gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical Mechanism of Action of Anorectic Drugs (1993)

Studies with dexfenfluramine, an anorectic agent which releases 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from nerve terminals and inhibits its reuptake, have considerably increased our knowledge of the role of 5-HT in feeding control. 5-HT1B receptors mediate the satiating effect of dexfenfluramine, whereas the mechanism by which 5-HT uptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine and sertraline cause anorexia is not clear. Anorexia induced by (+)-amphetamine, phentermine, diethylpropion and phenylpropanolamine seems to be the result of their ability to increase the release of noradrenaline and/or dopamine from nerve terminals and inhibit their reuptake or, in the case of phenylpropanolamine, to stimulate directly alpha 1-adrenoceptors. It has been suggested that beta- and alpha 1-adrenoceptors and D1 dopamine receptors are involved in their effect on food intake. The difficulties of extrapolation across species limit our knowledge of the mechanism of the anorectic action in humans. Significant advances in the treatment of feeding pathology will be linked to identifying new receptor types and subtypes for neurotransmitters and quantifying and modelling eating disorders such as binge-eating and food craving.
S-Adenosylmethionine Protects against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice (2004)

An overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) is the most frequent cause of fulminant liver failure in the United States. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress plays an important etiologic role in APAP-induced liver injury. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a key intermediate in the hepatic trans-sulfuration pathway and serves as a precursor for glutathione (GSH) as well as the methyl donor in most transmethylation reactions. In the present study, we investigated effects of SAMe on liver injury induced by APAP administration in male C57BL/6 mice. Two related studies were performed. In the first experiment, SAMe (1g/kg BW) was injected intraperitoneally 4 h before APAP (600 mg/kg BW) administration. In the second experiment, SAMe was injected intraperitoneally 1 h after APAP administration. Our results showed that APAP administration induced changes typical of confluent centrilobular necrosis by histological examination and a marked elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. APAP administration induced significant decreases in both hepatic and blood SAMe concentrations. In addition, APAP decreased intracellular (both cytosolic and mitochondrial) GSH concentrations along with increased lipid peroxidation in conjunction with mitochondrial dysfunction as documented by Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. SAMe treatment (both before and after APAP) significantly attenuated the liver injury. Exogenous SAMe prevented the decrease in liver and blood SAMe concentrations. Moreover, SAMe treatment attenuated both cytosolic and mitochondrial GSH depletion as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that SAMe at least in part protects the liver from APAP-induced injury by preventing intracellular GSH depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Dynamic channel assignment in cellular radio (2002)

Dynamic channel assignment algorithms for cellular systems are developed. The algorithms are compared with an easily simulated bound. Using this bound, it is demonstrated that in the case of homogeneous spatial traffic distribution, some of these algorithms are virtually unbeatable by any channel assignment algorithm. These algorithms are shown to be feasible for implementation in current cellular systems. For the examples considered, in the interesting range of blocking probabilities (2-4%), the dynamic channel assignment algorithms yielded an increase of 60-80% in the carried traffic over the best-known fixed channel assignment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Locality in Generic Instance Search from One Example (2014)

This paper aims for generic instance search from a single example. Where the state-of-the-art relies on global image representation for the search, we proceed by including locality at all steps of the method. As the first novelty, we consider many boxes per database image as candidate targets to search locally in the picture using an efficient point-indexed representation. The same representation allows, as the second novelty, the application of very large vocabularies in the powerful Fisher vector and VLAD to search locally in the feature space. As the third novelty we propose an exponential similarity function to further emphasize locality in the feature space. Locality is advantageous in instance search as it will rest on the matching unique details. We demonstrate a substantial increase in generic instance search performance from one example on three standard datasets with buildings, logos, and scenes from 0.443 to 0.620 in mAP.
Matrix converter with natural commutation (2002)

Power electronic devices and components are getting more and more attractive for power generation. It allows variable speed operation which is a key factor to pull up gas turbine or hydro plant efficiency. It is also the only way to use high speed turbogenerators, with substantial benefit on the size of the rotating machine. So far progress was made through sophistication of components and converters. Could a simplified, robust converter help extend the field of variable speed application? The guidelines to define a new frequency conversion principle as well as the expected benefits are reported on here. The converter principle and first experimental results and validation are presented.
Osmotic stress and the freeze-thaw cycle cause shedding of Fc and C3b receptors by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (1985)

A major problem in the cryopreservation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is the loss of phagocytic function in cryopreserved cells. This is not a problem with cryopreserved monocytes. To study the reasons for this difference in detail, PMN and monocytes were either osmotically stressed in hypertonic media or were frozen to various temperatures. Cells were then returned to conditions of physiologic osmolarity and temperature. All cells remained viable. However, the ability of PMN to phagocytize bacteria and to bind sheep erythrocytes (E) opsonized with IgG, C3b, or C3bi decreased sharply after exposure to media of 600 mOsM or greater and after freezing to -1.5 degrees C. In contrast, monocytes were unaffected until a concentration of 1500 mOsM or a freezing temperature of -5 degrees C was exceeded. To determine whether the functional losses of surface receptor activity in PMN resulted from a loss of receptors from the membranes or from inactivation or internalization of receptors, opsonized E were incubated in the supernatants from stressed PMN. On subsequent incubation with healthy PMN, these E made fewer rosettes than control opsonized E. The inhibitory effect of the supernatants on rosetting of IgG-sensitized E could be removed by preincubation with IgG bound to Sepharose 4B. Immunoprecipitation of C3b and C3bi receptors from surface-iodinated, osmotically stressed, and control PMN suggested that about 50% of cell surface complement receptors were lost from the cell surface during osmotic stress. These experiments suggest that receptors for IgG and C3 are extruded from PMN cell membranes as a result of hyperosmotic stress, which is associated with the freeze-thaw cycle. This may be an early event in the functional damage done to PMN during attempts at cryopreservation.
Cognitive impairment as marker of diffuse brain abnormalities in early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (2005)

Cognitive impairment appears to be common in the early stages of RRMS, mainly affecting attention, information processing speed, memory, inhibition, and conceptualisation. The severity of these deficits reflects the extent of the lesions and the severity of tissue disorganisation outside lesions.
Hydraulic Investigation of a Unique Proposal for the Carrot River Bridge Crossing (1975)

This paper gives details of the hydraulic investigation carried out for the proposed new bridge crossing over the Carrot River on Highway No. 23, near Carrot River, Saskatchewan. Geotechnical studies indicated that due to the very low shear strength of the highly plastic clay comprising the banks of the Carrot River, the river banks would not be capable of supporting the approach fills to the bridge. Highways Department engineers came up with the rather novel idea of placing a compacted clay fill or berm across the river at the bridge site in order to stabilize the banks. This introduced the problem of passing river flows through and over the berm. It was proposed that low flows should be carried through the berm by a culvert, and high flows should be passed over the berm by a spillway. Hence, the design envisaged a bridge over an earth fill and a spillway over a culvert, all at one site. A model study was considered essential because of the uncertain hydraulics and because a hydraulic failure could result in bridge failure.
Investigation into the Solid and Solution Properties of Known and Novel Polymorphs of the Antimicrobial Molecule Clofazimine (2016)

Clofazimine is an anti-mycobacterial agent used as part of a multidrug treatment for leprosy. Recently clofazimine has shown promising activity against multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Clofazimine has been previously known to exist in two different crystal forms, or polymorphs, which are triclinic (F I) and monoclinic (F II) in crystal structure. The thermodynamic relationship between, and the solubility of, these different crystal structures of clofazimine has not previously been characterized. In this work, their solid and solution properties are studied, and as a result, two novel polymorphs of clofazimine (an orthorhombic crystal polymorph and a high temperature polymorph with a monoclinic structure) are reported. The properties of these new solid forms are compared and contrasted with those of the two previously reported polymorphs using thermal, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Molecular modeling studies were also carried out to predict the relative thermodynamic relationship and the crystal morphology of the polymorphs. There was an excellent correlation observed between the aforementioned experimental and molecular modeling results, allowing for the unequivocal determination of the thermodynamic relationship between all four polymorphs of clofazimine.
Hexarelin, a novel GHRP-6 analog, counteracts the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on growth hormone secretion in acromegaly (1995)

Hexarelin (His-D-2-Methyl-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) is a GHRP-6 analog with the substitution of D-tryptophan with its 2-methyl derivative. The aim of our study was to ascertain whether hexarelin was able to counteract the glucocorticoid-mediated increase in hypothalamic somatostatin tone and consequent inhibition on serum GH levels in acromegalic patients. Ten patients (5 males, 5 females; age range 27-71 years; BMI range 23.3-35 kg/m2) with active acromegaly underwent: 1) hydrocortisone alone: a bolus iv injection of 100 mg hydrocortisone succinate in 2 mL saline, at time -60 followed by a 120 min iv infusion of 250 mg hydrocortisone succinate in 250 mL saline, from -60 to 60 min; 2) hexarelin+hydrocortisone: a bolus iv injection of hexarelin 100 micrograms, 60 min after initiation of a 2-hour hydrocortisone infusion; 3) hexarelin alone: a bolus iv injection of hexarelin at time 0, 60 min after initiation of a 2-hour saline infusion. The mean GH peak, expressed as percent change with respect to baseline level (mean of -75 and -60 minute samples), after hexarelin (1750 +/- 1157%) did not differ significantly with respect to that observed after hexarelin+hydrocortisone (1120 +/- 770%). After hydrocortisone alone the patients showed a mean decrease in GH levels as compared to baseline levels, of 47 +/- 7%. Our data show that the GH response to hexarelin in acromegaly is resistant to the inhibitor action of an acute and sustained elevation of serum cortisol levels. That hexarelin counteracts the glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of GH secretion supports the hypothesis of an hexarelin-induced decrease in endogenous somatostatin tone.
Physical Mapping of Temperature-sensitive Mutations of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 by Marker Rescue (1981)

The physical mapping of six ts mutations of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is presented. The results were obtained from 14 separate intratypic marker rescue experiments and the analysis of 20 HSV-1/HSV-2 intertypic recombinants. The order of these mutations on the physical map of HSV-2 is unambiguous and correlates almost exactly with the previously published genetic map of Timbury & Calder (1976). One of the mutants studied (HSV-2 ts12) has apparently two distinct conditionally lethal ts mutations, one in the long and the other in the short region of the HSV genome.
A New Institutional Fixed-Income Security (1999)

Fixed–income investors have enjoyed above–average returns for nearly two decades, due to the continual decline in interest rates from the record levels of the early 1980s. Although interest rates could decline further, the potential for significant capital gains, without taking extreme duration risk, is limited. At the same time, disruptions in the bond market over the past twelve to eighteen months have caused a widening of spreads and improved the compensation for investors willing to take credit risk. As a result, investors in spread products appear to have a more favorable balance between return and risk than that available by taking interest rate risk only. Bank loan offers one of the best trades available to investors who believe the long secular decline in rates is nearing an end, and who believe the market has overreacted in pricing other types of risk. Bank loans offer a floating rate alternative for investors willing to assume credit risk and an excellent hedge against rising rates. In addition, loans have minimal correlation with other asset classes and are a superior tool for reducing overall portfolio volatility. Over the past ten years, the market for bank loans has matured. Most major commercial and investment banks make a market in these securities, a derivatives market has evolved to facilitate hedging and risk management, a variety of indexes are available to measure performance, and the uniformity of terms and conditions has markedly improved. Given the current market conditions and the maturation of this sector, we anticipate a growing emphasis on bank loans in institutional and portfolios.
Sense and Sentencing: Our Imprisonment Epidemic (2010)

(Excerpt) Over the past thirty years, the most important sentencing development has not been the legislative adoption of mandatory guidelines, or the judicial creation of advisory guidelines, or the adoption of a wide variety of guidelines systems in the states, or the widespread elimination of parole, or the abandonment of rehabilitation as a sentencing goal. No, the most important sentencing development has been our rejection of the principal of parsimony: the notion that a sentence should be as long as - but no longer than - necessary to accomplish the goals of punishment. Instead, we have replaced parsimony with severity, which has resulted in ever longer prison sentences and a sharp increase in incarceration rates. Consider this statistic: over 2.3 million Americans, or about one in every 131 people, are currently incarcerated. As a country, we are suffering from an incarceration epidemic. Part I of this article will trace the history of that epidemic. And yet, in the midst of this epidemic, there is evidence that the sentencing pendulum may have finally started to swing back toward moderation, as Part II of this essay will discuss. Indeed, some politicians have even begun to recognize that it is politically feasible to replace being "tough on crime" with being "smart on crime." After thirty-years of ever increasing severity, there may be reason for hope. We may finally be ready to talk sense about sentencing.
Quantitative detection of single-copy genes in nanogram samples of human genomic DNA. (1993)

We have developed methods for Southern hybridization analysis of single-copy genes in as little as 10 ng of mammalian DNA electrophoresed under either neutral or alkaline conditions. The signal on the radiogram is proportional to the quantity of DNA. These methods permit Southern hybridization analysis of DNA from about 2 x 10(3) cultured human cells. The use of minimal cell numbers greatly reduces the costs of culturing cells for hybridization analysis and makes feasible analysis of DNA from tissues or cell types available only in limited quantities.
Anti-gamma interferon and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies affect staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia, and cytokine release in D-galactosamine-sensitized and unsensitized mice (1995)

Administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) to BALB/c mice was found to induce a cytokine release syndrome hallmarked by weight loss and hypoglycemia. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody against gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) given before SEB counteracted weight loss and prevented hypoglycemia. This protective effect of anti-IFN-gamma antibody was associated with decreased IFN-gamma levels in serum; tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels remained unchanged. A monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibody, known for its ability to cause accumulation of biologically active IL-6 in the circulation, did not modify SEB-induced body weight loss or hypoglycemia. Levels of TNF, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 in serum were all more elevated in anti-IL-6-treated mice than in corresponding SEB-challenged control mice. In D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, SEB-induced weight loss but not hypoglycemia was more severe, resulting mostly in death within 24 h. Higher levels of biologically active TNF and IFN-gamma in serum were noted in these mice than in mice receiving SEB only. In D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, anti-IFN-gamma antibody did prevent hypoglycemia but failed to reduce the severity of the syndrome. Again, TNF levels in anti-IFN-gamma-treated mice remained unchanged. Pretreatment with anti-IL-6 antibody temporarily attenuated SEB-induced hypoglycemia in sensitized mice. Thus, at 6 h post-SEB injection, anti-IL-6-treated mice were less hypoglycemic than corresponding controls. However, at 24 h, hypoglycemia was significantly aggravated. Concomitantly, IL-6 levels were dramatically increased. Neither anti-IFN-gamma nor anti-IL-6 antibody treatment modulated mortality levels in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. The data obtained with anti-IFN-gamma antibody clearly indicate that endogenous IFN-gamma is instrumental in bringing about hypoglycemia and body weight loss in mice exposed to SEB but also that hypoglycemia is not a crucial determinant of mortality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. The data obtained with anti-IL-6 antibody indicate that endogenous IL-6 is involved in regulating the levels of TNF and IFN-gamma in serum.
Prenatal Dietary Choline Supplementation Decreases the Threshold for Induction of Long-Term Potentiation in Young Adult Rats (1998)

Choline supplementation during gestation in rats leads to augmentation of spatial memory in adulthood. We hypothesized that prenatal (E12-E17) choline supplementation in the rat would lead to an enhancement of hippocampal synaptic plasticity as assessed by long-term potentiation (LTP) at 3-4 mo of age. LTP was assessed blindly in area CA1 of hippocampal slices with first suprathreshold (above threshold for LTP generation in control slices) theta-burst stimulus trains. The magnitude of potentiation after these stimuli was not different between slices from control and prenatally choline supplemented animals. Next, threshold (reliably leading to LTP generation in control slices) or subthreshold theta-burst stimulus trains were applied to slices from control, prenatally choline-supplemented, and prenatally choline-deprived rats. Threshold level stimulus trains induced LTP in slices from both the control and choline-supplemented rats but not in those from the choline-deficient rats. Subthreshold stimulus trains led to LTP induction in slices from prenatally choline-supplemented rats only. These observations indicate that prenatal dietary manipulation of the amino acid, choline, leads to subsequent significant alterations of LTP induction threshold in adult animals.
Semicontinuous and continuous production of penicillin‐G by <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> cells immobilized in κ‐carrageenan beads (1984)

Conidia of Penicillium chrysogenum were immobilized in K-carrageenan beads and then incubated in a growth-supporting medium to yield a penicillin producing immobilized cell mass. These in situ grown immobilized cells were used for the semicontinuous (replacement cultures)and continuous (fluidized bioreactor culture) production of penicillin-G. When periodically replaced into a minimal production medium, immobilized cells exhibited a half-life for penicillin production which was ninefold greater than that exhibited by free cells. The half-life of penicillin production and the yield of penicillin from glucose in such a replacement culture were greatly affected by the frequency of replacement and by the production medium's pH and concentration of glucose, phosphate, and trace metal nutrients. A penicillin-producing continuous flow bioreactor (150 mL), employing immobilized cells, was operated for up to 16 days. The best specific penicillin productivity (1.2 mg/g cells/h)yield from glucose (7.0 mg/g glucose) and half-life of production (15 days) were obtained when the feed medium contained 10 g/L of glucose, the pH was maintained at 7.0, the relative dissolved oxygen concentration was ca. 40%; and the residence time was 20 h.
[Effects and molecular mechanism of nicotine on odontoblasts]. (2008)

Nicotine had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of odontoblasts MDPC-23, which might be related to the increased Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm.
Inhibition of choroidal neovascularization by homoisoflavanone, a new angiogenesis inhibitor. (2008)

Our data suggest that homoisoflavanone is a potent inhibitor of CNV and may be applied in the treatment of other vasoproliferative retinopathies and tumor.
Generic degradation mechanism for 980 nm InxGa1−xAs/GaAs strained quantum-well lasers (2001)

We have observed In out diffusion from strained InxGa1−xAs quantum wells into the adjacent GaAs barriers in degraded 980-nm-wavelength strained quantum-well lasers. A previous calculation on misfit stress-induced compositional instability indicates that this material system is stable with respect to misfit strain. Therefore, the out diffusion of In from an InxGa1−xAs quantum well is mainly driven by the compositional discontinuity across the well/barrier heterointerfaces, and is believed to be activated by the nonradiative recombination of injected carriers.