gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disrupting T-cell homeostasis: how HIV-1 infection causes disease. (2004)

In the absence of antiretroviral treatment, HIV-1 establishes a chronic infection that is marked by the progressive depletion of CD4+ T-cells. Of all the viral infections that afflict humans, only HIV-1 is known to cause such profound and inevitable CD4+ T-cell loss. Yet the mechanisms by which this depletion arises remain a matter of controversy. This review will address what is exceptional about HIV-1 infection that sets it apart from other viral infections. Recent attempts to understand HIV-1 pathogenesis have set aside the view that CD4+ T-cell depletion is effected solely by HIV-1-mediated killing in favor of a more complete explanation that also includes T-cell dynamics and, more specifically, chronic immune activation as a central factor in HIV-1 pathogenesis. This review will address the contributions of the virus itself, T-cell activation, T-cell reconstitution, and target cell availability, in the shaping of these dynamics during the disease. The acute and chronic phases of HIV-1 disease will be addressed separately, as they manifest distinctive viral and T-cell dynamics and are the setting for different pathogenic mechanisms. New observations suggest that considerable damage is caused to the immune system during the acute phase of the infection, resulting in a substantial early lymphopenia of the memory CD4+ T-cell pool that may have a profound impact on the subsequent course of the infection. Other observations reveal a strategy in which HIV-1 induces immune activation to generate replaceable targets, activated CD4+ T-cells, which sustain its replication. Although the majority of these target cells are short-lived by physiological design, chronic activation can indirectly strain homeostasis of the naive and resting memory T-cell pools in a number of ways. In the context of virus-induced damage to the lymphoid tissues and cells that maintain these T-cell pools, and physiological limitations in peripheral CD4+ T-cell renewal, this homeostatic strain leads to the progressive depletion of the more vulnerable CD4+ T-cell pools.
Neural network PC tools: a practical guide (1990)

This is the first practical guide that enables you to actually work with artificial neural networks on your personal computer. It provides basic information on neural networks, as well as the following special features:
2,2′-Disubstituted F<sub>12</sub>binaphthyl derivatives: stannanes, boranes, and (R)-F<sub>12</sub>BINOL (2006)

2,2'-Distannyl derivatives of dodecafluorobinaphthalene are converted to a novel D2 symmetric borane dimer, which can be oxidized to (+)-F12BINOL; resolution using (S)-acetoxypropanoyl chloride affords enantiopure material.
Predicting the Pressure Drop in a Cased-Hole Gravel Pack Completion (1992)

Abstract In sand-producing formations, a cased hole gravel pack is usually the preferred completion method. There are various reasons why the alternatives, an open hole gravel pack or a sand consolidation treatment, may not be suitable. However, the productivity of the cased hole gravel pack is much poorer than the alternatives because of high mechanical skins. Despite the importance of this mechanical skin, the existing pressure drop prediction models are incomplete. Many papers deal with the region of linear flow in the casing/cement tunnels and the flow through the gravel between casing and screen. What happens just outside the casing is rarely mentioned, even though the pressure drops beyond the casing may be significant. One complication is that perforation tunnels in the formation might either remain intact or they could collapse before gravel packing, creating a void behind the casing. This paper presents new methods for predicting the pressure drops outside the casing and so allows the construction of a comprehensive model for cased hole gravel pack productivity. A newly-developed finite difference computer simulator was used to produce a general method for intact perforations packed with gravel. For collapsed perforations, an analytical method was developed which is based on the amount of gravel placed behind the casing.
Dispersing vulture roosts on communication towers (2002)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Identification and Expression Analysis of C3orf1, a Novel Human Gene Homologous to the Drosophila RP140—Upstream Gene (2000)

We have isolated C3orf1, a novel gene on human chromosome 3 showing homology to the Drosophila RP140-upstream gene. When mutated, RP140-upstream causes lethality in flies through an unknown mechanism, perhaps by interfering with transcription of the RP140 RNA polymerase subunit. The human C3orf1 gene encodes a predicted membrane protein of 32.2 kDa with four transmembrane domains without any other known motifs. Northern blot analysis showed generalized expression of C3orf1, enhanced in heart and skeletal muscle. EST database searching revealed the existence of a homologue gene in mouse. Thus, the C3orf1 gene is conserved and may perform an essential function in all tissues in mammals.
Syntheses and Configurational Analysis of Rotenoids, XIX The Total Synthesis of Natural Rotenone (1961)

d,l-Derrisic acid (IIa, R′: H) was synthesized from d,l-hydroxy dihydrotubanol (Ve) by Hoesch condensation with a nitrile (VI). The possible optical resolution of d,l-IIa was demonstrated by a conventional “reversed resolution” method. This communication and previous works constitute the first total synthesis of natural rotenone (Ia).
The effect of hydrate formation on CO{sub 2} jet instability (1996)

Disposal of captured CO{sub 2} in the deep ocean or in underground aquifers currently is being considered as a means to control atmospheric levels of this greenhouse gas. Long-term sequestration demands that CO{sub 2} be released at depths where water temperatures and pressures foster the formation of a solid hydrate phase. Previous theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the kinetics of formation of the CO{sub 2} hydrate can proceed rapidly, with characteristic times of the order of a second. Under certain liquid CO{sub 2} jet discharge scenarios, hydrate formation may have important implications related to jet instability. An analysis was performed to assess the nature and magnitude of these effects. It was determined that hydrate formation may pose problems under certain discharge conditions.
TFIIIC Binding Sites Function as both Heterochromatin Barriers and Chromatin Insulators in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2008)

Chromosomal sites of RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcription have been demonstrated to have "extratranscriptional" functions, as the assembled Pol III complex can act as chromatin boundaries or pause sites for replication forks, can alter nucleosome positioning or affect transcription of neighboring genes, and can play a role in sister chromatid cohesion. Several studies have demonstrated that assembled Pol III complexes block the propagation of heterochromatin-mediated gene repression. Here we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA genes (tDNAs) and even partially assembled Pol III complexes containing only the transcription factor TFIIIC can exhibit chromatin boundary functions both as heterochromatin barriers and as insulators to gene activation. Both the TRT2 tDNA and the ETC4 site which binds only the TFIIIC complex prevented an upstream activation sequence from activating the GAL promoters in our assay system, effectively acting as chromatin insulators. Additionally, when placed downstream from the heterochromatic HMR locus, ETC4 blocked the ectopic spread of Sir protein-mediated silencing, thus functioning as a barrier to repression. Finally, we show that TRT2 and the ETC6 site upstream of TFC6 in their natural contexts display potential insulator-like functions, and ETC6 may represent a novel case of a Pol III factor directly regulating a Pol II promoter. The results are discussed in the context of how the TFIIIC transcription factor complex may function to demarcate chromosomal domains in yeast and possibly in other eukaryotes.
The Coupon-Prone Consumer: Some Findings Based on Purchase Behavior across Product Classes (1987)

An assumption in prior research on deal-prone or coupon-prone buyers has been that buying on deal is influenced in part by a household's demographic characteristics. One implication is that households that are deal-prone or coupon-prone in one product class should be so in other product classes. The authors develop a model of coupon usage across product classes that explains why households might behave consistently in their coupon usage across product classes. Purchase data are analyzed across seven product classes for each household to test the hypothesis that coupon usage is not independent across product classes and to identify differences in demographic variables and purchasing behavior between coupon-prone and non-coupon-prone households.
Photochemistry of Roussin's Red Salt, Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>(NO)<sub>4</sub>], and of Roussin's Black Salt, NH<sub>4</sub>[Fe<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub>(NO)<sub>7</sub>]. <i>In Situ </i>Nitric Oxide Generation To Sensitize γ-Radiation Induced Cell Death<sup>1</sup> (1997)

The quantitative photoreactivities in solution of Roussin's red salt (RRS, Na2[Fe2S2(NO)4]) and of Roussin's black salt (RBS, NH4[Fe4S3(NO)7]) are described. Photolysis of the red Roussinate anion Fe2S2(NO)42- in aerobic aqueous solution leads to quantitative formation of the black Roussinate anion Fe4S3(NO)7-. The quantum yield for disappearance of Fe2S2(NO)42- (ΦI = 0.14) is independent of excitation wavelength over a broad range (313−546 nm). Real time detection of nitric oxide by electrochemical sensors in the photolysis solution demonstrated the release of NO with a quantum yield of 0.07. The black Roussinate anion is much less photoactive (ΦII = 1.1 × 10-3) but does undergo photodecomposition in aerobic solution to give, eventually, ferric precipitates plus NO. These studies were initiated with the goal of developing photochemical strategies for delivering NO to biological targets on demand. In this context, the photolability of Fe2S2(NO)42- was examined as a possible candidate for exploiting the known nitric oxide sensitization of γ-radiation induced cell killing in V79 cell cultures (Mitchell, J. B.; et al. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 5845−5848). Hypoxic cell cultures treated with RRS solution (1.0 mM) and then subjected to γ-radiation (15 Gy) demonstrated strikingly lower survival rates when simultaneously exposed to white light irradiation than did control systems treated identically but in the dark. The black salt was similarly probed, but its greater toxicity and lower quantum yields for NO release make this a less likely candidate for such photochemically induced radiation sensitization.
Comparison of effects of adjuvants on efficacy of virion envelope herpes simplex virus vaccine against labial infection of BALB/c mice (1983)

A subunit virion envelope vaccine of herpes simplex virus type 1 was evaluated for its ability to protect labially infected mice from development of the primary herpetic lesion, encephalitic death, and latent virus infection in the trigeminal ganglion. Several adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide and polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose were investigated for their ability to enhance protection of the subunit vaccine and were compared in effectiveness with complete Freund adjuvant. The subunit vaccine was demonstrated to be immunogenic, as shown by development of antibody detectable by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The humoral immune response was correlated with protection from herpetic encephalitis and, at a lower degree, with prevention of the appearance of primary herpetic lesions and acceleration of lesion resolution. The efficacy of the vaccine was most apparent in protecting mice from encephalitic death. To reduce or prevent the development of latent infection was most difficult, but was achieved with some vaccine regimens. Repeated administrations of vaccine with adjuvant were required for this protection. The most effective adjuvant was complete Freund adjuvant, but several synthetic adjuvants were effective, particularly aluminum hydroxide and the polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine-carboxymethyl cellulose immunoadjuvant.
Diagnosis of venom allergy by flow cytometry. Correlation with clinical history, skin tests, specific IgE, histamine and leukotriene C4 release (2000)

As compared to the clinical history and to the other parameters tested here, flow cytometry showed a high sensitivity and a high specificity. The excellent correlation observed between this method and the other cellular tests such as histamine and leukotriene release are in favour of the specificity of flow cytomery and in favour of the use of this method for venom allergy diagnosis.
V-22 Propulsion System Design (1991)

The propulsion system of the V-22 Osprey, comprising the drive system, the power plant installation, and the proprotor, is a unique design driven by the operational requirements of this tiltrotor aircraft. The drive system, which includes five gearboxes, shafting, and special nonlubricated flexible couplings, is described. The rationale for arrangement and lessons learned is followed by a discussion of the effect of special requirements such as shipboard compatibility and cooling. Lubrication system operation from horizontal to vertical modes, operation over a wide range of engine speeds, and altitudes from sea level to 6000 m are substantial design considerations. The development testing is also described. The power plant is the Allison T406 two-spool version of the T56 series engine rated at 4550 kW (6100 hp), which is designed to operate from horizontal to vertical positions at each wing tip. The power plant installation, including air induction, engine mounting, fly-by-wire controls, fuel system, and secondary power, is described. The rotor system design is driven by the wide range collective pitch control required to achieve tiltrotor flight and the need for aeroelastic stability with a mechanically simple system. Rotor system material and construction, component design, blade folding, development problems, and testing are discussed.
Akt1 and Akt2 Play Distinct Roles in the Initiation and Metastatic Phases of Mammary Tumor Progression (2009)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt survival pathway is often dysregulated in cancer. Our previous studies have shown that coexpression of activated Akt1 with activated ErbB2 or polyoma virus middle T antigen uncoupled from the PI3K pathway (PyVmT Y315/322F) accelerates mammary tumor development but cannot rescue the metastatic phenotype associated with these models. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice expressing activated Akt2 in the mammary epithelium. Like the mouse mammary tumor virus-Akt1 strain, mammary-specific expression of Akt2 delayed mammary gland involution. However, in contrast to Akt1, coexpression of Akt2 with activated ErbB2 or PyVmT Y315/322F in the mammary glands of transgenic mice did not affect the latency of tumor development. Strikingly, Akt2 coexpresssion markedly increased the incidence of pulmonary metastases in both tumor models, demonstrating a unique role in tumor progression. Together, these observations argue that these highly conserved kinases have distinct biological and biochemical outputs that play opposing roles in mammary tumor induction and metastasis.
The IL-7/IL-7 Receptor Axis: Understanding its Central Role in T-Cell Homeostasis and the Challenges Facing its Utilization as a Novel Therapy (2006)

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine produced predominantly by stromal cells of the thymus and bone marrow and is essential for lymphopoiesis. This paper reviews the importance of IL-7 and its receptor (IL-7R) in T-cell genesis, peripheral survival, expansion and memory T-cell development. IL-7 is of particular importance in lymphopenic conditions. Its expression is up-regulated in a number of lymphopenic conditions including: marrow ablation prior to bone marrow transplantation, marrow suppression following chemotherapy and human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection. Plasma IL-7 levels inversely correlate with CD4+ T-cell counts in these conditions. Animal models suggest that IL-7 improves immune reconstitution through increasing thymic output and, perhaps more importantly, through antigen-independent homeostatic driven proliferation in the periphery. Given the promising preliminary data on the use of IL-7 adjuvant therapy in simian immuno-deficiency virus (SIV) infected non-human primates, IL-7 has recently moved into Phase I/II clinical trials of its role as a possible adjuvant therapy for cancer and HIV infection. This paper discusses important considerations such as the possible negative impacts of IL-7 on increased viral infectivity, the induction of autoimmunity and risk of neoplastic events. Successful use of IL-7 will rely on further understanding of the regulation of the component parts of the IL-7R system. Ultimately this understanding may lead to therapeutics that manipulate and optimise signalling through the IL-7/IL-7R system.
The efficacy of locally applied morphine in post‐operative pain after bilateral third molar surgery. (1994)

1. Recent evidence has hinted at a peripheral site of action of morphine analgesic efficacy. 2. Previous studies by the same authors have developed a model for testing local analgesic efficacy by placing drugs into tooth sockets after third molar surgery. 3. The present studies test the hypothesis of local morphine activity at two dosage concentrations, 100 ng ml-1 and 100 micrograms ml-1 after third molar surgery. 4. No significant analgesic efficacy was found at either dose when compared with placebo.
An alignment insensitive separable electromagnetic coupler for high speed digital multidrop bus applications (2003)

A separable electromagnetic coupler was designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested as part of a prototype eight module multidrop memory bus running at 1.6 Gb/s per differential pair. The coupler consists of broadside coupled traces, one on a rigid motherboard and the other on a flex circuit soldered to a daughter card. The zigzag geometry of the traces reduces variation in coupling coefficient due to horizontal and vertical misalignment of the coupler halves. Simulation and testing indicates that a target capacitive coupling coefficient of 0.34, which has been selected to balance signal transmission level requirements against motherboard impedance discontinuity effects, can be achieved with little variation over +/- 12 mil alignment tolerance.
Principles of powder technology (1990)

Powder Processing--The Overall View (D. Geldart). Characterizing the Single Particle (A. Hawkins). Characterization of Powders (L. Svarovsky). Mixing and Segregation in Powders (J. Williams). The Storage and Flow of Powders (J. Williams). Gas Fluidization (D. Geldart). Pneumatic Conveying (M. Rhodes). Solid-Gas Separation (L. Svarovsky). Size Enlargement (N. Stanley-Wood). Size Reduction (M. Prior, et al.). Explosion and Fire Hazards of Powders (K. Palmer). Health Risks of Fine Powders (E. King). Flow of Liquid-Solid Suspensions (H. Benkreira). Solid-Liquid Separation (L. Svarovsky). Index.
Elastic, mechanical, and thermal properties of nanocrystalline diamond films (2003)

Nanocrystalline columnar-structured diamond films with column diameters less than 100 nm and thicknesses in the range of 1–5 μm were grown on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in a microwave plasma reactor with purified methane and hydrogen used as the reactants. Uniform conformal nucleation densities in excess of 1012 cm−2 were accomplished prior to growth by seeding with explosively formed nanodiamonds, which resulted in good optical quality films. The film thickness was measured in situ by the laser reflectometry method. The grain size and optical quality of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman measurements. Broadband surface acoustic wave pulses were used to measure the anomalous dispersion in the layered systems. The experimental dispersion curves were fitted by theory, assuming the diamond film as an isotropic layer on an anisotropic silicon substrate, to determine mean values of the density and Young’s modulus of the diamond films. The density was close to the density of single crystal diamond or polycrystalline diamond plates grown by the CVD technique, whereas the Young’s modulus varied strongly with the nucleation density between 517 and 1120 GPa. Young’s moduli close to the single crystal values were obtained for films grown with a nucleation density ⩾1012 cm−2. The thermal diffusivity in these films was measured by the traveling wave technique. The value for ∼3.5-μm-thick nanocrystalline diamond films with nucleation densities ⩾1012 cm−2 was ∼7.2 cm2/s, whereas those with lower nucleation densities showed a value of ∼5.5 cm2/s.
Photoreconfigurable Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Chemistry and Macromolecular Engineering (2014)

Stimuli-responsive polymers play an important role in many biomedical technologies. Light responsive polymers are particularly desirable because the parameters of irradiated light and diverse photoactive chemistries produce a large number of combinations between functional materials and associated stimuli. This Review summarizes recent advances in utilizing photoactive chemistries in macromolecules for prospective use in biomedical applications. Special focus is granted to selection criterion when choosing photofunctional groups. Synthetic strategies to incorporate these functionalities into polymers and networks with different topologies are also highlighted herein. Prospective applications of these materials are discussed including programmable matrices for controlled release, dynamic scaffolds for tissue engineering, and functional coatings for medical devices. The article concludes by summarizing the state of the art in photoresponsive polymers for biomedical applications including current challenges and future opportunities.
Optical coherence tomography-integrated, wearable (backpack-type), compact diagnostic imaging modality for in situ leaf quality assessment (2017)

We developed a compact, wearable diagnostic imaging modality employing optical coherence tomography for in situ plant leaf quality assessments. This system is capable of diagnosing infected leaves at the initial disease stages. Our system is a versatile backpack-type imaging modality with a compact spectrometer, miniature computer, rechargeable power source, and handheld inspection probe. This method enhances real-time in situ specimen inspection through direct implementation of the imaging modality in a plantation. To evaluate the initial performance, field experiments were conducted in apple, pear, and persimmon plantations. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the developed imaging modality can be considered as a promising, efficient, convenient, and fast in situ inspection technique for various agricultural fields, which minimizes the limitations of complex tabletop inspection modalities.