gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ellipsometry as a sensor technology for the control of deposition processes (2002)

Ellipsometry is an indirect sensor used to characterize the optical properties of thin films. Previous research in the control of deposition processes using ellipsometry, however, has explicitly ignored the dynamics introduced by the sensor. This is because the dynamics of ellipsometry have not been widely available in a form useful for control, and because these dynamics turn out to be significantly more difficult to manage than those of the actual deposition processes. Thus, the typical approach to control has been to restrict oneself to problems where the ellipsometer dynamics are easily inverted and negligible for controller design. This study presents work on explicitly accounting for the dynamics of ellipsometry and their implications for control. In particular, a control oriented model is developed in contrast with alternatives from the literature. Formulations for the relevant control problems are then presented and discussed in light of these dynamics.
Dissolution, migration, and deposition of transition metal ions in Li-ion batteries exemplified by Mn-based cathodes – a critical review (2017)

This paper reviews the research activities on the mechanistic understanding and solutions to overcome the TM DMD process, from the earliest discoveries to the latest progress.
Prophylactic but not therapeutic activity of a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the binding of VEGF-B to VEGFR-1 in a murine collagen-induced arthritis model (2007)

Objective. To assess the therapeutic potential of a mAb that neutralizes the binding of VEGF-B to VEGFR-1, to inhibit the pathogenesis of CIA in mice. Methods. CIA was induced in C57BL6/J and DBA-1 mice by intradermal injection of chick collagen type II (CII) in adjuvant. A neutralizing VEGF-B mAb or an isotype control mAb was then administered by intraperitoneal injection twice weekly beginning either post CII booster injection but prior to or immediately following clinical disease diagnosis. Results. Neutralizing VEGF-B mAb inhibited the development of CIA in C57BL6/J mice in a dose-dependent manner when administered following the CII booster injection, but prior to clinical disease diagnosis. This result was also confirmed in DBA-1 strain mice. In contrast, the neutralizing VEGF-B mAb had no measurable effect on disease severity or progression when treatment commenced from the day of clinical disease diagnosis. Conclusions. Treatment with an mAb that neutralizes the binding of VEGF-B to VEGFR-1 exhibits prophylactic but not therapeutic actions in a mouse model of RA. These data indicate that while VEGF-B/VEGFR-1 signalling is involved in the early development of arthritis it may not be required for maintenance or progression of established disease.
Electrochemical water splitting by layered and 3D cross-linked manganese oxides: correlating structural motifs and catalytic activity (2013)

Manganese based precious metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are promising materials for energy storage systems based on dark or photo-coupled water electrolysis, because they are active, inexpensive and of low toxicity. In this work, atomic scale structure–activity relationships of two different nano-structured manganese oxides, MnOx, are established using a combination of X-ray absorption, diffraction and electrochemistry. Prepared by chemical symproportionation (s-MnOx) and impregnation (i-MnOx), the s-MnOx catalyst consisted of a layered structure similar to δ-MnO2 while the i-MnOx catalyst displayed a mixture of tunnelled, 3D cross-linked β- and defective γ-MnO2 structures. During electrocatalytic oxygen evolution the structural motifs of both MnOx remain largely unchanged, but the oxidation state of Mn increases from 3.5 to 3.9–4. Kinetic parameters of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction were extracted using Tafel slope analysis and pH titration experiment, and the role of the protons abstracted was analyzed. The study reveals fundamental differences of general importance in the catalytic activity between layered and cross-linked structures. The exclusive presence of di-μ-oxo-bridged Mn ions in the layered structure is coupled to a pronounced redox and charge capacity behaviour. This ensured efficient use of surface and bulk active sites, and resulted in a relatively large Tafel slope. Consequently, the intrinsic OER activity is especially high in s-MnOx. In contrast, 3D cross-linked structures with both mono- and di-μ-oxo-bridged Mn ions resulted in lower intrinsic activity but smaller Tafel slope, and thus favourable activity at technological water-splitting rates. The insights from this comparative study will provide guidance in the structural design and optimization of other non precious metal oxide OER catalysts.
NOCELCO proposed project descriptions (2008)

The objective of the Additional Financing for Rural Power Project for Philippines is to render better and effective to its consumer members, establishes the 10 MVA power sub-station to primarily solve the problem of power shortage. Negative measures include: loss of vegetation due to land clearing and backfilling, disturbance of wildlife within the influence area due to noise and other construction activities, generation of soil waste, air pollution, increase in the incidence of crime and accidents, erosion from exposed cuts and landslides due to earthmoving and excavation activities, and pollution of nearby water body due to improper disposal of construction wastes. Mitigation measures include: (a) set-up temporary disposal mechanism within the construction area and properly dispose the generated solid wastes; (b) limit land clearing as much as possible; (c) provide temporary fencing to vegetation that will be retained; (d) re-establish or stimulate the habitat of affected wildlife in another suitable area; (e) segregation of recyclable materials; and (f) schedule noise construction activities during day time.
The Frequency of Candidate Alleles for CYP2D6 Genotyping in the Japanese Population with an Additional Respect to the −1584C to G Substitution (2005)

The -1584C/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of CYP2D6 was suggested to have the potential to influence CYP2D6 activity. In this report, we demonstrated the frequencies of -1584C to G substitution-related alleles, such as CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*21, CYP2D6*35 and CYP2D6*41, in the Japanese population. The frequencies of CYP2D6*2, *41 and *21 were 0.102, 0.026 and 0.005, respectively. We also showed a relationship between the SNP and other common alleles, CYP2D6*4, *5, *10, *14 and *18. Interestingly, the SNP was detected in all three subjects carrying CYP2D6*14. This finding suggests the -1584G is included in the CYP2D6*14 allele, which is a null-allele characteristic to the Japanese population. This report presents practical information on CYP2D6 alleles that should be considered in the pharmacokinetic study of CYP2D6 substrates in the Japanese population.
Antileukaemic effect of <scp>PI</scp>3<scp>K</scp>‐m<scp>TOR</scp> inhibitors in acute myeloid leukaemia‐gene expression profiles reveal <scp>CDC</scp>25<scp>B</scp> expression as determinate of pharmacological effect (2013)

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy. Intracellular signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important for regulation of cellular growth and metabolism, and inhibitors of this pathway is considered for AML treatment. Primary human AML cells, derived from 96 consecutive adult patients, were examined. The effects of two mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, temsirolimus) and two PI3K inhibitors (GDC-0941, 3-methyladenine) were studied, and we investigated cytokine-dependent proliferation, regulation of apoptosis and global gene expression profiles. Only a subset of patients demonstrated strong antiproliferative effects of PI3K-mTOR inhibitors. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis identified two main clusters of patients; one subset showing weak or absent antiproliferative effects (59%) and another group showing a strong growth inhibition for all drugs and concentrations examined (41%). Global gene expression analyses showed that patients with AML cell resistance against PI3K-mTOR inhibitors showed increased mRNA expression of the CDC25B gene that encodes the cell cycle regulator Cell Division Cycle 25B. The antileukaemic effect of PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibition varies between patients, and resistance to these inhibitors is associated with the expression of the cell cycle regulator CDC25B, which is known to crosstalk with the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and mediate rapamycin resistance in experimental models.
Four SNPs on Chromosome 9p21 in a South Korean Population Implicate a Genetic Locus That Confers High Cross-Race Risk for Development of Coronary Artery Disease (2007)

Chromosome 9p21 is an important susceptibility locus that confers high cross-race risk for development of CAD.
Association Between the Use of Antibiotics in the First Year of Life and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2010)

Subjects diagnosed with IBD in childhood are more likely to have used antibiotics in their first year of life.
A Multicenter Randomized Double-Blind 2-Week Comparison Study of Azelastine Nasal Spray 0.1% versus Levocabastine Nasal Spray 0.05% in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Allergic Rhinitis (2011)

Both ANS and LNS were effective and safe in the treatment of moderate-to-severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Moreover, LNS reached a higher symptom relief rate within 30 min of administering the first dose.
Development and Evaluation of a New Environmentally Acceptable Conformance Sealant (2011)

Abstract Water production from hydrocarbon reservoirs is a serious problem in the oil industry. High water cut reduces the economic life of producing wells and costs the industry billions of dollars each year (Curtice and Dalrymple 2004). Throughout the years, several techniques and chemicals have been developed to control undesired water production. The industry has developed and applied a variety of chemical systems to reduce or shut off unwanted water production. However, most of these chemical systems are often quickly categorized as environmentally damaging according to the environmental laws and regulations, particularly in the North Sea area. This means that service companies must keep pushing technology development in a more environmentally acceptable direction. The recent development of a "green," environmentally acceptable colloidal silica-based sealant system is an example of this process. This sealant system is a two-component system containing a liquid silica and an activator. The system is easy to mix and easy to pump because of its low viscosity. Once it is placed into the water-bearing zone, the system forms a stiff gel to block the flow of water. Any underdisplaced gel left in the tubing can also be easily washed out using coiled tubing (CT). The system can also be viscosified or slurried with polymer or particulates, respectively, if diversion is required in longer intervals with high permeability and pressure contrast. In addition to water and gas shutoff, this new system shows potential in other areas, such as formation consolidation, temporary gel plugs, annular barrier re-establishment, as well as stopping severe losses while drilling and recompleting. The gel-setting time can be tailored for a wide temperature range from 20 to 150°C by varying the concentration of the activator. Extensive laboratory research has been performed to develop and qualify this sealant system. Simple, static-sealed tube tests were first run to qualitatively evaluate the gel strength and gelation time. Then, gradually, the formulation was refined and rheological data was measured and collected using a Brookfield viscometer. Further, core-flooding tests were conducted both in sandpack and carbonate cores to determine the effectiveness of the system in blocking water flow. This paper describes the development of this environmentally acceptable sealant system and the qualification process including laboratory test methods and results.
Vaccines Against <i>Francisella Tularensis</i> (2007)

Francisella tularensis is one of the most pathogenic pathogens known, especially when disseminated as a small particle aerosol. Because of this, it was developed into a biological warfare agent by several states during the 20th century. Nowadays, concerns remain about the potential of this pathogen to cause widespread disease, tularemia, in the hands of terrorists. This has resurrected interest in methods to combat it. This article reviews the current status of vaccine development efforts against tularemia. To date most of our understanding of tularemia vaccine efficacy has been derived from the clinical and experimental use of a pragmatically attenuated live vaccine strain of F. tularensis subspecies holarctica. However, this vaccine which has been in existence for more than 50 years is still beset by regulatory issues that continue to hamper its licensure. These issues and possible solutions are highlighted, along with more modern molecular approaches to vaccine development against this highly virulent pathogen.
Renal Arteries: Isotropic, High-Spatial-Resolution, Unenhanced MR Angiography with Three-dimensional Radial Phase Contrast (2010)

Isotropic, high-spatial-resolution, unenhanced MR angiography of the renal arteries is feasible with 3D radial undersampling.
CD96 Interaction with CD155 via Its First Ig-like Domain Is Modulated by Alternative Splicing or Mutations in Distal Ig-like Domains (2008)

The adhesion receptor CD96 (TACTILE) is a transmembrane glycoprotein possessing three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains. Among peripheral blood cells, CD96 is expressed on T cells as well as NK cells and a subpopulation of B cells. A possible function of this receptor in NK cell-mediated killing activities was suggested recently. Moreover, CD96 was described as a tumor marker for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. CD96 binds to CD155 (poliovirus receptor) and nectin-1, an adhesion receptor related to CD155. Here we report that human but not mouse CD96 is expressed in two splice variants possessing either an I-like (variant 1) or V-like (variant 2) second domain. With the notable exception of an AML tumor sample, variant 2 predominates in all the CD96-expressing cell types and tissues examined. Using chimeric human/murine CD96 receptors, we show that the interaction with its ligands is mediated via the outermost V-like domain. In contrast to mouse, however, the binding of human CD96 to CD155 is sensitive to the characteristics of the two downstream domains. This is illustrated by a significantly weaker CD96/CD155 interaction mediated by variant 1 when compared with variant 2. Moreover, recent evidence suggested that mutations in human CD96 correlate with the occurrence of a rare form of trigonocephaly. One such mutation causing a single amino acid exchange in the third domain of human CD96 decreased the capacity of both variants to bind to CD155 considerably, suggesting that a CD96-driven adhesion to CD155 may be crucial in developmental processes.
Diels-Alder Reaction between Butadiene and Cyclopentadiene (1972)

Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with 4-vinyl-cyclohexene (1), 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (2), 3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetrahydroindene (3) or dicyclopentadiene (4) prepared by the dimerization reaction between butadiene and cyclopentadiene, was investigated.In the reaction at high temperatures, the isomerization of vinylnorbornene to tetrahydroindene first took place, and the trimers obtained from the reaction of vinylnorbornene were similar to those obtained from tetrahydroindene.Meanwhile, owing to the isomerization of endo-dicyclopentadiene to exo-form, the cyclopentadiene trimer was derived from the latter isomer. The relative reactivity of the double bonds on dimers shown in the following figure was affected by the whole structure of dimer, and the values obtained for double bonds of the same type varied depending upon each compound.
Phase separation in thermally-drawn fibers: From porous domains to structured Si-Ge spheres (2017)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2017.
Environmental Land Use Planning and Management (2003)

Land Use Planning and Management is a unique new textbook that presents a diverse, comprehensive, and coordinated approach to issues of land use planning and management and their impacts on the environment. It builds on recent advances in environmental science, engineering, and geospatial information technologies to provide students with the scientific foundation they need to understand both natural land systems and engineering approaches that can mitigate impacts of land use practices. While offering a base of knowledge in planning theory and natural science, its primary emphasis is on describing and explaining emerging approaches, methods, and techniques for environmental land use planning, design, and policy. The book is divided into two parts. Part I, Environmental Land Use Management, introduces broad concepts of environmental planning and describes management approaches. Those approaches include collaborative environmental management, land conservation, environmental design, government land use management, natural hazard mitigation, and ecosystem and watershed management. Part II, Environmental Land Use Principles and Planning Analysis, focuses on land analysis methods, such as geospatial data and geographic information systems (GIS); soils and slope analysis; assessment of stormwater quantity and quality; land use and groundwater protection; ecological assessment for vegetation, wetlands, and habitats; and integrated analytical techniques like land suitability analysis, carrying capacity studies, and environmental impact assessment. Land Use Planning and Management offers a unique interdisciplinary perspective with an emphasis on application. It is an important new text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in environmental planning, landscape architecture, geography, environmental studies, and natural resource management, and a valuable resource for professionals and others concerned with issues of environmental planning and land use.
Ullmann condensation using copper or copper oxide as the reactant. Arylation of active hydrogen compounds (imides, amides, amines, phenol, benzoic acid, and phenylacetylene) (1983)

Ullmann condensation using Cu or copper oxide as the reactant and using no base has been studied. Reactions of active N—H, O—H, and C—H compounds, RZH (imides, amides, amines, phenol, benzoic acid, and phenylacetylene), with mixtures of aryl halides and more than a stoichiometric amount of Cu or copper oxide (Cu 2 O or CuO) without addition of base lead to facile arylation of the active hydrogen compounds. In the arylation reaction Cu and copper oxides serve not only as the catalyst but also as the acceptor of halogen from aryl halide. The reactivity of phenyl halide, PhX, increases in the order PhCl < PhBr < Phl. Cu generally gives higher yields than Cu 2 O and CuO and, of the two copper oxides, Cu 2 O has the higher activity. The stronger the acidity of the active hydrogen compound (RZH), the more easily the compound is phenylated by the mixture of PhX and Cu; a roughly linear correlation between T i , the temperature where the phenylation starts, and the pK a value of the active hydrogen compound has been observed. A mechanism involving initial formation of an RZ—Cu species by the reaction between RZH and Cu or copper oxide and ensuing attack of organic halide at the RZ—Cu species is proposed.
Frequency response characteristics of a birefringent lens (2002)

The diffraction-based optical frequency response characteristic of a birefringent crystal lens sandwiched between two linear polarizers has been studied analytically using the autocorrelation of the pupil function over the lens aperture. The optical transfer function (oTf) of this proposed system depends on the material as well as design parameters of the crystal lens, along with the orientations of the transmission axes of the two polarizers relative to each other and to the optic axis of the birefringent lens. Naturally, the OTF of such a system can be varied at the lens fabrication stage like other lenses. An online variation of the OTF is also possible just by rotating any of the two polarizers included in the system. It has been shown that the proposed system can be adapted either for apodization or for super-resolution simply by rotating any of the two polarizers. This system may be designed for obtaining high depth of focus without significant image degradation, as well as for image processing operations like high frequency enhancement. The response of the system is studied at the Gaussian image plane as a function of the line frequencies in the object for different values of the birefringent lens parameters, and also for two different settings of the analyzer. The results are compared with the response of an ideal lens.
All your iFRAMEs point to Us (2008)

As the web continues to play an ever increasing role in information exchange, so too is it becoming the pre-vailing platform for infecting vulnerable hosts. In this paper, we provide a detailed study of the pervasiveness of so-called drive-by downloads on the Internet. Drive-by downloads are caused by URLs that attempt to exploit their visitors and cause malware to be installed and run automatically. Over a period of 10 months we processed billions of URLs, and our results shows that a non-trivial amount, of over 3 million malicious URLs, initiate drive-by downloads. An even more troubling finding is that approximately 1.3 % of the incoming search queries to Google’s search engine returned at least one URL labeled as malicious in the results page. We also explore sev-eral aspects of the drive-by downloads problem. Specifi-cally, we study the relationship between the user brows-ing habits and exposure to malware, the techniques used to lure the user into the malware distribution networks, and the different properties of these networks. 1
4-Thiazolidinones : Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of 5-Methyl· 3-aryl-2-arylimino-4-thiazolidinones and their Acetoxymercuri Derivatives (1976)

Department of Chemistry, K. D. College, Basti (U.P.) <em>Manuscript received 18 September 1975 ; revised 10 December 1975 ; accepted 30 March 1976.</em> Nine new 5-methyl-3-aryl-2-arylimino-4-thiazolidinones (iii) have been synthesised by con­densing various sym.diaryl thioureas (ii) with a chloropropionic acid (1) in presence of anydrous sodium acetate in absolute ethanol. The acetoxymercuri derivatives of these 4-thiazolidinones have also been prepared by refluxing the solutions of corresponding 4-thiazolidinones and mercuricaetate in presence of ethanol and acetic acid. The fungicidal activity of the 5-methyl-3-aryl-2-arylimino-4-thiazolidinones and the acetoxymercuri derivatives of some of them have been studied.
Nutritional Factors in Relation to Growth and Fat Synthesis in Mortierella vinacea (1965)

SUMMARY: Growth and fat synthesis in Mortierella vinacea are influenced by a number of nutritional factors. Monosaccharide carbohydrates provided the best carbon source for growth and fat synthesis. Organic nitrogen substrates were inferior to ammonium phosphate for fat accumulation, although high yields of mycelium were obtained. These media probably enhanced protein synthesis. The balance between carbon and nitrogen in the culture medium influenced the rate at which fat synthesis occurred. High concentrations of carbohydrate (glucose) resulted in large yields of mycelium with a high fat content.