gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neuronal Function in the Spinal Cord: Spinal fMRI (2005)

A review of the current literature on magnetic resonance imaging of neuronal function in the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) is presented. The unique challenges of spinal fMRI are identified as being the small cross-sectional dimensions of the spinal cord, magnetic field inhomogeneity caused by the bone and cartilage in the spine, and motion of cerebrospinal fluid, blood, adjacent tissues and organs and of the spinal cord itself. Techniques have been developed to overcome or compensate for these challenges and the result is a fMRI method which is distinct from that used for mapping function in the brain. Evidence that the current spinal fMRI method provides accurate and sensitive maps of neuronal function is also discussed. Studies presented in the literature have demonstrated areas of neuronal activity corresponding with spinal cord neuroanatomy as a result of thermal and electrical stimuli and motor tasks with the hands, arms and legs. Signal intensity changes detected in active areas have also been demonstrated to depend on the intensity of the stimuli with both thermal stimulation and a motor task, providing evidence of the correspondence between spinal fMRI results and neuronal activity in the spinal cord.
Analysis of neurophysiological reactions to advertising stimuli by means of EEG and galvanic skin response measures. (2009)

This article demonstrates how marketing may benefit from neurophysiology. The authors discuss a particular research case concerning the analysis of a skin care product advertisement. Pretests of 2 versions of this TV ad revealed that, although the versions were almost identical, each of them generated significantly different impact. Their influence was assessed using both cognitive measures (benefits and key benefits recall) and behavioral measures (shelf test). The only difference between these 2 versions of the ad was in a single scene that contained a particular gesture by a female model. Of note, the gesture appeared to enhance the effectiveness of the ad. The authors tested whether neurophysiological measures can capture differences in consumer reactions to slightly different marketing stimuli. Indeed, by using electroencephalography and electromyography and by monitoring skin conductance, the authors were able to register significant differences in neurophysiological reactions to an altered scene, even though the difference was not consciously seen. The authors believe that neurophysiological measures soon will be widely acknowledged and used as a complimentary method in classical marketing research.
Identifying Usability Issues in Instant Messaging Apps on iOS and Android Platforms (2018)

With the rise of mobile devices and the high number of instant messaging applications available in the stores, it is necessary to evaluate the usability of such applications to provide a more satisfying user experience. To this end, this paper presents a methodical usability evaluation of instant messaging applications both in iOS and Android platforms. A predefined evaluation was used, which was created to detect the main usability issues of mobile applications, regardless of the device used and the evaluated applications. Consequently, two methods were used: the keystroke level model and the mobile heuristic evaluation. Also, the results suggest that the main problems of this type of applications are difficulties in performing tasks (some of them were not agile nor easy to complete), lack of element cohesion (some icons and buttons did not follow the style of the operating system, bad translations, and too much information on the screen), problems with the user interface (pop-ups overlapping the status bar, clipped elements, sometimes the interface did not rotate, and, in other cases, the interface changed considerably when the device was rotated), and lack of information about privacy and security features. Finally, based on the results, we propose a set of recommendations that will be helpful for developers of this kind of applications.
Radiation Dose Descriptors: BERT, COD, DAP, and Other Strange Creatures (2008)

Over the years, a number of terms have been used to describe radiation dose. Eight common radiation dose descriptors include background equivalent radiation time (BERT), critical organ dose (COD), surface absorbed dose (SAD), dose area product (DAP), diagnostic acceptable reference level (DARLing), effective dose (ED), fetal absorbed dose (FAD), and total imparted energy (TIE). BERT is compared to the annual natural background radiation (about 3 mSv per year) and is easily understandable for the general public. COD refers to the radiation dose delivered to an individual critical organ. SAD is the radiation dose delivered at the skin surface. DAP is a product of the irradiated surface area multiplied by the radiation dose at the surface. DARLing is usually the radiation level that encompasses 75% (the third quartile) of the data derived from a nationwide or regional survey. DARLings are meant for voluntary guidance. Consistently higher patient doses should be investigated for possible equipment deficiencies or suboptimal protocols. ED is obtained by multiplying the radiation dose delivered to each organ by its weighting factor and then by adding those values to get the sum. It can be used to assess the risk of radiation-induced cancers and serious hereditary effects to future generations, regardless of the procedure being performed, and is the most useful radiation dose descriptor. FAD is the radiation dose delivered to the fetus, and TIE is the sum of the energy imparted to all irradiated tissue. Each of these descriptors is intended to relate radiation dose ultimately to potential biologic effects. To avoid confusion, the key is to avoid using the terms interchangeably. It is important to understand each of the radiation dose descriptors and their derivation in order to correctly evaluate radiation dose and to consult with patients concerned about the risks of radiation.
Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships (1995)

A slow oscillation (< 1 Hz) has recently been described in intracellular recordings from the neocortex and thalamus (Steriade et al., 1993c-e). The aim of the present study was to determine the phase relations between cortical and thalamic neuronal activities during the slow EEG oscillation. Intracellular recordings were performed in anesthetized cats from neurons in motor and somatosensory cortical areas, the rostrolateral sector of the reticular (RE) thalamic nucleus, and thalamocortical (TC) cells from ventrolateral (VL) nucleus. The EEG was used as time reference for alignment of activities in different, simultaneously recorded neurons, including dual impalements of cortical cells as well as cortical and TC cells. The spontaneous EEG oscillation was characterized by slowly recurring (0.3-0.9 Hz) sequences of surface-positive (depth-negative) sharp deflections, often followed by oscillatory activity within the frequency range of sleep spindles (7-14 Hz) or at faster frequencies. Cortical and RE cells were similarly hyperpolarized during the depth-positive EEG waves and were depolarized during the depth-negative EEG deflections. In many instances, the cell depolarization was associated with oscillations at the spindle frequency or with tonic firing at rates related to the level of depolarization. TC neurons were hyperpolarized during the depth-positive EEG waves and displayed a series of IPSPs, at the spindle frequencies, during the depth-negative EEG waves. Depending on the membrane potential (Vm), TC cells could fire spike bursts at the onset of the EEG depth-negativity, or their firing could be delayed by subsequent IPSPs. The sequence of spontaneous EEG and cellular events described above also characterized the responses to cortical and thalamic stimulation. Simultaneous intracellular recordings of pairs of cortical cells or cortical and TC cells showed that spontaneous transitions from less synchronized to more synchronized EEG states were marked by a simultaneous hyperpolarization, coincident with an overt depth-positive EEG wave. We conclude that during low-frequency oscillatory states, characteristic of slow-wave sleep, neocortical and thalamic neurons display phase relations that are restricted to narrow time windows, and that synchronization results from a generalized inhibitory phenomenon. Moreover, EEG synchronization is reflected as active inhibition in TC neurons. That this pattern is also present in states of hypersynchronization, such as seizure activity, is shown in the following paper (Steriade and Contreras, 1994).
Data management challenges and development for military information systems (2003)

This paper explores challenges facing information system professionals in the management of data and knowledge in the Department of Defense (DOD), particularly in the information systems utilized to support command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C/sup 4/ I). These information systems include operational tactical systems, decision-support systems, modeling and simulation systems, and nontactical business systems, all of which affect the design, operation, interoperation, and application of C/sup 4/ I systems. Specific topics include issues in integration and interoperability, joint standards, data access, data aggregation, information system component reuse, and legacy systems. Broad technological trends, as well as the use of specific developing technologies are discussed in light of how they may enable the DOD to meet the present and future information-management challenges.
Analysis of the biosynthesis of HLA-DR glycoproteins in human malignant melanoma cell lines. (1981)

Human malignant melanoma cell line SK-MEL-37 expresses HLA-DR antigens having a characteristic 2-chain structure, with heavy chains (alpha) of approximately 32,000 daltons and light chains (beta) of approximately 28,000 daltons. Nonequilibrium pH-gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) on HLA-DR immunoprecipitated by rabbit anti-HLA-DR sera from [35S]-methionine-labeled, pulse-chased cells showed 2 closely spaced heavy-chain components (1, 2) and 4 light-chain spots (3-6). From nonchased samples, numerous more-basic components running in the heavy chain region were also precipitated. In particular, a very basic, 30,000 dalton component (pl approximately 8.5) was prominent (component 7); this spot probably corresponds to the invariant (Ii) peptide previously demonstrated in lymphoid cell HLA-DR precipitates (9) and the M-1 peptide of Shackelford and Strominger (10). None of these components (alpha, beta, or component 7) was precipitated from extracts of HLA-DR-negative melanoma cells. Pulse-chase experiments and the use of different labeled sugar precursors showed that component 7 is a partially glycosylated intracellular precursor, possibly of the HLA-DR alpha-chain. None of the immunoprecipitates, even from cells pulse-labeled for only 15 min, contained a peptide migrating in the 55,000 to 60,000 m.w. region. It was concluded that melanoma HLA-DR is not synthesized via a polyprotein precursor. In contrast to these results, obtained with rabbit anti-HLA-DR sera, a mouse monoclonal anti-HLA-DR was found to precipitate only biosynthetically completed alpha (1, 2) and beta (3-6) chains.
Effects of Curing Age and Fiber Volume Fraction on Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (2016)

본 연구는 재령 및 섬유혼입률에 따른 고강도 강섬유보강 콘크리트(SFRC)의 휨 성능을 평가하기 위하여 실시되었다. 섬유혼입률은 복합체 체적비 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%로 설정하였으며, 재령 28, 56, 91일에 압축 및 휨 성능평가를 실시하였다. 섬유혼입률에 따른 압축강도의 변화는 미소한 것으로 나타났으며, 섬유혼입률 및 재령이 증가함에 따라 SFRC의 파괴계수가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 SFRC의 압축강도와 휨 인성 간 관계를 평가한 결과, 압축강도가 증가함에 따라 휨 인성이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 고강도 SFRC의 휨 인성 확보를 위해 높은 섬유혼입률 및 고성능 강섬유의 사용이 요구된다. This paper describes the effects of both curing age and fiber volume fraction on flexural behavior of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). The SFRCs used in this study were reinforced with hooked steel fibers at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% volume fraction. Compressive and flexural tests for the SFRC specimens were conducted at the curing age of 28, 56, 91days. There are no noticeable effect of steel fiber on the compressive strength of SFRC. It was found that modulus of rupture of SFRC increases with an increase in fiber volume fraction and curing age. The relationships between compressive strength and flexural toughness of SFRC indicated that flexural toughness decreases with increasing compressive strength. It is remarkable that higher fiber volume fraction and high-performance steel fiber are needed for flexural toughness of high-strength SFRC.
Criteria for generating specification-based tests (2003)

This paper presents general criteria for generating test inputs from state-based specifications. Software testing can only be formalized and quantified when a solid basis for test generation can be defined. Formal specifications of complex systems represent a significant opportunity for testing because they precisely describe what functions the software is supposed to provide in a form that can easily be manipulated. These techniques provide coverage criteria that are based on the specifications, and are made up of several parts, including test prefixes that contain inputs necessary to put the software into the appropriate state for the test values. The test generation process includes several steps for transforming specifications to tests. Empirical results from a comparative case study application of these criteria are presented.
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)thiophenes and -pyrroles (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)thiophenes and -pyrrolesBijan P. Das and David W. BoykinCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1977, 20, 9, 1219–1221Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00219a023https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00219a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of Fungicides for Suppression of Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) (2000)

AE-1148
Solving 0-1 Integer Programming Problems Arising from Large Scale Planning Models (1985)

We present methods that are useful in solving some large scale hierarchical planning models involving 0-1 variables. These 0-1 programming problems initially could not be solved with any standard techniques. We employed several approaches to take advantage of the hierarchical structure of variables (ordered by importance) and other structures present in the models. Critical, but not sufficient for success, was a strong linear programming formulation. We describe methods for strengthening the linear programs, as well as other techniques necessary for a commercial branch-and-bound code to be successful in solving these problems.
A simple model for baroplastic behavior in block copolymer melts (2001)

A simple model for the free energy of mixing of compressible polymer blends is derived, based on the regular solution model. Its ability to predict phase behavior for weakly interacting polymer pairs using only the pure component properties of mass density, solubility parameter, and thermal expansion coefficient is illustrated for mixtures of polystyrene and poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) with n⩽12. The model yields a clear explanation for the strong pressure effects observed in some of these systems, including the first reported baroplastic elastomer.
Monoclonal antibodies as probes to investigate the molecular changes of C5 associated with the different stability of the molecule on sheep erythrocytes and Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (1991)

The fifth C component (C5) exhibits a different stability when bound to sheep E or Escherichia coli 0111:B4, being fairly stable on the bacterial intermediate sensitized E. coli 0111:B4 coated with C components up to C5 (BAC1-5) and extremely labile on the RBC intermediate sensitized sheep E coated with C components up to C5 (EAC1-5). We examined the possibility that molecular changes of membrane-bound C5 might be responsible for the different functional behavior of the two intermediates using mAb to C5 and sensitive immunoassays to detect bound C5. The decay of EAC1-5 over 30 min of incubation at 37 degrees C was associated with a significant drop in the reactivity of bound C5 with three of four mAb used. These results contrasted with those obtained with BAC1-5, which showed unchanged reactivity with all mAb tested over the same period of incubation. The effect of mAb on the activity of C5 was then investigated in an attempt to relate the change of the reactivity pattern of EAC1-5 with the functional modification of bound C5. MAb 1.5 and 1.6 were the only antibodies that interfered with the functional activity of C5, although through a different mechanism. In particular, mAb 1.5 was active both on fluid-phase and on membrane-bound C5 and is therefore likely to interact with the binding site for the late components on C5. Conversely, mAb 1.6 was only effective on fluid-phase C5 and acted by promoting a decay of BAC1-5 similar to the spontaneous decay of EAC1-5. We suggest that the bacterial outer membrane may protect C5 from functional decay and that mAb 1.6 interferes with the stabilizing effect of the bacteria in an as yet unclear manner.
The Structure of Sindbis Virus Produced from Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts as Determined by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (2010)

The complex natural cycle of vectored viruses that transition between host species, such as between insects and mammals, makes understanding the full life cycle of the virus an incredibly complex problem. Sindbis virus, an arbovirus and prototypic alphavirus having an inner protein shell and an outer glycoprotein coat separated by a lipid membrane, is one example of a vectored virus that transitions between vertebrate and insect hosts. While evidence of host-specific differences in Sindbis virus has been observed, no work has been performed to characterize the impact of the host species on the structure of the virus. Here, we report the first study of the structural differences between Sindbis viruses grown in mammalian and insect cells, which were determined by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), a nondestructive technique that did not decrease the infectivity of the Sindbis virus particles studied. The scattering data and modeling showed that, while the radial position of the lipid bilayer did not change significantly, it was possible to conclude that it did have significantly more cholesterol when the virus was grown in mammalian cells. Additionally, the outer protein coat was found to be more extended in the mammalian Sindbis virus. The SANS data also demonstrated that the RNA and nucleocapsid protein share a closer interaction in the mammalian-cell-grown virus than in the virus from insect cells.
A novel dianionic surfactant from the reaction of C<sub>14</sub>‐alkenylsuccinic anhydride with sodium isethionate (1994)

Abstract A novel derivative of alkenylsuccinic anhydride has been developed. When the anhydride is opened with sodium isethionate, a difunctional surfactant, alkenyl carboxysulfonate (ACS), is produced. This product has a unique combination of properties: moderate foaming, effective detergency, as well as the capability to function as a hydrotrope and as a co‐builder in formulated cleaning systems. This paper briefly reviews some past studies with ACS. The utility of ACS in hard‐surface cleaning is also examined, especially the capacity of this molecule to act both as a low‐streaking surfactant and a hydrotrope. This combined function should allow formulators to diminish or eliminate volatile solvents in a variety of cleaning products. ACS has shown merit as an agent to reduce soil redeposition in three different heavy‐duty liquid formulations. Additionally, heavy‐duty liquid detergents containing ACS can be formulated to high surfactant and organic builder levels.
A ROLE FOR TGF?? AND B CELLS IN IMMUNOLOGIC TOLERANCE AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SOLUBLE ANTIGEN1 (2001)

The studies demonstrate a critical role for TGFbeta in mediating tolerance after intravenous injection of antigen but additionally raise concerns about the stability of this tolerant state.
Intraspecific and interspecific hybridization of Mucor pusillus and M. miehei by protoplast fusion. (1982)

The protoplast fusion of Mucor pusillus and M. miehei was studied to develop a breeding system for the microbial rennin-producing Mucorales fungi. High yeilds of protoplasts from young germlings of these fungi were obtained by using an enzyme system containing Streptomyces No. 6 chitosanase, a commercial chitinase and sulfatase. Approximately 1 - 10% of these protoplasts regenerated on a solid medium with a soft agar overlay. Intraspecific hybridization between M. pusillus strains, as well as interspecific hybridization between M. pusillus and M. miehei was brought about by protoplast fusion, in the presence of polyethylene glycol in rather high frequencies (5-40%). Several hybrid strains between (+) and (-) strains of M. pusillus showed stable homothallic properties.
Morphological and Physiological Variation in Wild Oat<sup>1</sup> (1982)

Abstract Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) is well adapted to grow and persist under a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the variation within the wild oat population in North Dakota and Minnesota as to morphology, dormancy, and herbicide response. Growth characteristics of 230 wild oat accessions and their response to several herbicides for wild oat control were determined. Research was conducted in the glasshouse with potting soil (2:1:1 v/v/v Fargo silty clay, sand, and compost) or field on a Fargo silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, frigid, Vertic Haplaquolls) or Barnes loam (fine‐loamy, mixed Udic Haploborolls). The wild oat accessions differed in plant height, number of tillers, days to panicle emergence, grain yield, and response to diclofop {2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoic acid}, difenzoquat (1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐ diphenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazolium‐ion), flamprop [ N ‐benzoyl‐ N ‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoropheny1)‐ DL ‐alanine], and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate). The accessions were classified into four botanical varieties (ecotypes) based on caryopsis (seed) characteristics; but magnitude classes within the measured traits showed no relationship to the ecotype classification. Wild oat seed dormancy varied between accessions and was influenced by location and season. The variation in wild oat indicates a potential within the natural population for certain accessions to become more weedy than others especially those possessing high dormancy, herbicide resistance, and seed production.