/m<sup>2</sup>K for the nanotube treated wire), indicating that the deposition of CNT's indeed increased performance. By extrapolating these results to full wire coverage, up to a 46% improvement in frequency response with zero weight or volumetric penalties is predicted. Further improvements in cooling performance are likely to occur with higher CNT densities and longer nanotube lengths, allowing further developments of this technology to benefit many future applications utilizing high-speed miniature/micro-scale SMA actuators.
Median trilateral loop filter for depth map video coding (2012)

Emerging extensions to conventional stereo video technologies like 3D Video require to add depth information to 2D video data. This supplementary data needs to be coded efficiently and transmitted to the receiver where arbitrary viewpoints are generated by using this additional information. The depth maps are characterized by piecewise smooth regions, which are bounded by sharp edges describing depth discontinuities along object boundaries. Preserving these characteristics and especially depth discontinuities is a crucial requirement for depth map coding. When coding depth maps by means of a conventional hybrid video coder, ringing artifacts are introduced along the sharp edges and result in quality degradation when using the reconstructed depth maps for view synthesis. To reduce these ringing artifacts and also to better align object boundaries in video and depth data, a new in-loop filter is proposed, which reconstructs the described characteristics of depth maps.
Nitric oxide synthase in VIP-containing vasodilator nerve fibres in the Guineapig (1992)

We investigated the possibility of nitric oxide (NO), a powerful vasodilator agent, being synthesized by perivascular nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity and catalytic activity of the NO synthesizing enzyme, NO synthase (NOS), were demonstrated in perivascular nerve fibres of blood vessels receiving autonomic vasodilator innervation, but not of those innervated exclusively by vasoconstrictor nerve fibres. Double-labelling techniques allowed identification of NOS-containing nerve fibres as belonging to the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/acetylcholine-containing class whereas noradrenergic and substance P-containing perivascular fibres were devoid of NOS. We suggest that, in addition to its endothelial source, NO is a neuronal co-mediator of VIP/cholinergic vasodilation.
Abschätzung von Materialspannungen (1981)

In erster Linie interessiert die Größe der Zugspannungen, da eher mit einem Zugbruch (Abplatzungen) als mit einem Druckbruch zu rechnen ist.
Optical Sectioning With The Scanning Slit Confocal Microscope: Applications In Ophthalmology And Ear Research (1989)

Confocal slits offer certain advantages over confocal pinholes for optical sectioning microscopy, particularly with non-laser illumination. One-dimensional scanning simplifies the instrumentation and does not generate scan lines in the image. Slit widths can be adjusted during an experiment, in order to optimize the optical section depth and image illuminance. The optical sectioning effect provided by the out-of-focus effect can be enhanced by separating the illuminating and imaging light paths through the objective lens and within the specimen except for the region of the focal plane. Cellular structures are observed in vivo in the cornea and in the cochlea.
Image segmentation of uterine cervix images for indexing in PACS (2004)

The National Cancer Institute has collected a large database of digitized 35 mm slides of the uterine cervix, the idea being to build a system enabling to study the evolution of lesions related to cervical cancer. In taking the first few steps towards this goal, the objective of this work is to develop and evaluate methodologies required for visual-based (i.e. content-based) indexing and retrieval that substantially improve information management of such a database. In this paper we model the properties of three tissue types using color and texture features, and use these models for image segmentation. Statistical modeling and segmentation tools are used for the task.
<i>β</i>-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 (010) heterostructures grown on <i>β</i>-Ga2O3 (010) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (2015)

By systematically changing growth parameters, the growth of β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 (010) heterostructures by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy was optimized. Through variation of the Al flux under O-rich conditions at 600 °C, β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 (010) layers spanning ∼10% to ∼18% Al2O3 were grown directly on β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates. Nominal β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 (010) compositions were determined through Al:Ga flux ratios. With x = ∼0.18, the β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 (020) layer peak in a high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) ω-2θ scan was barely discernible, and Pendellösung fringes were not visible. This indicated that the phase stability limit of Al2O3 in β-Ga2O3 (010) at 600 °C was less than ∼18%. The substrate temperature was then varied for a series of β-(Al∼0.15Ga∼0.85)2O3 (010) layers, and the smoothest layer was grown at 650 °C. The phase stability limit of Al2O3 in β-Ga2O3 (010) appeared to increase with growth temperature, as the β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 (020) layer peak with x = ∼0.18 was easily distinguishable by HRXRD in a sample grown at 650 °C. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that β-(Al∼0.15Ga∼0.85)2O3 (010) layers (14.4% Al2O3 by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) grown at 650 °C were homogeneous. β-(Al∼0.20Ga∼0.80)2O3 (010) layers, however, displayed a phase transition. TEM images of a β-(Al∼0.15Ga∼0.85)2O3/Ga2O3 (010) superlattice grown at 650 °C showed abrupt layer interfaces and high alloy homogeneity.
Fast Rendering of Arbitrary Distributed Volume Densities (1990)

In recent years a number of techniques have been developed for rendering volume effects (haze, fog, smoke, clouds, etc.). These techniques are either time consuming (ray-tracing, radiosity) or do not account for arbitrary density distributions. In this paper we briefly analyze the physics of illuminations of volumes and we propose several simplifications suitable. for computer graphics practice. In particular, we present a method for rendering arbitrary distributions by means of projective polygonal rendering and solid texturing techniques in approximately the time needed for a usual polygonal object. The proposed method provides good results in a fraction of the computing time required for approaches like ray-tracing or radiosity. Solid texturing is used to define the density distribution and a point-sampling Monte-Carlo method with user-adjustable accuracy to evaluate the illumination model along the path through the volume. Thus, a trade-off between computing time and picture quality exists. With this technique one can move through or around the volume and to place objects and/or light sources in the volume. By means of rendering methods like shadowing polyhedra, objects can cast shadows on the volume and/or the volume can shadow the ground.
Improved Charge Transfer at Carbon Nanotube Electrodes (1999)

The potential of using carbon nanotubes in fuel cells and other electrodic applications is confirmed by the investigation described here. Results of the electrocatalytic reduction of dissolved oxygen (an important H2-O2 fuel cell reaction) using microelectrodes constructed from multiwalled nanotubes are presented. Also, ab initio calculations are reported for oxygen deposited on the lattice and defect sites of nanotube surfaces to determine the charge transfer during oxygen reduction; these results are compared with those for similar reactions on planar graphite.
Li-rich anti-perovskite Li<sub>3</sub>OCl films with enhanced ionic conductivity (2014)

Anti-perovskite solid electrolyte films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition, and their room-temperature ionic conductivity can be improved by more than an order of magnitude in comparison with its bulk counterpart. The cyclability of Li3OCl films in contact with lithium was evaluated using a Li/Li3OCl/Li symmetric cell, showing self-stabilization during cycling test.
A reductionist metastasis‐on‐a‐chip platform for in vitro tumor progression modeling and drug screening (2016)

Current animal and 2-D cell culture models employed in metastasis research and drug discovery remain poor mimics of human cancer physiology. Here we describe a "metastasis-on-a-chip" system allowing real time tracking of fluorescent colon cancer cells migrating from hydrogel-fabricated gut constructs to downstream liver constructs within a circulatory fluidic device system that responds to environmental manipulation and drug treatment. Devices consist of two chambers in which gut and liver constructs are housed independently, but are connected in series via circulating fluid flow. Constructs were biofabricated with a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel system, capable of a variety of customizations, inside of which representative host tissue cells were suspended and metastatic colon carcinoma tumor foci were created. The host tissue of the constructs expressed normal epithelial markers, which the tumor foci failed to express. Instead, tumor regions lost membrane-bound adhesion markers, and expressed mesenchymal and proliferative markers, suggesting a metastatic phenotype. Metastatic tumor foci grew in size, eventually disseminating from the intestine construct and entering circulation, subsequently reaching in the liver construct, thus mimicking some of the migratory events observed during metastasis. Lastly, we demonstrated the ability to manipulate the system, including chemically modulating the hydrogel system mechanical properties and administering chemotherapeutic agents, and evaluated the effects of these parameters on invasive tumor migration. These results describe the capability of this early stage metastasis-on-a-chip system to model several important characteristics of human metastasis, thereby demonstrating the potential of the platform for making meaningful advances in cancer investigation and drug discovery. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2020-2032. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Kirchhoff scattering series: Another insight into the inverse scattering multiple attenuation method (2001)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2001The Kirchhoff scattering series: Another insight into the inverse scattering multiple attenuation methodAuthors: Luc T. IkelleLasse AmundsenLuc T. IkelleCASP Project, Texas A&M University and Lasse AmundsenStatoil Exploration and Petroleum Technology Research Centrehttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816555 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816555FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2001ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2001 Pages: 2135 publication data© 2001 Copyright © 2001 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 03 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Luc T. Ikelle and Lasse Amundsen, (2001), "The Kirchhoff scattering series: Another insight into the inverse scattering multiple attenuation method," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 2073-2076. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816555 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Identification of coupled Markov chain model with application (2005)

A parameterized Markov chain model is developed to model the action of a biological ion channel measured in noise. In detail, the model takes the form of a set of binary chains which are interdependent according to a coupling parameter. When varied, this parameter realizes the range of behaviors from tight coupling to complete independence. Other parameters describe the intrinsic characteristics of the binary chains as well as their behavior when fully coupled. An identification procedure for the model parameters is developed based on hidden Markov modeling ideas but incorporating a novel parameter estimation step (due to the nonlinear form of the dependency of the model on the parameters). The model and identification methods are tested on real data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Society, computers in (2003)

Ever since the introduction of microcomputers in the late 1970s, computers have become more and more a part of everyday life. Computers are integral to communications, government, the military, medicine, and most businesses. When you visit the bank, you are likely to use an automatic teller machine. If your job once required a typewriter, the odds are good that you now use a word processor (q.v.). When you make an airline reservation, request a telephone number from directory assistance, or even order a meal in a fastfood restaurant, a computer system is likely to be centrally involved, even if consumers are not always conscious of that fact.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Activated Olefins Using Chelating NHC Ruthenium Complexes (2011)

Abstract N ‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ruthenium complexes consisting of different donor substituents attached to the NHC ligand efficiently catalyse the transfer hydrogenation of ketones and of activated olefins in α,β‐unsaturated ketones to give saturated alcohols. The most active catalyst precursor contains a tethered olefin as a hemilabile donor site. This complex also converts nitriles and, depending on the reaction conditions, either benzylamines are produced by means of transfer hydrogenation, or amides from formal addition of H 2 O. Kinetic analysis of the double hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones indicates fast isomerisation of the enol intermediate to its saturated ketone tautomer prior to the second hydrogenation.
Water Diffusion in Polycarbonate Film Studied by 2D FTIR Spectroscopy (2011)

The diffusion of water into polycarbonate film was investigated by attenuatedtotalreflection Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Via band deconvolution in the O—H bending region, three components were identified, which were located at 1669, 1648 and 1623 cm-1, respectively, whereas in the O—H stretching region, three bands at 3562, 3423 and 3246 cm-1, respectively were isolated. These results indicate the presence of three states of water molecules in the polycarbonate matrix: strong, moderate, and weak hydrogen-bonded water. Two dimensional correlation analysis of the IR data further confirmed the presence of the three states, and revealed the sequence of the formation of the three types of hydrogen bonding. Based on these experimental results, we concluded that when water diffuses into polycarbonate matrix, it first forms moderate hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group(i.e. the water bound to the carbonyl), followed by the formation of strong hydrogen bonds due to a water molecule bridging a carbonyl and another carbonyl or water molecule, and weak hydrogen bond between water molecules in microvoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Simultaneous Use of 1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole and Copper(II) Chloride as Additives for Racemization‐Free and Efficient Peptide Synthesis by the Carbodiimide Method. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Aliphatic C–H Oxidations for Late-Stage Functionalization (2018)

The atomistic change of C(sp3)–H to C(sp3)–O can have a profound impact on the physical and biological properties of small molecules. Traditionally, chemical synthesis has relied on pre-existing functionality to install new functionality, and directed approaches to C–H oxidation are an extension of this logic. The impact of developing undirected C–H oxidation reactions with controlled site-selectivity is that scientists gain the ability to diversify complex structures at sites remote from existing functionality, without having to carry out individual de novo syntheses. This Perspective offers a historical view of why, as recently as 2007, it was thought that the differences between aliphatic C–H bonds of the same bond type (for example, 2° aliphatic) were not large enough to distinguish them preparatively with small-molecule catalysis in the absence of directing groups or molecular recognition elements. We give an account of the discovery of Fe(PDP)-catalyzed non-directed aliphatic C–H hydroxylations and how the electronic, steric, and stereoelectronic rules for predicting site-selectivity that emerged have affected a shift in how the chemical community views the reactivity among these bonds. The discovery that site-selectivity could be altered by tuning the catalyst [i.e., Fe(CF3-PDP)] with no changes to the substrate or reaction now gives scientists the ability to exert control on the site of oxidation on a range of functionally and topologically diverse compounds. Collectively, these findings have made possible the emerging area of late-stage C–H functionalizations for streamlining synthesis and derivatizing complex molecules.
Diffraction tomography for inhomogeneities in layered background medium (1996)

Abstract Diffraction tomography was originally formulated for a constant velocity background medium. A variable background medium, e.g., layered, with embedded finer scale heterogeneities is a more practical model for subsurface reservoirs than the uniform background. The variable background of large scale variations may be determined from well logs or transmission tomography. To image the finer scale heterogeneities, we have developed a Fourier diffraction back-propagation method for point sources in a layered background. The method is based on the normal mode solution to the acoustic wave equation in cylindrical coordinates. The Fourier spectrum of the scattered fields is first decomposed into contributions from different layers. Then, a selection rule is applied to sort out the heterogeneity spectrum of the individual layers. The selection rule relates the scattered field in diffraction space to the spectrum of the heterogeneities, i.e., a Fourier diffraction theorem for layered media. The theorem differs from its counterpart for a uniform background medium by a matrix filter that reduces to unity as the stratification degenerates to a uniform background. A reconstruction algorithm based on this theorem is implemented and tested for an arbitrary layered background. The theory deals directly with point sources; therefore, the resulting algorithm does not require application of the "2.5-D correction" to field data as required in previously published diffraction tomography algorithms. Results obtained for both synthetic and field data demonstrate that an inversion with spatial resolution on the order of a wavelength can be achieved for crosswell data. The computations involved are much more efficient than those of traveltime tomography or crosswell migration. Unlike migration or CDP mapping, the diffraction tomography algorithm provides quantitative estimates for fine scale velocity.
Application of the Electronic Patrol System in Production Devices of Refinery (2013)

Along with social progress and sci-tech development,information and intelligence of each industry have formed a trend.In this paper,the necessity of using electronic patrol system in petrochemical industry was illustrated.Composition,working principle and defects of the electronic patrol system were discussed as well as some suggestions to improve the system.