gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-field CD uniformity control by altering transmission distribution of the photomask using ultra-fast pulsed laser technology (2006)

As pattern feature sizes on the wafer become smaller and smaller, requirements for CD variation control has become a critical issue. In order to correct CD uniformity on the wafer, the DUV light transmission distribution of the photomask was altered using an ultra-fast pulsed laser technology. By creating a small scattering pixel inside the quartz body of the mask, a multitude of such points creates Shading Elements inside the quartz according to a predetermined CD variations distribution map. These Shading Elements reduce the dose of scanner's laser illumination onto the wafer per a local area. Thus by changing the local light intensity, inside the exposure field, to a required level during the photolithographic process the wafer CD is changed locally inside the field. This complete process of writing a multitude of Shading Elements inside the mask in order to control the light transmission and hence wafer level CD locally is called the CD Control (CDC) process. We have evaluated the tool utilizing Ultra fast laser pulses (CDC 101) for local transmission and CD controllability on the wafer. We used Binary and Att-PSM test masks and three kinds of test patterns to confirm the sensitivity of transmission and CD change by the attenuation levels of Shading Elements which is sequentially changed from 0% to 10%. We will compare the AIMS results to printed CD on wafer or simulation results, so that we can correlate the transmission change and CD change by the attenuation levels. This paper also reports the CD uniformity correction performances by using attenuation mapping method on Binary mask. We also cover how Shading Elements affect the phase and transmission on the Att-PSM.
A review on strategic capacity planning for the semiconductor manufacturing industry (2008)

Due to the high capital investment cost in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, strategic capacity planning plays an important role in improving business performance. The reasons that make these problems especially difficult are: the complex fabrication process, rapid changes in technology and products, the long lead time and the high cost of capacity increment, and the high uncertain demand and capacity. Hence, a review of the existing solutions to capacity planning to cope with these difficulties is important for developing new methodologies and practices. In this paper, we provide a review of the current research and fundamental methods in strategic capacity planning, identify emerging methods for capacity planning, and take an in-depth look at future research interests.
On the Relation of Test Smells to Software Code Quality (2018)

Test smells are sub-optimal design choices in the implementation of test code. As reported by recent studies, their presence might not only negatively affect the comprehension of test suites but can also lead to test cases being less effective in finding bugs in production code. Although significant steps toward understanding test smells, there is still a notable absence of studies assessing their association with software quality. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the presence of test smells and the change-and defect-proneness of test code, as well as the defect-proneness of the tested production code. To this aim, we collect data on 221 releases of ten software systems and we analyze more than a million test cases to investigate the association of six test smells and their co-occurrence with software quality. Key results of our study include:(i) tests with smells are more change-and defect-prone, (ii) "Indirect Testing", "Eager Test", and "Assertion Roulette" are the most significant smells for change-proneness and, (iii) production code is more defect-prone when tested by smelly tests.
Application reference designs for distributed systems (1993)

This paper is based on the findings and conclusions of a client/server work group that was commissioned in 1991 to report IBM's technical strategy for client/server computing. Although there are countless variations for designing applications and interconnecting components in a distributed environment, there seems to be a finite number of variations that represent what a large majority of customers want to build. The intent of the work group was to explore the possibility of defining a set of application “reference designs,” which would represent the distributed designs that customers are building today or want to build in the near future. This paper documents the customer scenarios, the reference designs that represent them, and the requirements that were generated for the underlying system software. The work group concluded that the reference designs described herein represent our best working assumption about “where customers are going” with distributed application designs. The discussion should give those who have not yet begun to exploit distributed systems a starting point and considerations for their design work.
Incidence and Mechanism of the Pivot Shift (1999)

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and mechanism of the pivot shift phenomenon in the normal and anterior cruciate ligament transected knee in vitro. Fifteen knees were tested under a range of valgus moments and iliotibial tract tensions when intact and after anterior cruciate ligament transection. Knee kinematics were measured and described in terms of tibial rotation as the knee flexed. Eight knees pivoted after anterior cruciate ligament transection. The mean pivot shift motion was an external tibial rotation of 17 degrees (+/- 11 degrees standard deviation) over a range of 27 degrees (+/- 24 degrees) knee flexion, at a mean flexion angle of 56 degrees (+/- 27 degrees). Clinically, this corresponds to a reduction of an anteriorly subluxed lateral tibial plateau as the knee flexes. When intact, pivoting and nonpivoting knees had similar anteroposterior laxity, but after anterior cruciate ligament transection, the pivoting group had significantly greater laxity. The loading required to elicit the pivot shift was critical and variable between knees, which raises questions about comparing clinicians' techniques and results in assessing the buckling instability attributable to anterior cruciate ligament injury.
A Novel Pathway for Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis from<i>Z,Z</i>-Farnesyl Pyrophosphate in the Wild Tomato<i>Solanum habrochaites</i>  (2009)

In the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites, the Sst2 locus on chromosome 8 is responsible for the biosynthesis of several class II sesquiterpene olefins by glandular trichomes. Analysis of a trichome-specific EST collection from S. habrochaites revealed two candidate genes for the synthesis of Sst2-associated sesquiterpenes. zFPS encodes a protein with homology to Z-isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthases and SBS (for Santalene and Bergamotene Synthase) encodes a terpene synthase with homology to kaurene synthases. Both genes were found to cosegregate with the Sst2 locus. Recombinant zFPS protein catalyzed the synthesis of Z,Z-FPP from isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP), while coincubation of zFPS and SBS with the same substrates yielded a mixture of olefins identical to the Sst2-associated sesquiterpenes, including (+)-alpha-santalene, (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene, and (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene. In addition, headspace analysis of tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) plants expressing zFPS and SBS in glandular trichomes afforded the same mix of sesquiterpenes. Each of these proteins contains a putative plastid targeting sequence that mediates transport of a fused green fluorescent protein to the chloroplasts, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenes uses IPP and DMAPP from the plastidic DXP pathway. These results provide novel insights into sesquiterpene biosynthesis and have general implications concerning sesquiterpene engineering in plants.
Spectroscopic and kinetic behaviour of a pure krypton dielectric barrier discharge (2008)

This paper deals with the spectroscopic and kinetic study of spatially stable mono-filamentary dielectric barrier discharges (MF-DBDs) occurring in pure krypton between 100 and 500 Torr, by using a high voltage sinusoidal supply. In our experimental conditions, the supply current was constituted of a short fast-rising pulse superimposed on a slow non-dissipative displacement component. For the spectroscopic measurements triggering was carried out with the current pulse. The emission spectra of the MF-DBD show a strong vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission at 148 nm. This emission is attributed to krypton excimers Kr2[1u(3P2)] correlated to the lowest metastable atomic state Kr(3P2) and its intensity increases with pressure, due to the enhancement of 3-body collisions. Since time origin was well defined, the temporal evolution of the excited species could be analyzed. The kinetic analysis of the 2 continuum of krypton was performed by using a suitable VUV detector working in the photon counting mode with a time-resolution of 5 ns. After a brief excitation phase, not exceeding about 80 ns, this emission could be correctly fit by a sum of 2 exponential terms only. The pressure variation of each decay frequency was analysed, and the radiative lifetime Kr2[1u(3P2)]low and the 3-body collisionnal formation rate constants of the Kr2[1u(3P2)] excimer were estimated. Our results are consistent with those obtained with selective excitation of the lowest metastable state of krypton.
THE TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA THROUGH THE USE OF ELECTROSLEEP: AN EEG STUDY (1973)

In order to test whether electrosleep is an effective therapeutic procedure, its effects were assessed on the most common of sleep disorders, sleep onset insomnia. The present research was designed to avoid the inadequacies of previous investigations by a) using a double blind procedure; b) using objective evaluation procedures (EEG recordings); and c) using the recommended number and distribution of treatments. Additionally, subjective sleep evaluation and personality-psychopathology data were obtained. Ten volunteers with objectively established insomnia were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. These conditions were electrosleep treatment and simulated electrosleep treatment. Initially, each subject (S) spend 3 successive nights in the sleep laboratory for the EEG-EOG monitoring of his night-time sleep patterns. This was followed by a series of 24 daytime “treatments,rdquo; each 15 minutes in duration. Following this phase, each S again spent 2 nights in the sleep laboratory, at which time post-treatment effects were measured. After 14 no-treatment days, each S returned to the sleep laboratory for follow-up measurement. On the basis of EEG measures, the actual treatment group exhibited a statistically significant decline in the latency of sleep onset, percentage of total bed time awake, and percentage of total sleep time in stage 1 sleep. A significant increase in the percentage of total sleep time in stage 4 and total delta sleep was found. Additionally, subjectively reported latencies of sleep onset declined significantly. These post-treatment results were maintained at follow-up. Significant differences were not found in the simulated treatment group. Possible group differences in age, chronicity of insomnia, psychopathology, sex, participation in psychotherapy, placebo reactivity and suggestibility arc discussed in terms of a “selective” placebo effect. These alternatives are discounted before concluding that electrosleep is truly an effective therapeutic procedure in the treatment of sleep onset insomnia.
Active motion-based segmentation of human body outlines (2002)

We present an integrated approach towards the segmentation and shape estimation of human body outlines. Initially, we assume that the human body consists of a single part, and we fit a deformable model to the given data using our physics-based shape and motion estimation framework. As an actor attains different postures, new protrusions emerge on the outline. We model these changes in the shape using a new representation scheme consisting of a parametric composition of deformable models. This representation allows us to identify the underlying human parts that gradually become visible, by monitoring the evolution of shape and motion parameters of the composed models. Based on these parameters, their joint locations are identified. The algorithm is applied iteratively over subsequent frames until all moving parts are identified. We demonstrate the technique in a series of experiments with very encouraging results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Post-silicon bug localization for processors using IFRA (2010)

IFRA, an acronym for Instruction Footprint Recording and Analysis, overcomes major challenges associated with a very expensive step in post-silicon validation of processors---pinpointing a bug location and the instruction sequence that exposes the bug from a system failure, such as a crash. Special on-chip recorders, inserted in a processor during design, collect instruction footprints---special information about flows of instructions, and what the instructions did as they passed through various microarchitectural blocks of the processor. The recording is done concurrently during the normal operation of the processor in a post-silicon system validation setup. Upon detection of a system failure, the recorded information is scanned out and analyzed offline for bug localization. Special self-consistency-based program analysis techniques, together with the test-program binary of the application executed during post-silicon validation, are used for this purpose. Major benefits of using IFRA over traditional techniques for post-silicon bug localization are (1) it does not require full system-level reproduction of bugs, and (2) it does not require full system-level simulation. Hence, it can overcome major hurdles that limit the scalability of traditional post-silicon validation methodologies. Simulation results on a complex superscalar processor demonstrate that IFRA is effective in accurately localizing electrical bugs with 1% chip-level area impact.
Generative Modeling Using the Sliced Wasserstein Distance (2018)

Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs) are very successful at modeling distributions from given samples, even in the high-dimensional case. However, their formulation is also known to be hard to optimize and often not stable. While this is particularly true for early GAN formulations, there has been significant empirically motivated and theoretically founded progress to improve stability, for instance, by using the Wasserstein distance rather than the Jenson-Shannon divergence. Here, we consider an alternative formulation for generative modeling based on random projections which, in its simplest form, results in a single objective rather than a saddle-point formulation. By augmenting this approach with a discriminator we improve its accuracy. We found our approach to be significantly more stable compared to even the improved Wasserstein GAN. Further, unlike the traditional GAN loss, the loss formulated in our method is a good measure of the actual distance between the distributions and, for the first time for GAN training, we are able to show estimates for the same.
The epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in Thailand (1991)

Weniger, Bruce G.; Limpakarnjanarat, Khanchit; Ungchusak, Kumnuan; Thanprasertsuk, Sombat; Choopanya, Kachit; Vanichseni, Suphak; Uneklabh, Thongchai; Thongcharoen, Prasert; Wasi, Chantapong Author Information
Plasma fibrinolytic activity in a group of hypogonadic men (1987)

Fibrinolytic activity in response to venous occlusion (fibrin plate assay and tissue plasmogen activator antigen) was measured in 19 hypogonadic men (group 1), 23 non-hypogonadic men with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) antecedents and 20 healthy men (control group). Four hypogonadic men had DVT antecedents. Two of 20 controls were low responders against 6/19 and 6/23 in groups 1 and 2, respectively, (non-significant difference). The four hypogonadic men with DVT antecedent had abnormal response to venous occlusion. Whether defective fibrinolysis is causally related to hypogonadism cannot be established from these results but this study indicates that the combination of defective fibrinolysis, hypogonadism and DVT in man is relatively common.
IntScope: Automatically Detecting Integer Overflow Vulnerability in X86 Binary Using Symbolic Execution. (2009)

The number of identified integer overflow vulnerabilities has been increasing rapidly in recent years. In this paper, we present a system, IntScope, which can automatically detect integer overflow vulnerabilities in x86 binaries before an attacker does, with the goal of finally eliminating the vulnerabilities. IntScope first translates the disassembled code into our own intermediate representation (IR), and then performs a path sensitive data flow analysis on the IR by leveraging symbolic execution and taint analysis to identify the vulnerable point of integer overflow. Compared with other approaches, IntScope does not run the binary directly, and is scalable to large software as it can just symbolically execute the interesting program paths. Experimental results show IntScope is quite encouraging: it has detected more than 20 zero-day integer overflows (e.g., CVE-2008-4201, FrSIRT/ADV-2008-2919) in widely-used software such as QEMU, Xen and Xine. 1.
Laying Flexible Pipelines Over Coral Reefs in the Geisum Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt (1987)

ABSTRACT The Geisum Oil CO. designed, manufactured, and installed a flexible pipeline system in 10 months which connects a well platform and several satellite well caissons to a permanently moored production tanker in the Geisum Field, Gulf of suez, offshore Egypt. A unique aspect of the project was that the pipeline system traversed an area covered with coral reefs having numerous pinnacles and severe undulations along coral ridges resulting in widely varying water depths. A steep drop off from 45 ft to 90 ft water depths occurred over 75 ft of horizontal distance and another dropoff from 90 ft to 220 ft occurred over 575 ft of distance. This paper discusses the installation problems and how they were minimized by the use of flexible pipe for the entire pipeline system. This project was the first application of the 'lazy wave? configuration of the dynamic flexible riser to a tanker. The composite structure of the flexible pipe and riser, and their manufacturing and installation are presented. INTRODUCTION This paper describes the flexible pipeline system installed on Geisum Field. The Geisum Field is an offshore oil field located in the southern Gulf of suez, offshore Egypt. The field is 200 miles southeast of Cairo and 15 miles from the nearest shore. The water depths vary from about 16 to 220 feet. The field is in the midst of numerous coral features. In late 1984, Geisum Oil Company, an affiliate of canoco, became operator of the concession, under the concession terms, Geisum Oil was required to be producing by January 1986. Less than one year was available to finalize the development plan and execute the project. Upon startup, Geisum Field became Conoco's first production in Egypt. The problems encountered with the installation of the pipeline system were multifaceted. The area was covered with coral reefs such that conventional offshore pipelining was in practical and very expensive. The water depths at some places along the pipeline routes were too shallow to be navigable for many construction vessels. The crude oil viscosity and its high pour point indicated that an insulated pipeline would be desirable. The pipeline system included a flexible riser system at the tanker FPSO (Floating Production, storage and Offloading). Project execution was further constrained by the very tight schedule. DESIGN PARAMETERS The Geisum Field consists of a central well platform (WP-l), three satellite caisson wells and a tanker FPSO. The facilities are linked with flowlines as shown in Figures 1 & 2. Flowlines from each satellite well caisson are 4 inch I.D., designed for 2000 psig operating pressure. They transport comming led crude oil, produced water and associated gas. The central well platform is connected to the FPSO with an 8 inch pipeline, approximately 1.1 miles long. It is sized for 15,000 BFPD and a design pressure of 2000 psig. The 8 inch pipe consists of two parts: static and dynamic.
Bioptic Telescopes Meet the Needs of Drivers with Moderate Visual Acuity Loss (2004)

The bioptic telescope met the (self-reported) driving needs of the majority of visually impaired drivers in this survey and was found to be a useful aid for tasks requiring resolution of detail.
Reperforation of North Sea Electric Submersible Pump Wells Using an ESP/Y-TOOL/TCP System (1987)

ABSTRACT As a result of the increasing emphasis on reducing operating costs and minimizing deferred production, a new system was designed for the reperforation of wells lifted with Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP's). This paper describes an alternative method that can be used when a Tubing Conveyed Perforating (TCP) system is required for the underbalanced reperforation of an ESP well. The method employs a combined ESP/Y-tool/TCP assembly and can save approximately 24 hours in rig time over conventional methods. Use of the method can avoid substantial deferred or lost production, particularly when other wells requiring workovers are awaiting use of a rig at considerable cost. The system can also be used for the completion of new wells where an ESP is required from the outset.
Lamotrigine and therapeutic drug monitoring: retrospective survey following the introduction of a routine service (1998)

Metabolic inhibition by VPA was shown to have a marked effect on LTG kinetics, suggesting either a significant LTG dosage reduction is required if plasma LTG concentrations are elevated, or alternatively, higher plasma LTG concentrations could be attained from lower dosages. The higher therapeutic range adopted by the laboratory (3-14 mg(-1)) was widely accepted and increasingly applied in clinical practice in the management of patients with epilepsy.
Caffeic Acid-Containing Medium for Identification of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> (1975)

A new growth medium containing caffeic acid and ferric citrate is described. The pigment produced on this medium is specific for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and differentiates it from other cryptococci. The medium is more easily compounded and requires less time for pigment formation than the conventional Guizotia extract media. The medium is stable in the dry form as well as in the prepared form.
Ion beam machining of single-point diamond tools for nano-precision turning (1990)

In order to obtain single-point diamond tools (SPDT) with cutting edges of sharp or small negative land for ultra-precision turning of soft materials, machining of the SPDT by an argon ion beam of 1.0 keV has been investigated. The edge radius of the SPDT was measured using a profile SEM (scanning electron microscope having two secondary electron detectors). By this processing method, mechanically lapped or polished SPDTS which have a mean edge radius of 70 nm were sharpened, and their edge radii became of the order of 20-30 nm. Moreover, is is found that the processing method can be useful for improving the surface topography of the SPDT formed by mechanical lapping removing micro-chippings on the cutting edge of the SPDT, and improving the straightness of the cutting edge of the SPDT. The processing method, also, can result in the formation of a small negative land of sub-micrometer width on the cutting edge of the SPDT.