gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P‐135: Optically Addressable Liquid Crystal Displays in Polymer‐Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (2009)

Abstract This work presents optically addressable liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in polymer‐dispersed cholesteric liquid crystals (PDCLCs). A UV‐polymerized polymer film can destroy the surface‐treated alignment layer, and change the cholesterics textures from planar to focal conic in PDCLCs. The clearing temperature can be changed by doping with monomeric and chiral dopant due to the impurity effect. Additionally, the clearing temperatures of LCs in cured and uncured regions are different because of the quantity of the monomers, which can increase the impurity. Consequently, the presented textures in these two regions can be switched by controlling sample's temperature, and can be achieved several interesting devices.
Performance comparison of techniques for intra-field CD control improvement (2007)

Intra-field CD variation is a main contributor to the total CD variation budget in IC manufacturing. It is essentially caused by mask CD variations and imperfections of the exposure tool. Techniques to reduce the IF CD error will be introduced. Tool and mask based CDU improvement techniques will be compared. Their CDU improvement potential and their correction accuracy will be analyzed. The correction methodology will be discussed, specifically none-wafer based CD measurement techniques as correction data input. Implementation efforts of the techniques will be compared.
From a technology-oriented to a service-oriented approach to IT management (2007)

In this paper we focus on information technology service management (ITSM), a new direction for managing information technology (IT) organizations that requires a change from a technology-oriented to a service-oriented approach to IT management. We first examine the main challenges to implementing ITSM, which span four broad areas: process, people, technology, and data. Then we consider two strategies for implementing ITSM: top down and bottom up. Finally, we illustrate how a customer can implement ITSM by describing a simple scenario in which a business implements ITSM by using IBM Service Management solutions and tools and the top-down approach.
The effect of stereoscopic and wide field of view conditions on teleoperator performance (1998)

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Sun ™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Titmus ® is a registered trademark of Titmus Optical, Inc. Trinitron ® is a registered trademark of Sony Corporation. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. Citation of manufacturer&apos;s or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use thereof. Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator.
A comparative study of parenteral molindone and haloperidol in the acutely psychotic patient. (1981)

This study compares the efficacy of intramuscular haloperidol with intramuscular molindone, a newer antipsychotic medication. Molindone appears to be comparable in efficacy to haloperidol in acutely agitated and psychotic patients.
Three‐dimensional finite‐element‐based photoacoustic tomography: Reconstruction algorithm and simulations (2007)

In this paper, a finite element reconstruction algorithm for three-dimensional photoacoustic tomography is described. The algorithm is based on rigorous iterative solution to the Helmholtz photoacoustic wave equation coupled with regularization techniques and is able to recover both the images of absorbed optical energy density and acoustic speed simultaneously. The algorithm is tested using various numerical examples that mimic cancer detection and joint imaging. The results show that the algorithm is able to reconstruct photoacoustic images quantitatively in terms of the location, size, optical and acoustic properties of the target, and background media for various examples examined.
All‐trans retinoic acid inhibits binding of 1,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D<sub>3</sub> to the vitamin D receptor in cultured human keratinocytes (1996)

Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation and impared differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes (KCs). Psoriasis can be treated with derivatives of retinoic acid (RA) and vitamin D3. Analogues of vitamin D3 are able to inhibit proliferation and stimulate differentiation of KCs. In contrast, RA inhibits terminal differentiation of KCs. Interactions are known to occur between RA and vitamin D3 signalling pathways. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of all-trans RA on the binding of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2D3) to the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) of cultured human KCs. Cultured KCs from normal adults were incubated with or without RA (10-9-10-7M) for 4-24 h. Cells were then harvested, homogenized and ultrasonicated. The extracted protein was incubated with 3H-1,25 (OH)2D3 (0.015-1.0 nM) with or without 250-fold excess nonradioactive 1,25 (OH)2D3 for 24 h and specific binding was determined by use of the dextran coated charcoal binding assay. Western blot analysis utilizing the monoclonal antibody 9A7 gamma to VDR was performed on protein extracted from the KCs. The bands resulting from Western blot analysis were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence. From Scatchard analysis it was found that KCs bind 1,25 (OH)2D3 with high affinity (Kd = 0.175 nM). This binding was dose and time dependently inhibited by RA (60% inhibition at 10-7 M after 24 h of incubation). By Western blot analysis, RA had no effect on the amount of protein extracted from KCs at any of the RA concentrations tested. In conclusion, these results show that binding of vitamin D3 to its receptor of human KCs can be inhibited markedly by RA without effecting the amount of protein. These results are in contrast to results with other cell types in which RA upregulates binding of 1,25 (OH)2D3 to the VDR. Because interaction between retinoids and vitamin D3 may occur at different levels during signal transduction, it is not possible to predict from our results whether RA will inhibit the effects of vitamin D3 in vivo.
Focal Spots of Size <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>/</mml:mi> <mml:mn>23</mml:mn> </mml:math> Open Up Far-Field Florescence Microscopy at 33 nm Axial Resolution (2002)

We report spots of excited molecules of 33 nm width created with focused light of lambda = 760 nm wavelength and conventional optics along the optic axis. This is accomplished by exciting the molecules with a femtosecond pulse and subsequent depletion of their excited state with red-shifted, picosecond-pulsed, counterpropagating, coherent light fields. The lambda/23 ratio constitutes what is to our knowledge the sharpest spatial definition attained with freely propagating electromagnetic radiation. The sub-diffraction spots enable for the first time far-field fluorescence microscopy with resolution at the tens of nanometer scale, as demonstrated in images of membranes of bacillus megaterium.
The Molecule Microscope: A New Instrument for Biological and Biomedical Research (1973)

We describe a new instrument, the molecule microscope, which reveals directly spatial variations in the rate of evaporation of molecules from surfaces by using neutral molecules instead of light or charged particles used in existing kinds of microscopes. The surface composition of the sample determines the binding energy of the evaporating molecules and, hence, the rate of evaporation, which also depends on permeability of the sample when the molecules come either from within or from the other side. We show first results obtained with our apparatus, discuss the design of an instrument now under construction with approximately 1-mum resolution, and describe briefly some more advanced versions under consideration with approximately 100-A resolution.
An Information Flow Approach for Preventing Race Conditions: Dynamic Protection of the Linux OS (2010)

In the literature, the notion of Race Condition deals with the interference between two processes A and B carrying out three interactions involving a shared object. The second interaction of the concurrent process B interleaves with the first and the third interactions of process A. Preventing Race Conditions attacks between concurrent processes is still an open problem. Many limitations remain such as preventing only Race Conditions on a file system or controlling only direct interactions with the shared context. That paper covers those various problems. First, it gives a formal definition of direct and indirect information flows at the scale of a complete operating system. Second, it proposes a general formalization of Race Conditions using those information flows. In contrast with existing formalizations, our definition is very effective and can be implemented on any operating system. Third, it provides a Mandatory Access Control that enables to prevent general Race Conditions at the scale of a whole Linux operating system. The Race Conditions can be easily expressed as a Security Properties policy. A honeypot experimentation provides a large scale evaluation of our dynamic MAC enforcement. It shows the efficiency to prevent both direct and indirect Race Conditions. Performances are encouraging us to follow our approach of a dynamic MAC for enforcing a larger range of security properties.
Bi-directional link multiplexing for MIMO mesh network (2007)

In this paper, an architecture of MIMO mesh network which avoids co-channel interference and supplies link multiplexing simultaneously is considered. In particular, this paper considers the multi-hop relaying case with bi-directional transmission. As a MIMO transmission scheme, nonlinear algorithm based on dirty paper coding and successive interference cancellation is developed for the proposed MIMO mesh network. In this paper, the performance of the MIMO mesh network in LOS environment is evaluated. As a result, the MIMO mesh network is superior to the conventional MIMO mesh network in LOS environment as well as NLOS environment.
Sparsity model for robust optical flow estimation at motion discontinuities (2010)

This paper introduces a new sparsity prior to the estimation of dense flow fields. Based on this new prior, a complex flow field with motion discontinuities can be accurately estimated by finding the sparsest representation of the flow field in certain domains. In addition, a stronger additional sparsity constraint on the flow gradients is incorporated into the model to cope with the measurement noises. Robust estimation techniques are also employed to identify the outliers and to refine the results. This new sparsity model can accurately and reliably estimate the entire dense flow field from a small portion of measurements when other measurements are corrupted by noise. Experiments show that our method significantly outperforms traditional methods that are based on global or piecewise smoothness priors.
Miniaturized LED sources for in vivo optogenetic experimentation (2013)

Recently developed optogenetics techniques have enabled researchers to modulate the activity of specific cell types. As a result, complex neural pathways previously regarded as black boxes can now be directly probed, yielding a steadily increasing understanding of the basic neural circuits that underlie health and disease. For in vivo experimentation, fiber-coupled lasers have traditionally been used to illuminate internal brain regions, via an optical fiber that penetrates through overlying tissue. Though able to deliver intense fiber-coupled light, lasers are costly, bulky, and face limitations in output beam stability and temporal precision during modulated outputs. For experiments on unrestricted, behaving animals, a laser-based system also necessitates the use of fiber optic rotary joints, which come with costs and limitations of their own. Here, we report and characterize an alternative light delivery solution, based on high intensity fiber-coupled LEDs that are miniaturized for placement on the end of custom electrical commutators. This design allows for enhanced control of output light and expanded capabilities for optical stimulation as well as simultaneous electrical neural recordings, as with an optrode array. Temporal response of light outputs and light stability during commutator rotation were assessed. The influence of high current optical control signals on adjacent neural recording channels was also explored. To validate the function of this LED based system in in vivo recording scenarios, chronic stimulation experiments were performed.
Increased Calcium Stores in Platelets From African Americans (1995)

Differences in cation transport have been observed between African Americans and whites. These differences may underlie the increased predisposition of African Americans to essential hypertension. To further explore these racial differences, we used platelets as a cellular model for calcium regulation. We measured 45Ca fluxes in platelets from 21 African American and 25 white men. Additionally, using fura 2, we measured cytosolic free calcium levels in resting platelets and platelets treated with ouabain and thrombin. Platelet 45Ca uptake was described by two exchangeable pools: a small, rapidly exchangeable pool and a larger, slowly exchangeable pool. Both pools were larger in platelets from African Americans than from whites (263 versus 185 pmol per 1 x 10(8) platelets for the rapidly exchangeable pool, P < .05; 744 versus 532 pmol per 1 x 10(8) platelets for the slowly exchangeable pool, P < .01). 45Ca washout was described by a rapidly exchangeable pool and a static pool. The former was also higher in platelets from African Americans than from whites (246 versus 202 pmol per 1 x 10(8) platelets, P < .01). The cytosolic free calcium concentrations in resting platelets were lower in African Americans than in whites. After treatment with ouabain and thrombin, the sustained posttransient levels of cytosolic free calcium increased to a greater extent in platelets from African Americans (46.7 nmol/L) than from whites (34.5 nmol/L, P = .033). Platelets from African Americans demonstrate higher intracellular calcium stores than platelets from whites. This racial difference could explain the sensitivity of African Americans to vasoactive agents acting through calcium mobilization from intracellular stores and cytosolic calcium.
Spin Transfer Torque: a new method to excite or reverse a magnetization (2005)

The recent discovery that a spin polarized current can exert a large torque on a ferromagnet through a transfer of spin angular momentum, offers a new method to manipulate a magnetization without applying any external field. This additional spin transfer torque can generate oscillatory magnetic modes or even magnetization reversal, for a sufficiently large current. Although the nature of the magnetization dynamics induced by this new effect is not yet completely resolved, spin transfer is already a turning point in spintronics and is today the subject of an extensive research for applications in magnetic random access memory, fast programmable logic, high-density recording and in high frequency devices for telecommunications.
Group A Streptococcus: allelic variation, population genetics, and host-pathogen interactions (2001)

strains, but to provide data relevant to pathogenesis, host adaptation, and the origin of new pathogenic forms.
The 5'-Nucleotidase of Escherichia coli (1967)

Abstract Escherichia coli 5'-nucleotidase has been shown to be a constitutive enzyme uninfluenced by the phosphate, sugar, or ionic content of the growth medium. It is a periplasmic located enzyme. 5'-Nucleotidase activities stimulated by Co++, with pH optima of 5.7 to 6.0, have been partially purified from Aerobacter aerogenes, Shigella sonnei, and Salmonella typhimurium. A specific protein inhibitor for the 5'-nucleotidase has been found in the cell cytoplasm. It inhibits the 5'-AMP, ATP, and uridine diphosphate glucose activity of the 5'-nucleotidase of E. coli and also inhibits the 5'-AMP hydrolysis of 5'-nucleotidases of A. aerogenes, S. sonnei, and S. typhimurium. The inhibitor is heat-labile at 45°. It combines with the 5'-nucleotidase at 0° as well as at 21°. Inhibitory activity is altered only by urea and is not affected by mercaptoethanol or metals.
Why the kidney glomerulus does not clog: A gel permeation/diffusion hypothesis of renal function (2003)

Current interpretations of kidney function in terms of a coarse filter followed by a fine filter have difficulty explaining why the glomerulus does not clog. I propose, as an alternative, a semiquantitative hypothesis that assumes that the size-selective property of the glomerulus is a consequence of the limited fraction of space in the glomerular basement membrane (a concentrated gel) into which macromolecules can permeate. The glomerular epithelial cell slits and slit diaphragms are assumed to impose substantial resistance to liquid flow across the glomerulus without acting as a molecular sieve. Calculations based on gel behavior show that proteins cross the glomerular basement membrane mainly by diffusion rather than by liquid flow, whereas water crosses entirely by flow. Thus, diffusion provides most of the protein, whereas flow provides the diluent. As a result, the single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) becomes a prime factor in (inversely) determining the concentration of proteins in early proximal tubular fluid. Because the reabsorption of proteins from the tubules is a saturable process, the gel permeationdiffusion hypothesis readily accounts for the albuminuria observed when single-nephron GFR is substantially reduced by severe pathological decreases in slit diaphragm length, such as occur in minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in humans, in animals treated with puromycin aminonucleoside, or in humans or animals with mutations in the gene coding for nephrin. My hypothesis predicts that albuminuria will ensue, even with a normal kidney, if the single-nephron GFR falls below approximately 50% of normal.
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF MASER ACTION BETWEEN NUCLEAR STATES (1963)

The possibility of a stimulated emission device, analogous to the laser, which can generate radiation at gammaray wavelengths is examined. Lacking reflectors, its operation would consist of multiplication during single passage of photon avalanches initiated by spontaneous emission. The required high concentration of excited states may be obtainable in many nuclides by radiochemical procedures. The maximum possible resonant cross section exceeds ordinary absorption by several orders of magnitude. Only a fraction of the resonant cross-section can be effective, because of line-broadening interactions with the nuclear environment. Singular effects in solids (optical branch excitation, localization of lattice disturbance, or Bragg-angle effects) are suggested that may allow operation at a recoil-displaced energy without population inversion, as alternatives to the Mossbauer effect. An experimental technique for directly measuring the stimulated-emission cross-section by detection of a coherent component in the total radiation is described in some detail. It is concluded that the question of gammamaser feasibility can be conclusively answered only by experiment. (auth)
A BALB/c 3T3‐transformed cell line suitable for transfection assay of metastasis‐inducing genes (1997)

A clonal cell line, 1-1ras1000, transformed by the activated c-Ha-ras oncogene, does not form metastases after i.v. injection into mice (experimental metastasis assay). Here, we show that this cell line is useful as a recipient to detect metastasis-inducing genes, using a transfection assay. Cells (1-1ras1000) were susceptible to metastasis induction by transfection with either v-src or genomic DNA from a v-src- and v-fos-transferred highly metastatic rat cell line (SR202). The susceptibility of 1-1ras1000 cells for lung metastasis induction was suitable for a genomic transfection assay to detect a metastasis-inducing gene in the transfected cells which had incorporated genomic DNA from donor metastatic tumor cells. When DNAs extracted from 7 human tumors were tested for metastasis induction, 2 DNAs from nonmalignant tumor (non-tumorigenic tumors in athymic nude mice) (2/2) were negative and 4 DNAs from malignant tumors (4/5) were positive in 1-1ras1000 cells for primary transfection. In one of the resulting metastases, the ability to metastasize was also transferred in the second and third cycles of genomic DNA transfection at high frequencies. All of the resulting metastases carried the human repetitive A/u sequence. Neither re-arrangements of the endogenous c-Haras nor changes of protein amounts were detected. Recipient 1-1ras1000 cells had a negligible rate of spontaneously metastatic conversion during in vitro cultivation and transfection processes. The resulting metastasized cells were easily isolated from the lung after culturing in selection medium containing G418 (geneticin). Isolated cells stably retained the ability to form metastatic lung nodules when re-injected into mice. Thus, 1-1ras1000 cells appear to be a useful system for the isolation of metastasis-inducing genes from human metastatic tumors. Int. J. Cancer, 71:88–93, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase by the isomers of 1,4-dimethylputrescine (1990)

1,4-Dimethylputrescine (2,5-hexanediamine) was separated into its racemic and meso isomers by fractional crystallization of its dibenzoyl derivative. The racemic form was resolved into its (+)- and (-)-isomers with (+)- and (-)-dibenzoyltartaric acids. None of the three isomers (meso, +, and -) inhibited ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in vitro, while all the three were strongly inhibitory of ODC when assayed in vivo in rats or in H-35 hepatoma cells. In rat liver the three isomers also decreased the putrescine pool while only the (+)-isomer decreased spermidine content. In the H-35 cells the (-)- and (+)-isomers decreased the spermidine and spermine content. When ODC was induced in the latter by insulin it was found that the (-)-isomer strongly inhibited protein and ODC synthesis, while the (+)-isomer and the meso isomer were less inhibitory. The meso isomer was a good inducer of ODC antizyme in rat liver, while the (+)- and (-)-isomers were poor inducers of the former.
Baseline Testing of a Filter Press and Solid-Bowl Centrifuge for Dewatering Coal Thickener Underflow Slurry (2011)

Laboratory testing was conducted to evaluate the performance of a plate-and-frame filter press and solid-bowl centrifuge for dewatering a bituminous coal refuse slurry. Filter press testing was conducted using a pilot-scale Technicas Hidraulicas (TH) filter press, which contains a single set of plates. The unit is also equipped with an air-blow system to remove additional moisture from the filter cake voids. Testing was conducted to evaluate the effects of filter time on filtrate flow and solids content, cake moisture, solids recovery, and unit capacity. Product moistures ranged from 27.3% to 29.6%. Filtrate solids contents were less than 0.6% with solids recoveries over 98%. The unit capacities ranged from 73 kg/hr/m2 to 131 kg/hr/m2, with the lower values corresponding to the lower cake moistures. Centrifuge testing was conducted using a Sharples P660 solid-bowl centrifuge. Testing was conducted at several slurry feed rates at one dam setting with another test at a second dam setting. Product moistures ranged from 24.2% to 36.4%. Centrate solids ranged from 0.5% to 11.0% with solids recoveries from 65.2% to 98.4%. The solids feed rates ranged from 89 kg/hr to 338 kg/hr. Lower product moistures were associated with higher solids feed rates but at lower solids recoveries.