gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the variation in fatty acid concentrations in lean beef from grass‐fed cattle in New Zealand and the implications for human health (2003)

Abstract Lean beef from grass‐fed cattle was analysed for fatty acid (FA) content to determine the between‐animal variation and the effects of various traits on FA composition, and indices and FA ratios that have human health implications. In Experiment 1, samples were from three muscles from five bulls, five cows, and five heifers. In Experiment 2, samples were from the m. longissimus lumborum of 50 3 / 4 Jersey 1/ 4 Limousin and 50 3 / 4 Limousin 1/ 4 Jersey cattle, born over 2 years and sired by two bulls. The heifers and steers grazed on similar pastures until slaughter. In both experiments, after adjusting for differences in total FA content of the meat, there were large coefficients of variation (CV) for trans‐vaccenic, cis‐9 trans‐11 conjugated linoleic, and docosahexaenoic acids and low CV for the saturated (SATFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and intermediate CV for other FA. There were significant effects of muscle and animal types in Experiment 1 and of breed, sire, sex, and year‐born in Experiment 2 on the composition and content of individual and groups of FA, especially the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). The n‐6:n‐3, PUFA:SATFA, and MUFA: SATFA ratios, and the indices for atherogenicity and thrombogenicity, traits that have human health implications, were affected by factors in both experiments, but absolute differences were small. The conclusions were that the FA composition of lean grass‐fed beef could be changed by traditional means to improve the human health image of beef, but the impact would be small and progress slow. More progress was likely from selecting for beneficial FA than against undesirable SATFA.
Assessing Spatial Relationships between Axonal Integrity, Regional Brain Volumes, and Neuropsychological Outcomes after Traumatic Axonal Injury (2010)

Diffuse traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) characterized predominantly by white matter damage. While TAI is associated with cerebral atrophy, the relationship between gray matter volumes and TAI of afferent or efferent axonal pathways remains unknown. Moreover, it is unclear if deficits in cognition are associated with post-traumatic brain volumes in particular regions. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between markers of TAI and volumes of cortical and subcortical structures, while also assessing the relationship between cognitive outcomes and regional brain volumes. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in 24 patients with TAI within 1 week of injury and were repeated 8 months later. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography was used to reconstruct prominent white matter tracts and calculate their fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values. Regional brain volumes were computed using semi-automated morphometric analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between brain volumes, white matter integrity (i.e., FA and MD), and neuropsychological outcomes. Post-traumatic volumes of many gray matter structures were associated with chronic damage to related white matter tracts, and less strongly associated with measures of white matter integrity in the acute scans. For example, left and right hippocampal volumes correlated with FA in the fornix body (r = 0.600, p = 0.001; r = 0.714, p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, regional brain volumes were associated with deficits in corresponding neuropsychological domains. Our results suggest that TAI may be a primary mechanism of post-traumatic atrophy, and provide support for regional morphometry as a biomarker for cognitive outcome after injury.
The significance of serum γ-glutamyltransferase in cardiovascular diseases (2004)

Since early after the introduction of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in clinical practice as a reliable and widely employed laboratory test, epidemiological and prospective studies have repeatedly shown that this activity possesses a prognostic value for morbidity and mortality. The association is independent of possibly concomitant conditions of liver disease, and notably, a significant independent correlation of serum GGT exists with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke). Experimental work has documented that active GGT is present in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary as well as in cerebral arteries. These findings, and the recently recognized functions of GGT in the generation of reactive oxygen species, indicate that serum GGT represents a true marker of cardiovascular diseases and underlying atherosclerosis. Further insights into potential therapeutic interest will probably be derived from studies investigating the origin of GGT activity in plaque tissue.
Photoluminescence Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Water Adsorption on the Hydrophobic Surface of a Carbon Nanotube in Water Vapor (2013)

Hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity is a macroscopic property of the surface, and its atomic scale understanding has not been established. We have studied adsorption of water molecules on the "hydrophobic" carbon nanotube surface at room temperature in water vapor. Based on optical measurements of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes suspended between micropillars in water vapor together with molecular dynamics simulations, we found that water molecules form a stable adsorption layer of 1-2 ML thickness on the nanotube surface and they show rapid adsorption and desorption transition at a critical pressure. This adsorption layer is created by lateral hydrogen bonding of water molecules confined in the weak van der Waals potential of the surface. In spite of hydrophobic hydration, carbon nanotubes exhibit hydrophobicity macroscopically.
Optimization of perspective distortion for image completion based on the large displacement view (2009)

We present a new image completion method based on a large displacement view(LDV)for faithfully repairing large missing regions on the target image with complex structure information.A coarse-to-fine distortion correction algorithm is proposed to minimize the perspective distortion in the LDV image,which performs following three steps in order,i.e.homography based LDV warping,energy optimization of overlap correspondences and energy optimization for hole filling.Then,the rectified LDV image is used to restore the missing pixels.We finally eliminate the ghost effect between the repaired region and its surroundings by Poisson image blending.Experiments show that our method outperforms recent state-of-the-art image completion methods.
Stability of Zeolites in Hot Liquid Water (2010)

Zeolites Y and ZSM-5 with varying Si/Al ratios are treated in liquid water at 150 and 200 °C under autogenic pressure to assess their hydrothermal stability. The changes in the structure are characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, argon physisorption, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, and pyridine adsorption followed by IR spectroscopy. During treatment in hot water, zeolite Y with a Si/Al ratio of 14 or higher is transformed into an amorphous material, and the rate of this degradation increases with increasing Si/Al ratio. In contrast, ZSM-5 is not modified under the same conditions. The main degradation mechanism is suggested to be hydrolysis of the siloxane bonds (Si−O−Si) as opposed to dealumination, which dominates under steaming conditions. In the resulting amorphous phase, Al remains tetrahedrally coordinated, but the micropore volume and concentration of accessible acid sites is reduced dramatically. The results demonstrate that potential structural changes of zeolites have to be considered when these materials are used as catalysts for aqueous phase conversion of biomass.
A Domino Spirocyclization to Form Lactams (2001)

Spirocyclic amides are easily obtained from primary amines, cycloenones and acrylic acid methyl ester. The key step is a two-component domino process that includes the formation of an amide followed by a Michael addition in the presence of trimethylaluminum.
On Exploring Complex Relationships of Correlation Clusters (2007)

In high dimensional data, clusters often only exist in arbitrarily oriented subspaces of the feature space. In addition, these so-called correlation clusters may have complex relationships between each other. For example, a correlation cluster in a 1-D subspace (forming a line) may be enclosed within one or even several correlation clusters in 2-D superspaces (forming planes). In general, such relationships can be seen as a complex hierarchy that allows multiple inclusions, i.e. clusters may be embedded in several super-clusters rather than only in one. Obviously, uncovering the hierarchical relationships between the detected correlation clusters is an important information gain. Since existing approaches cannot detect such complex hierarchical relationships among correlation clusters, we propose the algorithm ERiC to tackle this problem and to visualize the result by means of a graph-based representation. In our experimental evaluation, we show that ERiC finds more information than state-of-the-art correlation clustering methods and outperforms existing competitors in terms of efficiency.
Chilling Allahabad: Climate Control and the Production of Anglicized Weather in Early Modern India (2008)

March 1775 proved to be an exciting time for Sir Robert Barker, stationed in India, traveling between Allahabad and Calcutta. Suffering as many British East India Company members did from the extreme heat and other forms of climatological discomfort produced by seasonal monsoons, Barker wrote to the fellows of the Royal Society begging permission to offer his observations on the manufacture of ice in India. Barker's interest had as much to do with the availability of comfortable refreshment as it did with the prospects of climate control, of making alien Indian weather English. Drawing on local knowledge, Barker's interest in Indian techne demonstrates the ways in which Enlightenment science and British colonialism were negotiated through the incorporation of "Asiatic" study. Barker's aims, however, were primarily in the interests of anglicizing the weather rather than promoting Indian science. In much the same way that Samuel Johnson's dictionary provided a template for fixing the meaning of what it meant to be English, Barker's study capitalizes on fantasies of climate control that dominated the Little Ice Age.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMYLATION OF ARENES BY α,α‐DICHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER. AN IMPROVED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (1979)

Abstract Durch Abänderung der üblichen Reaktionsführung werden bei der Aldehydsynthese mit a,a‐Dichlormethylether (II) ausgehend von Aromaten wie (I) bessere Ausbeuten und die Vermeidung von Nebenprodukten wie (IV) erreicht.
Linker-determined drug release mechanism of free camptothecin from self-assembling drug amphiphiles (2014)

We report here that the release mechanism of free camptothecin from self-assembling drug amphiphiles can be regulated by use of different linker groups. Our results highlight the significance of the linker group of drug amphiphiles on the drug release efficiency and their consequent in vitro efficacy.
Femtosecond laser nanostructuring in porous glass with sub-50 nm feature sizes (2013)

We report on controllable production of nanostructures embedded in a porous glass by femtosecond laser direct writing. We show that a hollow nanovoid with a lateral size of ~40 nm and an axial size of ~1500 nm can be achieved by manipulating the peak intensity and polarization of the writing laser beam. Our finding enables applications ranging from direct construction of 3D nanofluidics in glass to clean stealth dicing of transparent plates.
Supramolecular-Structure-Associating Weak Gel of Wormlike Micelles of Erucoylamidopropyl Hydroxy Sulfobetaine and Hydrophobically Modified Polymers (2017)

The properties of a new supramolecular-structure-associating weak gel (SAWG) are discussed in this paper. On the basis of a hydrophobically modified polymer thickener (HMPT), the thickening system formed a gel with wormlike micelles of the erucoylamidopropyl hydroxy sulfobetaine (EHSB) surfactant by experimental design. The resultant gel contained very efficient physical cross-links between the HMPT and EHSB, generating viscoelasticity. To describe the performance of the SAWG, we investigated its high-temperature and shear-rate tolerance properties, suspension behavior, and rheological and structural thermal stabilities. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images of the solution microstructure revealed a supramolecular network honeycomb structure in the gel, which was formed with strong hyperbranched compound structures through extremely efficient non-covalent interactions. Meanwhile, an envisioned gelation mechanism model was proposed to facilitate rational discussion of the results. Moreover, the gel-breaking properties and formation damage were studied. The results of the steady shear viscosity and static-column tests showed that the optimized formula of the SAWG was obtained at 0.5 wt % EHSB, which can effectively satisfy the tight gas reservoir at approximately 150 °C. The results of the rheological experiments demonstrated that the salt-absorption capacity and charge-shielding effect of the surfactant micelles co-determined the solution structure and rheological properties. Differential scanning calorimetry data showed that temperatures reached their maximum during the SAWG structure transition point. The structural thermal stability evaluation of the SAWG showed that the temperature disaggregates the long rod wormlike micelles into spherical micelles and results in the tendency toward a supramolecular structure that was connected by spherical micelles containing on average two hydrophobic monomers suspended in the copolymer at 0.5 wt % EHSB. The thermodynamic study also demonstrated that this supramolecular structure had the lowest activation energy, generated the highest thermal stability, and had the most stable network structure of the optimized formulation. The SAWG could be completely broken with almost no water-insoluble residue, and its formation damage was 20% less than that of the guar fracturing fluid.
Optimizing progressive query-by-example over pre-clustered large image databases (2005)

The typical mode for querying in an image content-based information system is query-by-example, which allows the user to provide an image as a query and to search for similar images (i.e., the nearest neighbors) based on one or a combination of low-level multidimensional features of the query example. Off-lime, this requires the time-consuming pre-computing of the whole set of visual descriptors over the image database. On-line, one major drawback is that multidimensional sequential NN-search is usually exhaustive over the whole image set face to the user who has a very limited patience. In this paper, we propose a technique for improving the performance of image query-by-example execution strategies over multiple visual features. This includes first, the pre-clustering of the large image database and then, the scheduling of the processing of the feature clusters before providing progressively the query results (i.e., intermediate results are sent continuously before the end of the exhaustive scan over the whole database). A cluster eligibility criterion and two filtering rules are proposed to select the most relevant clusters to a query-by-example. Experiments over more than 110 000 images and five MPEG-7 global features show that our approach significantly reduces the query time in two experimental cases: the query time is divided by 4.8 for 100 clusters per descriptor type and by 7 for 200 clusters per descriptor type compared to a "blind" sequential NN-search with keeping the same final query result. This constitutes a promising perspective for optimizing image query-by-example execution.
Monolithic-scintillator TOF-PET detectors based on digital silicon photomultipliers (2012)

NCT00139490.
Sliding multislice MRI for abdominal staging of patients with pelvic malignancies: A pilot study (2008)

SMS is a promising technique that may have the potential for a first-line abdominal staging tool in patients with pelvic malignancies.
Geochemistry and field spectrometry for detecting hydrocarbon microseepage (1998)

Remote sensing detection of hydrocarbon reserves would be a valuable addition to conventional methods used currently. Tests were made in a drilled, proven hydrocarbon area predominantly covered by wheat. Field‐spectroradiometers measured spectral characteristics of wheat and soil associated with hydrocarbon microseepage. Soil gas and secondary carbonate produced only by hydrocarbon microseepage were at anomalously high levels at the oil–water or gas–water boundaries. Kaolinite and illite in the soil have higher percentages above petroleum reservoirs. The inflection point positions of spectra on oil‐field wheat were shifted 7 nm to longer wavelengths than off‐field wheat samples, and can be positively correlated with the delta carbonate and soil‐gas. The absorption of soil spectra at 2.346 mm is at least 0.2% higher over oil‐fields than off‐fields. This research proves that remote sensing can be used in an monocultural agricultural area to detect hydrocarbon microseepage.
Distinction of nucleobases – a tip-enhanced Raman approach (2011)

The development of novel DNA sequencing methods is one of the ongoing challenges in various fields of research seeking to address the demand for sequence information. However, many of these techniques rely on some kind of labeling or amplification steps. Here we investigate the intrinsic properties of tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) towards the development of a novel, label-free, direct sequencing method. It is known that TERS allows the acquisition of spectral information with high lateral resolution and single-molecule sensitivity. In the presented experiments, single stranded adenine and uracil homopolymers were immobilized on different kinds of substrates (mica and gold nanoplates) and TERS experiments were conducted, which demonstrated the reproducibility of the technique. To elucidate the signal contributions from the specific nucleobases, TERS spectra were collected on single stranded calf thymus DNA with arbitrary sequence. The results show that, while the Raman signals with respect to the four nucleobases differ remarkably, specific markers can be determined for each respective base. The combination of sensitivity and reproducibility shows that the crucial demands for a sequencing procedure are met.
Deletion of histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1/PKC-interacting protein in mice enhances cell growth and carcinogenesis (2003)

PKC-interacting protein (PKCI), also designated histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1, belongs to the histidine triad (HIT) family of proteins. Its structure is highly conserved from bacteria to humans and shares homology with the tumor-suppressor gene fragile histidine triad (FHIT). Although it was originally thought to inhibit PKC, its actual physiologic function is not known. Therefore, we used the technique of homologous recombination to generate homozygous deleted PKCI-/- mice. These mice display normal fetal and adult development. However, when mouse embryo fibroblasts were established from 13.5-day embryos and serially passaged the PKCI-/- cells displayed an increase in growth rate and underwent spontaneous immortalization, whereas the PKCI+/+ cells senesced and ceased growing. Furthermore, the PKCI-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts displayed increased resistance to cytotoxicity by ionizing radiation. In view of these findings we examined possible effects of PKCI on susceptibility to carcinogenicity. Both PKCI+/+ and PKCI-/- mice were treated with the chemical carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) by intragastric administration and killed 12 weeks later. As expected with this protocol, NMBA induced squamous tumors (both papillomas and carcinomas) of the forestomach. The incidence, multiplicity per mouse, volume, and degree of malignancy of these tumors were significantly greater in the PKCI-/- than in the PKCI+/+ mice. Furthermore, four adenomas and one adenocarcinoma of the glandular stomach were found in the NMBA-treated PKCI-/- mice but no tumors of the glandular stomach were found in the NMBA-treated PKCI+/+ mice or in any of the untreated mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that, like FHIT, PKCI may normally play a tumor-suppressor role. The possible role of PKCI as a tumor suppressor in humans remains to be determined.
Deuterated organic compounds XXV synthesis of certain deuterated n‐undecanes and n‐dodecanes (1965)

Abstract The synthesis of the following n ‐undecanes and n ‐dodecanes deuterated in specific positions is described: CH 3 (CH 2 ) 10 CD 3 , CD 3 (CH 2 ) 10 CD 3 , CH 3 (CD 2 ) 10 CH 3 , [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 )CH 2 ] 2 , [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 ] 2 CH 2 , CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 (CH 2 ) 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CD 3 , and CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CH 2 CD 2 CH 2 (CD 2 ) 3 CD 3 . The following new intermediates were prepared in the course of these syntheses: CCl 3 CD 2 CD = CDCD 2 CN, CCl 3 CD 2 CD = CDCD 2 CO 2 H, CCl 3 CD 2 CD = CDCD 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 , CCl 3 (CD 2 ) 4 CO 2 C 2 H 5 , CH 3 (CD 2 ) 4 CO 2 C 2 H 5 , CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 CO 2 C 2 H 5 , CH 3 (CD 2 ) 4 CO 2 C 2 H 5 , CH 3 (CD 2 ) 4 CD 2 OH, CH 3 (CD) 4 C 2 D 2 Br, CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 CO 2 D, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 ] 2 CO, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 ] 2 CHOH, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 4 ] 2 CHBr, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CH 2 ] 2 CO, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CH 2 ] 2 CDOH, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CH 2 ] 2 CDBr, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CH 2 ] 2 CHOH, [CD 3 (CD 2 ) 3 CH 2 ] 2 CHBr.
Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein Induces Rapid Neural Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer tremendous potential for not only treating neurological disorders but also for their ability to serve as vital reagents to model and investigate human disease. To further our understanding of a key protein involved in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis, we stably overexpressed amyloid precursor protein (APP) in hESCs. Remarkably, we found that APP overexpression in hESCs caused a rapid and robust differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward a neural fate. Despite maintenance in standard hESC media, up to 80% of cells expressed the neural stem cell marker nestin, and 65% exhibited the more mature neural marker β-3 tubulin within just 5 days of passaging. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effects of APP on neural differentiation, we examined the proteolysis of APP and performed both gain of function and loss of function experiments. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the N-terminal secreted soluble forms of APP (in particular sAPPβ) robustly drive neural differentiation of hESCs. Our findings not only reveal a novel and intriguing role for APP in neural lineage commitment but also identify a straightforward and rapid approach to generate large numbers of neurons from human embryonic stem cells. These novel APP-hESC lines represent a valuable tool to investigate the potential role of APP in development and neurodegeneration and allow for insights into physiological functions of this protein.