gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B-cell production and differentiation in adult rats. (1985)

The B-cell development in a group of rats was suppressed for the first 45 days of life by serial administration of rabbit anti-rat IgM and IgD antibody. Total or near total suppression of B lymphopoiesis was achieved. At 45 days, suppression was stopped by injection of IgM and IgD rat paraproteins. The sequence of B-cell and plasma cell development following suppression was assessed by immunohistological analysis of spleen lymph nodes and small intestinal lamina propria. The main findings are listed below. Complete reconstitution of B-cell numbers occurs within 8 days, at which stage germinal centres are also present. B lymphopoiesis in the red pulp of the spleen differs from that reported for bone marrow. Cells develop expressing surface sIgM and sIgM with IgA, but not sIgD. sIgD-positive cells first appear in splenic follicles 2 days after stopping suppression, but their appearance in lymph nodes is delayed until after 3 days. At this stage, sIgD-positive cells become apparent in the splenic red pulp. IgM plasma cells appear from day 4. IgA plasma cells in the gut appear in small numbers at day 6, and gradually increase to normal numbers by day 14. sIgG2c expression in the splenic marginal zone did not approach normal levels, even 2 weeks after suppression was stopped.
EGO sensor based robust output control of EGR in diesel engines (1995)

In diesel engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an efficient method for reducing NO/sub x/. EGR rates are commonly set according to the expected engine behavior, without considering the actual composition of the exhaust gases. In this paper, a new control system for EGR in passenger cars is presented, based on an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor as indicator of the combustion state as well as on a robust design approach to cope with the parameter variations. The proposed control has been designed for and tested on an Audi TDI engine and has been found to yield a similar performance as the conventional controllers for the standard engine, in spite of the transport delays between combustion process and measurement. Due to the presence of feedback, reduced sensitivity and/or detectability of wear, production irregularities, changes of operating conditions and calibration faults are expected from long-time measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
American foundations and the development of international knowledge networks (2002)

This article examines the role and influence of three American foundations – Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Ford – in developing international knowledge networks that significantly impacted upon the Third World, helping to consolidate US hegemony after 1945, fostering pro‐US values, methods and research institutions. The international networks were modelled on prior domestic initiatives resulting in the effective intellectual hegemony of ‘liberal internationalism’, of empirical scientific research methods, and of policy‐oriented studies. Such domestic hegemony constructed a key basis of America’s rise to globalism, which after 1945 required a continuing and enhanced foundation role, especially with the onset of the Cold War. The article, which examines the role of the US foundations in relation to intellectual hegemony construction in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa, concludes that the evidence is best explained by Gramscian theory, and calls for further empirical research in this vital area.
A Real-Time Adaptive Algorithm for Video Streaming over Multiple Wireless Access Networks (2014)

Video streaming is gaining popularity among mobile users. The latest mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, are equipped with multiple wireless network interfaces. How to efficiently and cost-effectively utilize multiple links to improve video streaming quality needs investigation. In order to maintain high video streaming quality while reducing the wireless service cost, in this paper, the optimal video streaming process with multiple links is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The reward function is designed to consider the quality of service (QoS) requirements for video traffic, such as the startup latency, playback fluency, average playback quality, playback smoothness and wireless service cost. To solve the MDP in real time, we propose an adaptive, best-action search algorithm to obtain a sub-optimal solution. To evaluate the performance of the proposed adaptation algorithm, we implemented a testbed using the Android mobile phone and the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) codec. Experiment results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed adaptation algorithm for mobile video streaming applications, which outperforms the existing state-of-the-art adaptation algorithms.
Implantation versus Infiltration: The Sampson versus the Endometriotic Disease Theory (1999)

It has been assumed that endometriosis is a progressive disease, with growth and development of lesions being inevitable once the disease has started. The implantation and the metaplasia theories describe the mechanism of initiation of endometriotic lesions, but do not explain the different clinical manifestations of endometriosis. To explain the variable expression, growth and development of lesions into severe disease, a new endometriotic disease theory is proposed. This theory suggests that progression of endometriosis to endometriotic disease is considered similar to the onset and progression of a benign tumour. In this theory, the most important factor in the development of endometriotic disease is not the initial implantation/metaplasia, but cellular changes such as mutations. According to this theory, endometriotic disease develops from endometriotic cells that have 'escaped' the influence of protective and regulatory factors in the peritoneal fluid.
Temperature limitations of alkaline battery electrodes (1980)

The study described here is concerned with possible temperature limitations in Ni-Fe and Ni-Zn aqueous alkaline battery systems in the temperature range -20°C to 120°C. Thermodynamic studies involved the calculation of potential/concentration relationships for concentrated solutions. Kinetic studies have employed potential step and sweep, rotating ring disk and ac impedance methods. The principal temperature limitation of Ni appears to be reduced coulombic efficiency at high temperature as a result of the coevolution of oxygen at a high state of charge. The irreversible component of charging also increases immediately following prolonged discharge of Ni. The temperature limitation of the negative electrode materials, Fe and Zn, are more serious and more complex than those for Ni. In addition to the effects of increased hydrogen evolution, oxidative and reductive dissolution processes may substantially reduce the coulombic efficiency of Fe electrodes at 7>80°C. At r^O°C, charge/discharge kinetics of Fe become limited by the resistance of a residual surface oxide film. Discharge of Zn electrodes also is severely curtailed at reduced temperatures by reduced dissolution current and the premature onset of passivation. Under potentiostatic or high load conditions, zinc electrodes undergo an oscillatory activation/passivation process within a defined region of potential. This potential region increases with increasing temperature.
The LTR enhancer of ERV-9 human endogenous retrovirus is active in oocytes and progenitor cells in transgenic zebrafish and humans (2004)

The solitary LTRs of ERV-9 human endogenous retrovirus are middle repetitive DNAs associated with 3,000-4,000 human gene loci including the beta-globin gene locus where the ERV-9 LTR is juxtaposed to the locus control region (beta-LCR) far upstream of the globin genes. The ERV-9 LTRs are conserved during primate evolution, but their function in the primate genomes is unknown. Here, we show that in transgenic zebrafish harboring the beta-globin ERV-9 LTR coupled to the GFP gene, the LTR enhancer was active and initiated synthesis of GFP mRNA in oocytes but not in spermatozoa, and GFP expression in the embryos was maternally inherited. The LTR enhancer was active also in stem/progenitor cell regions of adult tissues of transgenic zebrafish. In human tissues, ERV-9 LTR enhancer was active also in oocytes and stem/progenitor cells but not in spermatozoa and a number of differentiated, adult somatic cells. Transcriptional analyses of the human beta-globin gene locus showed that the beta-globin ERV-9 LTR enhancer initiated RNA synthesis from the LTR in the direction of the downstream beta locus control region and globin genes in ovary and erythroid progenitor cells. The findings suggest that, during oogenesis, ERV-9 LTR enhancers in the human genome could activate the cis-linked gene loci to synthesize maternal mRNAs required for early embryogenesis. Alternatively, the ERV-9 LTR enhancers, in initiating RNA syntheses into the downstream genomic DNAs, could transcriptionally potentiate and preset chromatin structure of the cis-linked gene loci in oocytes and adult stem/progenitor cells.
Optimal power distribution control for parallel hybrid electric vehicles (2006)

Optimal power distribution control algorithm is investigated for parallel HEVs. In order to find the optimal control algorithm, optimization problem is defined, which finds the optimal control variables to minimize the fuel consumption while satisfying the constraint equations. Scale factors in weighting the motor usage are selected as the control variables on how to distribute the demanded vehicle power into the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. Dynamic models of the HEV powertrain are represented with state space equations. The optimization problem is solved for the single shaft parallel HEV and double shaft parallel HEV using the HEV performance simulator developed in MATLAB Simulink and the mathematical optimization algorithm, SQP which is based on FORTRAN for multi-variables design optimization. It is found that the optimal control algorithm of the double shaft HEV provides better fuel economy than the single shaft HEV since the recuperation energy due to the regenerative braking can be increased by the engine off and clutch operation.
Type I Error Inflation in the Presence of a Ceiling Effect (2003)

Many variables in biomedical research (e.g., indices of health status) are measured with ceiling effects, in which a substantial number of subjects attain the highest possible scale value because the scale only discriminates among individuals in the low to moderate range. Furthermore, in social surveys, variables such as income and alcohol consumption may be subject to ceiling effects to protect the privacy and identity of those at the upper end of the distribution for a given variable. This article shows that if one attempts to control for such a variable using ordinary linear regression, and then test another independent variable that is actually unrelated to the outcome, the result can be an increase in the rate of Type I Error (false significance). We present simulations in which standard tests conducted at the 5%% significance level actually have the Type I error rates approaching 100%% for large samples. Statistical solutions are explored, but the best recommendation is to construct scales that are not subject to ceiling effects.
The Characteristics of Chip-to-Chip Signal Propagation in a Package Suitable for Superconducting Circuits (1980)

We have measured the electrical characteristics of chip-to-chip-carrier connectors ideally suited to high-performance Josephson LSI circuits. Self- and mutual inductances between connectors were measured by incorporating the connectors in a dc SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) and confirmed by detailed signal delay and crosstalk measurements made with Josephson logic circuits.
SMAD3 SIGNALING CRITICALLY REGULATES INFARCT HEALING (2007)

Optimal infarct healing requires timely activation and resolution of inflammatory pathways and transition to fibrous tissue deposition. TGF‐β regulates leukocyte recruitment, suppresses pro‐inflammatory cytokine synthesis and promotes fibrosis by modulating fibroblast gene expression. We examined the role of Smad3 signaling in regulating healing and post‐infarction cardiac remodeling using a mouse model of reperfused infarction and isolated fibroblasts from WT and Smad3 −/− hearts. Smad3 −/− mice exhibited decreased dilation of the infarcted ventricle, attenuated systolic and diastolic dysfunction and reduced left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure in comparison with WT animals. Smad3 −/− mice had similar macrophage infiltration and decreased neutrophil recruitment in the infarct and exhibited timely resolution of the inflammatory response. However, Smad3 null animals showed decreased collagen expression in the infarcted heart and less extensive deposition of tenascin‐C, a marker of interstitial remodeling, in the infarct border zone. TGF‐β markedly upregulated TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 mRNA expression in WT, but not Smad3 null cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting that the effects of TGF‐β on their matrix‐degrading properties are Smad3‐dependent. Smad3 deficiency decreases post‐infarction remodeling through effects on extracellular matrix deposition and metabolism.
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some new purine ring system analogs of adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (1992)

A series of novel adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) analogues, as well as their 6-deamino and 6-nitro derivatives, were synthesized where the purine ring was replaced by indazole, benzotriazole, and benzimidazole. The 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates of indazole and benzotriazole ribofuranosides, where the sugar-phosphate moiety is attached to the N-2 nitrogen atoms of the heterocycles, were also prepared. The biological efficiency of the analogues was tested by their ability to activate purified cAMP-dependent protein kinase I (PK-I) from rabbit skeletal muscle and cAMP-dependent protein kinase II (PK-II) from bovine heart. Each cyclic nucleotide is capable of activating both PK isozymes in half-maximum concentrations (Ka) ranging from 2.0 x 10(-8) to 4.8 x 10(-6) M. The cyclic phosphate of N-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylindazole (13) proved to be a very poor activator for both PK-I and PK-II, but when indazole binds by N-2 to ribose or when the hydrogen atom at C-4 is substituted by a nitro or amino group, activities of the analogues increase considerably. The activating potencies of benzotriazole derivatives are similar to that of cAMP, irrespective of the C-4 substituents. The Ka' values of cyclic nucleotides containing benzimidazole were found to be higher for PK-II than for PK-I; e.g. the activity of 4-nitro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (32) is nearly 20 times as high for PK-II than for PK-I.
Activation of DNA strand exchange by cationic comb-type copolymers: effect of cationic moieties of the copolymers (2007)

We have previously reported that poly(l-lysine)-graft-dextran cationic comb-type copolymers accelerate strand exchange reaction between duplex DNA and its complementary single strand by >4 orders of magnitude, while stabilizing duplex. However, the stabilization of the duplex is considered principally unfavourable for the accelerating activity since the strand exchange reaction requires, at least, partial melting of the initial duplex. Here we report the effects of different cationic moieties of cationic comb-type copolymers on the accelerating activity. The copolymer having guanidino groups exhibited markedly higher accelerating effect on strand exchange reactions than that having primary amino groups. The high accelerating effect of the former is considered to be due to its lower stabilizing effect on duplex DNA, resulting from its increased affinity to single-stranded DNA. The difference in affinity was clearly demonstrated by a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study; the interaction of the former with single-stranded DNA still remained high even at 1 M NaCl, while that of the latter completely disappeared. These results suggest that some modes of interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, other than electrostatic interactions between the copolymers having guanidino groups and DNAs may be involved in strand exchange activation.
Large-scale functional models of visual cortex for remote sensing (2009)

Neuroscience has revealed many properties of neurons and of the functional organization of visual cortex that are believed to be essential to human vision, but are missing in standard artificial neural networks. Equally important may be the sheer scale of visual cortex requiring ~1 petaflop of computation, while the scale of human visual experience greatly exceeds standard computer vision datasets: the retina delivers ~1 petapixel/year to the brain, driving learning at many levels of the cortical system. We describe work at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to develop large-scale functional models of visual cortex on LANL's Roadrunner petaflop supercomputer. An initial run of a simple region V1 code achieved 1.144 petaflops during trials at the IBM facility in Poughkeepsie, NY (June 2008). Here, we present criteria for assessing when a set of learned local representations is ¿complete¿ along with general criteria for assessing computer vision models based on their projected scaling behavior. Finally, we extend one class of biologically-inspired learning models to problems of remote sensing imagery.
Synthetic filaments assembled from C‐terminally truncated α‐synuclein (1998)

Recently two point mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene have been found in familial Parkinson's disease. The characteristic fibrous neuropathological lesions of Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to stain strongly with antibodies against alpha-synuclein and extracted filaments have been labelled with anti-alpha-synuclein antibodies. In view of the close involvement of alpha-synuclein filaments with pathology, it was important to establish an in vitro assembly system. We report here that C-terminally truncated recombinant alpha-synuclein readily assembles into filaments resembling those isolated from diseased brain and suggest that truncation by proteolysis may play a role in the pathological process.
Design of an energy-aware system-in-package for playing MP3 in wearable computing devices (2004)

More and more mobile devices are being produced to fulfill increasing consumer demand for immediate entertainment, instant information, and communications anywhere at any time. Mobile and wearable devices are designed to have the longest possible active-on and standby times and lowest weight and smallest size. Size and weight can be significantly decreased by using energy-efficient design methodologies. System-on-chip (SOC) and system-in-package (SIP) emerged as key technologies for developing wearable devices. The design of energy-aware gadgets includes not only hardware, but also software techniques. In this paper a single-chip multimedia system is reviewed for use within wearable devices. The presented results are derived from studying the behavior of an MP3 player produced by austriamicrosystems.
An Ontology-Based P2P Network for Semantic Search (2011)

This article presents an ontology-based peer-to-peer network that facilitates efficient search for data in wide-area networks. Data with the same semantics are grouped together into one-dimensional semantic ring space in the upper-tier network. This is achieved by applying an ontology-based semantic clustering technique and dedicating part of node identifiers to correspond to their data semantics. In the lower-tier network, peers in each semantic cluster are organized as Chord identifier space. Thus, all the nodes in the same semantic cluster know which node is responsible for storing context data triples they are looking for, and context queries can be efficiently routed to those nodes. Through the simulation studies, the authors demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
The relationship between caryopsis filling and respiratory rate of rice (2005)

Abstrcat Two varieties of Indica and two varieties of Japonica with significantly different grain weight were used in this experiment to study the relation between grain filling dynamic and its physiological activity. The result indicated that: ① At the primary stage, caryopsis water content was high, and decreased gradually during the rice grain filling. Fresh weight and dry weight of caryopsis increased quickly at the primary stage and then the increase trend was slowed down gradually. ② The grain filling rate in Indica was quicker than that in Japonica at the primary stage, but filling stopped earlier in Japonica. The grain filling rate with big grain weight was quicker than that with small grain weight during all the filling stage in rice and filling stopped later. ③ Caryopsis water content and respiratory rate decreased after anthesis, and filling stopped when water content decreased to 200 mg·g~(-1) and respiratory rate decreased to (005 μmol·(mg·h)~(-1)), there was a positive relation between respiratory rate and ATP content, they both were positively related with water content. ④ There was a close relation between grain filling dynamic and its physiological activity. The longer the caryopsis kept respiratory rate, dehydrogenase activity, CAT activity and SOD activity, the longer the caryopsis kept filling. ⑤ The filling time of rice with big grain weight was longer than that of rice with big grain weight in Japonica.
Clinical evaluation of clotrimazole. A broad-spectrum antifungal agent (1976)

• The efficacy and safety of the broadspectrum, topically applied antifungal agent clotrimazole were evaluated in two double-blind, multicentric trials. Ten investigators reported on a total of 1,361 cases in which a 1% solution or a 1% cream formulation was compared with its respective vehicle. Clotrimazole was therapeutically effective, as confirmed by mycological cure (negative microscopy and culture) and clinical improvement, in tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, pityriasis versicolor, and cutaneous candidiasis. Furthermore, species identification established the efficacy of clotrimazole against<i>Trichophyton rubrum, T mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare)</i>, and<i>Candida albicans</i>. Safety was demonstrated by the low incidence of possibly drug-related adverse experiences, namely, 19 (2.7%) of 699 patients who were treated with clotrimazole, of whom four (0.6%) discontinued treatment. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>112:350-352, 1976)
Induction of Bcl-2 Expression by Hepatitis B Virus Pre-S2 Mutant Large Surface Protein Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil Treatment in Huh-7 Cells (2011)

Our result demonstrates that HBV pre-S2Δ increased Bcl-2 expression which plays an important role in resistance to 5-fluorouracil-caused cell death. Therefore, these data provide an important chemotherapeutic strategy in HBV pre-S2Δ-associated tumor.