gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on hyaline membrane disease. I. The fibrinolysin system in pathogenesis and therapy. (1963)

In the serum of normal prematures and premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome, plasminogen was absent. In mature newborns plasminogen levels were low, as compared to adults. In the euglobulin fraction of plasma, plasminogen level was highest in mature newborns, lower in healthy prematures, and lowest in prematures with respiratory distress syndrome. Antiplasmin level was exceptionally high in about a fourth of the premature infants with or without respiratory distress syndrome. Plasminogen activator activity was found more often in the blood of infants with respiratory distress syndrome than in normal infants. This may be due to the liberation of tissue activators as a consequence of hypoxia. Because of the absence of the substrate (plasminogen), this activator level may have no significance. Tissue activator activity was found in the lungs of premature infants whether they died of hyaline membrane disease or from other causes. Forty-five infants with respiratory distress were treated in a therapeutic study. Twelve were treated in a preliminary series and 33 in a randomizd, double-blind investigation. Of the latter, 11 were treated with placebo, and 5 (45%) survived; 8 were treated with streptokinase activated human plasmin and 2 (25%) survived; 14 were treated with urokinase activated human plasmin and 12 (86%) survived. Among the infants who died, no definite hyaline membrane disease was found by histopathologic examination in two of the placebo group, one in the streptokinase-plasmin treated group, and the two who died in the urokinase-plasmin group. No significant side-effects of plasmin therapy were seen. Although considerable fibrinolytic and plasminogen-activator activity was generated in many treated patients, there was no significant fall in blood coagulation factors. Intracerebral hemorrhage, which appears to occur often in patients who die with hyaline membrane disease, was not more frequent in the plasmintreated group than in the placebo group.
The feasibility of radio sounding in the magnetosphere (1995)

A radio sounder outside the plasmasphere could provide nearly continuous remote density measurements of the magnetopause and plasmasphere, as well as other important density features elsewhere in this region. Using digital integration and tuned reception at frequencies from a few kilohertz to a few megahertz with 400‐m to 500‐m tip‐to‐tip dipole antennas and 10 W transmitter power, such a sounder would be capable of 10% density resolution and 500 to 1300 km spatial resolution in only a few minutes at distances of up to 4 R E . By providing such detailed observations of its principal density structures, such a sounder would then clearly revolutionize magnetospheric research.
Handling Production-Data Uncertainty in History Matching: The Meren Reservoir Case Study (2004)

Summary History matching reservoir performance ordinarily implies adjusting geologic and rock-fluid flow properties until a satisfactory match is attained between the observed and model responses. Property adjustments inevitably imply a trial-and-error approach. Regardless of the approach used in any study, we presuppose the integrity of observed data. Unfortunately, measurements of gas and water do not have the desired precision when oil is the primary fluid of interest. For instance, when gas is flared, the quality of metering suffers. In some operations, withdrawal of small samples of a three-phase mixture near the wellhead becomes the sole basis for establishing water content in a production stream. These practices often introduce large uncertainty in the reported data of all three phases. This paper explores how we dealt with some of these issues while attempting to match 30-year performance in the Meren field in offshore Nigeria. Results show that production data affected by wellbore mechanical problems can be diagnosed with log-log type curves. Furthermore, this work shows that discerning water cut from wellhead samples is prone to errors, and issues with wellbore flow calibration can lead to large uncertainties in performance prediction. Identification of various issues helped mitigate the risks, leading to successful infill wells as testified by their production performance.
Inflammation and the Degenerative Diseases of Aging (2004)

Chronic inflammation is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. Included are such disorders as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the Parkinson-dementia complex of Guam, all of the tauopathies, and age-related macular degeneration. Also included are such peripheral conditions as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Inflammation is a two-edged sword. In acute situations, or at low levels, it deals with the abnormality and promotes healing. When chronically sustained at high levels, it can seriously damage viable host tissue. We describe this latter phenomenon as autotoxicity to distinguish it from autoimmunity. The latter involves a lymphocyte-directed attack against self proteins. Autotoxicity, on the other hand, is determined by the concentration and degree of activation of tissue-based monocytic phagocytes. Microglial cells are the brain representatives of the monocyte phagocytic system. Biochemically, the intensity of their activation is related to a spectrum of inflammatory mediators generated by a variety of local cells. The known spectrum includes, but is not limited to, prostaglandins, pentraxins, complement components, anaphylotoxins, cytokines, chemokines, proteases, protease inhibitors, adhesion molecules, and free radicals. This spectrum offers a huge variety of targets for new anti-inflammatory agents. It has been suggested, largely on the basis of transgenic mouse models, that stimulating inflammation rather than inhibiting it can be beneficial in such diseases as AD. If this were the case, administration of NSAIDs, or other anti-inflammatory drugs, would be expected to exacerbate conditions such as AD, PD, and atherosclerosis. However, epidemiological evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that the reverse is true. This indicates that, at least in these diseases, the inflammation is harmful. So far, advantage has not been taken of opportunities indicated by these epidemiological studies to treat AD and PD with appropriate anti-inflammatory agents. Based on this evidence, classical NSAIDs are the most logical choice. Dosage, though, must be sufficient to combat the inflammation. Analysis of mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators indicates that the intensity of inflammation is considerably higher in AD hippocampus and in PD substantia nigra than in osteoarthritic joints. Thus, full therapeutic doses of NSAIDs, or combinations of anti-inflammatory agents, are needed to achieve the suggested neurological benefits.
UPTIME: Ubiquitous pedestrian tracking using mobile phones (2012)

The mission of tracking a pedestrian is valuable for many applications including walking distance estimation for the purpose of pervasive healthcare, museum and shopping mall guides, and locating emergency responders. In this paper, we show how accurate and ubiquitous tracking of a pedestrian can be performed using only the inertial sensors embedded in his/her mobile phone. Our work depends on performing dead reckoning to track the user's movement. The main challenge that needs to be addressed is handling the noise of the low cost low quality inertial sensors in cell phones. Our proposed system combines two novel contributions: a novel step count estimation technique and a gait-based accurate variable step size detection algorithm. The step count estimation technique is based on a lightweight finite state machine approach that leverages orientation-independent features. In order to capture the varying stride length of the user, based on his changing gait, we employ a multi-class hierarchical Support Vector Machine classifier. Combining the estimated number of steps with the an accurate estimate of the individual stride length, we achieve ubiquitous and accurate tracking of a person in indoor environments. We implement our system on different Android-based phones and compare it to the state-of-the-art techniques in indoor and outdoor testbeds with arbitrary phone orientation. Our results in two different testbeds show that we can provide an accurate step count estimation with an error of 5.72%. In addition, our gait type classifier has an accuracy of 97.74%. This leads to a combined tracking error of 6.9% while depending only on the inertial sensors and turning off the GPS sensor completely. This highlights the ability of the system to provide ubiquitous, accurate, and energy efficient tracking.
ChemInform Abstract: DETERMINATION OF THE STANDARD GIBBS FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION OF THE CALCIUM SILICATES BY EMF. MEASUREMENTS (1983)

Abstract Die Freien Standardbildungsenthalpien der Silicate (I)‐(IV) aus SiO 2 und CaO werden mit Hilfe von galvanischen Festkörperketten im Temp.‐Bereich 970‐1370 K bestimmt.
Study of non-contact power transmission mechanism for unmanned underwater vehicle applications (2016)

A permanent magnetic coupling is investigated for unmanned underwater application. In this paper, face to face magnetically coupled thruster is developed to transfer torque between driver (motor) and driven (propeller) shaft. Permanent cylindrical magnets are mounted on the faces of couplings for power transmission. Comparison of torque transmitted at different air gaps with equal numbers of magnets is presented. The number of magnets is same but center to center distance between magnets and coupling is different in all the designs. The working prototype successfully demonstrates non-contact power transmission from the driven to the drive shaft without compromising on the desired thrust rating.
A comparison of system call feature representations for insider threat detection (2005)

This paper investigates anomaly detection techniques that have been successful for detecting external threats and applies them to the insider threat problem. The "insider threat" involves the actions of a trusted and privileged user who is inappropriately accessing or disseminating sensitive information or otherwise compromising information systems. In contrast, the "external threat" involves the actions of an outsider attempting to compromise or gain access to the information systems. Although approaches for automatically detecting external threat instances have been quite successful (i.e., intrusion detection systems), there is very little similar work for the insider threat. In the past, anomaly detection systems have proven useful for detecting external threat. Anomaly detection at the system call level offers a high degree of information assurance in terms of tamper-resistance and system activity coverage. Therefore, we investigate three system-call-based feature representations: n-grams of system call names, histograms of system call names, and individual system calls with associated parameters. We find that none of these representations consistently performs as well when dealing with the internal threat as previous results show for external threat detection. However, parameter-based features for certain system calls do show some sensitivity to detecting the insider threat, and we plan to explore and enhance this sensitivity in future work.
Capture and Transfer of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus by Macaque Dendritic Cells Is Enhanced by DC-SIGN (2002)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells encountered by human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) following mucosal infection. Because these cells efficiently capture and transmit virus to T cells, they may play a major role in mediating HIV and SIV infection. Recently, a C-type lectin protein present on DCs, DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), was shown to efficiently bind and present HIV and SIV to CD4(+), coreceptor-positive cells in trans. However, the significance of DC-SIGN for virus transmission and pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. Because SIV infection of macaques may represent the best model to study the importance of DC-SIGN in HIV infection, we cloned and characterized pig-tailed macaque DC-SIGN and generated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against it. We demonstrate that, like human DC-SIGN, pig-tailed macaque DC-SIGN (ptDC-SIGN) is expressed on DCs and macrophages but not on monocytes, T cells, or B cells. Moderate levels of ptDC-SIGN expression were detected on the surface of DCs, and low-level expression was found on macrophages. Additionally, we show that ptDC-SIGN efficiently binds and transmits replication-competent SIVmne variants to CD4(+), coreceptor-positive cells. Moreover, transmission of virus between pig-tailed macaque DCs and CD4(+) T cells is largely ptDC-SIGN dependent. Interestingly, MAbs directed against ptDC-SIGN vary in the capacity to block transmission of different SIVmne variants. These data demonstrate that ptDC-SIGN plays a central role in transmitting virus from macaque DCs to T cells, and they suggest that SIVmne variants may differ in their interactions with ptDC-SIGN. Thus, SIVmne infection of pig-tailed macaques may provide an opportunity to investigate the significance of DC-SIGN in primate lentiviral infections.
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Antibody Escape Promotes Neuraminidase Antigenic Variation and Drug Resistance (2011)

Drugs inhibiting the influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) are the cornerstone of anti-IAV chemotherapy and prophylaxis in man. Drug-resistant mutations in NA arise frequently in human isolates, limiting the therapeutic application of NA inhibitors. Here, we show that antibody-driven antigenic variation in one domain of the H1 hemagglutinin Sa site leads to compensatory mutations in NA, resulting in NA antigenic variation and acquisition of drug resistance. These findings indicate that influenza A virus resistance to NA inhibitors can potentially arise from antibody driven HA escape, confounding analysis of influenza NA evolution in nature.
Chemo-enzymatic preparation of new bio-based bis- and trisphenols: new versatile building blocks for polymer chemistry (2013)

Immobilized Candida antartica lipase B (aka CAL-B) was used to perform solvent-free and in solvent transesterifications of a derivative from ferulic acid (1), ethyl dihydroferulate (2), with various bio-based polyols (isosorbide, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and glycerol). The use of 1.5 molar eq of ethyl dihydroferulate (2) per alcohol functionality and CAL-B (10% by weight relative to the total weight of polyol and 2) led to the corresponding poly-ferulates (3–6) in very good yields and high purity. These poly-ferulates were then efficiently transformed through one-step processes into the corresponding acrylates (7–10) and allyl ethers (11–14) to demonstrate their potential use as biorenewable macromonomers in a wide range of polymerization systems.
Effect of age on the profile of alkanes in normal human breath (2000)

Ethane and pentane in breath are markers of oxidative stress, produced by ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but little is known about other n-alkanes in normal human breath. We investigated the spectrum of alkanes in normal human alveolar breath, and their variation with age. Fifty normal humans were studied (age range 23-75, median 35). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in alveolar breath were captured on sorbent traps and assayed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Alveolar gradients (concentration in breath minus concentration in ambient room air) of alkanes were determined. C4-C20 alkanes were observed in breath and room air. Their mean alveolar gradients were negative from C4 to C12 and positive from C13 to C20. The mean alveolar gradients of four alkanes (C5-C8) were significantly less negative in the older subjects (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between males and females. Normal human breath contained a spectrum of alkanes which may include new markers of oxidative stress. The mean rate of clearance (via cytochrome p450) exceeded the mean rate of synthesis (by ROS-mediated oxidative stress) for C4-C12 alkanes, while synthesis was greater than clearance for C13-C20 alkanes. The elevated alkane profile in older subjects was consistent with an age-related increase in oxidative stress, though an age-related decline in alkane clearance rate may have contributed.
Proxy-based authorization and accounting for distributed systems (2002)

A unified model is presented for authentication, authorization, and accounting that is based on proxies. It is shown that the proxy model for authorization can be used to support a wide range of authorization and accounting mechanisms. The proxy model strikes a balance between access-control-list anti capability-based mechanisms, allowing each to be used where appropriate and allowing their use in combination. The author describes how restricted proxies can be supported using existing authentication methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of scavenger receptor class B type I antagonist ITX5061 in patients with hepatitis C virus infection undergoing liver transplantation (2015)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry inhibitors have been hypothesized to prevent infection of the liver after transplantation. ITX5061 is a scavenger receptor class B type I antagonist that blocks HCV entry and infection in vitro. We assessed the safety and efficacy of ITX5061 to limit HCV infection of the graft. The study included 23 HCV-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation. The first 13 "control" patients did not receive drug. The subsequent 10 patients received 150 mg of ITX5061 immediately before and after transplant and daily for 1 week thereafter. ITX5061 pharmacokinetics and plasma HCV RNA were quantified. Viral genetic diversity was measured by ultradeep pyrosequencing (UDPS). ITX5061 was well tolerated with measurable plasma concentrations during therapy. Although the median HCV RNA reduction was greater in ITX-treated patients at all time points in the first week after transplantation, there was no difference in the overall change in the area over the HCV RNA curve in the 7-day treatment period. However, in genotype (GT) 1-infected patients, treatment was associated with a sustained reduction in HCV RNA levels compared to the control group (area over the HCV RNA curve analysis, P = 0.004). UDPS revealed a complex and evolving pattern of HCV variants infecting the graft during the first week. ITX5061 significantly limited viral evolution where the median divergence between day 0 and day 7 was 3.5% in the control group compared to 0.1% in the treated group. In conclusion, ITX5061 reduces plasma HCV RNA after transplant notably in GT 1-infected patients and slows viral evolution. Following liver transplantation, the likely contribution of extrahepatic reservoirs of HCV necessitates combining entry inhibitors such as ITX5061 with inhibitors of replication in future studies.
Determine a methodology for calculating the needed fresh air (2014)

By improving thermal properties and air tightness of buildings, there is a change of indoor air quality in buildings – without any ventilation (natural or mechanical) there is a significant deterioration of indoor air quality. In low-energy and passive houses about 80% of total energy consumed for heating is used to heat the fresh air needed for occupants. The aim of the paper is to determine a methodology for calculating the needed airflow rate (including fresh air) in an occupied room, based on carbon dioxide measurement and calculation, in order to maintain a comfortable level of indoor air quality. The calculated airflow rate should optimize the investment and the operating costs of HVAC equipment. In the work calculation methods used to determine the ventilation airflow rate are analyzed. A methodology for calculating the ventilation airflow rate for a room with people inside by using the measured values of carbon dioxide concentration is presented. The connection between carbon dioxide concentration and ventilation airflow rate is verified by experimental measurements. This methodology is applicable in Slovakia because it complies with all current standards. The result obtained by using this calculation method is almost the same with the results achieved from experimental measurements. To confirm the results, we present a case study of an office with occupants, in which the ventilation airflow rate calculation method is applied.
Pathways of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair during the Mammalian Cell Cycle (2003)

Little is known about the quantitative contributions of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) to DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in different cell cycle phases after physiologically relevant doses of ionizing radiation. Using immunofluorescence detection of gamma-H2AX nuclear foci as a novel approach for monitoring the repair of DSBs, we show here that NHEJ-defective hamster cells (CHO mutant V3 cells) have strongly reduced repair in all cell cycle phases after 1 Gy of irradiation. In contrast, HR-defective CHO irs1SF cells have a minor repair defect in G(1), greater impairment in S, and a substantial defect in late S/G(2). Furthermore, the radiosensitivity of irs1SF cells is slight in G(1) but dramatically higher in late S/G(2), while V3 cells show high sensitivity throughout the cell cycle. These findings show that NHEJ is important in all cell cycle phases, while HR is particularly important in late S/G(2), where both pathways contribute to repair and radioresistance. In contrast to DSBs produced by ionizing radiation, DSBs produced by the replication inhibitor aphidicolin are repaired entirely by HR. irs1SF, but not V3, cells show hypersensitivity to aphidicolin treatment. These data provide the first evaluation of the cell cycle-specific contributions of NHEJ and HR to the repair of radiation-induced versus replication-associated DSBs.
2R limiter circuit with gain clamped SOA for XGM wavelength converter (2005)

The authors propose an optical limiter circuit with gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers (GCSOAs) for performance improvement of an XGM wavelength converter. The 2R limiter circuit based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and GCSOAs can reinvert and regenerate the XGM output signal. The signal reshaping is obtained by controlling the gain and phase conditions of GCSOAs in both arms of the MZI. Simulation results show that the 2R limiter circuit improves extinction ratio by 30 dB and the input power dynamic range can be increased by adjusting the parameters of the XGM wavelength converter.
Liquid crystal colloids (2010)

This special issue of "Condensed Matter Physics" focuses on the most recent developments in the study of a fascinating soft matter system, representing colloidal particles in a liquid crystalline environment. Furthermore, some articles address pioneering steps in the discovery of liquid crystals going back to 1861 paper by Julius Planer.