gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Speed scaling to manage energy and temperature (2007)

Speed scaling is a power management technique that involves dynamically changing the speed of a processor. We study policies for setting the speed of the processor for both of the goals of minimizing the energy used and the maximum temperature attained. The theoretical study of speed scaling policies to manage energy was initiated in a seminal paper by Yao et al. [1995], and we adopt their setting. We assume that the power required to run at speed s is P ( s ) = s α for some constant α > 1. We assume a collection of tasks, each with a release time, a deadline, and an arbitrary amount of work that must be done between the release time and the deadline. Yao et al. [1995] gave an offline greedy algorithm YDS to compute the minimum energy schedule. They further proposed two online algorithms Average Rate (AVR) and Optimal Available (OA), and showed that AVR is 2 α − 1 α α -competitive with respect to energy. We provide a tight α α bound on the competitive ratio of OA with respect to energy. We initiate the study of speed scaling to manage temperature. We assume that the environment has a fixed ambient temperature and that the device cools according to Newton's law of cooling. We observe that the maximum temperature can be approximated within a factor of two by the maximum energy used over any interval of length 1/ b , where b is the cooling parameter of the device. We define a speed scaling policy to be cooling-oblivious if it is simultaneously constant-competitive with respect to temperature for all cooling parameters. We then observe that cooling-oblivious algorithms are also constant-competitive with respect to energy, maximum speed and maximum power. We show that YDS is a cooling-oblivious algorithm. In contrast, we show that the online algorithms OA and AVR are not cooling-oblivious. We then propose a new online algorithm that we call BKP. We show that BKP is cooling-oblivious. We further show that BKP is e -competitive with respect to the maximum speed, and that no deterministic online algorithm can have a better competitive ratio. BKP also has a lower competitive ratio for energy than OA for α ≥5. Finally, we show that the optimal temperature schedule can be computed offline in polynomial-time using the Ellipsoid algorithm.
Quantum Communication With Polarization-Encoded Qubit Using Quantum Error Correction (2008)

One of the most promising physical properties for implementation of quantum technology is light polarization. However, since light polarization is a fragile property, the use of quantum error correction (QEC) is a crucial issue in order to make quantum information over optical network feasible. In this direction, this paper discusses optical setups for quantum error correction in quantum communication setups based on light polarization. In particular, we show how to use the QEC setup to provide error-free entanglement distribution and its use in an error-free probabilistic teleportation setup. Then, we discuss the performance of the error-correction setup in a very noisy channel. Finally, we show that the same QEC setup can also be used to correct bipartite of qubit states.
A Novel RF-WAT Test Structure for Advanced Process Monitoring in SOC Applications (2007)

This paper presents a novel radio frequency (RF) structure for wafer acceptance test (WAT) to monitor RF device in the scribe line area with 60 mum or smaller in width. WAT including RF items for statistical analysis, yield enhancement and function verification is crucial for the success of system on chip (SoC). Conventional south-north GSG (C-GSG) structure, scribe line GSG (S-GSG) structure, which means a 2-port GSG in a row, GSGSG, and GSSG structure are used together with the proposed RF-WAT structure for silicon verification. Excellent mapping results of extensive application on RF-CV in 65 nm ultra-thin oxide CMOS devices at 12-inch wafer are also demonstrated.
Scattering-matrix formalism of electron transport through three-terminal quantum structures: formulation and application to Y-junction devices (2002)

In this paper we present a formalism for the calculation of electron transport through three-terminal junction devices, which have received attention due to their recently demonstrated non-linear electrical properties. The formalism, which is based on the scattering-matrix method, takes quantum interference effects fully into account. Furthermore, the formalism provides numerical stability in the calculations as well as large flexibility in the modelling of arbitrary potential profiles due to the common basis approach used in the formulation. The method is used to calculate the transport properties for Y-shaped three-terminal ballistic junction (TBJ) structures with configurations typical of recently performed experiments. Quantum interference effects are shown to strongly influence the transport characteristics of TBJ structures due to complex scattering of the electrons in the cavity-like coupling window between the three arms of the device. The theoretical approach presented in this paper provides a flexible tool for the study of such quantum interference effects, which may play an important role in the design and functionality of future nanoscale devices based on three-terminal junctions.
Reduced load approximations for multirate loss networks (1993)

A class of loss networks in which each connection specifies a route and a bandwidth requirement is considered. If sufficient bandwidth is not available in one of the links along the route, the connection is blocked and lost. Three schemes are considered for approximating blocking probabilities in the network. For a specific star topology, two of these schemes give blocking probabilities that are very close to the exact values under light, moderate, and heavy traffic. The approximations are shown to be asymptotically correct in a natural limiting regime. The implied costs and their relation to revenue sensitivity are also determined for the approximation schemes. The approximate revenue sensitivities are again very close to the exact values for the specific star topology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hydrogen-Bonding-Driven 3D Supramolecular Assembly of Peptidomimetic Zipper (2018)

Hydrogen-bonding-driven three-dimensional (3D) assembly of a peptidomimetic zipper has been established for the first time by using an α/AApeptide zipper that assembles into a de novo lattice arrangement through two layers of hydrogen-bonded linker-directed interactions. Via a covalently bridged 1D 4<sub>13</sub>-helix, drastic enhancement in stability has been achieved in the formed 3D crystalline supramolecular architecture as evidenced by gas-sorption studies. As the first example of an unnatural peptidic zipper, the dimensional augmentation of the zipper differs from metal-coordinated strategies, and may have general implications for the preparation of peptidic functional materials for a variety of future applications.
Efficient and General One‐Pot Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Triflates: Optimization, Scope and Limitations (2007)

Abstract Symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryliodonium triflates have been synthesized from both electron‐deficient and electron‐rich arenes and aryl iodides with m CPBA and triflic acid. A thorough investigation of the optimization, scope and limitations has resulted in an improved one‐pot protocol that is fast, high‐yielding, and operationally simple. The reaction has been extended to the direct synthesis of symmetrical iodonium salts from iodine and arenes, conveniently circumventing the need for aryl iodides.
P‐84: A Fast Frame‐Rate Bistable Cholesteric Reflective Display (1998)

Abstract In this paper we discuss the design of fast frame rate Bistable Cholesteric Texture (BCT) reflective displays. A theoretical study of the effect of relaxation time from homeotropic to planar on brightness is shown. We experimentally determine of the effect of frame rate, level of interlacing, and size of the display on brightness and contrast ratio. A summary of drive waveforms is also presented.
<title>Design and performance of a polysilicon surface micromachined microengine realized with arrays of asymmetrical electrothermal microactuators</title> (2001)

Several microactuator technologies have recently been investigated for positioning individual elements in large-scale microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Electrostatic, magnetostatic, piezoelectric and thermal expansion are the most common modes of microactuator operation. This research focuses on the design and experimental characterization of two types of asymmetrical MEMS electrothermal microactuators. The motivation is to present a unified description of the behavior of the electrothermal microactuator so that it can be adapted to a variety of MEMS applications.
All-digital MEMS gyro-sensor using TAD-digital-synchronous-detection (TAD-DSD) By TAD-ADPLL (2015)

As sensor digitization for IoT-applications, this paper presents an all-digital MEMS gyro-sensor circuit method, using TAD (Time-A/D converter)-based digital synchronous detection (TAD-DSD) by applying entirely all-digital time-domain processing, which uses no conventional methods such as analogmixers, -filters and -ADCs. The proposed method involves twostep processing: 1) voltage-signal levels of the first-half and lasthalf of one-cycle carrier-waveform are averaged and digitized simultaneously with 0.18μm TAD's moving-average effect using a sampling clock frequency fs twice higher than carrier-wave frequency fcar, then 2) the difference between the first-half and last-half of the digitized carrier-wave voltage levels is calculated to obtain the information of actual carrier-wave amplitude, which indicates angular-rate information from a vibrating MEMS element. In this method, a TAD-sampling clock is generated with a TAD-based all-digital PLL (TAD-ADPLL) to drive the MEMS element. By using a conventional piezoelectric MEMS tuning-fork element, we experimentally confirmed its sensitivity of 0.14(°/s)/LSB and peak noises of ±0.18°/s at BW = 10Hz, achieving a digital-type gyro-sensor for CMOS scaling.
<i>microRNA172</i> down-regulates <i>glossy15</i> to promote vegetative phase change in maize (2005)

Shoot development in many higher plant species is characterized by phase change, where meristems and organs transition from one set of identities to another. The transition from a juvenile to adult leaf identity in maize is regulated by the APETALA2-like gene glossy15 (gl15). We demonstrate here that increasing gl15 activity in transgenic maize not only increases the number of leaves expressing juvenile traits, but also delays the onset of reproductive development, indicating that gl15 plays a primary role in the maintenance of the juvenile phase. We also show that the accumulation of a maize microRNA homologous to miR172 increases during shoot development and mediates gl15 mRNA degradation. These data indicate that vegetative phase change in maize is regulated by the opposing actions of gl15 and miR172, with gl15 maintaining the juvenile phase and miR172 promoting the transition to the adult phase by down-regulation of gl15. Our results also suggest that the balance of activities between APETALA2-like genes and miR172 may be a general mechanism for regulating vegetative phase change in higher plants.
Seven Excitons at a Cost of One:  Redefining the Limits for Conversion Efficiency of Photons into Charge Carriers (2006)

The performance of photovoltaic and photochemical devices is directly linked to the efficiency with which absorbed photons are converted into electron-hole pairs (excitons). A usual assumption is that one photon produces a single exciton, while the photon energy in the excess of the material's energy gap (the gap that separates the conduction from the valence band) is wasted as heat. Here we experimentally demonstrate that using semiconductor nanocrystals we can reduce this energy loss to a nearly absolute minimum allowed by energy conservation by producing multiple excitons per single photon. Specifically, we generate seven excitons from a photon with an energy of 7.8 energy gaps, which corresponds to only approximately 10% energy loss, while in the normal scenario (one photon produces one exciton) approximately 90% of the photon energy would be dissipated as heat. Such large yields of charge carriers (photon-to-exciton conversion efficiency up to 700%) has the potential to dramatically increase the performance of photovoltaic cells and can greatly advance solar fuel producing technologies.
One-decade reduction of pn-junction leakage current using poly-Si interlayered SOI structures (2002)

Silicon on insulator (SOI) structures were fabricated by using direct bonding technology to bury multilayered films consisting of poly-Si, Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, and SiO/sub 2/. The structures were analyzed using SIMS, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and spreading resistance methods. Both the area component and the perimeter component of the pn-junction leakage current was reduced more than 10-fold in the structures that had a poly-Si interlayer just beneath the active devices to act as a gettering site. The leakage current was a function of tensile strength in the SOI layer and was easily controlled by a suitable combination of interlayered insulators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Designer Micelles Accelerate Flux Through Engineered Metabolism in <i>E. coli</i> and Support Biocompatible Chemistry (2016)

Abstract Synthetic biology has enabled the production of many value‐added chemicals via microbial fermentation. However, the problem of low product titers from recombinant pathways has limited the utility of this approach. Methods to increase metabolic flux are therefore critical to the success of metabolic engineering. Here we demonstrate that vitamin E‐derived designer micelles, originally developed for use in synthetic chemistry, are biocompatible and accelerate flux through a styrene production pathway in Escherichia coli. We show that these micelles associate non‐covalently with the bacterial outer‐membrane and that this interaction increases membrane permeability. In addition, these micelles also accommodate both heterogeneous and organic‐soluble transition metal catalysts and accelerate biocompatible cyclopropanation in vivo. Overall, this work demonstrates that these surfactants hold great promise for further application in the field of synthetic biotechnology, and for expanding the types of molecules that can be readily accessed from renewable resources via the combination of microbial fermentation and biocompatible chemistry.
Nucleic Acid-Matrix Attachment Recognition Regions--As Facilitators in Plasmid Transfer (2003)

Non-viral gene transfer is an alternative to viral vectors for gene transfer. However, non-viral transgene expression remains undesirably low and transient. Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are DNA elements that are defined by their high affinity for the nuclear matrix. MARs may also be related to long-term transgene expression in vitro. The purpose of this research is to evaluate human interferon-beta MARs element in various cell types. This was accomplished by constructing MARs-containing plasmid DNA (pDNA) and comparing their transgene expression with non-MARs-containing pDNA. We found that MARs-containing pDNA increased and prolonged the expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, but not in human neuroblastoma cells (SKnSH) and neuronal cells (primary neuron, astroglia and microglia). From the cotransfection experiment, MARs-containing pDNA had a trans effect on another pDNA expression. A PCR method was used to monitor the intracellular distribution of pDNA after cellular fractionalization. We found that non-MAR containing pDNA demonstrates similar intracellular distribution as non-MARs-containing pDNA.
Nodal-dependent Cripto signaling promotes cardiomyogenesis and redirects the neural fate of embryonic stem cells (2003)

The molecular mechanisms controlling inductive events leading to the specification and terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes are still largely unknown. We have investigated the role of Cripto, an EGF-CFC factor, in the earliest stages of cardiomyogenesis. We find that both the timing of initiation and the duration of Cripto signaling are crucial for priming differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into cardiomyocytes, indicating that Cripto acts early to determine the cardiac fate. Furthermore, we show that failure to activate Cripto signaling in this early window of time results in a direct conversion of ES cells into a neural fate. Moreover, the induction of Cripto activates the Smad2 pathway, and overexpression of activated forms of type I receptor ActRIB compensates for the lack of Cripto signaling in promoting cardiomyogenesis. Finally, we show that Nodal antagonists inhibit Cripto-regulated cardiomyocyte induction and differentiation in ES cells. All together our findings provide evidence for a novel role of the Nodal/Cripto/Alk4 pathway in this process.
Noise reduction filters for dynamic image sequences: a review (1995)

In this paper, a thorough review is presented of noise reduction filters for digital image sequences. Detailed descriptions of several spatiotemporal and temporal noise reduction algorithms are provided. To aid in comparing between these different algorithms, we classify them based on their support (i.e., 3-D or 1-D filter) and whether or not motion compensation is employed. Several algorithms from each of the four categories are implemented and tested on real sequences degraded to various signal-to-noise ratios. These experimental results are discussed and analyzed to determine the overall advantages and disadvantages of the four general classifications, as well as, the individual filters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High Performance Document Layout Analysis (2003)

In this paper , I summarize research in document layout analysis carried out over the last few years in our laboratory. Correct document layout analysis is a key step in document capture conversions into electronic formats, optical character recognition (OCR), information retrieval from scanned documents, appearance-based document retrieval, and reformatting of documents for on-screen display. We have developed a number of novel geometric algorithms and statistical methods. Layout analysis systems built from these algorithms are applicable to a wide variety of languages and layouts, and have proven to be robust to the presence of noise and spurious features in a page image. The system itself consists of reusable and independent software modules that can be reconfigured to be adapted to different languages and applications. Currently, we are using them for electronic book and document capture applications. If there is commercial or government demand, we are interested in adapting these tools to information retrieval and intelligence applications.
Behavioral Plasticity Emulated with Lithium Lanthanum Titanate‐Based Memristive Devices: Habituation (2017)

Behavioral plasticity builds up an association between information and an appropriate behavioral response, enabling organisms to adjust their behaviors in response to stimulations from external environments. Habituation is the elementary and ubiquitous form of the behavioral plasticity. A direct emulation of the behavioral habituation with electronic devices is critical in neuromorphic computing. Herein, memristive devices based on a mixed conductor of lithium ions and electrons, lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO), are fabricated in a Pt/LLTO/Pt structure. Because the physical processes of lithium‐ion migration and polaron hopping in LLTO are similar to the two neuromorphic processes proposed in the dual‐process theory of habituation, the Pt/LLTO/Pt memristive device enables a direct emulation of the habituation in the behavioral plasticity. More importantly, the nine parametric definitions in neuroscience for habituation are realized. The successful emulation of behavioral habituation represents an advance in the hardware implementation of neuromorphic functionalities and may simplify the structure of memristor‐based artificial neural networks.
Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles to<i>Escherichia coli</i>: Mechanism and the Influence of Medium Components (2011)

Water chemistry can be a major factor regulating the toxicity mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) in water. The effect of five commonly used aqueous media with various chemical properties on the toxicity of nano-ZnO to Escherichia coli O111 (E. coli) was investigated, including ultrapure water, 0.85% NaCl, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), minimal Davis (MD), and Luria-Bertani (LB). Combined results of physicochemical characterization and antibacterial tests of nano-ZnO in the five media suggest that the toxicity of nano-ZnO is mainly due to the free zinc ions and labile zinc complexes. The toxicity of nano-ZnO in the five media deceased as follows: ultrapure water > NaCl > MD > LB > PBS. The generation of precipitates (Zn(3)(PO(4))(2) in PBS) and zinc complexes (of zinc with citrate and amino acids in MD and LB, respectively) dramatically decreased the concentration of Zn(2+) ions, resulting in the lower toxicity in these media. Additionally, the isotonic and rich nutrient conditions improved the tolerance of E. coli to toxicants. Considering the dramatic difference of the toxicity of nano-ZnO in various aqueous media, the effect of water chemistry on the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles should be paid more attention in future nanotoxicity evaluations.
<b>Improved Epimyocardial Pacing</b>: Initial Experience with a New Bipolar, Steroid‐Elnting, High Impedance Lead Design (1994)

Epicardial pacing typically is associated with decreased pacing and sensing capabilities compared with the endocardial approach. Since endocardial pacing is neither appropriate nor possible in all instances, this study was conducted to evaluate a new concept in a chronic epimyocardial lead design in six 3-month-old growing dogs. The new bifurcated lead (Medtronic model 10401) is a low current drain, high impedance, steroid-eluting, bipolar design. The implant is facilitated by a suture attached with an atraumatic needle. Twelve ventricular leads were implanted (2 per animal) and followed for 6 months with weekly analysis of pacing and sensing capabilities. Results at explant were compared with implant values. There were no significant differences between implant and explant in sensed R waves, or in the slew rate of the R wave in unipolar or bipolar modes. Lead impedances at explant remained high in both modes: bipolar, 1550 +/- 223; unipolar, 1234 +/- 262 omega (P < 0.05). Chronic voltage (v) threshold at 0.5 msec showed no significant change from implant values during the study: unipolar, 0.4 +/- 0.2 vs 0.7 +/- 0.3; bipolar, 0.5 +/- 0.4 vs 1 +/- 0.5. Histologic evaluations of the electrode tissue interface demonstrated negligible fibrotic capsule formation. This study introduces a new, easily implanted, high impedance, low threshold, bipolar epimyocardial pacing lead design with excellent chronic pacing and sensing characteristics.