gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low absorption vitreous carbon reactors for operandoXAS: a case study on Cu/Zeolites for selective catalytic reduction of NO<sub>x</sub>by NH<sub>3</sub> (2011)

We describe the use of vitreous carbon as an improved reactor material for an operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) plug-flow reactor. These tubes significantly broaden the operating range for operando experiments. Using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO(x) by NH(3) on Cu/Zeolites (SSZ-13, SAPO-34 and ZSM-5) as an example reaction, we illustrate the high-quality XAS data achievable with these reactors. The operando experiments showed that in Standard SCR conditions of 300 ppm NO, 300 ppm NH(3), 5% O(2), 5% H(2)O, 5% CO(2) and balance He at 200 °C, the Cu was a mixture of Cu(I) and Cu(II) oxidation states. XANES and EXAFS fitting found the percent of Cu(I) to be 15%, 45% and 65% for SSZ-13, SAPO-34 and ZSM-5, respectively. For Standard SCR, the catalytic rates per mole of Cu for Cu/SSZ-13 and Cu/SAPO-34 were about one third of the rate per mole of Cu on Cu/ZSM-5. Based on the apparent lack of correlation of rate with the presence of Cu(I), we propose that the reaction occurs via a redox cycle of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Cu(I) was not found in in situ SCR experiments on Cu/Zeolites under the same conditions, demonstrating a possible pitfall of in situ measurements. A Cu/SiO(2) catalyst, reduced in H(2) at 300 °C, was also used to demonstrate the reactor's operando capabilities using a bending magnet beamline. Analysis of the EXAFS data showed the Cu/SiO(2) catalyst to be in a partially reduced Cu metal-Cu(I) state. In addition to improvements in data quality, the reactors are superior in temperature, stability, strength and ease of use compared to previously proposed borosilicate glass, polyimide tubing, beryllium and capillary reactors. The solid carbon tubes are non-porous, machinable, can be operated at high pressure (tested at 25 bar), are inert, have high material purity and high X-ray transmittance.
All in one: VLP‐MUC1 vaccine for prevention and treatment of epithelial tumors (2008)

A promising target for immunotherapy, both for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, is the tumor antigen MUC1. Normally, the MUC1 glycoprotein is expressed at low levels on epithelial cells. However, MUC1 is hypoglycosylated and overexpressed on most adenocarcinomas of breast, pancreas, colon, ovary and lung. The goal of this project is to test a safe, practical and potentially very effective MUC1 vaccine using bovine papillomavirus like particles (BPV VLP) as a MUC1 delivery vehicle. BPV contains 2 capsid proteins, L1 and L2. L1 protein is made up of 12 &#946; strands, 6 loops and 5 &#945; helices and can self‐assemble into VLP. To enable conjugation of MUC1 and VLP, substitutions were made in the loop regions of the L1 molecule. Successful VLP formation following loop substitutions was achievable only in the HI loop where eight amino acids were replaced with negatively charged glutamic acid residues followed by a cysteine. Further, the MUC1 peptide was preceded by seven positively charged arginine and one cysteine residue. These substitutions allow the formation of a polyionic and a covalent bond that strengthens the conjugation between VLP and MUC1. Our preliminary results show that VLP‐MUC1 can cause the maturation of DC and that these DC can process and present the MUC1 peptide to a MUC1 specific T cell hybridoma. The potential of this vaccine to elicit an immune response, as well as tumor rejection is currently being evaluated.
Identifying Common Source Digital Camera from Image Pairs (2007)

In this paper, we propose a method for verifying whether two digital images were obtained using the same digital camera. The method uses test statistics derived from a two-channel detector taking as input the noise residuals from both images. It is not assumed that the camera that took the images is available.
A systems theoretical view on computational semiotics. Modeling text understanding as meaning constitution by SCIPS (2002)

In a rather sharp departure from CL and AI approaches, modeling in computational semiotics (CS) neither presupposes rule-based or symbolic formats for linguistic knowledge representations, nor does it subscribe to the notion of symbolically represented world knowledge as some static structures that may be abstracted from and formatted independently of the way they are processed. Consequently, knowledge structures and the processes operating on them are to be modeled procedurally and ought to be implemented as algorithms. They determine semiotic cognitive information processing systems (SCIPS) as collections of cognitive information processing devices whose semiotic character consists in their multilevel representational system of (working) structures emerging from and being modified by such processing. According to different types of cognitive modeling distinguished in the past, computational semiotics can be characterized as aiming at the dynamics of emergent meaning constituted by processes which may be simulated as multiresolutional representations within the frame of an ecological information processing paradigm.
Improved de novo structure prediction in <scp>CASP</scp> 11 by incorporating coevolution information into Rosetta (2015)

We describe CASP11 de novo blind structure predictions made using the Rosetta structure prediction methodology with both automatic and human assisted protocols. Model accuracy was generally improved using coevolution derived residue-residue contact information as restraints during Rosetta conformational sampling and refinement, particularly when the number of sequences in the family was more than three times the length of the protein. The highlight was the human assisted prediction of T0806, a large and topologically complex target with no homologs of known structure, which had unprecedented accuracy-<3.0 Å root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) from the crystal structure over 223 residues. For this target, we increased the amount of conformational sampling over our fully automated method by employing an iterative hybridization protocol. Our results clearly demonstrate, in a blind prediction scenario, that coevolution derived contacts can considerably increase the accuracy of template-free structure modeling. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):67-75. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PicoDBMS: Validation and Experience (2001)

Smartcard is the most secure and cheap portable computing device today. It has been used successfully around the world in various applications involving payment and identification, making it the world’s
Constructing argument graphs with deductive arguments: a tutorial (2014)

A deductive argument is a pair where the first item is a set of premises, the second item is a claim, and the premises entail the claim. This can be formalised by assuming a logical language for the premises and the claim, and logical entailment (or consequence relation) for showing that the claim follows from the premises. Examples of logics that can be used include classical logic, modal logic, description logic, temporal logic, and conditional logic. A counterargument for an argument A is an argument B where the claim of B contradicts the premises of A. Different choices of logic, and different choices for the precise definitions of argument and counterargument, give us a range of possibilities for formalising deductive argumentation. Further options are available to us for choosing the arguments and counterarguments we put into an argument graph. If we are to construct an argument graph based on the arguments that can be constructed from a knowledgebase, then we can be exhaustive in including all arguments and counterarguments that can be constructed from the knowledgebase. But there are other options available to us. We consider some of the possibilities in this review.
Permeabilities and water vapor transmission rates for commercial polymer films (1983)

Abstract High molecular weight polymers have become well established as packaging or container materials. Unlike metallic and ceramic barriers, however, polymer films are known for their semipermeable nature; that is, they permit small gaseous and vapor molecules to migrate through their atomic/molecular structures. Since the intrusion of oxygen/water from the surrounding air or the loss of water/carbon dioxide from a packaged product can be detrimental to the shelf life of the product, the steady state transmission rate of a polymer film has become an important property characteristic of polymers to be used for packaging. An attempt has been made in this study to review the transmission data of commercially available polymer films. The three molecular species O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O were of particular interest. Since these permeability data vary over five orders of magnitude, several log‐log plots were constructed in order to assist decision making in film selections. Data for 34 different polymers are given. The effects of order or crystallinity, the presence of plasticizers, and the effects of laminated layering are discernible. It is the latter modification (laminating) that possesses demonstrable potential for improving the barrier properties of polymer films used for packaging purposes.
A Cross-sectional Analysis of Adverse Events and Litigation for Injectable Fillers (2017)

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The Molecular Mechanism for the Genetic Disorder Familial Defective Apolipoprotein B100 (2001)

Familial defective apolipoprotein B100 (FDB) is a genetic disorder in which low density lipoproteins (LDL) bind defectively to the LDL receptor, resulting in hypercholesterolemia and premature atherosclerosis. FDB is caused by a mutation (R3500Q) that changes the conformation of apolipoprotein (apo) B100 near the receptor-binding site. We previously showed that arginine, not simply a positive charge, at residue 3500 is essential for normal receptor binding and that the carboxyl terminus of apoB100 is necessary for mutations affecting arginine 3500 to disrupt LDL receptor binding. Thus, normal receptor binding involves an interaction between arginine 3500 and tryptophan 4369 in the carboxyl tail of apoB100. W4369Y LDL and R3500Q LDL isolated from transgenic mice had identically defective LDL binding and a higher affinity for the monoclonal antibody MB47, which has an epitope flanking residue 3500. We conclude that arginine 3500 interacts with tryptophan 4369 and facilitates the conformation of apoB100 required for normal receptor binding of LDL. From our findings, we developed a model that explains how the carboxyl terminus of apoB100 interacts with the backbone of apoB100 that enwraps the LDL particle. Our model also explains how all known ligand-defective mutations in apoB100, including a newly discovered R3480W mutation in apoB100, cause defective receptor binding.
Novel quinone antiproliferative inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. (1995)

The inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PtdIns-3-kinase), protein kinase C and c-Src protein tyrosine kinase by a series of halogenated naphthoquinones and quinoline quinones related to the plant-derived naphthoquinones juglone and methyljuglone, which inhibit protein kinase C, has been investigated. Some of the compounds inhibited PtdIns-3-kinase at micromolar concentrations and below. PtdIns-3-kinase inhibition was time dependent and could be prevented by endogenous thiol. The compounds were only weak inhibitors of PtdIns-4-kinase. Some of the compounds inhibited protein kinase C, but c-Src protein tyrosine kinase was only weakly inhibited. In intact cells, PtdIns-3-kinase was only partly inhibited by concentrations of the halogenated quinones that inhibited cell growth. Some halogenated quinones showed in vivo antitumor activity without accompanying toxicity, while methyljuglone was without in vivo antitumor activity. Halogenated quinones may have multiple biochemical effects in the cell that could contribute to their cytotoxic and antitumor effects. Inhibition of PtdIns-3-kinase by the halogenated quinones may provide a lead for the development of more potent and specific inhibitors.
Analysis of Time Synchronization in PTN (2010)

为时间部门同步代码部门多重存取(TD-SCDMA ) 和时间分割长期的进化(TD-LTE ) 无线系统，用全球放，为时间同步的系统(GPS ) 是有问题的。在这些无线系统， GPS 昂贵、不可靠、困难部署。现在，高精确时间 / 阶段同步的交通经由纤维发信号，并且基于精确时间，协议(PTP ) 成为了主流的技术。这份报纸分析在采用 IEEE 1588v2 的一个包运输网络(PTN ) 影响时间同步的主要因素。实验室实验和地测试证明搬运同步通过采用 IEEE 1588v2 的 PTN 表明的高精确时间的可行性。比较也为采用 IEEE 1588v2 的 PTN 在不同联网模式之间被做。
Structure and Epigenetics of Nucleoli in Comparison With Non-nucleolar Compartments (2009)

The nucleolus is a nuclear compartment that plays an important role in ribosome biogenesis. Some structural features and epigenetic patterns are shared between nucleolar and non-nucleolar compartments. For example, the location of transcriptionally active mRNA on extended chromatin loop species is similar to that observed for transcriptionally active ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes on so-called Christmas tree branches. Similarly, nucleolus organizer region-bearing chromosomes located a distance from the nucleolus extend chromatin fibers into the nucleolar compartment. Specific epigenetic events, such as histone acetylation and methylation and DNA methylation, also regulate transcription of both rRNA- and mRNA-encoding loci. Here, we review the epigenetic mechanisms and structural features that regulate transcription of ribosomal and mRNA genes. We focus on similarities in epigenetic and structural regulation of chromatin in nucleoli and the surrounding non-nucleolar region and discuss the role of proteins, such as heterochromatin protein 1, fibrillarin, nucleolin, and upstream binding factor, in rRNA synthesis and processing.
A Vision for Thermally Integrated Photonics Systems (2014)

Thermal management has traditionally been relegated to the last step in the design process. However, with the exponential growth in data traffic leading to ever-greater levels of component integration and ever-higher levels of energy consumption, thermal management is rapidly becoming one of the most critical areas of research within the ICT industry. Given the vast use of optics for efficient transmission of high-speed data, this paper focuses on a new thermal solution for cooling the components within pluggable optical modules. Thermally Integrated Photonics Systems (TIPS) represents a new vision for the thermal building blocks required to enable exponential traffic growth in the global telecommunications network. In the TIPS program, existing thermal solutions cannot scale to meet the needs of exponential growth in data traffic. The main barriers to enabling further growth were identified and a research roadmap was developed around a scalable and efficient integrated thermal solution. In particular, the effects of replacing inefficient materials and large macroTECs with better thermal spreaders and μTECs are investidated. In addition, new forms of μChannel cooling into the package to more efficiently remove the heat generated by the lasers and the TECs are being studied which can lead to future photonic devices that can be deployed in a vastly more dense and integrated manner to address the requirements of future telecommunication networks.
Dependence of the melting point of isotactic polypropylenes on their molecular weight and degree of stereospecificity of different catalytic systems (1964)

Abstract Polymers of propylene having highly regular isotactic structure and low molecular weight (down to about 800) were prepared. The melting point, the X‐ray crystallinity, the solubility in some solvents, and the molecular weight of each polymer fraction have been determined. The melting point increases with the increase of the molecular weight until reaching the limiting value for molecular weights of the order of 10 3 . The data have been used in the polymerization of propylene to prove the higher stereospecificity of the catalytic systems based on violet TiCl 3 and one of the following compounds: Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 I, Be(C 2 H 5 ) 2 , Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Br, Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl, in comparison with the corresponding systems prepared with Al(C 2 H 5 ) 3 .
Learning what you can do before doing anything (2018)

Intelligent agents can learn to represent the action spaces of other agents simply by observing them act. Such representations help agents quickly learn to predict the effects of their own actions on the environment and to plan complex action sequences. In this work, we address the problem of learning an agent's action space purely from visual observation. We use stochastic video prediction to learn a latent variable that captures the scene's dynamics while being minimally sensitive to the scene's static content. We introduce a loss term that encourages the network to capture the composability of visual sequences and show that it leads to representations that disentangle the structure of actions. We call the full model with composable action representations Composable Learned Action Space Predictor (CLASP). We show the applicability of our method to synthetic settings and its potential to capture action spaces in complex, realistic visual settings. When used in a semi-supervised setting, our learned representations perform comparably to existing fully supervised methods on tasks such as action-conditioned video prediction and planning in the learned action space, while requiring orders of magnitude fewer action labels. Project website: https://daniilidis-group.github.io/learned_action_spaces
Silylation and alkylation of thioamide dianions of<i>N</i>-arylmethyl secondary thioamides, and reduction of the resulting thioamides leading to secondary and primary amines (2009)

N-arylmethyl aromatic thioamides were reacted with n-BuLi (2 equivalents), and then treated with silylpropyl chloride and silyl chlorides. As a result, these electrophiles were introduced to the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom of thioamides via thioamide dianions. The efficiency of the reaction was largely influenced by the substituents on the aromatic ring of thioamides. The reaction of thioamides having pyridyl groups was not always successful and depended on the position of the nitrogen atom of these groups. Reduction of the resulting thioamides with LiAlH4 proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding secondary N-1-silylarylmethyl amines in good yields. In contrast, the reduction of thioamides bearing pyridyl groups gave complex mixtures. In these cases, the use of DIBAH successfully gave the desired secondary amines.
Increase and Subjective Evaluation of Feedback Stability in Hearing Aids by a Binaural Coherence-Based Noise Reduction Scheme (2009)

The effect of a binaural coherence-based noise reduction scheme on the feedback stability margin and sound quality in hearing aids has been analyzed. For comparison, a conventional adaptive feedback canceler (AFC) and the combination of the adaptive filter with the binaural coherence filter have been tested. The observed quantities are feedback stability and target signal attenuation. An objective measure of feedback stability, i.e., the added stable gain (ASG) was obtained for a number of algorithmic settings and compared to a subjective measure of feedback stability, the added tolerable gain (ATG). In an attempt to eliminate the subjective bias in estimating the ATG, the ldquounbiased added gainrdquo (UAG) is introduced as a new method. Both, objective and subjective measures give similar results for feedback stability. This allows for a valid comparison across different feedback reduction schemes both in isolation and in combination: whereas the ASG of the coherence filter without combination with AFC is negligible, the results indicate that a robust feedback suppression in hearing aids can be achieved if the benefit of de-correlation and the head-shadow effect in binaural hearing aids is used in an advantageous way. The ASG reaches 23 dB for the best combination at the expense of an average target signal attenuation of 15 dB at critical frequencies. The attribute of the coherence filter is that it adaptively limits the maximum gain before feedback becomes audible. The UAG analysis revealed that subjects used a stable quality criterion across the conditions tested and that the group of subjects covered a large range of individual quality criteria.
Comparison between the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (mem) and the fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (fteem) tests in the detection of cancer (1978)

When peripheral lymphocytes from patients with a history of cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor (EF), in 90% of cases the resulting products reduce the net surface negativity of guinea-pig macrophages, used as detector cells, as revealed in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The MEM test is positive in 36% of people with no history of cancer. Formaldehyde-fixed tanned sheep erythrocytes have been used as detector cells in place of guinea-pig macrophages, in a fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (FTEEM) test, with lymphocyte products identical to those used in MEM tests. In patients with a history of cancer, positive results were obtained in 28/42 cases with the FTEEM test compared with 32/42 in the MEM test. In people with no history of cancer, negative results were obtained in 16/18 cases with the FTEEM test, compared with 12/18 in the MEM test in the present series, and 51/69 in a more extensive series. These differences are not significant. Cases in which discrepancies are revealed between the two tests are discussed in terms of individual case histories.
Optimization of a Multi-port Amplifier Using a Least Squares Evolutionary Relaxation Method (2006)

A satellite designed for mobile telecommunications applications may contain a large aperture reflector fed by an array at its principle focus. Each radiator element of the array has a one-to-one correspondence with a spot on the earth, so that radiation patterns are pointed at different locations on the Earth by different combinations of elements. Before the signals arrive at the array with their specified complex weights they must undergo amplification. This can be provided by a beam forming network composed of between 10 and 20 multiport amplifiers (MPA). The object of this paper is to describe an optimization method that will improve the performance of the beam forming network
Spectral, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Properties of Cu(I) and Cu(II) Binding by Methanobactin from <i>Methylosinus trichosporium</i> OB3b (2006)

To examine the potential role of methanobactin (mb) as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, the metal binding properties of mb were examined. Spectral (UV-visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism), kinetic, and thermodynamic data suggested copper coordination changes at different Cu(II):mb ratios. Mb appeared to initially bind Cu(II) as a homodimer with a comparatively high copper affinity at Cu(II):mb ratios below 0.2, with a binding constant (K) greater than that of EDTA (log K = 18.8) and an approximate DeltaG degrees of -47 kcal/mol. At Cu(II):mb ratios between 0.2 and 0.45, the K dropped to (2.6 +/- 0.46) x 10(8) with a DeltaG degrees of -11.46 kcal/mol followed by another K of (1.40 +/- 0.21) x 10(6) and a DeltaG degrees of -8.38 kcal/mol at Cu(II):mb ratios of 0.45-0.85. The kinetic and spectral changes also suggested Cu(II) was initially coordinated to the 4-thiocarbonyl-5-hydroxy imidazolate (THI) and possibly Tyr, followed by reduction to Cu(I), and then coordination of Cu(I) to 4-hydroxy-5-thiocarbonyl imidazolate (HTI) resulting in the final coordination of Cu(I) by THI and HTI. The rate constant (k(obsI)) of binding of Cu(II) to THI exceeded that of the stopped flow apparatus that was used, i.e., >640 s(-)(1), whereas the coordination of copper to HTI showed a 6-8 ms lag time followed by a k(obsII) of 121 +/- 9 s(-)(1). Mb also solubilized and bound Cu(I) with a k(obsI) to THI of >640 s(-)(1), but with a slower rate constant to HTI (k(obsII) = 8.27 +/- 0.16 s(-)(1)), and appeared to initially bind Cu(I) as a monomer.