gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Case/control family study of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (2001)

Children with idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) have a complex phenotype consistent with an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Since CCHS may be genetic in origin, we hypothesized that relatives of individuals with CCHS may exhibit symptoms of ANS dysfunction (ANSD), albeit in a milder form. We tested this hypothesis by assessing aspects of ANS function in relatives of CCHS cases vs. relatives of matched controls with a scripted questionnaire. Only those 35 symptoms of ANSD exhibited by > or =5% of the CCHS cases were included in the analysis as the basis for determining ANSD affection status. Two different arbitrary ANSD affection status definitions are presented in detail: any case, control, or relative with positive findings (1) in two or more symptoms, or (2) in two or more systems. The subjects included in the analysis totaled 2,353, including 56 CCHS cases, 56 age-, gender-, and race-matched controls, and their families. Under each of the two arbitrary ANSD affection statuses, CCHS cases and parents of cases were more likely to be affected than controls and parents of controls (P < 0.001 for both comparisons), 16% of the CCHS siblings had the ANSD phenotype with two or more symptoms, compared to 4% of control siblings (P = 0.03). Aunts and uncles of the CCHS cases were also significantly more likely to have two or more ANSD symptoms than were aunts and uncles of the controls (P= 0.009). These results support our hypothesis and also indicate that relatives of the CCHS cases tended to manifest a milder spectrum of ANSD, with fewer systems and/or fewer symptoms than the cases.
A Modular Approach to the Total Synthesis of Tunicamycins (2015)

The tunicamycins constitute a delicate mimic of the bisubstrate intermediates of N-acetyl-D-hexosamine-1-phosphate translocases and thus inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis and the N glycosylation of eukaryotic proteins. An efficient approach to the synthesis of this unique type of nucleoside antibiotics is now reported and features the assembly of five modules in a highly stereoselective and robust manner. A Mukaiyama aldol reaction, intramolecular acetal formation, gold(I)-catalyzed O and N glycosylation, and final N acylation were used as the key steps.
Attenuated radon transform: theory and application in medicine and biology (1979)

A detailed analysis is given of the properties of the attenuated Radon transform and of how increases in photon attenuation influence the numerical accuracy and computation efficiency of iterative and convolution algorithms used to determine its inversion. The practical applications for this work involve quantitative assessment of the distribution of injected radiopharmaceuticals and radionuclides in man and animals for basic physiological and biochemical studies as well as clinical studies in nuclear medicine. A mathematical structure is developed using function theory and the theory of linear operators on Hilbert spaces which lends itself to better understanding the spectral properties of the attenuated Radon transform. The continuous attenuated Radon transform reduces to a matrix operator for discrete angular and lateral sampling, and the reconstruction problem reduces to a system of linear equations. For the situation of variable attenuation coefficient frequently found in nuclear medicine applications of imaging the heart and chest, the procedure developed in this thesis involves iterative techniques of performing the generalized inverse. For constant attenuation coefficient less than 0.15 cm/sup -1/, convolution methods can reliably reconstruct a 30 cm object with 0.5 cm resolution. However, for high attenuation coefficients or for the situation where there is variable attenuation such as reconstruction of distribution of isotopes in the heart, iterative techniques developed in this thesis give the best results. (ERB)
Brain electrical activity during food presentation in obese binge‐eating women (2010)

Binge-eating (BE) subjects have shown altered brain activity at frontal regions during food presentation. The aim of this study was to examine the frontal brain electrical activity in obese BE women (n = 12) and in obese women without BE (non-BE, n = 13). Brain electrical activity was measured using a quantitative electroencephalography during a resting state (eyes-closed) and when the subjects focused (eyes-open) their attention on a picture of a landscape (control experiment) or on a meal (food experiment). The BE showed greater frontal beta activity (14-20 Hz) than the non-BE in both the eyes-closed (on average 52%) and the eyes-open situations and independently of the stimulus (control experiment: 57% and food experiment: 71%). No significant differences between the groups were found in alpha, delta or theta amplitudes. Increased beta activity correlated positively with the disinhibition factor of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Thus, our results suggest that elevated frontal beta activity may be a marker of dysfunctional disinhibition-inhibition mechanism, which could make the obese BE women more vulnerable or sensitive to food and the environmental cues.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Carbohydrate‐Containing Dendrimers. Part 4 (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
CMAC Neural Networks Based Combining Control for BLDC Motor (2009)

This paper presents a control scheme combined with CMAC neural network and PID controller for the brushless DC motor. The CMAC neural network control learned continuously and gradually becomes the main effect control. The mathematical model of square-wave PM BLDC motor is adopted and used to build the simulation block models. In a simulation of different circumstances by the conventional PID controller and the combine controller was carried out. The results show the validity of the model and the advantages of CMAC neural networks combine control of BLDC motor system under the sudden changes of torque and velocity signals.
Active control of cavity noise by fluidic oscillators (2009)

The purpose of this study is to develop an energy-efficient active-control device that can control cavity noise. A new control device using fluidic oscillator systems is tested, and its noise suppression effect is evaluated for cases when the oncoming boundary layer is either laminar or turbulent. As a result, it is demonstrated for the laminar flow case that a single fluidic device can completely suppress the peak cavity noise as well as the harmonic components. In the turbulent separating flow case, it is demonstrated that two synchronized devices are necessary to suppress the cavity noise.
Inner Ear Hair Cell-Like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2014)

In mammals, the permanence of many forms of hearing loss is the result of the inner ear's inability to replace lost sensory hair cells. Here, we apply a differentiation strategy to guide human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into cells of the otic lineage using chemically defined attached-substrate conditions. The generation of human otic progenitor cells was dependent on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, and protracted culture led to the upregulation of markers indicative of differentiated inner ear sensory epithelia. Using a transgenic ESC reporter line based on a murine Atoh1 enhancer, we show that differentiated hair cell-like cells express multiple hair cell markers simultaneously. Hair cell-like cells displayed protrusions reminiscent of stereociliary bundles, but failed to fully mature into cells with typical hair cell cytoarchitecture. We conclude that optimized defined conditions can be used in vitro to attain otic progenitor specification and sensory cell differentiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Dispersions: A Review on Drug Delivery System and Solubility Enhancement (2014)

Abstract Review: 50 refs.
<title>Automatic optical proximity correction with optimization of stepper condition</title> (1995)

A simulated annealing, one of the optimization algorithms, has been applied to the optical proximity correction. Using attenuating phase shifting mask with annular illumination, the stepper condition as well as mask design has been optimized to correct line shortening for typical cell array pattern of dynamic random access memory. A cost function has been designed to reflect the desired dose-window and depth of focus obtained by ED-tree analysis. The performances of escape from a local minimum and the convergency have been demonstrated. Then all parameters that dominated the optical proximity effect have been optimized to minimize the cost function under practical constraints.
Modelling and Control for Heart Rate Regulation during Treadmill Exercise (2006)

This paper proposes a novel integrated approach for the identification and control of Hammerstein systems to achieve desired heart rate tracking performance for an automated treadmill system. The pseudo-random binary sequence input is employed to decouple the identification of dynamic linear part from static nonlinearity. The powerful e-insensitivity support vector regression is adopted to obtain sparse representations of the inversion of static nonlinearity in order to obtain an approximated linear model of the Hammerstein system. An H(infinity) controller is designed for the approximated linear model to achieve robust tracking performance. This new approach is applied to the design of a computer-controlled treadmill system for the regulation of heart rate during treadmill exercise. Minimizing deviations of heart rate from a preset profile is achieved by controlling the speed of the treadmill. Both conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and the proposed approaches have been employed for the controller design. The proposed algorithm achieves much better heart rate tracking performance.
Numerical recipes in Fortran 90 : the art of parallel scientific computing : volume 2 of fortran numerical recipes (1996)

1. Introduction to Fortran 90 language features 2. Introduction to parallel programming 3. Numerical recipes utility functions for Fortran 90 Part I. Fortran 90 Code chapters: 4. Preliminaries 5. Solution of linear algebraic equations 6. Interpolation and extrapolation 7. Integration of functions 8. Evaluation of functions 9. Special functions 10. Random numbers 11. Sorting 12. Root finding and nonlinear sets of equations 13. Minimization or maximization of functions 14. Eigensystems 15. Fast Fourier transform 16. Fourier and spectral applications 17. Statistical description of Data 18. Modelling of data 19. Integration of ordinary differential equations 20. Two point boundary value problems 21. Integral equations and inverse theory 22. Partial differential equations 23 Less-numerical algorithms Part II. Appendices: 24. Listing of utility modules (nrtype and nrutil) 25. Listing of explicit interfaces 26. Index of programs and dependencies.
Review Essay : Structural Adjustment, Industrialisation and Technological Capabilities in Africa 1 (1998)

After nearly two decades of structural adjustment programmes in Africa, this paper exam ines the state of African industrialisation and efforts to build or rehabilitate technological capabilities. It is argued that industry and, even more, technology have been largely ignored in nearly two decades of structural adjustment and that there is a serious mismatch between policies being pursued in the region and measures that are needed to (re-)build industrial and technological capabilities. As a result, there is a process of unlearning in African industry. The paper explores ways in which this process may be reversed in the context of the current reforms and suggests areas for fruitful future research.
Modal Parameter Estimation from Operating Data (2003)

Modal testing, also referred to as Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA), underwent a revolutionary change during the early 1970s with the implementation of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in computer-based FFT analyzers. Prior to that time, model testing had been done primarily with analog equipment. FFT-based EMA on the other hand, required the development of new digital signal processing methods. Modal parameter estimation is a key step in FFT-based EMA. This step, also called curve fitting, has received more attention than any other during the past 30 years. Numerous methods have been developed and the technical literature contains hundreds of papers documenting many different approaches. Modal analysis is used to characterize resonant vibration in machinery and structures. A mode of vibration is defined by three parameters; modal frequency, modal damping and mode shape. Modal parameter estimation is the process of determining these parameters from experimental data. Furthermore, a set of modal parameters can completely characterize the dynamic properties of a structure. This set of parameters is also called a modal model for the structure. Two recent SV one that relies on carefully controlled multishaker excitation,3 and the other that strongly suggests artificial excitation is not required at all.4 Regardless of whether artificial excitation is used or not, both approaches rely heavily on modal parameter estimation. Both articles devote the majority of their discussion to this subject.
Wearable chemical sensors: Characterization of heart rate electrodes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (2015)

A series of experiments was conducted in order to determine the reaction kinetics of various types of heart rate monitoring electrodes. In addition, nonmotion on-body measurements were performed in order to gauge how the difference in reaction kinetics translates to the electrocardiogram signal. Standard solid-gel Ag/AgCl single use monitoring electrodes are used here as the gold standard to which textile electrodes can be compared. The test method created here will serve as a basis to evaluate future heart rate monitoring electrodes.
Laser cooling of two trapped ions: Sideband cooling beyond the Lamb-Dicke limit (1999)

We study laser cooling of two ions that are trapped in a harmonic potential and interact by Coulomb repulsion. Sideband cooling in the Lamb-Dicke regime is shown to work analogously to sideband cooling of a single ion. Outside the Lamb-Dicke regime, the incommensurable frequencies of the two vibrational modes result in a quasicontinuous energy spectrum that significantly alters the cooling dynamics. The cooling time decreases nonlinearly with the linewidth of the cooling transition, and the effect of dark states which may slow down the cooling is considerably reduced. We show that cooling to the ground state is also possible outside the Lamb-Dicke regime. We develop the model and use quantum Monte Carlo calculations for specific examples. We show that a rate equation treatment is a good approximation in all cases.
Worst-case analysis of dynamic wavelength allocation in optical networks (1999)

This paper proposes algorithms for allocating wavelengths to connections (lightpaths) in optical wavelength division multiplexed networks, predominantly for ring topologies. A worst-case model is considered, where no blocking of lightpaths is allowed, and there are no assumptions made on the traffic arrival and holding times. The traffic is characterized only by its load L, which is the maximum number of lightpaths that can be present on any link, assuming no blocking. A dynamic traffic model is considered where requests to set up lightpaths arrive over time and, must be accommodated without rerouting existing lightpaths, and lightpaths may be terminated over time as well. For networks without wavelength conversion, we show that at least 0.5Llog/sub 2/N wavelengths are required by any dynamic algorithm for rings of N nodes and present an algorithm that uses at most Llog/sub 2/N+L wavelengths for rings and 2(L-1)log/sub 2/N for trees. We also study the worst-case behavior of the well-known first-fit algorithm, and show that it requires at most 2.52Llog/sub 2/N+5L wavelengths (small variants of these constants are proven as well). When limited wavelength conversion is allowed, we first show how to use expanders to insure no blocking in arbitrary topologies. Then, we present conversion patterns for rings with conversion degree d=2, which require Llog/sub 2/L+4L or 2Llog/sub 2/log/sub 2/L+4L wavelengths, thereby eliminating the dependence (that exists without wavelength conversion) between the number of wavelengths and N. We also consider different traffic models where lightpath setup requests arrive over time, but once set up, lightpaths are never taken down. For this model, the number of wavelengths needed is shown to be only max{0,L-d}+L for a conversion degree of d.
Analysis of TE and TM modes in DFB lasers by two-dimensional theory (1991)

The two-dimensional theory of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (which was previously presented and applied to the analysis of the laser threshold conditions for the transverse-electric (TE) mode in a simple three-layer waveguide structure) is developed to treat both TE and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes in a four-layer waveguide structure with a thin grating layer, which more closely reflects actual DFB laser structure. The differences between TE and TM modes for the dispersion relations and the laser threshold conditions are clarified. The effects of the waveguide structure (including grating layer thickness, refractive indexes of layers, coupling constant, and corrugation period) on the threshold gains and the gain differences between the two longitudinal modes on both sides of the Bragg frequencies are studied in detail for both TE and TM modes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lightweight Chip Multi-Threading (LCMT): Maximizing Fine-Grained Parallelism On-Chip (2010)

Irregular and dynamic applications, such as graph problems and agent-based simulations, often require fine-grained parallelism to achieve good performance. However, current multicore processors only provide architectural support for coarse-grained parallelism, making it necessary to use software-based multithreading environments to effectively implement fine-grained parallelism. Although these software-based environments have demonstrated superior performance over heavyweight, OS-level threads, they are still limited by the significant overhead involved in thread management and synchronization. In order to address this, we propose a Lightweight Chip Multi-Threaded (LCMT) architecture that further exploits thread-level parallelism (TLP) by incorporating direct architectural support for an “unlimited” number of dynamically created lightweight threads with very low thread management and synchronization overhead. The LCMT architecture can be implemented atop a mainstream architecture with minimum extra hardware to leverage existing legacy software environments. We compare the LCMT architecture with a Niagara-like baseline architecture. Our results show up to 1.8X better scalability, 1.91X better performance, and more importantly, 1.74X better performance per watt, using the LCMT architecture for irregular and dynamic benchmarks, when compared to the baseline architecture. The LCMT architecture delivers similar performance to the baseline architecture for regular benchmarks.
Iterative feedback tuning via minimization of the absolute error (2003)

This paper introduces a mechanism for controller tuning based on the optimization of a cost function suited to batch production. The cost function penalizes the absolute value of the difference between the desired and the actual signals, i.e., the absolute value of the error. The main innovation in this work is the computation and estimation of the partial derivatives of such a cost function with respect to the parameters of the controller. Besides the computation of those derivatives, we provide auxiliary mechanisms that allow the estimation of efficient tuning directions and a stable implementation of the controller updating scheme. Simulation results indicate the viability of this approach.
CMOS scaling for high performance and low power-the next ten years (1995)

A guideline for scaling of CMOS technology for logic applications such as microprocessors is presented covering the next ten years, assuming that the lithography and base process development driven by DRAM continues on the same three-year cycle as in the past. This paper emphasizes the importance of optimizing the choice of power-supply voltage. Two CMOS device and voltage scaling scenarios are described. One optimized for highest speed and the other trading off speed improvement for much lower power. It is shown that the low power scenario is quite close to the original constant electric-field scaling theory. CMOS technologies ranging from 0.25 /spl mu/m channel length at 2.5 V down to sub-0.1 /spl mu/m at 1 V are presented and power density is compared for the two scenarios. Scaling of the threshold voltage along with the power supply voltage will lead to a substantial rise in standby power compared to active power and some tradeoffs of performance and/or changes in design methods must be made. Key technology elements and their impact on scaling are discussed. It is shown that a speed improvement of about 7/spl times/ and over two orders of magnitude improvement in power-delay product (mW/MIPS) are expected by scaling of bulk CMOS down to the sub-0.1 /spl mu/m regime as compared with today's high performance 0.6 /spl mu/m devices at 5 V. However, the power density rises by a factor of 4/spl times/ for the high-speed scenario. The status of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) approach to scaled CMOS is also reviewed, showing the potential for about 3/spl times/ savings in power compared to the bulk case at the same speed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Length of Barrett's oesophagus: an important factor in the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. (1992)

In a 15 year prospective study of endoscopic surveillance of columnar lined oesophagus, 102 patients with a mean follow up of 54 (12.5) months and total follow up of 462 years have been evaluated. Of all the sets of biopsies taken, 59 in 21 patients were found to exhibit dysplasia or carcinoma. Four male patients had carcinoma of the oesophagus, indicating a 30 times increased risk of development of adenocarcinoma in columnar lined oesophagus. The length of columnar lined oesophagus in subjects with dysplasia was significantly longer as compared with the whole group (p = 0.01) and when compared with the patients without dysplasia (p = 0.005). None of the patients with dysplasia had a columnar lined oesophagus of less than 8 cm. Length of columnar lined oesophagus therefore seems to be a significant risk factor in the development of dysplasia and subsequent carcinoma and intensive follow up of patients with columnar lined oesophagus greater than 8 cm in length is recommended.
Helical CT Reconstruction with Large Cone Angle (2006)

In this work we suggest ways to incorporate redundant data into reconstruction for a range of helical pitches from 1-PI to 3-PI. For evaluation we use simulated data and real 256-slice anthropomorphic phantom data. With large cone angle reconstruction is very sensitive to the exactness of the algorithm.