gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unit Testing Data with Deequ (2019)

Modern companies and institutions rely on data to guide every single decision. Missing or incorrect information seriously compromises any decision process. We demonstrate "Deequ", an Apache Spark-based library for automating the verification of data quality at scale. This library provides a declarative API, which combines common quality constraints with user-defined validation code, and thereby enables "unit tests for data". Deequ is available as open source, meets the requirements of production use cases at Amazon, and scales to datasets with billions of records if the constraints to evaluate are chosen carefully. Our demonstration walks attendees through a fictitious business use case of validating daily product reviews from a public dataset, and is executed in a proprietary interactive notebook environment. We show attendees how to define data unit tests from automatically suggested constraints and how to create customized tests. Additionally, we demonstrate how to apply Deequ to validate incrementally growing datasets, and give examples of how to configure anomaly detection algorithms on time series of data quality metrics to further automate the data validation.
Facile Fabrication of Porous ZnS and ZnO Films by Coaxial Electrospinning for Highly Efficient Photodegradation of Organic Dyes (2017)

Porous ZnS and ZnO nano-crystal films were fabricated via a three-step procedure. First, Zn(CH<sub>3</sub> COO)<sub>2</sub> /Silk Fibroin nanofiber mats were prepared by coaxial electrospinning. Second, Zn(CH<sub>3</sub> COO)<sub>2</sub> /Silk Fibroin mats were immersed in NaS solution to react with S<sup>2-</sup> to obtain ZnS/Silk Fibroin nanofiber mats. Finally, ZnO porous films were prepared by calcination of ZnS/Silk Fibroin composite mat at 600°C in air atmosphere. When ZnS/Silk Fibroin mats were calcinated in nitrogen, ZnS/Carbon composite mats were obtained accordingly. The resulting porous films were fully characterized. The ZnO porous films were the aggregation of ZnO nano-crystal with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The seize of ZnO was estimated in the range of 10-20 nm. Both of the ZnS and ZnO nano-crystal films exhibited high photocatalytic activities for the photodegradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B. It was also found that ZnO porous films are better than ZnS/Carbon nanofiber mats. In addition, photocatalysis of a real wastewater sample from a printing and dyeing company was conducted. The ZnO porous films exhibited excellent performance to treat the real samples. Moreover, the porous ZnO nano-crystal photocatalyst could easily be recycled without notable loss of catalysis ability.
Processing of transfer RNA precursors in a wheat mitochondrial extract. (1990)

To investigate mechanisms for processing of plant mitochondrial RNAs, we studied the fate of wheat mitochondrial tRNA precursors in a homologous soluble extract. Artificial precursor transcripts were synthesized in vitro using T3 or T7 RNA polymerase and DNA templates containing wheat mitochondrial tRNA genes and flanking sequences. We found that the mitochondrial extract supports processing of precursors containing both native and chloroplast-like (Joyce, P. B. M., and Gray, M. W. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 77, 5461-5476) wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences. Incubation of precursor transcripts with the extract results in processing of tRNAs via precise 5'- and 3'-endonucleolytic cleavages. However, these cleavages are not ordered in vitro because intermediates composed of 5'-leader + tRNA and tRNA + 3'-trailer are present simultaneously throughout the course of the reaction. Sequence analysis of processed products confirmed that endonucleolytic cleavages occur at the expected positions, generating tRNAs with 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini. The mitochondrial extract also contains a tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity that adds -CCAOH termini to the 3'-ends of processed tRNAs. This cell-free RNA processing system provides the basis for biochemical characterization of the various enzymes involved in the production and maturation of plant mitochondrial tRNAs.
Impression cytology of the ocular surface (2005)

Impression cytology refers to the application of a cellulose acetate filter to the ocular surface to remove the superficial layers of the ocular surface epithelium. These cells can then be subjected to histological, immunohistological, or molecular analysis. Proper technique is essential as the number of cells sampled can vary considerably. Generally two to three layers of cells are removed in one application but deeper cells can be accessed by repeat application over the same site. Applications for impression cytology include diagnosing a wide range of ocular surface disorders, documenting sequential changes in the conjunctival and corneal surface over time, staging conjunctival squamous metaplasia, and monitoring effects of treatment. It is also a useful investigational tool for analysing ocular surface disease with immunostaining and DNA analysis. It is non-invasive, relatively easy to perform, and yields reliable information about the area sampled with minimal discomfort to the patient. Major ophthalmic centres should develop and introduce this technique into routine clinical practice. This is best achieved with a team approach including the ophthalmologist, pathologist, microbiologist, and the immunologist.
LSTM-based Mixture-of-Experts for Knowledge-Aware Dialogues (2016)

We introduce an LSTM-based method for dynamically integrating several word-prediction experts to obtain a conditional language model which can be good simultaneously at several subtasks. We illustrate this general approach with an application to dialogue where we integrate a neural chat model, good at conversational aspects, with a neural question-answering model, good at retrieving precise information from a knowledge-base, and show how the integration combines the strengths of the independent components. We hope that this focused contribution will attract attention on the benefits of using such mixtures of experts in NLP.
[Sodium Glucose Co-transporter Type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in CKD]. (2016)

Among the new drugs used for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus type 2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic option. Since their ability to lower glucose is proportional to GFR, their effect is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The antidiabetic mechanism of these drugs is insulin-independent and, therefore, complimentary to that of others antihyperglicaemic agents. Moreover, SGLT2 inhibitors are able to reduce glomerular hyperfiltration, systemic and intraglomerular pressure and uric acid levels, with consequent beneficial effects on the progression of kidney disease in non diabetic patients as well. Only few studies have been performed to evaluate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with CKD. Therefore, safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors should be better clarified in the setting of CKD. In this paper, we will review the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic patients, including those with CKD.
Penicillin acylase‐catalyzed protection and deprotection of amino groups as a promising approach in enzymatic peptide synthesis (1991)

Penicillin acylase from E. coli is able to catalyze both the introduction and the removal of the phenylacetyl group. We have established that phenylacetyl derivatives of amino acids and peptides can be used in protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis. Here the synthesis of leucine-enkephalin using enzymes for N-terminal amino group protection, peptide bond formation and deprotection is described.
<i>In Vitro</i> Degradation Behavior of Silica Nanoparticles Under Physiological Conditions (2012)

Understanding the degradability of silica nanoparticles is significant for the rational design of desired nanomaterials for various biomedical applications. However, the effect of the intrinsic properties of silica nanoparticles, such as particle shape, surface chemistry, and porosity, on kinetic degradation process under different extrinsic conditions has still received little attention. Herein, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with different aspect ratios (ARs, 1, 2, and 4), the corresponding PEG-functionalized MSNs, and amorphous Stöber spherical silica nanoparticles were specially designed and their degradation was evaluated in in vitro simulated physiological media. The results show that shape, surface properties and porosity of nanoparticles, as well as the component of simulated physiological media, play important roles in tuning the degradation kinetics and behaviors. Sphere-shaped MSNs have a faster degradation rate than rod-shaped counterparts. Naked MSNs are eroded from particle external surface, while PEGylated MSNs from interior of particles. And spherical MSNs display more extensive degradation than amorphous silica nanoparticles. The presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) can accelerate the degradation process. These results can provide useful guidelines for the rational design of silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
Anti‐nuclear matrix antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease (1982)

Purified serum antibodies of patients suffering from mixed connective tissue disease were tested for their immunological specificity against nuclear constituents of HeLa S3 cells. In the indirect immunofluorescent staining technique, using cells and nuclei as targets, a typical speckled intranuclear staining pattern was obtained, that persisted after degradation and extraction of all nucleic acids and their associated proteins. This treatment of nuclei with detergents, DNase, RNase and high salt concentrations leave intact only the so-called nuclear matrix which is an intranuclear proteinaceous network. Further proof that nuclear matrix proteins were targets of the autoimmune reaction was obtained after separation of these proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose (blotting). A specific number of blot-transferred matrix proteins reacted with purified serum antibodies of 10 patients with mixed connective tissue disease, whereas this reaction was negative with normal healthy individuals. IgG preparations of 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus showed a weak, if any, reaction with matrix constituents. Obviously, in some connective tissue diseases serum antibodies are expressed which are directed to specific nuclear matrix antigens.
RNA nuclear export is blocked by poliovirus 2A protease and is concomitant with nucleoporin cleavage (2009)

Cytopathic viruses have developed successful strategies to block or, at least, to attenuate host interference with their replication. Here, we have analyzed the effects of poliovirus 2A protease on RNA nuclear export. 2A protease interferes with trafficking of mRNAs, rRNAs and U snRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, without any apparent effect on tRNA transport. Traffic of newly produced mRNAs is more strongly affected than traffic of other mRNAs over-represented in the cytoplasm, such as mRNA encoding beta-actin. Inhibition of RNA nuclear export in HeLa cells expressing 2A protease is concomitant with the cleavage of Nup98, Nup153, Nup62 and their subsequent subcellular redistribution. The expression of an inactive 2A protease failed to interfere with RNA nuclear export. In addition, other related proteases, such as poliovirus 3C or foot and mouth disease virus L(pro) did not affect mRNA distribution or Nup98 integrity. Treatment of HeLa cells with interferon (IFN)-gamma increased the relative amount of Nup98. Under such conditions, the cleavage of Nup98 induced by 2A protease is partial, and thus IFN-gamma prevents the inhibition of RNA nuclear export. Taken together, these results are consistent with a specific proteolysis of Nup98 by 2A protease to prevent de novo mRNA traffic in poliovirus-infected cells.
Repair of cartilage defects in the knee. (2002)

The factors to be considered in selecting a technique are the diameter of the chondral defect, the depth of the bone defect, and the knee alignment. As a rough guide, I suggest the following guide to treatment. Chondral defects (without bone involvement) <3 cm in diameter can be treated with microfracture, autologous chondrocyte transplantation, osteochondral autografts, or periosteal grafts. Osteochondral defects <3 cm in diameter and 1 cm in bone depth can be treated with autologous chondrocyte transplantation, osteochondral autografts, or periosteal grafts. Articular defects >3 cm in diameter and 1 cm in bone depth require osteochondral allografts. This is a rough guide to treatment and only the opinion of the author. The greater the bone involvement and the less contained the defect, the greater the need for allograft tissue. Allograft tissue should, however, only be used when the size of the lesion is beyond the other techniques. For all of these techniques, realignment osteotomy should be performed as an adjunct procedure if the lesion is in a compartment under more than physiological compression.
Effects of Cold Air on Respiratory Airflow Resistance in Patients with Respiratory-Tract Disease (1960)

NORMAL man is able to function in an extremely cold environment without experiencing symptoms of respiratory difficulty or suffering injury to his airways.1 This protective ability may be due to the fact that the normal respiratory tract is highly effective in its ability to heat and humidify inspired air under extreme climatic conditions.2 Studies have shown that air delivered at the lips at -100°C. is heated to within 1 or 2° of body temperature by the time it reaches the tracheal bifurcation.3 On the other hand, patients with chronic respiratory disease, such as emphysema, bronchial asthma or chronic bronchitis, may . . .
Feasibility studies of Bragg probe for noninvasive carotid pulse waveform assessment (2013)

The arterial stiffness evaluation is largely reported as an independent predictor of cardiovascular diseases. The central pulse waveform can provide important data about arterial health and has been studied in patients with several pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and hypertension. The implementation and feasibility studies of a fiber Bragg grating probe for noninvasive monitoring of the carotid pulse are described based on fiber Bragg grating technology. Assessment tests were carried out in carotids of different volunteers and it was possible to detect the carotid pulse waveform in all subjects. In one of the subjects, the sensor was also tested in terms of repeatability. Although further tests will be required for clinical investigation, the first studies suggest that the developed sensor can be a valid alternative to electromechanical tonometers.
<i>GUP1</i>of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>Encodes an<i>O</i>-Acyltransferase Involved in Remodeling of the GPI Anchor (2006)

The anchors of mature glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain either ceramide or diacylglycerol with a C26:0 fatty acid in the sn2 position. The primary GPI lipid added to newly synthesized proteins in the ER consists of diacylglycerol with conventional C16 and C18 fatty acids. Here we show that GUP1 is essential for the synthesis of the C26:0-containing diacylglycerol anchors. Gup1p is an ER membrane protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains harboring a motif that is characteristic of membrane-bound O-acyl-transferases (MBOAT). Gup1Delta cells make normal amounts of GPI proteins but most mature GPI anchors contain lyso-phosphatidylinositol, and others possess phosphatidylinositol with conventional C16 and C18 fatty acids. The incorporation of the normal ceramides into the anchors is also disturbed. As a consequence, the ER-to-Golgi transport of the GPI protein Gas1p is slow, and mature Gas1p is lost from the plasma membrane into the medium. Gup1Delta cells have fragile cell walls and a defect in bipolar bud site selection. GUP1 function depends on the active site histidine of the MBOAT motif. GUP1 is highly conserved among fungi and protozoa and the gup1Delta phenotype is partially corrected by GUP1 homologues of Aspergillus fumigatus and Trypanosoma cruzi.
ScrG, a GGDEF-EAL Protein, Participates in Regulating Swarming and Sticking in<i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> (2007)

In this work, we describe a new gene controlling lateral flagellar gene expression. The gene encodes ScrG, a protein containing GGDEF and EAL domains. This is the second GGDEF-EAL-encoding locus determined to be involved in the regulation of swarming: the first was previously characterized and named scrABC (for "swarming and capsular polysaccharide regulation"). GGDEF and EAL domain-containing proteins participate in the synthesis and degradation of the nucleotide signal cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in many bacteria. Overexpression of scrG was sufficient to induce lateral flagellar gene expression in liquid, decrease biofilm formation, decrease cps gene expression, and suppress the DeltascrABC phenotype. Removal of its EAL domain reversed ScrG activity, converting ScrG to an inhibitor of swarming and activator of cps expression. Overexpression of scrG decreased the intensity of a (32)P-labeled nucleotide spot comigrating with c-di-GMP standard, whereas overexpression of scrG(Delta)(EAL) enhanced the intensity of the spot. Mutants with defects in scrG showed altered swarming and lateral flagellin production and colony morphology (but not swimming motility); furthermore, mutation of two GGDEF-EAL-encoding loci (scrG and scrABC) produced cumulative effects on swarming, lateral flagellar gene expression, lateral flagellin production and colony morphology. Mutant analysis supports the assignment of the primary in vivo activity of ScrG to acting as a phosphodiesterase. The data are consistent with a model in which multiple GGDEF-EAL proteins can influence the cellular nucleotide pool: a low concentration of c-di-GMP favors surface mobility, whereas high levels of this nucleotide promote a more adhesive Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell type.
Constituents of euphorbiaceae 12. Comm. (1). Isolation and structure elucidation of four new cerebrosides from Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf. (1994)

Four new cerebrosides 4-6 were isolated from the latex of Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf. and their structures determined. Normal and reverse-phase flash chromatography was effective for the isolation of the cerebrosides, and FAB-MS spectrometry, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DQF-COSY and HMQC experiments and chemical reactions were useful in elucidating their structure. EI-MS of the dimethyl disulfide derivatives of the long chain bases and glucosphingoside-heptaacetates was decisive for the determination of the double bond position on the long chain parts.
Nuclear Induction (1946)

electric accelerating fields are to be obtained.by replacing the usual "dee" assembly and acceleration chamber by a cavity resonator, similar to types now commonly employed in radar.The use of such a cavity becomes practical only in an iron-less device, because of the limitation imposed by the air-gap in present accelerators.
Sulfation of silk fibroin by sulfuric acid and anticoagulant activity (2003)

Abstract Silk fibroin ( Bombyx mori ) was sulfated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The sulfated fibroin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), amino acid analysis, and gel filtration chromatography (GFC). Maximum yield was obtained at around 2–4 h, and it decreased at 6 h and more. The molecular size decreased and dispersed with sulfation, and the molecular weight was estimated at around 10,000 by GFC using protein standards. The amino acid composition indicated that the crystal region of the fibroin molecule remained in sulfated fibroin until a sulfation reaction time of 4 h. The incorporation of sulfate groups was confirmed by FTIR and the amount of sulfate groups introduced for 4 h sulfation was estimated in 0.3 mmol/g by acidimetric titration. The efficiency of sulfation was calculated at 15.7%. Blood coagulation was prevented by 20 mg of sulfated fibroin in 1 mL of blood, while original fibroin did not show the effect. This result indicates that sulfate group introduction results in addition of anticoagulant function to silk fibroin. Although a variety of polymer backbones have been used for synthesis of sulfated polymers as anticoagulant materials, no reports are available concerning a sulfated polymer based on a protein backbone. Sulfated fibroin is a new type of anticoagulant material having a protein backbone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2377–2382, 2003
Selective Silylative Reduction of Pyridines Leading to Structurally Diverse Azacyclic Compounds with the Formation of sp<sup>3</sup> C–Si Bonds (2015)

Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-catalyzed silylative reduction of pyridines has been developed giving rise to the formation of sp(3) C-Si bonds selectively beta to the nitrogen atom of azacyclic products. Depending on the position and nature of pyridine substituents, structurally diverse azacycles are obtained with high selectivity under the borane catalysis. Mechanistic studies elucidated the sequence of hydrosilylation in this multiple reduction cascade: 1,2- or 1,4-hydrosilylation as an initial step depending on the substituent position, followed by selective hydrosilylation of enamine double bonds eventually affording β-silylated azacyclic compounds.
Importance of asparagine residues at positions 13 and 26 on the amino-terminal domain of human somatostatin receptor subtype-5 in signalling (2010)

N-linked oligosaccharides or asparagine residues are often involved in G protein-coupled receptor functions. Focusing on Asn13 and Asn26 positioned on N-linked glycosylation motifs in the amino-terminal domain of human somatostatin receptor subtype-5 (hSSTR5), we performed site-directed mutagenesis and evaluated the mutants by using yeast cells as the host strain. This is because analysing the complicated signalling in mammalian cell lines is simplified by the utilization of the monopolistic pheromone signalling pathway in yeast. Western blot analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope observation showed that Asn13 and/or Asn26 mutations had no effects on cell-surface expression of hSSTR5 in yeast. By using an engineered yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which induces the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in response to the agonist-specific signal transduction, it was demonstrated that a single mutation of two asparagine residues attenuated the somatostatin-specific signalling levels, and the double mutant significantly lost the signalling ability. These results clearly show the importance of these asparagine residues in the agonist-specific signalling of hSSTR5, although it was not enough to identify the consequence of oligosaccharides.