gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sundowning in Dementia: Clinical Relevance, Pathophysiological Determinants, and Therapeutic Approaches (2016)

Sundowning means the emergence or worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in the late afternoon or early evening. This syndrome has been recognized since a long time in the field of dementing illnesses and is well known among most of health-care providers involved in the assistance of people with dementia. Indeed, it represents a common manifestation among persons with dementia and is associated with several adverse outcomes (such as institutionalization, faster cognitive worsening, and greater caregiver burden). Its occurrence and phenotypic characteristics may be influenced by diverse neurobiological, psychosocial, and environmental determinants. Moreover, it may pose diagnostic challenges in relation to other common causes of behavioral disruptions. Beside these considerations, this phenomenon has so far drawn limited clinical and scientific interest compared to other specific NPS occurring in dementias, as indicated by the lack of commonly agreed definitions, specific screening/assessment tools, and robust estimates on its prevalence. Accordingly, no randomized controlled trial specifically investigating the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies in managing this condition among demented patients has been yet conducted. In the present narrative review, we present and discuss available evidence concerning sundowning occurring in people with dementia. A special focus is given to its definitions, pathophysiological determinants, and clinical relevance, as well as to the clinical and therapeutic approaches required for its management in the daily practice.
Signal Processing Methods for Millimetrewave FMCW Radar with High Distance and Doppler Resolution (1997)

Novel FMCW radar concepts for precise distance and velocity measurement are presented. The systems incorporate a SAW reference delay line used to measure the instantaneous phase of the oscillator signal. The algorithms evaluate the specific effects of Doppler frequency shifts in the presence of phase errors such as oscillator phase noise or a nonlinear FM modulation. A method that combines a sweep linearisation with a predistorted modulation signal and a constant phase initerval sampling technique are presented. ARMA-modeling for high resolution spectral estimation is applied in order to obtain high Doppler and distance resolution at a moderate sweep bandwidth. Furthermore, a nonlinear FM approach is shown that particularly uses phase error effects to determine the object speed. Using this technique the optimal FMCW radar distance resolution at a given sweep bandwidth is obtained independently of the Doppler resolution. The functionality of the concepts is demonstrated at millimetrewave frequencies. The paper illustrates, that the combination of advanced signal processing schemes with a cost-effective front-end can provide high performance microwave sensors.
Measurement of metabolic rate in hyperoxia (1981)

The conventional Douglas bag calculation for estimating O2 uptake (VO2) during exercise in normoxia and hyperoxia, VO2 = VE . (FIO2 . FEN2/FIN2 - FEO2), was tested against two other valid calculations: the Fick equation, VO2 = VI . FIO2 - VE . FEO2, and the equation VO2 = VI - VE - VCO2 (VE and VI are expired and inspired ventilation, respectively; FEO2 and FIO2 are expired and inspired O2 contents, respectively; FEN2 and FIN2 are expired and inspired N2 contents, respectively; and VCO2 is CO2 production.). These calculations are based on different assumptions, in part, and are affected to a varying degree of errors in volume or gas fraction measurements. With the conventional Douglas bag technique, we found evidence of an overestimate of VO2 during hyperoxia. After the introduction of a mixing chamber for sampling expired air, the means of the three methods were not significantly different. The variability among the methods was least with the conventional calculation but increased with higher O2 fractions. The average VO2 for submaximal exercise in hyperoxia was not significantly different from that of normoxia. VO2 max was significantly higher in hyperoxia. The increased variability of the Douglas bag method in hyperoxia may lead to overestimates of VO2 max unless special precautions are taken.
Seizures and Sepsis: A Narrative Review (2021)

Patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) can develop convulsive or nonconvulsive seizures. The cytokine storm and the overwhelming systemic inflammation trigger the electric circuits that promote seizures. Several neurologic symptoms, associated with this disease, range from mild consciousness impairment to coma. Focal or generalized convulsive seizures are frequent in sepsis, although nonconvulsive seizures (NCS) are often misdiagnosed and prevalent in SAE. In order to map the trigger zone in all patients that present focal or generalized seizures and also to detect NCS, EEG is indicated but continuous EEG (cEEG) is not very widespread; timing, duration, and efficacy of this tool are still unknown. The long-term risk of seizures in survivors is increased. The typical stepwise approach of seizures management begins with benzodiazepines and follows with anticonvulsants up to anesthetic drugs such as propofol or thiopental, which are able to induce burst suppression and interrupt the pathological electrical circuits. This narrative review discusses pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of seizures in sepsis.
Feature-based cellular texturing for architectural models (2001)

Cellular patterns are all around us, in masonry, tiling, shingles, and many other materials. Such patterns, especially in architectural settings, are influenced by geometric features of the underlying shape. Bricks turn corners, stones frame windows and doorways, and patterns on disconnected portions of a building align to achieve a particular aesthetic goal. We present a strategy for feature-based cellular texturing, where the resulting texture is derived from both patterns of cells and the geometry to which they are applied. As part of this strategy, we perform texturing operations on features in a well-defined order that simplifies the interdependence between cells of adjacent patterns. Occupancy maps are used to indicate which regions of a feature are already occupied by cells of its neighbors, and which regions remain to be textured. We also introduce the notion of a pattern generator — the cellular texturing analogy of a shader used in local illumination — and show how several can be used together to build complex textures. We present results obtained with an implementation of this strategy and discuss details of some example pattern generators.
Promoting natural killer cell functions by recombinant immunoligands mimicking an induced self phenotype (2013)

Immunoligands for stimulatory natural killer (NK)-cell receptors can be targeted to the surface of malignant cells by fusing them to antibody fragments. Mimicking an "induced-self" phenotype, such recombinant immunoligands signal danger, trigger NK-cell cytotoxicity and synergistically enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These findings may be translated into novel immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer.
Identification and Quantification of Protein Glycosylation (2012)

Glycosylation is one of the most abundant posttranslation modifications of proteins, and accumulating evidence indicate that the vast majority of proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated. Glycosylation plays a role in protein folding, interaction, stability, and mobility, as well as in signal transduction. Thus, by regulating protein activity, glycosylation is involved in the normal functioning of the cell and in the development of diseases. Indeed, in the past few decades there has been a growing realization of the importance of protein glycosylation, as aberrant glycosylation has been implicated in metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases. Thus, the identification and quantification of protein-borne oligosaccharides have become increasingly important both in the basic sciences of biochemistry and glycobiology and in the applicative sciences, particularly biomedicine and biotechnology. Here, we review the state-of-the-art methodologies for the identification and quantification of oligosaccharides, specifically N - and O -glycosylated proteins.
Targeting the Dimerization Interface of HIV-1 Protease:  Inhibition with Cross-Linked Interfacial Peptides (1997)

Agents have been designed and synthesized which target the dimerization interface of HIV-1 protease. These agents, which contain cross-linked peptides from the N- and C-termini of the protease, both inhibit HIV-1 protease activity and decrease the amount of protease dimer in solution as measured by size exclusion chromatography, protein crosslinking, and protease fluorescence studies. Additionally we have shown that active site-targeted agents inhibit HIV-1 protease activity but have little effect on protease dimerization. These data support the claim that inhibition with the crosslinked agents is based on a decrease in the amount of protease homodimer in solution which in turn is responsible for a decrease in the activity of the protease.
Site-Resolved Determination of Peptide Torsion Angle φ from the Relative Orientations of Backbone N−H and C−H Bonds by Solid-State NMR (1997)

We describe a method for determining the torsion angle φ in peptides. The technique is based on the measurement of the relative orientation of the N−HN and Cα−Hα bonds, which is manifested in the rotational sideband spectrum of the sum and difference of the two corresponding dipolar couplings. The method exploits 15N−13C double-quantum and zero-quantum coherences, which evolve simultaneously under the N−H and C−H dipolar interactions. The magnitudes of these dipolar couplings scaled by the proton homonuclear decoupling sequence are directly extracted from control experiments that correlate the dipolar interactions with the isotropic chemical shifts. Applied to 15N-labeled N-acetyl-d,l-valine, the experiment yielded φ = −135°, which agrees well with the X-ray crystal structure. Simulations indicate that the accuracy of the measured angle φ is within ±10° when the N−HN and Cα−Hα bonds are approximately antiparallel and ±20° when they are roughly parallel. The technique is sufficiently sensitive to be applied to small peptides that are only labeled in 15N and to larger polypeptides that are uniformly and randomly labeled in both 15N and 13C. It allows φ angles in various residues to be measured simultaneously and resolved by the Cα chemical shifts.
Online search + logic programming = subject bibliography: an expert systems approach to bibliographic processing (1990)

In this paper we propose a new method for the creation of subject bibliographies. Our method consists of two phases: first, the raw bibliographical material is downloaded from an online bibliographical database (e.g. DIALOG), and then this material is processed using knowledge‐based means. We apply a meta‐programming approach in which the raw bibliographic material is viewed as a logic program upon which we develop a second‐order logic program. The second‐order program creates the subject bibliography by operating a rule base and the first‐order logic program. The entire system, named REX, was written in PROLOG and used to create automatically a subject bibliography on Applications of Logic Programming in Decision and Control.
Light weight MP3 watermarking method for mobile terminals (2005)

This paper proposes an MP3 watermarking method that is applicable to a mobile terminal with limited computational resources. Considering that the embedded information is copyright information and metadata, which should be extracted before playing back, the watermark detection process should be executed quickly. However, conventional methods cannot detect a digital watermark at high speed. Thus, this paper proposes that scalefactor values in MP3 data be altered so as not to spoil audio quality. Evaluation tests show that the proposed method is capable of embedding 3bits/frame information and detecting at very high speed without degrading audio quality. Finally, this paper describes an application example of our proposal for authentication with a digital signature.
Degradation of nitrate by enterobacteria during silage fermentation of grass. (1987)

Enterobacteria were isolated from grass and from grass ensiled in laboratory silos. Strains isolated from grass belonged mainly to the Erwinia herbicola group. After ensiling, the numbers of these bacteria diminished and Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei and Klebsiella pneumoniae became the predominant bacteria in the respective experiments. Several strains, isolated either from grass or silage, were tested for their action on nitrate degradation by adding them to grass prior to ensiling. The isolates from grass did not affect nitrate degradation, whereas those from silage increased the rate of nitrate degradation and gave higher transient concn of nitrite and nitric oxide. Results showed no direct relationship between the total number of enterobacteria on grass and its ensilability. The numbers of enterobacteria on grass that developed after ensiling were 2 orders of magnitude lower than the total number of enterobacteria originally present on the grass. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Physical basis for high-power semiconductor nanosecond opening switches (2000)

The physical basis for semiconductor nanosecond opening switches is a specially organized recovery process in the diode. There are two modes of this process: junction recovery (JR) mode and silicon opening switch (SOS) mode. In the JR mode, the current interruption occurs due to the recovery of pn-junction blocking capability, and in the SOS mode, due to the drastic increase in resistance of low-doped part of p-layer, where reverse current density exceeds the saturated value j/sub r/>qN/sub d/V/sub s/. JR mode is preferable for generators with a pulse rise-time of 0.5-3 ns and a pulse of power of less than 50-80 MW, and SOS mode at pulse rise-time of more than 5 ns for any pulse power and at any pulse rise-time if power is higher than 100 MW.
Activins as candidate cholinergic differentiation factors <i>in vivo</i> (1995)

A number of cytokine families have been implicated in shaping neuronal survival, growth and gene expression. The neuropoietic and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) cytokines, in particular, have emerged as candidates for regulating the phenotype of sympathetic neurons. Culture studies have shown that neuropoietic cytokines (such as leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, oncostatin M, growth promoting activity) can induce the cholinergic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and several neuropeptides, whereas certain members of the TGF-beta family (activin A, bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and -6) induce partially overlapping but distinct sets of transmitter and neuropeptide genes in sympathetic neurons. Since activins can induce ChAT in cultured neurons, we have investigated whether these cytokines are expressed by the appropriate cells and tissues to make them candidates for the cholinergic differentiation factor that is known to alter the phenotype of sympathetic neurons that innervate the sweat gland in the footpad in vivo. In-situ hybridization with the anti-sense probe for activin beta B specifically labels the sweat glands but not other tissues in the footpads of developing rats. Ribonuclease protection assays indicate that beta B as well as the other activin and inhibin subunit mRNAs are expressed by a number of tissues, including footpad, hairy skin and submaxillary gland. Homogenates of developing rat footpads, however, failed to induce the set of neuropeptide genes in cultured sympathetic neurons that is characteristic for activins, although neuropoietic cytokine activity was readily detectable in this assay. Thus, while activin beta B mRNA is expressed in the sweat gland, this tissue does not contain detectable activin protein as assayed by its ability to regulate neuronal gene expression. Moreover, activin subunit mRNAs are expressed by targets of noradrenergic sympathetic neurons in vivo, indicating that activin expression is not limited to targets of cholinergic neurons.
Alpha<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin Deficiency (2009)

A 60-year-old white man presents for evaluation of progressive dyspnea. He is a former smoker with a 20-pack-year smoking history and a 10-year history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is no family history of COPD. Severe airflow obstruction is seen on spirometry, with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second that is 40% of the predicted value. Should he be evaluated for alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency? If AAT deficiency is documented, how should his case be managed?
FY-05 Second Quarter Report On Development of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle: Improving PBR Efficiency and Testing Material Compatibility (2005)

The objective of this research is to improve a helium Brayton cycle and to develop a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle for the Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) that can also be applied to the Fast Gas-Cooled Reactor (FGR) and the Very-High-Temperature Gas- Cooled Reactor (VHTR). The proposed supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle will be used to improve the PBR, FGR, and VHTR net plant efficiency. Another objective of this research is to test materials to be used in the power conversion side at supercritical carbon dioxide conditions. Generally, the optimized Brayton cycle and balance of plant (BOP) to be developed from this study can be applied to Generation-IV reactor concepts. Particularly, we are interested in VHTR because it has a good chance of being built in the near future.
Partial Protection of Carbohydrate Derivatives. Part 9<sup>1</sup>. Equilibration between 2′, 5′- and 3′, 5′-DI-O-Benzoyladenosine Derivatives Substituted at the<u>N</u><sup>6</sup>-Position, on Silica Gel (1982)

Abstract Equilibration between 2′, 5′- and 3′, 5′-di-O-benzoyladenosine derivatives on Wakogel C-300 and Merck 60 silica gel was effectively induced to give a mixture predominantly containing the latter; further potential factors involved were also investigated.
Low Frequency Noise from Wind Turbines Mechanisms of Generation and its Modelling (2010)

The objective of the present paper is to present an overview of LFN characteristics of modern MW turbines based on numerical simulations. Typical sizes of modern turbines are from 1–3 MW nominal generator power and a rotor diameter ranging from 80–100 m but larger prototypes up to 5 MW and with a rotor diameter of 126 m have now been installed. The numerical investigations comprise the common upwind rotor concept but also the turbines with a downwind rotor are considered. The reason to include the downwind rotor concept is that this turbine design has some advantages which could lead to future competitive designs compared with the upwind threebladed rotor. The simulation package comprises an aeroelastic time simulation code HAWC2 and an acoustic low frequency noise (LFN) prediction model. Computed time traces of rotor thrust and rotor torque from the aeroelastic model are input to the acoustic model which computes the sound pressure level (SPL) at a specified distance from the turbine. The influences on LFN on a number of turbine design parameters are investigated and the position of the rotor relative to the tower (upwind or downwind rotor) is found to be the most important design parameter. For an upwind rotor the LFN levels are so low that it should not cause annoyance of neighbouring people. Important turbine design parameters with strong influence on LFN are the blade tip speed and the distance between rotor and tower.
<i>oko meduzy</i> mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet (1999)

Mutations of the oko meduzy (ome) locus cause drastic neuronal patterning defect in the zebrafish retina. The precise, stratified appearance of the wild-type retina is absent in the mutants. Despite the lack of lamination, at least seven retinal cell types differentiate in oko meduzy. The ome phenotype is already expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium affecting morphology of the neuroepithelial cells. Our experiments indicate that previously unknown cell-cell interactions are involved in development of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. In genetically mosaic animals, cell-cell interactions are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of oko meduzy retinal neuroepithelial cells. These cell-cell interactions may play a critical role in the patterning events that lead to differentiation of distinct neuronal laminae in the vertebrate retina.
Quantification in vivo of increased LDL content and rate of LDL degradation in normal rabbit aorta occurring at sites susceptible to early atherosclerotic lesions. (1988)

While the exact mechanisms that initiate atherosclerotic lesions are unknown, considerable evidence supports a role for low density lipoprotein (LDL). We investigated whether in the normal rabbit, LDL metabolism in areas of aorta that are destined to become lesioned during cholesterol feeding differed from the metabolism in adjacent lesion-resistant aorta. These studies took advantage of the predictable pattern of early atherosclerotic lesions in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Early lesions occur diffusely in the aortic arch and ascending aorta and distal to branch orifices in the abdominal aorta and the descending thoracic aorta. Arterial rates of irreversible degradation of LDL and concentrations of intact LDL were measured in susceptible and resistant sites with homologous doubly labeled LDL. LDL was labeled directly with 131I and with 125I-tyramine cellobiose. The latter label provides a highly sensitive means to determine the sites and rates of lipoprotein degradation in vivo. The arterial concentration of intact LDL in the lesion-prone aortic arch was 3.12 +/- 0.45 micrograms LDL cholesterol/g (n = 14), 3.6 +/- 0.69 times that in the relatively lesion-resistant descending thoracic aorta (p less than 0.001). The rate of LDL degradation in the aortic arch was 3.14 +/- 0.41 micrograms LDL cholesterol/g/day, 2.14 +/- 0.24 times that in the descending thoracic aorta (p less than 0.001). In the abdominal aorta, the LDL (per gram wet weight) concentration and degradation rate (per square centimeter surface area) at branch sites exceeded that at nonbranch sites by 88 +/- 11% (p less than 0.001) and by 61 +/- 8% (p less than 0.001), respectively. These data provide evidence that in the normal rabbit, which does not develop atherosclerotic lesions, focal elevations of arterial LDL degradation rate and concentrations of intact LDL occur at sites that first develop atherosclerotic lesions in the hypercholesterolemic animal. These differences in LDL metabolism may be linked causally to the propensity to develop atherosclerotic lesions at these sites.
ASRA Checklist Improves Trainee Performance During a Simulated Episode of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (2012)

Use of the ASRA Checklist significantly improved the trainees' medical management and nontechnical performance during a simulated episode of severe LAST. Partial use of the checklist correlated with lower overall performance.
Inter-laboratory evaluation of three flagellin PCR/RFLP methods for typing Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: the CAMPYNET experience (2003)

This work should facilitate progress towards inter-laboratory standardization of fla typing.