gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paired Stimulation for Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity in Primate Sensorimotor Cortex (2017)

Classic <i>in vitro</i> studies have described spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at a synapse: the connection from neuron A to neuron B is strengthened (or weakened) when A fires before (or after) B within an optimal time window. Accordingly, more recent <i>in vivo</i> works have demonstrated behavioral effects consistent with an STDP mechanism; however, many relied on single-unit recordings. The ability to modify cortical connections becomes useful in the context of injury, when connectivity and associated behavior are compromised. To avoid the need for long-term, stable isolation of single units, one could control timed activation of two cortical sites with paired electrical stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that STDP could be induced via prolonged paired stimulation as quantified by cortical evoked potentials (EPs) in the sensorimotor cortex of awake, behaving monkeys. Paired simulation between two interconnected sites produced robust effects in EPs consistent with STDP, but only at 2/15 tested pairs. The stimulation protocol often produced increases in global network excitability or depression of the conditioned pair. Together, these results suggest that paired stimulation <i>in vivo</i> is a viable method to induce STDP between cortical populations, but that factors beyond activation timing must be considered to produce conditioning effects.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Plasticity of neural connections is important for development, learning, memory, and recovery from injury. Cellular mechanisms underlying spike-timing-dependent plasticity have been studied extensively <i>in vitro</i> Recent <i>in vivo</i> work has demonstrated results consistent with the previously defined cellular mechanisms; however, the output measure in these studies was typically an indirect assessment of plasticity at the neural level. Here, we show direct plasticity in recordings of neuronal populations in awake, behaving nonhuman primates induced by paired electrical stimulation. In contrast to <i>in vitro</i> studies, we found that plastic effects were only produced between specific cortical areas. These findings suggest that similar mechanisms drive plasticity <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, but that cortical architecture may contribute significantly to site-dependent effects.
Role of MRI for detecting micro cracks in teeth (2016)

The successful visualization of cracks with the SWIFT MRI sequence compared with other clinical modalities suggests that SWIFT MRI can effectively detect microcracks in teeth and therefore may have potential to be a non-invasive method for the in vivo detection of cracks in human teeth.
Biomarker: Predictive or Prognostic? (2015)

To demonstrate that a biomarker is predictive of treatment benefit, the study requires biomarker status on all patients as well as patients who were treated with the agent of interest and patients not so treated, preferably in the context of a randomized study. A formal statistical test of the treatment-by-biomarker interaction should be significant. To establish whether a marker is purely prognostic, it needs to be demonstrated that there is a significant association between the biomarker and outcome, regardless of treatment, and that treatment effects do not depend on the biomarker. Finally, a biomarker may have both predictive and prognostic implications. These concepts are summarized in Figure 2.
gem-Dimethyl effect in a Grignard reagent cyclization-cleavage rearrangement (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTgem-Dimethyl effect in a Grignard reagent cyclization-cleavage rearrangementE. Alexander Hill, Daniel C. Link, and Peter DonndelingerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 6, 1177–1182Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00319a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00319a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views569Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloadditions. Part 15. Influence of Substituents in p‐, m‐, and o‐Position of the Arene onto the Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reaction of Allenecarboxylic Acid Anilides and Phenyl Esters. (1989)

Abstract Synthesis and thermolysis of 8 derivatives of type (I) and 7 derivatives of type (III)/(V) are described.
Conductive Surface Modification with Aluminum of High Capacity Layered Li[Li<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>]O<sub>2</sub> Cathodes (2010)

The electrode films fabricated with the high capacity layered oxide Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 have been surface modified with metallic aluminum by a thermal evaporation process. The morphology and electrochemical performances of the bare and the Al-coated cathodes have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and charge−discharge measurements. Compared to the bare Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 cathode, the Al-coated cathodes (coating time ≤ 30 s) exhibit higher discharge capacity with lower irreversible capacity loss, better cyclability, and higher rate capability. Specifically, the 20 s Al-coated cathode exhibits the highest capacity (278 mAh/g at C/20 rate) and the best rate capability (157 mAh/g at 5C rate), while the 30 s Al-coated cathode displays the best cyclability (268 mAh/g with a capacity retention of 98% in 50 cycles). An analysis of the charge−discharge capacity values, surface conductivity evaluation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements reveal that the improved electrochemical performances are due to the suppression of both the oxygen vacancy elimination at the end of the first charge and side reactions with the electrolyte and the decrease in charge transfer polarization by the Al-modification layer.
Graft Preparation Technique to Optimize Hamstring Graft Diameter for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (2017)

Hamstring autografts are frequently used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The inherent variability in graft diameter has been stated as a disadvantage in its use because the presence of smaller graft diameters has been correlated with increased risk of re-rupture. Several techniques have been described to address this concern. Modifications of the basic Graftlink technique allows for increased control over final graft diameter using a standard harvest of the semitendinosus tendon with or without the gracilis tendon, and results in a graft of adequate length and diameter in all patients with rigid cortical fixation on the femur and tibia.
Proactive recovery in distributed CORBA applications (2004)

Unanticipated runtime events, such as faults, can lead to missed deadlines in real-time systems. While it is not always possible to know when a fault will occur, we can sometimes exploit pre-fault "symptoms" to initiate proactive (rather than reactive) fault-recovery. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a proactive recovery strategy for distributed CORBA applications in the presence of resource-exhaustion faults. We analyze the effect of different proactive recovery schemes on client/server response times, and we demonstrate a significant reduction, both in jitter and in the number of client-side failures.
Conditioning Surfaces to Suit the Biomedical Environment: Recent Progress (1982)

One major determinant of the suitability of various engineering materials for use in biological settings is the relative strength of adhesion obtained between those materials and their contacting viable phases. Maximal adhesive strength and immobility are desired for orthopedic and dental implants, for example, while minimal bioadhesion is critical to preventing unwanted thrombus formation in cardiovascular devices, plaque buildup on dental prostheses, and bacterial fouling of heat exchangers. This article reviews the principles of adhesive phenomena in such harsh environments, introduces some novel test methods and materials available for sensitive analysis of the earliest interfacial events, and provides a brief illustration of their use in the study of surface fouling of food processing equipment. Attention is then directed to adhesive phenomena in the oral environment, examining new surface conditioning methods for the prevention of micro-organism deposits, as well as the promotion of excellent tissue bonding to implanted prosthetic devices. Other bioadhesive phenomena considered include those important to the safe and effective function of new cardiovascular devices, such as the artificial heart and substitute blood vessels, and the prevention of biological fouling of materials in the sea. Comparisons of the primary interfacial events in these diverse systems--all wet, salty, and biochemically active--illustrate that Nature has been very conservative in accommodating encounters with strange boundaries. As with a classic drama, the players and timing may vary, but the script remains the same.
Biocatalysis in Supercritical CO2 (2005)

Enzymes have been used in non-aqueous media to make the reactions and the following process more efficient and greener. Here, recent progress in enzymatic reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide is reviewed. Hydrolysisesterification, oxidation-reduction and carboxylation are described, including highly enantioselective reactions. Keywords: lipases, hydrolysis, esterification, enantioselectivity
Discovery and Development of the Aryl <i>O</i>-Sulfamate Pharmacophore for Oncology and Women’s Health (2015)

In 1994, following work from this laboratory, it was reported that estrone-3-O-sulfamate irreversibly inhibits a new potential hormone-dependent cancer target steroid sulfatase (STS). Subsequent drug discovery projects were initiated to develop the core aryl O-sulfamate pharmacophore that, over some 20 years, have led to steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs in numerous preclinical and clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health, including endometriosis. Drugs have been designed to inhibit STS, e.g., Irosustat, as innovative dual-targeting aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) and as multitargeting agents for hormone-independent tumors, such as the steroidal STX140 and nonsteroidal counterparts, acting inter alia through microtubule disruption. The aryl sulfamate pharmacophore is highly versatile, operating via three distinct mechanisms of action, and imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties. This Perspective gives a personal view of the work leading both to the therapeutic concepts and these drugs, their current status, and how they might develop in the future.
Role of Emergicenters (1983)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
The Use of Nitrocellulose Membranes in Lateral-Flow Assays (2007)

Microporous nitrocellulose membranes are used in lateral-flow assays as the substrate upon which immunocomplexes are formed and visualized to indicate the presence or absence of an analyte in a liquid sample. The pore sizes of membranes used in this application are comparatively large, ranging from 3 to 20 μm. Several attributes have resulted in nitrocellulose being the preferred substrate for lateral-flow assays. First, nitrocellulose adsorbs protein at a high level. Second, chemistries that make the membrane wettable with aqueous solution do not significantly diminish protein adsorption. Third, nitrocellulose membranes can be cast that have pores sufficiently large to allow lateral flow of fluid in a reasonable time. To facilitate the utilization of nitrocellulose in lateral-flow assays, the membrane can be cast directly onto a polyester backing. The backing does not interfere with the function of the nitrocellulose while significantly improving its handling properties. Optimal performance of nitrocellulose membranes requires an understanding of the interactions of test reagents with the nitrocellulose and the effects of reagent location on assay sensitivity.
Reversal of Anemia by Erythropoietin Therapy Retards the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure, Especially in Nondiabetic Patients (1997)

Therapy with human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) has been accepted as effective for renal anemia in dialysis patients. However, studies in rats have shown that correcting anemia with EPO may affect the progression of renal dysfunction. In humans, however, the effect of EPO on residual renal function is a matter of controversy. We, therefore, investigated whether the long-term administration of EPO to predialysis patients influences residual renal function. Anemic patients at the predialysis stage with a serum creatinine (Cr) concentration ranging from 2 to 4 (average 2.9) mg/dl and a hematocrit (Ht) of less than 30% were randomly assigned to two groups which consisted of anemic patients not treated with EPO (group I, untreated anemic controls, n = 31) and anemic patients treated with EPO (group II, treated anemics, n = 42). Patients with nonsevere or moderate anemia (Ht > 30%) with a Cr ranging from 2 to 4 (average 2.6) mg/dl were also recruited as nonanemic controls (group III, untreated nonanemic controls, n = 35). Blood pressure was controlled to the same degree among the three groups by combined treatment with calcium antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. All patients were kept strictly on a low-protein (0.6 g/kg/day) and a low-salt (7 g/day) diet. The degree of control of dietary protein and blood pressure and the frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration were comparable among the three groups. The primary end point for each patient was a doubling of the baseline Cr which yielded cumulative renal survival rates which were plotted against time. Ht rose significantly from 27.0+/-2.3 to 32.1+/-3.2% in group II (n = 42, p < 0.001) with a rate of increase of 0.4+/-0.06%/week. However, it declined from 27.9+/-1.8 to 25.3+/-1.9% in group I (n = 31, p < 0.001) and from 35.9+/-3.5 to 32.2+/-3.9% in group III (n = 35, p < 0.001). Cr doubled in 26 patients (84%) in group I as compared with 22 (52%) in group II and 21 (60%) in group III. The cumulative renal survival rates in groups II and III were significantly better than that in group I: p = 0.0003 (group I vs. group II) and p = 0.0024 (group I vs. group III). However, there was no difference in the renal survival rate between groups II and III (p = 0.3111). The better survival rate obtained in group II was attributable to the better survival rate for the nondiabetic patients in this group. The present study suggests that anemia, per se, is a factor in the progression of end-stage renal failure and that reversal of anemia by EPO can retard the progression of renal failure, especially in nondiabetic patients, provided that blood pressure control, rate of increase in Ht, and dietary protein restriction are appropriate.
OLED Lighting Products: Capabilities, Challenges, Potential (2016)

A report that focuses on the potential for architectural OLED lighting – describing currently available OLED products as well as promised improvements, and addressing the technology and market hurdles that have thus far prevented wider use of OLEDs.
Corrections to sodar Doppler winds due to wind drift (2014)

Refraction of the acoustic beam from a sodar, or translation of the beam due to the wind (known as wind drift), both affect the scattering angle and hence the Doppler shift of the return signal. Wind drift has been the subject of a number of previous studies, which have shown that errors increase with wind speed, giving about 6 % error in the estimated wind speed when the actual wind speed is 7 ms−1. Since previous studies have not treated the general case of finite angular beam width, a new analytic treatment is given here for monostatic sodars. Surprisingly, it is found that the Doppler error contributed by the transmitted beam is exactly compensated by the Doppler error contributed by the received beam, if the two beam widths are the same. If the transmitter beam width is not equal to the receiver beam width, then either over-estimation or under-estimation of wind speed results, depending on which beam is wider. This has implications for bi-static sodars, in which it is not possible to match beam widths. Contrary to this new theory, examples of field comparisons with mast instrumentation show a non-linear relationship between wind speeds measured by a sodar and wind speeds measured by mast-mounted instruments. It is proposed that this is due to the acoustic baffle clipping the received beam and changing its width, since the received beam must return at lower elevations from scattering downwind. This is shown to be feasible for a Metek sodar. The sign and magnitude of the observed non-linear dependence of estimated wind speed on actual wind speed are consistent with this proposed mechanism.
Welding Tooling Design of the Aluminum Alloy End Structure in Metro (2013)

Based on the analysis of the welding of the end structure of aluminum alloy metro,a new tooling for subway is designed for the actual use of the environment,and it was successfully used in the welding of Kunming number first subway line.The practical results prove that the tooling can meet the requirements of structural end welding,and make welding operation more convenient.The tolerances on dimensions and shape and position tolerance are qualified,locating dimensions reliable,clamping a solid,easy to operate and improve the efficiency.The design can meet the design demand.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of <i>n</i>-Alkanethiols Suppress Hydrogen Evolution and Increase the Efficiency of Rechargeable Iron Battery Electrodes (2012)

Iron-based rechargeable batteries, because of their low cost, eco-friendliness, and durability, are extremely attractive for large-scale energy storage. A principal challenge in the deployment of these batteries is their relatively low electrical efficiency. The low efficiency is due to parasitic hydrogen evolution that occurs on the iron electrode during charging and idle stand. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that linear alkanethiols are very effective in suppressing hydrogen evolution on alkaline iron battery electrodes. The alkanethiols form self-assembled monolayers on the iron electrodes. The degree of suppression of hydrogen evolution by the alkanethiols was found to be greater than 90%, and the effectiveness of the alkanethiol increased with the chain length. Through steady-state potentiostatic polarization studies and impedance measurements on high-purity iron disk electrodes, we show that the self-assembly of alkanethiols suppressed the parasitic reaction by reducing the interfacial area available for the electrochemical reaction. We have modeled the effect of chain length of the alkanethiol on the surface coverage, charge-transfer resistance, and double-layer capacitance of the interface using a simple model that also yields a value for the interchain interaction energy. We have verified the improvement in charging efficiency resulting from the use of the alkanethiols in practical rechargeable iron battery electrodes. The results of battery tests indicate that alkanethiols yield among the highest faradaic efficiencies reported for the rechargeable iron electrodes, enabling the prospect of a large-scale energy storage solution based on low-cost iron-based rechargeable batteries.
Single-phase islanding detection based on phase-locked loop stability (2009)

Active islanding detection schemes are useful to avoid energizing local power systems during fault and grid failure conditions. These types of islanding conditions not only lead to unsafe and unreliable power delivery to the loads and grid, but can cause damage to equipment as well as raising safety concerns for workers and users. This work presents a method of active islanding detection for single-phase converter systems via the stability of a controller's phase-locked loop. This method inherently detects islanding conditions without applying perturbations at the converter output to test for islanding conditions-as other active methods do-thus avoiding the injection of distortions into the grid. Analytical, simulated and experimental results are presented for verification of the proposed method.
Single-Cell Analysis by a Scanning Thermal Lens Microscope with a Microchip:  Direct Monitoring of Cytochrome <i>c</i> Distribution during Apoptosis Process (2002)

We developed a microsystem for cell experiments consisting of a scanning thermal lens microscope detection system and a cell culture microchip. The microchip system was good for liquid control in microspace, and this results in secure cell stimulation and coincident in vivo observation of the cell responses. The system could detect nonfluorescent biological substances with extremely high sensitivity without any labeling materials and had a high spatial resolution of approximately 1 microm. This system was applied to monitoring of cytochrome c distribution in a neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell cultured in the microflask (1 mm x 10 mm x 0.1 mm; 1 microL) fabricated in a glass microchip. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol during the apoptosis process was successfully monitored with this system. The cytochrome c detected with this system was estimated to be approximately 10 zmol. We concluded that the system was suitable for measuring the distribution of chemical substances in a single cell because the microchip is good for liquid handling in microspace and the thermal lens microscope has high sensitivity and spatial resolution.
Dark current reduction in stacked-type CMOS-APS for charged particle imaging (2003)

A stacked CMOS-active pixel sensor (APS) with a newly devised pixel structure for charged particle detection has been developed. At low operation temperatures (<200 K), the dark current of the CMOS-APS is determined by the hot carrier effect. A twin well CMOS pixel with a p-MOS readout and n-MOS reset circuit achieves low leakage current as low as 5/spl times/10/sup -8/ V/s at the pixel electrode under liquid nitrogen temperature of 77 K. The total read noise floor of 0.1 mV/sub rms/ at the pixel electrode was obtained by nondestructive readout correlated double sampling (CDS) with the CDS interval of 21 s.
Nonparametric Methods (2005)

Abstract The motivation behind distribution‐free hypothesis tests and confidence intervals based on signs and ranks is discussed and standard text references are provided. Distribution‐free test and confidence interval procedures for the one‐sample, two‐sample, one‐way analysis of variance, two‐way analysis of variance, and independence settings are presented. Point estimation techniques, including Hodges–Lehmann estimators and contrast estimation, and multiple comparisons procedures are described. Basic references for censored data approaches and bootstrapping are provided.