gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drought tolerance, xylem sap abscisic acid and stomatal conductance during soil drying: a comparison of young plants of four temperate deciduous angiosperms (1998)

Patterns of water relations, xylem sap abscisic acid (ABA) concentration ([ABA]) and stomatal aperture were compared in drought-sensitive black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.), less drought-sensitive sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and drought-tolerant white oak (Quercus alba L.). Strong correlations among reduction in predawn water potential, increase in xylem sap [ABA] and stomatal closure were observed in all species. Stomatal response was more highly correlated with xylem [ABA] than with ABA flux. Xylem sap pH and ion concentrations appeared not to play a major role in the stomatal response of these species. Stomata were more sensitive to relative changes in [ABA] in drought-sensitive black walnut and black willow than in sugar maple and white oak. In the early stages of drought, increased [ABA] in the xylem sap of black walnut and black willow was probably of root origin and provided a signal to the shoot of the water status of the roots. In sugar maple and white oak, leaf water potential declined with the onset of stomatal closure, so that stomatal closure also may have occurred in response to the change in leaf water potential.
CongestionNet: Routing Congestion Prediction Using Deep Graph Neural Networks (2019)

As feature size shrinks, routing constraints become a more significant limiting factor to the manufacturability of VLSI designs. Routing congestion significantly impacts quality metrics such as area and timing performance, but congestion is not known accurately until late in the design cycle, after placement and routing. This can lead to unpleasant surprises during the design process. Accordingly, early prediction of routing requirements would enable design engineers to iterate faster, with more confidence that their designs were routable and high quality. Additionally, routability estimates can inform placement itself, preemptively eliminating routing problems. In this work, we present a graph-based deep learning method for quickly predicting logic-induced routing congestion hotspots from a gate-level netlist before placement. This model can provide early feedback to designers and EDA tools, indicating logic that may be difficult to route. Compared to using previous congestion prediction metrics to predict congestion hotspots without placement information, our solution provides a 29% increase in the Kendall ranking correlation score. Because our focus is on predicting congestion due to local logic structure, which manifests itself on lower metal layers, we also report accuracy for predicting lower metal layer congestion. When predicting congestion for the lower metal layers, the benefit of our solution over previous metrics increases to 75%. Additionally, our approach is fast. On a circuit with 1.3 million cells, our approach takes 19 seconds to predict congestion, compared with 10-60 minutes for other methods.
Xenograft of Human Malignant Glial Tumors into Brains of Nude Mice A Histopathological Study (1981)

Sixteen of 21 human malignant glial tumors were successfully heterotransplanted into the brains of nude mice, and one other was transplanted into the brain after prior subcutaneous heterotransplantation. Most xenografts grew preferentially as diffusely infiltrating tumors within hemispheric white matter, generally sparing cortex and deep gray matter. The heterogeneity of most in vivo human tumors gave way to a tumor of generally uniform cell type while growing in nude mice. From six human tumors, all glioblastomas, there emerged histologic patterns or cell forms that were not evident in the original tumor. Tumors from 15 patients were treated with standard chemotherapeutic agents while growing in nude mouse brains. The most common morphologic change induced in tumors by several agents was a distinctive giant cell change characterized by large bizarre nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. It is concluded that the human brain-tumor-nude-mouse xenograft model offers morphological parallels with the clinical situation, but selects for growth only some of the many subpopulations of the human tumor. Such selection imposes restriction on the clinical inferences that may be drawn from this model.
Antenna Model for Wire Lasers (2006)

An antenna model is proposed for long (L >> A) lasers with subwavelength cross sections (wire lasers). It is shown that the far-field pattern of the wire lasers is determined by the ratio of the wavelength to the length. The radiation of the wire laser is predicted to be concentrated in a narrow beam theta approximately radical(2lambda/L) for laser modes where the longitudinal phase velocity is in synchronism with the velocity of light in air. Experimental results obtained using a terahertz quantum cascade wire laser are in agreement with the model.
Homologous genetic recombination as an intrinsic dynamic property of a DNA structure induced by RecA/Rad51-family proteins: A possible advantage of DNA over RNA as genomic material (2001)

Heteroduplex joints are general intermediates of homologous genetic recombination in DNA genomes. A heteroduplex joint is formed between a single-stranded region (or tail), derived from a cleaved parental double-stranded DNA, and homologous regions in another parental double-stranded DNA, in a reaction mediated by the RecA/Rad51-family of proteins. In this reaction, a RecA/Rad51-family protein first forms a filamentous complex with the single-stranded DNA, and then interacts with the double-stranded DNA in a search for homology. Studies of the three-dimensional structures of single-stranded DNA bound either to Escherichia coli RecA or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 have revealed a novel extended DNA structure. This structure contains a hydrophobic interaction between the 2' methylene moiety of each deoxyribose and the aromatic ring of the following base, which allows bases to rotate horizontally through the interconversion of sugar puckers. This base rotation explains the mechanism of the homology search and base-pair switch between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA during the formation of heteroduplex joints. The pivotal role of the 2' methylene-base interaction in the heteroduplex joint formation is supported by comparing the recombination of RNA genomes with that of DNA genomes. Some simple organisms with DNA genomes induce homologous recombination when they encounter conditions that are unfavorable for their survival. The extended DNA structure confers a dynamic property on the otherwise chemically and genetically stable double-stranded DNA, enabling gene segment rearrangements without disturbing the coding frame (i.e., protein-segment shuffling). These properties may give an extensive evolutionary advantage to DNA.
The Tryptophanase Gene Cluster of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Type b: Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer (1998)

Among strains of Haemophilus influenzae, the ability to catabolize tryptophan (as detected by indole production) varies and is correlated with pathogenicity. Tryptophan catabolism is widespread (70 to 75%) among harmless respiratory isolates but is nearly universal (94 to 100%) among strains causing serious disease, including meningitis. As a first step in investigating the relationship between tryptophan catabolism and virulence, we have identified genes in pathogenic H. influenzae which are homologous to the tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli. The tna genes are located on a 3.1-kb fragment between nlpD and mutS in the H. influenzae type b (Eagan) genome, are flanked by 43-bp direct repeats of an uptake signal sequence downstream from nlpD, and appear to have been inserted as a mobile unit within this sequence. The organization of this insertion is reminiscent of pathogenicity islands. The tna cluster is found at the same map location in all indole-positive strains of H. influenzae surveyed and is absent from reference type d and e genomes. In contrast to H. influenzae, most other Haemophilus species lack tna genes. Phylogenetic comparisons suggest that the tna cluster was acquired by intergeneric lateral transfer, either by H. influenzae or a recent ancestor, and that E. coli may have acquired its tnaA gene from a related source. Genomes of virulent H. influenzae resemble those of pathogenic enterics in having an island of laterally transferred DNA next to mutS.
Biosynthesis and characterization of bacteria cellulose–alginate film (2009)

Abstract A novel polysaccharide membrane containing alginate in bacterial cellulose matrix was synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum under static conditions using a culture medium supplementation with sodium alginate. By increasing alginate content, the bacterial cellulose–alginate (BCA) membrane was more hydrophilic and the film structure became denser with the smaller average pore size. Scanning electron microscope images displayed the deposits of alginate gel on the surfaces of the multilayer cellulose film. The declines in the tensile strength, the Young's modulus, and the elongation at break of the BCA membrane were dependent on the degree of alginate supplement. The BCA membrane showed higher water absorption capacity. The addition of alginate slightly affected the water vapor transmission rate but remarkably decreased the oxygen transmission rate of the membrane. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
On Measurement Property of Vortex Flowmeter in Bubbly Two-Phase Flows (2007)

The measurement behavior of vortex flowmeter was examined under the condition of bubbly two‐phase flows, in which the Reynolds number of the two‐phase mixture was 4.63 × 104 – 23.45 × 104 with volume void fraction up to 30%. Regular Karman vortex shedding was found, but its stability was strongly influenced by the introduction of gas‐phase component. The frequency of the bubbly vortex shedding was in approximately linear proportion to the two‐phase Reynolds number, whereas the volume void fraction has little impact on the frequency. These findings provide a possibility of using a vortex flowmeter for bubbly two‐phase flow measurement.
Fano Resonances: A Discovery that Was Not Made 100 Years Ago (2008)

Scattering: We have missed the presence of resonant scattering behavior in the Rayleigh region for years, but a clue was lurking in quantum theory.
<title>Packaging of the rf MEMS switch</title> (2001)

In this work, the flip-chip method was used for packaging of the RF-MEMS switch on the quartz substrate with low losses. The 4-inch Pyrex glass was used as a package substrate and it was punched with airblast with 250 micrometers diameter holes. The Cr/Au seed layer was deposited on it and the vias were filled with plating gold. After forming the molds on the holes with thick photoresist, the bumps were plated on holes. The package substrate was bonded with the quartz substrate with the B-stage epoxy. The loss of the overall package structure was tested with a network analyzer and was within -0.05 dB. This structure can be used for wafer level packaging of not only the RF-MEMS devices but also the MEMS devices.
Plasma and Dietary Antioxidant Status as Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Review of Human Studies (2013)

Extensive evidence has demonstrated that many antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenols have protective effects in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD), a chronic disease that is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. This review focuses on evidence from prospective cohort studies and clinical trials in regard to the associations between plasma/dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular events. Long-term, large-scale, population-based cohort studies have found that higher levels of serum albumin, bilirubin, glutathione, vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids were associated with a lower risk of CVD. Evidence from the cohort studies in regard to dietary antioxidants also supported the protective effects of dietary vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols on CVD risk. However, results from large randomized controlled trials did not support long-term use of single antioxidant supplements for CVD prevention due to their null or even adverse effects on major cardiovascular events or cancer. Diet quality indexes that consider overall diet quality rather than single nutrients have been drawing increasing attention. Cohort studies and intervention studies that focused on diet patterns such as high total antioxidant capacity have documented protective effects on CVD risk. This review provides a perspective for future studies that investigate antioxidant intake and risk of CVD.
Optimization of Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase Systems for Analysis of Pesticides : Choice of the Mode of Elution—Isocratic and Gradient Elution (2015)

Successful sample analysis depends on the availability of the instrumentation in the laboratory and on the selection of a suitable chromatographic method. First, an appropriate technique (separation mode) should be selected, depending on the properties of the analyte(s) to be determined; then the development and optimization of the separation method follows. This topic was treated in depth by Snyder et al. [1]. In this chapter, various aspects of the individual liquid chromatographic (LC) 216modes are examined and approaches for adjusting the experimental variables and optimization of separation conditions are discussed with special attention given to computer-assisted methods.
An integrated sensor interface circuit for ECG measurements (2003)

An integrated circuit for ECG measurements and preprocessing is presented. The circuit consists of four independent macro modules: (1) an analog instrumentation amplifier for ECG tracking, (2) a high-performance sigma-delta A/D converter, (3) a computationally efficient linear-phase digital filter for ECG preprocessing, and (4) an interface for digital and analog ECG output. A bit-serial approach has been chosen for digital modules to keep the circuit area and power consumption sufficiently small. The high-quality modules and versatile output facilities make the circuit very useful in all kinds of ECG monitoring.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
STAT‐1: a novel regulator of apoptosis (2003)

Extracellular signalling molecules binding to their specific receptors are able to modulate gene expression, leading to changes in development, cell growth and homeostasis. The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family members are among the best studied of the latent cytoplasmic signal-dependent transcription factors. The STAT factors are activated via phosphorylation on the C-terminal domain following cytokine signalling or by various stress-induced stimuli. Recently, STAT-1 has been implicated in modulating pro- and anti-apoptotic genes following several stress-induced responses. These effects are dependent on STAT-1 phosphorylation on serine-727 and require the C-terminal transactivation domain of STAT-1 to enhance its pro-apoptotic effect or inhibit its anti-apoptotic effects. The STAT-1 C-terminal domain has been demonstrated to be important for protein-protein interaction with other transcriptional activators. The reports that STAT-1-deficient mice develop spontaneous and chemically induced tumours more rapidly compared to wild-type mice and that STAT-1-deficient cells are more resistant to agents that induce apoptosis strongly support the argument that STAT-1 acts as a tumour suppressor.
Hematopoietic stem cells: Inferences from in vivo assays (1997)

Mice and humans both contain a population in their marrow which can permanently regenerate all of the hematopoietic lineages. This developmental potential was first demonstrated in myeloablated mice transplanted with genetically marked marrow obtained from congenic donors. More recently, this approach has been used to devise an in vivo limiting dilution assay for "competitive (lymphomyeloid) repopulating units" (CRU) that allows murine hematopoietic stem cells to be quantitated. Measurements of murine CRU have shown that this population expands concomitantly with the total hematopoietic system during ontogeny and to some extent post-transplant. During these periods of expansion, defective c-kit function can be seen to preferentially compromise CRU self-renewal more than early CRU detection (which requires differentiation and amplification of the progeny of CRU, but may not require extensive CRU self-renewal). In humans, a similar cell type with transplantable lymphomyeloid differentiation potential can be identified in cord blood on the basis of its ability to engraft sublethally irradiated immunodeficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Quantitation of these human CRU by limiting dilution analysis of unseparated, highly purified (CD34+CD38-) and cultured (CD34+CD38-) human cord blood cells indicates that their numbers (like the long-term culture-initiating cell [LTC-IC] population) can be slightly expanded in cytokine-supplemented serum-free media, although not as extensively as anticipated from analogous studies of human marrow LTC-IC cultured under the same conditions. Taken together, the results of our studies suggest that the self-renewal of mitotically activated hematopoietic stem cells can be enhanced by their interactions with particular cytokine combinations whose effectiveness in this regard may change during ontogeny.
Degrees of confidence fusion in a probabilistic context application to range data fusion (2002)

In order to perform sensor-based map building of an indoor environment for autonomous mobile robots, this paper presents a methodology allowing the merging of degrees of confidence associated to beliefs represented by binary propositions. Such a belief is, by hypothesis, the membership of an element to a given set. The degree of confidence notion is introduced in the combined framework of logic and probability theory. The problem is posed as follows: if different experts give their own degrees of confidence in a belief H, how is it possible to merge these degrees? This paper develops only the case in which experts characterize different elements belonging to the same set. Obtained results are applied to ultrasonic range data fusion.
A Comparison of Pooled and Sampled Relevance Judgments in the TREC 2006 Terabyte Track (2007)

Pooling is the most common technique used to build modern test collections. Evidence is mounting that pooling may not yield reusable test collections for very large document sets. This paper describes the approach taken in the TREC 2006 Terabyte Track: an initial shallow pool was judged to gather relevance information, which was then used to draw a random sample of further documents to judge. The sample judgments rank systems somewhat differently than the pool. Some analysis and plans for further research are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Glycopeptides (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Transport and reaction of aromatics, O2 and CO2 within a membrane bound biofilm in competition with suspended biomass (1995)

The biological removal of volatile o-, m-, p-xylene and ethylbenzene from the bulk fluid was investigated in a stirred laboratory reactor. The biofilm was grown on a gas-permeable silicone membrane tubing through which oxygen was supplied. A mathematical simulation could adequately reproduce the experimental values for the biofilm thickness and the concentrations for several species for both sides of the biofilm: in the bulk liquid and in the gas phase. A high xylene conversion plateau of more than 90% was determined by the chronologically occurrence of two sub-maxima: conversion by suspended biomass and by the biofilm. The two maxima can be explained by the spatial transport processes of oxygen and xylene in the biofilm. The first sub-maximum of the conversion by suspended biomass is determined by a maximum oxygen flux through the membrane-bound biofilm. Later oxygen becomes limiting in the bulk and less xylene is degraded by suspended biomass and a maximum transport of xylene into the biofilm occurred, which led to a maximum conversion of xylene within the biofilm. For biodegradable organic compounds, the biofilm can totally reduce the transfer of these compounds into the gas phase. If compounds are non-degradable a biofilm with a thickness of 2 mm reduces the transfer into the gas phase only by 35%. Therefore, the application of pure oxygen and low volumetric gas rates are necessary to reduce the transfer of compounds that are not biodegradable. The transfer of CO2 into the gas phase of the membrane-bound biofilm is very important for the stabilization of the pH in the biofilm and the bulk. The transfer of CO2 from the biofilm into the gas phase is up to 6 times higher than the transfer of CO2 from the biofilm into the bulk. The pH-minimum in the biofilm is not more than 0.15 pH-units below the pH in the bulk.
Engineering self-contained DNA circuit for proximity recognition and localized signal amplification of target biomolecules (2014)

Biomolecular interactions have important cellular implications, however, a simple method for the sensing of such proximal events is lacking in the current molecular toolbox. We designed a dynamic DNA circuit capable of recognizing targets in close proximity to initiate a pre-programmed signal transduction process resulting in localized signal amplification. The entire circuit was engineered to be self-contained, i.e. it can self-assemble onto individual target molecules autonomously and form localized signal with minimal cross-talk. α-thrombin was used as a model protein to evaluate the performance of the individual modules and the overall circuit for proximity interaction under physiologically relevant buffer condition. The circuit achieved good selectivity in presence of non-specific protein and interfering serum matrix and successfully detected for physiologically relevant α-thrombin concentration (50 nM-5 μM) in a single mixing step without any further washing. The formation of localized signal at the interaction site can be enhanced kinetically through the control of temperature and probe concentration. This work provides a basic general framework from which other circuit modules can be adapted for the sensing of other biomolecular or cellular interaction of interest.
Characteristics of experimental CdSe vidicons (1971)

A high sensitivity vidicon using a CdSe photoconductive target was successfully developed. A new CdSe target with junction-type structure was employed to realize the improved characteristics as given below. The sensitivity is about 20 times higher than that of conventional vidicons, which makes it possible to operate the tube with low levels of faceplate illumination of 0.1-1 lx. A typical sensitivity is 200 nA/0.5 lx with scanning areas of 9.5 × 12.7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The gamma of the light transfer characteristic is 0.9. The tube provides a wide spectral response over the whole range of visible wavelengths. The dark current is less than 1 nA. The lag is 10 percent for a 200-nA signal current. High resolution is achieved. Afterimage and burn-in are hardly observed under normal operational conditions. The life of the tube extends to more than 1000 hours. With these characteristics, the CdSe vidicon can produce suitable pictures with good quality both for industrial use and for broadcasting use. The detailed structure of the target is also discussed.