gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Authentication using graphical passwords (2005)

Graphical passwords are an alternative to alphanumeric passwords in which users click on images to authenticate themselves rather than type alphanumeric strings. We have developed one such system, called PassPoints, and evaluated it with human users. The results of the evaluation were promising with respect to rmemorability of the graphical password. In this study we expand our human factors testing by studying two issues: the effect of tolerance, or margin of error, in clicking on the password points and the effect of the image used in the password system. In our tolerance study, results show that accurate memory for the password is strongly reduced when using a small tolerance (10 x 10 pixels) around the user's password points. This may occur because users fail to encode the password points in memory in the precise manner that is necessary to remember the password over a lapse of time. In our image study we compared user performance on four everyday images. The results indicate that there were few significant differences in performance of the images. This preliminary result suggests that many images may support memorability in graphical password systems.
Selective functional deficit in dendritic cell – T cell interaction is a crucial mechanism in chronic hepatitis B virus infection (2004)

A defect in specific T cell immunity has long been assumed to be the central mechanism of persistent Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recent studies on HBV transgenic mice have suggested, however, that functional deficit of dendritic cells (DC) was an underlying cause for the T cell dysfunction. The functions of monocyte-derived DC were determined by studying 75 subjects that included chronic hepatitis B patients with low or high HBV load; antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) positive individuals who had recovered completely from previous acute HBV infection; healthy donors who had received hepatitis B vaccination and were anti-HBs positive; and immunologically naïve to HBV or the vaccine individual. Impaired interactions between monocyte-derived DC and T cells were shown in chronic HBV infection patients, especially in those with active virus replication. The dysfunctions included: (i) failure of DC to increase human leukocyte antigen (HLA-II), B7 expression and interleukin-12 secretion in responses to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), (ii) defective induction of T cell proliferative response to HBsAg, (iii) failure to activate T cells to produce cytokines and (iv) deficit in the induction of antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In vitro treatment of DC with tumour necrosis factor-alpha improved HLA-II and B7 expression, as well as Th cell and CTL responses. It is concluded that defective DC-T cell interactions may account for the specific T cell immune defects in chronic HBV infection. Immunotherapy that aims at restoring DC functions could offer a new opportunity for effectively managing persistent HBV infections.
A position-controlled rectangular-coordinate table (SEM application to lithography) (1983)

This paper describes the features and design of a precision X-Y stage for a SEM modified for use as an electron beam lithographic machine. The stage is capable of carrying a silicon wafer of up to 100 mm in diameter and positioning it at any point within a 100 mm circle with effective sub-micron accuracy, all within a vacuum chamber with an internal diameter of only 236 mm. A laser measuring system is used to determine the position of the stage and provides an error signal which is fed into a microprocessor based controller. The controller both drives the stepper motors and provides an offset for the electron beam to allow working positions between each 8 mu m step of the motors.
LCOS-Based Wavelength Blocker Array With Channel-by-Channel Variable Center Wavelength and Bandwidth (2011)

We developed a new class of compact wavelength blocker (WB) array based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS), which enables per-channel control of not only the optical transmission power level but also channel center wavelength and channel bandwidth independently. We demonstrate an integrated device with WB array having 12 input/output ports for 50-GHz-spaced International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) channels over the entire C-band. The center wavelength and bandwidth can be adjusted independently with a minimum setting resolution of 3 and 6 GHz, respectively.
Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% for postoperative inflammation and pain (2008)

Difluprednate given 2 or 4 times a day cleared postoperative inflammation and reduced pain rapidly and effectively. There were no serious ocular adverse events. Fewer adverse events were reported in the difluprednate-treated groups than in the placebo group.
Modification of Peptides and Proteins (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction PEGylated Peptides and Proteins Lipidization of Peptides and Proteins Modification of the Primary Structure of Peptides and Proteins General Considerations on Processing and Characterization Conclusions References
A micromachined silicon scan tip for an atomic force microscope (1990)

The development of single-channel and multichannel scan tips for use in atomic force microscopy is described. A combination of bulk and surface micromachining techniques has been utilized to fabricate a heavily doped single-crystal silicon microprobe with integrated polysilicon scan tips. Polysilicon beams, configured both as cantilevers and as double-end-clamped structures 75-200 mu m long and approximately 30 mu m wide with a thickness of 1-1.5 mu m have been fabricated. The fabrication process utilizes an undoped polysilicon sacrificial layer and a boron-doped polysilicon release structure. By careful choice of the passivation layers, the strain in the structure can be reproducibly controlled. The beams are driven electrostatically, and the response amplitude is sensed using interferometric techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Function and Protective Capacity of<i>Treponema pallidum</i>subsp.<i>pallidum</i>Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase (1998)

Infectious syphilis, caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, remains a public health concern worldwide. The immune-response evasion mechanisms employed by T. pallidum are poorly understood, and prior attempts to identify immunoprotective antigens for subsequent vaccine design have been unsuccessful. Previous investigations conducted in our laboratory identified the T. pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase as a potential immunoprotective antigen by using a differential immunologic expression library screen. In studies reported here, heterologous expression of the T. pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase in Escherichia coli yielded a full-length, enzymatically active protein. Characterization of the recombinant molecule showed it to be bifunctional, in that it exhibited specific binding to human immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgD, and IgG in addition to possessing enzymatic activity. IgG fractionation studies revealed specific binding of the recombinant enzyme to the Fc fragment of human IgG, a characteristic that may play a role in enabling the syphilis spirochete to evade the host immune response. In further investigations, immunization with the recombinant enzyme significantly protected rabbits from subsequent T. pallidum challenge, altering lesion development at the sites of challenge. In all cases, animals immunized with the recombinant molecule developed atypical pale, flat, slightly indurated, and nonulcerative reactions at the challenge sites that resolved before lesions appeared in the control animals. Although protection in the immunized rabbits was incomplete, as demonstrated by the presence of T. pallidum in the rabbit infectivity test, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase nevertheless represents a significantly immunoprotective T. pallidum antigen and thus may be useful for inclusion in an antigen cocktail vaccine for syphilis.
Pattern of Gene Expression and Immune Responses to Semenogelin 1 in Chronic Hematologic Malignancies (2003)

Normal testicular-specific proteins are frequently aberrantly expressed by tumor cells. Based on this, we have investigated Semenogelin 1, a major protein of human semen coagulum thought to be highly specific to seminal vesicles, in leukemic cells. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Semenogelin 1 gene was frequently expressed in chronic myeloid leukemia (5 of 8, 62.5%) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (5 of 12, 41.7%) but rarely in multiple myeloma (2 of 30, 6.7%). The gene was not expressed in bone marrow or peripheral blood from healthy donors. Semenogelin 1 expression is normally confined to the testis, suggesting that it is a novel Cancer-Testis (CT) antigen. Translation of the mRNA to Semenogelin 1 protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis of tumor cell lysates and by immunocytochemistry. The recombinant Semenogelin 1 protein was used with a control Escherichia coli-derived recombinant protein in ELISA and Western blot analysis to show that high titer IgG antibodies against Semenogelin 1 were detected in some patients, suggesting the in vivo immunogenicity of the protein. Immune responses predicted gene expression by the leukemia cells. Semenogelin 1 was also frequently coexpressed with other CT antigens, Sperm protein 17 and SPAN-Xb. These results therefore indicate that Semenogelin 1 is a novel CT antigen capable of inducing B-cell responses in vivo in chronic leukemias.
The menace of substandard drugs. (1994)

Numerous small pharmaceutical manufacturers in Bangladesh are marketing substandard drugs, often deliberately using inadequate levels of active ingredients. Stricter application of the national drug policy is necessary, notably in regard to the issuing of licences and the sanctions applied to firms breaking the law.
Control of Prostaglandin Stereochemistry at the 15-Carbon by Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (2002)

Prostaglandin synthesis by cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) involves an initial oxygenation of arachidonic acid at C-11, followed by endoperoxide and cyclopentane ring formation, and then a second reaction with molecular oxygen in the S configuration at C-15. The resulting 15S-hydroxyl group of prostaglandins is crucial for their bioactivity. Using human COX-1 and human and murine COX-2, we have identified two amino acids located in the oxygenase active site that control the stereochemistry at C-15. The most crucial determinant is Ser-530, the residue that is acetylated by aspirin. In COX-2, site-directed mutagenesis of Ser-530 to methionine, threonine, or valine produced highly active enzymes that formed 82-95% 15R-configuration prostaglandins; these have the opposite stereochemistry at C-15 to the natural products. In COX-1, the corresponding Ser-530 mutations inactivated the enzyme. The second residue, Val-349, exerts a more subtle influence. When Val-349 was replaced by isoleucine, the mutant COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes formed 41 and 65% 15R-prostaglandins, respectively. This change was highly specific for isoleucine, as mutations of Val-349 to alanine, leucine, asparagine, or threonine did not alter or only slightly altered (< or =13%) the S-configuration at C-15. These results establish a previously unrecognized role for Ser-530 and Val-349 in maintaining the correct S stereochemistry of the carbon-15 hydroxyl group during prostaglandin synthesis. The findings may also explain the absolute conservation of Ser-530, the target of aspirin, throughout the families of cyclooxygenase enzymes.
Evaluation of the color image and video processing chain and visual quality management for consumer systems (2008)

With the advent of novel digital display technologies, color processing is increasingly becoming a key aspect in consumer video applications. Today’s state-of-the-art displays require sophisticated color and image reproduction techniques in order to achieve larger screen size, higher luminance and higher resolution than ever before. However, from color science perspective, there are clearly opportunities for improvement in the color reproduction capabilities of various emerging and conventional display technologies. This research seeks to identify potential areas for improvement in color processing in a video processing chain. As part of this research, various processes involved in a typical video processing chain in consumer video applications were reviewed. Several published color and contrast enhancement algorithms were evaluated, and a novel algorithm was developed to enhance color and contrast in images and videos in an effective and coordinated manner. Further, a psychophysical technique was developed and implemented for performing visual evaluation of color image and consumer video quality. Based on the performance analysis and visual experiments involving various algorithms, guidelines were proposed for the development of an effective color and contrast enhancement method for images and video applications. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from this research will help build a better understanding of color processing and color quality management methods in consumer video.
EMI Suppression with Switching Frequency Modulated dc-dc Converter (1999)

High frequency power semiconductor switches in power converters generate common-mode and differential-mode conduction noise in addition to radiated noise and cross-talk. Compliance with existing EMI standards is expected of switch mode power converters after fabrication. This article discusses a methodology to mitigate conducted noise effectively at the point of its origin using switching frequency modulation. The switching frequency modulation of DC-DC converters results in redistribution of harmonic energy and consequent suppression of peaks in the switching frequency harmonic components. This phenomenon is clearly visible in the experimental results. Therefore it is evident that the size of the EMI filter can be reduced significantly with the suppression of peaks of switching frequency harmonic components by spreading the spectrum appropriately as described in this article. Moreover, the switching frequency modulation can reduce radiated interference as it lowers the peaks of the harmonic components in current carrying conductors.
Radial Basis Function Network-Based Transform for a Nonlinear Support Vector Machine as Optimized by a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Application to QSAR Studies (2007)

The support vector machine (SVM) has been receiving increasing interest in an area of QSAR study for its ability in function approximation and remarkable generalization performance. However, selection of support vectors and intensive optimization of kernel width of a nonlinear SVM are inclined to get trapped into local optima, leading to an increased risk of underfitting or overfitting. To overcome these problems, a new nonlinear SVM algorithm is proposed using adaptive kernel transform based on a radial basis function network (RBFN) as optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO). The new algorithm incorporates a nonlinear transform of the original variables to feature space via a RBFN with one input and one hidden layer. Such a transform intrinsically yields a kernel transform of the original variables. A synergetic optimization of all parameters including kernel centers and kernel widths as well as SVM model coefficients using PSO enables the determination of a flexible kernel transform according to the performance of the total model. The implementation of PSO demonstrates a relatively high efficiency in convergence to a desired optimum. Applications of the proposed algorithm to QSAR studies of binding affinity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and activity of 1-phenylbenzimidazoles reveal that the new algorithm provides superior performance to the backpropagation neural network and a conventional nonlinear SVM, indicating that this algorithm holds great promise in nonlinear SVM learning.
Cofilin activation in peripheral CD4 T cells of HIV-1 infected patients: a pilot study (2008)

Cofilin is an actin-depolymerizing factor that regulates actin dynamics critical for T cell migration and T cell activation. In unstimulated resting CD4 T cells, cofilin exists largely as a phosphorylated inactive form. Previously, we demonstrated that during HIV-1 infection of resting CD4 T cells, the viral envelope-CXCR4 signaling activates cofilin to overcome the static cortical actin restriction. In this pilot study, we have extended this in vitro observation and examined cofilin phosphorylation in resting CD4 T cells purified from the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected patients. Here, we report that the resting T cells from infected patients carry significantly higher levels of active cofilin, suggesting that these resting cells have been primed in vivo in cofilin activity to facilitate HIV-1 infection. HIV-1-mediated aberrant activation of cofilin may also lead to abnormalities in T cell migration and activation that could contribute to viral pathogenesis.
Sulfide, the first inorganic substrate for human cells (2007)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced inside the intestine and is known as a poison that inhibits cellular respiration at the level of cytochrome oxidase. However, sulfide is used as an energetic substrate by many photo- and chemoautotrophic bacteria and by animals such as the lugworm Arenicola marina. The concentrations of sulfide present in their habitats are comparable with those present in the human colon. Using permeabilized colonic cells to which sulfide was added by an infusion pump we show that the maximal respiratory rate of colonocyte mitochondria in presence of sulfide compares with that obtained with succinate or L-alpha-glycerophosphate. This oxidation is accompanied by mitochondrial energization. In contrast, other cell types not naturally exposed to high concentration of sulfide showed much lower oxidation rates. Mitochondria showed a very high affinity for sulfide that permits its use as an energetic substrate at low micromolar concentrations, hence, below the toxic level. However, if the supply of sulfide exceeds the oxidation rate, poisoning renders mitochondria inefficient and our data suggest that an anaerobic mechanism involving partial reversion of Krebs cycle already known in invertebrates takes place. In conclusion, this work provides additional and compelling evidence that sulfide is not only a toxic compound. According to our study, sulfide appears to be the first inorganic substrate for mammalian cells characterized thus far.
Hydrophilic Monolayer Formation of Adsorbed Cationic Starch and Cationic Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Derivatives on Polyester Surfaces (2004)

Cationic starch, cationic cellulose derivatives, and hydrophobically modified cationic cellulose were physically adsorbed from aqueous solution onto oppositely charged hydrophobic polyester (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) fabric and nonwoven, and this resulted in hydrophilic surface properties. Surface coverage of the polysaccharides occurred primarily by strong electrostatic interactions, and the surface characteristics were evaluated by measuring the time required for a water droplet to be absorbed into the polyester material as well as by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). From a comparison of the adsorption characteristics we assess the polysaccharide-dependent and substrate-dependent adsorption behavior and discuss the similarities and differences in the hydrophilic properties and wettability observed. In particular, the temperature of the cationic polysaccharide solutions in which the substrate was immersed, the configuration of the polymer in solution, and the presence of hydrophobic substituents on the cationic moiety have a considerable effect on the polysaccharide affinity and its adsorption on the surface, irrespective of the substrate type (fabric or nonwoven). We also evaluate the relative contribution of the polyelectrolyte molecular weight, concentration in solution, and degree of charge density along the polymer chain which determine the range of interactions and alter surface hydroplilicity dependent on the type of substrate.
Feature selection from huge feature sets (2002)

The number of features that can be completed over an image is, for practical purposes, limitless. Unfortunately, the number of features that can be computed and exploited by most computer vision systems is considerably less. As a result, it is important to develop techniques for selecting features from very large data sets that include many irrelevant or redundant features. This work addresses the feature selection problem by proposing a three-step algorithm. The first step uses a variation of the well known Relief algorithm to remove irrelevance; the second step clusters features using K-means to remove redundancy; and the third step is a standard combinatorial feature selection algorithm. This three-step combination is shown to be more effective than standard feature selection algorithms for large data sets with lots of irrelevant and redundant features. It is also shown to he no worse than standard techniques for data sets that do not have these properties. Finally, we show a third experiment in which a data set with 4096 features is reduced to 5% of its original size with very little information loss.
Purification of a skeletal muscle polypeptide which stimulates choline acetyltransferase activity in cultured spinal cord neurons. (1988)

Extracts of rat skeletal muscle contain neurotrophic factors which stimulate the development of choline acetyltransferase in embryonic day 14 rat spinal cord cultures. The trophic activity does not bind heparin-Sepharose or lectin affinity columns. However, mild acid treatment separates the trophic activity into soluble and insoluble fractions. The acid-insoluble activity has been purified 5000-fold to apparent homogeneity using preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis to achieve final purification. The purified factor migrates as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, with an apparent molecular mass of 20 kDa and a pI of 4.8. The activity and apparent molecular weight of the purified factor are unaltered by treatment with reducing agents or incubation in acidic conditions. Activity, however, is destroyed by heating or protease treatment. Thus, the factor appears to be a single polypeptide without significant levels of glycosylation or charge microheterogeneity. These results represent the first purification of a neurotrophic factor from skeletal muscle. The physical properties and amino acid composition of this factor differ from those of nerve growth factor and heparin-binding growth factors, as well as from the neurotrophic factor from heart cell conditioned medium which induces cholinergic development in sympathetic neurons.
Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic resonance imaging with a tip-on-cantilever magnetic resonance force microscope (1998)

A magnetic resonance force microscope with a “tip-on-cantilever” configuration was used to compare imaging characteristics of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic samples. Three-dimensional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging of diphenylpicrylhydrazil (DPPH) particles was accomplished by scanning the sample in two dimensions while stepping an external field. The EPR force map showed broad response reflecting the size and shape of the sample, allowing a three-dimensional real-space magnetization image to be successfully reconstructed. In contrast to the EPR case, ferromagnetic resonance imaging of a micron-scale yttrium iron garnet sample showed no significant line broadening despite the strong field gradient (∼10 G/μm). Two-dimensional force maps revealed spatial dependence of magnetostatic and magnetoelastic modes.