gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic projection systems in the rat SmI barrel cortex (1989)

Axonal tracing techniques were used to examine the distribution of corticothalamic projection neurons in relation to the organization of the thalamocortical recipient zones in the whisker representation of the rat first somatic sensory cortex. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the physiologically defined vibrissa area in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus, labeling in the cortex had a columnar appearance. Dense patches of anterograde labeling were located within the centers of the layer IV barrels and extended superficially through lamina III; the septa between barrels contained considerably less reaction product. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in lower layer V and layer VI where they were concentrated preferentially deep to the barrel centers. Regions deep to the septa displayed less overall labeling and a lower relative number of thalamic projecting neurons. Zones having the larger numbers of retrogradely labeled cells also contained terminallike labeling of either corticothalamic or thalamocortical origin. Following an injection that included the posterior group medial to the ventrobasal complex, anterograde labeling in layer IV was located largely in the septa. In conjunction with previous findings concerning the origin and termination of other projection systems in the barrel cortex, these results suggest that a vibrissal column contains a central core zone intimately linked with the ventrobasal thalamus that is bounded by narrower regions of more diverse inputs and outputs that form an interface between adjacent cortical columns.
CERBERUS: Tracing Requirements to Source Code Using Information Retrieval, Dynamic Analysis, and Program Analysis (2008)

The concern location problem is to identify the source code within a program related to the features, requirements, or other concerns of the program. This problem is central to program development and maintenance. We present a new technique called prune dependency analysis that can be combined with existing techniques to dramatically improve the accuracy of concern location. We developed CERBERUS, a potent hybrid technique for concern location that combines information retrieval, execution tracing, and prune dependency analysis. We used CERBERUS to trace the 360 requirements of RHINO, a 32,134 line Java program that implements the ECMAScript international standard. In our experiment, prune dependency analysis boosted the recall of information retrieval by 155% and execution tracing by 104%. Moreover, we show that our combined technique outperformed the other techniques when run individually or in pairs.
A Snapshot View of High Temperature Superconductivity 2002 (2002)

This report outlines the conclusions of a workshop on High Temperature Superconductivity held April 5-8, 2002 in San Diego. The purpose of this report is to outline and highlight some outstanding and interesting issues in the field of High Temperature Superconductivity. The range of activities and new ideas that arose within the context of High Temperature Superconductors is so vast and extensive that it is impossible to summarize it in a brief document. Thus, this report does not pretend to be all-inclusive and cover all areas of activity. It is a restricted snapshot and it only presents a few viewpoints. The complexity and difficulties with high temperature superconductivity are well illustrated by the Buddhist parable of the blind men trying to describe “experimentally” an elephant. These very same facts clearly illustrate that this is an extremely active field, with many unanswered questions, and with a great future potential for discoveries and progress in many (sometimes unpredictable) directions. It is very important to stress that, independently of any current or future applications, this is a very important area of basic research.
Discovery of Heteroatom‐“Embedded” Te⊂{W<sub>18</sub>O<sub>54</sub>} Nanofunctional Polyoxometalates by Use of Cryospray Mass Spectrometry (2009)

The cryo game: Heteroatom-embedded nanofunctional clusters are described that incorporate a [Te(VI)O(6)](6-) species contained within a {W(18)O(54)} cage. Not only does the tellurium-based species activate the {W(18)O(54)} cluster surface for assembly of larger nanoscale structures, such as [H(10)Te(VI) (2)W(58)O(198)](26-), it also undergoes a redox transformation inside the cluster from [Te(VI)O(6)](6-) to [Te(IV)O(3)](2-).
Einleitung (1968)

Das in dieser Arbeit geschilderte Verfahren zur Lösung des Cauchy-Problems für lineare Systeme von partiellen Differentialgleichungen beruht auf einer Verallgemeinerung des Begriffes des »Matrizanten« einer Matrix. Dieser Begriff wird in der Theorie der gewöhnlichen linearen Differentialgleichungssysteme gelegentlich verwendet*.
Inbreeding in Danish Dairy Cattle Breeds (2005)

The purpose of this study was to monitor current and predict future rates of inbreeding in the Danish dairy breeds. Calves born from 1999 until 2003 and registered as Danish Holstein (1,883,983), Danish Jersey (336,966), or Danish Red (261,047) were reference populations. Average complete generation equivalent was approximately 7. For calves born in 2003, average inbreeding was 3.9, 3.4, and 1.4% for Holstein, Jersey, and Danish Red, respectively. In recent years, effective population sizes were 49, 53, and 47, respectively. Based on coancestry statistics, future effective population sizes will be 43, 42, and 51, respectively. The effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors, and effective number of founder genomes were calculated. These measures of genetic diversity were all low for Holstein and Jersey and somewhat larger for Danish Red. The most important ancestors of Danish Holstein were Elevation (13.8%), Chief (10.9%), and Bell (8.5%). The most important ancestor of Danish Red was Momentum (9.4%), a Red Holstein-Friesian. The most important ancestor for Danish Jersey was FYN Lemvig (12.1%) with a large number of progeny in the reference population. The results of this study indicate the necessity for active management of the rate of inbreeding in the future.
Linde Type-A zeolite synthesis and effect of crystallization on its surface acidity (2010)

An alumino-silicate zeolite, Linde Type-A (LTA) has been prepared from aluminium powder and sodium metasilicate by hydrothermal process. The zeolite was characterized by FTIR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and by measuring the surface acidity using KOH as adsorbate. The surface acidity of LTA zeolite varied greatly with varying synthesized conditions such as crystallization temperature, crystallization time and K + ion adsorption period. The Bronsted acid site on the zeolite surface increased with increasing crystallization temperature and the maximum surface acidity was obtained at 100°C. Crystal growth was also dependent on the crystallization time. The surface acidity increased with increasing crystallization time. The maximum surface acidity due to the maximum consumption of the K + ion was observed at 48 h adsorption time and the value was found to be 0.9 meq/g when Si:Al was 50:50. It was seen that the surface acidity was more pronounced when ammonium hydroxide solution as adsorbate and agitated crystallization condition were used. The surface acidity of the commercial LTA zeolite was compared with the surface acidity of the synthesized LTA zeolite. It was found that the surface acidity of synthesized LTA zeolite is slightly greater than commercial LTA zeolite.
Adhesion of Human Probiotic<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>to Cervical and Vaginal Cells and Interaction with Vaginosis-Associated Pathogens (2008)

The ability of Lcr35 to adhere to cervicovaginal cells and its antagonist activities against vaginosis-associated pathogens suggest that this probiotic strain is a promising candidate for use in therapy.
Getting “grabby”: offline Web browsing (1997)

Cet article traite des problemes qui peuvent se poser pour la saisie de pages Web lors d'une utilisation autonome du reseau et presente le service mis en place par des Web Browser pour aider a la gestion autonome du contenu du Web. Un des produits mis en place par ce service est decrit et evalue : le WebWhacker
Conscious mind in the physical world (1991)

Part 1 Physics and conscious mind: physics as the theory of everything physics and the violation of experience physics and reductionism from physics to conscious mind. Part 2 Consciousness: what is consciousness? what is conscious? can a machine be conscious? what does consciousness do? the uniqueness of conscious mind the unconscious mind states of consciousness. Part 3 From classicla physics to the standard model: the classical era interference the quantum revolution the standard model the standard model of cosmology unanswered questions. Part 4 Philosophical background: words, wrds, mere words idealism realism materialism the mind-brain identity hypothesis dualism psychoneural pairs panpsychism process philosophy. Part 5 Experiments relevant to conscious mind: science needs experiments consciousness in animals blindsight the brain split brain experiments the effects on the brain of mental events the effects of consciousness on the external world. Part 6 Free will: a property of conscious mind freedom as the possibility of alternative action free-will as an illusion free-will and determinism the origin of free-will purpose and design summary of our conclusions about free-will. Part 7 Time: time and the laws of physics the experience of time time asymmetry and thermodynamics memory movement through time time and space. Part 8 Truth: facts and tautologies paradoxes axiometric systems Goedel's theorem does a machine tell the truth? Part 9 Quantum theory: particle-wave duality the wavefuction of quantum theory the probability interpretation of the wavefunction quantum theory and determinism quantum theory and external reality quantum theory and locality time and quantum mechanics. Part 10 What does quantum theory mean?: the interpretation problem the orthodox interpretation what can make a quantum theory measurment? consciousness and wavefunction reduction hidden-variable models the many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory knowledge and quantum theory. Part 11 Conscious mind and quantum physics: why does consciousness enter physics? the unique world of conscious mind free-will and quantum physics psychokinesis and quantum physics universal consciousness and clairvoyance are brain events microscopic. Part 12 Conclusions: is there an external world? is there anything else? why does it seem to matter so much? are we responsible ofr our actions? what is conscious mind?.
Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles as Colloidal Crystals Induced by Polymerization of Amphiphilic Monomers (2008)

The self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) into hierarchical structures on different length scales is one of the main aspects of “bottom-up” approaches to create materials with specific electronic, optical, or magnetic properties. We report a new procedure to generate and stabilize colloidal crystals formed by gold NPs during a polymerization reaction, leading to an amphiphilic physical gel. Dodecanethiol-stabilized gold NPs with an average diameter of 2 nm were synthesized and dissolved (0.15 wt %) in a stoichiometric mixture of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and dodecylamine (DA). The polymerization of DGEBA with DA was carried out at 100 °C leading to a linear polymer that very slowly generated an amphiphilic physical gel by the self-assembly of dodecyl chains. The formation of the physical gel was followed by rheometry and its structure investigated by SAXS. In the course of this polymerization, gold NPs were phase-separated generating colloidal crystals with dimensions varying from tens to hundreds of nanometers (TEM) and exhibiting a 3D hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure (SAXS). The size of the gold NPs forming the colloidal crystals was about twice the original size, meaning that a coalescence process took place. This was confirmed by the increase in the intensity of the plasmon band in UV−visible absorption spectra. Partitioning and irreversible adsorption of large colloidal particles at the air−polymer interface were observed, leading to highly ramified fractal structures. This was explained by the high energy needed to remove large colloidal particles attached at the interface. The polymer precursors used in the present study may, in principle, be employed for different kinds of NPs stabilized by hydrophobic chains to generate dispersions of colloidal crystals in polymer gels or percolating fractal structures at the air−polymer interface.
Age and anatomical site influences on alkanol permeation of skin of the male hairless mouse (1984)

The permeation of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, n-hexanol and n-octanol through dorsal and abdominal skin sections excised from the male hairless mouse was studied as a function of mouse age. There was a 3to 5-fold increase in permeability of the skin to these compounds during the early weeks of life when the animal's singular coat of hair is formed. During this period dorsal skin was measurably more permeable than abdominal skin. After the hair was shed, permeability coefficients gradually declined with rates that appeared to be compound specific. At an age of about 50 days, permeability of the anatomical sites came into and remained in coincidence. For most of the compounds studied, permeability coefficients leveled out roughly at 100 days. Total skin thickness and animal weight have also been characterized as a function of age and compared with permeability. It is evident that skin is a tissue with a complex, integrated barrier function and that the overall mechanism of permeation bears no simple relationship to either the age or the thickness of strata of mouse skin. Nevertheless, a descriptive steady state model of permeation is presented which, in order to explain the data, includes two routes through or around the stratum corneum, one polar in nature and the other lipoidal. The model also takes diffusion through the strata beneath the horny layer into account. Permeability patterns were exhibited throughout the mouse's life which seem to fit this physical construction.
Preparation and properties of poly‐<i>p</i>‐xylylene (1954)

Abstract The preparation of poly‐ p ‐xylylene, , in 24–26% yield, by pyrolysis of p ‐xylene, is described in detail. The nature and amount of by‐products of the pyrolysis were determined. The physical appearance and the following properties and reactions of the polymer are described: x‐ray diffraction, crystallinity, optical constants, infrared absorption spectrum, degradation by autoxidation in solvents and by pyrolysis, dielectric constant and loss, sulfonation and chlorination. The significance of this data is discussed relative to an understanding of the mode of formation and the structure of the polymer.
Truncation and Activation of Calcineurin A by Calpain I in Alzheimer Disease Brain (2005)

A disturbance of calcium homeostasis is believed to play an important role in the neurodegeneration of the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, but the molecular pathways by which it contributes to the disease are not well understood. Here we studied the activation of two major Ca(2+)-regulated brain proteins, calpain and calcineurin, in AD brain. We found that calpain I is activated, which in turn cleaves and activates calcineurin in AD brain. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the cleavage of calcineurin by calpain I is at lysine 501, a position C-terminal to the autoinhibitory domain, which produces a 57-kDa truncated form. The 57-kDa calcineurin maintains its Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependence of the phosphatase activity, but the phosphatase activity is remarkably activated upon truncation. The cleavage and activation of calcineurin correlate to the number of neurofibrillary tangles in human brains. These findings suggest that the overactivation of calpain I and calcineurin may mediate the role of calcium homeostatic disturbance in the neurodegeneration of AD.
Automated segmentation of lungs with severe interstitial lung disease in CT (2009)

Our lung segmentation method provided accurate segmentation results for abnormal CT scans with severe ILD and would be useful for developing CAD systems for quantification, detection, and diagnosis of ILD.
Harmonic Noise Reduction in Three-level Inverter using Space Vector based Dithered Sigma Delta Modulator (2014)

Inverters using deterministic switching schemes produce switching noises concentrated on the harmonic frequencies. To suppress the harmonic spikes in three phase three-level voltage source inverters, a Space Vector based Dithered Sigma Delta modulation scheme is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme the instantaneous reference voltage space vector is synthesized by dithered sigma delta analog-todigital converter. The spurious harmonic spikes at the output of the Sigma Delta Modulator with regular input are eliminated by introducing a dithered sequence in the Dithered Sigma Delta Modulator. The switching frequency of dithered sigma delta converter varies randomly resulting in the spreading of power spectrum of the inverter. The minimum pulse width of the output pulse train is the sampling time period, which prevents the inverter from missing switching operations. In the present work, the quantizer in the sigma delta converter uses the principle of Vector Quantization instead of conventional scalar quantizer. In this study the space vectors are represented in the 60° coordinate system to reduce the computational complexity compared to the conventional Cartesian coordinate system. Experimental results of proposed scheme are compared with Space Vector based Sigma Delta Modulator, SVPWM scheme and Random PWM scheme.
Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machine for Voice Disorders Identification (2016)

The diagnosis of voice diseases through the invasive medical techniques is an efficient way but it is often uncomfortable for patients, therefore, the automatic speech recognition methods have attracted more and more interest recent years and have known a real success in the identification of voice impairments. In this context, this paper proposes a reliable algorithm for voice disorders identification based on two classification algorithms; the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The feature extraction task is performed by the Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and their first and second derivatives. In addition, the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is proposed as feature selection procedure in order to enhance the discriminative ability of the algorithm and minimize its complexity. The proposed voice disorders identification system is evaluated based on a widespread performance measures such as the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and Area Under Curve (AUC).
Detection of rhinovirus in induced sputum at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2000)

Common colds are associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the role of the common cold virus (human rhinovirus) in the production of symptoms and lower airway inflammation at COPD exacerbation is unknown. Thirty three patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were seen at baseline, when the number of chest infections in the previous year was noted, and acutely at COPD exacerbation. Within 48 h after the onset of the exacerbation and at baseline, nasal aspirates and induced sputum were taken for rhinovirus reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and determination of cytokine levels. Symptoms, recorded on diary cards, were noted and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) measured. At exacerbation, mean FEV1 and FVC fell significantly from baseline (p<0.001). Ten of 43 exacerbations were associated with rhinovirus infection, detected in induced sputum. In four of these, nasopharyngeal samples contained no detectable rhinovirus. All baseline samples were negative for rhinovirus. The simultaneous presence of increased nasal discharge/nasal congestion (in 26 of the 43 exacerbations) and increased sputum (29 exacerbations) was strongly associated with the presence of rhinovirus (odds ratio 6.15; p=0.036). Total symptom scores were greater for rhinovirus as compared to nonrhinovirus exacerbations (p=0.039). Median baseline sputum interleukin-6 levels rose from 90.2 to 140.3 pg x mL(-1) at exacerbation (p=0.005); the change was greater in the presence of rhinovirus infection (p=0.008). Rhinovirus infection can be detected at chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. This is associated with elevation of lower airway interleukin-6 levels, which may mediate lower airway symptom expression during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations.
Down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 suppresses malignant biological behavior of triple-negative breast cancer cells. (2014)

This study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of reduced hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1a expression on malignant behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells. HIF-1α expression was interfered by siRNA. Western blot was used to detect protein expression of HIF-1α, active fragments of caspase 3 and vimentin. Cell count, flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were used to evaluate cell growth and apoptosis. Matrigel invasion and wound scratch assay were performed to measure the ability of cell invasion and migration. After MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with HIF-1α-targeted siRNA, HIF-1α protein expression was successfully interrupted and cell growth was retarded. Compared with random siRNA group, reduced HIF-1α protein expression in HIF-1α-targeted siRNA group facilitated cell apoptosis but had no effect on cell cycle. In addition, cells treated with HIF-1α-targeted siRNA expressed active fragments of caspase 3 (17 and 12 kD) after serum starvation for 0 to 60 h. Caspase 3 activity assay further confirmed the above finding. Reduced HIF-1α expression impaired the migration and invasiveness with a reduction in the expression of vimentin and CK18 protein. Inhibition of HIF-1α protein synthesis or enhancement of its degradation reversed its malignant phenotypes and could probably be a potential means for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.
In Vitro Activation of Human Complement by Polyacrilonitrile Dialyzer Membrane Assayed by Complement Binding to Bystander Red Cells (1992)

Quantitation of complement activation by polyacrilonitrile (PAN) dialyzer membrane is complicated by the high adsorptive capacity of the membrane for fluid phase anaphylotoxins. Assays for these anaphylotoxins, therefore, underestimate the degree of complement activation produced by this membrane. Alternative methods of measuring in vitro complement activation by the PAN and Cuprophan membranes were explored by incubating normal human erythrocytes with the membranes in the presence of serum. This led to deposition of C3d on these "innocent bystander" red cells, and provided an independent parameter for measuring complement activation. The PAN membrane caused significantly more C3d deposition on red cells, and thus more complement activation than Cuprophan. The possible significance of complement activation by PAN membrane, in consideration of its property of binding the resultant anaphylotoxins, is discussed.