gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From genome to aetiology in a multifactorial disease, type 1 diabetes (1999)

The common autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes provides a paradigm for the genetic analysis of multifactorial disease. Disease occurrence is attributable to the interaction with the environment of alleles at many loci interspersed throughout the genome. Their mapping and identification is difficult because the disease-associated alleles occur almost as commonly in patients as in healthy individuals; even the highest-risk genotypes bestow only modest risks of disease. The identification of common quantitative trait loci (QTL) in autoimmune disease and in other common disorders, therefore, requires a very close marriage of genetics and biology. Two QTLs have been identified in human type 1 diabetes: the major histocompatibility complex HLA class II loci and a promoter polymorphism of the insulin gene. The evidence for their primary roles in disease aetiology demonstrates the necessity of combined studies of genetics and biology. Their functions and interaction underpin an emerging picture of the basic causes of the disease and direct analyses towards other candidate genes and pathways. The genetic tools used for QTL identification include transgenesis and gene knockouts, whole genome scanning for linkage, mouse congenic strains, linkage disequilibrium mapping, and the establishment of ancestral haplotypes among disease-associated chromosomes.
Control of particle size in the formation of polymer latices (1978)

Abstract A brief survey is given of the methods which can be used to produce polymer latices with a narrow size distribution. The factors which control both the particle size and the nature of the chemical groupings on the latex particle surface are discussed for latices prepared without the addition of an emulsifier. In particular, it is demonstrated experimentally that the ionic strength of the aqueous phase plays a major role in controlling particle size and that the free radicals produced by thermal decomposition of the initiator become incorporated as end‐groups on the polymer chains and hence form the surface groups on the particle. A theoretical explanation is given which indicates the reasons for the importance of ionic strength in controlling particle size.
Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, the tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-MET proto-oncogene. (1994)

HGF is secreted by mesenchymal cells and regulates motogenesis, mitogenesis, and morphogenesis of epithelial and endothelial cells. HGF is a heterodimer of two glycosylated chains, alpha and beta, bound together by a disulfide bond. The molecule is synthesized as single chain precursor devoid of biological activity (pro-HGF). The critical step in pro-HGF activation is a proteolytic cleavage generating the two chain form. This step occurs in the extracellular environment, and is catalyzed by urokinase. Two alternative transcripts originate two HGF variants. One bears a deletion of five amino acids in the alpha chain, and has the same properties of the full-size protein. The other one contains only the first portion of the alpha chain (two kringle HGF). Two kringle HGF binds the HGF receptor, triggers its tyrosine kinase activity and behaves as a partial agonist, inducing motogenesis but not mitogenesis in target cells. The HGF receptor is the tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-MET pro-oncogene, a tyrosine kinase receptor. This molecule is an heterodimer of an extracellular alpha chain disulfide linked to a transmembrane beta chain. The cytoplasmic portion of the beta chain contains the catalytic domain and critical sites for the regulation of its kinase activity. In the C-terminal tail, a bidentate motif containing two tyrosines associates the transducers responsible for HGF signalling.
Design and Development of a Low Speed High Torque Hydraulic Motor (1981)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A low speed, high torque hydraulic motor has been developed. This motor utilizes radial pistons with roller cam followers, a fixed cam and a rotating piston carrier splined to the output shaft. Oil routing is accomplished by a non-rotating manifold with lapped porting faces. A destroke device is provided which hydraulically retracts the pistons for disengaged operation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Mounting is accomplished through a high pressure pivot joint to allow the motor to be used for powered steerable wheels.</div>
Frontispiece: Tracking Cancer Metastasis In Vivo by Using an Iridium‐Based Hypoxia‐Activated Optical Oxygen Nanosensor (2015)

Cancer Diagnostics A hypoxia-sensitive sensor for tracking cancer metastasis is reported by X. Q. Jiang et al. on page 8094 ff. After systemic administration of the sensor, cancer cells metastasizing to the lungs or to the lymph nodes are detected by whole-body optical imaging.
Constructing Fast Carrier Tracks into Flexible Perovskite Photodetectors To Greatly Improve Responsivity (2017)

Intrinsically high mobility and large absorption coefficient endow inorganic halide perovskites (IHPs) with great promise for high-performance photodetectors (PDs), which, however, are being hindered by the low carrier extraction and transport efficiency of the solution assembled films. Here, we report on a general strategy to enhance the perovskite film conductivity that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conductive nanonets are constructed from to provide fast carrier tracks. Resultantly, the CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> nanosheet/CNT composite films exhibit both high light harvesting and high conductivity, such advantages are demonstrated by the high performances of corresponding planar PDs. Specifically, the highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7488% and the highest responsivity of 31.1 A W<sup>-1</sup> under a bias of 10 V among IHP PDs with planar structure are achieved, which are almost 125-fold over the previous best results. Besides, the efficient charge extraction and transport also remarkably contribute to the fast response speed where a rise time of 16 μs is achieved, which is also superior to state-of-the-art IHP PDs. Furthermore, the composite films exhibit impressive flexibility due to the ultrathin 2D and 1D structural characteristic of perovskites and CNTs. By deploying the PD as a point-like detector, we acquire clear images. The results indicate the promising potentials of the perovskite/CNT composites for solution and ambient condition processed flexible devices, and this strategy is general for all kinds of perovskite optoelectronic devices including photodetectors, phototransistors, and even LEDs.
Bifurcation mode of relativistic and charge-displacement self-channelling (2001)

Stable self-channelling of ultra-powerful (P0~1 TW-1 PW) laser pulses in dense plasmas is a key process for many applications requiring the controlled compression of power at high levels. Theoretical computations predict that the transition zone between the stable and highly unstable regimes of relativistic/charge-displacement self-channelling is well characterized by a form of weak instability that involves bifurcation of the propagating energy into two channels. Recent observations of unstable behaviour with femtosecond 248 nm pulses reveal a mode of bifurcation that corresponds well to these theoretical predictions. It is further experimentally shown that the use of a suitable longitudinal gradient in the plasma density can eliminate this unstable response and restore the efficient formation of single stable channels.
Integration of Discrete Feature Network Methods with Conventional Simulator Approaches (1998)

Abstract The discrete feature network (DFN) approach offers many key advantages over conventional dual porosity (DP) approaches, particularly when issues of connectivity dominate recovery and reservoir stimulation in fractured and heterogeneous reservoirs. DP models have been developed for complex multiphase and thermal effects, and have been implemented for basin scale modeling. However, DP models address only the dual porosity nature of fractured reservoirs, generally simplifying connectivity and scale-dependent heterogeneity issues which are modeled efficiently and more accurately by the DFN approach. This paper describes the development of techniques to integrate DFN and DP approaches. These techniques allow the analyst to maintain many of the advantages of the DP simulator approach without losing the realism of complex fracture system geometry and connectivity, as captured by DFN models. The techniques described are currently used within a DOE funded research project for linking a DFN and a DP thermal simulation model for the Yates Field, Texas. The paper describes some of the geological and engineering aspects of the Yates Field and gives two examples how DP parameters for the thermal simulation can be derived using DFN modeling techniques. P. 351
Kinetics and mechanism of unimolecular heterolysis of cage-like compounds: XIX. Effect of the nucleofuge nature on the activation parameters of heterolysis of 1-halo-1-methylcyclohexanes in cyclohexane. Heterolysis rate ratio in aprotic and protic solvents (2007)

Heterolysis of 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane in cyclohexane (E1 reaction) involves solvation of the transition state (ΔS≡ = −81 J mol−1K−1), while heterolysis of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane is characterized by desolvation of the transition state (ΔS≡ = 92 J mol−1K−1). The probability for the formation of transition state (interaction between cationoid intermediate and solvent cavity) increases in the first case due to enhanced stability of the solvated intermediate, and in the second, due to reduction in its size. The bromide/chloride heterolysis rate ratio decreases as the ionizing power of aprotic solvent decreases and that of protic solvent increases.
[Optimal culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells]. (2004)

The optimal culture condition of the hMSCs is established and it is a new investigation on application of hMSCs to tissue engineering.
Safety in magnetic resonance units: an update (2010)

The number of anaesthetists who are involved in magnetic resonance (MR) units is increasing. Magnetic resonance systems are becoming more powerful and interventional procedures are now possible. This paper updates information relating to safety terminology, occupational exposure, reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents and the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Magnetic resonance examinations of patients with pacemakers are still generally contra-indicated but have been carried out in specialist centres under strictly controlled conditions. As availability of MR increases, so the education of anaesthetists, who are occasionally required to provide a service, must be considered.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Strain‐Specific Antibodies against Prototype Strains of <i>Rickettsia tsutsugamushi</i> (1986)

We have developed 18 hybridoma cell lines which secrete murine monoclonal strain-specific antibodies to prototype strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: nine anti-Gilliam, four anti-Karp and five anti-Kato antibodies. All the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with their homologous strains in direct and indirect immunofluorescence (IF), or indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) test. By IF and IP tests with the monoclonal antibodies, 22 strains of R. tsutsugamushi, which were newly isolated from mites, field rodents and patients with Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Japan, were all clearly identified as either Gilliam or Karp type. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting techniques revealed that the monoclonal antibodies recognized primarily the polypeptides of an apparent molecular weight of 54 to 56 kilodaltons of the homologous rickettsial surface. The monoclonal antibodies produced in the present study should enhance the serotyping and further analytical investigation of the rickettsial antigens since they recognize the strain- or type-specific polypeptides and do not show any cross-reaction among strains.
Applied Photographic Optics (2002)

Selected by the American Library Association's 'Choice' magazine as "best technical book", the first edition of this book soon established itself as the standard reference work on all aspects of photographic lenses and associated optical systems. This is unsurprising, as Sidney Ray provides a complete, comprehensive reference source for anyone wanting information on photographic lenses, from the student to the practitioner or specialist working with visual and digital media worldwide. This third edition has been fully revised and expanded to include the rapid progress in the last decade in optical technology and advances in relevant electronic and digital forms of imaging. Every chapter has been revised and expanded using new figures and photographs as appropriate, as well as extended bibliographies. New chapters include details of filters, measurements from images and the optical systems of digital cameras. Details of electronic and digital imaging have been integrated throughout. More information is given on topics such as aspherics, diffractive optics, ED glasses, image stabilization, optical technology, video projection and new types of lenses.A selection of the contents includes chapters on: optical theory, aberrations, auto focus, lens testing, depth of field, development of photographic lenses, general properties of lenses, wide-angle lenses, telephoto lenses, video lenses, viewfinder systems, camera movements, projection systems and 3-D systems.
The Interaction of Host and Pathogen Factors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations and Their Role in Tissue Damage (2007)

Inflammation plays a central role in the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Host factors, such as proteinases and oxidants, have been implicated in causing tissue damage and amplifying the inflammatory process. During exacerbations of COPD, inflammation, oxidant stress, and many of these proteinases are increased. The role of bacteria in exacerbation remains unclear; however, many bacterial factors, such as proteases, surface proteins, lipopoly(oligo)saccharide, and pyocyanin, may also damage lung tissue either directly or by promoting the host inflammatory response. The interaction between host and bacterial factors is complex and both can cause similar damage, making it difficult to dissect the relative contribution of each factor. There have been few relevant studies in man; however, most of the available evidence relates to the importance of the host response. To resolve this issue, several steps are required. Lung secretions need to be collected from patients in the stable clinical state as well as during well defined exacerbations involving bacteria. The appropriate factors need to be identified in the secretions and require evidence that they are functionally active. Specific abrogation should then change the overall balance within the local environment, after which the administration of specific inhibitors/antagonists can be used to confirm that the factor being studied is central to the inflammatory cascade and subsequent tissue damage in patients. Finally, controlled clinical trials will be required to demonstrate that modifying inflammation influences long-term progression.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Martensitic Stainless Steel for Transmutation Applications (2003)

The susceptibility of martensitic Alloy EP-823 to stress corrosion cracking was evaluated in neutral and acidic aqueous environments by using constant-load and slow-strain-rate test methods at ambient temperature and 90oC. The results indicate that this alloy may not suffer from cracking in the neutral solution, but will undergo failure in the acidic medium. The true failure stress and the conventional ductility parameters were reduced due to the synergistic effect of acidic pH and elevated temperature. The fractographic evaluations revealed ductile failure in the neutral solution, but intergranular brittle failure was observed in the acidic environment.
Accelerated Testing of Self-Healing Coatings (2003)

Abstract Self-healing coatings are made by incorporating microcapsules (60 - 150 microns in diameter) that contain film-formers and corrosion inhibitors into the paint primers at the time of coating application. When coating is scratched, the microcapsules break and spill their corrosion inhibitors and film formers, which protect the underlying steel substrates from corrosion, and repair some of the coating damage. Five (5) different types of inhibitors/film formers were tested, and three (3) different techniques for application of the coatings with microcapsules were evaluated. Accelerated testing of the self-healing coatings on steel was conducted by scribing and subjecting them to ASTM D-5894 testing in the laboratory to simulate the environmental effects of salt spray and ultraviolet exposure, in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect on coating adhesion resulting from adding the microcapsules was also ascertained. Changes in EIS parameters were determined at the end of each week of ASTM D-5894 exposure. EIS results were correlated with undercutting at the scribe. Growth of coating damage at the scribe was arrested in self-healing coatings with all microcapsule formulations compared to control samples. The performance of some microcapsules evaluated in this study was found to be dependent on the method of application.
Adaptive digital audio effects (a-DAFx): a new class of sound transformations (2006)

After covering the basics of sound perception and giving an overview of commonly used audio effects (using a perceptual categorization), we propose a new concept called adaptive digital audio effects (A-DAFx). This consists of combining a sound transformation with an adaptive control. To create A-DAFx, low-level and perceptual features are extracted from the input signal, in order to derive the control values according to specific mapping functions. We detail the implementation of various new adaptive effects and give examples of their musical use.
The therapeutic effects of tenidap in canine experimental osteoarthritis: relationship with biochemical markers. (1997)

This study confirms that tenidap is an effective anti-osteoarthritic drug in this ACLS model where therapy was begun 4 weeks after surgery. We have defined doses that gave graded therapeutic effects, and under these conditions the effectiveness coincided with the suppression of IL-1 and metalloprotease activity, processes known to play a major role in the pathophysiology of OA lesions.
Interfacial polycondensation. I. (1996)

Interfacial polycondensation is a rapid, irreversible polymerization at the interface between water containing one difunctional intermediate and an inert immiscible organic solvent containing a complementary difunctional reactant. It is based on the Schotten-Baumann reaction in which acid chlorides are reacted with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms (—OH, —NH and —SH). A large number of polymers (heat-sensitive and infusible as well as stable and meltable) can be prepared. The method has been applied to the preparation of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyureas, polysulfonamides, and polyphenyl esters. Interfacial polycondensations are run in simple, open laboratory equipment with or without stirring. With suitable agitation granular or powdered polymers with high molecular weight are prepared at room temperature and isolated within a few minutes. The intermediates need not be absolutely pure or in balance nor is a quantitative yield needed in order to obtain high polymer. The major variables in the interfacial polycondensation process are discussed and the laboratory techniques and principles are contrasted with melt polycondensation.
Thermal Stability and Explosive Hazard Assessment of Diazo Compounds and Diazo Transfer Reagents (2019)

Despite their wide use in academia as metal-carbene precursors, diazo compounds are often avoided in industry owing to concerns over their instability, exothermic decomposition, and potential explosive behavior. The stability of sulfonyl azides and other diazo transfer reagents is relatively well understood, but there is little reliable data available for diazo compounds. This work first collates available sensitivity and thermal analysis data for diazo transfer reagents and diazo compounds to act as an accessible reference resource. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) data for the model donor/acceptor diazo compound ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate are presented. We also present a rigorous DSC dataset with 43 other diazo compounds, enabling direct comparison to other energetic materials to provide a clear reference work to the academic and industrial chemistry communities. Interestingly, there is a wide range of onset temperatures (<i>T</i> <sub>onset</sub>) for this series of compounds, which varied between 75 and 160 °C. The thermal stability variation depends on the electronic effect of substituents and the amount of charge delocalization. A statistical model is demonstrated to predict the thermal stability of differently substituted phenyl diazoacetates. A maximum recommended process temperature (<i>T</i> <sub>D24</sub>) to avoid decomposition is estimated for selected diazo compounds. The average enthalpy of decomposition (Δ<i>H</i> <sub>D</sub>) for diazo compounds without other energetic functional groups is -102 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>. Several diazo transfer reagents are analyzed using the same DSC protocol and found to have higher thermal stability, which is in general agreement with the reported values. For sulfonyl azide reagents, an average Δ<i>H</i> <sub>D</sub> of -201 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> is observed. High-quality thermal data from ARC experiments shows the initiation of decomposition for ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate to be 60 °C, compared to that of 100 °C for the common diazo transfer reagent <i>p</i>-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide (<i>p</i>-ABSA). The Yoshida correlation is applied to DSC data for each diazo compound to provide an indication of both their impact sensitivity (IS) and explosivity. As a neat substance, none of the diazo compounds tested are predicted to be explosive, but many (particularly donor/acceptor diazo compounds) are predicted to be impact-sensitive. It is therefore recommended that manipulation, agitation, and other processing of neat diazo compounds are conducted with due care to avoid impacts, particularly in large quantities. The full dataset is presented to inform chemists of the nature and magnitude of hazards when using diazo compounds and diazo transfer reagents. Given the demonstrated potential for rapid heat generation and gas evolution, adequate temperature control and cautious addition of reagents that begin a reaction are strongly recommended when conducting reactions with diazo compounds.
Solar absorptance and thermal emittance of some common spacecraft thermal-control coatings (1984)

Solar absorptance and thermal emittance of spacecraft materials are critical parameters in determining spacecraft temperature control. Because thickness, surface preparation, coatings formulation, manufacturing techniques, etc. affect these parameters, it is usually necessary to measure the absorptance and emittance of materials before they are used. Absorptance and emittance data for many common types of thermal control coatings, are together with some sample spectral data curves of absorptance. In some cases for which ultraviolet and particle radiation data are available, the degraded absorptance and emittance values are also listed.
Atomic structures and functional implications of the archaeal RecQ-like helicase Hjm (2009)

The detailed comparison between our DNA-free PfuHjm structure and the structure of Hel308 complexed with DNA suggests similar DNA unwinding and translocation mechanisms, which could be generalized to all of the members in the same family. Structural comparison also implied a minor rearrangement of the five domains during DNA unwinding reaction. The unexpected small contact between the DNA duplex region and the enzyme appears to be advantageous for processive helicase activity.