gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Truth Discovery (2016)

Thanks to information explosion, data for the objects of interest can be collected from increasingly more sources. However, for the same object, there usually exist conflicts among the collected multi-source information. To tackle this challenge, truth discovery, which integrates multi-source noisy information by estimating the reliability of each source, has emerged as a hot topic. Several truth discovery methods have been proposed for various scenarios, and they have been successfully applied in diverse application domains. In this survey, we focus on providing a comprehensive overview of truth discovery methods, and summarizing them from different aspects. We also discuss some future directions of truth discovery research. We hope that this survey will promote a better understanding of the current progress on truth discovery, and offer some guidelines on how to apply these approaches in application domains.
OrthoDB v10: sampling the diversity of animal, plant, fungal, protist, bacterial and viral genomes for evolutionary and functional annotations of orthologs (2018)

OrthoDB (https://www.orthodb.org) provides evolutionary and functional annotations of orthologs. This update features a major scaling up of the resource coverage, sampling the genomic diversity of 1271 eukaryotes, 6013 prokaryotes and 6488 viruses. These include putative orthologs among 448 metazoan, 117 plant, 549 fungal, 148 protist, 5609 bacterial, and 404 archaeal genomes, picking up the best sequenced and annotated representatives for each species or operational taxonomic unit. OrthoDB relies on a concept of hierarchy of levels-of-orthology to enable more finely resolved gene orthologies for more closely related species. Since orthologs are the most likely candidates to retain functions of their ancestor gene, OrthoDB is aimed at narrowing down hypotheses about gene functions and enabling comparative evolutionary studies. Optional registered-user sessions allow on-line BUSCO assessments of gene set completeness and mapping of the uploaded data to OrthoDB to enable further interactive exploration of related annotations and generation of comparative charts. The accelerating expansion of genomics data continues to add valuable information, and OrthoDB strives to provide orthologs from the broadest coverage of species, as well as to extensively collate available functional annotations and to compute evolutionary annotations. The data can be browsed online, downloaded or assessed via REST API or SPARQL RDF compatible with both UniProt and Ensembl.
Dentifrice Abrasivity and Cervical Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Results 12 Weeks Following Cessation of 8 Weeks' Supervised Use (1992)

Following an 8-week controlled investigation of 2 strontium chloride hexahydrate dentifrices (SCH) of differing abrasivity, 2 groups of 20 subjects each, with cervical dentinal hypersensitivity, were re-examined at 20 weeks; that is, 12 weeks after the active period. The examination procedures were conducted in the same manner as in the main clinical trial. Sensitivity levels were assessed by 2 instrument methods: tactile (Yeaple probe), and cold air (dental air syringe), and by subjective perception of pain by means of a Visual Analogue Scale. The results from these methods of assessment demonstrated that 12 weeks following the cessation of 8 weeks' controlled use of standard and low abrasive SCH dentifrices, sensitivity levels reversed on slightly in both groups and, overall, sensitivity remained significantly lower than at baseline. The abrasivity of the dentifrice did not affect the desensitivity activity.
An Attempt to Add Biological Functions by Genetic Engineering in Order to Produce High-Performance Bioreactor Cells for Hybrid Artificial Liver: Transfection of Glutamine Synthetase into Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell (1997)

In the course of immortalization, hepatocyte cell lines lose their original differentiated functions, such as ammonia removal and urea formation, drug metabolism, serum protein synthesis, etc. (Enosawa et al., Cell Transplant. 5:S39-S40; 1996). With the aim of adding lost or deficient functions and producing cell lines for the bioreactor of a hybrid artificial liver, rat glutamine synthetase (GS) gene was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, because it is able to lower the ammonia level. The GS gene-inserted pSV2 plasmid was transfected into the CHO-K1 line by electroporation. Transfected CHO (GS-CHO) cells were cultured in a glutamine-free medium containing ammonia, glutamic acid, and the GS inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSX). The MSX concentration was increased stepwise from 25 μmol/L to 1600 μmol/L to amplify the GS gene. In several GS-CHO sublines resistant to 300-1600 μmol/L of MSX, the specific activities of GS were increased from 0.2 × 10 -4 to 1.7-2.9 × 10 -4 unit/10 6 cells. When the amplified GS-CHO cells were cultured in the ammonia-containing medium, a slow but steady decrease of the ammonia level was observed when the level was high. Finally, the prospect of genetically modulated cells for bioreactors in the hybrid artificial liver is discussed.
Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy (1971)

Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy has met with such wide acceptance that research groups utilizing this relatively new experimental technique now likely outnumber research groups which have used more traditional techniques, such as high pressure mass spectrometry, for the study of ion-molecule reactions. Since the previous review of ion-molecule reactions in Volume 1 9 o f the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry (1) there has been considerable development in the field. This development has been distributed among studies conducted with ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy, drift tubes, high pressure mass spectrometry, flowing afterglows, tandem mass spectrometry, and beam experiments. Chemical applications of these techniques have been the subject of numerous recent reviews and monographs authored by principals in these investigations. In the present review an attempt will be made to chron­ icle the development of ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. Since this is the first review of the subject to appear in these volumes, the present article purports to be not only a review but an introduction as well. Sufficient back­ ground is developed to allow for a critical review of current experimentation in this field of endeavor. Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy is finding applications to the study of an increasing number of problems of general chemical interest. Recent developments promise an even wider range of applications. The technique is well suited for the routine study of ion-molecule reactions, which are readily identified using double resonance experiments (2). The identification of an ion-molecule reaction in a double resonance experiment provides useful information relating to the thermochemical properties of both ions and neu­ trals [including acidities (3-8) and basicities (9, 10) determined in the absence of complicating solvation phenomena], the identification of isomeric ion structures (1 1-16), and information concerning reaction mechanisms (17-23). Ion ejection techniques (11, 24) allow for the determination of product ion distributions in ion-molecule reactions even when other processes, such as
Rational synthetic pathway refactoring of natural products biosynthesis in actinobacteria (2016)

Natural products (NPs) and their derivatives are widely used as frontline treatments for many diseases. Actinobacteria spp. are used to produce most of NP antibiotics and have also been intensively investigated for NP production, derivatization, and discovery. However, due to the complicated transcriptional and metabolic regulation of NP biosynthesis in Actinobacteria, especially in the cases of genome mining and heterologous expression, it is often difficult to rationally and systematically engineer synthetic pathways to maximize biosynthetic efficiency. With the emergence of new tools and methods in metabolic engineering, the synthetic pathways of many chemicals, such as fatty acids and biofuels, in model organisms (e.g. Escherichia coli ), have been refactored to realize precise and flexible control of production. These studies also offer a promising approach for synthetic pathway refactoring in Actinobacteria. In this review, the great potential of Actinobacteria as a microbial cell factory for biosynthesis of NPs is discussed. To this end, recent progress in metabolic engineering of NP synthetic pathways in Actinobacteria are summarized and strategies and perspectives to rationally and systematically refactor synthetic pathways in Actinobacteria are highlighted.
Induced Expression of the <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Gene Encoding a 20-Kilodalton Protein during Intracellular Infection (1998)

The eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximid has been used by many investigators to selectively radiolabel intracellular bacteria. Although cycloheximide has no direct effect on bacterial gene expression, there are concerns that long-term inhibition of the host cell protein synthesis may have secondary effects on bacterial gene expression. Therefore, prior to further identification and cloning of the macrophage-induced (MI) genes of Legionella pneumophila, the effects of cycloheximide on L. pneumophila-infected U937 cells were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Inhibition of protein synthesis of the host cell for 6 h had no major effect on the ultrastructure of the host cell, on the formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum-surrounded replicative phagosome, or on initiation of intracellular bacterial replication. In contrast, by 15 h of cycloheximide treatment, there was profound deterioration in the host cell as well as in the phagosome. To examine protein synthesis by L. pneumophila during the intracellular infection, U937 macrophage-like cells were infected with L. pneumophila, and intracellular bacteria were radiolabeled during a 2-h cycloheximide treatment or following 12 h of cycloheximide treatment. Comparison by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein profile of radiolabeled in vitro-grown L. pneumophila to that of intracellularly radiolabeled bacteria showed that 23 proteins were induced in response to the intracellular environment during 2 h of inhibition of host cell protein biosynthesis. Twelve MI proteins of L. pneumophila were artifactually induced due to prolonged inhibition of the host cell protein synthesis. The gene encoding a 20-kDa MI protein was cloned by a reverse genetics technique. Sequence analysis showed that the cloned gene encoded a protein that was 80% similar to the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase. Studies of promoter fusion to a promoterless lacZ gene showed that compared to in vitro-grown bacteria, expression of the pyrophosphatase gene (ppa) was induced fourfold throughout the intracellular infection. There was no detectable induction in transcription of the ppa promoter during exposure to stress stimuli in vitro. The ppa gene of L. pneumophila is the first example of a regulated ppa gene which is selectively induced during intracellular infection and which may reflect enhanced capabilities of macromolecular biosynthesis by intracellular L. pneumophila. The data indicate caution in the long-term use of inhibition of host cell protein synthesis to selectively examine gene expression by intracellular bacteria.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Infants and Children: Diagnosis and Treatment (1987)

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important cause of acute viral pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and children. Recent advances in diagnostic methods have put precise and rapid identification of cases within the capability of many hospital laboratories. Aerosolized ribavirin is now available for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections, and it should be used in selected instances, principally with the intent of preventing the necessity for intubation and ventilation. The criteria we use for selection of those patients include infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease who are at high risk for severe disease, although normal infants occasionally deteriorate and should be considered candidates. With judicious use of laboratory techniques to make an accurate diagnosis and ribavirin treatment, the overall morbidity of respiratory syncytial virus infections should be significantly lessened.
Guatemalan human onchocerciasis. I. Systematic analysis of patient populations, nodular antigens, and specific isotypic reactions (1991)

The population from five Guatemalan plantations in areas endemic for onchocerciasis was surveyed, and 1032 individuals were recruited to participate in our study. From physical examination, past clinical history (5 to 8 yr), laboratory evidence and sample availability, a group of 778 long term residents with confirmed disease status were selected for detailed examination. We were able to identify 268 long term residents of endemic areas who had never been infected, 44 of these are from hyper- and mesoendemic areas. The 44 uninfected individuals from the hyper- and mesoendemic areas, because of their considerable exposure to this disease, were classified as "putatively immune." Intact nodules containing adult worms of Onchocerca volvulus were homogenized in the presence of protease inhibitors and fractionated into particulate and aqueous isotonic soluble antigens. Systematic analysis of these Ag fractions showed considerable amounts of Ig, presumably associated with Ag in the form of immune complexes. Individual specific antibody reactions from all 778 patients to nodule Ag were examined. Reactions to O. volvulus antigens by antibodies from patients with confirmed parasitic infections were almost exclusively restricted to IgG1 and IgG4 isotypes. Antigenic activity appeared to be primarily associated with low molecular mass (14 to 29 kDa) components. Some competitive blocking of antibody activities of other isotypes by IgG1 was observed, most notable was that of IgG3 and IgA. IgG4 and IgM activities were not significantly blocked.
Electrocatalytic sulfur electrodes for CdS/CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (2010)

We have fabricated highly efficient CdS/CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) featuring low-cost cobalt sulfide (CoS) counter electrodes. Under 100 mW cm(-2) irradiation, the CdS/CdSe QDSSC featuring a CoS electrode provided an energy conversion efficiency as high as 3.4%.
Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization for Power Economic Dispatch Problem of Units with Multiple Fuel Option (2017)

This paper presents a quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) with a multiple updating (MU) for solving the power economic dispatch problem (PEDP) of generators with multiple fuel options (MFOs). The QPSO assists the proposed method efficaciously find and precisely search. The MU helps the proposed method prevent deforming the augmented Lagrange function (ALF) and caused difficultly in searching optimal solution. The proposed approach combines the QPSO and the MU that has benefits of adopting a widespread area of punishment parameters and a small-size population. The proposed algorithm has been demonstrated on a practical ten generating units system; every one unit is composed of two or three fuel changes. The entire fuel price got by the proposed QPSO-MU has been competed with former studies for validating its efficacy. Compared achievements clearly express that the presented method is an effective alternative for resolving PEDP of units with MFOs in the realistic operations of power system.
Homozygosity of Chromosome 13 in Retinoblastoma (1984)

We studied the frequency of chromosome 13 homozygosity in tumor tissue obtained directly from eyes harboring retinoblastomas. The data indicate that approximately half of all retinoblastomas are homozygous for large portions of 13q, that the homozygosity occurs in vivo and not as an event secondary to culture of the tumor cells, that chromosome 13 homozygosity is not correlated with the degree of histopathologic differentiation of the tumor, and that the homozygosity occurs in both sporadic and hereditary retinoblastomas. The development of chromosome 13 homozygosity may represent a fundamental event in the oncogenesis of a considerable number of retinoblastomas. This finding may have implications for the genetic counseling of patients with hereditary retinoblastoma. It may also be important in understanding the mechanism of oncogenesis of other tumors, especially hereditary tumors.
A BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH TO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM DESIGN (1989)

A behavioural approach to information retrieval system design is outlined based on the derivation of a behavioural model of the information seeking patterns of academic social scientists. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into six characteristics: starting, chaining, browsing, differentiating, monitoring, and extracting. These characteristics constitute the principal generic features of the different individual patterns, and together provide a flexible behavioural model for information retrieval system design. The extent to which these characteristics are available on existing systems is considered, and the requirements for implementing the features on an experimental system are set out.
Methylated DNA: The influence of 7‐deaza‐7‐methylguanine on the structure and stability of oligonucleotides (1997)

Abstract The 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxy‐7‐methylguanosine ( 2b ) [9], which is the glycosylic‐bond‐stable, noncharged analogue of 2′‐deoxy‐7‐methylguanosine ( 1b ), was incorporated in DNA by solid‐phase synthesis. As building blocks, the protected phosphonatc 3a and the phosphoramidite 3b were prepared. The 7‐methyl group of 2b stabilizes the B‐DNA duplex compared to 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine but does not induce a B‐Z transition as it is known from compound 1b . The stabilization by the 7‐deaza‐7‐methylguanine moiety is sequence‐dependent, and the nearest‐neighbor influence is different from that of 7‐deazaguanine. Homooligonucleotides of 2b show sigmoidal melting indicating a highly ordered single‐stranded structure. In general, Oligonucleotides containing 2b are very stable against hydrolysis with calf‐spleen phosphodiesterase (CS‐PDE, 5′ → 3′ exonuclease), while phosphodiester hydrolysis with snake‐venom phosphodiesterase (SV‐PDE, 3′ → 5′ exonuclease) is only slightly reduced.
Mitotic Cyclins Stimulate the Activity of c-Myb-like Factors for Transactivation of G2/M Phase-specific Genes in Tobacco (2004)

Myb transcription factors, which contain three imperfect repeats in the Myb domain, are evolutionarily conserved members of the Myb superfamily. Vertebrate Myb proteins with three repeats, c-Myb, A-Myb, and BMyb, play important roles at the G(1)/S transition in the cell cycle. In plants, this type of Myb protein controls the G(2)/M phase by activating or repressing the transcription of cyclin B genes and a variety of other G(2)/M phase-specific genes. In tobacco, two genes for Myb activators, NtmybA1 and NtmybA2, are transcriptionally controlled and are expressed specifically at the G(2)/M phase. As we showed here, in addition to the control at the transcriptional level, activity of NtmybA2 is also controlled at the post-translational level. We found that the transactivation potential of NtmybA2 is repressed by a regulatory domain located at its carboxyl terminus and that specific classes of cyclins A and B enhanced NtmybA2 activity possibly by relieving this inhibitory effect. Mutations at the 20 potential sites of phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) in NtmybA2 blocked the enhancing effects of the cyclins on NtmybA2 activity. Recombinant NtmybA2 was phosphorylated in vitro by a CDK fraction prepared from tobacco BY2 cells. The kinase activity for NtmybA2 in the CDK fraction was cell cycle-regulated in BY2 cells, peaking at the G(2)/M phase when the level of transcripts of cyclin B is maximal. Taken together, our data suggest that NtmybA2 is phosphorylated by a specific cyclin/CDK complex(es) at G(2)/M and that this phosphorylation removes the inhibitory effect of its C-terminal region, thereby activating NtmybA2 specifically at G(2)/M.
Airport surveillance using a solid state coherent lidar (1994)

The utility of solid state coherent LIDAR was assessed in the following application areas: (1) wake vortices; (2) dry and wet microburst windshear; (3) gusts; (4) vertical and general wind profiling; and (5) cloud ceiling. The system performance model described was based on a concept definition, system sizing, measurement planning, and algorithm and graphics display development. Data were collected at the Kennedy Space Center and the National Weather Service site adjacent to Denver's Stapleton Airport.
Video Basics (1997)

This book distills video basics, moving readers from video concepts and processes to production tools and techniques and, finally, to the production environment (studio or field, inside or outside) and how it affects what is done.
Machine Learning Based Popularity Regeneration in Caching-Enabled Wireless Networks (2019)

Obtaining accurate content popularity in caching-enabled cellular networks can not only increase the caching profits in a large scale but also effectively improve quality of service (QoS). This paper investigates the content popularity based caching strategy optimization problem by maximizing the successful delivery probability under the premise of meeting the QoS. Based on the Dirichlet distribution, we developed a common interest model (CIM) by which the common interest properties of the mobile users (MUs) and the content popularity can be extracted from the content delivery history. In order to estimate the parameters of the CIM, a machine learning (ML) model is proposed by using the Gibbs sampling algorithm. Then, the content caching problem is transformed into a decision making problem which is solved by the branch and bound method. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Biochemical and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Human N-Acylethanolamine-Hydrolyzing Acid Amidase Inhibition (2012)

The mechanism of inactivation of human enzyme N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (hNAAA), with selected inhibitors identified in a novel fluorescent based assay developed for characterization of both reversible and irreversible inhibitors, was investigated kinetically and using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). 1-Isothiocyanatopentadecane (AM9023) was found to be a potent, selective and reversible hNAAA inhibitor, while two others, 5-((biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2H-tetrazole-2-carboxamide (AM6701) and N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-serine β-lactone (N-Cbz-serine β-lactone), inhibited hNAAA in a covalent and irreversible manner. MS analysis of the hNAAA/covalent inhibitor complexes identified modification only of the N-terminal cysteine (Cys126) of the β-subunit, confirming a suggested mechanism of hNAAA inactivation by the β-lactone containing inhibitors. These experiments provide direct evidence of the key role of Cys126 in hNAAA inactivation by different classes of covalent inhibitors, confirming the essential role of cysteine for catalysis and inhibition in this cysteine N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase enzyme. They also provide a methodology for the rapid screening and characterization of large libraries of compounds as potential inhibitors of NAAA, and subsequent characterization or their mechanism through MALDI-TOF MS based bottom up-proteomics.