gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning (2019)

There is growing interest in estimating and analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects in experimental and observational studies. We describe a number of metaalgorithms that can take advantage of any supervised learning or regression method in machine learning and statistics to estimate the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) function. Metaalgorithms build on base algorithms-such as random forests (RFs), Bayesian additive regression trees (BARTs), or neural networks-to estimate the CATE, a function that the base algorithms are not designed to estimate directly. We introduce a metaalgorithm, the X-learner, that is provably efficient when the number of units in one treatment group is much larger than in the other and can exploit structural properties of the CATE function. For example, if the CATE function is linear and the response functions in treatment and control are Lipschitz-continuous, the X-learner can still achieve the parametric rate under regularity conditions. We then introduce versions of the X-learner that use RF and BART as base learners. In extensive simulation studies, the X-learner performs favorably, although none of the metalearners is uniformly the best. In two persuasion field experiments from political science, we demonstrate how our X-learner can be used to target treatment regimes and to shed light on underlying mechanisms. A software package is provided that implements our methods.
Inhibitory effects of grape skin extract and resveratrol on fatty acid synthase (2013)

GSE and resveratrol are potent FAS inhibitors and they bound reversibly to the KR domain of FAS to inhibit the reduction of the saturated acyl groups in fatty acid synthesis. Based on the valid data and deliberate analysis, we proposed that GSE and resveratrol have great medical potential and officinal value in treating obesity and related diseases.
An integrated framework for digital electronics education - programmable logic and IC design tools (2002)

Digital electronics is core curriculum in electronics and electrical engineering degrees. Programmable logic has now become its dominant implementation technology. We describe an integrated framework of practical work to support conventional (taught) design material, at all stages of an undergraduate degree course. Logic gate functions and state machines are first illustrated with demonstration units based on Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). Students then use ABEL - a simple HDL (Hardware Description Language) - to implement a series of designs based around counters and state machines. A design exercise early in the second year requires students to use VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) to control a model lift with a simple FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), extending programmable implementation as well as programming language. Later work in the second year includes intensive team design projects involving programmable logic, and the design and test of a CMOS Gate Array system. All students therefore acquire transferable HDL skills. These can be developed further in the third year individual design project, where a range of HDL systems is available and it is easier to provide relatively expensive software for the limited numbers concerned. PLD programming is supported in two distinct ways. Conventional stand-alone programming stations provide for EPROMs and many PLDs, while in-system programming of standard architectures avoids bottlenecks in whole-class exercises. Hence, students are exposed to appropriate implementation technology in a manner suited to each level of their degree programme, to prime them well with transferable skills for their professional engineering careers.
Wireless Multimedia in 3G Networks (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cellular Networks UMTS Networks Multimedia Services IMS Architecture and Implementation MBMS Architecture and Implementation Quality of Service Summary Glossary of Acronyms References
Septation of the respiratory and digestive tracts in human embryos: Crucial role of the tracheoesophageal sulcus (1994)

Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, common malformations of the respiratory and digestive tracts, are of unsettled pathogenesis. Part of the difficulty in understanding these abnormalities arises from the uncertainties about the normal developmental processes in the region. This study examined the development and fate of the tracheoesophageal septum. Normal human embryos from the Carnegie Embryological Collection and fetuses from the Hopkins Pathology Collection were examined, and reconstructions of selected specimens were made from photomicrographs of serial histologic sections. The results show that the lung bud appears in Carnegie stage 12, rapidly enlarges, and bends caudally, thereby producing a sulcus between the foregut and the respiratory system on its caudal aspect. The cranial aspect of this tracheoesophageal sulcus remains fixed at the levels of the first cervical vertebra throughout subsequent embryonic and fetal development. At the same time the trachea and esophagus elongate to bring those part of the respiratory and digestive systems into their definitive anatomic positions. Examination of the tracheoesophageal sulcus shows that its growth-limiting properties may be explained by its catenoidal configuration. Catenoidal, or saddle-shape, sulci have been shown to have similar regional growth-limiting properties in the embryonic heart. These regions contrast with outwardly convex regions in both the developing heart and lung where growth of the tissues occurs. The observations made here suggest that the origin of the tracheoesophageal malformations must be sought in a configurational abnormality in the area of the developing lung bud in Carnegie stage 12.
Extending The Non-Interference Version Of MLS For Sat (1986)

A non-interference formulation ofMLS applicable to the Secure Ada Target (SAT) Abstract Model is developed. An analogous formulation is developed to handle the SAT type enforcement policy. Unwinding theorems are presented for both MLS and Multi-Domain Security (MDS) and the SAT Abstract Model is shown to satisfy both MLS and MDS. Generalizations and extensions are also considered.
A Novel One-Step Synthesis of 2-Methoxycarbonylthieno[2,3-<i>b</i>]quinolines and 3-Hydroxy-2-methoxycarbonyl-2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3-<i>b</i>]-quinolines (1984)

Syntheses a partir de chloro-2 quinoleinecarbaldehydes-3 par l'intermediaire d'acyl-3 chloro-2 quinoleines
Discovering tasks from search engine query logs (2013)

Although Web search engines still answer user queries with lists of ten blue links to webpages, people are increasingly issuing queries to accomplish their daily tasks (e.g., finding a recipe , booking a flight , reading online news , etc.). In this work, we propose a two-step methodology for discovering tasks that users try to perform through search engines. First, we identify user tasks from individual user sessions stored in search engine query logs. In our vision, a user task is a set of possibly noncontiguous queries (within a user search session), which refer to the same need. Second, we discover collective tasks by aggregating similar user tasks, possibly performed by distinct users. To discover user tasks, we propose query similarity functions based on unsupervised and supervised learning approaches. We present a set of query clustering methods that exploit these functions in order to detect user tasks. All the proposed solutions were evaluated on a manually-built ground truth, and two of them performed better than state-of-the-art approaches. To detect collective tasks, we propose four methods that cluster previously discovered user tasks, which in turn are represented by the bag-of-words extracted from their composing queries. These solutions were also evaluated on another manually-built ground truth.
Neuroinflammation in Multiple System Atrophy: Response to and Cause of α-Synuclein Aggregation (2015)

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease presenting with combinations of autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and/or pyramidal signs. Oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) rich in α-synuclein (α-syn) constitute the disease hallmark, accompanied by neuronal loss and activation of glial cells which indicate neuroinflammation. Recent studies demonstrate that α-syn may be released from degenerating neurons to mediate formation of abnormal inclusion bodies and to induce neuroinflammation which, interestingly, might also favor the formation of intracellular α-syn aggregates as a consequence of cytokine release and the shift to a pro-inflammatory environment. Here, we critically review the relationships between α-syn and astrocytic and microglial activation in MSA to explore the potential of therapeutics which target neuroinflammation.
Recent developments in antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 infection (2014)

Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is the main etiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Recent EV-71 outbreaks in Asia-Pacific were not limited to mild HFMD, but were associated with severe neurological complications such as aseptic meningitis and brainstem encephalitis, which may lead to cardiopulmonary failure and death. The absence of licensed therapeutics for clinical use has intensified research into anti-EV-71 development. This review highlights the potential antiviral agents targeting EV-71 attachment, entry, uncoating, translation, polyprotein processing, virus-induced formation of membranous RNA replication complexes, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The strategies for antiviral development include target-based synthetic compounds, anti-rhinovirus and poliovirus libraries screening, and natural compound libraries screening. Growing knowledge of the EV-71 life cycle will lead to successful development of antivirals. The continued effort to develop antiviral agents for treatment is crucial in the absence of a vaccine. The coupling of antivirals with an effective vaccine will accelerate eradication of the disease.
An Eight‐day Method for Screening Compounds against <i>Leishmania donovani</i> in the Golden Hamster* (1958)

SYNOPSIS. Intracardial inoculation of 1–10 million L. donovani in 0.1 ml. of ground spleen suspension from an infected animal (hamster) results in a uniform rise of parasite numbers in the untreated animal over the first 8 days after the inoculation. This rise is highly consistent from experiment to experiment. Treatment is accomplished by parenteral injection of a compound for 6 successive days in this time interval, starting 24 hours after inoculation. No known active compound in proper dosage (sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine, fuadin) has failed to show a significant suppression of the expected rise in parasite numbers. No known inactive compound has had any effect on the course of the infection. The dosage‐response curve for the active compounds suggests that the method is a sensitive one. Since it takes only 8 days to complete, it is economical as well.
Use of Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests by State (2018)

Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) is a peer-reviewed electronic journal established by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. PCD provides an open exchange of information and knowledge among researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and others who strive to improve the health of the public through chronic disease prevention.
Design of an inductively shunted transmon qubit with tunable transverse and longitudinal coupling (2018)

This thesis is set in the framework of superconducting transmon-type qubit architectures with special focus on two important types of coupling between qubits and harmonic resonators: transverse and longitudinal coupling. We will see that longitudinal coupling offers some remarkable advantages with respect to scalability and readout. This thesis will focus on a design, which combines both these coupling types in a single circuit and provides the possibility to choose between pure transverse and pure longitudinal or have both at the same time. We will start with an introduction to circuit quantization, where we will explain how to describe and analyze superconducting electrical circuits in a systematic way and discuss which characteristic circuit elements make up qubits and resonators. We will then introduce the two types of coupling between qubit and resonator which are provided in our design. Translating this discussion from the Hamiltonian level to the language of circuit quantization, we will show how to design circuits with specifically tailored couplings. We will focus on our circuit design that consists of an inductively shunted transmon qubit with tunable coupling to an embedded harmonic mode. The distinctive feature of the tunable design is that the transverse coupling disappears when the longitudinal is maximal and vice versa. Subsequently, we will turn to the implementation of our circuit design, discuss how to choose the parameters, and present an adapted alternative circuit, where coupling strength and anharmonicity scale better than in the original circuit. In addition, we present a proposal for an experimental device that will serve as a prototype for a first experiment. We will conclude the thesis discussing different possibilities to do readout with our circuit design, including a short discussion of the influence of dissipation.
Silencing of hyaluronan synthase 2 suppresses the malignant phenotype of invasive breast cancer cells (2007)

Accumulation of hyaluronan has been demonstrated in the peritumoral breast cancer stroma and nests of tumor cells. In this study, we have quantified the production of hyaluronan and the expression of mRNAs encoding hyaluronan synthesizing (HAS) and hyaluronan degrading (HYAL) enzymes in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. The analysis revealed that highly invasive breast cancer cells produce high amounts of hyaluronan and express preferentially HAS2 mRNA, whereas less invasive breast cancer cells produce low amount of hyaluronan and express HAS1 and HYAL1 mRNAs. We explored the importance of HAS2 expression for breast cancer tumorigenicity, by specifically silencing the HAS2 gene using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression in the invasive breast cancer cell line Hs578T. This led to a less aggressive phenotype of the breast tumor cells, as assessed by cell growth, both in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cultures. siRNA-mediated knock down of HAS2 in Hs578T breast tumor cells led to an up-regulation of HAS1, HAS3 and HYAL1 mRNAs, resulting in only a 50% decrease in the net hyaluronan production; however, the synthesized hyaluronan was of lower size and more polydisparse compared to control siRNA-treated cells. Interestingly, Hs578T cells deprived of HAS2 migrated only half as efficiently as HAS2 expressing cells through cell-free areas in a culture wounding assay and through Transwell polycarbonate membrane as well as invaded a Matrigel layer. These results imply that alterations in HAS2 expression and endogenously synthesized hyaluronan affect the malignant phenotype of Hs578T breast cancer cells.
Thrombin binds to a high-affinity ~900,000-dalton site on human platelets (1985)

The functional sizes of the binding sites for thrombin on human platelets and isolated membranes have been determined by the technique of radiation inactivation: similar results were obtained. Independent studies using different radiation doses (0, 3, and 48 Mrad) and different thrombin concentrations (10(-10), 10(-8), and 10(-6) M) confirmed the presence of three binding sites with functional sizes of 900 000, 30 000, and 4000 daltons. The binding site of lowest apparent size (4000 daltons) probably corresponds to what has been termed nonspecific binding since its dissociation constant (2900 nM) is well outside the physiological range. The site of intermediate size (30 000 daltons) is also probably not involved in platelet activation since its dissociation constant (11 nM) is also beyond the concentration range required for activation, although it may be involved in other aspects of platelet-thrombin interaction. The sites with the largest functional size are probably important in platelet function since their dissociation constant (0.3 nM) is in the range required for platelet activation. The functional size of these sites (900 000 daltons) suggests that the high-affinity site for thrombin binding to platelets may involve a multimolecular complex of membrane components.
Structural studies on bacterial carotenoids and their biosynthetic implications (1969)

Abstract
Correlating Atomic Structure and Transport in Suspended Graphene Nanoribbons (2014)

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for next generation integrated circuit (IC) components; this fact motivates exploration of the relationship between crystallographic structure and transport of graphene patterned at IC-relevant length scales (<10 nm). We report on the controlled fabrication of pristine, freestanding GNRs with widths as small as 0.7 nm, paired with simultaneous lattice-resolution imaging and electrical transport characterization, all conducted within an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. Few-layer GNRs very frequently formed bonded-bilayers and were remarkably robust, sustaining currents in excess of 1.5 μA per carbon bond across a 5 atom-wide ribbon. We found that the intrinsic conductance of a sub-10 nm bonded bilayer GNR scaled with width as GBL(w) ≈ 3/4(e(2)/h)w, where w is the width in nanometers, while a monolayer GNR was roughly five times less conductive. Nanosculpted, crystalline monolayer GNRs exhibited armchair-terminated edges after current annealing, presenting a pathway for the controlled fabrication of semiconducting GNRs with known edge geometry. Finally, we report on simulations of quantum transport in GNRs that are in qualitative agreement with the observations.
Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments (1988)

Pelagic Nitrogen Cycling: Primary Productivity and Pelagic Nitrogen Cycling Pelagic Primary Production in Nearshore Waters Microfauna in Pelagic Food Chains Benthic Nitrogen Cycling: Benthic Primary Production and Oxygen Profiles Benthic Nitrogen Fixation Amino Acids and Amines in Marine Particulate Material and Sediments Distribution and Metabolism of Quaternary Amines in Marine Sediments Benthic Mineralization and Bacterial Production Nitrogen in Benthic Food Chains Nitrification in Estuarine and Coastal Marine Sediments Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification in Marine Sediments Benthic Fauna and Biogeochemical Processes in Marine Sediements: The Role of Burrow Structures Benthic Fauna and Biogeochemical Processes in Marine Sediments: Microbial Activities and Fluxes Models of Nitrogen Cycling: Modelling Benthic Nitrogen Cycling in Temperate Coastal Ecosystems Nitrogen Models at the Community Level: Plant-Animal-Microbe Interactions Nitrogen Biogeochemistry and Modelling of Carmarthen Bay.
Absolute Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Section Measurements Using a Magneto-Optical Trap (1996)

We present a new method for measuring absolute total electron-impact ionization cross sections. The technique measures fractional loss rates from a magneto-optical trap due to electron-impact ionization. The method requires only relative measurements of the number of target atoms and therefore eliminates a major source of difficulty in previous experiments. We report total ionization cross sections of Rb for electron energies from 50 to 500 eV.
Inhibition of Decidual Induction in Rats by Clomiphene and Tamoxifen (1992)

The objective of this study was to characterize the estrogen action that confers endometrial sensitization to nontraumatic deciduogenic stimuli by use of antiestrogens. Tamoxifen, ethamoxytriphetol, and clomiphene and its two component enantiomers inhibited decidual induction in pseudopregnant rats when administered 17 h before pyrathiazine. Unexpectedly, clomiphene (250 micrograms/rat) and tamoxifen (25 micrograms/rat) proved inhibitory at all times up to and including the time of induction. Clomiphene, administered in the hours preceding decidual induction, inhibited the increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity, which normally marks the end of the induction phase. Clomiphene had no inhibitory effect on the availability or receptor binding of progesterone. Clomiphene also inhibited implantation of blastocysts when administered at the time of their adherence to the uterus. The inhibition by antiestrogens of decidual induction could not be explained on the basis of the current understanding of mechanisms of estrogen action. The discrepancies were that no latent period between the time of antiestrogen administration and decidual induction was observed and no difference was observed in the inhibitory activities of the isomers of clomiphene.
Scabies and Pediculosis Pubis: An Update of Treatment Regimens and General Review (2002)

The ectoparasites scabies and pediculosis pubis are common causes of skin rash and pruritus worldwide. They are transmitted primarily by person-to-person spread and are generally associated with low morbidity. The preferred treatment for scabies has generally been topical agents such as lindane and permethrin. Recently, ivermectin has demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of scabies, and it may be of particular use in institutional outbreaks and in communities in which scabies is endemic. Combination treatment with topical agents and oral ivermectin may be necessary for crusted scabies. Treatment of pediculosis pubis is best accomplished with topical permethrin, lindane, or pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide. Although resistance to these topical agents has been reported in head lice, decreased efficacy in the treatment of pediculosis pubis has not been reported.
Endfire tapered slot antenna characteristics (1989)

Typical configurations and operating characteristics for endfire tapered slot antennas are described. The feed transition modeling and moment method modeling techniques are utilized to predict antenna performance. The radiation pattern and cross polarization properties for the linearly tapered slot antennas are examined. Endfire tapered slot antennas are applicable for wide-band scanning arrays and focal plane arrays for imaging and multiple beam reflector systems.
High power Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser (1992)

The design rules and experiments with the Q-switched Er/sup 3+/ fiber laser are presented. The optimization of the fiber parameters resulted in 230 W/8 ns pulses for 250 mW of green pumping power, the highest peak power combined with such short pulses ever demonstrated for this type of laser. Self-mode-locked operation is also reported. The performance of the Q-switched laser is analyzed as a function of fiber length, pulse repetition rate, and pumping conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>