gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A semi-automatic method for neuron centerline extraction in confocal microscopic image stack (2008)

An algorithm for extracting the centerlines of neurons from 3-D image stack collected from a laser scanning confocal microscope is presented. Recovery of neuronal structure from image stack is critical for quantitative analysis of neuron-morphology. Many methods have been proposed to extract the centerline from the tubular structure in medical images, such as vessels. But the same methods do not work well in processing of neurons. One of the reasons is that the physical limitations of the spatial resolution of the image stack collect by confocal microscopy in the z-direction is much worse than the resolution in x and y directions. In our studied cases the mean voxel size of the image stack is 0.17 × 0.17 ×1.0¼m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> i.e., the resolution in z-direction cannot reflect the fact that the neuron has a tubular structure. In this paper, we propose an almost automatic neuron-tracing algorithm for a set of confocal microscopic images of neuron. The method is designed based on finding a minimal path in the volume to extract the centerlines of a neuron.
Propagation of large numbers of T cells with natural killer cell markers (1994)

Previously, a subset of T cells co-expressing the NK cell antigen CD56 has been described. These CD3+CD56+ cells are rare in peripheral blood collections and have been poorly characterized. We have developed culture conditions which allow for the rapid expansion of CD3+CD56+ cells. The protocol for cellular expansion includes the addition of interferon-gamma on day 0, interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and a monoclonal antibody against CD3 on day 1 to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cells of the CD3+CD56+ phenotype increased up to 6000-fold using this protocol after 16 d in culture. These cells have been characterized by flow cytometry and have been found to express the alpha, beta T cell receptor, co-express the CD5 and CD8 antigens and do not express the CD16 antigen. Morphologically, these cells cannot be distinguished from NK cells. CD3+CD56+ killer cells lyse a variety of tumour cells with intermediate activity between CD3-CD56+ NK cells and CD3+CD56- T cells.
Potentiation of nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity by disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamic acid, and diethylamine in mice. (1989)

Disulfiram (DSF) and its metabolites, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC) and diethylamine (DEA), were studied as pretreatments in combination with the alkylating agent nitrogen mustard (HN2) on the cytotoxicity of HN2 against both leukemia cells and normal hematopoietic stem cells. Both time intervals and dose relationships were examined. DSF showed a substantial potentiation of HN2 cytotoxicity against murine AKR leukemia cell spleen colony-forming units (LCFU) when given i.p. between 15 to 30 min prior to HN2 i.v. treatment. For 3 mg DSF/mouse pretreatment, leukemia LCFU survival was about 10(-6) whereas it was about 10(-2) for HN2 alone. The extent of this potentiation decreased as the time between treatments increased. Significant potentiation was noted even when a low dose of DSF (0.25 mg/mouse) was administered 15 min before HN2. However, DSF had little if any effect on the modulation of HN2 cytotoxicity to normal hematopoietic cell spleen colony-forming units (NCFU). DDC showed an increasing potentiation of HN2 cytotoxicity against LCFU when given i.p. prior to HN2 i.v. treatment. The maximum effect was noted between 2 and 4 h with a surviving fraction for LCFU between 10(-5) and 10(-6) for 20 mg/mouse DDC pretreatment. The extent of this effect then decreased as the time interval increased beyond 4 h, but it was still significant for the 24-h interval. This pronounced potentiation effect was dose dependent for DDC. The compound exhibited a protective effect against HN2 cytotoxicity to NCFU when given 15 min before HN2. This protection decreased with increased time interval. DEA (20 mg/mouse) did not show a significant potentiation of HN2 cytotoxicity against LCFU when administered i.p. prior to HN2. Also, DEA did not show any significant protection of NCFU.
Simultaneous Separation of Serum Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes by Ion-Exchange Column Chromatography (1975)

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were partially separated by use of a previously described column technique for creatine kinase [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)]. Extracts of lactate dehydrogenase-rich tissues were used to evaluate column resolution. Samples layered on mini-columns containing DEAE-Sephadex were eluted with Tris-buffered sodium chloride (100 and 200 mmol/liter). Lactate dehydrogenase activity in column effluents was measured by the Wacker method, and their isoenzyme content was assessed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Dehydrogenase isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 were separated from isoenzymes 1 and 2, and the separation was tissue-specific and reproducible. The electrophoretic technique for isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 gave values about 20% lower than did the column technique. Sera from 15 healthy laboratory technicians contained total lactate dehydrogenase, isoenzymes 1 and 2, and isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 in the ranges 94 to 152, 34 to 64, and 38 to 75 U/liter, respectively. Activities of sera from 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction (total lactate dehydrogenase) ranged from 212 to 800 U/liter and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 ranged from 138 to 628 U/liter. Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes were rapidly and easily measured after being simultaneously separated. The procedure is specific and sensitive for following the post-infarct time course of changes in isoenzyme activities.
Manufacturing challenges for curvilinear masks (2017)

To achieve the ultimate resolution and process control from an optical (193i 1.35NA) scanner system, it is desirable to be able to exploit both source and mask degrees of freedom to create the imaging conditions for any given set of patterns that comprise a photomask. For the source it has been possible to create an illumination system that allows for almost no restrictions in the location and intensity of source points in the illumination plane [1]. For the mask, it has been harder to approach the ideal continuous phase and transmission mask that theoretically would have the best imaging performance. Mask blanks and processing requirements have limited us to binary (1 and 0 amplitude, or 1 and -0.25 amplitude (6% attenuated PSM)) or Alternating PSM (1, 0 and -1 amplitude) solutions. Furthermore, mask writing (and OPC algorithms) have limited us to Manhattan layouts for full chip logic solutions. Recent developments in the areas of mask design and newly developed Multi-Beam Mask Writers (MBMW) have removed the mask limitation to Manhattan geometries [2]. In this paper we consider some of the manufacturing challenges for these curvilinear masks.
Non-scatter contributions to the dark-field signal in differential phase contrast imaging (2012)

In this work, we investigate sources to the dark-field signal in a grating-based differential phase contrast image setup other than scattering. Specifically, the effect of aliasing, detector crosstalk, non-constant phase gradients, and the partial volume effect are evaluated. All these effects are able to create a dark-field signal.
A Review of Korean Landownership System from the Choson Dynasty (2000)

This study investigates the change of Korean landownership system from the Chosoˇn dynasty to the Japanese colonial period. Even though the landownership system in the Chosoˇn period was not the complete private landownership, basic freedom of ownership, use, trade, disposal, and inheritance of land are secured. The Japanese imperialists introduced a modern land-system and destroy the land-system and the peasants` rights of land. Such introduction of a modern land-system not only promoted the commercialization of land, but also excluded peasants from landownership. The leasehold system that had continuously developed during the late Chosoˇn must be restored in the future. If the right of land is diversified by our traditional practices,it will ensure reasonable use of our land.
Long‐Term Effects of Poultry Litter, Alum‐Treated Litter, and Ammonium Nitrate on Aluminum Availability in Soils (2005)

Alum (Al2(SO4)(3).14H2O) additions to poultry litter result in lower ammonia (NH3) volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff; however, the long-term effects of alum on soil P behavior have been unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long-term effects of poultry litter, alum-treated litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on P availability in soils and P runoff. Two studies were initiated in 1995: a small plot (1.5x3.0 m) study and a paired watershed (0.405 ha) study. In the small plot study 13 treatments (control, four rates of normal litter, four rates of alum-treated litter, and four rates of NH4NO3) were applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plots. Results show that after 7 yr water-extractable P (WEP) in surface soil samples was greater with normal litter, but Mehlich III P was greater in surface soils fertilized with alum-treated litter. When soil samples were taken at depth intervals to 50 cm in Year 7, Mehlich III P was only greater in the surface 5 cm for soils fertilized with alum-treated litter. At lower depths Mehlich III P was greater with normal litter, and WEP was up to 288% greater when normal litter was used, indicating that alum significantly reduced P leaching. Uptake of P by fescue was not affected by alum. Results from the paired watershed study showed P loss in runoff was 340% greater for normal litter than for alum-treated litter. This research, combined with earlier work that shows alum use improves air and soil quality, supports the use of alum as a long-term solution to reducing P runoff and leaching.
Evaluation of a new solid‐state reference electrode junction material for ion‐selective electrodes (1994)

Abstract The performance and properties of a new low‐resistance material, Refex, suitable for use in reference electrode junctions is described. The material is a solid polyvinyl acetate that contains a very‐ large loading of KCl (1:1 w/w KCI/PVA). Despite relatively large active surface areas in the designs studied (stand‐alone reference and combination pH), leakage rates of KCl are remarkably low. pH measurements in ultrapure water and comparative measurements in common buffer solutions against standard reference electrodes confirm the stability of the potential developed across the junction to be very stable. Impedance studies verify the importance of the KCl doping for realization of the low resistance and attractive electrochemical properties of the material.
Calculating the similarity between words and sentences using a lexical database and corpus statistics (2018)

Calculating the semantic similarity between sentences is a long dealt problem in the area of natural language processing. The semantic analysis field has a crucial role to play in the research related to the text analytics. The semantic similarity differs as the domain of operation differs. In this paper, we present a methodology which deals with this issue by incorporating semantic similarity and corpus statistics. To calculate the semantic similarity between words and sentences, the proposed method follows an edge-based approach using a lexical database. The methodology can be applied in a variety of domains. The methodology has been tested on both benchmark standards and mean human similarity dataset. When tested on these two datasets, it gives highest correlation value for both word and sentence similarity outperforming other similar models. For word similarity, we obtained Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8753 and for sentence similarity, the correlation obtained is 0.8794.
Detection of the 170 kDa P-Glycoprotein in Neoplastic and Normal Tissues (1989)

A membrane purification procedure and an immunoblotting assay have been designed to allow screening of human solid tumors for overexpression of the GP170 glycoprotein without employing a disaggregation method to obtain cell suspensions. The electrophoresed membrane proteins were probed, after Western Blotting, with the C219 monoclonal antibody and iodinated Protein A. The labeling intensity of the bands on the autoradioimmunoblots were quantified by densitometry. To test for the presence of GP170, we used membranes from the UV 2237 fibrosarcoma line and its adriamycin-resistant variant ADMR, grown in vitro or as solid tumor in mice. Membranes of human normal and tumor tissues obtained from previously untreated patients were also tested. An immunoreaction was observed in the adriamycin-resistant UV 2237 lines grown in vitro or in vivo. Quantitatively, the binding of the resistant cell line grown in vitro was higher than that observed in cells grown in mice. Bands in the GP 170 region were observed in 4/7 normal and in 7/7 tumor colon tissues and in the normal medulla from 2 patients with cancer of the renal cortex. No reaction could be found in samples from normal tissue, primary tumor or nodal metastasis from 7 patients with breast cancer.
Binding Mechanism and Magnetic Properties of a Multifunctional Spin Label for Targeted EPR Imaging of Amyloid Proteins: Insight from Atomistic Simulations and First-Principles Calculations (2012)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging techniques provide a promising approach to detect amyloid structures which are of paramount importance in early-stage diagnosis of conformational diseases. Here, we report a combined molecular dynamics and density functional theory/molecular mechanics computational scheme for evaluation of the binding mechanism between a multifunctional spin label and the target amyloid protein. In addition, we consider evaluation of EPR spin Hamiltonian parameters with the aim of providing a better microscopic understanding and interpretation of EPR spectroscopy. The results from molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the oligothiophene conjugate part of the spin label interacts with hydrophobic residues of the amyloid protein through hydrophobic attraction and that both the N-O bond length and the N-O out-of-plane tilt angle in the nitroxide group are slightly diminished after complexation with the protein. The translational and rotational motions of the protein-bound spin label are considerably slowed compared to those of the free spin label in aqueous solution, but interestingly, hydrogen bonds formed between the nitroxide oxygen group and the surrounding water molecules are hardly affected by the presence of the amyloid protein. First-principles calculations suggest that EPR spin Hamiltonian parameters including the nitroxide nitrogen hyperfine coupling tensor A(N) and electronic g tensor suffer noticeable changes upon complexation with the protein. The magnitude of the A(N) tensor is found to be closely related to the nitroxide N-O out-of-plane tilt angle, while the g tensor is affected by both the nitroxide N-O bond length as well as the interaction between the spin label and the amyloid protein. With this work we show that state-of-the-art simulation techniques represent a promising way of providing a detailed understanding of the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the formation and stability of a spin label complexed with amyloid structures as well as the magnetic properties of the free and protein-bound spin label.
Urocortin 3 activates AMPK and AKT pathways and enhances glucose disposal in rat skeletal muscle (2014)

Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is an important component of both type 2 diabetes and the syndrome of sarcopaenic obesity, for which there are no effective therapies. Urocortins (UCNs) are not only well established as neuropeptides but also have their roles in metabolism in peripheral tissues. We have shown recently that global overexpression of UCN3 resulted in muscular hypertrophy and resistance to the adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. Herein, we aimed to establish whether short-term local UCN3 expression could enhance glucose disposal and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. UCN3 was found to be expressed in right tibialis cranialis and extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats by in vivo electrotransfer and the effects studied vs the contralateral muscles after 1 week. No increase in muscle mass was detected, but test muscles showed 19% larger muscle fibre diameter (P=0.030), associated with increased IGF1 and IGF1 receptor mRNA and increased SER256 phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factor. Glucose clearance into the test muscles after an intraperitoneal glucose load was increased by 23% (P=0.018) per unit mass, associated with increased GLUT1 (34% increase; P=0.026) and GLUT4 (48% increase; P=0.0009) proteins, and significantly increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, AKT, AKT substrate of 160 kDa, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, AMP-activated protein kinase and its substrate acetyl coA carboxylase. Thus, UCN3 expression enhances glucose disposal and signalling in muscle by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism that is separate from its pro-hypertrophic effects, implying that such a manipulation may have promised for the treatment of IR syndromes including sarcopaenic obesity.
The implementation of fuzzy algorithms for control (1976)

This letter describes the implementation of control systems designed using fuzzy algorithms and fuzzy logic. The resulting technique employs lookup tables. An assessment is made of the suitability of such tables, particularly when applied to short-word-length digital control systems. An interpreter program which can be used to generate the required lookup tables is also described.
A Galvanic Corrosion Approach to Investigating Chromate Effects on Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 (2002)

The effects of chromate treatment on the corrosion of an aluminum/copper aircraft alloy were examined with a galvanic corrosion apparatus composed of two electrodes and a zero resistance ammeter. Combinations of pure Al, pure Cu, and AA2024-T3 electrodes were immersed in 0.1 M NaCl solution, which was saturated with air, O2, or argon. Selection of electrode material or differential aeration resulted in partial segregation of corrosion reactions, with one electrode becoming a net cathode and the other a net anode. For the case of an Al/Cu galvanic cell, chromate significantly reduced the observed cathodic current on Cu but had little effect when added to the Al cell. For an AA2024/AA2024 couple, chromate decreased the observed current when present in either the net anode or net cathode compartments. The results indicate that CrVI in solution, or CrVI pretreatment, inhibits O2 reduction on Cu sites. Inhibition is preceded by a spike in the reduction current, implying that CrIII is formed at approximately a monolayer level on Cu. The results for CrVI effects on the AA2024/AA2024 galvanic couple are consistent with observed polarization curves. Considering the results in their entirety, CrVI acts as a strong irreversible cathodic inhibitor on Cu and AA2024, but the results do not exclude the action of CrVI as an anodic inhibitor on AA2024-T3.
Building achromatic refractive beam shapers (2014)

Achromatic beam shapers can provide beam shaping in a certain spectral band and are very important for various laser techniques, such as, applications based on ultra-short pulse lasers with pulse width <100 fs, confocal microscopy, multicolour holography, life sciences fluorescence techniques, where several lasers in spectrum 405-650 nm are used simultaneously, for example 405-650 nm. Conditions of energy re-distribution and zero wave aberration are strictly fulfilled in ordinary plano-aspheric lens pair beam shapers for a definite wavelength only. Hence, these beam shapers work efficiently in relatively narrow, few nm spectrum. To provide acceptable beam quality for refractive beam shaping over a wide spectrum, an achromatizing design condition should be added. Consequently, the typical beam shaper design contains more than two-lenses, to avoid any damaging and other undesirable effects the lenses of beam shaper should be air-spaced. We suggest a two-step method of designing the beam shaper: 1) achromatizing of each plano-aspheric lens using a buried achromatizing surface (“chromatic radius”), then each beam shaper component presents a cemented doublet lens, 2) “splitting” the cemented lenses and realizing air-spaced lens design using optical systems design software. This method allows for using an achromatic design principle during the first step of the design, and then, refining the design by using optimization software. We shall present examples of this design procedure for an achromatic Keplerian beam shaper and for the design of an achromatic Galilean type of beam shaper. Experimental results of operation of refractive beam shapers will be presented as well.
Co-Use of Cyclohexyl Benzene and Biphenyl for Overcharge Protection of Lithium-Ion Batteries (2006)

Cyclohexyl benzene (CHB) is widely used as an electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries. This study reports that CHB and biphenyl (BP) mixtures are much more effective than CHB. On the overcharging tests for graphite- cells with a nominal capacity of , CHB and BP mixtures expand the safety region up to where CHB alone without BP can never reach. Using the linear sweep voltammetry and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, it was found that the CHB and BP mixture exhibits much bigger oxidation current and forms a larger amount of polymeric film than the numeric sum of each component's response. The origin of the synergistic effects between CHB and BP has been speculated based on their different electrochemical characteristics.
Characterizing the mechanics of cultured cell monolayers (2012)

One-cell-thick monolayers are the simplest tissues in multicellular organisms, yet they fulfill critical roles in development and normal physiology. In early development, embryonic morphogenesis results largely from monolayer rearrangement and deformation due to internally generated forces. Later, monolayers act as physical barriers separating the internal environment from the exterior and must withstand externally applied forces. Though resisting and generating mechanical forces is an essential part of monolayer function, simple experimental methods to characterize monolayer mechanical properties are lacking. Here, we describe a system for tensile testing of freely suspended cultured monolayers that enables the examination of their mechanical behavior at multi-, uni-, and subcellular scales. Using this system, we provide measurements of monolayer elasticity and show that this is two orders of magnitude larger than the elasticity of their isolated cellular components. Monolayers could withstand more than a doubling in length before failing through rupture of intercellular junctions. Measurement of stress at fracture enabled a first estimation of the average force needed to separate cells within truly mature monolayers, approximately ninefold larger than measured in pairs of isolated cells. As in single cells, monolayer mechanical properties were strongly dependent on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton, myosin, and intercellular adhesions interfacing adjacent cells. High magnification imaging revealed that keratin filaments became progressively stretched during extension, suggesting they participate in monolayer mechanics. This multiscale study of monolayer response to deformation enabled by our device provides the first quantitative investigation of the link between monolayer biology and mechanics.