gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AC Power Standard Using a Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard (2009)

This paper describes the implementation of a new quantum-based system for the generation of 120 V RMS, 5 A RMS, sinusoidal, active, and reactive power over the 50 to 400 Hz frequency range. The system accurately relates the spectral amplitudes and phases of the voltage and current waveforms of the generated power to a programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) by using a novel differential sampling technique. The system also employs a new voltage amplifier that performs self-calibration and corrections of the gain and phase errors. Details of the system design, measurement techniques, and significant sources of error are presented.
Perception of perspective distortions in image-based rendering (2013)

Image-based rendering (IBR) creates realistic images by enriching simple geometries with photographs, e.g., mapping the photograph of a building façade onto a plane. However, as soon as the viewer moves away from the correct viewpoint, the image in the retina becomes distorted, sometimes leading to gross misperceptions of the original geometry. Two hypotheses from vision science state how viewers perceive such image distortions, one claiming that they can compensate for them (and therefore perceive scene geometry reasonably correctly), and one claiming that they cannot compensate (and therefore can perceive rather significant distortions). We modified the latter hypothesis so that it extends to street-level IBR. We then conducted a rigorous experiment that measured the magnitude of perceptual distortions that occur with IBR for façade viewing. We also conducted a rating experiment that assessed the acceptability of the distortions. The results of the two experiments were consistent with one another. They showed that viewers' percepts are indeed distorted, but not as severely as predicted by the modified vision science hypothesis. From our experimental results, we develop a predictive model of distortion for street-level IBR, which we use to provide guidelines for acceptability of virtual views and for capture camera density. We perform a confirmatory study to validate our predictions, and illustrate their use with an application that guides users in IBR navigation to stay in regions where virtual views yield acceptable perceptual distortions.
Security Council Resolution 808: A Step Toward a Permanent International Court for the Prosecution of International Crimes and Human Rights Violations (1995)

This comment examines the difficulties involved in implementing Resolution 808, and also its contribution to the development of a permanent international criminal court (hereinafter "ICC"). The comment begins with an overview of Security Council Resolution 808. The comment next considers the factors that have stopped previous attempts to create an ICC. Finally, the author proposes that a permanent ICC could and should be implemented and that the earlier difficulties in establishing such a tribunal have been overcome.
Resonances of perfectly conducting wires and bodies of revolution buried in a lossy dispersive half-space (1996)

The method of moments (MoM) is utilized to compute the complex resonant frequencies and modal currents of perfectly conducting wires and bodies of revolution buried in a lossy dispersive half space. To make such an analysis tractable computationally, the half-space Green's function is computed via the method of complex images, with appropriate modifications made to account for the complex frequencies characteristic of resonant modes. Results are presented for wires and bodies of revolution buried in lossy soil using frequency-dependent measured parameters for the complex permittivity, and we demonstrate that the resonant frequencies generally vary with target depth. In addition to presenting results, relevant issues are addressed concerning the numerical computation of buried-target resonant frequencies.
Evaluation of memory system extensions (1991)

Article Evaluation of memory system extensions Share on Authors: Kai Li Department of Computer Science, Princeton University Department of Computer Science, Princeton UniversityView Profile , Karin Petersen Department of Computer Science, Princeton University Department of Computer Science, Princeton UniversityView Profile Authors Info & Claims ISCA '91: Proceedings of the 18th annual international symposium on Computer architectureApril 1991 Pages 84–93https://doi.org/10.1145/115952.115962Published:01 April 1991 10citation391DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations10Total Downloads391Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Pancharatnam–Berry optical elements for head-up and near-eye displays [Invited] (2019)

Liquid-crystal-based Pancharatnam–Berry phase optical elements (PBOEs), also known as diffractive wave plates (DWPs), geometric phase optics (GPO), or geometric phase holograms (GPHs), are functional planar structures with patterned orientation of anisotropy axis. Several scientifically interesting yet practically useful electro-optical effects, such as focusing, beam splitting, waveguide coupling, and wavelength filtering, have been realized with PBOEs. Because of the high degree of optical tunability, polarization selectivity, nearly 100% diffraction efficiency, and simple fabrication process, PBOEs have found widespread applications in emerging display systems, particularly virtual/augmented/mixed reality displays and head-up displays. In this review, we will describe the basic operation principles, present device fabrication procedures, discuss numerical modeling methods, and address applications of PBOEs in emerging display systems.
Electromechanical modeling and experimental verification of nonlinear hybrid vibration energy harvester (2014)

This paper presents a novel nonlinear hybrid energy harvester (NHEH) combining the piezoelectric and electromagnetic harvesting mechanisms. It consists of a piezoelectric cantilever beam with a moving magnet as a part of proof mass and an opposing magnet attached on the frame. In addition, an electromagnetic generator was attached on the beam tip. An electromechanical coupling model of the hybrid energy harvester was established based on energy method. An experimental system was built up to verify the theoretical analysis. Both experiments and simulation show significant improvements in bandwidth and output power from the nonlinear vibration generator. The prototype shows nearly 83.3% increase than the optimized piezoelectric energy harvester in the operating bandwidth at the 1g m/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> excitation level.
Let's talk about it: evaluating contributions through discussion in GitHub (2014)

Open source software projects often rely on code contributions from a wide variety of developers to extend the capabilities of their software. Project members evaluate these contributions and often engage in extended discussions to decide whether to integrate changes. These discussions have important implications for project management regarding new contributors and evolution of project requirements and direction. We present a study of how developers in open work environments evaluate and discuss pull requests, a primary method of contribution in GitHub, analyzing a sample of extended discussions around pull requests and interviews with GitHub developers. We found that developers raised issues around contributions over both the appropriateness of the problem that the submitter attempted to solve and the correctness of the implemented solution. Both core project members and third-party stakeholders discussed and sometimes implemented alternative solutions to address these issues. Different stakeholders also influenced the outcome of the evaluation by eliciting support from different communities such as dependent projects or even companies. We also found that evaluation outcomes may be more complex than simply acceptance or rejection. In some cases, although a submitter's contribution was rejected, the core team fulfilled the submitter's technical goals by implementing an alternative solution. We found that the level of a submitter's prior interaction on a project changed how politely developers discussed the contribution and the nature of proposed alternative solutions.
Spore Peptidoglycan Structure in a <i>cwlD dacB</i> Double Mutant of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1999)

Bacillus subtilis cwlD and dacB mutants produce spore peptidoglycan (PG) with increased cross-linking but with little change in spore core hydration compared to the wild type. A cwlD dacB double mutant produced spores with a two- to fourfold greater increase in PG cross-linking and novel muropeptides containing glycine residues but no significant changes in spore resistance or core hydration.
Strategies for achieving improved processor throughput (1991)

article Free Access Share on Strategies for achieving improved processor throughput Authors: Matthew K. Farrens Computer Science Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA Computer Science Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CAView Profile , Andrew R. Pleszkun Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, COView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture NewsVolume 19Issue 3May 1991pp 362–369https://doi.org/10.1145/115953.115988Published:01 April 1991Publication History 24citation415DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations24Total Downloads415Last 12 Months37Last 6 weeks6 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Hurdlers Pace Track Team Win At Triangle Meet (1965)

From the Rice Thresher Archive, a collection of newspaper articles published in the student newspaper for Rice University. Genre: Sports
T-Cell Response to Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV) Antigens during Acute Self-Limited WHV Infection and Convalescence and after Viral Challenge (1998)

The infection of woodchucks with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) provides an experimental model to study early immune responses during hepadnavirus infection that cannot be tested in patients. The T-cell response of experimentally WHV-infected woodchucks to WHsAg, rWHcAg, and WHcAg peptides was monitored by observing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and [2-3H]adenine incorporation. The first T-cell responses were directed against WHsAg 3 weeks after infection; these were followed by responses to rWHcAg including the immunodominant T-cell epitope of WHcAg (amino acids 97 to 110). Maximal proliferative responses were detected when the animals seroconvered to anti-WHs and anti-WHc (week 6). A decrease in the T-cell response to viral antigens coincided with clearance of viral DNA. Polyclonal rWHcAg-specific T-cell lines were established 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks postinfection, and their responses to WHcAg peptides were assessed. Five to seven peptides including the immunodominant epitope were recognized throughout the observation period (6 months). At 12 months after infection, T-cell responses to antigens and peptides were not detected. Reactivation of T-cell responses to viral antigens and peptides occurred within 7 days after challenge of animals with WHV. These results demonstrate that a fast and vigorous T-cell response to WHsAg, rWHcAg, and amino acids 97 to 110 of the WHcAg occurs within 3 weeks after WHV infection. The peak of this response was associated with viral clearance and may be crucial for recovery from infection. One year after infection, no proliferation of T cells in response to antigens was observed; however, the WHV-specific T-cell response was reactivated after challenge of woodchucks with WHV and may be responsible for protection against WHV reinfection.
Anaerobic Digestion Potential for Ethanol Processing Residues (2006)

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. is dramatically increasing, andconsequently so is the quantity of byproduct materials generated from this processing sector. Thesecoproduct streams are currently solely utilized as livestock feed, which is a route that providesethanol processors with a substantial revenue source and significantly increases the profitability ofthe production process. With the construction and operation of many new plants in recent years,these residuals do, however, have much potential for value-added processing and utilization in othersectors as well. This option holds the promise of economic benefit for corn processors, especially ifthe livestock feed market eventually becomes saturated with byproduct feeds. Anaerobic digestion,which has been successfully utilized to produce methane from a variety of food and organicprocessing residues, has not yet been used in the ethanol industry. The objective of this study,therefore, was to assess the potential for using ethanol processing residue streams as feedstocks foranaerobic digestion. Toward that end, laboratory testing of anaerobic digestibility has beenconducted and biochemical methane yields have been measured during a 45 day trial. Resultsindicate that whole stillage and thin stillage produced acceptable levels of methane, but CDS was themost promising coproduct. It yielded a BMP of 45% that of theoretical, which is remarkably high, andthus should be examined further in follow-up studies.
Echolocation Reconsidered: Using Spatial Variations in the Ambient Sound Field to Guide Locomotion (1998)

This article presents an acoustical model and evidence from four experiments that children with visual impairments use the buildup of low-frequency sound along walls to guide locomotion. The model differs from the concept of echolocation by emphasizing sound that is ambient, rather than self-produced, and of low, rather than high, frequency.
Conduits for cerebrovascular bypass and lessons learned from the cardiovascular experience (2003)

Direct cerebral revascularization is an important procedure in the treatment of certain complex aneurysms and skull base tumors when acute sacrifice of the internal carotid artery is required. It likely remains an appropriate treatment in a small subgroup of patients with cerebral ischemia refractory to maximal medical management. Similar to cardiovascular surgery, the choice of a graft conduit is critical for a successful outcome. The standard conduits are interposition vein grafts (usually the greater saphenous vein), free arterial grafts (radial artery), and pedicled arterial grafts (superficial temporal artery). The goal of this review is to summarize the conduits commonly used in cerebral revascularization with emphasis on their patency rates and flow characteristics. Comparisons are made with similar data available in the cardiovascular literature.
Ribosomal multilocus sequence typing: universal characterization of bacteria from domain to strain (2012)

No single genealogical reconstruction or typing method currently encompasses all levels of bacterial diversity, from domain to strain. We propose ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST), an approach which indexes variation of the 53 genes encoding the bacterial ribosome protein subunits (rps genes), as a means of integrating microbial genealogy and typing. As with multilocus sequence typing (MLST), rMLST employs curated reference sequences to identify gene variants efficiently and rapidly. The rps loci are ideal targets for a universal characterization scheme as they are: (i) present in all bacteria; (ii) distributed around the chromosome; and (iii) encode proteins which are under stabilizing selection for functional conservation. Collectively, the rps loci exhibit variation that resolves bacteria into groups at all taxonomic and most typing levels, providing significantly more resolution than 16S small subunit rRNA gene phylogenies. A web-accessible expandable database, comprising whole-genome data from more than 1900 bacterial isolates, including 28 draft genomes assembled de novo from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) sequence read archive, has been assembled. The rps gene variation catalogued in this database permits rapid and computationally non-intensive identification of the phylogenetic position of any bacterial sequence at the domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species and strain levels. The groupings generated with rMLST data are consistent with current nomenclature schemes and independent of the clustering algorithm used. This approach is applicable to the other domains of life, potentially providing a rational and universal approach to the classification of life that is based on one of its fundamental features, the translation mechanism.
Why an Image? (1984)

From the Associate Professor of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Auger Ejection of Electrons from Molybdenum by Noble Gas Ions (1956)

Experimental investigation of electron ejection from atomically clean molybdenum by singly-and doubly-charged ions of the noble gases is reported. The basic measurements of electron yield and energy distribution of ejected electrons have been made for ions of kinetic energy in the range 10 to 1000 ev. Measurements are made at bombarding electron energies in the ion source below the threshold for formation of metastable ions. The electron ejection for molybdenum, as previously found for tungsten, has characteristics appropriate to ejection in Auger-type processes of neutralization and de-excitation at the metal surface. Values of 0.300, 0.254, 0.122, 0.069, and 0.022 were obtained for the electron yield for 10 ev ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{A}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ ions, respectively. Extensive comparison of the present results with the work of others is possible. Comparison of the results for molybdenum and tungsten shows the differences to be largely attributable to the effect of work function change on the probability of escape of internally excited electrons from the metal. The ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ ion shows the anomalies characteristic of the resonance neutralization and Auger de-excitation of a fraction of the ions at higher ion energies as was found for tungsten. Careful measurements have been made of yield and energy distributions of electrons ejected by doubly-charged ions. The processes by which a doubly-charged ion is de-excited and neutralized at a clean metal surface have been investigated in detail.
Species Differences in Prostatic Steroid 5<i>α</i>-Reductases of Rat, Dog, and Human (1985)

The conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone by prostate particulates from rats, dogs, and humans was investigated, and significant species differences were found with their pH profiles, affinities for 4-azasteroidal inhibitors, and sensitivities to mercuric sulfhydryl reagents. The pH optima for the rat (pH 7), the dog (pH 6), and the human (pH 5) enzyme are significantly different. Mersalyl acid and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inactivate only the rat 5 alpha-reductase, but not the human or dog enzyme. The rank orders of potencies of 24 3-oxo-4-azasteroids to inhibit 5 alpha-reductases of the rat, dog, and human prostate are different. The variation of the 17 beta-functional groups of the inhibitors demonstrates clearly the species differences. Those inhibitors with a 17 beta-diethylcarbamoyl, 17 beta-diisopropylcarbamoyl, 17 beta-t-butylcarbamoyl, or 17 beta-secbutylcarbonyl functional group are approximately equipotent as inhibitors of the rat and human enzymes, whereas they are only 0.1-15% as potent as inhibitors of the dog enzyme. On the other hand, those inhibitors with a 17 beta-spiroether functional group are most potent as inhibitors of the rat enzyme, are 15-50% as potent as inhibitors of the dog enzyme, and are 0.2-0.4% as potent as inhibitors of the human enzyme. Those inhibitors with a 17 beta-n-octylcarbamoyl, 17 beta-(1-carboxyethyl), or 17 beta-(1-carboxy-3-butyl) functional group are 2-3 orders of magnitude less potent as inhibitors of the dog and human enzymes than as inhibitors of the rat enzyme. These results suggest that prostatic 5 alpha-reductases of rats, dogs, and humans are significantly different. In spite of the significant species differences in inhibitor affinities, where determined, inhibition of the rat, dog and human enzymes by these compounds is competitive with testosterone. These 3-oxo-4-azasteroids have a similar rank order of potency as inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase in human normal, benign hyperplastic, and cancerous prostates, indicating that the inhibitor-binding sites of 5 alpha-reductase in the prostate in different pathological states are similar. The affinities of the 3-oxo-4-azasteroids for rat prostatic cytosol receptor were determined. Five of these 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors have no significant affinity for the androgen receptor, whereas others do have an affinity for the receptor.
Liquid Droplet Dispersions Formed by Homogeneous Liquid−Liquid Nucleation:  “The Ouzo Effect” (2003)

The “ouzo effect” enables one to create a dispersion of small droplets in a surrounding liquid phase without the use of surfactants, dispersing agents, or mechanical agitation: a phenomenon which can be of value in many disciplines. In the quantitative studies presented here, dispersions of oil droplets in water are formed by the addition of water to a solution of the oil dissolved in a solvent. This causes the oil to supersaturate and then nucleate into small droplets. The mean droplet diameter is a function only of the oil-to-solvent ratio at a given temperature. The number density of droplets formed can be controlled independently from the droplet diameter by changing the amount of water added. Smaller droplets are formed by using more hydrophilic cosolvents. The droplet size distribution is typically log−normal. The width of the distribution can be narrowed by mixing the components at an elevated temperature and then allowing the dispersion to cool.
Biometric Models of Fertility (1975)

Biometrics models describe aspects of fertility in terms of mathematical functions. A number of purposes are served by these models: description and estimation, prediction, and evaluation of the effects of changes in the parameters governing the specified relationships. This paper, by reviewing reproductive models of varying complexity, attempts to illustrate their many uses in fertility research.