gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quickest Change Detection (2012)

The problem of detecting changes in the statistical properties of a stochastic system and time series arises in various branches of science and engineering. It has a wide spectrum of important applications ranging from machine monitoring to biomedical signal processing. In all of these applications the observations being monitored undergo a change in distribution in response to a change or anomaly in the environment, and the goal is to detect the change as quickly as possibly, subject to false alarm constraints. In this chapter, two formulations of the quickest change detection problem, Bayesian and minimax, are introduced, and optimal or asymptotically optimal solutions to these formulations are discussed. Then some generalizations and extensions of the quickest change detection problem are described. The chapter is concluded with a discussion of applications and open issues.
Interpolating head related transfer functions in the median plane (2003)

This paper describes the interpolation of head related transfer functions (HRTFs) for all direction in the median plane. The interpolation of HRTFs enables us to reduce the number of measurements for new user's HRTFs, and also reduce the data of HRTFs in auditory virtual systems. In this paper, a simple linear interpolation method and the spline interpolation method are evaluated and advantages of both methods clarified. In experiments, the interpolation methods are applied to HRTFs measured using a dummy head. The experimental results show that the two methods are comparable in the best case. The resultant minimum spectral distortion is about 2 dB for both methods. The results clarify that the linear interpolation is effective for a set of elevations selected based on the cross correlation and that the spline interpolation is effective at large and equal intervals. These results indicate that HRTFs in the median plane can be interpolated by the methods.
Kinsight: Localizing and Tracking Household Objects Using Depth-Camera Sensors (2012)

We solve the problem of localizing and tracking household objects using a depth-camera sensor network. We design and implement Kin sight that tracks household objects indirectly -- by tracking human figures, and detecting and recognizing objects from human-object interactions. We devise two novel algorithms: (1) Depth Sweep -- that uses depth information to efficiently extract objects from an image, and (2) Context Oriented Object Recognition -- that uses location history and activity context along with an RGB image to recognize object sat home. We thoroughly evaluate Kinsight's performance with a rich set of controlled experiments. We also deploy Kinsightin real-world scenarios and show that it achieves an average localization error of about 13 cm.
Simple 60-cps Hysteresis Loop Tracer for Magnetic Materials of High or Low Permeability (1956)

A simple form of 60-cps hysteresis loop tracer for materials of high and low permeability is described. By including a differential form of balance control, all 60-cps voltage present in the leads and pickup coils, prior to the insertion of a magnetic specimen into the field coils, may be completely balanced out. The sensitivity is sufficient to provide a one-inch peak to peak deflection on a Dumont 304A cathode-ray oscilloscope for a flux change of 0.1 maxwell.
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Its Future for Novel Antibiotic Development (2006)

Since the first introduction of the sulfa drugs and penicillin into clinical use, large numbers of antibiotics have been developed and hence contributed to human health. But extensive use of antibiotics has raised a serious public health problem due to multiantibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens that inevitably develop resistance to every new drug launched in the clinic. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop new antibiotics to keep pace with bacterial resistance. Recent advances in microbial genomics and X-ray crystallography provide opportunities to identify novel antibacterial targets for the development of new classes of antibiotics and to design more potent antimicrobial compounds derived from existing antibiotics respectively. To prevent and control infectious diseases caused by multiantibiotic resistant bacteria, we need to understand more about the molecular aspects of the pathogens' physiology and to pursue ways to prolong the life of precious antibiotics.
SoNet -- Privacy and Replication in Federated Online Social Networks (2013)

In this paper we propose a federated online social network (OSN) which focuses on user privacy and data availability. All user content is encrypted and decrypted on end-user devices, hiding the content from the OSN providers. The social graph is hidden from the OSN provider by employing a novel aliasing approach and using secure algorithms for mutual friendship establishment. Usernames are mapped to friend-specific aliases, which reduces the amount of information a provider can gather from analyzing these identifiers. Users authenticate to each other without revealing their identities to a potential attacker. The proposed system allows for user interactions between independent OSN providers. To improve data availability we use a replication scheme which does not jeopardize the obfuscation of the social graph. Our approach differs from existing works mainly by the social graph obfuscation in combination with replication.
Origin and history of end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy (2007)

This historical note offers a perspective concerning the origin of the employment of end-to-side (termino-lateral) anastomosis for nerve repair and summarizes the works that have been published on this surgical technique through the first part of the 20th Century. While the origin of end-to-side neurorrhaphy is usually dated to the beginning of the 20th Century, some works referring to this technique were published earlier, the first of which dates as far back as 1873. A number of interesting clinical and experimental studies have been carried out on end-to-side nerve anastomosis during the first years of the twentieth century. However, this literature is not easily detectable through current online scientific databases. In this paper we will give an overview of these early works. This history contributes interesting information to the debate surrounding this surgical concept and adds perspective to the use of a technique that has attracted a great deal of attention over the last 15 years.
Enzymic Modification of Feather Keratin Hydrolysates with Lysine Aimed at Increasing the Biological Value (1997)

The lysine content of feather protein hydrolysate was modified via activation with alkaline proteinase and trypsin at pH 6·2 and 8·3, respectively. Lysine was used as the hydrochloride and the diacetyl derivative in the first case and as the methyl ester in the trypsin modification. The results indicate a lysine content of 26–35 g kg-1 and 59–64 g kg-1 after alkaline proteinase activation and 52–65 g kg-1 after trypsin activation. Considerable changes in the molecular mass profile of peptides were observed. Thus, enzyme modification is a way to raise the nutritive value of feather protein hydrolysate by increasing its lysine content (the main limiting essential amino acid). © 1997 SCI.
Application of actinic mask review system for the preparation of HVM EUV lithography with defect free mask (2017)

We introduce an extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) mask defect review system (EMDRS) which has been developing in SAMUSNG. It applies a stand-alone high harmonic generation (HHG) EUV source as well as simple EUV optics consisting of a folding mirror and a zoneplate. The EMDRS has been continuously updated and utilized for various applications regarding defect printability in EUVL. One of the main roles of the EMDRS is to verify either mask repair or mask defect avoidance (MDA) by actinic reviews of defect images before and after the process. Using the MDA, small phase defects could be hidden below absorber patterns, but it is very challenging in case of layouts with high density patterns. The EMDRS clearly verify the success of the MDA while conventional SEM could not detect the images. In addition, we emulate images of the sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs) by the EMDRS and compared them with the wafer exposure results.
Calcium glucarate prevents tumor formation in mouse skin. (2003)

Cag inhibits DMBA induced mouse skin tumor development. Since stimulation of DNA synthesis reflects proliferation and induction of TG represents differentiation, the antitumorigenic effect of Cag is considered to be possibly due to stimulation of differentiation and suppression of proliferation.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Tumors at 3 and 7 T (2014)

Our comparison study shows that 7-T DCE-MRI provides simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution that is significantly improved compared with lower field strengths, but further technical improvements are necessary to overcome B1 inhomogeneity problems at 7 T to fully unfold the potential of breast MRI at 7 T.
The Pathology of Familial Breast Cancer: Predictive Value of Immunohistochemical Markers Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, HER-2, and p53 in Patients With Mutations in <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> (2002)

BRCA1 has a distinctive morphology and immunohistochemical phenotype. The combined morphologic and immunohistochemical data can be used to predict the risk of a young patient harboring a germline mutation in BRCA1. The BRCA2 phenotype is currently not well defined.
Expression and localization of estrogen receptor-alpha protein in normal and abnormal term placentae and stimulation of trophoblast differentiation by estradiol (2003)

Estrogens play an important role in the regulation of placental function, and 17-beta-estradiol (E2) production rises eighty fold during human pregnancy. Although term placenta has been found to specifically bind estrogens, cellular localization of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) in trophoblast remains unclear. We used western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry with h-151 and ID5 monoclonal antibodies to determine the expression and cellular localization of ER-alpha protein in human placentae and cultured trophoblast cells. Western blot analysis revealed a ~65 kDa ER-alpha band in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells (positive control). A similar band was detected in five normal term placentae exhibiting strong expression of Thy-1 differentiation protein in the villous core. However, five other term placentae, which exhibited low or no Thy-1 expression (abnormal placentae), exhibited virtually no ER-alpha expression. In normal placentae, nuclear ER-alpha expression was confined to villous cytotrophoblast cells (CT), but syncytiotrophoblast (ST) and extravillous trophoblast cells were unstained. In abnormal placentae no CT expressing ER-alpha were detected. Normal and abnormal placentae also showed ER-alpha expression in villous vascular pericytes and amniotic (but not villous) fibroblasts; no staining was detected in amniotic epithelial cells or decidual cells. All cultured trophoblast cells derived from the same normal and abnormal placentae showed distinct ER-alpha expression in western blots, and the ER-alpha expression was confined to the differentiating CT, but not to the mature ST. Trophoblast cells from six additional placentae were cultured in normal medium with phenol red (a weak estrogen) as above (PhR+), or plated in phenol red-free medium (PhR-) without or with mid-pregnancy levels of E2 (20 nM). Culture in PhR- medium without E2 caused retardation of syncytium formation and PhR-medium with E2 caused acceleration of syncytium formation compared to cultures in PhR+ medium. These data indicate that the considerable increase in estrogen production during pregnancy may play a role, via the ER-alpha, in the stimulation of CT differentiation and promote function in normal placentae. This mechanism, however, may not operate in abnormal placentae, which show a lack of ER-alpha expression.
Variance in multiplex suspension array assays: carryover of microspheres between sample wells (2007)

This problem has significance for analysis of results obtained with suspended microarray instruments. A special notation is made that biostatisticians need to be made aware of these results before experiments are undertaken and data generated for them to analyze. The problem can be handled by enough replicated samples, or an intraplex method. The applicability of these results to oligonucleotide based assays is unknown.
Ti/Pt/Au Ohmic Contacts to n-Type ZnSe (1992)

We report that a Ti/Pt/Au multilayered metal structure can make a nonalloy ohmic contact to n-type ZnSe with an electron concentration greater than 10 19 cm -3 . A specific contact resistance as low as 3.4×10 -4 Ω-cm 2 was achieved for Cl-doped ZnSe with an electron concentration of 2×10 19 cm -3 . We think that the lower contact resistance can be ascribed to the higher reactivity and adhesion of Ti metal with the surface of ZnSe at low temperature, and to the lower work function of Ti metal. The dominant current flow may be due to the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons through the potential barrier at the ZnSe surface, because the specific contact resistance decreases with an increase in the electron concentration. A small improvement in the specific contact resistance was made by thermal annealing at a temperature of 250°C for 5 min, which yielded the lowest value of 1.1×10 -4 Ω-cm 2 . With annealing at 300°C and below, the contact resistance was not drastically increased. The electrical properties of the contact are therefore thermally stable up to 300°C.
Competition‐Based Cellular Peptide Binding Assay for <scp>HLA</scp> Class I (2004)

This unit describes a competition assay to determine binding of unlabeled test peptides to thirteen of the most prevalent HLA class I molecules. It uses cells expressing the HLA class I molecule of interest on their surface, fluorescently labeled reference peptides, and unlabeled test peptides. Cells of interest are stripped from their natural HLA-bound peptides using acid treatment and subsequently incubated with a mixture of labeled reference peptide and titrating concentrations of test peptide. Subsequently, FACS analysis is performed to determine the amount of bound reference peptide, which is a measure of the ability of test peptide to compete for binding to HLA. The assay provides IC50 values for binding of test peptides to HLA molecules. It can be performed in a normally equipped cellular laboratory, requires no additional equipment besides a flow cytometer (FACS), and is relatively easy to perform. Assay-specific parameters for several HLA alleles are provided.
Synthesis of Novel Polythiol for Plastic Optical Lens and its Ophthalmic Lens (2009)

Novel polythiol materials of urethane lens series for plastic optical lens were synthesized from polyol materials via thioisouronium of thiourea with c-HCl in refluxing aqueous solution, in which polythiol material was carried out from hydrolysis of thioisouronium by ammonia water. Their structure properties were identified by EA, EI-MS, FT-IR, <TEX>$^1H\;and\;^{13}C$</TEX> NMR spectroscopies and TGA. Their ophthalmic lenses as polythiourethane material were prepared by thermal curing to an injected glass mold using the evenly solutions of diisocyanates series (TDI, XDI, HDI or IPDI) with polythiols. Polythiourethane shows that the strong stretching mode for SH group of polythiol disappeared in FT-IR spectra after thermosetting polymerization. Thermal deformation starting temperature of ophthalmic lenses was determined by TMA. Ophthalmic lenses made from characteristic polythiol and diisocyanate series have transparency, colorless and good impact strength, in which thermal resistance and impact strength of ophthalmic lenses were influenced by diisocyanate series. Physical properties of ophthalmic lens have contrast thermal resistance with impact strength. The property of thermal resistance and impact strength for respective ophthalmic lenses was examined by TMA and drop ball test.
A Crystalline Aminopeptidase from Streptomyces peptidofaciens: Physico-chemical Properties and Characteristics as a Ca-Metalloprotease (1973)

A crystalline aminopeptidase obtained from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces peptidofaciens KY 2389 appeared to be homogeneous on ultracentrifugation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient, s20, w., was determined to be 2.6 S. The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 19,000 by sedimentation equilibrium studies. The amino acid analyses indicated that the enzyme was composed of 147 amino acid residues and contained no sulfhydryl group. The isoelectric point was found to be around pH 7.4 by isoelectric focusing on ampholites. The enzyme required Ca2+ for its maximal activity and was strongly inhibited by some metal-chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and o-phenanthroline. The EDTA-inactivated enzyme restored its activity almost completely by the addition of Ca2+ The crystalline preparation of aminopeptidase contained 1 g-atom of calcium and about 2 g-atoms of magnesium per mole of enzyme protein, and the calcium was essential for the activity of the enzyme.
Mimosine Is a Cell-specific Antagonist of Folate Metabolism (2000)

Iron deficiency and iron chelators are known to alter folate metabolism in mammals, but the underlying biochemical mechanisms have not been established. Although many studies have demonstrated that the iron chelators mimosine and deferoxamine inhibit DNA replication in mammalian cells, their mechanism of action remains controversial. The effects of mimosine on folate metabolism were investigated in human MCF-7 cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma. Our findings indicate that mimosine is a folate antagonist and that its effects are cell-specific. MCF-7 cells cultured in the presence of 350 microm mimosine were growth-arrested, whereas mimosine had no effect on SH-SY5Y cell proliferation. Mimosine altered the distribution of folate cofactor forms in MCF-7 cells, indicating that mimosine targets folate metabolism. However, mimosine does not influence folate metabolism in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma. The effect of mimosine on folate metabolism is associated with decreased cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cSHMT) expression in MCF-7 cells but not in SH-SY5Y cells. MCF-7 cells exposed to mimosine for 24 h have a 95% reduction in cSHMT protein, and cSHMT promoter activity is reduced over 95%. Transcription of the cSHMT gene is also inhibited by deferoxamine in MCF-7 cells, indicating that mimosine inhibits cSHMT transcription by chelating iron. Analyses of mimosine-resistant MCF-7 cell lines demonstrate that although the effect of mimosine on cell cycle is independent of its effects on cSHMT expression, it inhibits both processes through a common regulatory mechanism.
From machine learning to learning with machines : remodeling the knowledge discovery process (2014)

Knowledge discovery (KD) technology is used to extract knowledge from large quantities of digital data in an automated fashion. The established process model represents the KD process in a linear and technology-centered manner, as a sequence of transformations that refine raw data into more and more abstract and distilled representations. Any actual KD process, however, has aspects that are not adequately covered by this model. In particular, some of the most important actors in the process are not technological but human, and the operations associated with these actors are interactive rather than sequential in nature. This thesis proposes an augmentation of the established model that addresses this neglected dimension of the KD process. The proposed process model is composed of three sub-models: a data model, a workflow model, and an architectural model. Each sub-model views the KD process from a different angle: the data model examines the process from the perspective of different states of data and transformations that convert data from one state to another, the workflow model describes the actors of the process and the interactions between them, and the architectural model guides the design of software for the execution of the process. For each of the sub-models, the thesis first defines a set of requirements, then presents the solution designed to satisfy the requirements, and finally, re-examines the requirements to show how they are accounted for by the solution. The principal contribution of the thesis is a broader perspective on the KD process than what is currently the mainstream view. The augmented KD process model proposed by the thesis makes use of the established model, but expands it by gathering data management and knowledge representation, KD workflow and software architecture under a single unified model. Furthermore, the proposed model considers issues that are usually either overlooked or treated as separate from the KD process, such as the philosophical aspect of KD. The thesis also discusses a number of technical solutions to individual sub-problems of the KD process, including two software frameworks and four case-study applications that serve as concrete implementations and illustrations of several key features of the proposed process model.
Directed Evolution of Enzymes for Biocatalytic Applications (2001)

AbstractDirected molecular evolution is a rapidly growing field revolutionizing the development of biocatalysts with improved properties. This review describes methods to create mutant libraries and assays for rapid screening or selection of desired variants. Selected examples emphasizing the evolution of enzymes for applications in biocatalysis show that it is possible to alter substrate specificity, modulate enantioselectivity and increase enzyme performance under process conditions.Key Words: Directed evolutionDNA-shufflingEnzymesError-prone PCRHigh-throughput screeningMolecular evolution
Pivotal Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)4 and Stat6 in the Innate Immune Response during Sepsis (2001)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4 and Stat6 are transcription factors that provide type 1 and type 2 response, respectively. Here, we explored the role of Stat4 and Stat6 in innate immunity during septic peritonitis. Stat4-/- and Stat6-/- mice were resistant to the lethality compared with wild-type (WT) mice. At the mechanistic level, bacterial levels in Stat6-/- mice were much lower than in WT mice, which was associated with increased peritoneal levels of interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and C10, known to enhance bacterial clearance. In Stat4-/- mice, hepatic inflammation and injury during sepsis were significantly ameliorated without affecting local responses. This event was associated with increased hepatic levels of IL-10 and IL-13, while decreasing those of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC. Sepsis-induced renal injury was also abrogated in Stat4-/- mice, which was accompanied by decreased renal levels of MIP-2 and KC without altering IL-10 and IL-13 levels. Thus, Stat6-/- and Stat4-/- mice appeared to be resistant to septic peritonitis by enhancing local bacterial clearance and modulating systemic organ damage, respectively, via balancing cytokine responses. These results clearly highlight an important role of local type 1 and systemic type 2 cytokine response in protective immunity during sepsis, which can be regulated by Stat proteins.