gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Schottky barrier inhomogeneities at the interface of few layer epitaxial graphene and silicon carbide (2012)

In this work, we study electron transport across the heterojunction interface of epitaxial few-layer graphene grown on silicon carbide and the underlying substrate. The observed Schottky barrier is characterized using current-voltage, capacitance-voltage and photocurrent spectroscopy techniques. It is found that the graphene/SiC heterojunction cannot be characterized by a single unique barrier height because of lateral barrier inhomogeneities. A Gaussian distribution of barrier heights with a mean barrier height φBm=1.06eV and standard deviation σ=137±11meV explains the experimental data quite well.
Viscosupplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee (2006)

Based on the aforementioned analyses, viscosupplementation is an effective treatment for OA of the knee with beneficial effects: on pain, function and patient global assessment; and at different post injection periods but especially at the 5 to 13 week post injection period. It is of note that the magnitude of the clinical effect, as expressed by the WMD and standardised mean difference (SMD) from the RevMan 4.2 output, is different for different products, comparisons, timepoints, variables and trial designs. However, there are few randomised head-to-head comparisons of different viscosupplements and readers should be cautious, therefore, in drawing conclusions regarding the relative value of different products. The clinical effect for some products, against placebo, on some variables at some timepoints is in the moderate to large effect-size range. Readers should refer to relevant tables to review specific detail given the heterogeneity in effects across the product class and some discrepancies observed between the RevMan 4.2 analyses and the original publications. Overall, the analyses performed are positive for the HA class and particularly positive for some products with respect to certain variables and timepoints, such as pain on weight bearing at 5 to 13 weeks postinjection. In general, sample-size restrictions preclude any definitive comment on the safety of the HA class of products; however, within the constraints of the trial designs employed no major safety issues were detected. In some analyses viscosupplements were comparable in efficacy to systemic forms of active intervention, with more local reactions but fewer systemic adverse events. In other analyses HA products had more prolonged effects than IA corticosteroids. Overall, the aforementioned analyses support the use of the HA class of products in the treatment of knee OA.
Emergency Endovascular Interventions of Traumatic Cranial and Extracranial Injuries (2003)

Traumatic head and neck, and cerebrovascular injuries may result in a devastating consequence of vascular injuries involving the major cervical and cerebral vessels, potentially leading to hemorrhage, stroke, or death. Vascular injury may result in vessel transection, laceration, false aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or thrombosis. Massive hemorrhage may occur secondary to blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic trauma. Surgical treatment, while at times curative, cannot always be performed, particularly when the location of the injury or the patient's unstable condition precludes surgical options. Endovascular treatment options include the use of uncovered or covered stents, endovascular coils and balloons, as well as liquid or solid embolic materials in reconstructing damaged arterial lumens, controlling pseudoaneurysm formation or lacerations, or when necessary, vessel sacrifice. The authors describe recent and ongoing developments in endovascular techniques and illustrate treatments that are currently available to the interventionalist for repair of these traumatic lesions.
Observation of first Stokes, second Stokes, and anti-Stokes radiation from a mercury cadmium telluride spin-flip Raman laser (1976)

Single-crystal Hg0.77Cd0.23Te has been employed in a spin-flip Raman laser to generate first Stokes and anti-Stokes radiation when pumped at 10.60 μm, and first Stokes, second Stokes, and anti-Stokes radiation when pumped at 10.28 μm.
A Comparison Between Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Models For Hyperspectral Image Classification (2019)

Abstract This study presents a methodology model for the spectral classification of hyperspectral images. The applied methodology, first extracts neighbouring spatial regions via a suitable statistical support vector machine (SVM-Linear) architecture, support vector machine radial basis function (SVM-RBF) and Deep Learning (DL) architecture that comprises principal component analysis (PCA) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) and then applies a soft max classifier. PCA is introduced to reduce the high spectral dimensionality, noise, and redundant information of the input image. The SVM-Linear, SVM-RBF and CNN model is used to extract useful high-level features automatically given that it provides results comparable with each other, including hyperspectral image classification. However, because the CNN, SVM models alone may fail to extract features with different scales and to tolerate the large-scale variance of image objects, the presented methodology uses PCA optimization for spatial regions to construct features that can be then used by the SVM and CNN model to classify hyperspectral images. Experimental results obtained in the classification of the Hyperspec-VNIR Chikusei datasets show that the performance of the presented model is competitive with that of other DL and traditional machine-learning methods. The best overall accuracy of the presented methodology for the Hyperspec-VNIR Chikusei datasets is 98.84 % in SVM-RBF model.
Expression and Function of TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand on Murine Activated NK Cells (1999)

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a new member of TNF family, induces apoptotic cell death of various tumor cells. We recently showed that TRAIL mediates perforin- and Fas ligand (FasL)-independent cytotoxic activity of human CD4+ T cell clones. In the present study, we investigated the expression and function of TRAIL on murine lymphocytes by using newly generated anti-murine TRAIL mAbs. Although freshly isolated T, B, or NK cells did not express a detectable level of TRAIL on their surface, a remarkable level of TRAIL expression was induced preferentially on CD3- NK1.1+ NK cells after stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15. In contrast, TRAIL expression was not induced by IL-18, whereas it efficiently potentiated lymphokine-activated killer activity of NK cells. In addition to perforin inactivation and neutralization of FasL by anti-FasL mAb, neutralization of TRAIL by anti-TRAIL mAb was needed for the complete inhibition of IL-2- or IL-15-activated NK cell cytotoxicity against mouse fibrosarcoma L929 target cells, which were susceptible to both FasL and TRAIL. These results indicated preferential expression of TRAIL on IL-2- or IL-15-activated NK cells and its potential involvement in lymphokine-activated killer activity.
The Effects of Delayed Reduction of Tonic Inhibition on Ischemic Lesion and Sensorimotor Function (2015)

To aid in development of chronic stage treatments for sensorimotor deficits induced by ischemic stroke, we investigated the effects of GABA antagonism on brain structure and fine skilled reaching in a rat model of focal ischemia induced via cortical microinjections of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Beginning 7 days after stroke, animals were administered a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) inverse agonist, L-655,708, at a dose low enough to afford α5-GABAA receptor specificity. A week after stroke, the ischemic lesion comprised a small hypointense necrotic core (6±1 mm(3)) surrounded by a large (62±11 mm(3)) hyperintense perilesional region; the skilled reaching ability on the Montoya staircase test was decreased to 34%±2% of the animals' prestroke performance level. On L-655,708 treatment, animals showed a progressive decrease in total stroke volume (13±4 mm(3) per week), with no change in animals receiving placebo. Concomitantly, treated animals' skilled reaching progressively improved by 9%±1% per week, so that after 2 weeks of treatment, these animals performed at 65%±6% of their baseline ability, which was 25%±11% better than animals given placebo. These data indicate beneficial effects of delayed, sustained low-dose GABAA antagonism on neuroanatomic injury and skilled reaching in the chronic stage of stroke recovery in an ET-1 rat model of focal ischemia.
Mammalian topoisomerase I has base mismatch nicking activity. (1994)

The all-type nicking enzyme (ATE) from human HeLa cells or calf thymus can nick DNA at the first phosphodiester bond 5' to all 8 possible mismatched bases. The strand disparity of this nicking is influenced by the neighboring nucleotide sequences. After nicking, the ATE covalently binds to the 3' end of the DNA product to form a cleavable complex, whose formation is insensitive to camptothecin, a specific inhibitor of eukaryotic topoisomerase I (Topo-I). During the purification of ATE from calf thymus, a Mg(2+)-independent relaxation activity, characteristic of eukaryotic Topo-I, copurifies with the mismatch-nicking activity. The ATE from calf thymus may be a breakdown product of Topo-I. N-terminal amino acid analysis indicates that one of the polypeptides with ATE activity contains the C-terminal portion of Topo-I. Moreover, active human Topo-I, expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli, is also capable of nicking all 8 base mispairs in the absence of Mg2+. This mismatch-specific nicking activity may be a novel property of the mammalian Topo-I.
Vertical electron transistor (VET) in GaAs with a heterojunction (AlGaAs-GaAs) cathode (1984)

We wish to report on the successful fabrication of submicrometre channel length (0.75 μm) and gate length (0.15 μm) vertical electron transistors with AlGaAs cathodes. Lack of electron velocity enhancement has been proposed to be due to high operating channel temperatures, and low temperature measurements were hindered by carrier freeze-out.
parB: an auxin-regulated gene encoding glutathione S-transferase. (1992)

We have isolated an auxin-regulated cDNA, parB, from the early stage of cultured tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. The expression of parB was observed during transition from G0 to the S phase of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts cultured in vitro. The predicted amino acid sequence of parB cDNA has 213 amino acid residues with a relative molecular weight of 23,965. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that parB cDNA has homology to glutathione S-transferase (GST; RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) from several sources including plant and animal cells. When we introduced expression vector pKK233-2, which retains parB cDNA, into Escherichia coli, we could detect GST activity in the parB gene product. Accordingly a significant increase of GST activity was detected in the tobacco mesophyll protoplasts cultured in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. This is an example in which the function of auxin-regulated gene product is shown to be ascribed to a specific enzymatic activity. As GST, and its substrate glutathione, are shown to be related to cell proliferation as well as detoxification of xenobiotics in plant and animal cells, the role of parB is discussed in relation to the induction of proliferative activity in differentiated and nondividing mesophyll protoplasts of tobacco.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events and Effects of Chronotherapy: Rationale and Design of the MAPEC Study (2007)

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements (ABPM) correlate more closely with target organ damage and cardiovascular events than clinical cuff measurements. ABPM reveals the significant circadian variation in BP, which in most individuals presents a morning increase, small post-prandial decline, and more extensive lowering during nocturnal rest. However, under certain pathophysiological conditions, the nocturnal BP decline may be reduced (non-dipper pattern) or even reversed (riser pattern). This is clinically relevant because the non-dipper and riser circadian BP patterns constitute a risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, vascular dementia, and myocardial infarction. Hence, there is growing interest in how to best tailor and individualize the treatment of hypertension according to the specific circadian BP pattern of each patient. All previous trials that have demonstrated an increased cardiovascular risk in non-dipper as compared to dipper patients have relied on the prognostic significance of a single ABPM baseline profile from each participant without accounting for possible changes in the BP pattern during follow-up. Moreover, the potential benefit (i.e., reduction in cardiovascular risk) associated with the normalization of the circadian BP variability (conversion from non-dipper to dipper pattern) from an appropriately envisioned treatment strategy is still a matter of debate. Accordingly, the MAPEC (Monitorización Ambulatoria de la Presión Arterial y Eventos Cardiovasculares, i.e., Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Events) study was designed to investigate whether the normalization of the circadian BP profile toward more of a dipper pattern by chronotherapeutic strategies (i.e., specific timing during the 24 h of BP-lowering medications according to the 24 h BP pattern) reduces cardiovascular risk. The prospective MAPEC study investigates 3,000 diurnally active men and women >/=18 yrs of age. At inclusion, BP and wrist activity are measured for 48 h. The initial evaluation also includes a detailed medical history, an electrocardiogram, and screening laboratory blood and urine tests. The same evaluation procedure is scheduled yearly or more frequently (quarterly) if treatment adjustment is required for BP control. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are thus evaluated on the basis of changes in BP during follow-up. The MAPEC study, now on its fourth year of follow-up, investigates the potential decrease in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal risk from the proper modeling of the circadian BP profile by the timed administration (chronotherapy) of antihypertensive medication, beyond the reduction of clinic-determined daytime or ABPM-determined 24 h mean BP levels.
Load angle estimation for two‐phase hybrid stepping motors (2014)

Stepping motors are often used for low‐power open‐loop positioning. In conventional stepping motor drives, a step rate or speed is imposed. To avoid step loss in open‐loop, most stepping motors are driven at maximum current resulting in a poor energy efficiency. However, when position feedback is available, the drive current can be optimised. A position sensor adds costs and complexity to the system. Therefore, rotor position estimators are developed, often referred to as sensorless controllers. A drawback in some of these methods is the requirement of information on the mechanical load which is usually not available or varies over time. In this study, an alternative estimator is proposed, based on the load angle between the current excitation vector and the instantaneous rotor flux position. This load angle reflects the capability of the system to follow the speed setpoint and gives an indication of the robustness to torque disturbances. Therefore the load angle estimation is interesting to provide feedback to a controller which adapts the drive current. Here, an estimator is proposed solely based on electrical motor parameters and electrical measurements. The algorithm, based on a sliding discrete Fourier transformation, is applicable with the typical full‐, half‐ and micro‐stepping drive algorithms. Finally, measurement results validate the estimation algorithm.
The effect of a preventive programme on dental plaque, gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren. Results after one and two years (1974)

Abstract The effect on plaque, gingivitis and dental caries of regularly repeated professional mechanical tooth cleaning combined with topical application of monofluoro‐phosphate was tested in a group of 192 schoolchildren, 7–14 years of age, during a 2‐year trial. They were divided into test and control groups. A baseline examination revealed that the test and control groups had a very similar oral hygiene status, degree of gingival inflammation and caries experience. Once every second week during the 2‐year period the children of the test groups were given professional oral prophylaxis including careful tooth cleaning and topical application of 5 % sodium mono‐fluorophosphate. Once every month, the children of the control groups brushed their teeth at school, under supervision, using a 0.2 % sodium fluoride solution. The results after 1 and 2 years of experiment indicate that the test group children had low Plaque Index scores (∼ 0.3), only negligible signs of gingivitis (∼ 0.25) and very low caries increment (0.1 new carious surface per year). The control group children had higher Plaque Index scores (∼ 1.0), showed signs of gingivitis (∼ 0.75), and developed on an average 3.1 new carious surfaces per year. It is suggested that the efficacy of public health programmes, based on professional tooth cleaning and topical fluoride administration, should be tested in larger groups of children and adults.
Economic benefits of methylmercury exposure control in Europe: Monetary value of neurotoxicity prevention (2013)

These estimates document that efforts to combat mercury pollution and to reduce MeHg exposures will have very substantial economic benefits in Europe, mainly in southern countries. Some data may not be entirely representative, some countries were not covered, and anticipated changes in mercury pollution all suggest a need for extended biomonitoring of human MeHg exposure.
Navigating and querying code without getting lost (2003)

A development task related to a crosscutting concern is challenging because a developer can easily get lost when exploring scattered elements of code and the complex tangle of relationships between them. In this paper we present a source browsing tool that improves the developer's ability to work with crosscutting concerns by providing better support for exploring code. Our tool helps the developer to remain oriented while exploring and navigating across a code base. The cognitive burden placed on a developer is reduced by avoiding disorienting view switches and by providing an explicit representation of the exploration process in terms of exploration paths. While our tool is generally useful, good navigation support is particularly important when exploring crosscutting concerns.
32×32 arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexerwithuniform loss and cyclic frequency characteristics (1997)

A 32 × 32 arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer with uniform loss and cyclic frequency characteristics has been fabricated on a silica-based planar lightwave circuit. The device consists of an 80-channel arrayed-waveguide multiplexer with 100 GHz spacing and 32 optical combiners which are connected to the 72 output waveguides of the multiplexer. The peak-to-peak loss and channel centre frequency variations are 1.2 dB and 22.3 GHz, respectively, for entire 32 × 32 input/output combinations. These values have been substantially improved from conventional arrayed-waveguide multiplexers with peak-to-peak loss and centre frequency variations of 4.7 dB and 75.6 GHz, respectively.
A mode locked array of coupled phase locked loops (1995)

An array of coupled phase locked loops is configured to produce a comb spectrum, and therefore pulsed microwave power, using a frequency locking technique analogous to the mode locked optical laser. The basic principles of operation are derived and measurements of an 11-GHz system, built from commercially available microwave components, demonstrate the frequency and time domain characteristics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adaptive Control and Repair for Lap Welds of Aluminum Alloy Sheets Based upon In-Process Monitoring † (2005)

A new procedure of in-process monitoring and adaptive control has been developed for laser micro-spot lap welding of A3003 aluminum alloy sheets. The objective is to produce sound partial- and full-penetration welds without through-holes. In partial-penetration welds, the reflected laser beam and the radiated heat from the welding area were effective as in-process monitoring signals for detecting melting and though-hole formation in the upper sheet during laser irradiation. Laser pulse duration and peak power were controlled at every 150 µs intervals during spot welding on the basis of the heat radiation signal detecting the though-hole. In the full-penetration welds, the laser power was controlled so as to keep the value of the reflected light signal higher than the minimum and to restrict the variation of the heat radiation signal within one-third levels of the maximum increase and decrease, to prevent the formation of a through-hole. Consequently, the laser pulse peak power was properly controlled on the basis of the reflected light power and the heat radiation variation and this led to the production of sound welds at all times. The above results proved the effectiveness of in-process monitoring and the availability of adaptive control.
Execution visualization and debugging in three-dimensional visual programming (2004)

To help programmers debug visual programs, we propose an animated execution method with supporting functions to be used with the animated execution. The animated execution animates state transitions as the program is executed. To make it easy for the programmer to interpret the animation, it is displayed in a manner similar to the visual program. The functions are used to narrow the possible locations of bugs and to test fixed components quickly. We have implemented animated execution and the functions on 3D-PP, our three-dimensional visual programming system.
Sentiment profiles of multiword expressions in test-taker essays (2013)

The property of idiomaticity vs. compositionality of a multiword expression traditionally pertains to the semantic interpretation of the expression. In this article, we consider this property as it applies to the expression's sentiment profile (relative degree of positivity, negativity, and neutrality). Thus, while heart attack is idiomatic in terms of semantic interpretation, the sentiment profile of the expression (strongly negative) can, in fact, be determined from the strongly negative profile of the head word. In this article, we (1) propose a way to measure compositionality of a multiword expression's sentiment profile, and perform the measurement on noun-noun compounds; (2) evaluate the utility of using sentiment profiles of noun-noun compounds in a sentence-level sentiment classification task. We find that the sentiment profiles of noun-noun compounds in test-taker essays tend to be highly compositional and that their incorporation improves the performance of a sentiment classification system.