gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis of some camel cytochrome P450 enzymes reveals lower evolution and drug-binding properties (2015)

Camels bear unique genotypes and phenotypes for adaptation of their harsh environment. They have unique visual systems, sniffing, water metabolism, and heat-control mechanisms that are different from other creatures. The recent announcement for the complete sequence of camel genome will allow for the discovery of many secrets of camel life. In this context, the genetic bases of camel drug-metabolizing enzymes are still unknown. Furthermore, the genomic content of camel that rendered it highly susceptible to some drugs (as monensin and salinomycin) and became easily intoxicated needs to be investigated. The objectives of this work are the annotation of camel genome and retrieval of camel for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 2C, and 3A enzymes. This is followed by comprehensive phylogenetic, evolution, molecular modeling, and docking studies. In comparison with the human enzymes, camel CYPs showed lower evolution rate, especially CYP1A1. Furthermore, the binding of monensin, salinomycin, alfa-naphthoflavone, felodepine, and ritonavir was weaker in camel enzymes. Interestingly, rerank score indicated instable binding of monensin and salinomycin with camel CYP1A1 as well as salinomycin with camel CYP2C. The results of this work suggest that camels are more susceptible to toxicity with compounds undergoing metabolic oxidation. This conclusion was based on lower evolution rate and lower binding potency of camels compared with the human enzymes.
Electroreflectance and photoluminescence study of InN (2005)

Photoluminescence and electroreflectance (ER) measurements on InN thin films grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition were performed at ambient and low temperatures. Franz-Keldysh oscillations (FKO's) were observed in the ER spectra. From the analysis of the FKO's, the bandgap of an as-deposited film is estimated to be 0.66 ?? 0.02 eV at 90 K, whereas the low-temperature (8 K) photoluminescence (PL) appears as a broad peak between 0.67 eV and 0.77 eV. When the sample is annealed in air at temperatures below 420 ??C, the bandgap energy at 90 K estimated from the FKO redshifts to 0.62 ?? 0.02 eV. When the sample is annealed at temperatures of 420 ??C or above, the low energy PL disappears, but the FKO signal persists with the same bandgap energy. We interpret that the crystalline quality of InN improves with annealing at lower temperatures but degrades dramatically with higher temperature annealing and conclude that the intrinsic bandgap energy of InN at 90 K is 0.62 ?? 0.02 eV.
Color in Films of Sputtered Tin (1933)

Films were sputtered on glass from circular tin cathodes. These films, when produced in air or oxygen and viewed with monochromatic light, show alternately light and dark rings; in white light they show several cycles of the colors of the visible continuous spectrum, similar in appearance to Newton’s rings. In the formation of a set of rings the center gradually passes through a cycle of colors of increasing wave-length to the red. The red center then merges into blue and the cycle is repeated. With the appearance of each new center color, all preceding colors move outward and form surrounding rings. The rate of growth of a set of rings depends on the sputtering conditions. Under proper conditions, the change of color of the center and the addition of another set of color rings takes place with definite regularity. These colors are believed to be due to an interference effect produced by the variation in thickness of the film layer. This layer is probably stannic oxide. Films produced in nitrogen are opaque brown deposits. Tests indicate the material of these films to be a tin-nitrogen compound. Heating such a film in oxygen produced a nearly transparent color film similar to those sputtered in oxygen or air. Films produced in hydrogen have mirror surfaces of high reflecting power.
Research and Development of Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Alloys for Intended Use in Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries (2003)

The physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys modified by various methods are discussed for intended use in nickel-metal hydride batteries. A Mg2Ni-Ni composite prepared by ball-milling of Mg2Ni alloy with Ni (Mg2Ni/Ni=1/1.28 in mole ratio) has a homogeneous amorphous structure and exhibits much improved hydriding-dehydriding characteristics and a very high discharge capacity at room temperature. Surface modification of amorphous MgNi alloys by ball-milling with graphite led to an improvement in the hydriding-dehydriding and charge-discharge characteristics. It is suggested that both a charge-transfer reaction between graphite and Mg and an increase in the Ni/Mg ratio on the alloy surface may be responsible for the enhanced characteristics of the MgNi-graphite composite. By using carbon materials with lower crystallinity for the surface modification, the ball-milling time to reach a maximum discharge capacity was shortened. Moreover, it was found that the combination of partial substitution with Ti and V and the subsequent surface modification with graphite promoted hydrogen desorbability and improved charge-discharge cycle performance and high rate dischargeability. The combination of bulk and surface modifications is very effective in improving the physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics of Mg-based alloys.
Semiconductor-on-insulator and thin film transistor technology : symposium held December 3-6, 1985, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (1986)

Preface Acknowledgments Part I. Zone Melting and Recrystallization Part II. Heteroepitaxy and Porous Silicon Part III. Buried Oxide and Nitride by Implantation Part IV. Characterization of SOI Thin Films Part V. Device and Circuit Applications Author index Subject index.
Reactive Oxygen Species in Health and Disease (2012)

During the past decades, it became obvious that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a multitude of biological effects covering a wide spectrum that ranges from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations participating in the pathogenesis of increasing number of diseases. This review summarizes the key roles played by the ROS in both health and disease. ROS are metabolic products arising from various cells; two cellular organelles are intimately involved in their production and metabolism, namely, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Updates on research that tremendously aided in confirming the fundamental roles of both organelles in redox regulation will be discussed as well. Although not comprehensive, this review will provide brief perspective on some of the current research conducted in this area for better understanding of the ROS actions in various conditions of health and disease.
Photothermal investigation of transport in semiconductors: Theory and experiment (1986)

The photothermal deflection technique has been extended as a contactless, in situ method to investigate transport in solids with an emphasis on semiconductors. A theoretical model is developed which quantitatively describes the transport behavior, and is shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results. For semiconductors, this approach yields the thermal diffusivity, the electronic diffusivity, the minority-carrier lifetime and the surface recombination velocity.
The asterix III pulsed high-power iodine laser (1976)

A system description and first results of the Asterix III high-power iodine laser built at IPP Garching are given. This laser is designed to yield an output energy of 1 kJ in about 1 ns. Until now pulses with output energies up to 300 J and pulse lengths ranging from 1 to 3 ns have been obtained.
Nickel Mobilizes Intracellular Zinc to Induce Metallothionein in Human Airway Epithelial Cells (2008)

We recently reported that induction of metallothionein (MT) was critical in limiting nickel (Ni)-induced lung injury in intact mice. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which Ni induces MT expression is unclear. We hypothesized that the ability of Ni to mobilize zinc (Zn) may contribute to such regulation and therefore, we examined the mechanism for Ni-induced MT2A expression in human airway epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Ni induced MT2A transcript levels and protein expression by 4 hours. Ni also increased the activity of a metal response element (MRE) promoter luciferase reporter construct, suggesting that Ni induces MRE binding of the metal transcription factor (MTF-1). Exposure to Ni resulted in the nuclear translocation of MTF-1, and Ni failed to induce MT in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking MTF-1. As Zn is the only metal known to directly bind MTF-1, we then showed that Ni increased a labile pool of intracellular Zn in cells as revealed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter using the Zn-sensitive fluorophore, FluoZin-3. Ni-induced increases in MT2A mRNA and MRE-luciferase activity were sensitive to the Zn chelator, TPEN, supporting an important role for Zn in mediating the effect of Ni. Although neither the source of labile Zn nor the mechanism by which Ni liberates labile Zn was apparent, it was noteworthy that Ni increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although both N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid (AA) decreased Ni-induced increases in ROS, only NAC prevented Ni-induced increases in MT2A mRNA, suggesting a special role for interactions of Ni, thiols, and Zn release.
Long term <i>in vitro</i> biostability of segmented polyisobutylene‐based thermoplastic polyurethanes (2010)

Long term in vitro biostability of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) containing mixed polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft segment was studied under accelerated conditions in 20% H(2)O(2) solution containing 0.1M CoCl(2) at 50 °C to predict resistance to metal ion oxidative degradation (MIO) in vivo. The PIB-based TPUs showed significant oxidative stability as compared to the commercial controls Pellethane 2363-55D and 2363-80A. After 12 weeks in vitro the PIB-PTMO TPUs with 10-20% PTMO in the soft segment showed 6-10% weight loss whereas the Pellethane TPUs degraded completely in about 9 weeks. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the degradation of Pellethane samples via MIO by the loss of the ∼1110 cm(-1) aliphatic C-O-C stretching peak height attributed to chain scission, and the appearance of a new peak at ∼1174 cm(-1) attributed to crosslinking. No such changes were apparent in the spectra of the PIB-based TPUs. The PIB-based TPUs exhibited 10-30% drop in tensile strength compared to 100% for the Pellethane TPUs after 12 weeks. The molecular weight of the PIB-based TPUs decreased slightly (10-15%) at 12 weeks. The Pellethane TPUs showed a dramatic decrease in M(n) and an increase in low molecular weight degradation product. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed severe cracking in the Pellethane samples after 2 weeks, whereas the PIB-based TPUs exhibited a continuous surface morphology. The weight loss, tensile, and SEM data correlate well with each other and indicate excellent biostability of these materials.
Inkjet Printing of Electrically Conductive Patterns of Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

Jet stream: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes grown by catalytic chemical vapor deposition were carboxylated in a two-step oxidation process. An aqueous dispersion of the functionalized nanotubes was dispensed using an inkjet printer to obtain electrically conductive patterns on paper and plastic surfaces (see picture). Sheet resistivities for the deposited patterns of about 40 kΩ/□ could be achieved by multiple prints.
Gene synthesis, expression, and mutagenesis of the blue copper proteins azurin and plastocyanin. (1991)

Genes for the blue copper proteins Populus nigra var. italica plastocyanin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin have been constructed by a stepwise procedure. The leader sequence for azurin has been placed before the genes directing plastocyanin and azurin transport to the periplasmic space when the genes are expressed in Escherichia coli. Site-saturation mutagenesis has been used to alter two copper-binding residues of azurin (Met-121 and His-46) and Met-92 of plastocyanin. While the plastocyanin mutants do not appear to bind copper, the azurin variants all bind copper and show characteristic type I blue copper centers. In particular, the electronic spectra reflect the dominance of the charge transfer interaction between copper and the thiolate of Cys-112, being relatively insensitive to changes in Met-121 or His-46. In contrast, removal of Met-121 appreciably alters the EPR spectra of the mutants, although, to a first order, the spectra of all mutants are themselves similar, suggesting a more distorted geometry around copper in the mutants than in the wild type.
Studies in the Pyridazine Series. The Absorption Spectrum of Pyridazine<sup>1</sup> (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in the Pyridazine Series. The Absorption Spectrum of Pyridazine1Richard Castleman Evans and F. Y. WiselogleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 1, 60–62Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01217a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01217a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views505Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Attenuation of the Transforming Growth Factor β-Signaling Pathway in Chronic Venous Ulcers (2010)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is important in inflammation, angiogenesis, reepithelialization and connective tissue regeneration during wound healing. We analyzed components of TGFbeta signaling pathway in biopsies from 10 patients with nonhealing venous ulcers (VUs). Using comparative genomics of transcriptional profiles of VUs and TGFbeta-treated keratinocytes, we found deregulation of TGFbeta target genes in VUs. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemical analysis, we found suppression of TGFbeta RI, TGFbeta RII and TGFbeta RIII, and complete absence of phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) in VU epidermis. In contrast, pSmad2 was induced in the cells of the migrating epithelial tongue of acute wounds. TGFbeta-inducible transcription factors (GADD45beta , ATF3 and ZFP36L1) were suppressed in VUs. Likewise, genes suppressed by TGFbeta (FABP5, CSTA and S100A8) were induced in nonhealing VUs. An inhibitor of Smad signaling, Smad7 was also downregulated in VUs. We conclude that TGFbeta signaling is functionally blocked in VUs by downregulation of TGFbeta receptors and attenuation of Smad signaling resulting in deregulation of TGFbeta target genes and consequent hyperproliferation. These data suggest that application of exogenous TGFbeta may not be a beneficial treatment for VUs.
Effect of Injection Routes on the Biodistribution, Clearance, and Tumor Uptake of Carbon Dots (2013)

The emergence of photoluminescent carbon-based nanomaterials has shown exciting potential in the development of benign nanoprobes. However, the in vivo kinetic behaviors of these particles that are necessary for clinical translation are poorly understood to date. In this study, fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized and the effect of three injection routes on their fate in vivo was explored by using both near-infrared fluorescence and positron emission tomography imaging techniques. We found that C-dots are efficiently and rapidly excreted from the body after all three injection routes. The clearance rate of C-dots is ranked as intravenous > intramuscular > subcutaneous. The particles had relatively low retention in the reticuloendothelial system and showed high tumor-to-background contrast. Furthermore, different injection routes also resulted in different blood clearance patterns and tumor uptakes of C-dots. These results satisfy the need for clinical translation and should promote efforts to further investigate the possibility of using carbon-based nanoprobes in a clinical setting. More broadly, we provide a testing blueprint for in vivo behavior of nanoplatforms under various injection routes, an important step forward toward safety and efficacy analysis of nanoparticles.
Inference of relevance for proactive information retrieval (2013)

Search engines have become very important as the amount of digital data has grown dramatically. The most common search interfaces require one to describe an information need using a small number of search terms, but that is not feasible in all situations. Expressing a complex query as precise search terms is often difficult. In the future, better search engines can anticipate user's goals and provide relevant results automatically, without the need to specify search queries in detail.\nMachine learning methods are important building blocks in constructing more intelligent search engines. Methods can be trained to predict which documents are relevant for the searcher. The prediction is based on recorded feedback or observations of how the user interacts with the search engine and result documents. If the relevance can be estimated reliably, interesting documents can be retrieved and displayed automatically.\nThis thesis studies machine learning methods for information retrieval and new kinds of applications enabled by them. The thesis introduces relevance inference methods for estimating query terms from eye movement patterns during reading and for combining relevance feedback given on multiple connected data domains, such as images and their captions. Furthermore, a novel retrieval application for accessing contextually relevant information in the real world surroundings through augmented reality data glasses is presented, and a search interface that provides browsing cues by making potentially relevant items more salient is introduced.\nPrototype versions of the proposed methods and applications have been implemented and tested in simulation and user studies. The tests show that these methods often help the searcher to locate the right items faster than traditional keyword search interfaces would.\nThe experimental results demonstrate that, by developing custom machine learning methods, it is possible to infer intent from feedback and retrieve relevant material proactively. In the future, applications based on similar methods have the potential to make finding relevant information easier in many application areas.
Via-First Inter-Wafer Vertical Interconnects utilizing Wafer-Bonding of Damascene-Patterned Metal/Adhesive Redistribution Layers (2006)

Three-dimensional (3D) integration with through-die vias offer improved electrical performance compared to edgeconnected wire bonds in stacked-die assemblies. Monolithic wafer-level 3D integration offers the potential for a high density of micron-sized through-die vias necessary for highest performance of integrated systems. In addition, such wafer-level technologies offer the potential of lowest cost in large manufacturing volume of any heterogeneous integration platform, incorporating the inherent low cost of monolithic IC interconnectivity. After a brief summary of current 3D integration technologies, a recently introduced platform that offers the process integration advantage of copper-to-copper (Cu-to-Cu) bonding with the increased adhesion strength and robustness of dielectric adhesive bonding using benzocyclobutene (BCB) is discussed. Critical processing challenges of the new platform include BCB partial curing compatible with damascene patterning, post-damascene-patterning cleaning and surface activation, bonding process parameters, and wafer-level planarization requirements. The inherent incorporation of a redistribution layer into the bonding layer process further reduces the process flow and is compatible with waferlevel packaging (WLP) technologies.
Striatal dysfunction during reversal learning in unmedicated schizophrenia patients (2013)

Subjects with schizophrenia are impaired at reinforcement-driven reversal learning from as early as their first episode. The neurobiological basis of this deficit is unknown. We obtained behavioral and fMRI data in 24 unmedicated, primarily first episode, schizophrenia patients and 24 age-, IQ- and gender-matched healthy controls during a reversal learning task. We supplemented our fMRI analysis, focusing on learning from prediction errors, with detailed computational modeling to probe task solving strategy including an ability to deploy an internal goal directed model of the task. Patients displayed reduced functional activation in the ventral striatum (VS) elicited by prediction errors. However, modeling task performance revealed that a subgroup did not adjust their behavior according to an accurate internal model of the task structure, and these were also the more severely psychotic patients. In patients who could adapt their behavior, as well as in controls, task solving was best described by cognitive strategies according to a Hidden Markov Model. When we compared patients and controls who acted according to this strategy, patients still displayed a significant reduction in VS activation elicited by informative errors that precede salient changes of behavior (reversals). Thus, our study shows that VS dysfunction in schizophrenia patients during reward-related reversal learning remains a core deficit even when controlling for task solving strategies. This result highlights VS dysfunction is tightly linked to a reward-related reversal learning deficit in early, unmedicated schizophrenia patients.
The role of CD40 ligand and tumor necrosis factor α signaling in the transgenic K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

These results suggest that anti-CD40L treatment can prevent arthritis development in a model of immunoglobulin-mediated arthritis, but anti-TNFalpha treatment cannot. The unsuccessful treatment of established disease was possibly due to the continued presence of autoreactive antibodies in the arthritic mice.
Production and Consumption of H <sub>2</sub> during Growth of <i>Methanosarcina</i> spp. on Acetate (1985)

Methanosarcina sp. strain TM-1 and Methanosarcina acetivorans produced and consumed H(2) to maintain H(2) partial pressures of 16 to 92 Pa in closed cultures during growth on acetate. Strain TM-1 produced H(2) continuously when H(2) was continuously removed from the culture. The potential physiological significance of H(2) in acetate metabolism to methane is discussed.