gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Water disinfection by means of chlorine: killing of aggregate bacteria (author's transl)]. (1975)

Rising water demands ask for an increasing utilization of more or less contaminated surface water that has to be chlorinated prior to treatment. Especially during periods of lake bloom, the desired disinfecting effect is not achieved in spite of high concentrations of chlorine present. This is due to a coating of bacterial surfaces by substances such as algal products having a protective effect as demonstrated in experimental studies by the authors. Bacteria in a central position within bacterial aggregates as e. g. formed by the addition of flocculants in the process of water treatment, are also protected against the action of chlorine. In cases of inadequate filter backwashing, such aggregates may penetrate into clean water. Accumulations of bacteria in the shape of widespread growth may also form on activated carbon filters, ion exchangers, at walls of tanks under unfavourable hydraulic concitions, and in stagnant parts of supply pipes. Curves depiciting the kill of dyspectic E. coli differentiated by O-agglutination and S. anatum were exhibiting longer survival periods as compared with non-aggregate bacteria. For organisms differentiated by H-agglutination, kill was between these values. The killing rate was found to be a function of the oxidation-reduction poteential. Furthermore, survival times for E. coli and S. anatum were found to be different. It has been confirmed by these experiments that chlorine concentrations as common in the practice of water works frequently do not suffice to kill bacteria within aggregates and that a colony count does not permit conclusions as to the bacterial count if bacterial aggregates are present.
Fault Analysis of IPM type BLDC Motor Using Nonlinear Modeling of Stator Inter Turn Faults (2011)

This paper proposes a finite element method (FEM)-based model of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) type BLDC motor having stator inter-turn faults. For more realistic simulation studies, the magnetic non-linearity is also considered in proposed model. And the simulation data are verified through experiment. By integrating the developed model with a current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI) model, the characteristics of an inter-turn fault operated by six-switched inverter are investigated considering the speed control. And the circulating current, which is induced by magnetic linkage flux originated from PM, was analyzed from the view point of distortion of air-gap magnetic flux distribution caused deterioration of their torque.
The vocal speech understanding system (1975)

This paper describes the VOCAL (Voice Operated CALculator) speech understanding system. VOCAL is a software package that lets its user program a computer to perform numerical calculations by speaking to It in English-like sentences. To accomplish this, VOCAL uses processes for acoustic, grammatical, and semantic analysis. These individual procedures, which are relatively simple, are embedded in a control structure that uses the information from each component to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of spoken sentences.

One unique feature of VOCAL, which is essential to the development of speech understanding systems, is that it is complete and self-contained. Coded in standard FORTRAN, it is compact enough to run on many minicomputers and can be used in a real-time, on-line environment on slightly more powerful machines.

Testing has shown that despite a correct word identification rate of leas that 60% the VOCAL system usually correctly interprets even very long sentences.
Imaging Of The Retina By Scanning Laser Tomography (1989)

Laser scanning tomography can be used to quantitatively assess the morphometry of the retina of the human eye. In this paper, the confocal imaging mode of the Laser Tomographic Scanner (LTS) is applied to evaluate the thickness of the nerve fiber layer. The contrast of nerve fiber layer images can be enhanced by polarization dependent imaging modes, like Fourier - ellipsometry (F.E.) and differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging. To improve the depth resolution, an active-optical focusing system is employed.
A grating coupler with a trapezoidal hole array for perfectly vertical light coupling between optical fibers and waveguides (2017)

A grating coupler with a trapezoidal hole array was designed and fabricated for perfectly vertical light coupling between a single-mode optical fiber and a silicon waveguide on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The grating coupler with an efficiency of 53% was computationally designed at a 1.1-µm-thick buried oxide (BOX) layer. The grating coupler and silicon waveguide were fabricated on the SOI substrate with a 3.0-µm-thick BOX layer by a single full-etch process. The measured coupling efficiency was 24% for TE-polarized light at 1528 nm wavelength, which was 0.69 times of the calculated coupling efficiency for the 3.0-µm-thick BOX layer.
Approaches to optical Internet packet switching (2000)

Wavelength-division multiplexing is currently being deployed in telecommunications networks in order to satisfy the increased demand for capacity brought about by the explosion in Internet use. The most widely accepted network evolution prediction is via an extension of these initial predominantly point-to-point deployments, with limited system functionalities, into highly interconnected networks supporting circuit-switched paths. While current applications of WDM focus on relatively static usage of individual wavelength channels, optical switching technologies enable fast dynamic allocation of WDM channels. The challenge involves combining the advantages of these relatively coarse-grained WDM techniques with emerging optical switching capabilities to yield a high-throughput optical platform directly underpinning next-generation networks. One alternative longer-term strategy for network evolution employs optical packet switching, providing greater flexibility, functionality, and granularity. This article reviews progress on the definition of optical packet switching and routing networks capable of providing end-to-end optical paths and/or connectionless transport. To date the approaches proposed predominantly use fixed-duration optical packets with lower-bit-rate headers to facilitate processing at the network-node interfaces. Thus, the major advances toward the goal of developing an extensive optical packet-switched layer employing fixed-length packets are summarized, but initial concepts on the support of variable-length IP-like optical packets are also introduced. Particular strategies implementing the crucial optical buffering function at the switching nodes are described, motivated by the network functionalities required within the optical packet layer.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Nickel Complexes: Synthesis and Catalysis in Cross-Couplings of Aryl Chlorides with ArMX (M = Mg or Zn) (2009)

Two C,N,N-chelate nickel complexes, [Ni(Cl){2-(CN(Me)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)CH2Pyr}]+I− and [Ni(Cl){2-(CN(Pri)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)CH2P(Ph2)═NC6H4Me-4}]+I−, were synthesized by reaction of (DME)NiCl2 (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with 2-(CN(R)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)CH2Z (R = Me, Z = 2-Pyr; R = Pri, Z = p-MeC6H4N═P(Ph2)) ligands, which were prepared in situ by reaction of corresponding imidazolium salts with 1 equiv of LiBun. C,N,P-Chelate nickel complex [Ni(Br){2-(CN(CH2Ph)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)CH2PPh2}]+Br− was obtained by a similar reaction between (DME)NiBr2 and 2-(CN(CH2Ph)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)CH2PPh2 ligand prepared from the imidazolium salt and 1 equiv of LiBun. Tetradentate chelate nickel complex [Ni{2-(CN(CH2Ph)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)}2CH]+Cl− was synthesized by transmetalation between (DME)NiCl2 and [Li{2-(CN(CH2Ph)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)}2CH] generated in situ from [{2-(CHN(CH2Ph)(CH)2N)C6H4N═P(Ph2)}2CH2]2+[Br−]2 and 3 equiv of LiBun. The complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The C,N,N-chelate nickel complexes and the tetradentate chelate nickel complex were additionally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The complexes are active catalysts for the cross-coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with arylzinc reagents and aryl Grignard reagents.
Protein C anticoagulant pathway and its role in controlling microvascular thrombosis and inflammation (2001)

The protein C pathway is uniquely poised to interfere with the microvascular coagulation and inflammation that follows challenge with endotoxin. By limiting leukocyte activation, cytokine elaboration, and microvascular coagulation, APC has been shown to prevent organ damage in experimental models of sepsis. These results are consistent with the initial phase 2 reports of APC therapy in human sepsis suggesting a clinical benefit and demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity with several reports of apparent protein C effectiveness in severe sepsis, especially meningococcemia.
SODA: Service-Oriented Architecture for Runtime Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems (2014)

Unlike state-of-the-art Driver Assistance Systems(DAS) upcoming technologies may not base on a static software and system architecture. This is especially true for DAS for truck and trailer combinations were the components needed are distributed over both parts of the articulated vehicle. As a truck might be connected to different trailers changes are very common. In order to handle these changes at runtime the usage of Service oriented Architecture (SOA) is a promising approach. Using this principle the functionalities are encapsulated into Services which are Re-Orchestrated whenever the system architecture changes. Since the Services in such a system run on small embedded units and are connected through specialized network systems existing SOA frameworks cannot be used here. This paper introduces SODA, a tailored SOA middleware and development process to design runtime adaptive DAS for truck and trailer combinations using Services.
Effects of Cr intermediate layers on CoCrPt thin film media on NiAl underlayers (1995)

Sputter-deposited NiAl underlayers can induce better in-plane c-axis textures in the overlying CoCrPt films and have a smaller grain size than Cr underlayers. However, it is found that the CoCrPt/NiAl films on glass substrates have on lower coercivity values than the CoCrPt/Cr films. A scheme which inserts a Cr intermediate layer, about 2.5 nm thick, between the CoCrPt and NiAl layers is found to greatly improve the in-plane magnetic properties of the CoCrPt/NiAl films. The existing (10.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nonlinear PETs Produced via a Balance of Branching and End-Capping (2000)

PET-type polymers have been prepared in the presence of a variety of potential branching agents, such as trimesic acid, and with the control of branching using an end-capping agent, benzyl alcohol. The polymers synthesized have been characterized by dilute solution viscometry, end group analysis, light scattering (M̄w), DSC analysis, and melt rheology. One group of polyesters synthesized with increasing levels of brancher has absolute M̄w values which increase from ∼10K to 350K Da, and yet despite this, all of the macromolecules display roughly the same limiting viscosity number. Furthermore, though the corresponding zero-shear rate melt viscosity increases with M̄w, the values are far below those expected for analogous linear polymers of comparable M̄w. A second group of polyesters synthesized with a fixed level of brancher and increasing levels of end-capper has a much narrower range of M̄w values, ∼30K−100K Da, i.e. ∼3−15 times larger than that of a model linear PET. Despite this, these polymers have melt viscosities below that of the linear model. The results are discussed in light of other data in the literature and confirm that branched analogues of linear PET have both lower solution and melt viscosities. While these materials offer the prospect of more facile processing, their solid-state properties may prove to be limited relative to linear polymers, and they may prove more useful as additives rather than stand-alone materials.
Porcupine inhibitor suppresses paracrine Wnt-driven growth of <i>Rnf43;Znrf3</i> -mutant neoplasia (2015)

Rnf43 (RING finger protein 43) and Znrf3 (zinc/RING finger protein 3) (RZ) are two closely related transmembrane E3 ligases, encoded by Wnt target genes, that remove surface Wnt (wingless-int) receptors. The two genes are mutated in various human cancers. Such tumors are predicted to be hypersensitive to, yet still depend on, secreted Wnts. We previously showed that mutation of RZ in the intestine yields rapidly growing adenomas containing LGR5(+) (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5) stem cells and Wnt3-producing Paneth cells. We now show that removal of Paneth cells by Math1 mutation inhibits RZ(-/-) tumor formation. Similarly, deletion of Wnt3 inhibits tumorigenesis. Treatment of mice carrying RZ(-/-) intestinal neoplasia with a small molecule Wnt secretion inhibitor (porcupine inhibitor C59) strongly inhibited growth, whereas adjacent normal crypts remained intact. These results establish that paracrine Wnt secretion is an essential driver of RZ(-/-) tumor growth and imply that a therapeutic window exists for the use of porcupine inhibitors for RZ-mutant cancers.
Nanostructured Platinum Catalysts by Atomic‐Layer Deposition for Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells (2012)

Atomic-layer deposition (ALD) and sputtering of platinum are used to create catalyst nanostructures with high triple-phase-boundary (TPB) densities and a low current-collecting resistance for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A 90% increase in the fuel-cell peak power density is observed relative to catalyst structures that are deposited using sputtering only. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Mammalian COP9 signalosome (2009)

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex is highly conserved from yeast to human. Although the plant CSN was first identified as a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis, the mammalian CSN is linked to different biological responses such as checkpoint control, signal transduction, development and the cell cycle. Frequent over-expression of the CSN subunit in a variety of human cancers suggests its involvement in cell transformation and tumorigenesis. The best-known biochemical function associated with the CSN is the control of protein stability via the ubiquitin-proteasome system through regulation of cullin-RING-E3 ubiquitin ligase activity by deneddylation, by controlling the activity of COP1 E3 ligase, or by counteracting ubiquitin-mediated degradation through a CSN-associated deubiquitinating enzyme. In addition to affecting the stability of transcription factors, the CSN may regulate gene transcription by directly associating with chromatin. This review summarizes recent findings and discusses the physiological role and the cellular function of the mammalian CSN in terms of the regulation of cell proliferation.
Elemental Analysis of Individual Combinatorial Chemistry Library Members by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (1999)

Elemental analysis of single combinatorial chemistry library members bound to polystyrene beads was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) on a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of bead geometry and electron beam exposure time on the elemental analysis results were evaluated. Elemental analysis data were highly variable on round beads, but reliable concentration data could be obtained from flattened beads held in silicon wafer bead holders. The duration of exposure time on flattened beads had no effect on elemental concentration data for the compounds studied. EDS analysis of single beads provided results similar to those obtained by combustion analysis. In summary, elemental analysis of single combinatorial chemistry library members by EDS was shown to be a reliable and fast method of analysis of single beads.
Antioxidant Defenses in the Human Eye: A Focus on Metallothioneins (2021)

The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye with special emphasis on the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, which are considered natural barriers of antioxidant protection, contributing to the onset and/or progression of eye diseases. These ocular structures contain a complex antioxidant defense system slightly different along the eye depending on cell tissue. In addition to widely studied enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. This family of cysteine rich and low molecular mass proteins captures and neutralizes free radicals in a redox-dependent mechanism involving zinc binding and release. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date, the Zn-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system, and the antioxidant activity of Zn-MTs in the ocular surface, lens, retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, dependent on the number of occupied zinc-binding sites, will be comprehensively reviewed.
Microelectromechanical systems for aerodynamics applications (1996)

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) embody the integration of sensors, actuators, and electronics on a single substrate using integrated circuit fabrication techniques and compatible micromachining processes. Silicon and its derivatives form the material base for the MEMS technology. MEMS devices, including micro-sensors and micro-actuators, are attractive because they can be made small (characteristic dimension about microns), be produced in large numbers with uniform performance, include electronics for high performance and sophisticated functionality, and be inexpensive. MEMS pressure sensors, wall-shear-stress sensors, and micromachined hot-wires are nearing application in aeronautics. MEMS actuators face a tougher challenge since they have to be scaled (up) to the physical phenomena that are being controlled. MEMS actuators are proposed, for example, for controlling the small structures in a turbulent boundary layer, for aircraft control, for cooling, and for mixing enhancement. Data acquisition or control logistics require integration of electronics along with the transducer elements with appropriate consideration of analog-to-digital conversion, multiplexing, and telemetry. Altogether, MEMS technology offers exciting opportunities for aerodynamics applications both in wind tunnels and in flight
Hierarchical modularity (1999)

To cope with the complexity of very large systems, it is not sufficient to divide them into simple pieces because the pieces themselves will either be too numerous or too large. A hierarchical modular structure is the natural solution. In this article we explain how that approach can be applied to software. Our compilation manager provides a language for specifying where individual modules fit into a hierarchy and how they are related semantically. We pay particular attention to the structure of the global name space of program identifiers that are used for module linkage because any potential for name clashes between otherwise unrelated parts of a program can negatively affect modularity. We discuss the theoretical issues in building software hierarchically, and we describe our implementation of CM, the compilation manager for Standard ML of New Jersey.
The Problematic of Culture and Identity in Social Functioning (1992)

The Paper endeavours to examine the way in which the culture concept has been used in multicultural public policies. In culture theorising it identified two distinct traditions-one reminiscent of the Arts, and the other, more characteristic of the social sciences, in particular, 'cultural anthropology.' Considering the limitations of the culture concept based on a more structural approach. It considers how the culture concept is circumscribed by social factors and institutional constraints, and concludes by examining the utility of the concept of identity in moving from a macro to a micro level of analysis of culture especially in studying cultural practices and social behaviour.
Prognostic significance of GAD1 overexpression in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma (2019)

Abstract Background and Objectives In a previous genome‐wide screening, we identified hypermethylated CpG islands around glutamate decarboxylase 1 ( GAD1 ) in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the methylation and expression status of GAD1 and its prognostic value in patients with LADC. Methods GAD1 methylation and mRNA expression status were analyzed using 33 tumorous and paired non‐tumorous LADC samples and publicly available datasets. The prognostic value of GAD1 overexpression was investigated using publicly available datasets of mRNA levels and 162 cases of LADC by immunohistochemistry. Results The methylation and mRNA expression levels of GAD1, each having a positive correlation, were significantly higher in LADC tumors than in paired non‐tumorous tissues. LADC patients with higher GAD1 mRNA expression showed significantly poorer prognosis for overall survival in publicly available datasets. Higher immunoreactivity of GAD1 was significantly associated with the pathological stage, pleural invasion, lymph vessel invasion, and poorer prognosis for cancer‐specific and disease‐free survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that GAD1 protein overexpression is an independent prognosticator for disease‐free survival. Conclusions GAD1 mRNA and protein expression levels were significant prognostic factors in LADC, suggesting that they might be useful biomarkers to stratify patients with worse clinical outcomes after resection.
The Complete Illustrated Guide to Joinery (2002)

The Complete Illustrated Guide to Joinery describes how to make every practical woodworking joint in a series full-colour step-by-step photographic tutorials. The real value of this book is its coverage of the many ways to get the same result. For example, there are eleven methods for cutting a simple mortise described here. This gives woodworkers the option of choosing the option that best fits their tooling and skill level. The book is organized for quick access, using visual maps, and detailed visual contents. Since nomenclature varies, the visual reference allows rapid identification of the desired result. And like a classic cookbook, this book gives all the standard methods and variations, but is especially useful for guidance on a seldom used, but necessary techniques. Fully illustrated: graphic step-by-step illustrated presentation of key techniques and methods - visual maps, cross references and indexes make information easy to find and understand. In full colour: over 1,700 full colour photographs and line drawings. Essential Text: a single-volume encyclopedia of woodworking joints that every woodworker and every student will want to refer to.