gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Traffic localization for P2P-applications: The ALTO approach (2009)

Today, most P2P applications do not consider locality on the underlying network topology when choosing their neighbors on the P2P routing layer. As a result, participating peers may experience long delays and peers' ISPs suffer from a large amount of (costly) inter-ISP traffic. One potential solution to mitigate these problems is to have ISPs or third parties convey information regarding the underlying network topology to P2P-clients through a dedicated service. Following this approach, the IETF has recently formed an application layer traffic optimization (ALTO) working group for standardizing a protocol to enable P2P applications to obtain information regarding network layer topology. This paper comprises the problem space for such an ALTO approach, taking into account recent developments in the IETF ALTO Working Group. In particular, we will describe requirements for an ALTO protocol identified in the IETF, concrete protocols which have been proposed so far, and the overall challenges. In addition, we will discuss related issues such as privacy considerations, the relationship of an ALTO service with existing caching solutions, discovery mechanisms for an ALTO service, and security considerations.
Massive pulmonary embolism: review of management strategies with a focus on catheter-based techniques (2010)

Massive or high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE), defined as PE in the setting of (transient) arterial hypotension or frank cardiogenic shock, is associated with a poor prognosis. Fibrinolytic therapy is the mainstay of therapy, although data to support its effectiveness are limited. Although rarely performed, an alternate, accepted treatment strategy is surgical embolectomy. Contraindications to fibrinolytics are common in the setting of high-risk PE, and surgical embolectomy is frequently not performed owing to excessively high surgical risk. Under those circumstances, percutaneous, catheter-based thrombectomy or thrombus fragmentation is a reasonable alternative. In this article, we summarize the data available to date, evaluating the three different treatment options. We also attempt to synthesize a treatment algorithm to guide the practitioner in the treatment of patients with high-risk or massive PE.
Magneto-optic circulator for optical fiber transmission (1989)

We have developed a polarization-independent optical circulator for optical transmission systems whose overall dimensions are 25×18×18 mm3. The insertion losses and the isolations of the circulator are about 2.0–2.2 and 20–21 dB, respectively, at a 1.3-μm wavelength. The circulator consists of ‘‘polarization separators’’ on either side of a Faraday rotator and a λ/2 retardation plate. The polarization separator separates the incident beam into two polarized parallel beams with orthogonal linear polarizations. The separation of the two beams is 3.2 mm. The Faraday rotator consists of a yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) crystal and Sm-Co permanent magnets. The size of the YIG block is 2.25 mm length×4.5 mm width×1.5 mm thick. The half-wave plate of the circulator is made of a white mica.
Preparation and structure analysis of titanium oxide nanotubes (2001)

Well crystallized nanoscale tubular materials have been synthesized via the reaction of TiO2 crystals of either anatase or rutile phase and NaOH aqueous solution. The atomic structure of the synthesized tubular material is imaged by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and the composition of individual tubular structures is determined using selected area energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Our results show that the tubular materials are well crystallized tubes with an average diameter of about 9 nm and little dispersion, and are composed of mainly titanium and oxygen. The atomic ratio of O/Ti is found, however, to vary from tube to tube. Detailed electron and x-ray diffraction studies show that the structure of our titanium oxide nanotubes do not agree with those made of TiO2 crystals with either anatase or rutile phase. HRTEM observations revealed that the titanium oxide nanotubes usually have multiple shells, in analogy with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, but the shell spacing is about 0.75 nm which is much larger than that of the carbon nanotube, and the atomic structures of different shells are well correlated.
Fe<sup>III</sup> Bipyrrolidine Phenoxide Complexes and Their Oxidized Analogues (2014)

Fe(III) complexes of the symmetric (2S,2'S)-[N,N'-bis(1-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenylmethyl))]-2,2'-bipyrrolidine (H2L(1)) and dissymmetric (2S,2'S)-[N,N'-(1-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenylmethyl))-2-(pyridylmethyl)]-2,2'-bipyrrolidine (HL(2)) ligands incorporating the bipyrrolidine backbone were prepared, and the electronic structure of the neutral and one-electron oxidized species was investigated. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of FeL(1)Cl and FeL(2)Cl2 showed expected redox waves corresponding to the oxidation of phenoxide moieties to phenoxyl radicals, which was achieved by treating the complexes with 1 equiv of a suitable chemical oxidant. The clean conversion of the neutral complexes to their oxidized forms was monitored by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, where an intense π-π* transition characteristic of a phenoxyl radical emerged ([FeL(1)Cl](+•): 25,500 cm(-1) (9000 M(-1) cm(-1)); [FeL(2)Cl2](+•): 24,100 cm(-1) (8300 M(-1) cm(-1)). The resonance Raman (rR) spectra of [FeL(1)Cl](+•) and [FeL(2)Cl2](+•) displayed the characteristic phenoxyl radical ν7a band at 1501 and 1504 cm(-1), respectively, confirming ligand-based oxidation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy exhibited a typical high spin Fe(III) (S = 5/2) signal for the neutral complexes in perpendicular mode. Upon oxidation, a signal at g ≈ 9 was observed in parallel mode, suggesting the formation of a spin integer system arising from magnetic interactions between the high spin Fe(III) center and the phenoxyl radical. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further supports this formulation, where weak antiferromagnetic coupling was predicted for both [FeL(1)Cl](+•) and [FeL(2)Cl2](+•).
Electronics Without Lead (2005)

In conventional consumer electronics such as cell phones, lead-containing interconnects provide the conductive path between different circuit elements. Environmental concerns have led to a search for lead-free alternatives. In their Perspective, Li et al. review these efforts, which have focused on lead-free alloys and electrically conductive adhesives. Both of these approaches are showing promise, but no one lead-free interconnect material can serve as a substitute for the conventional tin-lead solder in all devices.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Stimulates Chemotactic Response in Mouse Myogenic Cells (2003)

Migration of transplanted myogenic cells occurs during both embryogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscles and is important for successful myoblast transplantation, but little is known about factors that promote chemotaxis of these cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to induce chemotactic effect on several cell types. In this study, we investigated its influence on the in vitro and in vivo motility of C2C12 and primary myoblasts. In the in vitro test performed in the blind-well Boyden chambers, we showed that TNF-alpha (50-400 U/ml) significantly enhanced the ability of myogenic cells to migrate. The dose-response curve for this factor was bell shaped, with maximum activity in the 200 U/ml range. In the in vivo test, intramuscular administration of TNF-alpha was performed by an Alzet pump connected to a perforated polyethylene microtube inserted in the tibialis anterior (TA) of CD1 mice. In these experiments, myoblasts were injected under the muscle epimysium. The recipient mice were immunosuppressed with FK506. Our results showed that, 5 days after myoblast transplantation, cells migrated further in the muscles infused with TNF-alpha than in the muscles not exposed to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha not only has a chemotactic activity but may also modify cell migration via its action on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. The proteolytic activities of the MMPs secreted in the muscles were thus also assessed by gelatin zymography. The results showed an increased of MMP-2 and MMP-9 transcripts in the TNF-alpha-infused muscles injected with myogenic cells. Myoblast migration during transplantation may be enhanced by overlapping gradients of several effector molecules such as TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), and interleukins, released at the site of muscle injury. We propose that TNF-alpha may promote myoblast migration directly through chemotactic activity and indirectly by enhancing MMP activity at the site of muscle injury.
Uniformity of energy deposition for laser driven fusion (1983)

Laser driven fusion requires a high degree of uniformity in laser energy deposition in order to achieve the high density compressions required for sustaining a thermonuclear burn. The characteristic nonuniformities produced by laser irradiation, with multiple overlapping beams, are examined for a variety of laser-target configurations. Conditions are found for which the rms variation in uniformity is less than 1%. The analysis is facilitated by separating the contributions from (1) the geometrical effects related to the number and orientation of the laser beams and (2) the details of ray trajectories for the overlapping beams. Emphasis is placed on the wavelength of the nonuniformities in addition to their magnitudes, as the shorter wavelength nonuniformities are more easily smoothed by thermal condution within the target. It is demonstrated how the geometrical symmetry of the laser system effectively eliminates the longer wavelengths, and how shorter wavelength nonuniformities can be ‘‘tuned out’’ by varying parameters such as the focal position and the radial intensity profile of the beam. The distance required for adequate thermal smoothing of the irradiation nonuniformities is found to be 2 to 3 times smaller than previously estimated due mainly to the relatively small spatial wavelength of the nonuniformities. This is a consequence of the geometrical symmetry of the laser system and is relatively insensitive to the details of overlapping beams. The results are particularly important for irradiation with short wavelength laser light (e.g., 0.35 μm), as the small smoothing distances anticipated for moderate laser intensities are found to produce adequate attenuation of the calculated nonuniformities.
Defective Ristocetin-Induced Platelet Aggregation in von Willebrand's Disease and its Correction by Factor VIII (1973)

The antibiotic ristocetin, in concentrations of 1.0-1.5 mg/ml, aggregated normal platelets in citrated platelet-rich plasma by a mechanism in which the release reaction played only a minor role. Platelet aggregation by ristocetin in a concentration of 1.2 mg/ml was absent or markedly decreased in 10 patients with von Willebrand's disease. Lesser degrees of abnormality were obtained with a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml. The magnitude of the defect in ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation correlated well with the degree of abnormality of the bleeding time and the levels of antihemophilic factor (AHF, VIII(AHF)) procoagulant activity. In all patients, the defect in ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was corrected in vitro by normal plasma. Correction was also obtained with a fraction of normal cryoprecipitate that eluted in the void volume with VIII(AHF) after chromatography on a gel that excludes molecules larger than 5 x 10(6). A similar fraction, devoid of VIII(AHF) activity, obtained from patients with von Willebrand's disease had no corrective effect, but fractions obtained from patients with hemophilia were just as effective as those obtained from normal subjects. The correction activity of plasma and partially purified factor VIII was inhibited by a rabbit antibody to human factor VIII but not by a human antibody against VIII(AHF) procoagulant activity. The studies provide further evidence that patients with von Willebrand's disease are deficient in a plasma factor that is necessary for normal platelet function. The activity of this factor appears to be associated with factor VIII but is unrelated to VIII(AHF) procoagulant activity.
Voice and Treatment Outcome from Phonosurgical Management of Early Glottic Cancer (2002)

Phonosurgical management of early glottic cancer has evolved considerably, but objective vocal outcome data are sparse. A prospective clinical trial was done on 32 patients with unilateral cancer (T1a in 28 and T2a in 4) who underwent ultranarrow-margin resection; 15 had resection superficial to the vocal ligament, and 17 deep to it. The subepithelial infusion technique facilitated selection of these patients for the appropriate procedure. All are cancer-free without radiotherapy or open surgery. Involvement of the anterior commissure (22/32) or the vocal process (15/32) of the arytenoid cartilage did not influence local control. Nine of 17 patients had resection of paraglottic musculature, and all underwent medialization reconstruction by lipoinjection and/or Gore-Tex laryngoplasty. Eight of the 17 had resections deep to the vocal ligament, but without vocalis muscle, and 1 of the 8 underwent medialization. Posttreatment vocal function measures were obtained for all patients. A clear majority of the patients displayed normal values for average fundamental frequency (72%) during connected speech, and normal noise-to-harmonics ratio (75%) and average glottal airflow (91%) measures during sustained vowels. Smaller majorities of patients displayed normal values for average sound pressure level (SPL; 59%) during connected speech and for maximum ranges for fundamental frequency (56%) and SPL (59%). Fewer than half of the patients displayed normal values for sustained vowel measures of jitter (45%), shimmer (22%), and maximum phonation time (34%). Almost all patients had elevated subglottal pressures and reduced values for the ratio of SPL to subglottal pressure (vocal efficiency). There were significant improvements in a majority of patients for most vocal function measures after medialization reconstruction. Normal or near-normal conversation-level voices were achieved in most cases, regardless of the disease depth, by utilization of a spectrum of resection and reconstruction options. These favorable results are based on establishing aerodynamic glottal competency and preserving the layered microstructure of noncancerous glottal tissue.
Efficiency optimization of an electrodynamic MEMS microspeaker (2012)

International audience
A Novel Method for Large-Scale Synthesis of Lamivudine through Cocrystal Formation of Racemic Lamivudine with (<i>S</i>)-(−)-1,1′-Bi(2-naphthol) [(<i>S</i>)-(BINOL)] (2009)

A large-scale synthesis of (−)-[2R,5S]-4-amino-1- [2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]-2(1H)-pyrimidin-2-one (lamivudine) through resolution of racemic lamivudine by cocrystal formation with (S)- BINOL has been demonstrated. Lamivudine of very high purity with an enantiomeric excess of more than 99.9% was obtained. All four isomers of lamivudine have also been separated and characterized. Interestingly, cis-(−)- and trans-(−)-enantiomers form cocrystals with (S)-BINOL.
Metabolic effects and therapeutic applications of triiodothyropropionic acid (1961)

The effects of mare than sixty analogues of thyroxine have been investigated in animals, and more than thirty analogues have been studied in humans. Animal studies have shown that structural alterations of the thyroid hormone cause not only large variations in potency but also dissociation of the various hormonal effects of thyroxine. Dissociation of thyroid horrrwnal effects has also been demonstrated in the human with triiodothyropropionic acid. The drug is satisfactory as maintenance therapy in myxedema and appears to have definite advantages in maintaining the myxedematous patient with angina pectoris. Triiodothyropropionic acid effects a 15 to 20 per cent drop in the serum cholesterol of about 80 per cent of euthyroid individuals with either elevated or normal cholesterol levels. Its administration in the proper dosage decreases elevated serum uric acid levels in both myxedematous and euthyroid individuals.
Thermally induced stresses in an optical glass fiber soldered into a ferrule (1994)

An analytical model is developed for the evaluation of the thermally induced stresses in the midportion of an optical glass fiber soldered into a ferrule. The purpose of the analysis is to select the appropriate solder material and the geometry of the solder joint. We show that the ferrule has the major effect on the stresses in the glass and the solder, and that, for conventional solders, low expansion ferrules (Invar) result in high-tensile radial and tangential stresses in both the glass and the solder. On the other hand, high-expansion ferrules (aluminum, nickel) result in excessive compressive stresses and therefore should also be avoided. However, ferrule materials of moderate expansion (Kovar) lead to low stresses and are recommended, We show also that high-modulus solders, such as gold-tin, result in substantially higher stresses than low modulus solders, such as silver-tin, and that thinner solder layers lead to lower stresses in the glass, but to higher tangential and axial stresses in the solder. We conclude that the appropriate solder material and the thickness of the solder ring can be established, based on the developed stress model, depending on the material and thickness of the ferrule, and the characteristics of the solder itself.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Password-Based Authentication and Key Establishment Scheme for Mobile Environment (2007)

We propose a cost-effective, use-convenient, and well-performing password-based authentication and key establishment scheme by means of IC (integrated circuit) card, RSA cryptography, and discrete logarithm. There doesn't exist any verification (password) table at the server side. To be applicable for the mobile environment, the scheme is designed as a one-roundtrip protocol to reduce the communication consumption over wireless channel. Moreover, the facts that users in this scheme are avoided downloading CRL (certificate revocation list) periodically and change the passwords in use without any interaction with servers over the radio are another two contributing factors to enhance the performance. Making use of queuing model M/G/l/N, we measure the performance of the scheme and compare it with TLS in terms of response time.
404. The constituents of natural phenolic resins. Part XXIV. A synthesis of galgravin (1958)

J. G. Blears and R. D. Haworth, J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 1985 DOI: 10.1039/JR9580001985
Secretion of fatty acid binding protein aP2 from adipocytes through a nonclassical pathway in response to adipocyte lipase activity (2014)

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4, aP2, contributes to the pathogenesis of several common diseases including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease, asthma, and cancer. Although the biological functions of aP2 have classically been attributed to its intracellular action, recent studies demonstrated that aP2 acts as an adipokine to regulate systemic metabolism. However, the mechanism and regulation of aP2 secretion remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate a specific role for lipase activity in aP2 secretion from adipocytes in vitro and ex vivo. Our results show that chemical inhibition of lipase activity, genetic deficiency of adipose triglyceride lipase and, to a lesser extent, hormone-sensitive lipase blocked aP2 secretion from adipocytes. Increased lipolysis and lipid availability also contributed to aP2 release as determined in perilipin1-deficient adipose tissue explants ex vivo and upon treatment with lipids in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we identify a nonclassical route for aP2 secretion in exosome-like vesicles and show that aP2 is recruited to this pathway upon stimulation of lipolysis. Given the effect of circulating aP2 on glucose metabolism, these data support that targeting aP2 or the lipolysis-dependent secretory pathway may present novel mechanistic and translational opportunities in metabolic disease.
Rapid and accurate determination of the median lethal dose (LD <sub>50</sub> ) and its error with a small computer (1977)

A program for a small digital computer was developed to calculate the median lethal dose (LD50) and its errors. The algorithm employed in the program was based on a method described by Bliss. Modifications introduced by Finney are also discussed. The results indicate a high degree of accuracy compared with calculations performed by Bliss. The accuracy and speed of calculation exceeded those possible with simplified and graphic methods. The data and results for four toxic compounds are presented.
Heritable diseases of cartilage caused by mutations in collagen genes. (1995)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Several forms of OA are inherited in an autosomal Mendelian pattern. Recent studies have identified a variety of mutations in the type II collagen gene, which encodes the main collagenous component of articular cartilage in some forms of familial OA and other heritable diseases of cartilage, including Stickler syndrome and the chondrodysplasias. Mutations in the type X collagen gene, which encodes a major collagen of growth plate cartilage, have been identified in the Schmid type of osteochondrodysplasias. Identification of additional mutations in cartilage collagen genes in familial OA will broaden our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, and may permit the preventive treatment of individuals at risk.
C+ C++: Programming With Objects in C and C++ (1991)

This book provides instruction for using C in an object-oriented fashion. The book covers the problems likely to arise in a C++ application, explains why C++ is inappropriate for some object-oriented applications, and shows how to do real object-oriented programming (based on a multitasking model) in a C or C++ environment. Using real-world examples throughout, the book relates C++ concepts directly to C, showing how a C++ feature could be implemented in C by presenting code in both languages. Readers will see exactly how the object-oriented methodology works and how it can be implemented in both C and C++.
Nanoemulsion Preparations of the Anticancer Drug Dacarbazine Significantly Increase Its Efficacy in a Xenograft Mouse Melanoma Model (2008)

This article reports on the preparation of a water-soluble nanoemulsion of the highly lipid-soluble drug Dacarbazine (DAC). In addition, relative to suspensions of DAC, the nanoemulsion preparation demonstrated a lower zeta-potential (decreased negative charge, less anionic and more cationic) which has previously been associated with influencing drug membrane permeability. This study also reports that, relative to suspensions of DAC with a mean particle size of 5470 nm, nanoemulsions of DAC having mean particle sizes of 131 nm were more efficacious. For example, in a mouse xenograft model using a human melanoma cell line, a topical application of nanoemulsions of DAC compared to the suspension preparation of DAC produced up to 10-fold greater percent (%) reductions of tumor size. The reduction in tumor size by the intramuscular (IM) injection (-61%) and topical application of the nanoemulsion preparations of DAC (-49%) appeared to be comparable in efficacy, although the former was statistically greater (p < 0.05). In addition, 12 weeks after DAC treatment cessation, 98% of the animals given the IM application of the nanoemulsion of DAC remained tumor-free compared to the control or untreated animals. During this drug cessation period, and compared to the suspension preparations, nanoemulsions of DAC showed 5-fold greater efficacies (73% versus 14%) in preventing tumor growth. In conclusion, in this xenograft mouse model of melanoma, nanoemulsion suspensions of DAC are more efficacious in the treatment and prevention of tumor growth.