gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design Consideration on Position Sensitive Detectors Based on LuAG:Pr Scintillators for High Energy X-ray Cargo Inspection (2011)

To prevent illegal trade of weapons, X-ray scanning systems are used for non-intrusive inspection of import containers and cargoes at every seaport and airport. Conventional X-ray scanning system for cargoes is based mainly on X-rays of several MeV energy generated by an electron Linac. For high quality X-ray imaging, an X-ray source with good directionality, narrow width of energy spectrum and tunable energy is ideal and a laser Compton scattering (LCS) X-ray source is much more promising one than those generated by the Linac. Thus we propose a cargo scanning system based on the LCS X-ray source. However, the small cross section of LCS sets a limit of the intensity of LCS X-rays, therefore high-density scintillators are suitable for the detector of this system. We adopted LuAG:Pr, which has high density, good energy resolution and high light-yield. The position sensitive detector was designed as stacked thin LuAG:Pr scintillators and their independent readouts. By Monte Carlo simulation, the thickness of the thin LuAG:Pr scintillator was optimized as 0.5 mm. In addition, we measured a response of a prototype detector to LCS X-rays generated with an 800 MeV storage ring at AIST-Tsukuba and experimental results agreed well with the simulation ones.
Toxoplasma gondii: Difference of Invasion into Tissue of Digestive Organs between Susceptible and Resistant Strain and Influence of IFN-g in Mice Inoculated with the Cysts Perorally (1999)

Because it is widely accepted that there is a significant difference in susceptibility to chronic infection by Toxoplasma gondii among inbred mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds, we compared the distribution of the protozoa in digestive organs at early stages of infection between resistant (BALB/c) and susceptible (C57BL/ 6) mice after peroral infection with Fukaya strain cysts. Furthermore, to determine the influence of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on the infectivity of the cysts to the digestive tract, homozygous IFN-gamma knockout mice were utilized. Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) was employed to assess the distribution of T. gondii in different organs at various times after ingestion of cysts. SAG1, a T. gondii-specific gene, was detected in the small intestine and the caecum in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and in the whole digestive tract in IFN-gamma knockout C57BL/6 at 24 hr after infection. No detectable reaction in QC-PCR was observed in BALB/c mice at 24 hr after ingestion of the cysts. Destruction of the IFN-gamma gene showed less effect on the resistance to infection in BALB/c mice, but remarkable augmentation of infectivity of T. gondii to the rectum and peripheral blood was observed in C57BL/6 mice.
Payments Pricing: Who Bears the Cost?-A Conference Summary (2009)

As consumers and merchants increasingly adopt electronic payments, the pricing of these services has generated substantial scrutiny by public authorities around the world. To discuss these developments and related issues, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago hosted its ninth annual Payments Conference on May 14?15, 2009.
Scalable designs for quantum computing with rare-earth-ion-doped crystals (2007)

Due to inhomogeneous broadening, the absorption lines of rare-earth-ion dopants in crystals are many order of magnitudes wider than the homogeneous linewidths. Several ways have been proposed to use ions with different inhomogeneous shifts as qubit registers, and to perform gate operations between such registers by means of the static dipole coupling between the ions. In this paper we show that in order to implement high-fidelity quantum gate operations by means of the static dipole interaction, we require the participating ions to be strongly coupled, and that the density of such strongly coupled registers in general scales poorly with register size. Although this is critical to previous proposals which rely on a high density of functional registers, we describe architectures and preparation strategies that will allow scalable quantum computers based on rare-earth-ion-doped crystals.
Suspension trapping (STrap) sample preparation method for bottom‐up proteomics analysis (2014)

Despite recent developments in bottom-up proteomics, the need still exists in a fast, uncomplicated, and robust method for comprehensive sample processing especially when applied to low protein amounts. The suspension trapping method combines the advantage of efficient SDS-based protein extraction with rapid detergent removal, reactor-type protein digestion, and peptide cleanup. Proteins are solubilized in SDS. The sample is acidified and introduced into the suspension trapping tip incorporating the depth filter and hydrophobic compartments, filled with the neutral pH methanolic solution. The instantly formed fine protein suspension is trapped in the depth filter stack-this crucial step is aimed at separating the particulate matter in space. SDS and other contaminants are removed in the flow-through, and a protease is introduced. Following the digestion, the peptides are cleaned up using the tip's hydrophobic part. The methodology allows processing of protein loads down to the low microgram/submicrogram levels. The detergent removal takes about 5 min, whereas the tryptic proteolysis of a cellular lysate is complete in as little as 30 min. We have successfully utilized the method for analysis of cellular lysates, enriched membrane preparations, and immunoprecipitates. We expect that due to its robustness and simplicity, the method will become an essential proteomics tool.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells as a Novel Option for Regenerative Cell Therapy (2006)

Adult stem cells hold great promise for use in tissue repair and regeneration, and the delivery of autologous progenitor cells into ischemic tissue is emerging as a novel therapeutic option. We and others have recently demonstrated the potential impact of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSC) on regenerative cell therapy for ischemic diseases. The main benefit of ADSC is that they can be easily harvested from patients by a simple, minimally invasive method and also easily cultured. Cultured ADSC can be induced to differentiate into not only adipocytes, but also bone, neurons or endothelial cells in certain conditions. Interestingly, they secrete a number of angiogenesis-related cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which might be suitable for regenerative cell therapy for ischemic diseases. In the ischemic mouse hindlimb, the angiogenic score was improved in the ADSC-treated group. Moreover, recent reports demonstrated that these ADSC can also be induced to differentiate into cardiac myocytes. These adipose tissue-derived cells have potential in angiogenic cell therapy for ischemic disease, and might be applied for regenerative cell therapy instead of bone marrow cells in the near future.
Effects of Saponins from the Root Bark of Aralia elata on the Transport of Chondroitin Sulfate in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and Rats (2005)

We investigated the intestinal absorption enhancing effect of the saponins from the root bark of Aralia elata (SRBAE) in Caco-2 cell monolayers and rats. SRBAE at concentrations of 0.04% and 0.08% (w/v) decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and increased the paracellular uptake of chondroitin sulfates (CSs) having different molecular weights (MW 500, 4500, and 18000) in a dose-dependent manner. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of SRBAE to determine its proper concentration as an absorption enhancer. MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion test indicated that the cytotoxicity of SRBAE at concentrations of 0.04% and 0.08% was negligible. CS (MW 18000) was orally administered with or without SRBAE to rats. The oral administration of SRBAE (250 mg/kg) in 1 h increased the intestinal absorption of CS, by 4.9-fold versus the control (CS alone). Histological examination of the gastrointestinal tissues showed that SRBAE did not cause any damage to tissues. In conclusion, our results suggest that SRBAE acts as an efficient absorption enhancer and makes it easier for hydrophilic molecules to penetrate the intestinal epithelium.
Dynamic Modelling and Control Studies for Vibrating Conveyor Systems (1992)

This paper outlines the work done to analyse and design control algorithms for large vibrating conveyor systems. The vibrating conveyor systems are manufactured by ICAL and come in a variety of sizes ranging from 0.5 to 2500 tonnes per hour. All of these have the same basic structure of a mechanical resonant system and use the 50Hz mains signal to maintain operation close to the resonant frequency. Because of this resonant structure the open loop system is characterised by poles close to the right half plane and simple control structures such as proportional or proportional plus derivative lead to a non-robust closed loop system. To investigate the dynamic behaviour of such systems mathematical models have been developed. This development is outlined and the model's responses are compared to plant data under the same operating conditions. This has built sufficient confidence in the model that control algorithm design has preceded. One of the fundamental aims of these design studies is to produce control algorithms that result in very robust closed loop systems. The steps in this work are presented and simulation results showing the improved robustness of the system under a variety of operating conditions shown.
Stimulation of Bone Formation by Dietary Boron in an Orthopedically Expanded Suture in Rabbits (2009)

Boron has a positive effect on the early phase of bone regeneration of the midpalatal suture in response to expansion and may be beneficial in routine maxillary expansion procedures.
Porin Variation among Clinical Isolates of<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>over a 10‐Year Period, as Determined by<i>Por</i>Variable Region Typing (2003)

The Neisseria gonorrhoeae porin protein (Por) is a potential vaccine target and is the antigenic determinant for serovar typing. Two classes of Por, PIA and PIB, and antigenically distinct variants within each class result from sequence variations in the por gene variable regions (VRs) encoding surface-exposed loops. Oligonucleotide probes to 5 VRs of each class were used in checkerboard hybridizations to type 282 clinical gonococcal isolates selected from strains collected over the course of 10 years. PIA strains (n=63) showed limited por diversity, with 90% having 1 of 4 por types. PIB strains (n=219) were more diverse, although several common por types were identified that persisted over time. Variation within individual VRs was found to be limited. The present study provides information about the diversity of Por in strains circulating in a single geographic region over time, illustrates the utility of a novel por typing method, and has implications for vaccine development.
Enhanced infectivity of adenovirus type 2 DNA and a DNA-protein complex (1978)

The infectivity of adenovirus type 2 DNA and a DNA-protein complex was studied in 293 cells, a human embryonic kidney cell line transformed by sheared adenovirus type 5 DNA, and in human KB cells. Adenovirus type 2 DNA was more infectious (up to about 40-fold) in 293 cells than in KB cells, whereas a DNA-protein complex (prepared by a rapid procedure) had about the same infectivity in both cell lines. These data may mean that a factor present in 293 cells (perhaps a viral-coded protein) enhances the infectivity of free viral DNA. The infectivity of DNA and the DNA-protein complex was increased up to fivefold by brief treatment of cell monolayers with 25% dimethyl sulfoxide after transfection. Under these conditions, (i) the infectivity of native adenovirus type 2 DNA ranged from 400 to 1,300 PFU/microgram of DNA in 293 cells and from about 9 to 14 PFU/microgram of DNA in KB cells, and (ii) the infectivity of the DNA-protein complex was 6 X 10(3)to 2 X 10(4) PFU/microgram in 293 cells and 1.4 X 10(4) to 1.6 X 10(4) PFU/microgram in KB cells.
The year of the snake: Perspective on Hanoi (2013)

In the middle of a thousand-year-old city humming with seven million souls, I am awoken at four o'clock every morning by a crowing rooster. His strangled squawk ululates across the jumble of corrugated tin rooftops, comforting in their proximity to the narrow hotel window. Given there is no way a vehicle as large as a fire engine could penetrate the traffic in the Old Quarter, I take solace in the fact I could, in the event of a conflagration, escape across this flimsy roofing, running and leaping to safety like some pale, slightly arthritic version of Jason Bourne.
Sodium Hydride as a Condensing Agent with Acylaminomalonates in the Synthesis of Amino Acids<sup>1,2</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSodium Hydride as a Condensing Agent with Acylaminomalonates in the Synthesis of Amino Acids1,2Jacob Shapira, Raymond Shapira, and Karl DittmerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 15, 3655–3657Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01111a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01111a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of a platinum electrode modified with hydroxyapatite in the lead(II) determination in a square wave voltammetric procedure (2010)

The behavior of a modified carbon platinum electrode (Pt) for lead(II) determination by square wave voltammetry (SWV) was studied. The modified electrode is obtained by electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite (HAP) on the surface of a bare platinum electrode. The new electrode (HAP/Pt) revealed interesting electroanalytical detection of lead(II) based on the adsorption of this metal onto hydroxyapatite under open circuit conditions. After optimization of the experimental and voltammetric conditions, the best voltammetric responses-current intensity and voltammetric profile were obtained in 0.2 mol L−1 KNO3 with: 30 min accumulation time, 5 mV pulse amplitude and 1 mV s−1 scan rate. The observed detection (DL, 3σ) and quantification (DL, 10σ) limits in pure water were 2.01 × 10−8 and 6.7 × 10−7 mol L−1, respectively. The reproducibility of the proposed method was determined from five different measurements in a solution containing 2.2 × 10−6 mol L−1 lead(II) with a coefficients of variation of 2.08%. The electrochemical of hydroxyapatite at platinum surfaces was characterized, after calcinations 900 °C, by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, chemical and electrochemical analysis.
Mines Clearance International (2000)

Mines Clearance International (MCI) is an established humanitarian demining agency and a registered charity in the U.K. A fairly new organization, MCI was established, in April 1996, to respond to the problem landmines and unexploded ordnance posed to civilians, particularly in the underdeveloped nations of the Southern Hemisphere. MCI staff, though newly on board, includes well-qualified technical and aid personnel with experience in humanitarian responses to the landmine issue.
Computer-aided detection of lung nodules: false positive reduction using a 3D gradient field method (2004)

We are developing a computer-aided detection system to aid radiologists in diagnosing lung cancer in thoracic computed tomographic (CT) images. The purpose of this study was to improve the false-positive (FP) reduction stage of our algorithm by developing and incorporating a gradient field technique. This technique extracts 3D shape information from the gray-scale values within a volume of interest. The gradient field feature values are higher for spherical objects, and lower for elongated and irregularly-shaped objects. A data set of 55 thin CT scans from 40 patients was used to evaluate the usefulness of the gradient field technique. After initial nodule candidate detection and rule-based first stage FP reduction, there were 3487 FP and 65 true positive (TP) objects in our data set. Linear discriminant classifiers with and without the gradient field feature were designed for the second stage FP reduction. The accuracy of these classifiers was evaluated using the area Az under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The Az values were 0.93 and 0.91 with and without the gradient field feature, respectively. The improvement with the gradient field feature was statistically significant (p=0.01).
Auto-patching DOM-based XSS at scale (2015)

DOM-based cross-site scripting (XSS) is a client-side code injection vulnerability that results from unsafe dynamic code generation in JavaScript applications, and has few known practical defenses. We study dynamic code evaluation practices on nearly a quarter million URLs crawled starting from the the Alexa Top 1000 websites. Of 777,082 cases of dynamic HTML/JS code generation we observe, 13.3% use unsafe string interpolation for dynamic code generation — a well-known dangerous coding practice. To remedy this, we propose a technique to generate secure patches that replace unsafe string interpolation with safer code that utilizes programmatic DOM construction techniques. Our system transparently auto-patches the vulnerable site while incurring only 5.2 − 8.07% overhead. The patching mechanism requires no access to server-side code or modification to browsers, and thus is practical as a turnkey defense.
The Synthesis of Cellulose by an Enzyme System from a Higher Plant (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Cellulose by an Enzyme System from a Higher PlantA. D. Elbein, G. A. Barber, and W. Z. HassidCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 2, 309–310Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01056a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01056a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of Paricalcitol on Left Ventricular Mass and Function in CKD—The OPERA Trial (2013)

Vitamin D seems to protect against cardiovascular disease, but the reported effects of vitamin D on patient outcomes in CKD are controversial. We conducted a prospective, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether oral activated vitamin D reduces left ventricular (LV) mass in patients with stages 3-5 CKD with LV hypertrophy. Subjects with echocardiographic criteria of LV hypertrophy were randomly assigned to receive either oral paricalcitol (1 μg) one time daily (n=30) or matching placebo (n=30) for 52 weeks. The primary end point was change in LV mass index over 52 weeks, which was measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary end points included changes in LV volume, echocardiographic measures of systolic and diastolic function, biochemical parameters of mineral bone disease, and measures of renal function. Change in LV mass index did not differ significantly between groups (median [interquartile range], -2.59 [-6.13 to 0.32] g/m(2) with paricalcitol versus -4.85 [-9.89 to 1.10] g/m(2) with placebo). Changes in LV volume, ejection fraction, tissue Doppler-derived measures of early diastolic and systolic mitral annular velocities, and ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity did not differ between the groups. However, paricalcitol treatment significantly reduced intact parathyroid hormone (P<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (P=0.001) levels as well as the number of cardiovascular-related hospitalizations compared with placebo. In conclusion, 52 weeks of treatment with oral paricalcitol (1 μg one time daily) significantly improved secondary hyperparathyroidism but did not alter measures of LV structure and function in patients with severe CKD.
Effects of pharmaceutical PEGylation on drug metabolism and its clinical concerns (2014)

PEGylation is an effective approach to potentiate drugs with undesirable properties. Currently, PEGylation has penetrated into every field of pharmaceutical practice, involving biomacromolecules, small drugs and drug delivery systems. Efficacy enhancement is attained through modification of the pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles of parent drugs. As a result of PEGylation, the drugs tend to display enhanced solubility, prolonged circulatory time and reduced immunogenicity/antigenicity. The bottleneck of PEGylation is how to break through the limitation of chemical conjugation and to properly preserve the pharmacological activity of the drug. PEGylated formulation is an area deserving more attention in terms of systemic delivery of insoluble small drugs.
A capacitive pressure sensor interface using oversampling Δ-Σ demodulation techniques (1997)

An interface for a capacitive pressure sensor which accommodates digital encoding and linearization functions has been developed. The front-end is a switched-capacitor bridge which converts the sensor capacitance into a proportional voltage. This voltage is applied to a pulse-width modulator to be compared with a model signal generated by a digital waveform synthesizer (DWS). This model-based signal processing provides the digital equivalent of the pressure being measured. For high-yield, monolithic implementation of the interface, oversampling /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ demodulation techniques are used for the DWS. In addition to the digital functions, offset and scale adjustment, and cross-parameter compensation are also possible with this architecture. A prototype interface is described to demonstrate these capabilities.