gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thickness effect on the extended-x-ray-absorption-fine-structure amplitude (1981)

The thickness effect, which is caused by inevitable leakage radiation accompanying the desired radiation, can cause significant decreases of extended-x-ray-absorption-fine-structure (EXAFS) amplitude when the sample is thick enough. The effect is illustrated by measurements of the $K$-edge EXAFS on a series of copper foils of varying thicknesses. Significant distortions in EXAFS amplitudes occur when $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}x\ensuremath{\ge}1.5$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ is the $K$-edge step in the absorption coefficient and $x$ is the sample thickness. Therefore, the optimum total sample thickness of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{T}x=2.6$ as determined by statistical considerations will introduce errors in EXAFS amplitudes in concentrated samples due to the thickness effect. The measurements presented here determine the most accurate values of EXAFS amplitude for copper metal which agree well with theory as corrected for the many-body overlap effect.
Attractive or repulsive nature of the Casimir force for rectangular cavity (1997)

The Casimir effect giving rise to an attractive or repulsive force between the configuration boundaries that confine the massless scalar field is reexamined for a $(D\ensuremath{-}1)$-dimensional rectangular cavity with unequal finite $p$ edges and different spacetime dimensions $D$ in this paper. With periodic or Neumann boundary conditions, the energy is always negative. The case of Dirichlet boundary conditions is more complicated. The sign of the Casimir energy satisfying Dirichlet conditions on the surface of a hypercube (a cavity with equal finite $p$ edges) depends on whether $p$ is even or odd. In the general case (a cavity with unequal $p$ edges), however, we show that the sign of the Casimir energy does not only depend on whether $p$ is odd or even. Furthermore, we find that the Casimir force is always attractive if the edges are chosen appropriately. It is interesting that the Casimir force may be repulsive for odd $p$ cavity with unequal edges, in contrast with the same problem in a hypercube case.
The activated sludge process: State of the art (1985)

The activated sludge process has been employed for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters for many years. Modifications and improvements to the process have been the result of extensive research from both a theoretical and practical viewpoint. This article reviews the activated sludge process as it is presently applied. Design approaches are developed including examples for both municipal and industrial wastewaters. Special consideration for industrial wastewaters are discussed. Process modifications including nitrification denitrification and priority pollutant removal are considered.
Trace Elements in Parenteral Nutrition (2013)

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-sustaining therapy for hundreds of thousands of people who have severe impairment of gastrointestinal function. Trace elements are a small but very important part of PN that can be overlooked during busy practice. Serious complications can result from trace element deficiencies and toxicities, and this is especially problematic during times of product shortages. Practical information on parenteral trace element use can be gleaned from case reports, some retrospective studies, and very few randomized controlled trials. A general knowledge of trace element metabolism and excretion, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, products, optimal dosages, and strategies for supplementation, restriction, and monitoring will equip practitioners to provide optimal care for their patients who depend on PN.
Stochastic Automata Games (1969)

The collective behavior of finite state stochastic automata is considered, which is of interest in view of the possibility of modeling group behavior of subjects in terms of these automata. The natural language for considering the collective behavior is that of game theory. After a brief introduction to a class of deterministic automata, the stochastic automaton is formulated and a nonlinear reinforcement specified. The finite state stochastic automaton is first considered in a game with nature, and conditions under which the automaton's winnings reach the Von Neumann value of the game are established. Next, two stochastic automata with an arbitrary number of states for each are considered in a game, the game matrix being specified. Performance of the automata for various conditions on the elements of the game matrix is considered. In a comparison of performance with deterministic automata, it is established that, for performance comparable to that of the finite state stochastic automaton, the deterministic automaton needs an infinite number of states. Finally, some games are simulated on a computer which verifies the general analysis and further sheds light on the details of the game.
A symmetric submicron CMOS technology (1986)

A CMOS process is described that is designed to optimize the transistor characteristics of the n-channel and p-channel devices simultaneously. This is achieved by making the n- and p-channel devices symmetric in channel doping, junction depths, sheet resistivities and threshold voltages. The resulting devices have CoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> source/drains with sheet resistivities of 1.5-2 Ω/square, n+ and p+ polysilicon/TaSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> gate structures, Threshold voltages of 0.4 V and 1.5 µm separation between active to tub-edge regions. Diode characteristics of the CoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> /n+ and CoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> /P+ are determined to be as good as non-silicided silicon junctions. Maintaining the proper doping for the connected n+ and p+ polysilicon/silicide gates is demonstrated. Ring oscillator delays of 110 ps at 3.5 V are observed for devices with 0.5 µm channel lengths. The ring oscillator circuits are still operational at power supply voltages of 1.0 V due to the low threshold voltage of the transistors.
A Promising Indicator of Neurobehavioral Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans and Computer Tracking (1990)

A promising screening test for neurotoxicity has been developed using a computer tracking system and a species of nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The animals are viewed in dark-field illumination by a video camera interfaced directly to a microcomputer. Several hundred nematodes are tracked simultaneously and rates of locomotion and frequency of change of direction are reported in real time. This system can rapidly obtain reliable data on a variety of behavioral parameters relating to locomotion and response to sensory stimulation. Initial testing has examined the effects of six chemicals on locomotion. Four metals (copper, beryllium, mercury, and lead) and two organophosphate pesticides (malathion and vapona) have been studied. Copper and beryllium were chosen as chemicals that have not been shown to be neurotoxins and the other four chemicals were chosen as substances known to be neurotoxins. Our findings indicate that the rate of movement of exposed nematodes compared to the rate of movement of vehicle controls may prove to be useful as an indicator of neurotoxicity.
Preparation and some reactions of 4- and 5-aryl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-ones (1985)

Efficient preparations of 4- and 5-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-ones have been developed, the main reactions of these compounds have been studied, and the synthetic routes have been used to give analogues with substituents in the phenyl rings.In the best synthesis of the 4-phenyldihydropyridazinone (72% overall yield) the product was obtained from phenylacetic acid by three simple stages. This approach was applied in preparations of the 2- and 4-hydroxyphenyl compounds and, in conjunction with a recent method for amine protection, the 4-aminophenyl analogue. A four stage synthesis starting from benzaldehyde gave the 5-phenyl-dihydropyridazinone in 47% overall yield; hydroxybenzaldehydes were similarly converted into 5-(allyloxyphenyl)dihydropyridazinones.Oxidation to phenylpyridazinones occurred more readily with the 4- and 5-phenyldihydropyridazin-ones than with the 6-phenyl isomer. The 4- and 5-dihydropyridazinones were smoothly reduced to tetrahydropyridazinones by hydrogenation over platinum but were unaffected by palladium in the presence of hydrazine or cyclohexene.
An Information Management System Developed by Melbourne Water to Manage Its Sewer Assets (1995)

This paper presents a brief overview of the approach to sewer pipeline asset management by Melbourne Water. Particular mention is made of the information management system used to assist decision making on rehabilitation and maintenance. The use and benefits of the information system have been outlined and the paper shows how one authority has addressed the issues of what information needs to be collected, how that information is assessed, how it is managed and ultimately how it is presented. The computer information system facilitating these requirements is described and a comment is made on its adaptability and flexibility to other sewerage or stormwater utilities.
Separating the effects of hydrogen and bond-angle variation on the amorphous-silicon band gap (1993)

The effects of 1-MeV ${\mathrm{Si}}^{+}$ implantation on the optical band gap ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$ of pure (a-Si) and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) have been determined. An identical decrease in ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$ of 0.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 eV upon ion implantation is observed for a-Si and a-Si:H. ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$ decreases because the valence and conduction bands broaden upon ion irradiation. Raman scattering shows that the broadening of the energy bands is accompanied by an increase in the average bond-angle variation. Hydrogenation results in a separate increase of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$ by 0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 eV for 11 at. % hydrogen.
Hydrophobically modified acrylamide‐based polybetaines. I. Synthesis, characterization, and stimuli‐responsive solution behavior (2004)

Abstract Acrylamide‐based, hydrophobically modified (HM) polybetaines containing N ‐butylphenylacrylamide (BPAM) and varying amounts of the sulfobetaine monomer 3‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanedimethylammonio)‐1‐propanesulfonate (AMPDAPS) or the carboxybetaine monomer 4‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropyldimethylammonio)butanoate (AMPDAB) were synthesized by micellar copolymerization. The corresponding control (co)polymers lacking BPAM or betaine comonomers were also prepared. The terpolymers were characterized by 13 C‐NMR and UV spectroscopy, classical light scattering, and potentiometric titration. Low charge density polymers contained 3.9–8.6 mol % betaine, whereas the high charge density systems contained 17–25 mol % betaine; the HM polymers contained up to 1.0 mol % BPAM as the hydrophobe. The weight‐average molecular weights of the polymers ranged from 4.19 × 10 5 to 1.29 × 10 6 g/mol, and most HM polymers exhibited negative second virial coefficients. The p K a of the carboxybetaine moieties was found to increase with increasing levels of hydrophobic and betaine comonomer incorporation. The response of aqueous polymer solutions to various external stimuli, including changes in solution pH and electrolyte concentration, was investigated using rheological analysis. The solution behavior of the polymers was characteristic of HM polyacrylamides and acrylamide‐based polyzwitterions. The high charge density HM polycarboxybetaine exhibited unusual solution behavior that can be explained in terms of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen‐bonding associations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 647–657, 2004
Function of a new internal bioartificial liver: an in vitro study. (2003)

The goal of this study was to determine whether a new internal bioartificial liver utilizing porcine hepatocytes can perform detoxification and other metabolic functions. Such a system might aid in treating patients with moderate to severe liver failure and prolong patient survival until a matching organ is found for transplantation. Porcine hepatocytes were attached to a microcarrier and an internal artificial liver was constructed by perfusing the hepatocytes into a polysulfon hollow fiber. The 4 experimental groups were: (a) control group, (b) microcarrier group, (c) hollow fiber group, and (d) internal bioartificial liver group. Viability of hepatocytes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activities in the medium, urea production, diazepam transformation, protein synthesis, and glucose-6-phosphatase activity of cells were monitored during a 7-day culture period. Viability of porcine hepatocytes in the internal bioartificial liver group was maintained at >80% during the culture period, and alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities did not fluctuate significantly. These enzyme activities were significantly lower in the internal bioartificial liver group than in the control or microcarrier groups. Urea production, diazepam transformation, [3H]-leucine incorporation, and glucose-6-phosphatase activity were significantly higher in the internal bioartificial liver group than in the control and hollow fiber groups. These results show that the new internal bioartificial liver produces small amounts of ALT and LD and exhibits detoxification and protein synthetic functions.
The potential risk of thrombosis during coronary angiography using nonionic contrast media (1989)

The influence of contrast media on coagulation has an important association with thromboembolic complication during coronary angiography. In this study, whole blood was methodically mixed with nonionic contrast medium, Iohexol (IOH), conventional ionic contrast medium, Hypaque-76 (H76), and low osmolar ionic dimer Hexabrix (HB) in vitro. The thrombotic propensity of contrast agents can be evaluated by measuring the clot formation of the mixtures. The experiments were repeated with whole blood after systemic heparinization. In the in vitro study, 5 ml of canine (N = 10) and 3 ml of human (N = 11) whole blood was incubated for 30 min in glass tubes with equal volumes of IOH, H76, HB, and 0.9% NaCl before heparinization. Clot formation with IOH and 0.9% NaCl were seen both in dogs (4.0 +/- 0.7 gm and 5.6 +/- 0.8 gm) and in patients (1.4 +/- 0.9 gm and 2.9 +/- 1.3 gm), whereas no clot was seen with H76 or XB. Following heparinization, no clot was visualized in any mixture of whole blood with contrast media or 0.9% NaCl. Similar results were observed in the catheter-syringe system with canine blood (N = 11) mixed with the contrast agents. Blood clots found in 15 min and 30 min of IOH were 0.07 +/- 0.08 gm and 0.44 +/- 0.20 gm (P less than 0.01) and of NaCl were 0.29 +/- 0.37 gm and 0.69 +/- 0.38 gm (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preparation of calcium aluminate cement for hard tissue repair: Effects of lithium fluoride and maleic acid on setting behavior, compressive strength, and biocompatibility (2002)

We investigated lithium fluoride (LiF) and maleic acid (MA) containing calcium aluminate cement (CAC) for hard tissue repair. The objective of this study is to estimate the addition effects of LiF and MA on setting behavior, compressive strength, and biocompatibility of CAC and to find the most compatible composition of LiF and MA for using CAC as a new bone cement. The CAC was composed mainly of CaO. Al(2)O(3). Samples of LiF and MA containing CAC were formed along with recording of setting time and peak temperature and then set cement was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Agar diffusion test, tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and hemolysis test were used to detect initial in vitro biocompatibility of LiF and MA containing CAC. It was revealed from the results that LiF shortened setting time and decreased compressive strength, whereas MA delayed setting time and increased compressive strength. However, LiF and MA showed no or little influence on maximum temperature of CAC. CAC containing 0.5 g of LiF and 8.75 g of MA showed the highest compressive strength (111.64 +/- 7.74 MPa) across all the experimental compositions. The CACs containing 0.5 g of LiF/8.75 g of MA and 1.01 g LiF/8.75 g of MA had no cytotoxicity and hemolysis. In this study, CAC with 0.5 g of LiF and 8.75g of MA showed the most compatible properties for using bone cement, and thus it was assessed a candidate for a new bone cement along with CAC.
Modeling of Novel Permanent Magnet Pole Shape SPM Motor for Reducing Torque Pulsation (2012)

This paper deals with the modeling of a novel permanent magnet (PM) pole shape for a surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) motor so as to generate sinusoidal back EMF and linear electromagnetic torque. Conventional SPM motors have a square-shaped PM pole structure; therefore, square back EMF is generated along with the torque pulsations. This novel SPM motor has sinusoidal PM pole shape in the axial direction; therefore, sinusoidal back EMF is generated due to the sinusoidal magnetic flux distribution. Sinusoidal back EMF eliminates most of the cogging torque; thus, a linear electromagnetic torque is generated. Square and sinusoidal current excitation is provided as to analyze the electromagnetic torque characteristics of SPM motor models. As compared to square current excitation, sinusoidal current excitation shows better linearity as well as average electromagnetic torque for the novel SPM motor model. 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to analyze and compare the back EMF, cogging torque, and electromagnetic torque of conventional and proposed novel PM pole shaped SPM motor models for both square and sinusoidal current excitation.
Cladding-surrounding interface insensitive long-periodgrating (1998)

A long period grating is presented, the resonant peak of which is not sensitive to the interface between the cladding and the surrounding media of a fibre. The spectral behaviour of the resonant peak is investigated using index matching oils and mechanical scratching on the cladding surface of the fibre.
Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists (2002)

The Breadth and Depth of DSP Statistics, Probability and Noise ADC and DAC DSP Software Linear Systems Convolution Properties of Convolution The Discrete Fourier Transform Applications of the DFT Fourier Transform Properties Fourier Transform Pairs The Fast Fourier Transform Continuous Signal Processing Introduction to Digital Filters Moving Average Filters Windowed-Sinc Filters Custom Filters FFT Convolution Recursive Filters Chebyshev Filters Filter Comparison Audio Processing Image Formation and Display Linear Image Processing Special Imaging Techniques Neural Networks (and more!) Data Compression Digital Signal Processors Getting Started with DSPs Complex Numbers The Complex Fourier Transform The Laplace Transform The z-Transform Index
Formaldehyde and other carbonyls in Los Angeles ambient air (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormaldehyde and other carbonyls in Los Angeles ambient airDaniel. GrosjeanCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16, 5, 254–262Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00099a005https://doi.org/10.1021/es00099a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views726Altmetric-Citations221LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Human Ehrlichiosis: Prospective Active Surveillance in Febrile Hospitalized Patients (1989)

Between 1 April 1987 and 30 September 1988 prospective active surveillance of human ehrlichiosis was conducted among febrile patients hospitalized in southeast Georgia. If disease of the immune system, bacterial infection, pneumonia, or surgical illness was documented by the end of the first full day of hospitalization, the patient was excluded. Of 75 patients enrolled in the study, 8 (10.7%) had a fourfold rise or fall in titer to Ehrlichia canis (case-patients). The rate was 5.3 cases/100,000 population. Case-patients were more likely than noncase patients to have become ill in May or June (P = .008) and to report a recent tick bite (P less than .001). At hospital admission, case-patients had lower white blood cell counts (median, 4,450/mm3; P = .001), platelet counts (median, 133,000/mm3 P less than .001), and higher aspartate aminotransferase (median, 68 IU/ml; P = .004) and alanine aminotransferase levels (median, 62 IU/ml; P = .038).
Optical Frequency Measurement (2006)

The new alliance between the time and frequency domains in laser spectroscopy has made it possible to develop ultrafast counting schemes that can keep track of single optical oscillations. With this achievement, counting optical oscillations of more than 1015 cycles in one second has become a simple task. High-resolution spectroscopy for basic research and metrology greatly benefit from this technology as it has allowed the highest possible precision. This development has also led to the construction of all-optical atomic clocks that are expected to eventually outperform current state-of-the-art cesium clocks. The possibility to measure almost any frequency ratio with very high precision can be used to search for possible variations of natural constants.