gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereo camera alignment based on disparity selective cells in the visual cortex (2006)

This paper presents a binocular camera alignment system and a neural model integrated in the system. The neural model is based on the occipital lobe of the mammalian cerebral cortex responsible for primary visual input processing. The final goal is to achieve a brain-like integrated cognitive system. Although the components of such a system may have weaker performance than existing industrial solutions, the integrated cognitive system has a performance that has not yet been passed. The proposed neural model, as a component of a cognitive system, has a complex structure compared to solutions using engineering operators and algorithms. This complexity is due to the use of a vast number of simple and uniform neuronal computational units. In contrast with complexity, the possibility of parallel computation becomes a promising advantage. The proposed model takes the idea of the binocular, disparity selective cells in the visual cortex. The model is able to identify the disparity between an image pair, and decide in which direction the image sensors should be aligned to achieve binocular convergence. The model has a similar structure and functional characteristics as the network of binocular cells in the visual cortex. A PC-based implementation and integration of the model into a camera system has shown that the performed camera alignment is similar to the binocular convergence of biological systems.
Radiationless Intermolecular Energy Transfer. I. Singlet→Singlet Transfer (1964)

Radiationless energy transfer between unlike molecules has been studied under conditions where the interaction described in the ``Förster'' formulation may be expected to dominate other effects. Primary emphasis is placed on a direct observation of the effect of energy transfer on the excited-state lifetime of the donor. These results are related through the theory with other spectroscopic measurements. Good agreement is found with the predictions of Förster based on a long-range (25–50 Å) dipole—dipole interaction leading to an R—6 distance dependence of the transition probability between donor and acceptor.
Prodrug Designing of NSAIDs (2008)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), commonly used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases suffer from several undesired side effects, the most important being gastrointestinal (GI) irritation and ulceration. The prodrug designing is one of the several strategies used to overcome this drawback. The rationale behind the prodrug concept is to achieve temporary blockade of the free carboxylic group present in the NSAIDs till their systemic absorption. In this paper, a review on the concept of prodrugs designing of NSAIDs to improve their efficacy and reduce the toxicity is being presented.
Cooling process on a run-out table by the simulation method (2013)

This study aims to determine the effective cooling parameters for the run-out table (ROT) of strip steel in a hot rolling process. Two-dimensional transient heat conduction is developed, including the external force convection and heat source due to translational motion. The strip velocity, cooling water temperature and external fluid velocity are chosen to study the influent parameters during the cooling process. To determine 2-dimensional transient heat conduction in the cooling process of strip steel, numerical methods are applied to solve for the temperature of the strip steel with appropriate boundary conditions. The backward difference formula (BDF) applies to the discretization of a partial differentiation equation (PDE). The parallel sparse direct linear solver (PARDISO) is applied to the computation in the form of a linear algebraic equation built with the Comsol multiphysics software for the heat transfer module. The simulation studies are divided into 12 case studies with three variations subjected to cooling conditions at the ROT. From the results of the simulation study, appropriate parameters to determine the temperature required for strip steel are achieved.
Preparation of nanometric CuxFe1−xOFe2O3 for treatment of tumor (2003)

The nanometric particles possess some physical and chemical properties different from the bulk. The water-based magnetic fluids with nanometric CuxFe1−xOFe2O3 particles were prepared by the two-step method, in which the x value varied from 0.1 to 0.4. The experiment results showed the magnetization decreased with increasing x values. The copper element was partly coprecipitated with iron oxides. These phenomena are ascribed to excess ammonia water in the precipitation. The decanoic acid and the nonanoic acid were selected as the first and second surfactants. The optimal reaction temperatures for the first and second surfactants were 80 and 60 °C respectively with the holding time of 30 min.
Expression of Serum Toll-Like Receptor 9 and Oxidative Damage Markers in Benign and Malignant Breast Diseases (2014)

The intracellular redox environment plays an important role in the maintenance of proper cellular homeostasis and functions. Disturbances in redox equilibrium of cells result in pro-inflammatory conditions, and these inflammatory conditions can induce carcinogenesis or increase the malignant potential of the tumor. Oxidative stress or tissue damage can trigger toll-like receptor (TLR) family of receptors that are involved in altering the innate immune system. The present study was aimed at evaluating the level of oxidative damage markers in breast diseases by measuring the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant status (TAS) alterations in relation to expression of TLR-9. A significant increase in the level of oxidative damage markers was observed in breast carcinoma patients in comparison to benign and normal controls, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in TAS and expression of TLR-9 concentrations. 8-OHdG, PC, and MDA were negatively correlated with expression of TLR-9 and TAS levels. Altered levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress and TLR-9 among the malignant, benign, and controls suggest a correlation of oxidative stress and TLR signaling in the progression of disease in breast carcinoma patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis depicts that expression of TLR-9 is a good indicator for distinguishing cancer patients from benign and normal controls. High accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of oxidative stress markers and expression of TLR-9 can be used as discriminatory marker/s for efficient diagnosis.
Equally Spaced Spherical Arrays (1968)

A method is described analyzing the radiation characteristics of a spherical array by means of the Poisson sum technique. The elements are arranged as a series of circular arrays of different radii on a spherical surface. The main beam behaves as (sin u )/ u . A method of estimating other side‐lobe characteristics is also described; numerical examples are given.
Insights into the Metabolism of Elemental Sulfur by the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon <i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> : Characterization of a Coenzyme A- Dependent NAD(P)H Sulfur Oxidoreductase (2007)

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus uses carbohydrates as a carbon source and produces acetate, CO2, and H2 as end products. When S(0) is added to a growing culture, within 10 min the rate of H2 production rapidly decreases and H(2)S is detected. After 1 hour cells contain high NADPH- and coenzyme A-dependent S(0) reduction activity (0.7 units/mg, 85 degrees C) located in the cytoplasm. The enzyme responsible for this activity was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity (specific activity, 100 units/mg) and is termed NAD(P)H elemental sulfur oxidoreductase (NSR). NSR is a homodimeric flavoprotein (M(r), 100,000) and is encoded by PF1186. This designation was previously assigned to the gene encoding an enzyme that reduces coenzyme A disulfide, which is a side reaction of NSR. Whole-genome DNA microarray and quantitative PCR analyses showed that the expression of NSR is up-regulated up to sevenfold within 10 min of S(0) addition. This primary response to S(0) also involves the up-regulation (>16-fold) of a 13-gene cluster encoding a membrane-bound oxidoreductase (MBX). The cluster encoding MBX is proposed to replace the homologous 14-gene cluster that encodes the ferredoxin-oxidizing, H2-evolving membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH), which is down-regulated >12-fold within 10 min of S(0) addition. Although an activity for MBX could not be demonstrated, it is proposed to conserve energy by oxidizing ferredoxin and reducing NADP, which is used by NSR to reduce S(0). A secondary response to S(0) is observed 30 min after S(0) addition and includes the up-regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis and iron metabolism, as well as two so-called sulfur-induced proteins termed SipA and SipB. This novel S(0)-reducing system involving NSR and MBX has been found so far only in the heterotrophic Thermococcales and is in contrast to the cytochrome- and quinone-based S(0)-reducing system in autotrophic archaea and bacteria.
Microstructural study of nanocrystalline soft magnetic thin films of Fe-C and Fe-Co-C deposited by facing targets sputtering (2005)

In the present paper, we describe the fabrication of the Fe-C and Fe-Co-C thin films by facing-targets sputtering (FTS) method at room temperature and the investigation of the relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties. Fe-C and Fe-Co-C films were fabricated by a FTS apparatus with two targets of Fe or Fe/sub 65/Co/sub 35/ with C chips at room temperature. Sputtering was performed in pure Ar and films of about 300-500 nm in thickness were deposited on fused quartz and Si substrates. Crystal structure, microstructure and magnetic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy and by a vibrating sample magnetometer. Nanocrystals with higher magnetic moment and lower carbon content were dispersed in an amorphous matrix with lower moment and higher carbon content. Carbon-doping decreased the crystallite size while soft magnetic properties with small internal stress were obtained for the films.
Heterogeneity of Natural Biofilm Communities (1996)

Scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM) studies have shown that microbial biofilms consist of a spatially heterogeneous arrangement of bacterial cells, biogenic extracellular material, and void space. Biofilm architecture is dominated by the presence of cell aggregates interspersed by channels, the arrangement of which varies for different hydrodynamic regimes, ages, species composition, or nutrient status. This organization may regulate the flux of nutrients and oxygen, creating chemical microenvironments (Eh, pH) facilitating the growth of aerobic heterotrophs and anaerobes. The presence of microenvironments has been confirmed using laser microscopy and environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes. In addition, changes in cell number and growth rate with depth and location have also been documented. Elegant methods using fluorescent rRNA probes and reporter gene systems have allowed in situ visualization of high genetic diversity and the regulation of genes in microbial biofilms. Through the use of scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM) and fluorescent probes, both qualitative and quantitative analyses of many aspects of the ecology of biofilms may be studied.
Studies on the Sapogenins of Dioscorea tokoro Makino. I. The Structure of Tokorogenic Acid (1959)

Abstract (1) Oxidation of tokorogenin by means of chromic anhydride in acetic acid, periodic acid in ethanol and lead tetraacetate in aqueous acetic acid led to the conclusion that tokorogenin must have a glycerol moiety in ring A of the steroid nucleus. (2) Tokorogenic acid, an oxidation product from tokorogenin, forms an anhydride by heating with acetic anhydride and gives rise to a monomethyl ester (α-monoester) by treatment with methanol and hydrogen chloride, while alkaline hydrolysis of the dimethyl ester of the acid furnishes a different monomethyl ester (β-monoester). The same α-monoester also results from tokorogenic anhydride by the action of alkali in a methanol solution. (3) On the basis of the theoretical considerations and the afore-mentioned observations in the tokorogenic acid series compared with those in the camphoric acid and etiobilienic acid series, it is concluded that tokorogenic acid has to be defined as 1,3-seco-2-nor-spirostan-1,3-dioic acid (II) and hence tokorogenin as spirostan-1,2,3-triol (I).
Regulation of the rat cardiac troponin I gene by the transcription factor GATA-4 (1997)

Troponin I is a thin-filament contractile protein expressed in striated muscle. There are three known troponin I genes which are expressed in a muscle-fibre-type-specific manner in mature animals. Although the slow skeletal troponin I isoform is expressed in fetal and neonatal heart, the cardiac isoform is restricted in its expression to the myocardium at all developmental stages. To study the regulation of this cardiac-specific and developmentally regulated gene in vitro, the rat cardiac troponin I gene was cloned. Transient transfection assays were performed with troponin I-luciferase fusion plasmids to characterize the regulatory regions of the gene. Proximal regions of the upstream sequence were sufficient to support high levels of expression of the reporter gene in cardiocytes and relatively low levels in other cell types. The highest luciferase activity in the cardiocytes was noted with a plasmid that included the region spanning -896 to +45 of the troponin I genomic sequence. Co-transfection of GATA-4, a recently identified cardiac transcription factor, with troponin I-luciferase constructs permitted high levels of luciferase expression in non-cardiac cells. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays demonstrated specific binding of GATA-4 to oligonucleotides representative of multiple sites of the troponin I sequence. Mutation of a proximal GATA-4 DNA-binding site decreased transcriptional activation in transfected cardiocytes. These results indicate that the proximal cardiac troponin I sequence is sufficient to support high levels of cardiac-specific gene expression and that the GATA-4 transcription factor regulates troponin I-luciferase expression in vitro.
Experience with a new percutaneous port system, Percuseal<sup>®</sup>, for intravenous injection in patients with haemophilia, von Willebrand disease and severe alpha<sub>1</sub>‐antitrypsin deficiency (2003)

We have implanted a new port system (Percuseal) in altogether 13 patients with haemophilia A, B, von Willebrand disease and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in order to facilitate venous access. The Percuseal system differs from subcutaneous ports, such as Port-a-Cath, in that the upper part of the device protrudes above the skin. In this way, the patient can easily puncture the port membrane under the guidance of his eyes without penetrating the skin. In the present study cohort, a number of complications occurred. These were mainly caused by repeated local infections (in five patients), which made it necessary to replace the ports in three of the patients and to permanently remove the ports as the first option in two of the patients. In one patient, the port was removed because of inconvenience when doing physical exercise. In one additional patient, a severe systemic infection occurred, causing spondylitis. Despite the high infection rate, most patients considered the device very convenient to use. Because of the side-effects seen in our study, the Percuseal port in its present form is not to be recommended for regular use. A reconstruction of the port, making it smaller and giving it an antibacteriostatic cap, may possibly make this kind of port system a feasible alternative to use in order to improve pharmacoeconomics in the prophylactic treatment of haemophilia and patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.
The challenge of bias‐free coil combination for quantitative susceptibility mapping at ultra‐high field (2017)

We conclude that ultrashort echo-time reference scans reduce quantitation bias and remove the transmit field phase when using COMPOSER to combine phase data, and not combining the phase data before susceptibility processing avoids this bias, resulting in comparable results. Magn Reson Med 79:97-107, 2018. © 2017 InternationalSociety for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Shedding light on the mechanism of asymmetric track etching: an interplay between latent track structure, etchant diffusion and osmotic flow (2016)

The method of producing single track-etched conical nanopores has received considerable attention and found many applications in diverse fields such as biosensing, nanofluidics, information processing and others. The performance of an asymmetric nanopore is largely determined by its geometry, especially by the size and shape of its tip. In this paper we reconstruct the profiles of so-called conical pores fabricated by asymmetric chemical etching of ion tracks in polymer foil. Conductometric measurements during etching and field emission scanning electron microscopy examinations of the resulting pores were employed in order to determine the pore geometry. We demonstrate that the pore constriction geometry evolves through a variety of configurations with advancing time after breakthrough. While immediately after breakthrough the pore tips are trumpet-shaped, further etching is strongly affected by osmotic effects which eventually lead to bullet-shaped pore tips. We evidence that the osmotic flow appearing during asymmetric track etching has a determinative effect on pore formation. A convection-diffusion model is presented that semi-quantitatively explains the effect of osmotic processes under asymmetric track etching conditions. In addition, a phenomenon of reagent contaminant precipitation in nanopores is reported and discussed.
Security for biometric data (2004)

Biometric authentication, i.e. verifying the claimed identity of a person based on physiological characteristics or behavioral traits, has the potential to contribute to both privacy protection and user convenience. From a security point of view, biometric authentication offers the possibility to establish physical presence and unequivocal identification. However from a privacy point of view, the use of biometric authentication also introduces new problems and user concerns. Namely, when used for privacy-sensitive applications, biometric data are a highly valuable asset. When such data are available to unauthorized persons, these data can potentially be used for impersonation purposes, defeating the security aspects that are supposed to be associated with biometric authentication. In this paper, we will systematically unveil critical sections based on the two generic biometric flow models for enrolment and authentication respectively. Based on these critical sections for biometric data in authentication systems, we will point out measures to protect biometric systems. It will be shown that especially techniques using non-reversible representations are needed to disallow malicious use of template information and we will discuss a variant of the Linnartz-Tuyls model for securing biometric templates in detail.
Multiple-Phase Toughening-Particle Morphology (1993)

Rubber-toughened poly(methyl methacrylate) (RTPMMA) materials were prepared by blending PMMA with multiple-phase toughening particles with radially alternating rubbery and glassy layers. The effects of particle morphology and rubbery-phase volume fraction on the tensile and fracture properties were evaluated. The principal mechanism of deformation operating in these materials, shear yielding with debonding and cavitation of the toughening particles, results in crack-tip blunting. The properties of the RTPMMA materials containing two-layer toughening particles are generally inferior to those containing three- or four-layer toughening particles.
TH‐D‐330A‐09: Factor of Ten Dose Reduction in CT Perfusion Imaging (2006)

Purpose: To reduce by a factor of ten the patient dose in contrast enhanced CT Neuro Perfusion protocols while maintaining SNR and physiologic information relative to standard full dose CT Neuro Perfusion protocols. Method and Materials: Our group's newly developed undersampling algorithm for contrast enhanced MRI, HighlY constrained back Projection (HYPR), is applied to a contrast enhanced CT Neuro Perfusion protocol. By using temporally redundant information in the time series, a reduction in the number of required projection angles for each time frame is possible. The time series data is acquired using interleaved and equally spaced projections. A composite image consisting of projection information from either the entire time series or a limited number of time frames is first constructed by the standard filtered back projection technique. Next, a HYPR time frame is reconstructed by multiplying the composite image by backprojections for each projection angle in the time frame after normalizing them by the corresponding projection from the composite image. Results: HYPR time frames with similar SNR to fully sampled images and containing equivalent physiologic information for the creation of perfusion parameter maps have been obtained. The simulated reduction in the number of projection angles for the studies completed would result in a reduction in dose by a factor of 10. Computed parametric maps of CBV, CBF, and MTT are qualitatively similar to that of full dose maps, and arterial and venous input functions show excellent agreement with full dose input functions. Conclusion: The application of HighlY constrained back Projection (HYPR) to contrast enhanced CT Neuro Perfusion protocols allows a potential reduction by an order of magnitude to the delivered patient dose while maintaining SNR and physiologic information in the form of CBV, CBF, and MTT maps and arterial, venous and tissue input functions.