gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The value of the tip-apex distance in predicting failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures of the hip. (1995)

Failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures that have been treated with a fixed-angle sliding hip-screw device is frequently related to the position of the lag screw in the femoral head. A simple measurement has been developed to describe the position of the screw. This measurement, the tip-apex distance, is the sum of the distance from the tip of the lag screw to the apex of the femoral head on an anteroposterior radiograph and this distance on a lateral radiograph, after controlling for magnification. To determine the value of this measurement in the prediction of so-called cutout of the lag screw, 198 peritrochanteric fractures (193 patients) were studied. The minimum duration of follow-up was three months (average, thirteen months), during which period all of the fractures either healed or had failure of the fixation. Of the nineteen failures that were identified, sixteen were due to the device cutting out of the femoral head. The average tip-apex distance was twenty-four millimeters (range, nine to sixty-three millimeters) for the successfully treated fractures compared with thirty-eight millimeters (range, twenty-eight to forty-eight millimeters) for those in which the screw cut out (p = 0.0001). None of the 120 screws with a tip-apex distance of twenty-five millimeters or less cut out, but there was a very strong statistical relationship between an increasing tip-apex distance and the rate of cutout, regardless of all other variables related to the fracture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
RECOVERY OF ARTIFICIAL PHOSPHORUS RESOURCE FROM WASTES (2008)

現在工業的に利用されている高品質のリン鉱石は、現在のペースで消費が進むと100 年以内に枯渇することが懸念されており、新たなリン資源の開発が強く望まれている。本研究では、詳細なリンの国内マテリアルフロー分析を行い、製鋼スラグと下水汚泥に濃縮されるリンは、質および量において輸入リン鉱石とほぼ同等であり、人工リン資源として極めて高いポテンシャルを有することを示した。また、これら廃棄物からのリン回収技術開発を行った。廃棄物産業連関モデルを用いて、これらの新技術が与える環境負荷および経済影響を定量的に示した。
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of [C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>CoLL‘] Complexes with L = Pyridine and L‘ = Olefin or L−L‘ = Bipyridine (2000)

The bis(olefin) complex [C5Me5Co(C2H3SiMe3)2] (6) reacts with pyridine at 22 °C to give the pyridine olefin complex [C5Me5Co(C2H3SiMe3)(C5H5N)] (7). The addition of excess pyridine does not result in the formation of a bis(pyridine) adduct. Thermolysis of solutions of 7 in benzene-d6 results in catalytic H/D exchange which incorporates deuterium from the solvent into coordinated olefin. Pyridine dissociation generates a 16-electron intermediate which is formulated as the reactive species. At long times deuteration of the coordinated pyridine is also observed via shuttling of deuterium from the solvent to the olefin ligand and then to the pyridine. The reaction of 6 with pyridine-d5 results in the analogue 7-d5. Thermolysis of 7-d5 shows preference for H/D exchange at the ortho positions of coordinated pyridine, which has been explained by the formation of η2-coordinated intermediates. Reaction of 4-phenylpyridine with 6 yields the analogous pyridine adduct [C5Me5Co(C2H3SiMe3)(4-C6H5-C5H4N)] (12), which was characterized by X-ray structural analysis. H/D exchange catalysis is also observed using this pyridine derivative. In a reaction of bipyridine with 6 clean olefin substitution is observed at 22 °C to generate violet, highly air sensitive [C5Me5Co(bipy)] (13). Complex 13 has been characterized by X-ray structural analysis.
The Photodynamic Tool: Generation of Animation from a Single Texture Image (2005)

This paper proposes a new animation editing method for creating animations from a single texture image. A standard warping method can not handle a physical motion effect because of a manual control. The Navier-Stokes equation based method is known to be able to animate a fluid-like animation. However, the difficulties of defining initial- and boundary-conditions with many control parameters remain unsolved for a stable and desired animation. And it offers a heavy computation. In this paper, an advection equation that is a physical-based and compact equation is used. A unique interface is also introduced with a gallery of many velocity vectors: convergence, rotation and vibration. Our method is versatile because that the combination of such velocity patterns can animate a quasi-linear motion over time by solving a set of the linear equations. We have carried out several experiments using some real images. The results of animations show that the PDT is effective, efficient, and easy to use.
Hypocomplementemia and Hematological Abnormalities in Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy and Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy-Like T Cell Lymphoma (1996)

Serum complement levels and hematological data were evaluated in five patients with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL) and four with IBL-like T cell lymphoma (IBL-T). Anemia with Hb values below 10.0 g/dl was seen in four patients. A direct Coombs test was positive in five patients and the bone marrow of two of these showed features of pure red cell aplasia. Seven patients were thrombocytopenic with platelet counts below 100 x 10(9)/l. Six of the seven patients had splenomegaly. Platelet-associated IgG was elevated in all three thrombocytopenic patients examined. Whole complement activity (CH50) was reduced in eight patients (89%) at presentation and subsequently normalized in five who were treated either with prednisolone (two patients with IBL) or with multidrug combination chemotherapy (three with IBL-T). One patient achieved complete remission and four partial remission. Remission was accompanied by normalization of hematological abnormalities and elevation of complement activity to the normal range in all cases. These results suggested that complement-mediated mechanisms are responsible, at least in part, for some of the hematological abnormalities observed in IBL and IBL-T and that hypocomplementemia is a common abnormality with significance as a laboratory marker for the disease activity.
Regulation of the enterotoxin B gene in Staphylococcus aureus. (1988)

The enterotoxin B gene of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a single mRNA of about 900 nucleotides. To identify the DNA sequences involved in transcription of the enterotoxin B gene, the transcription initiation and termination sites were determined by nuclease S1 protection experiments. Determination of the enterotoxin B mRNA and protein levels from a number of toxin-producing strains showed that strains that contained relatively low levels of mRNA synthesized low levels of enterotoxin B, whereas strains that carried high levels of enterotoxin B mRNA produced relatively high levels of the toxin protein. Strains carrying the cloned enterotoxin B gene secreted greatly reduced amounts of other extracellular proteins, indicating that the synthesis of several exoproteins in S. aureus is coordinately regulated. An accessory element called agr has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of several exoprotein genes in S. aureus. When the cloned enterotoxin B gene was introduced into strain ISP546 in which the agr element has been inactivated, reduced levels of both enterotoxin B and enterotoxin B mRNA were found. Our results suggest that the enterotoxin B gene is regulated at the transcriptional level and that the agr element plays a role in this regulation.
Relaxometry of brain: Why white matter appears bright in MRI (1990)

The remarkable success of magnetic resonance imaging of adult brain relates to the unusually large ratio of the longitudinal relaxation rates 1/T1 of white and gray matter, approximately 2:1 at physiological temperature and traditional imaging fields. Several investigators have conjectured that myelin is the source of the greater 1/T1 of white matter without, however, suggesting details of the molecular mechanisms responsible. From measurements of the magnetic field dependence of 1/T1 (NMRD profiles) of adult and neonatal gray and white matter at 5 and 35 degrees C, we find a thermally activated contribution to the NMRD profile of adult white matter that is not present in the profiles of either adult gray or neonatal gray and white matter. We attribute this contribution to myelin and develop a quantitative model that accounts for the unique relaxation behavior of myelinated white matter. We find that myelin water, 15% of the total, has a relatively short T1 that arises from an unexpectedly large interaction with myelin lipid; when cast in terms of an interaction over the entire myelin bilipid-water interface, it is sevenfold greater than the analogous protein-water interfacial interaction. Its magnitude remains to be accounted for, but cholesterol, known to alter the relaxation rates of lipid protons, may play an important role. The contribution of myelin to 1/T1 at physiological temperatures is attributed to thermally activated transmembrane diffusion of water and, hence, more rapid mixing of axonal and the rapidly relaxing myelin water molecules.
Electron Microscopy of Monodisperse Latexes (1955)

A series of monodisperse polystyrene latexes has been prepared by carefully controlled emulsion polymerizations. The particle diameters of three of these latexes were determined by electron microscopy. The latex particles were dispersed on collodion membranes supported by copper grids. The microscopes had previously been calibrated with collodion replicas of a 30 000 line/inch diffraction grating. In general, the reproducibility of measurements from many photographic exposures was good; however, a few exposures yielded particle diameters considerably higher than the averages. An investigation of this technique indicated that: (1) polystyrene latex particle diameters (collodion membranes—copper grid supports) increased considerably on electron irradiation, (2) collodion diffraction grating replicas (copper grid supports) shrank slightly on electron irradiation, and (3) the magnification of the electron microscope varied slightly from exposure to exposure. It was found that variations of particle diameter resulting from the foregoing sources of error were negligible when the particles were dispersed directly on a silicon monoxide diffraction grating replica supported by a stainless steel grid. The particle diameters of the latexes determined in this manner ranged from 880 to 11 720 A. Many photographic exposures of each latex were used for these measurements. The monodispersity of the latex particles is evident from the small values of the standard deviations of the over-all particle-size distributions. The reproducibility of particle diameters determined from different exposures is evident from the small values of the standard deviations of the means of the exposure averages.
The Slender Lice of American Pigeons and Doves with Descriptions of Two New Species (1941)

The American Ornithological Union Checklist gives 21 species and subspecies of pigeons and doves. Of these, only six are found in large numbers over any considerable areas north of Mexico. The writer had hoped to secure lice from at least these six before studying the group critically. However the past fifteen years have brought in lice from only five different kinds of pigeons and doves. It is hoped that the present report may help to focus attention on the parasites of these birds so that lice from the other species and subspecies will be collected. The slender lice of pigeons and doves at hand includes Esthiopterum columbae (Linn.) from the domestic pigeon and Esthiopterum baculoides (Paine) from the western mourning dove. Comparisons of these with lice from the eastern mourning dove, eastern ground dove and the bandtailed pigeon show that we must add two new species to those previously recognized. Ewing erected the genus Columnbicola for the slender lice of doves and pigeons in 1929 almost solely on the basis of two pairs of spines on the dorsal surface of the clypeus of Esthiopterum columbae. He describes an anterior and a posterior pair. These spines are present on the four species to be discussed. However, Malcomson (1937) in describing Columbicola extincta from the passenger pigeon states that the recurved setae (posterior spines) are not present. Until more lice from pigeons and doves can be critically studied to establish a more complete characterization of the group, the writer is considering Columbicola as a subgenus.
Path to Purchase: A Mutually Exciting Point Process Model for Online Advertising and Conversion (2014)

This paper studies the effects of various types of online advertisements on purchase conversion by capturing the dynamic interactions among advertisement clicks themselves. It is motivated by the observation that certain advertisement clicks may not result in immediate purchases, but they stimulate subsequent clicks on other advertisements, which then lead to purchases. We develop a novel model based on mutually exciting point processes, which consider advertisement clicks and purchases as dependent random events in continuous time. We incorporate individual random effects to account for consumer heterogeneity and cast the model in the Bayesian hierarchical framework. We construct conversion probability to properly evaluate the conversion effects of online advertisements. We develop simulation algorithms for mutually exciting point processes to compute the conversion probability and for out-of-sample prediction. Model comparison results show the proposed model outperforms the benchmark models that ignore exciting effects among advertisement clicks. Using a proprietary data set, we find that display advertisements have relatively low direct effect on purchase conversion, but they are more likely to stimulate subsequent visits through other advertisement formats. We show that the commonly used measure of conversion rate is biased in favor of search advertisements and underestimates the conversion effect of display advertisements the most. Our model also furnishes a useful tool to predict future purchases and advertisement clicks for the purpose of targeted marketing and customer relationship management. This paper was accepted by Eric Bradlow, special issue on business analytics.
Construction of Photolithographic Phase Gratings Using the Fourier Image Effect (1975)

The blurring effect in printing fine grating patterns on photoresist films can be minimized by using the Fourier image effect, which involves the image-forming nature of periodic patterns in the Fresnel region. Experiments using gratings having lattice constants of 3.8 mum and 10 mum are reported. The effectiveness of the Fourier image was confirmed by the evaluation of constructed phase gratings using diffraction efficiency measurements and SEM observations of sectional views. Effects of partial spatial coherence on the quality of gratings are discussed.
Electronic Structures of Pt−Co and Pt−Ru Alloys for CO-Tolerant Anode Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Studied by EC−XPS (2006)

CO tolerance at pure Pt, Pt-Co, and Pt-Ru alloys was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with an electrochemical cell (EC-XPS) in order to discover a hint for designing higher performance anode catalysts. After the electrochemical stabilization and/or CO adsorption, these electrodes were immediately transferred to the XPS chamber without exposure to air to avoid contamination of the surfaces. It was revealed that alloying with Co or Ru modified the electronic structures of Pt atoms, resulting in a positive core level (CL) shift of Pt 4f(7/2) which could weaken the Pt-CO interaction. For the Pt-Co alloy electrode, the Pt 4f(7/2) CL shift remained after the electrochemical stabilization despite Co dissolution and formation of a Pt skin layer. Changes in surface core level shifts (DeltaSCLSs) induced by CO adsorption were evaluated and related to the CO adsorption energy. The values of DeltaSCLS at these alloys were smaller than that of pure Pt, indicating that Ru and Co are effective elements to weaken the bond strength of Pt-CO.
Structure‐properties relationships in biaxially oriented polypropylene films (1983)

Abstract A series of biaxially oriented polypropylene films has been extensively investigated with respect to structural characterization and with regard to various end‐use properties. The relationships between properties and structural characteristics such as crystallinity content and molecular orientation in crystalline and non‐crystalline phases were compared with similar relationships in uniaxially oriented polypropylene films. Notable differences between uni‐ and biaxially oriented films, in particular with regard to non‐linear mechanical behavior (tenacity, impact strength, tear strength) could be explained, at least partly, in terms of structural characteristics (molecular orientation and mobility) related to the non‐crystalline phase.
THE POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF AN INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN SUPPLY TO THE GROWTH OF OMBROTROPHIC <i>SPHAGNUM</i> SPECIES (1986)

SUMMARY Atmospheric nitrate deposition varies across Northern Britain, and has increased approximately fourfold since the last century in the Manchester Region. Ombrotrophic mires depend on an atmospheric supply of elements, and some components of nitrogen deposition at two mire sites in northern Britain were investigated. The sites differed in proximity to major pollution sources. Growth of Sphagnum cuspidatum Hoffm, in bog pools was less in the polluted site and this was associated with a marked increase in tissue nitrogen concentration. Field experiments in which S. cuspidatum plants from unpolluted sites were exposed solely to atmospheric deposition in artificial bog pools showed that much of this large increase in nitrogen concentration could have resulted from atmospheric deposition alone. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonium within the range observed in bulk deposition at the polluted site reduced the growth of S. cuspidatum in a laboratory experiment. The results are discussed in relation to a general increase in atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and its potential importance to plant growth.
Influence of Electrical Stimulation on Nerve Regeneration in the Transected Mouse Sciatic Nerve (1999)

Influence of the electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration was electron micro-scopically examined in the transected mouse sciatic nerve. To know the influence on the repairing and early regenerating processes, the electrical stimulation was applied to the proximal stump soon after the transection. At 6 hours after the stimulation, a number of small vesicles accumulated in several myelinated axons at their cut end (terminal vesicle accumulation), and regenerating axonal sprouts formed at some nodes of Ranvier locating near the cut end. These morphological changes were almost the same as in the proximal stump which did not receive the stimulation. These findings suggested that the electrical stimulation might not severely suppress the repairing or early regenerating processes. To know the influence on the regenerating axons, the electrical stimulation was applied at 48 hours after the transection. At 6 hours after the stimulation, some growth cones exhibited the degenerative changes, such as swelling of mitochondria, rupture of the small vesicles, but the regenerating axonal shafts appeared to be almost normal. At 24 hours after the stimulation, morphological appearance of the growth cones and axonal shafts was almost the same as seen in the control study. These findings suggest that the growth cones might be more sensitive to the electrical stimulation than the axonal shafts, but the influence of the stimulation on regenerating axons might be transient, and they might be able to recover soon.
The central residues of a T cell receptor sequence motif are key determinants of autoantigen recognition in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2004)

The autoreactive response in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is dominated by an oligoclonal expansion of V beta 8(+) CD4(+) T cells. These T cells recognize the immunodominant N-terminal nonapeptide of myelin basic protein (MBP1-9) associated with the MHC class II molecule, I-A(u). Amongst the autoreactive cells, T cells bearing TCR containing the CDR3 beta motif Asp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr (DAGGGY) play a dominant role in the disease process. Here we have investigated the molecular basis for antigen recognition by a representative TCR (172.10) that contains the DAGGGY motif. The roles of the three glycines in this motif in the corresponding TCR-peptide-MHC interactions have been analyzed using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and surface plasmon resonance. Our data show that mutation of either of the first two glycines (G97, G98) to alanine results in soluble, recombinant TCR that do not bind to recombinant antigen at detectable levels. Mutation of the third glycine (G99) of the 172.10 TCR results in a substantial decrease in affinity. The importance of the triple glycines for antigen recognition provides an explanation at the molecular level for the recruitment of T cells bearing the DAGGGY motif into the responding repertoire during EAE induction.
A motion sequence fusion technique based on PCA for activity analysis in body sensor networks (2009)

Human movement analysis by means of mobile sensory platforms is an ever-growing area with promise to revolutionize delivery of healthcare services. An effective data fusion technique is essential for understanding the inertial information obtained from distributed sensor nodes. In this paper, we develop a data fusion model based on the concept of principal component analysis. Unlike traditional fusion techniques which deal with statistical feature space, our model operates on motion transcripts, where each movement is represented as a sequence of basic building blocks called primitives. We describe how our model transforms transcripts of different nodes into a unified transcript by integrating the most relevant primitives of movements. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of our transcript fusion model for action recognition using real data collected from three subjects.
Other approaches to open-lung ventilation: Airway pressure release ventilation (2005)

APRV may offer potential clinical advantages for ventilator management of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and may be considered as an alternative "open lung approach" to mechanical ventilation. Whether APRV reduces mortality or increases ventilator-free days compared with a conventional volume-cycled "lung protective" strategy will require future randomized, controlled trials.
RCD snubber revisited (1993)

Abstruct- The use of the polarized RCD turn-off snubber configuration across switching devices is popular because of its simplicity and use of only passive components. This configuration is limited by the fact that all capacitor-stored energy is dissipated in the discharge resistor. In this paper it is shown that with the addition of a ferrite transformer to the standard RCD arrangement, in excess of 70% of the energy stored on the snubber capacitor may be passively recovered into the dc supply. Performance of this passive recovery snubber is supported by theoretical, simulated and practical results. I.
Equilibrium Heat Distribution (2004)

In the next chapter, we will see the Ascoli-Arzela and Schauder theories used once again, to demonstrate the existence of solutions to a type of problem in the theory of ordinary differential equations that is quite different from what we encountered in studying the forced pendulum. The purpose of the present chapter is to present an illustration of how problems like those discussed in the next chapter come up. Although a single application is hardly sufficient to justify the entire theoretical apparatus, I hope that you will be willing to take my word for it that there are more where this one came from. Furthermore, by following the steps from the mathematical model of the physical problem to the abstract mathematics, you will be able to see why the differential equation problem has the particular form that it does. If I didn’t show you something of the sort, you would have every right to suspect that the somewhat complicated hypotheses of the mathematical problem were constructed just so that the abstract theory we’ve been developing could be applied to it.