gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Several Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibilities, and Cecal Microbial Populations in Young Chicks (2008)

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of citric, gluconic, fumaric, and malic acids on growth and nutrient digestibility in New Hampshire x Columbian male chicks from hatch to 21 d. For growth performance, chicks fed 1 to 4% gluconic acid, 4% citric acid, or 4% malic acid in a corn-soybean meal diet generally showed reductions (P < 0.05) in growth to 21 d, whereas 3% citric acid, 2% malic acid, or 1.5 to 4.5% fumaric acid had no significant effect. In the first experiment, 2, 4, and 6% gluconic acid increased ME(n) values at 7, 14, and 21 d, but in experiment 2, 1 and 2% gluconic acid decreased ME(n) at 4 and 7 d, but had no effect at 14 and 21 d. The 4% level of citric acid increased ME(n) at 4 d. Digestibility of most amino acids (AA) was reduced by gluconic acid in some treatments, whereas citric acid (3%) increased AA digestibility at 4 d but not at 21 d. For cecal microbial populations at 21 d, bifidobacteria were reduced when 2% gluconic acid and 3% citric acid were fed to chicks in a corn-soybean meal diet, whereas 4% gluconic acid had no effect when fed in a dextrose-casein diet to chicks. In a dextrose-isolated soy protein diet, 4% gluconic acid reduced the cecal populations of Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. The results of this study indicated that feeding organic acids did not have any consistent effects on growth performance, ME(n), AA digestibility, or cecal microbial numbers.
<i>Chrysosporium</i> species, potential spoilage organisms of chocolate (1997)

Standard methods of analysing foods for the presence of moulds are inadequate for the detection of genera such as Chrysosporium which do not grow at the high water activities of most mycological media. The use of malt, yeast, 50% glucose agar (MY50G) in sealed containers as an enrichment medium allowed time for germination and growth of heat-stressed spores. Three Chrysosporium spp., C. xerophilum Pitt, C. inops (Carmichael) and C. farinicola (Burnside) Skou, were isolated from commercial chocolate bars with a water activity (aw) of approximately 0.28. Chrysosporium inops was isolated from commercial milk crumb and a new Chrysosporium sp. was isolated from Ghanaian cocoa beans. In chocolates made by coating MY50G agar (aw = 0.89) with chocolate (aw = 0.27) containing C. inops arthroconidia, two types of deterioration were seen after storage. The first was fat bloom due to recrystallization of the cocoa butter on the outer and inner chocolate surface. The second was growth of C. inops which occurred on the inside chocolate surface adjacent to the MY50G agar filling and on the outside surface after holding at 92% equilibrium relative humidity (erh) for 12 d. There was some evidence that C. inops could grow on the outside of chocolates held at 5.7% erh after 4 months' storage at 25 degrees C. The appearance of the white fungal growth was not unlike fat bloom to the naked eye but was clearly different with the electron microscope.
Possibility of non-invasive diagnosis of gastric mucosal precancerous changes (2004)

Detection of serum G-17 and PG1 levels can be offered as the screening tool for atrophic gastritis. The positive serologic results require further chromoendoscopy with mucosal biopsy, for revealing probable progressing of atrophic process with development of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia or gastric cancer.
Serum-induced translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinase to the cell surface ruffling membrane and the nucleus (1993)

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway represents an important mechanism by which growth factors regulate cell function. Targets of the MAP kinase pathway are located within several cellular compartments. Signal transduction therefore requires the localization of MAP kinase in each sub-cellular compartment that contains physiologically relevant substrates. Here, we show that serum treatment causes the translocation of two human MAP kinase isoforms, p40mapk and p41mapk, from the cytosol into the nucleus. In addition, we report that p41mapk (but not p40mapk) is localized at the cell surface ruffling membrane in serum-treated cells. To investigate whether the protein kinase activity of MAP kinase is required for serum-induced redistribution within the cell, we constructed mutated kinase-negative forms of p40mapk and p41mapk. The kinase-negative MAP kinases were not observed to localize to the cell surface ruffling membrane. In contrast, the kinase-negative MAP kinases were observed to be translocated to the nucleus. Intrinsic MAP kinase activity is therefore required only for localization at the cell surface and is not required for transport into the nucleus. Together, these data demonstrate that the pattern of serum-induced redistribution of p40mapk is different from p41mapk. Thus, in addition to common targets of signal transduction, it is possible that these MAP kinase isoforms may differentially regulate targets located in distinct sub-cellular compartments.
Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies (2019)

Hybrid and electric vehicles have been demonstrated as auspicious solutions for ensuring improvements in fuel saving and emission reductions. From the system design perspective, there are numerous indicators affecting the performance of such vehicles, in which the powertrain type, component configuration, and energy management strategy (EMS) play a key role. Achieving an energy-efficient powertrain requires tackling several conflicting control objectives such as the drivability, fuel economy, reduced emissions, and battery state of charge preservation, which make the EMS the most crucial aspect of powertrain system design. Accordingly, in the present study, various powertrain systems and topologies of (plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles and full-electric vehicles are assessed. In addition, EMSs as applied in the literature are systematically surveyed for a qualitative investigation, classification, and comparison of existing approaches in terms of the principles, advantages, and drawbacks through a comprehensive review. Furthermore, potential challenges considering the gaps in research are addressed, and directives paving the way toward further development of powertrains and EMSs in all respects are thoroughly provided.
Efficient critical area estimation for arbitrary defect shapes (2002)

The paper reports an efficient method of estimating extra and missing material critical areas for arbitrary defect shapes. The method is applied to the generation of approximated circular, elliptical, rod and arbitrary shaped defects. The algorithms have been implemented within the Edinburgh Yield Estimator (EYE) allowing critical areas to be generated interactively within the Cadence layout editor and also within the EYES (EYE-Sampling) tool, enabling critical area estimation of state-of-the-art ICs. Results based on the analysis of IC layout suggest that circular defect models can give inaccurate yield predictions where non-circular defects are a source of faults.
Spiroannelation Starting From Beta-trifluoroacetylpyrrolidone (1994)

beta-Trifluoracetyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone undergoes once or twice the Robinson annelation with methylvinylketone. The spiro compound 6 can be trifluoroacetylated to the corresponding 1,3-diketone 8 for heterocyclizations with bis-nucleophiles. Furthermore, 6 furnishes spirocyclohexadienone 15 with potential for aromatisation.
Optimal coordinated beamforming in the multicell downlink with transceiver impairments (2012)

Physical wireless transceivers suffer from a variety of impairments that distort the transmitted and received signals. Their degrading impact is particularly evident in modern systems with multiuser transmission, high transmit power, and low-cost devices, but their existence is routinely ignored in the optimization literature for multicell transmission. This paper provides a detailed analysis of coordinated beamforming in the multicell downlink. We solve two optimization problems under a transceiver impairment model and derive the structure of the optimal solutions. We show numerically that these solutions greatly reduce the impact of impairments, compared with beamforming developed for ideal transceivers. Although the so-called multiplexing gain is zero under transceiver impairments, we show that the gain of multiplexing can be large at practical SNRs.
A Technical Review on Biomass Processing: Densification, Preprocessing, Modeling and Optimization (2010)

Biomass from plants can serve as an alternative renewable and carbon-neutral raw material for the production of bioenergy. Low densities of 4060 kg/m3 for lignocellulosic and 200400 kg/m3 for woody biomass limits their application for energy purposes. Prior to use in energy applications these materials need to be densified. The densified biomass can have bulk densities over 10 times the raw material helping to significantly reduce technical limitations associated with storage, handling and transportation. Pelleting, briquetting, and other extrusion processes are commonly used methods for densification. The aim of the present research is to develop a comprehensive review of biomass processes including densification, preprocessing, modeling and optimization. Specific objectives include performing a technical review on (a) mechanisms of particle bonding during densification; (b) methods of densification including extrusion, briquetting, pelleting, and agglomeration; (c) effects of process and feedstock variables on biomass chemical composition and densification (d) effects of preprocessing (e.g., grinding, preheating, steam explosion, and torrefaction) on biomass quality and binding characteristics; (e) models for understanding compression characteristics; and (f) procedures for response surface modeling and optimization.
Cross-coupling reaction of chloropyrazines with acetylenes. (1986)

Various chloropyrazines were subjected to cross-coupling reaction with acetylenes, such as phenylacetylene, 1-hexyne and propargyl alcohol, in the presence of palladium catalysts, to give the corresponding coupling products in good yields. It was found that tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium can catalyze the reaction of chloro-alkylpyrazines, and that a combination of bis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride and copper(I) iodide preferentially catalyzes the reaction of chloro-phenylpyrazines.
Konstitutionelle Fermentanomalien der Erythrocyten (1959)

Wenn man von den besonders bei den mediterranen hämolytischen Anämien vorkommenden Hämoglobinsynthesestörungen, deren Reaktionsmechanismus noch nicht geklärt ist, absieht, so sind als konstitutionelle Fermentanomalien der Erythrocyten mit definierter Kenntnis der Eigenart der Stoffwechselstörung bisher nur zwei Krankheitsbilder bekannt:
<title>Efficient, high-power, high-gain Er<formula><sup><roman>3+</roman></sup></formula>-doped silica fiber amplifier</title> (1991)

We present results demonstrating that Er doped silica fibres may be operated as efficient high power oscillators and high gain power amplifiers in the 1i5um telecommunications window. Investigation of the saturation behaviour of a number of different fibre types is undertaken. The best of these provides 140mW of amplified output for a 1mW input signal at 1. SSpm pumped with 180mW at 1. 48pm. Pumping with higher powers at 980nm provides in excess of 500mW output for the same input signal power. Quantum efficiencies greater than 80 are achieved for both pump wavelengths. A 980nm contra-directionally pumped grating tuned oscillator is demonstrated giving a tunable output of over 250mW for lasing wavelengths between 1. 52jm and 1. S7jm and a launched power of 540mW. This represents an internal quantum efficiency in excess of 95. The results of two systems experiments utilising the power amplifiers are also presented. The first demonstrates a ten channel WDM network broadcasting to over 7 users111 and the second an unrepeatered 250km 2. 4Gbit/s transmission system12
Perforating Requirements for Fracture Stimulations (1999)

Summary Perforating provides the means of communication between the wellbore and the reservoir, and in a fracture-stimulated reservoir, the perforation is the fluid conduit between the fracture and the wellbore. The existence of, or lack of, a hydraulic microannulus critically affects the choice of perforating parameters. The existence of a microannulus is dependent on reservoir and wellbore properties, perforating parameters, and fracture stimulation execution. Recommendations are provided to choose the best perforating parameters of: shot phasing, shot density, type of charge interval length and gun orientation. Recommendations are provided for hard and soft rock hydraulic fracturing and extreme overbalance stimulation.
Oral Consumption of Pomegranate Fruit Extract Inhibits Growth and Progression of Primary Lung Tumors in Mice (2007)

To develop novel mechanism-based preventive approaches for lung cancer, we examined the effect of oral consumption of a human achievable dose of pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) on growth, progression, angiogenesis, and signaling pathways in two mouse lung tumor protocols. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) were used to induce lung tumors, and PFE was given in drinking water to A/J mice. Lung tumor yield was examined on the 84th day and 140 days after B(a)P dosing and 240 days after NTCU treatment. Mice treated with PFE and exposed to B(a)P and NTCU had statistically significant lower lung tumor multiplicities than mice treated with carcinogens only. Tumor reduction was 53.9% and 61.6% in the B(a)P + PFE group at 84 and 140 days, respectively, compared with the B(a)P group. The NTCU + PFE group had 65.9% tumor reduction compared with the NTCU group at 240 days. Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to determine effect on cell survival pathways and markers of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. PFE treatment caused inhibition of (a) activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and IkappaBalpha kinase, (b) degradation and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, (c) phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1/2, and p38), (d) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p85 and p110), (e) phosphorylation of Akt at Thr(308), (f) activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, (g) phosphorylation of c-met, and (h) markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and angiogenesis (inducible nitric oxide synthase, CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor) in lungs of B(a)P- and NTCU-treated mice. Thus, our data show that PFE significantly inhibits lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice and merits investigation as a chemopreventive agent for human lung cancer.
Analysis of Intersubject Variations in Intracochlear and Middle Ear Surface Anatomy for Cochlear Implantation (2013)

The cochlea and its scala exhibit considerable variability in relation to middle ear surface landmarks. While support for more precise, atraumatic CI electrode insertion techniques is growing in the otologic community, landmark guided insertion techniques have limited precision. Refining the CI insertion process may require the development of image-guidance systems for use in otologic surgery.
Cable-Driven Actuation for Highly Dynamic Robotic Systems (2018)

This paper presents the design and experimental evaluations of an articulated robotic limb called Capler-Leg. The key element of Capler-Leg is its single-stage cable-pulley transmission combined with a high-gap radius motor. Our cable-pulley system is designed to be as light-weight as possible and to additionally serve as the primary cooling element, thus significantly increasing the power density and efficiency of the overall system. The total weight of active elements on the leg, i.e. the stators and the rotors, contribute more than 60 % of the total leg weight, which is an order of magnitude higher than most existing robots. The resulting robotic leg has low inertia, high torque transparency, low manufacturing cost, no backlash, and a low number of parts. The Capler-Leg system itself, serves as an experimental setup for evaluating the proposed cable-pulley design in terms of robustness and efficiency. A continuous jump experiment shows a remarkable 96.5 % recuperation rate, measured at the battery output. This means that almost all the mechanical energy output during push-off is returned back to the battery during touch-down.
Composing distributed objects in CORBA (2002)

The paper addresses the problem of structuring and managing large distributed systems constructed from many distributed objects. Specifically, the paper proposes a component model which can be used to compose objects into manageable entities. Components are specified using Darwin, an architecture description language developed by the authors. A mapping of distributed objects into Darwin components is described together with an outline of how Darwin and its associated tools are implemented in a CORBA compliant environment.
The Duck Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Is Activated by Its RNA Packaging Signal, ɛ (1998)

The epsilon stem-loop at the 5' end of the pregenomic RNA of the hepatitis B viruses is both the primary element of the RNA packaging signal and the origin of reverse transcription. We have previously presented evidence for a third essential role for epsilon, that of an essential cofactor in the maturation of the viral polymerase (J. E. Tavis and D. Ganem, J. Virol. 70:5741-5750, 1996). In this case, binding of epsilon to the polymerase is proposed to induce a physical alteration to the polymerase that is needed for it to develop enzymatic activity. Three lines of evidence employing duck hepatitis B virus supporting this hypothesis are presented here. First, an unusual DNA polymerase activity employing exogenous RNAs (the trans reaction) that was originally discovered with recombinant duck hepatitis B virus polymerase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts was shown to be an authentic property of the viral polymerase. The trans reaction was found to be template-dependent reverse transcription of the exogenous RNA. The trans reaction occurred independently of the hepadnavirus protein-priming mechanism, yet it was still strongly stimulated by epsilon. This directly demonstrates a role for epsilon in activation of the polymerase. Second, the reverse transcriptase domain of the polymerase was shown to be physically altered following binding to epsilon, as would be expected if the alteration was required for maturation of the polymerase to an enzymatically active form. Finally, analysis of 15 mutations throughout the duck hepatitis B virus polymerase demonstrated that the epsilon-dependent alteration to the polymerase was a prerequisite for DNA priming, reverse transcription, and the trans reaction.
Field-Portable Pixel Super-Resolution Colour Microscope (2013)

Based on partially-coherent digital in-line holography, we report a field-portable microscope that can render lensfree colour images over a wide field-of-view of e.g., >20 mm(2). This computational holographic microscope weighs less than 145 grams with dimensions smaller than 17×6×5 cm, making it especially suitable for field settings and point-of-care use. In this lensfree imaging design, we merged a colorization algorithm with a source shifting based multi-height pixel super-resolution technique to mitigate 'rainbow' like colour artefacts that are typical in holographic imaging. This image processing scheme is based on transforming the colour components of an RGB image into YUV colour space, which separates colour information from brightness component of an image. The resolution of our super-resolution colour microscope was characterized using a USAF test chart to confirm sub-micron spatial resolution, even for reconstructions that employ multi-height phase recovery to handle dense and connected objects. To further demonstrate the performance of this colour microscope Papanicolaou (Pap) smears were also successfully imaged. This field-portable and wide-field computational colour microscope could be useful for tele-medicine applications in resource poor settings.
Comparison of the effects of microtubule-associated protein 2 and tau on the packing density of in vitro assembled microtubules. (1987)

I have compared the effects of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and tau on the packing density of sedimented microtubules. Microtubules assembled in vitro in taxol were pelleted by centrifugation. The volumes of the resulting pellets were calculated from their weights assuming a specific gravity of 1 and then were normalized to the amount of protein in the pellet, yielding a value for pellet specific volume in microliter/mg of protein. The specific volume of the pellets reflects the intermicrotubule spacing within the pellet. Microtubules were assembled from tubulin alone or tubulin plus various amounts of MAP-2 or tau and collected by centrifugation, and the pellet specific volume was measured. The specific volume of microtubules composed of pure tubulin ranged from 6.4 to 7.7 microliter/mg of protein. Tau had no detectable effect on this value even at saturating levels on the microtubules. In contrast, MAP-2 increased pellet specific volume as the MAP-2/tubulin weight ratio increased; at the highest ratio examined, 0.43, the pellet specific volume was approximately 33. Even at the relatively low MAP-2/tubulin ratio of 0.09, pellet specific volume was approximately 2-fold greater than that of microtubules containing tubulin alone or tubulin plus tau. Electron microscopy confirmed that the observations on pellet specific volume reflected differences in the effects of MAP-2 and tau on the packing density of sedimented microtubules. These results are discussed in the context of observations showing that neighboring microtubules are more widely spaced in dendrites than in axons and that MAP-2 is enriched on microtubules in dendrites compared to microtubules in axons, whereas the converse is true for tau.
Temporary and permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse: assessment of cerebral blood flow, brain damage and blood-brain barrier permeability. (2000)

Permanent or temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion causes reproducible brain injury in the mouse. Blood-brain barrier disruption and infarct volume remain important markers of focal cerebral ischemia.
Optical microscopy of Arabidopsis seedlings fixed in non-fresh FAA using Kennedy Fixation Tubes (1). (2003)

Samples will be kept in non-fresh fixative for longer period than usual in Kennedy Space Center Fixation Tubes (KFT) when they will be fixed for microscopy in the International Space Station (ISS). It is necessary to examine characteristics of samples prepared under such conditions and to improve preservation of the samples. In this study, morphology of Arabidopsis tissues prepared under such conditions was examined under a light microscope. Deformation of cell shape was observed in tissues with well-developed intercellular spaces when they were fixed in non-fresh fixative for longer period in KFTs.
Characterization of a novel NTP-dependent 3' exoribonuclease from yeast mitochondria. (1991)

We have purified and characterized a novel exoribonuclease that was isolated from the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme degraded RNA in a 3' to 5' direction and was dependent on nucleotide triphosphates for activity. All eight of the standard ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates supported activity with an apparent Km ranging from 20 to 90 uM. The enzyme also exhibited an RNA-dependent ATPase activity. Evidence suggests that in vivo the enzyme may associate with mitochondrial factors which can alleviate the dependence on nucleotide triphosphates for enzymatic activity. A model is discussed for the role of the enzyme in regulating the turnover of mitochondrial RNAs.