gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive osteosynthesis: basic principles, surgical planning and reduction techniques (2012)

Son yillarda kirik tedavisinde onemli degisiklikler olmustur. Konvansiyonel plaklama ile osteosentezin amaci, kirik fragmanlarinin anatomik reduksiyonu ve kompresyon saglanarak stabilize edilmesidir. Bu tip tespitte mekanik stabilite on planda tutulmaktadir. Kirik biyolojisinin kirik iyilesmesi uzerindeki etkilerinin daha iyi anlasilmasi ve mutlak stabiliteye kiyasla, goreceli stabilite kavraminin ortaya konmasi, kirik tedavisinde biyolojik tespit yontemlerinin daha da gelismesine yol acmistir. Intrameduller civi ve eksternal fiksator gibi kirigi atelleyen yontemler ile elde edilen basarili sonuclar, plaklarin da ayni amacla kullanilmasini gundeme getirmis ve kopru plaklama teknigi daha populer olmustur. Plak ile yapilan biyolojik tespitte bir sonraki asama perkutan plaklama yontemidir. Minimal invaziv plak osteosentezi tekniginde kirik hatti acilmadigi icin kirik bolgesinde dolasim bozulmamaktadir. Bunu saglamak icin, kirik indirekt reduksiyon yontemleri ile redukte edilmekte ve plaklama kirik hattindan uzakta yapilan kucuk cerrahi kesilerden perkutan olarak uygulanmaktadir. Bu amacla uzun plaklar az sayida vida ile birlikte kullanilmaktadir. Son yillarda uretilen kilitli plaklar ve minimal invaziv cerrahiye uygun cerrahi aletler, minimal invaziv osteosentezin daha yaygin olarak kullanilmasini saglamistir. Minimal invaziv plak osteosentezi biyolojiye uygun bir yontem olmakla birlikte, teknik olarak oldukca zordur ve indirekt reduksiyon sonrasinda dizilim bozukluklari gibi birtakim komplikasyonlara yol acabilir. Bu nedenle, bu teknik uygulanirken detayli bir cerrahi planlama yapilmalidir. Bunun yani sira, basarili bir sonuc icin degisik kirik reduksiyon tekniklerine ve elde edilen reduksiyonun kontrolu icin kullanilacak yontemlere hâkim olmak gerekir.
Analysis and design aspects of a desaturation detection circuit for low voltage power MOSFETs (2010)

An analysis of a desaturation detection circuit specially designed for low voltage power MOSFETs is presented and design aspects are carried out. The characteristics are a low detection threshold hysteresis, a fast shutdown reaction and a junction temperature compensation. The proposed desaturation detection circuit is described in detail and experimental results are given. The influence of the junction temperature and stray inductances of the package leads on the short circuit detection threshold are pointed out.
Notch receptor inhibition reveals the importance of cyclin D1 and Wnt signaling in invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (2012)

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive forms of squamous cell carcinomas. Common genetic lesions in ESCC include p53 mutations and EGFR overexpression, both of which have been implicated in negative regulation of Notch signaling. In addition, cyclin D1 is overexpressed in ESCC and can be activated via EGFR, Notch and Wnt signaling. To elucidate how these genetic lesions may interact during the development and progression of ESCC, we tested a panel of genetically engineered human esophageal cells (keratinocytes) in organotypic 3D culture (OTC), a form of human tissue engineering. Notch signaling was suppressed in culture and mice by dominant negative Mastermind-like1 (DNMAML1), a genetic pan-Notch inhibitor. DNMAML1 mice were subjected to 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced oral-esophageal carcinogenesis. Highly invasive characteristics of primary human ESCC were recapitulated in OTC as well as DNMAML1 mice. In OTC, cyclin D1 overexpression induced squamous hyperplasia. Concurrent EGFR overexpression and mutant p53 resulted in transformation and invasive growth. Interestingly, cell proliferation appeared to be regulated differentially between those committed to squamous-cell differentiation and those invading into the stroma. Invasive cells exhibited Notch-independent activation of cyclin D1 and Wnt signaling. Within the oral-esophageal squamous epithelia, Notch signaling regulated squamous-cell differentiation to maintain epithelial integrity, and thus may act as a tumor suppressor by preventing the development of a tumor-promoting inflammatory microenvironment.
Wnt signaling in retinal stem cells and regeneration (2008)

In the vertebrate retina, stem cells with prolonged proliferative capacities reside in the most peripheral region, the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), and they persist even after the functional eye has formed. These stem cells contribute to the formation of the retinal structures during the postnatal period in vivo, or can expand as neurospheres in vitro. Despite the wealth of anatomical descriptions of the characteristics of CMZ cells, molecular mechanisms for their specification or maintenance have long been uncharacterized. Recent studies provide evidence that certain secreted signaling molecules act as key regulators at multiple steps during these processes. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis for the regulation of retinal stem cells and their related cell types, especially focusing on the role of Wnt signaling.
Chirped gratings for DFB laser diodes using bent waveguides (1993)

The authors propose a method capable of providing arbitrarily chirped DFB (distributed feedback) gratings using bent waveguides on homogeneous grating fields and report the first realization as well as preliminary experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diffusion of New Products: Empirical Generalizations and Managerial Uses (1995)

The diffusion model developed by Bass (Bass, F. M. 1969. A new product growth model for consumer durables. Management Sci. 15(January) 215–227.) constitutes an empirical generalization. It represents a pattern or regularity that has been shown to repeat over many new products and services in many countries and over a variety circumstances. Numerous and various applications of the model have lead to further generalizations. Modifications and extensions of the model have lead to further generalizations. In addition to the empirical generalizations that stem from the model, we discuss here some of the managerial applications of the model.
Ligand-Specific Charge Localization in the MLCT Excited State of Ru(bpy)2(dpphen)2+ Monitored by Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (1994)

Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy has been employed to examine the location of the promoted electron\nin the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state of Ru(bpy)_2(dpphen)^(2+) (bpy) = 2,2'-bipyridine; dpphen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline). Variations in the environment about Ru(bpy)_2(dpphen)^(2+) shift the localization\nof charge in the MLCT excited state from bpy in neutral micelles (Brij 35) to dpphen in the presence of DNA and\nanionic surfactants (C_(12)H_(25)OSO_3Na, C_(10)H_(23)OSO_3Na, and C_8H_(21)OSO_3Na), whereas in water the electron is localized on both ligands. The shifts in the electronic absorption spectrum and the dependence of the ground-state resonance\nRaman (rR) signal with excitation wavelengths coincident with the high- and low-energy sides of the MLCT absorption band are consistent with a lowering of the energy of the Ru(II)-dpphen transition with respect to that of bpy in anionic micelles.
Using the earthquake vapour theory to explain the French airbus crash (2010)

Air France Flight 447 crash killed 228 people on 1 June 2009. Its cause was not well explained. This letter proposes a hypothesis based on the earthquake vapour theory to explain the sudden disappearance of airplanes. Earthquake data reveal a high coincidence between the crash location and the mid-Atlantic faults. Further, satellite images show that erupting earthquake vapours appeared around the crash location before the crash time, became bigger and higher, and finally disappeared after the crash. Temperature data depict that the vapours were accompanied by enormous heat around the crash time and location. A strong, variable thermal current can create convections that cause the airbus to crash. We suggest that half-hourly satellite images and temperature data be made available to the public to facilitate predictions.
Quasi-cyclic LDPC codes: an algebraic construction (2010)

This paper presents two new large classes of QC-LDPC codes, one binary and one non-binary. Codes in these two classes are constructed by array dispersions of row-distance constrained matrices formed based on additive subgroups of finite fields. Experimental results show that codes constructed perform very well over the AWGN channel with iterative decoding based on belief propagation. Codes of a subclass of the class of binary codes have large minimum distances comparable to finite geometry LDPC codes and they offer effective tradeoff between error performance and decoding complexity when decoded with low-complexity reliability-based iterative decoding algorithms such as binary message passing decoding algorithms. Non-binary codes decoded with a Fast-Fourier Transform based sum-product algorithm achieve significantly large coding gains over Reed-Solomon codes of the same lengths and rates decoded with either the hard-decision Berlekamp-Massey algorithm or the algebraic soft-decision Kotter-Vardy algorithm. They have potential to replace Reed-Solomon codes in some communication or storage systems where combinations of random and bursts of errors (or erasures) occur.
Short-Term Music Training Enhances Verbal Intelligence and Executive Function (2011)

Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and to test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive activities. Here we report the effects of two interactive computerized training programs developed for preschool children: one for music and one for visual art. After only 20 days of training, only children in the music group exhibited enhanced performance on a measure of verbal intelligence, with 90% of the sample showing this improvement. These improvements in verbal intelligence were positively correlated with changes in functional brain plasticity during an executive-function task. Our findings demonstrate that transfer of a high-level cognitive skill is possible in early childhood.
Source of peritoneal proteoglycans. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells synthesize and secrete mainly small dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. (1995)

This study describes experiments that compare the proteoglycans (PGs) extracted from the dialysate from patients receiving continuous peritoneal ambulatory dialysis (CAPD) with those secreted by metabolically labeled human peritoneal mesothelial cells in vitro. The PGs isolated from both sources were predominantly small chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate PGs. Western blot of the core proteins obtained after chondroitin ABC lyase treatment with specific antibodies identified decorin and biglycan. With [35S]sulfate and [35S]methionine as labeling precursors it was shown that dermatan sulfate rather than chondroitin sulfate were the major glycosaminoglycan chains and that decorin was the predominant species. These data provide the first evidence that human peritoneal mesothelial cells may be the principal source of PGs in the peritoneum. Given the proposed functions of decorin and biglycan, the results suggest that these PGs may be involved in the control of transforming growth factor-beta activity and collagen fibril formation in the peritoneum.
The Ability of two lay groups to Judge Product Warning Effectiveness (1993)

How well can lay people assess the effectiveness or “adequacy” of product warnings without assistance from expert testimony? To begin to answer this question, two studies were conducted to determine the extent to which law students and engineering students could assess the relative effectiveness of two drain opener warning label designs. In the first experiment, only 18 of the 38 engineering students (47%) correctly identified the warning label design that had, in a previous study, been shown to be significantly more effective with similar subjects who actually used the product. In addition, these subjects did not accurately predict the likelihood that their peers would read and comply with the precautions. In the second experiment, only 14 of the 42 law students (33%) correctly identified the more effective of two label designs. This research contradicts several legal authors who postulate that juries are capable of determining the effectiveness of a warning unaided by well-founded expert testimony. More specifically, these studies do not support the assertion that the “knowledge of ordinary people” is sufficient to 1) distinguish between warnings that differ in their behavioral effectiveness and 2) accurately predict the likelihood that people such as themselves will read and heed safety instructions when using a product.
Antibodies against synthetic peptides used to determine the topology and site of glycosylation of the cGMP-gated channel from bovine rod photoreceptors. (1992)

Peptides corresponding to amino acids 321-339 (peptide GS21) and 416-431 (peptide GS31) of the cGMP-gated channel from bovine rod photoreceptors were synthesized and used as antigens for the preparation of polyclonal antibodies. After affinity purification, both antipeptide antibodies were found to bind specifically to the channel protein after Western blotting, but only the antibody against GS21 gave satisfactory results on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electron microscopy. Using immunocytochemistry, we were able to localize amino acids 321-339 to the extracellular side of the rod photoreceptor plasma membrane. By synthesizing heptapeptides corresponding to amino acids 324-330 (peptide GS2s) and 420-426 (peptide GS3s), we were able to affinity purify antibodies specific for two N-glycosylation consensus sites in the channel protein. As assessed by Western blotting, antibodies against GS3s were found to bind to both the glycosylated and deglycosylated channel proteins, whereas antibodies against GS2s only bound to the channel protein after enzymatic deglycosylation. Together, these results allow the refinement of folding models for the cGMP-gated channel and implicate Asn-327 as being the sole site of N-glycosylation.
Quality assessment of intraoperative blood salvage and autotransfusion. (1997)

Intraoperative blood salvage and autotransfusion are commonly used to minimize exposure to banked blood. Although this technique has been used widely for years, data vary regarding the quality of autotransfused blood. Salvaged blood may contain plasma, residual heparin, and free hemoglobin released from damaged cells. All of these factors may contribute to the adverse sequelae sometimes seen with autotransfusion. For these reasons, we have monitored autotransfused blood to assess its quality. Intraoperative blood salvage was used during most cardiac procedures and at the discretion of the surgeon in other specialties. Blood was collected through a double lumen catheter that was anticoagulated with heparin, filtered, centrifuged, and washed with saline. A sample of the blood was removed for analysis, which included hematocrit, heparin assay, fibrinogen, and free hemoglobin levels. Over a 6-year period, 1593 patients had intraoperative blood salvage with quality assessment. The majority of patients underwent cardiac operations (941 patients, 59%), whereas 243 had orthopedic (15%) and 208 had vascular (13%) procedures. Additionally, there were 127 pediatric patients (8%) and 74 miscellaneous procedures (5%). The highest average yield of salvaged blood was during vascular procedures (1073 +/- 76 mL), whereas orthopedic cases had the lowest yield (378 +/- 19 mL) and hematocrit (39%). There was minimal residual heparin activity, even in patients requiring systemic anticoagulation (0.3 to 0.5 units/mL). Patients undergoing pediatric procedures had the lowest concentration of free hemoglobin (476 mg/L), whereas all adult patients had higher free hemoglobin levels, especially vascular operations (990 mg/L). Intraoperative salvaged blood has minimal heparin activity, even in procedures requiring systemic anticoagulation. Fibrinogen, a marker of residual plasma, was undetectable in the majority of cases. These data indicate that intraoperative blood salvage generally results in a high-quality product (good hematocrit, low heparin, minimal plasma), although there are significant differences in free hemoglobin levels depending on the operative procedure.
Infrared Study of CO<sub>2</sub> Sorption over “Molecular Basket” Sorbent Consisting of Polyethylenimine-Modified Mesoporous Molecular Sieve (2009)

An infrared study has been conducted on CO2 sorption into nanoporous CO2 “molecular basket” sorbents prepared by loading polyethylenimine (PEI) into mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15. IR results from DRIFTS showed that a part of loaded PEI is anchored on the surface of SBA-15 through the interaction between amine groups and isolated surface silanol groups. Raising the temperature from 25 to 75 °C increased the molecular flexibility of PEI loaded in the mesopore channels, which may partly contribute to the increase of CO2 sorption capacity at higher temperatures. CO2 sorption/desorption behavior studied by in situ transmission FTIR showed that CO2 is sorbed on amine sites through the formation of alkylammonium carbamates and absorbed into the multiple layers of PEI located in mesopores of SBA-15. A new observation by in situ IR is that two broad IR bands emerged at 2450 and 2160 cm−1 with CO2 flowing over PEI(50)/SBA-15, which could be attributed to chemically sorbed CO2 species on PEI molecules inside the mesopores of SBA-15. The intensities of these two bands also increased with increasing CO2 exposure time and with raising CO2 sorption temperature. By comparison of the CO2 sorption rate at 25 and 75 °C in terms of differential IR intensities, it was found that CO2 sorption over molecular basket sorbent includes two rate regimes which suggest two distinct steps: rapid sorption on exposed outer surface layers of PEI (controlled by sorption affinity or thermodynamics) and the diffusion and sorption inside the bulk of multiple layers of PEI (controlled by diffusion). The sorption of CO2 is reversible at 75 °C. Comparative IR examination of the CO2 sorption/desorption spectra on dry and prewetted PEI/SBA-15 sorbent revealed that presorbed water does not significantly affect the CO2−amine interaction patterns.
Seismic inversion successfully predicts reservoir, porosity, and gas content in Ibhubesi Field, Orange Basin, South Africa (2002)

In 2000 Forest Oil International shot a 312 km2 3-D seismic survey in South Africa's Block 2A around a well that, despite testing 53 million ft3/d gas and 342 bbls condensate/d gas, had been abandoned in 1986 (Figure 1). This well (AK-1) was thought to have tested a small noncommercial structural trap. The 3-D showed that the field, now designated Ibhubesi Field, is in fact a giant regional stratigraphic trap. The 3-D survey might only cover a small part of the southern extent of the field, which may eventually produce 15 trillion ft3 of gas.
Common intermediate in the hydrolysis of β-galactosides by β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCommon intermediate in the hydrolysis of β-galactosides by β-galactosidase from Escherichia coliThomas M. Stokes and Irwin B. WilsonCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 6, 1061–1064Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00756a018https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00756a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views151Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A vector-based gyro-free inertial navigation system by integrating existing accelerometer network in a passenger vehicle (2004)

Modern automotive electronic control and safety systems, including air-bags, anti-lock brakes, anti-skid systems, adaptive suspension, and yaw control, rely extensively on inertial sensors. Currently, each of these sub-systems uses its own set of sensors, the majority of which are low-cost accelerometers. Recent developments in MEMS accelerometers have increased the performance limits of mass-produced accelerometers far beyond traditional automotive requirements; this growth trend in performance will soon allow the implementation of a gyro-free inertial navigation system (GF-INS) in an automobile, utilizing its existing accelerometer network. We propose, in addition to short-term aid to GPS navigation, a GF-INS can also serve in lieu of more expensive and less reliable angular rate gyros in vehicle moment controls and inclinometers in anti-theft systems. This work presents a modified generalized GF-INS algorithm based on four or more vector (triaxial) accelerometers. Historically, GF-INS techniques require strategically-placed accelerometers for a stable solution, hence inhibiting practical implementations; the vector-based GF-INS allows much more flexible system configurations and is more computationally efficient. An advanced attitude estimation technique is presented, utilizing coupled angular velocity terms that emerged as a result of the intrinsic misalignment of real vector accelerometers; this technique is void of singularity problems encountered by many prior researchers and is particularly useful when error due to the integration of angular accelerations is prominent, such as in low-speed systems or long-duration navigations. Furthermore, an initial calibration method for the vector-based GF-INS is presented. In the experimental setup, four vector accelerometers, based on Analog Devices accelerometers, are assembled into a portable, one cubic-foot, rigid structure, and the data is compared with that of a precision optical position tracking system. Finally, the feasibility of a GF-INS implementation in an automobile is assessed based on experimental results.