gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared Analysis of Rat Bone: Age Dependency of Amorphous and Crystalline Mineral Fractions (1966)

Quantitative infrared spectrophotometric analysis of whole femurs from male rats demonstrates that anorphous calcium phosphate is a major component of bone mineral. The amount of amorphous calcium phosphate in whole bone decreases while the crystalline bone apatite increases during early stages of bone formation. Mature rat bone contains constant levels of both amorphous and crystalline calcium phosphate.
Coupling modes for concurrent active rules (2002)

In general, the coupling modes may divide into immediate, deferred and detached modes in active database systems, but this classification doesn't suffer to clearly separate various execution models in concurrent active rule system. The ambiguity had been exploited that the same coupling modes (e.g. immediate) have different semantics in various active database systems. To clear up this ambiguity, we classified the coupling modes into syn-coupling and asyn-coupling modes, according to the key issue, synchrony/asynchrony, in parallel programming language. Rule execution semantics for various coupling modes are distinctly defined. It is beneficial to implementation and usage of the active rule system. After graph-based rule system (E-RG) and its execution model, we show the various strategies to construct the syn-coupling and asyn-coupling modes in E-RG rule system, based on semantics for coupling modes.
Umsetzungen substituierter 1‐Thiochromone und 4(1H)‐Chinolone mit Nucleophilen (1981)

Reactions of Substituted 1‐Thiochromones and 4(1H)‐Quinolones with Nucleophiles 1‐Thiochromone 1a and 4(1H)‐quinolone 1b react with nucleophiles to substitute the methylthio group. Compounds of type 1 are suitable C 3 ‐fragments for the synthesis of novel heterocycles. Hydroxylamine leads to 2‐amino‐1‐thiochromone‐3‐carboxamide 7 , whereas 1c gives 2‐methylthio‐1‐thiochromone‐oxime 8 .
A New Synthesis of 2-Amino-g-lactones Involving Photochemical Addition Reaction of Alcohols to Enamide (1988)

Photochemical addition reaction of alcohols to the enamide (2) prepared from pyruvic acid ester has provided a new synthetic method of the 2-amino-y-lactones (ha-dl.During the course of studies on the cyclization of enamides with various types of structure^,',^ we have investigated the photochemical behavior of the enamide
Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)-Associated SMRT Binding to C/EBPβ TAD and Nrf2 Neh4/5: Role of SMRT Recruited to GR in GSTA2 Gene Repression (2005)

The expression of the glutathione S-transferase gene (GST), whose induction accounts for cancer chemoprevention, is regulated by activation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The present study investigated the repressing effects of activating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on C/EBPbeta- and Nrf2-mediated GSTA2 gene induction and the mechanism. Dexamethasone that activates GR inhibited constitutive and oltipraz- or tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ)-inducible GSTA2 expression in H4IIE cells. Also, dexamethasone repressed GSTA2 promoter-luciferase gene activity. Dexamethasone-GR activation did not inhibit nuclear translocation of C/EBPbeta or Nrf2 nor their DNA binding activities induced by oltipraz or t-BHQ. Deletion of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) in the GSTA2 promoter abolished dexamethasone inhibition of the gene induction. Immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assays revealed that silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT), a corepressor recruited to steroid-GR complex for histone deacetylation, bound to TAD domain of C/EBPbeta and Neh4/5 domain of Nrf2. The GSTA2 promoter-luciferase activities were decreased by SMRT but not by truncated SMRTs. The small interference RNA (siRNA) against SMRT abolished SMRT repression of the gene induction by C/EBPbeta or Nrf2. The plasmid transfection and siRNA experiments directly evidenced the functional role of SMRT in GSTA2 repression. In conclusion, dexamethasone antagonizes C/EBPbeta- and Nrf2-mediated GSTA2 gene induction via ligand-GR binding to the GRE, and steroid-mediated GSTA2 repression involves inactivation of C/EBPbeta and Nrf2 by SMRT recruited to steroid-GR complex.
Aspects of systems and circuits for nanoelectronics (1997)

A large number of devices, a limitation of wiring, and very low power dissipation density are design constraints of future nanoelectronic circuits composed of quantum-effect devices. Furthermore, functional integration, which is the possibility of exploiting quantum effects to obtain a function specific behavior, becomes a core design principle. This paper analyzes the effect of this technological progress on the design of nanoelectronic circuits and describes computational paradigms revealing novel features such as distributed storage, fault tolerance, self-organization, and local processing. In particular, linear threshold networks, the associative matrix, self-organizing feature maps, and cellular arrays are investigated from the viewpoint of their potential significance for nanoelectronics. Although these concepts have already been implemented using present technologies, the intention of this paper is to give an impression of their usefulness to system implementations with quantum-effect devices.
IL-6 induced by IL-1 inhibits malaria pre-erythrocytic stages but its secretion is down-regulated by the parasite (1992)

The capacity of IL-6 to mediate the antiparasitic activity of IL-1 on intrahepatic development of malaria parasite was demonstrated. The comparisons of IL-6 levels in infected and noninfected hepatocyte cultures, either purified or enriched with nonparenchymal cells and stimulated by IL-1 or IL-6, indicate that subtle interactions exist between intrahepatocytic development of Plasmodium yoelii and liver synthesis of IL-6. During its intrahepatic multiplication, the parasite causes a decline in IL-6 production. IL-6 mRNA was not detected in the livers of infected mice during development of either hepatic or blood stage parasites although IL-6 activity was found in the sera during both stages.
Alteration of retrieved implantsin vitro by processing and infiltrating fluids (1989)

Undecalcified histology has proved of immense value in the examination of the interface membrane between the prosthesis and bone. However, to provide such histological sections, dehydrating and clearing fluids as well as plastic infiltrating fluids must be used. This study investigates the possibility that some of these commonly used fluids may alter the biomaterial after removal from the body and be misinterpreted as an in vivo product. Ten different routinely used fluids were tested on 11 different biomaterials that are commonly used in prosthetic devices. The nonmetal biomaterials were placed in glass tubes containing the different fluids at room temperature for 5 days. The biomaterials were assessed for changes each day. After 5 days the biomaterial was examined and discarded and the glass tube was centrifuged. The pellet was examined using polarized light microscopy. Polysulfone and bone cement was found to be considerably altered in vitro by most of these fluids. While the components (plasticizer and catalyst) of the plastic fluids caused some changes to the biomaterial. Spurr's and GMA did not cause any alterations to any of the biomaterials that were examined.
Kinetic Characterization of Affinity Chromatography Purified Clostripain (1994)

The cysteine protease clostripain, purified by affinity chromatography on a large scale, shows very high activity against BAEE using the titrimetric standard assay. Furthermore, titration of the active site with the irreversible inhibitor tosyl-lysyl-chloromethane resulted in a more than two times higher specific activity compared with literature data (Porter et al. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7675-7682). Based on the molar enzyme concentration determined, the hydrolysis kinetics of the standard substrate BAEE were compared with those for the N alpha-protected dipeptide ester Mal-Tyr-Arg-OEt. It was demonstrated from the kinetic data that the highly purified clostripain is the most active enzyme preparation available up to now. In contrast to the standard substrate, Mal-Tyr-Arg-OEt shows a threefold lower specificity constant.
A Cooling System with a Fan for Thermal Management of High-Power LEDs (2010)

To improve the heat dissipation of high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a cooling system with a fan is proposed. In the experiment, the LEDs array of 18 W composed of 6 LEDs of 3 W is used and the room temperature is 26ºC. Results show that the temperature of the substrate of LEDs reaches 62ºC without the fan, however, it reaches only 32ºC when the best cooling condition appears. The temperature of the LEDs decreases by 30ºC since the heat produced by LEDs is transferred rapidly by the fan. The experiment demonstrates that the cooling system with the fan has good performance.
Generation of interactive parsers with error handling (1992)

The generation scheme discussed, produces interactive transducers in the form of Ada programs, with an underlying parser that is of type ELL(1). The emphasis is on error recovery in interactive parsers. A generation scheme is proposed containing powerful error-recovery generation capabilities. The interaction between syntactic and semantic error recovery is also discussed. The generation scheme has been implemented as part of the MIRA transducer writing system. With MIRA, a number of industrial case studies have been worked out, from which considerable feedback has been obtained to test and improve the adopted error-recovery strategy. One of the case studies worked out with MIRA consists of the design and implementation of an interactive software package called ABACUS. A subset called MINI-ABACUS is used as an illustration of the error-recovery principles discussed throughout this work.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transactivating function (AF) 2–mediated AF-1 activity of estrogen receptor α is crucial to maintain male reproductive tract function (2012)

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor containing two transcriptional activation function (AF) domains. AF-1 is in the N terminus of the receptor protein, and AF-2 activity is dependent on helix 12 of the C-terminal ligand-binding domain. We recently showed that two point mutations converting leucines 543 and 544 to alanines in helix 12 (AF2ER) minimized estrogen-dependent AF-2 transcriptional activation. A characteristic feature of AF2ER is that the estrogen antagonists ICI182780 and tamoxifen (TAM) act as agonists through intact AF-1, but not through mutated AF-2. Here we report the reproductive phenotype of male AF2ER knock-in (AF2ERKI) mice and demonstrate the involvement of ERα in male fertility. The AF2ERKI male homozygotes are infertile because of seminiferous tubular dysmorphogenesis in the testis, similar to ERα KO males. Sperm counts and motility did not differ at age 6 wk in AF2ERKI and WT mice, but a significant testis defect was observed in adult AF2ERKI male mice. The expression of efferent ductal genes involved in fluid reabsorption was significantly lower in AF2ERKI males. TAM treatment for 3 wk beginning at age 21 d activated AF-2-mutated ERα (AF2ER) and restored expression of efferent ductule genes. At the same time, the TAM treatment reversed AF2ERKI male infertility compared with the vehicle-treated group. These results indicate that the ERα AF-2 mutation results in male infertility, suggesting that the AF-1 is regulated in an AF-2-dependent manner in the male reproductive tract. Activation of ERα AF-1 is capable of rescuing AF2ERKI male infertility.
Functional recognition of a distinct receptor preferential for leukotriene E<sub>4</sub>in mice lacking the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptors (2008)

The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are a family of potent lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. Activation of certain cell types results in the biosynthesis and export of leukotriene (LT) C(4), which then undergoes extracellular metabolism to LTD(4) and LTE(4). LTE(4), the most stable cys-LT, is only a weak agonist for the defined type 1 and type 2 cys-LT receptors (CysLT(1)R and CysLT(2)R, respectively). We had recognized a greater potency for LTE(4) than LTC(4) or LTD(4) in constricting guinea pig trachea in vitro and comparable activity in eliciting a cutaneous wheal and flare response in humans. Thus, we hypothesized that a vascular permeability response to LTE(4) in mice lacking both the CysLT(1)R and CysLT(2)R could establish the existence of a separate LTE(4) receptor. We now report that the intradermal injection of LTE(4) into the ear of mice deficient in both CysLT(1)R and CysLT(2)R elicits a vascular leak that exceeds the response to intradermal injection of LTC(4) or LTD(4), and that this response is inhibited by pretreatment of the mice with pertussis toxin or a Rho kinase inhibitor. LTE(4) is approximately 64-fold more potent in the CysLT(1)R/CysLT(2)R double-deficient mice than in sufficient mice. The administration of a CysLT(1)R antagonist augmented the permeability response of the CysLT(1)R/CysLT(2)R double-deficient mice to LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4). Our findings establish the existence of a third receptor, CysLT(E)R, that responds preferentially to LTE(4), the most abundant cys-LT in biologic fluids, and thus reveal a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Andrographis paniculata in the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2004)

Current evidence suggests that A. paniculata extract alone or in combination with A. senticosus extract may be more effective than placebo and may be an appropriate alternative treatment of uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection.
Lidocaine inhalation for local anaesthesia and attenuation of bronchial hyper-reactivity with least airway irritation. Effect of three different dose regimens (2000)

The inhalation of lidocaine attenuates bronchial hyper-reactivity but also causes airway irritation. However, how lidocaine dose and plasma concentration influence relationships are unknown. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of three concentrations of lidocaine (1, 4, and 10%, total dose of 0.5, 2.0, and 5.0 mg kg-1, respectively) vs. placebo in 15 mild asthmatic patients, selected by their response to a histamine challenge (decrease in FEV1 > 20% to less than 18 mg mL-1 of histamine [PC20]). Baseline lung function, histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, topical anaesthesia, and lidocaine plasma concentrations were obtained. FEV1 following lidocaine inhalation showed the greatest decrease for the highest dose (from 3.79 +/- 0.15-3.60 +/- 0.15; P = 0.0012). Lidocaine inhalation increased baseline PC20 (6.1 +/- 1.3 mg mL-1) significantly (to 11.8 +/- 3.1, 16.1 +/- 3.3, and 18.3 +/- 4.5 mg mL-1, respectively) with no difference between the two highest doses. The duration of local anaesthesia was not significantly different between lidocaine concentrations of 4% and 10%. Thus, lidocaine inhalation, with increasing concentrations of the aerosolized solution, increases initial bronchoconstriction while significant attenuation of bronchial hyper-reactivity is not further enhanced with increasing concentrations from 4 to 10%. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine were always far below the toxic threshold. In conclusion, when local anaesthesia of the airways is required a lidocaine dose of 2.0 mg kg-1 as a 4% solution can be recommended for local anaesthesia and attenuation of bronchial hyper-reactivity with the least airway irritation.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Diarylacetylenes: Synthesis, Structures, and Physical Properties of Highly Substituted Naphthalenes and 8,8 a‐Dihydrocyclopenta[<i>a</i>]indenes (2011)

Depending on the electronic properties of their substituents, the major products generated by palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of diarylalkynes are either highly substituted 8,8a-dihydrocyclopenta[a]indenes 3 or naphthalenes 4. The structures of these compounds were verified by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Many functional groups tolerated the reaction conditions evaluated in this study. The isotope-labeled experiments indicated that added water has a critical role in forming both classes of compounds. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of cycloadducts 3 and their analogues were systematically studied and compared with computational predictions based on density functional theory. Dihydrocyclopenta[a]indenes 3 in either solid or liquid form display strong luminescence, whereas cyclopenta[a]indene 11 j is practically nonfluorescent. The functional groups directly attached to the backbone of compound 3 significantly influenced physical properties. The steric effect arising from the aryl substituents caused different luminescence phenomena, including aggregation-induced and -enhanced emission.
Characterization of the early stages of thymic NKT cell development (2005)

Upon reaching the mature heat stable antigen (HSA)low thymic developmental stage, CD1d-restricted Valpha14-Jalpha18 thymocytes undergo a well-characterized sequence of expansion and differentiation steps that lead to the peripheral interleukin-4/interferon-gamma-producing NKT phenotype. However, their more immature HSAhigh precursors have remained elusive, and it has been difficult to determine unambiguously whether NKT cells originate from a CD4+ CD8+ double-positive (DP) stage, and when the CD4+ and CD4- CD8- double-negative (DN) NKT subsets are formed. Here, we have used a CD1d tetramer-based enrichment strategy to physically identify HSAhigh precursors in thymuses of newborn mice, including an elusive DPlow stage and a CD4+ stage, which were present at a frequency of approximately 10(-6). These HSAhigh DP and CD4+ stages appeared to be nondividing, and already exhibited the same Vbeta8 bias that characterizes mature NKT cells. This implied that the massive expansion of NKT cells is separated temporally from positive selection, but faithfully amplifies the selected TCR repertoire. Furthermore, we found that, unlike the DN gammadelta T cells, the DN NKT cells did not originate from a pTalpha-independent pathway bypassing the DP stage, but instead were produced during a short window of time from the conversion of a fraction of HSAlow NK1.1neg CD4 cells. These findings identify the HSAhigh CD4+ stage as a potential branchpoint between NKT and conventional T lineages and between the CD4 and DN NKT sublineages.
Physiological Modulation of Rabphilin Phosphorylation (2001)

The dynamic modulation of protein function by phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating synaptic plasticity. Several proteins involved in synaptic transmission have been shown to be targets of protein kinases and phosphatases. A thorough analysis of the physiological role of these modifications has been hampered by the lack of reagents that specifically recognize the phosphorylated states of these proteins. In this study we analyze the physiological modulation of rabphilin using phosphospecific antibodies. We show that phosphorylation on serine-234 and serine-274 of rabphilin is dynamically regulated both under basal and stimulated conditions by the activity of kinases and phosphatases. The two sites are differentially phosphorylated by the stimulation of various kinases, suggesting a possible convergence of different pathways to modulate the function of the protein. Maximal stimulation was observed under plasma membrane-depolarizing conditions that trigger synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The increase in phosphorylation was critically dependent on external Ca(2+) and on the presence of Rab3a, a small GTPase that recruits rabphilin to synaptic vesicles. The rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation during and after stimulation demonstrates the transient nature of the modification. Our results indicate that rabphilin is phosphorylated on synaptic vesicles by Ca(2+)-dependent kinases that become active in synaptic terminals during exocytosis. We have found that phosphorabphilin has a reduced affinity for membranes; we therefore propose that the modulation of the membrane association of rabphilin has a role in the synaptic vesicle life cycle, perhaps in vesicle mobilization in preparation for subsequent rounds of neurotransmission.
Tackling the limits of optical fiber links (2015)

We theoretically and experimentally investigate relevant noise processes arising in optical fiber links, which fundamentally limit their relative stability. We derive the unsuppressed delay noise for three configurations of optical links: two-way method, Sagnac interferometry, and actively compensated link, respectively designed for frequency comparison, rotation sensing, and frequency transfer. We also consider an alternative two-way setup allowing real-time frequency comparison and demonstrate its effectiveness on a proof-of-principle experiment with a 25 km fiber spool. For these three configurations, we analyze the noise arising from uncommon fiber paths in the interferometric ensemble and design optimized interferometers. We demonstrate interferometers with very low temperature sensitivity of −2.2, −0.03, and 1  fs/K. We use one of these optimized interferometers on a long haul compensated fiber link of 540 km. We obtain a relative frequency stability of 3·10−20 after 10,000 s of integration time.
Processing Variables of Alumina Slips and Their Effects on the Density and Grain Size of the Sintered Sample (2002)

High densities and small grain size of alumina ceramic bodies provide high strength and better mechanical properties than lower density and larger grain size bodies. The final sintered density and grain size of slip-cast, alumina samples depends greatly on the processing of the slip and the alumina powder, as well as the sintering schedule. There were many different variables explored that include initial powder particle size, slurry solids percent, amount and type of dispersant used, amount and type of binder used, and sintering schedule. Although the experimentation is not complete, to this point the sample with the highest density and smallest grain size has been a SM8/Nano mixture with Darvan C as the dispersant and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as the binder, with a solids loading of 70 wt% and a 1500 C for 2 hours sintering schedule. The resultant density was 98.81% of theoretical and the average grain size was approximately 2.5 {micro}m.
Myelopathy in Reiter's disease. (1984)

A 21-year-old male presented with fevers, polyarthritis, dysuria and rash. Neurologic examination indicated myelopathic changes below the T12 spinal cord level. These changes were present during the acute course of his illness but were not evident after 8 weeks of treatment. We are unaware of reports of myelopathy associated with Reiter's disease.