gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and physicochemical properties of defatted and pin‐milled oat bran concentrate fractions separated by air‐classification<sup>4</sup> (2008)

Summary Oat bran concentrate (OBC) was defatted by supercritical carbon dioxide, pin‐milled and air‐classified into five fractions (<15, 15–18, 18–24, 24–30 and > 30 μm). β‐glucan content (% dry weight) of defatted OBC, its subsequent pin‐milling and the air‐classified fractions in ascending particle size was 14.3, 17.0, 4.3, 5.8, 12.6, 14.7 and 22.4, respectively. High‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography equipped with multi‐angle laser‐light scattering and refractive index detectors showed that amylopectin was the predominant molecule present in all OBC powders but was present in greater concentration in fractions collected that were < 24 μm. Fractions >24 μm, which had the highest β‐glucan contents had higher starch gelatinisation temperatures (measured using differential scanning calorimeter), and had substantially higher peak, breakdown, final and setback paste viscosity (measured using Rapid Visco Analyser, Foss North America, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) compared with the other lower‐β‐glucan containing fractions. No differences in water retention of 25% (w/w) oat powders in water (measured using thermogravimetric analyser) were observed among defatted OBC, its subsequent pin‐milling and the five fractions separated by air‐classification. In particular, differences in pasting properties show that defatted, pin‐milled OBC that is fractionated by air‐classification will have different food applications depending on particle size collected.
Communal Responsibility and the Coexistence of Money and Credit Under Anonymous Matching (2010)

Communal responsibility, a medieval institution studied by Greif (2006), supported the use of credit among European merchants in the absence of modern enforcement technologies. This paper shows how this mechanism helps to overcome enforcement problems in anonymous buyer/seller transactions. In a village economy version of the Lagos and Wright (2005) model, agents trading anonymously in decentralized markets can be identified by their citizenship and thus be held liable for each other. Enforceability within each village's centralized afternoon market ensures collateralization of credit in decentralized markets. In the resulting equilibrium, money and credit coexist in decentralized markets if the use of credit is costly. Our analysis easily extends itself to other payment systems like credit cards that provide a group identity to otherwise anonymous agents.
Multicomponent analysis of hemoglobin derivatives with reversed-optics spectrophotometer. (1984)

We describe a method for the simultaneous determination of the five clinically relevant hemoglobin derivatives (Hb, HbO2, HbCO, Hi, SHb) in a blood sample by means of a reversed-optics spectrophotometer (Hewlett-Packard HP8450 A UV/Vis). A built-in computer program is used for multicomponent analysis in an overdetermined system, i.e., a system in which the number of independent equations used exceeds the number of unknowns to be determined. First, the spectra of the five hemoglobin derivatives are measured in a series of different human blood samples. Thereafter, the multicomponent method for the simultaneous determination of the five hemoglobin derivatives is tested by comparison with conventional methods for the separate determination of oxygen saturation, HbCO, Hi, and SHb fractions. The multicomponent (multiwavelength) method is sufficiently reliable, accurate, and easy to justify its use in physiological chemical research as well as its routine application in the clinical chemical laboratory.
Novel Approaches to Transdifferentiation (2002)

Ways of directly turning a somatic cell into another (a process known as transdifferentiation) would alleviate difficulties associated with current nuclear transplantation procedures and be beneficial for producing replacement cells for therapeutic purposes. Adult stem cells have been shown to display a broader differentiation potential than anticipated and may contribute to tissues other than those in which they reside. In addition, novel transdifferentiation strategies are being developed. We illustrate here a functional reprogramming of a somatic cell using a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract derived from another somatic cell type. Reprogramming of 293T fibroblasts in an extract from T cells is evidenced by nuclear uptake and assembly of transcription factors, induction of activity of a chromatin remodeling complex, changes in chromatin composition and activation of lymphoid cell-specific genes. The reprogrammed cells expressed T cell-specific surface molecules and a complex regulatory function. We propose that in vitro cell reprogramming may create possibilities for producing isogenic replacement cells for therapeutic applications. The system is also likely to constitute a powerful tool to examine the mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming as they occur in vitro.
Biphotonic holographic gratings in azobenzene polyesters: Surface relief phenomena and polarization effects (2000)

Biphotonic holographic gratings have been recorded in a side-chain azobenzene liquid crystalline polyester using a blue incoherent source and a He–Ne laser. Intensity gratings and the appearance of surface relief have been observed when two linearly polarized beams from a He–Ne laser are made to interfere on a film illuminated with blue light. Polarized holographic gratings are also created with two orthogonally circularly polarized He–Ne beams. All these gratings are stable in darkness but can be erased with blue light.
Oxidative Stress: An Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Diseases (2014)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolic activities. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are the enzymes involved in protecting cells from the damaging effects of ROS. ROS are produced in response to ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic infections, and inflammatory disorders. Disruption of normal cellular homeostasis by redox signaling may result in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. ROS are produced within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but their roles in pathophysiology and disease pathogenesis have not been well studied. Despite the protective barrier provided by the mucosa, ingested materials and microbial pathogens can induce oxidative injury and GI inflammatory responses involving the epithelium and immune/inflammatory cells. The pathogenesis of various GI diseases including peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal cancers, and inflammatory bowel disease is in part due to oxidative stress. Unraveling the signaling events initiated at the cellular level by oxidative free radicals as well as the physiological responses to such stress is important to better understand disease pathogenesis and to develop new therapies to manage a variety of conditions for which current therapies are not always sufficient.
A CNN Based Framework for Unistroke Numeral Recognition in Air-Writing (2018)

Air-writing refers to virtually writing linguistic characters through hand gestures in three dimensional space with six degrees of freedom. In this paper a generic video camera dependent convolutional neural network (CNN) based air-writing framework has been proposed. Gestures are performed using a marker of fixed color in front of a generic video camera followed by color based segmentation to identify the marker and track the trajectory of marker tip. A pre-trained CNN is then used to classify the gesture. The recognition accuracy is further improved using transfer learning with the newly acquired data. The performance of the system varies greatly on the illumination condition due to color based segmentation. In a less fluctuating illumination condition the system is able to recognize isolated unistroke numerals of multiple languages. The proposed framework achieved 97.7%, 95.4% and 93.7% recognition rate in person independent evaluation over English, Bengali and Devanagari numerals, respectively.
Isolated step up/down three-phase AC to DC powersupply (1995)

A new circuit for providing an isolated DC supply from a three-phase AC source is described. The circuit uses a very simple control scheme to ensure that the current drawn from the AC source is sinusoidal. Unlike previous circuits, the isolation is provided by integration of a second stage converter into the circuit such that pulses of energy are transferred from the input stage to a unique parallel resonant circuit which automatically transfers the energy to the load without any intermediate energy storage. The operation of the circuit is described and some experimental results are given.
Strontium–calcium coadministration stimulates bone matrix osteogenic factor expression and new bone formation in a large animal model (2008)

Strontium (Sr) has become increasingly attractive for use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by concomitantly inhibiting bone resorption and enhancing bone formation. Strontium shares similar chemical, physical, and biological characteristics with calcium (Ca), which has been widely used as a dietary supplement in osteoporosis. However, the effects of Sr-Ca coadministration on bone growth and remodeling are yet to be extensively reported. In this study, 18 ovariectomized goats were divided into four groups: three groups of five goats each treated with 100 mg/kg/day Ca, Ca plus 24 mg/kg/day Sr (Ca + 24Sr), or Ca plus 40 mg/kg/day Sr (Ca + 40Sr), and three untreated goats fed low calcium feed. Serum Sr levels increased 6- and 10-fold in the Ca + 24Sr and Ca + 40Sr groups, respectively. Similarly, Sr in the bone increased four- and sixfold in these two groups. Sr-Ca coadministration considerably increased bone mineral apposition rate (MAR). The expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) was significantly upregulated within the Ca + 40Sr treatment group; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-agr; expression was significantly downregulated in the Ca and Ca + 40Sr groups. The results indicate that Sr-Ca coadministration increases osteogenic gene expression and stimulates new bone formation.
Inhibition of Interferon-beta Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Immune Cells Associated With High-Dose Statins (2012)

High-dose add-on statin therapy significantly reduces interferon-beta function and type 1 interferon responses in RRMS patients. These data provide a putative mechanism for how statins could counteract the beneficial effects of interferon-beta and worsen disease.
The synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-grafted nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization (2013)

We describe the use of one of the most advanced radical polymerization techniques, the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, to produce highly functional core-shell particles based on a silica core and a shell made of functional polymeric chains with very well controlled structure. The versatility of RAFT polymerization is illustrated by the control of the polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), a highly functional monomer, with the aim of designing silica core-poly(VBC) shell nanoparticles. Optimal conditions for the control of VBC polymerization by RAFT are first established, followed by the use of the "grafting from" method to yield polymeric brushes that form a well-defined shell surrounding the silica core. We obtain particles that are monodisperse in size, and we demonstrate that the exceptional control over their dimensions is achieved by careful tailoring the conditions of the radical polymerization.
Molecular Weight Distribution in Free-Radical Polymer Modification with Cross-Linking:  Effect of Chain-Length-Dependent Termination (1996)

A general equation of molecular weight distribution has been derived for free-radical polymer modification with cross-linking. The equation takes into account chain-length-dependent diffusion-controlled radical termination. It reduces to Saito's equation when the termination becomes chain-length independent. A simple three-parameter chain-length-dependence function is employed. Calculations of molecular weight development, gel point, and gel/sol fraction for both polymer and radical populations have been made numerically with a uniform initial distribution. It has been shown that the chain-length-dependent termination has a strong effect on the molecular weight development and gelation behavior. It causes significant deviation from the well-studied random process of cross-linking. It delays gel point but accelerates gel growth.
Nonlinearity estimation in Hammerstein systems based on ordered observations (1996)

The nonlinear subsystem of a Hammerstein system is identified, i.e., its characteristic is recovered from input output ohservations of the whole system. The input and disturbance are white stochastic processes. The identified characteristic satisfies a piecewise Lipschitz condition only. Algorithms presented in the paper are calculated from ordered input-output observations, i.e., from pairs of observations arranged in a sequence in which input measurements increase in value. The mean integrated square error converges to zero as the number of observations tends to infinity. Convergence rates are insensitive to the shape of the probability density of the input signal. Results of numerical simulation are also shown.
Geosteering Using True Stratigraphic Thickness (2013)

Summary URTeC 1590259 One method used to geosteer horizontal wells is to compare a log trace in the horizontal well, usually a gamma ray log, to the same log in a nearby vertical well (the pilot or template). In this process, the log from the horizontal is squeezed and/or inverted until the character in the well matches the character in the template. Squeezing is necessary because relatively small stratigraphic intervals in the template well will be traversed over much larger distances in a horizontal well. Inversion is necessary because the drill can cover a given stratigraphic interval from bottom to top as well as top to bottom. This technique has been termed “true stratigraphic position” or TSP. As the name implies, TSP is closely related to true stratigraphic thickness (TST). Indeed, TST can be used in the same manner as TSP. In a geometric sense, TSP uses log correlations to find apparent dips. It is demonstrated here that TST is superior to TSP because it can “look ahead” of the bit, and because it allows the geosteerer to concentrate on features in the drilling well that might not be noticed when the log in the well is squeezed down to the scale of the template. Display type is important when modeling using TST. Vertical sections can have problems displaying apparent dip and horizons whereas displacement (curtain) sections will properly display both dips and horizons. The source of these display problems with vertical sections is largely from dips whose azimuths are out of the plane of section in places where the borehole has deviated away from the plane of section. Both vector and curtain sections have display problems in areas of high dip or where the borehole is away from horizontal. In those cases, vector sections, which are constructed from dip-normal vectors combined with stratigraphic distances, are much better and displaying the structure. A common complaint about gamma ray logs from horizontal wells is that they have a “jittery” appearance. This is sometimes an unfair criticism, however, because they sample the stratigraphy at a much higher effective rate than the template wells, giving them a jittery appearance when squeezed down to the template scale. One approach is to stretch, invert, and fault the template log to fit the log in the horizontal log. For example, inversion of the log character when the drill travels up section will cause a “mirroring” or “reflection” effect on logs. Markers that might not even be present in the template log can clearly show a mirror effect on the horizontal log, while the same mirroring is missed when the log is squeezed down to template scale. Taking the idea one step further, it is possible to take a log in a horizontal well, convert it to TST and use it as a template, either to correlate with deeper parts of the same well or to use as a template for other wells using markers that may not even exist in vertical wells.
Développement des techniques de spectrométrie gamma par compteurs à scintillations (1959)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
[The application of deltopectoral flaps with delayed expansion in repairing large scars on face]. (2009)

The application of delaying can better ensure the blood supply of transferred deltopectoral flap. The result of applying delayed expansion of deltopectoral flaps in repairing large scars on face was good.
Hardware-software codesign of embedded systems (1998)

Widespread use of embedded systems is occurring due to the increase in complexity of digital devices and systems. These systems are currently being implemented by software and hardware components in order to benefit from the strengths of each technology. We present an introduction to hardware/software codesign techniques for embedded systems.
Effective control of chlorination and dechlorination at wastewater treatment plants using redox potential (1997)

The shortcomings of total chlorine residual as a measure of wastewater disinfection are discussed. The effect of pH is significant in the toxicity of chlorine compounds. Recent investigation to the formation of organic chloramines made the residual measurement technique more difficult to use in wastewater disinfection. Redox potential (or oxidation–reduction potential—ORP) is studied as an alternative way of assessing the efficacy of disinfectants through theoretical consideration and literature review. Experiments performed using wastewater samples showed that ORP is better correlated to the inactivation of coliform than total chlorine residual. Also illustrated is a case study carried out at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in California (U.S.). By replacing conventional methods for establishing chlorine and sulfur dioxide dosage with a system that automatically modulates chemical feed by ORP, the plant reduced chemical use for chlorination and dechlorination by 47 and 62%, respectively, while consistently maintaining compliance with stringent disinfection requirements (2.2 MPN coliform per 100 mL) and chlorine discharge limits (less than 0.1 mg/L).
Mapping of chromosomal genes that determine the El Tor biotype in Vibrio cholerae (1983)

The El Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae has several characteristics that differentiate it from the classical biotype of V. cholerae. Among these are production of soluble hemolysin(s), a cell-associated hemagglutinin for chicken erythrocytes, resistance to polymyxin B, and resistance to bacteriophages of Mukerjee group IV. In the present study, we located the determinants for hemolysin (hly), chicken erythrocyte hemagglutinin (cha), and polymyxin B resistance (pmx) on the genetic map of V. cholerae. Transposon-facilitated recombination was used to perform conjugal matings between El Tor donor strains and classical recipient strains of V. cholerae. Recombinants were selected that had inherited specific nutritional markers from the donor strains and streptomycin resistance from the recipient strains. The recombinants were tested for the presence or absence of the unselected donor markers hly, cha, and pmx. These three El Tor biotype markers were found to be closely linked to each other and were located between the pyrA-201 and his-2 loci on the genetic map of V. cholerae.
Speaker-independent word recognition using dynamic programming neural networks (2003)

A description is given of speaker-independent word recognition based on a new neural network model called the dynamic programming neural network (DNN), which can treat time-sequence patterns. DNN is based on the integration of a multilayer neural network and dynamic-programming-based matching. Speaker-independent isolated Japanese digit recognition experiments were carried out using data uttered by 107 speakers (50 speakers for training and 57 speakers for testing). The recognition accuracy was 99.3%, suggesting that the model can be effective for speech recognition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assessment of IgG antibodies against yellow fever virus after vaccination with 17D by different assays: neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition test, immunofluorescence assay and ELISA (1999)

We analysed serum samples of 209 subjects immunized with yellow fever vaccine 17D by different assays: neutralization test, immunofluorescence assay, haemagglutination inhibition test and ELISA, for presence of 17D-specific antibodies. Serum samples were taken from a few weeks up to 35 years after vaccination. The neutralization test had the highest sensitivity. There was no correlation of results between the serological assays. Considering NT titres > 1:10 as indicating protection, we found that about 75% of subjects remained immune even 10 years after vaccination, with a median NT titre of 1:40 in reactive sera.
Diphenylphosphinophenolate: a ligand for the palladium-catalysed silylation of aryl halides activating simultaneously both palladium and silicon (2000)

Diphenylphosphinophenolate was found to be an effective ligand for the palladium-catalysed silylation of aryl halides, activating not only palladium but also silicon of a disilane, where aryl bromides and iodides having such substituents as methyl, methoxy, amino, ethoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, formyl or phenyl are applicable to the reaction with hexamethyldisilane to give the corresponding trimethylsilylarenes.
Impact of Combined Heat and Power (CHP), plant on Small and Medium Size Enterprise (SME), energy supply used as trigeneration (2009)

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants serving Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs), form the back bone of on-site generation capacity, replacing existing on-site thermal and cooling energy plant and substituting, to a large extent, the commercial electricity supply. CHP is one of the primary means for European Union (EU) to achieve its energy policy objective of improving energy efficiency and its environmental policy objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is estimated that doubling the amount of CHP generation capacity will allow the EU to meet half of its CO 2 reduction commitment. The paper is a study of the operational performance of a Combined Heat, Power and Cooling (CHPC) system in a SME with an intention of developing the model for the technical and environmental analysis. The case study is carried out at a large four star hotel located on the outskirts of Cork City in South of Ireland. This hotel has added a cooling system on the existing CHP plant that utilized the electrical and thermal energy generated. The paper discussed findings and results based on one year's data collection (2008) in order to give an insight on CHPC system impact on energy supply as well as on the emission of greenhouse gases, particularly CO 2 .