gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Appropriate use of transdermal drug delivery systems (2013)

Background: Depending on the therapeutic target, transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are designed to provide a continuous supply of drug through the skin to allow for local or systemic drug effects. The purpose of this descriptive review is to introduce practical theories behind TDDS for nurses. Additionally, the authors will compare and contrast different transdermal patch delivery systems and offer recommendations for appropriate use and administration of prescription products with an emphasis on nursing care. Findings: A total of 18 individual or fixed combination active ingriedient prescription transdermal formulations are available for use in the United States. Appropriate use and disposal of TDDS are dictated by the active ingredient, patch type and several patient-specific characteristics such as age, gender, skin integrity and organ function. Conclusions: Transdermal systems are convenient and therapeutically beneficial for select patient types. Appropriate application, disposal and monitoring techniques can optimize care for patients, caregivers and the general public.
The Demise of Central Banking and the Domestic Exchanges: Evidence from Antebellum Ohio (1998)

This article describes the institutional transition from a centrally managed interregional payments system to an unmanaged, decentralized one after President Andrew Jackson's veto of the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States, and evaluates the effect on the level and variability of exchange rates. Comparison of the reduction in specie points, driven by falling transportation and insurance costs, with the reduction in exchange rates in two Ohio cities over the period from 1830 to 1859 lends support to the article's conclusion that decentralization was one cause of higher and more volatile inland exchange rates.
Selective Electroless Copper Deposition on Self-Assembled Dithiol Monolayers (2009)

The paper reports the use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dithiols to induce electroless copper deposition on a gold substrate. The metallization catalyst, palladium nanoparticles, is bound on the dithiol SAM. The assembly process is followed by IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies to confirm the formation of a monolayer with bound catalyst. Electroless metallization is then carried out with a steady deposition rate of 130 nm/min. Additionally, microcontact printing of the catalyst on the SAM by poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps is used to localize copper deposits. Resulting metallization is selective and allows for a high resolution.
Parallel resonant converter with flying capacitor (2013)

This paper presents a parallel resonant converter for high input voltage applications. In order to reduce the voltage stress of active switches, two half-bridge converters are connected in series at high voltage side. Flying capacitor is adopted between two series half-bridge converters to automatically balance two input capacitor voltages. Pulse frequency modulation scheme is adopted to regulate the output voltage at the desired voltage level. Since the resonant circuit at the switching frequency is operated at the inductive load, the input current of the resonant circuit is lagging to the fundamental input voltage. Active switches can be easier to turn on at zero voltage switching. Two resonant circuits connected in parallel are adopted to reduce the current stress of transformer windings and rectifier diodes at low voltage side. Interleaved pulse-width modulation is used to control two resonant circuits and to reduce the current ripple at the output side. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Fc receptor-induced expression of Fas ligand on activated NK cells facilitates cell-mediated cytotoxicity and subsequent autocrine NK cell apoptosis (1996)

Ligation of the Fc gamma R on NK cells by Ab-coated target cells initiates a mode of killing referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). There is clear evidence that the release from NK cells of granules containing pore-forming proteins and serine proteases can result in the rapid (within minutes) cell death of Ab-coated targets. However, little information is available as to whether NK cells can initiate subsequent killing through granule-independent mechanisms and as to the mechanisms that down-regulate NK cell-mediated responses. We demonstrate in this study that FcR stimulation of activated human NK cells not only induces granule exocytosis, but also subsequently results in the transcriptional up-regulation of Fas ligand. These FcR-stimulated NK cells can then kill targets that bear Fas (CD95/APO-1), as this cytotoxicity can be inhibited by blocking Abs to the Fas receptor. In addition, as resting NK cells become activated, their Fas receptors become competent to deliver autocrine suicide signals. We demonstrate in this work that the interaction of Fas ligand on the FcR-stimulated NK cells with their Fas receptors can result in apoptosis of the NK cells. These results suggest that the FcR-induced expression of Fas ligand on activated NK cells can critically influence the capacity of these cells to mediate paracrine and autocrine cell death.
Intramuscular Electrical Stimulation for Shoulder Pain in Hemiplegia: Does Time From Stroke Onset Predict Treatment Success? (2007)

Stroke survivors who are treated early after stroke onset may experience greater benefit from intramuscular electrical stimulation for poststroke shoulder pain. However, the relative importance of time from stroke onset versus duration of pain is not known.
SPECT: SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (1981)

s of Articles on Computed Tomography from Non-Radiological Journals: Clinical Sciences: PDF Only
Children's comprehension problems in oral and written language: A cognitive perspective (2007)

Part I: Comprehension Processes and Impairments in Typically Developing Children. Oakhill, Cain, Introduction to Comprehension Development. Cain, Oakhill, Reading Comprehension Difficulties: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences. Part II: Comprehension Impairments in Children with Developmental Disorders. Botting, Comprehension Difficulties in Children with Specific Language Impairment and Pragmatic Language Impairment. Leekam, Language Comprehension Difficulties in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Lorch, Berthiaume, Milich, van den Broek, Story Comprehension Impairments in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Swanson, Howard, and Saez, Reading Comprehension and Working Memory in Children with Learning Disabilities in Reading. Part III: Comprehension Impairments in Association with Neurological Damage and Sensory Impairment. Barnes, Johnston, Dennis, Comprehension in a Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele. Cook, Chapman, and Gamino, Impaired Discourse Gist in Pediatric Brain Injury: Missing the Forest for the Trees. Kelly, Barac-Cikoja, The Comprehension of Skilled Deaf Readers: The Roles of Word Recognition and Other Potentially Critical Aspects of Competence. Part IV: Conclusions. Cain, Oakhill, Cognitive Bases of Children's Language Comprehension Difficulties: Where Do We Go from Here?
Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world (2004)

The rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome demonstrated the potential threat an infectious disease poses in a closely interconnected and interdependent world. Here we introduce a probabilistic model that describes the worldwide spread of infectious diseases and demonstrate that a forecast of the geographical spread of epidemics is indeed possible. This model combines a stochastic local infection dynamics among individuals with stochastic transport in a worldwide network, taking into account national and international civil aviation traffic. Our simulations of the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak are in surprisingly good agreement with published case reports. We show that the high degree of predictability is caused by the strong heterogeneity of the network. Our model can be used to predict the worldwide spread of future infectious diseases and to identify endangered regions in advance. The performance of different control strategies is analyzed, and our simulations show that a quick and focused reaction is essential to inhibiting the global spread of epidemics.
A novel approach for content extraction from web pages (2014)

The rapid development of the internet and web publishing techniques create numerous information sources published as HTML pages on World Wide Web. However, there is lot of redundant and irrelevant information also on web pages. Navigation panels, Table of content (TOC), advertisements, copyright statements, service catalogs, privacy policies etc. on web pages are considered as relevant and irrelevant content. Such information makes various web mining tasks such as web page crawling, web page classification, link based ranking, topic distillation complex. This paper discusses various approaches for extracting informative content from web pages and a new approach for content extraction from web pages using word to leaf ratio and density of links.
NHC-Catalyzed/Titanium(IV)−Mediated Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Dimerization of Enals (2011)

An NHC-catalyzed, diastereo- and enantioselective dimerization of enals has been developed. The use of Ti(Oi-Pr)(4) is a key element for the reactivity and selectivity of this process. The cyclopentenes are obtained with high levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivity and their synthetic utility is demonstrated by functionalization of the product alkene.
Reduction of Gas Bubbles and Improved Critical Current Density in Bi-2212 Round Wire by Swaging (2013)

Bi-2212 round wire is made by the powder-in-tube technique. An unavoidable property of powder-in-tube conductors is that there is about 30% void space in the as-drawn wire. We have recently shown that the gas present in the as-drawn Bi-2212 wire agglomerates into large bubbles and that they are presently the most deleterious current-limiting mechanism. By densifying short 2212 wires before reaction through cold isostatic pressing, the void space was almost removed and the gas bubble density was reduced significantly, resulting in a doubled engineering critical current density ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</sub> ) of 810 A/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 5 T, 4.2 K. Here we report on densifying Bi-2212 wire by swaging, which increased <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</sub> (4.2 K, 5 T) from 486 A/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for as-drawn wire to 808 A/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for swaged wire. This result further confirms that enhancing the filament packing density is of great importance for making major <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</sub> improvements in this round-wire magnet conductor.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of 6,7‐Dialkoxy‐2,2‐dialkyl‐3‐hydroxyethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines. (1990)

Abstract Regioselective Grignard reaction as the key step provides an access to the desired title compounds (V).
Design of Control System of Annealing Tin Machine Based on PLC (2013)

This paper describes a method that reform the backward control system of annealing tin machine with the PLC control technology, and designs of hardware and software of the machine so that the machine have a good man-machine automatic control system. The paper focuses on the development of automatic program based on PLC, home return program, alarm program and protection program. The result shows that this control system is reliable, stable and high precision when it is used to the machine, and improving the competitiveness of the machine in the industry greatly.
Wavelength-division demultiplexing using photonic crystal waveguides (2005)

We demonstrate a new device concept for wavelength division demultiplexing based on planar photonic crystal waveguides. The filtering of wavelength channels is realized by shifting the cutoff frequency of the fundamental photonic bandgap mode in consecutive sections of the waveguide. The shift is realized by modifying the size of the border holes. Simulations and an experimental realization of a four-channel coarse wavelength division demultiplexer are described.
Measurement of transient deformations using digital image correlation method and high-speed photography: application to dynamic fracture (2007)

The digital image correlation method is extended to the study of transient deformations such as the one associated with a rapid growth of cracks in materials. A newly introduced rotating mirror type, multichannel digital high-speed camera is used in the investigation. Details of calibrating the imaging system are first described, and the methodology to estimate and correct inherent misalignments in the optical channels are outlined. A series of benchmark experiments are used to determined the accuracy of the measured displacements. A 2%-6% pixel accuracy in displacement measurements is achieved. Subsequently, the method is used to study crack growth in edge cracked beams subjected to impact loading. Decorated speckle patterns in the crack tip vicinity at rates of 225,000 frames per second are registered. Two sets of images are recorded, one before the impact and another after the impact. Using the image correlation algorithms developed for this work, the entire crack tip deformation history, from the time of impact to complete fracture, is mapped. The crack opening displacements are then analyzed to obtain the history of failure characterization parameter, namely, the dynamic stress intensity factor. The measurements are independently verified successfully by a complementary numerical analysis of the problem.
PDGF‐A as an epicardial mitogen during heart development (2008)

In the developing heart, reciprocal interactions between the epicardium and myocardium drive further sublineage specification and ventricular chamber morphogenesis. Several observations suggest that the epicardium is a source of secreted factors that influence cardiomyocyte proliferation, and these factors may have other roles as well. However, the identity of these epicardial factors remains mostly unknown. We have identified platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) as one of several mitogens expressed by the rat EMC epicardial cell line (epicardial mesothelial cells), by embryonic epicardium and myocardium during mouse heart development, and by adult epicardium. Expression of the cognate receptor gene Pdgfra was detected in the epicardium, although a low level of expression in myocardium could not be ruled out. To address the potential role of PDGF signaling in heart development, we mutated both PDGF receptor genes in the myocardial and mesodermal compartments of the heart; however, this did not result in an observable cardiac phenotype. This finding suggests that mesodermal PDGF signaling is not essential in heart development, although its role may be redundant with other signaling pathways. Indeed, our results demonstrate the presence of additional mitogens that may have such an overlapping role.
Layered Yb:YAG ceramics produced by two different methods: processing, characterization and comparison (2016)

The use of Yb:YAG ceramic gain media in solid state lasers has been of growing interest for high repetition rate and high power lasers. Probably the most important advantage of ceramic production technology in comparison with that of single crystals is the flexibility of shaping methods that allow the production of near-net-shape components with a welldefined internal structure. In the case of Yb:YAG with dopant distribution designed accordingly to the pumping and cooling geometry the efficiency of the laser device can be enhanced by mitigating thermal lensing effects. The presented work reports on Yb:YAG transparent ceramics composed of layers with different Yb doping produced by two different shaping methods: dry pressing of spray-dried powders and tape casting, all sintered under high vacuum. The selected geometry of materials was based on numerical simulations. Microstructure of the produced materials was characterized by SEM and EDX with a particular attention to the dopant content across the layers. The optical quality of produced ceramics was characterized and discussed in connection with the microstructure and laser emission results. Output power of nearly 7 W and slope efficiency 58.1 % were obtained in QCW regime from bilayered 0-10 %Yb:YAG. In the case of multilayered materials higher scattering losses were observed. The comparison between the two processing methods highlighted that the tape-cast materials provided higher optical uniformity and the diffusion zone between the single layers with different dopant content was about 150 nm compared to about 250 nm in samples produced by pressing of powders.
Keys to the Genera of Chiggers of the Western Hemisphere (Acarina: Trombiculidae) (1977)

Synotpic keys to the 87 genera of chiggers in the Western Hemisphere (Nearctic and Neotropical regions) as well as illustrations to the terminology employed, are presented.
Cellular origin of histamine-releasing factor produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (1989)

Histamine releasing factors (HRF) are a group of cytokines that release histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils. It has been speculated that HRF might play a major role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Most investigators have studied PBMC as a source of HRF. This study was undertaken to investigate the cellular origin of HRF. Peripheral blood was processed to isolate and purify monocytes, T cells, CD4- T cells, CD8- T cells and B cells by using plastic adherence, 2-aminoethylisothiomonium-treated SRBC rosetting and negative selection with the use of mAb OKM1, OKT11, OKT8, OKT4, and OKB7 plus C. Highly purified subpopulations of PBMC were cultured alone or in the presence of Con A for 24 h. Supernatants were harvested, dialyzed, and assayed for HRF activity in the basophil histamine release test. We found that all subpopulations of PBMC including T cells, CD4- T cells, CD8- T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce variable quantities of HRF. The spontaneous production is very high in B cells but only barely measurable in T cells and monocytes. The synthesis of HRF by B cells was confirmed by abolishing the release of the activity after treatment of B cells with OKB7 mAb and C. Stimulation of cell populations by Con A significantly enhances HRF production by PBMC and T cells but not by B cells and monocytes. In mixing experiments, unstimulated monocytes + B cells showed synergism, but other combinations demonstrated an additive effect. This is the first demonstration of HRF production by human peripheral blood B cells. The results of this study also suggest that histamine releasing cytokines are of multiple cellular origin. This perhaps contributes to their molecular heterogeneity.
Nepal—an algorithm for solving the volume integral equation (1993)

Abstract A new algorithm is proposed to solve the volume integral equation whereby the scatterer is first divided into N subscatterers. Smaller problems are nested within larger problems using the Huygens equivalence principle. The resultant algorithm has reduced computational complexity whose CPU time is proportional to N 1.5 . © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
A fully implantable and rechargeable neurostimulation system for animal research (2015)

A neurostimulation system consisting of a reusable, four-channel, fully-implantable rechargeable neurostimulator (INS), recharger and wireless controller is described. The intent of the system is to enable acute and chronic research with stimulation codes and patterns in rodents and large animals as a means to understand the underlying neuroscience principles responsible for neuromodulation therapy, explore improved outcomes for existing therapies and identify potential new therapies. The total volume of the INS is 3cc including the rechargeable battery, stimulation system and low volume lead connector block. Wireless telemetry is inductive and operational with up to 60 cm of separation from the controller so as to enable untethered, real-time program updates.
Chemical Sensing with Familiar Devices (2006)

Seeing sense: The detection of detailed absorption and emission responses caused by amines, CO, and NOx is possible using an inexpensive array of porphyrins as sensors combined with a computer screen and web camera. The computer-screen image shows the array in the presence of triethylamine. [Zn]=[Zn(tpp)], [Fe]=[Fe(tppCl)] (tpp=5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin), BD=2,3,17,18-tetraethyl-7,8,12,13-tetramethyl-a,c-biladiene dihydrobromide.
Serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 Is Related to Insulin Resistance and Nonoxidative Glucose Metabolism in Lean and Obese Women with Normal Glucose Tolerance (2008)

Our data indicate that serum RBP4 is related to decreased insulin sensitivity, mostly through its association with nonoxidative glucose metabolism.
Nucleic acid related compounds. 66. Improved syntheses of 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy- and 5′-<i>S</i>-aryl(or alkyl)-5′-thionucleosides (1991)

Treatment of ribonucleosides with thionyl chloride/pyridine/acetonitrile (0 °C to ambient temperature) resulted in essentially quantitative formation of 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy-2′,3′-O-sulfinylnucleoside derivatives. These diastereomeric sulfite esters underwent deprotection readily with aqueous methanolic ammonia. This gave 5′-chloro-5′-deoxynucleosides without use of the suspected carcinogen, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Nucleophilic displacement with sodium thiolates in dimethylformamide (−30 °C to ambient temperature) gave 5′-S-aryl(or alkyl)-5′-thionucleosides in high yields. Treatment of ribonucleosides with thionyl chloride/acetonitrile without pyridine followed by aqueous work-up gave diastereomeric 2′,3′-O-sulfinylnucleosides with an unmodified 5′-hydroxyl group. Diagnostic NMR shifts for cyclic sulfite ester stereochemistry are noted. Key words: adenosine, 5′-S-aryl(or alkyl)-5′-thionucleosides, 5′-chloro-5′-deoxynucleosides, uridine, nucleosides.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is Just One Component of the Complex Multimorbidities in Patients with COPD (2013)

Not available
CPR: Composable performance regression for scalable multiprocessor models (2008)

Uniprocessor simulators track resource utilization cycle by cycle to estimate performance. Multiprocessor simulators, however, must account for synchronization events that increase the cost of every cycle simulated and shared resource contention that increases the total number of cycles simulated. These effects cause multiprocessor simulation times to scale superlinearly with the number of cores. Composable performance regression (CPR) fundamentally addresses these intractable multiprocessor simulation times, estimating multiprocessor performance with a combination of uniprocessor, contention, and penalty models. The uniprocessor model predicts baseline performance of each core while the contention models predict interfering accesses from other cores. Uniprocessor and contention model outputs are composed by a penalty model to produce the final multiprocessor performance estimate. Trained with a production quality simulator, CPR is accurate with median errors of 6.63, 4.83 percent for dual-, quad-core multiprocessors. Furthermore, composable regression is scalable, requiring 0.33x the simulations required by prior regression strategies.