gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of boundary-layer transition on a cone and flat plate at Mach 3.5 (1988)

NASA-Langley's Pilot Low-Disturbance Tunnel has been used to obtain boundary layer transition data on a cone and flat plate at Mach 3.5. The transition Reynolds numbers measured under these low noise conditions are higher than those in conventional noisy tunnels by a factor of 3 in the case of the cone and of seven in that of the flat plate. Transition predictions based on compressible linear stability theory and the e exp N method, for N=10, are in excellent agreement with the measured locations with transition onset for both the cone and flat plate under these low noise conditions.
Reference Standardization for Quantification and Harmonization of Large-Scale Metabolomics (2020)

Reference standardization was developed to address quantification and harmonization challenges for high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) data collected across different studies or analytical methods. Reference standardization relies on the concurrent analysis of calibrated pooled reference samples at predefined intervals and enables a single-step batch correction and quantification for high-throughput metabolomics. Here, we provide quantitative measures of approximately 200 metabolites for each of three pooled reference materials (220 metabolites for Qstd3, 211 metabolites for CHEAR, 204 metabolites for NIST1950) and show application of this approach for quantification supports harmonization of metabolomics data collected from 3677 human samples in 17 separate studies analyzed by two complementary HRM methods over a 17-month period. The results establish reference standardization as a method suitable for harmonizing large-scale metabolomics data and extending capabilities to quantify large numbers of known and unidentified metabolites detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry methods.
Resident enteric microbiota and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells shape the abundance of marginal zone B cells (2008)

Since enteric microbial composition is a distinctive and stable individual trait, microbial heterogeneity may confer lifelong, non-genetic differences between individuals. Here we report that C57BL/6 mice bearing restricted flora microbiota, a distinct but diverse resident enteric microbial community, are numerically and functionally deficient in marginal zone (MZ) B cells. Surprisingly, MZ B-cell levels are minimally affected by germ-free conditions or null mutations of various TLR signaling molecules. In contrast, MZ B-cell depletion is exquisitely dependent on cytolytic CD8(+) T cells, and includes targeting of a cross-reactive microbial/endogenous MHC class 1B antigen. Thus, members of certain enteric microbial communities link with CD8(+) T cells as a previously unappreciated mechanism that shapes innate immunity dependent on innate-like B cells.
New Subdomain Technique for Electromagnetic Performances Calculation in Radial-Flux Electrical Machines Considering Finite Soft-Magnetic Material Permeability (2018)

The most significant assumption in the subdomain technique (i.e., based on the formal resolution of Maxwell's equations applied in subdomain) is that the iron parts are considered to be infinitely permeable, so that the saturation effect is neglected. In this paper, we present a novel contribution on improving this 2-D technique in polar coordinates by focusing on the consideration of iron relative permeability. In non-periodic regions, magnetostatic Maxwell's equations are solved considering non-homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions, and the general solution is obtained by applying the interfaces conditions in both directions (i.e., rand θedges ICs). The proposed model is relevant for different types of radial-flux electrical machines with(out) permanent magnets (PMs) supplied by a direct or alternate current (with any waveforms). For example, the semi-analytical model has been implemented for spoke-type PM machines. The magnetic field calculations have been performed for two different values of iron core relative permeability (viz, 100 and 600), and compared with those obtained by the 2-D finite-element method. The semi-analytical results are in a very good agreement with those obtained numerically, considering both amplitude and waveform.
A Comparison of the Hamamatsu NIRO 500 and the INVOS 3100 Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers (1998)

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a technique used for non-invasive measurement of cerebral oxygenation and a number of commercial devices are currently available for use. We compared measurements of cerebral oxygenation made with two near-infrared spectrophotometers--the Somanetics Invos 3100 cerebral oximeter and the Hamamatsu NIRO-500 near-infrared spectrophotometer. Hypoxia was induced in six healthy male volunteers with and without occlusion of scalp blood flow. Oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, regional cerebral oxygen saturation, change in regional cerebral oxyhaemoglobin concentration and change in regional cerebral total haemoglobin concentration were measured. The INVOS 3100 displays cerebral oxygen saturation directly. The NIRO-500 displays change in total haemoglobin concentration and oxyhaemoglobin concentration, and the cerebral oxygen saturation was calculated offline. Statistical analysis disproved the assumption that the INVOS 3100 and the NIRO-500 were measuring the same changes in cerebral oxygenation. Neither machine can be confirmed for reliability against a gold standard and operational difficulties mean that neither can be recommended for routine clinical use.
Discussion (2007)

New York, N.Y. Received for publication March 2, 2006. Daniel C. Baker, M.D., 65 East 66th Street, New York, N.Y. 10021, [email protected]
Prevalence of obesity in Korea (2005)

During the past decade, obesity has substantially increased in Korea, and this is leading to dramatic increases in complications such as type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss the past and the current situation of obesity in Korea based on the national health and nutrition surveys of 1995, 1998, and 2001. Because Korea is geographically isolated with relatively few migrants and has a low level of genetic heterogeneity, this report demonstrates the impact of environmental factors on the development of obesity beyond epidemiological information about one of the Asian countries. The third national health and nutrition survey reported in 2001 announced that the overall prevalence of obesity [body mass index (BMI) > or = 25.0 kg m(-2)] in Korean adults is 30.6% (32.4% in men and 29.4% in women). The prevalence of obesity in adults and children has increased rapidly from 1990s through the beginning of the new millennium and is steadily increasing in parallel with our rapid socio-economic progress. In particular, special attention should be paid to two groups in hormonal transition: first, middle-aged men and women who experience a great increase in body weight, BMI and waist circumference because of andropause or menopause, and second, adolescents in middle to high school who are preparing for qualification or entrance examinations and are prone to overnutrition or nutritional imbalance and physical inactivity.
Counterexamples to Two Problems on One-Relator Groups (1976)

In [2] G. Baumslag presents a list of twenty-three unsolved problems on one-relator groups. We give counterexamples to two of them. Problem 5 asks whether a maximal locally free subgroup of a one-relator group always has finite “rank” ( G has “rank” k if each finitely generated subgroup of G is contained in a k -generator subgroup of G ).
High-Affinity Aptamers Selectively Inhibit Human Nonpancreatic Secretory Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (hnps-PLA<sub>2</sub>) (1998)

A family of sequence-related 2'-aminopyrimidine, 2'-hydroxylpurine aptamers, developed by oligonucleotide-based combinatorial chemistry, SELEX (systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment) technology, binds human nonpancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnps-PLA2) with nanomolar affinities and inhibits enzymatic activity. Aptamer 15, derived from the family, binds hnps-PLA2 with a Kd equal to 1.7 +/- 0.2 nM and, in a standard chromogenic assay of enzymatic activity, inhibits hnps-PLA2 with an IC50 of 4 nM, at a mole fraction of substrate concentration of 4 x 10(-6) and a calculated Ki of 0.14 nM. Aptamer 15 is selective for hnps-PLA2, having a 25- and 2500-fold lower affinity, respectively, for the unrelated proteins human neutrophil elastase and human IgG. Contractions of guinea pig lung pleural strips induced by hnps-PLA2 are abolished by 0.3 microM aptamer 15, whereas contractions induced by arachidonic acid are not altered. The structure that is essential for binding and inhibition appears to be a 40-base hairpin/loop motif with an asymmetrical internal loop. The affinity and activity of the aptamers demonstrate the ability of the SELEX process to isolate antagonists of nonnucleic-acid-binding proteins from vast oligonucleotide combinatorial libraries.
Noise Robust Speech Recognition Applied to Voice-Driven Wheelchair (2009)

Conventional voice-driven wheelchairs usually employ headset microphones that are capable of achieving sufficient recognition accuracy, even in the presence of surrounding noise. However, such interfaces require users to wear sensors such as a headset microphone, which can be an impediment, especially for the hand disabled. Conversely, it is also well known that the speech recognition accuracy drastically degrades when the microphone is placed far from the user. In this paper, we develop a noise robust speech recognition system for a voice-driven wheelchair. This system can achieve almost the same recognition accuracy as the headset microphone without wearing sensors. We verified the effectiveness of our system in experiments in different environments, and confirmed that our system can achieve almost the same recognition accuracy as the headset microphone without wearing sensors.
Self-Sustainable Smart Ring for Long-Term Monitoring of Blood Oxygenation (2019)

Medical devices measure vital parameters such as pulse, respiration rate, and blood oxygenation, over periods of days or weeks in a continuous manner. Traditional systems only support such requirements in stationary applications where a constant power supply is available. Trends toward remote healthcare and telemedicine require wearable devices, able to provide similar functionalities in wireless mode. Miniaturized and thin form factors, desirable in wearable applications, set stringent constraints on the available power, and consequently on the accuracy and lifetime. Energy harvesting combined with low-power design and energy efficient processing can significantly extend the lifetime of wearable devices. This paper presents a wearable pulse oximeter assembled in a 3D ring-like geometry that achieves self-sustainability by exploiting efficient power management, solar energy harvesting, and ultra-low power processing in a multi-core microcontroller. The design strategy of combining onboard processing to monitor blood oxygenation and the transmission of only relevant information via a Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) interface, significantly reduces the overall energy consumption. Experimental results on the designed and developed prototype demonstrate that measuring the blood oxygenation once every minute with a sampling rate of 100 samples/s achieve accurate results at the daily energy consumption of 28 J including hourly BLE transmissions. The low-power design allows the system to be self-sustainable with just 64 min of sunlight per day or 12 hrs. of indoor home light.
Bovine γδ T Cells Are a Major Regulatory T Cell Subset (2014)

In humans and mice, γδ T cells represent <5% of the total circulating lymphocytes. In contrast, the γδ T cell compartment in ruminants accounts for 15-60% of the total circulating mononuclear lymphocytes. Despite the existence of CD4(+)CD25(high) Foxp3(+) T cells in the bovine system, these are neither anergic nor suppressive. We present evidence showing that bovine γδ T cells are the major regulatory T cell subset in peripheral blood. These γδ T cells spontaneously secrete IL-10 and proliferate in response to IL-10, TGF-β, and contact with APCs. IL-10-expressing γδ T cells inhibit Ag-specific and nonspecific proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro. APC subsets expressing IL-10 and TFG-β regulate proliferation of γδ T cells producing IL-10. We propose that γδ T cells are a major regulatory T cell population in the bovine system.
Use of the generalized gradient approximation in pseudopotential calculations of solids (1995)

We present a study of the equilibrium properties of sp-bonded solids within the pseudopotential approach, employing recently proposed generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functionals. We analyze the effects of the gradient corrections on the behavior of the pseudopotentials and discuss possible approaches for constructing pseudopotentials self-consistently in the context of gradient-corrected functionals. The calculated equilibrium properties of solids using the GGA functionals are compared to the ones obtained through the local density approximation (LDA) and to experimental data. A significant improvement over the LDA results is achieved with the use of the GGA functionals for cohesive energies. For the lattice constant, the same accuracy as in LDA can be obtained when the nonlinear coupling between core and valence electrons introduced by the exchange-correlation functionals is properly taken into account. However, GGA functionals give bulk moduli that are too small compared to experiment.
NRF2 and PPAR-γ Pathways in Oligodendrocyte Progenitors: Focus on ROS Protection, Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promotion of Cell Differentiation (2020)

An adequate protection from oxidative and inflammatory reactions, together with the promotion of oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) differentiation, is needed to recover from myelin damage in demyelinating diseases. Mitochondria are targets of inflammatory and oxidative insults and are essential in oligodendrocyte differentiation. It is known that nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor/antioxidant responsive element (NRF2/ARE) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/PPAR-γ response element (PPAR-γ/PPRE) pathways control inflammation and overcome mitochondrial impairment. In this study, we analyzed the effects of activators of these pathways on mitochondrial features, protection from inflammatory/mitochondrial insults and cell differentiation in OP cultures, to depict the specificities and similarities of their actions. We used dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) and pioglitazone (pio) as agents activating NRF2 and PPAR-γ, respectively, and two synthetic hybrids acting differently on the NRF2/ARE pathway. Only DMF and compound 1 caused early effects on the mitochondria. Both DMF and pio induced mitochondrial biogenesis but different antioxidant repertoires. Moreover, pio induced OP differentiation more efficiently than DMF. Finally, DMF, pio and compound 1 protected from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) insult, with pio showing faster kinetics of action and compound 1 a higher activity than DMF. In conclusion, NRF2 and PPAR-γ by inducing partially overlapping pathways accomplish complementary functions aimed at the preservation of mitochondrial function, the defense against oxidative stress and the promotion of OP differentiation.
On the design of a vehicle longitudinal controller (1985)

A methodology for designing an automated vehicle longitudinal controller is presented and applied to an automobile characterized by velocity-dependent dynamics. The design consists of a cascade compensator, which is selected to achieve small tracking errors, and an observer/controller compensator. The controller portion was designed to achieve a velocity-invariant response, and the observer to derive the state-feedback signals. Both compensators were realized on an eight-bit microcomputer, and the vehicle dynamics were simulated on an analog computer. The performance of the resulting system was evaluated using a large-signal, entry merging command and small-signal mainline commands. Excellent results were obtained with typical values being a maximum position error of 0.63 m during an entry maneuver and 0.15 m during a mainline maneuver; however, the designed system was sensitive to large changes in critical vehicle parameters. Thus, there is a need to modify the controller so that it can adaptively compensate for such changes. Then, the designed digital controller, with its flexibility to perform other functions and its ease of reliability enhancement, is an attractive candidate for implementation, and at the very least, indicates the type of longitudinal performance one can expect from a realistically designed controller over the speed range 0-30 m/s.
Intracranial pressure measured in freely moving rats for days after intracerebral hemorrhage (2014)

In some patients, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes life-threatening elevations in intracranial pressure (ICP) arising from mass effect of the hematoma and edema. Accordingly, edema is a common endpoint to gauge treatment efficacy in rodent ICH models. Despite widespread reliance on edema, its relationship with ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is unknown. Blood pressure (BP) and ICP were measured by telemetry devices in rats after collagenase ("severe" - 0.3U, and "moderate" - 0.15U doses) or blood infusion (100μL) into striatum (vs. saline infused shams). We compared epidural and intraparenchymal ICP readings (collagenase), evaluated CPP (collagenase), and compared models. Moderate (9.46mmHg±4.72 SD, 3day average) and severe collagenase ICHs (10.79±3.50) significantly increased ICP versus shams (4.02±2.09), whereas blood infusion did not (5.37±0.55). The two monitoring locations gave similar readings after severe collagenase ICH. Increased ICP reduced CPP by ~7.5mmHg for days after the larger collagenase infusion. CPP averaged from 103-112mmHg in shams. Edema occurred in all ICH models and predicted ICP. However, ICP and CPP were only modestly changed even after severe ICH and edema. Thus, small changes in edema typically reported in the literature, which often use smaller bleeds than presently used, likely minimally affects ICP and CPP. Further research into the face validity of these models, endpoints, and their ability to evaluate therapeutics is needed.
In situ bacterial selenate reduction in the agricultural drainage systems of western Nevada (1991)

Dissimilatory in situ selenate reduction to elemental selenium in sediments from irrigated agricultural drainage regions of western Nevada was measured at ambient Se oxyanion concentrations. Selenate reduction was rapid, with turnover rate constants ranging from 0.04 to 1.8 h-1 at total Se concentrations in pore water of 13 to 455 nM. Estimates of removal rates of selenium oxyanions were 14.38, and 155 mumol m-2 day-1 for South Lead Lake, Massie Slough, and Hunter Drain, respectively.
[Effect of psychotropic preparations on the behavior of inbred mice under emotional stress]. (1979)

The effect of phenazepam and sydnocarb in doses of 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 mg/kg or 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg, respectively, on the behaviour of C57BL/6, CBA and BALB/c mice, was studied in the "open field" test. Interlinear difference in the reaction of inbred animals to emotional stress and its phenazepam or sydnocarb correction were established.
Determination of para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna in the United Arab Emirates (2010)

Henna is very popular in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); it is part of the culture and traditions. Allergy to natural henna is not usual; however the addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to the natural henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis. The objectives of the study were to identify the presence and concentration of PPD in henna available in UAE. Fifteen henna salons were selected randomly from three cities in UAE. Twenty five henna samples were acquired from these selected salons. The presence of PPD in henna samples was determined qualitatively and quantitatively using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The study showed that PPD was present in all of the black henna samples at concentrations ranging between 0.4% and 29.5% and higher than that recommended for hair dyes in most of the black henna samples. The presence of PPD in the black henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis among users of black henna and a number of cases have already been reported in UAE.
Microfluidic Based Optical Microscopes on Chip (2018)

Last decade's advancements in optofluidics allowed obtaining an ever increasing integration of different functionalities in lab on chip devices to culture, analyze, and manipulate single cells and entire biological specimens. Despite the importance of optical imaging for biological sample monitoring in microfluidics, imaging is traditionally achieved by placing microfluidics channels in standard bench-top optical microscopes. Recently, the development of either integrated optical elements or lensless imaging methods allowed optical imaging techniques to be implemented in lab on chip systems, thus increasing their automation, compactness, and portability. In this review, we discuss known solutions to implement microscopes on chip that exploit different optical methods such as bright-field, phase contrast, holographic, and fluorescence microscopy.
Evidence for structural similarities in the multiple forms of aortic and cartilage lysyl oxidase and a catalytically quiescent aortic protein. (1982)

Lysyl oxidase purified from urea extracts of various connective tissues resolves into multiple catalytically functional species upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in 6 M urea. The four enzyme species of bovine aorta retain their original chromatographic behavior on DEAE with time of storage and after purification to homogeneity by gel exclusion chromatography. The peptide maps of each aortic enzyme partially digested by STaphylococcus aureus V8 protease are very similar to each other, as are the peptide maps of complete tryptic digests of each enzyme. Such similarity also exists between the peptide maps of the aortic enzyme and the urea-extractable lysyl oxidase of bovine cartilage, as well as with the peptide maps of a catalytically quiescent protein resolved from the aortic enzyme by gel exclusion chromatography. The substrate activity profiles of the multiple aortic enzyme species are also extremely similar. Although the origin of the enzyme multiplicity remains to be established, there is evident structural and catalytic similarities between the enzyme forms.
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Normal Mice and Phex Mice With Spontaneous Endolymphatic Hydrops (2009)

This is the first report of VEMP recordings in mice and the first report of abnormal VEMPs in a mouse model with ELH. The characteristics of these potentials such as higher response threshold in comparison to auditory brainstem response, myogenic nature of the response, and latency correlation with the cervical recording (accessory nerve nucleus) were similar to those of VEMPs in humans, guinea pigs, cats, and rats, suggesting that the mouse may be used as an animal model in the study of VEMPs. The simplicity and reliability of these recordings make the VEMP a uniquely informative test for assessing vestibular function, and these results suggest that they may be informative in mice with various mutations. However, further investigation is necessary.