gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modern data encryption (1993)

Communications security is increasing in importance as a result of the use of electronic communications in more and more business activities. Cryptography is the only practical means to provide security services in many applications. Research into cryptography has exploded in the last 18 years and a variety of cryptographic algorithms and techniques have emerged.Cryptographic algorithms may be classified as either symmetric, if the same key is shared by the sender and receiver, or asymmetric, if they use different keys. Symmetric algorithms have been dominated by the Data Encryption Standard since 1976, but a number of replacements are now being proposed. Asymmetric, or public key, algorithms allow provision of new security services such as digital signatures. The RSA algorithm is the most widely known of these, but a recently proposed standard for digital signatures is also of intense current interest.
Induction of programmed cell death in a dorsal root ganglia × neuroblastoma cell line (1993)

Growth factor-dependent neurons die when they are deprived of their specific growth factor. This "programmed" cell death (PCD) requires macromolecular synthesis and is distinct from necrotic cell death. To investigate the mechanisms involved in neuronal PCD, we have studied the sequence of events that occur when a neuronal cell line (F-11: mouse neuroblastoma X rat dorsal root ganglia) is deprived of serum in a manner analogous to growth factor deprivation from neurons. Protein synthesis was inhibited within the first 8 h of serum deprivation, while DNA cleavage into nucleosome ladders was prominent by 24 h. The DNA cleavage could be inhibited by cycloheximide, consistent with a requirement for protein synthesis. In contrast, mitochondrial function was not compromised by serum deprivation. Rather, the cells appeared to be metabolically activated after serum removal as shown by an increased reduction of MTT by mitochondrial dehydrogenases and an increase in cellular autofluorescence, which is thought to be due to elevated levels of NADH and flavoproteins. Assessment of cell viability by propidium iodide staining showed no indication of cell death within 24 h. After 48 h of serum deprivation, cells decreased in size and increased propidium iodide uptake. Thus, serum deprivation activates PCD in F-11 cells and may be a useful model to study the intracellular events responsible for PCD.
CYP17 Inhibitors. Annulations of Additional Rings in Methylene Imidazole Substituted Biphenyls: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling (2008)

Twenty-one novel compounds originating from two classes of annulated biphenyls were synthesized as mimetics of the steroidal A- and C-rings and examined for their potency as inhibitors of human CYP17. Selected compounds were tested for inhibition of the hepatic CYP enzyme 3A4. Potent CYP17 inhibitors were found for each class, compound 9 (17 and 71% at 0.2 and 2 microM, respectively) and 21 (591 nM). Compound 21 showed only weak inhibition of CYP3A4 (32 and 64% at 2 and 10 microM, respectively). Both compounds, however, exhibited moderate to strong inhibition of the glucocorticoid-forming enzyme CYP11B1. The most interesting compounds were docked into our protein model. They bound into one of the modes which we have previously published. New interaction regions were identified.
CEROID‐LIKE PIGMENT IN AGE CHANGES OF HUMAN CARTILAGE (1974)

Cartilage cells of human trachea contain a large quantity of fat droplets, which become smaller and less regular with ageing. Yellowishbrown pigmentation develops with ageing, especially to a marked extent after the age of 50. Histochemically, this pigmentation is compatible to a ceroid‐like substance, which electron microscopically consists of alternate lamellar arrangement of layers with high and low electron density, altogether forming a fingerprint‐like or lattice‐like pattern. This substance is present surrounding fragmented, tiny fat granules. The ultramicroscopic crystalloid structure of the substance may be of great significance in pigmentation of cartilage. Although the ceroid‐like substance detected in this study may be classified histochemically into the category of ceroid, it is reasonable to designate it as “paraceroid”, since it is unstable in structure.
Airborne X-band SAR imaging with 10 cm resolution: technical challenge and preliminary results (2006)

The bandwidth of RAMSES, an airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system was recently increased to 1.2 GHz in X- and Ku-bands, yielding (unweighted) 3 dB range resolution of 11 cm. The synthesis of SAR images with matching cross-range resolution requires long integration times, and this disqualifies the temporal-domain back-projection synthesis algorithm as impractically slow. The wider relative bandwidth also disqualifies simplified range/Doppler types of algorithms, as the hypothesis of proportionality between Doppler and squint is no longer valid. Therefore the authors implemented a fast-frequency domain synthesis algorithm (Ω-k or range-migration algorithm) and designed a new deterministic motion and antenna pattern compensation method for it. As the required accuracy on carrier trajectory exceeded the performance of the differential GPS-hybridised inertial navigation unit, the authors implemented an autofocus based on the phase-tracking of several isotropic point-like echoes.
Inhibition of Influenza M2-Induced Cell Death Alleviates Its Negative Contribution to Vaccination Efficiency (2008)

The effectiveness of recombinant vaccines encoding full-length M2 protein of influenza virus or its ectodomain (M2e) have previously been tested in a number of models with varying degrees of success. Recently, we reported a strong cytotoxic effect exhibited by M2 on mammalian cells in vitro. Here we demonstrated a decrease in protection when M2 was added to a DNA vaccination regimen that included influenza NP. Furthermore, we have constructed several fusion proteins of conserved genes of influenza virus and tested their expression in vitro and protective potential in vivo. The four-partite NP-M1-M2-NS1 fusion antigen that has M2 sequence engineered in the middle part of the composite protein was shown to not be cytotoxic in vitro. A three-partite fusion protein (consisting of NP, M1 and NS1) was expressed much more efficiently than the four-partite protein. Both of these constructs provided statistically significant protection upon DNA vaccination, with construct NP-M1-M2-NS1 being the most effective. We conclude that incorporation of M2 into a vaccination regimen may be beneficial only when its apparent cytotoxicity-linked negative effects are neutralized. The possible significance of this data for influenza vaccination regimens and preparations is discussed.
Resistivity of chemical vapor deposited diamond films (1989)

Diamond films grown by plasma chemical vapor deposition techniques display a fairly low resistivity (∼106 Ω cm). Heat treating the films causes an increase in the resistivity by up to six orders of magnitude. The low resistivity of the as-grown films is postulated to be due to hydrogen passivation of traps in the films. Annealing causes dehydrogenation resulting in the electrical activation of deep traps with an attendant increase in the resistivity. This mechanism has been confirmed by an observed reduction of the resistivity of the heat-treated films when they are subjected to a plasma hydrogen treatment.
Quality of life in patients with vitiligo: an analysis of the dermatology life quality index outcome over the past two decades (2016)

Vitiligo is one of the most important skin disorders that does not cause much physical impairment, but due to its disfiguring appearance, patients have disturbances in mental health and quality of life (QoL). The dermatology life quality index (DLQI), as one of the most specific QoL instruments, is now used widely for patients with vitiligo. The main objective of this review is to collect and present detailed information about issues and disturbances related to the QoL of patients with vitiligo by reviewing the DLQI studies worldwide in the past 20 years. The impact of vitiligo assessed by the DLQI varies according to the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients. In the majority of our reviewed studies, women showed more QoL impairment than men did, as did young patients compared to elderly ones, married women with vitiligo than singles, and patients with involvement on exposed sites than those on unexposed sites. Dark-skinned people showed more life quality effects than white people did. Dermatologists should pay particular attention to such patients who experience insufficient QoL, as they require more effort to cure their disease.
Measurement of thermal time constant of microbolometer arrays (2005)

A method is described for the direct measurement of the thermal time constant of microbolometer arrays: The emitted radiation from an array due to time varying Joule heating is monitored by a fast photodetector. Applying a bias voltage pulse to the array the thermal time constant is measured from the time dependence of the emission decay at the end of the pulse. In particular, we have used HgCdTe photodetector and digital signal acquisition and analysis to measure the thermal time constant of uncooled a-Si:H microbolometer 120 x 160 arrays with 50 micron pixels. Measured typical thermal time constant values for such arrays are in the range of 8ms to 10ms.
Improved Method for the Determination of Anatoxin-a and Two of Its Metabolites in Blue-Green Algae Using Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (2005)

Anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin produced by blue-green algae (BGA) species, can cause death to exposed organisms. In North America, BGA are harvested and sold as food supplements, some of which contain elevated levels of other algal toxins, such as microcystins. Concern that elevated levels of anatoxin-a also may be present in BGA food supplements has led to the development of a simple method to determine the presence of anatoxin-a in BGA. Some researchers have successfully analyzed this compound using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection by forming a fluorescent derivative with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-F) in water and phytoplankton extracts. With this method, the background noise is high in BGA extracts due to the presence of co-extractives. Addition of o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and mercaptoethanol to the extract before addition of the NBD-F resulted in the successful removal of primary amines from the background noise when the NBD-F derivatives were detected with fluorescence. Improved chromatograms were obtained when extracts were cleaned up in this manner, leading to a lower detection limit (approximately 50 microg/kg) for anatoxin-a. The detection limits obtained for the 2 degradation products dihydroanatoxin-a and epoxyanatoxin-a in BGA extracts were similarly low (55 and 65 microg/kg, respectively).
Integrating Layout into Multimedia Data Retrieval (1999)

The Delaunay MM project is concerned with creating a customizable layout-driven approach to querying multimedia digital libraries. Delaunay MM layouts can be fully specified from scratch by a layout designer to accommodate different classes of users and tasks. In this paper, we overview the main aspects of the Delaunay MM project and present our approach to the layout specification and enhancement of virtual documents. Introduction With an increase in the number of users daily, the World Wide Web has become an indispensable technology. With increasingly diverse user populations and available technologies, the value of reliable searching and information navigation mechanisms is becoming more significant. The average user spends between five and fifteen minutes searching on the web before finding his or her first piece of useful information, with expert users completing the task in less than five minutes (Georgia Tech Research Corporation, 1998). The gap between expert and...
Admission C – reactive protein after acute ischemic stroke is associated with stroke severity and mortality: The 'Bergen stroke study' (2009)

Admission CRP is associated with stroke severity and long-term mortality when measured at least 24 hours after onset. There is a crude association between high CRP and short-term functional outcome which is likely secondary to stroke severity. CRP is an independent predictor of long-term mortality after ischemic stroke.
Pyrene functional poly(vinyl alcohol) by “click” chemistry (2009)

Abstract Side‐chain pyrene functional poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was synthesized by using “click chemistry” strategy. First, partial tosylation of PVA with p ‐toluene sulfonyl chloride were performed. The resulting PVA‐ Ts polymer was then quantitatively converted into poly(vinyl alcohol)‐azide (PVA‐ N 3 ) in the presence of NaN 3 /DMF at 60 °C. Propargyl pyrene was prepared independently as a photoactive click component. Finally, azido functionalized PVA was coupled to propargyl pyrene with high efficiency by click chemistry. Incorporation of pyrene functionality in the resulting polymer was confirmed by spectral analysis. It is also shown that pyrene functionalized PVA (PVA‐ Py ) exhibited characteristic fluorescence properties and improved solubility in highly polar solvents such as water, DMSO, and DMF as well as less polar solvent such as THF compared with pristine PVA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1317–1326, 2009
An embedded 1.2 V-read flash memory module in a 0.18 μm logic process (2002)

An embedded flash memory module has 1.2 V read capability and a 1.5 V program/erase capability. The flash cell is 2-transistor FN-NOR in a 0.181 /spl mu/m logic process. Design techniques improve observability and reduce test time.
How Accurate Are Patients at Diagnosing the Cause of Their Knee Pain With the Help of a Web-based Symptom Checker? (2016)

With the aid of an accurate symptom checker, patients were able to correctly identify the cause of their knee pain 58% of the time.
An approach based on multilingual thesauri and model combination for bilingual lexicon extraction (2002)

This paper focuses on exploiting different models and methods in bilingual lexicon extraction, either from parallel or comparable corpora, in specialized domains. First, a special attention is given to the use of multilingual thesauri, and different search strategies based on such thesauri are investigated. Then, a method to combine the different models for bilingual lexicon extraction is presented. Our results show that the combination of the models significantly improves results, and that the use of the hierarchical information contained in our thesaurus, UMLS/MeSH, is of primary importance. Lastly, methods for bilingual terminology extraction and thesaurus enrichment are discussed.
An improved synthetic route to the  -hydroxyethyl esters of 5'-nucleotides (1976)

A simple method is described for the preparation of the beta-hydroxyethyl esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates by treatment of the appropriate 2',3'-isopropylidene nucleoside with 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3-dioxaphospholane. Unambigous structural assignments were based on 13C nmr spectroscopy. Chemical shifts and 13C-31P spin-spin coupling constants are discussed.
Interaction between innate immune cells and a bacterial type III secretion system in mutualistic and pathogenic associations (2007)

Animals house a community of bacterial symbionts in their digestive tracts that contribute to their well being. The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, has a remarkably simple gut population carrying two extracellular microbes in the crop where the ingested blood is stored. This simplicity renders it attractive for studying colonization factors. Aeromonas veronii, one of the leech symbionts, can be genetically manipulated and is a pathogen of mammals. Screening transposon mutants of A. veronii for colonization defects in the leech, we found one mutant, JG752, with a transposon insertion in an ascU homolog, encoding an essential component of type III secretion systems (T3SS). Competing JG752 against the wild type revealed that JG752 was increasingly attenuated over time (10-fold at 18 h and >10,000-fold at 96 h). This colonization defect was linked to ascU by complementing JG752 with the operon containing ascU. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that at 42 h 38% of JG752 cells were phagocytosed by leech macrophage-like cells compared with <0.1% of the parental strain. Using mammalian macrophages, a lactate dehydrogenase release assay revealed that cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in macrophages exposed to JG752. In a mouse septicemia model, JG752 killed only 30% of mice, whereas the parent strain killed 100%, showing the importance of T3SS for both pathogenesis and mutualism. Phagocytic immune cells are important not only in defending against pathogens but also in maintaining the mutualistic symbiont community inside the leech, demonstrating that animals use similar, conserved mechanisms to control bacterial populations, even when the outcomes differ dramatically.
Photocontrolled Binding of Metal Ions with Thioindigo Derivatives Containing Oxyethylene Chains (1993)

Abstract Binding ability of a series of thioindigo derivatives(Ia—g), which possess a molecular architecture, capable of capturing different metal ions was examined. From the results of solvent extraction the order of extractibility for metal ions by cis-Ig was found as Ag+ &gt;&gt; Cs+ &gt; Rb+ &gt; K+ &gt; Na+ &gt; Li+. Enhancement of excellent binding ability by trans to cis photoisomerization of Ig, the highest amount of transported Ag+ across a liquid membrane by Ig when irradiated with 550 and 480 nm light alternately, and the considerable suppression for thermal cis-to-trans isomerization in presence of Ag+ were found.
Cloning of a lymphatic peptide/histidine transporter (2001)

Although peptide transport across the plasma membrane has been characterized well in the kidney and the intestine, the functional relevance of this transport in other organs has not been addressed. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA for a novel peptide/histidine transporter found in the rat (rPHT2), whose mRNA is expressed mainly in the lymphatic system. rPHT2 encodes a protein of 582 amino acids and showed 49% identity with the brain PHT (PHT1) [Yamashita, Shimada, Guo, Sato, Kohmura, Hayakawa, Takagi and Tohyama (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10205–10211]. rPHT2 mRNA was abundant in lung, spleen and thymus, and detected faintly in brain, liver, adrenal gland and heart by Northern-blot analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Intense signals for the gene were found in immunocytes using in situ hybridization. Ectopic expression of rPHT2 protein in HEK-293T cells and BHK cells was not found on the cell surface, but was found on the lysosomal membrane using light- and electron-microscopic analysis. Recombinant rPHT2 protein reconstituted into liposomes showed proton-dependent transport activity with histidine and histidyl-leucine. These findings suggest that rPHT2 is involved in the protein catabolic pathway in the lymphatic system.
Study of detachable transformer using fem on contactless power transmission system (2008)

Detachable transformer is an important component of contactless power transmission system. Compared with traditional transmission modes, it has following advantages. There is no contact between supplying equipments and loads, no friction, which brings convenience to maintenance; no noise pollution et al. It can work in any formidable conditions with higher frequency and less volume. This paper offers several guidelines to realize systems by ANSYS. ANSYS relies on Finite element method (FEM). Based on this theory, it may have excellent performance in AC harmonic magnetic field analysis that will be discussed in this paper by setting element types and material attributes, modeling, meshing et al. This paper sets up three-dimensional model of dissociable transformer by ANSYS. The object of 3-D analysis is to find out the optimum structure with highest transmission efficiency and smallest electromagnetic interference from all the switchmode power supplies. Different structures suit on different application conditions and have their own features. For the sake of comparison, the analysis chooses PM-cores, and models in different structures. Detachable transformer has a loosely coupled structure. It is most important to find a way increasing efficiency as much as possible according to given conditions. This paper discusses conditions on which the highest efficiency can be acquired through emulation to eliminate bad influence to the whole system by this link. IN the end, we give some experimental results about this system.
[Need-related availability of short-chain peptides--a prerequisite for their use in artificial feeding]. (1988)

The present knowledge about extraintestinal peptide assimilation opens now for the first time the possibility to formulate "complete and well-balanced" as well as "tailored" amino acid solutions by using short-chain peptides. A prerequisite for a commercial production of such amino acid/peptide preparations to be used in parenteral nutrition is, however, an adequate provision of suitable synthetic peptides in industrial scale. By applying the N-carboxy-anhydride method we have synthesized various glutamine-, tyrosine- and cystine-containing peptides in high yields. The dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine as well as the tripeptides bis-L-tyrosinyl-L-lysine, bis-glycyl-L-cystine and bis-L-alanyl-L-cystine exhibit high chemical and optical purity, excellent solubility in water and stability during heat sterilization and storage thereby complying with all chemical/physical criteria for substrates in clinical nutrition. In the frame of our biotechnological research, we successfully applied proteases of plant, animal or microbial origin for the synthesis of various glutamine- and cyst(e)ine-containing peptides. Compared with chemical methods, this enzyme-catalyzed peptide synthesis offers certain advantages, especially the (stereo-)specificity of the reaction, short reaction times as well as simple purification procedures. The use of immobilized biocatalysts facilitates the development of a rational and economic method for an adequate provision of short-chain peptides in industrial scale.
Noble‐Metal Nanocrystals with Controlled Facets for Electrocatalysis (2016)

Noble-metal nanocrystals (NCs) show excellent catalytic performance for many important electrocatalysis reactions. The crystallographic properties of the facets by which the NCs are bound, closely associated with the shape of the NCs, have a profound influence on the electrocatalytic function of the NCs. To develop an efficient strategy for the synthesis of NCs with controlled facets as well as compositions, understanding of the growth mechanism of the NCs and their interaction with the chemical species involved in NC synthesis is quite important. Furthermore, understanding the facet-dependent catalytic properties of noble-metal NCs and the corresponding mechanisms for various electrocatalysis reactions will allow for the rational design of robust electrocatalysts. In this review, we summarize recently developed synthesis strategies for the preparation of mono- and bimetallic noble-metal NCs by classifying them by the type of facets through which they are enclosed and discuss the electrocatalytic applications of noble-metal NCs with controlled facets, especially for reactions associated with fuel-cell applications, such as the oxygen reduction reaction and fuel (methanol, ethanol, and formic acid) oxidation reactions.