gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A ferroelectric field effect device (1966)

A new device is described, based on a much older but little-known experimental technique. Basically, the device is a thin film transistor with a ferroelectric gate insulator (hereafter referred to as FEFED for ferroelectric field effect device). This combination produces a device whose drain current-gate voltage characteristic reproduces the hysteresis character of the ferroelectric gate insulator. The unusual and useful characteristic results from the fact that the polarization charge of the ferroelectric is at least partially compensated by free charge in the semiconductor. Once polarized, the ferroelectric, ideally, maintains itself in this condition even while short-circuited, and this is reflected in the level of current in the adjacent semiconductor. Intermediate current levels between those determined by the positive and negative saturation polarization are accessible by limiting the charge available for switching. The device is capable of multi-level storage with continuous nondestructive readout. Readin as well as readout times can be in the microsecond range. A description of the device fabrication techniques as well as its characteristics, performance, and problems at this time are some of the topics which will be covered in detail.
Modulation of the biologic activities of IgE-binding factors. III. Switching of a T cell hybrid clone from the formation of IgE-suppressive factor to the formation of IgE-potentiating factor. (1983)

Incubation of rat-mouse T cell hybridoma cells, 23B6, with rat immunoglobulin E (IgE) results in the formation of the 15,000-dalton IgE-suppressive factor and the 30,000-dalton IgE-binding factor, which has neither potentiating activity nor suppressive activity on the IgE response. Another T cell hybridoma, 23A4 cells, produces the 30,000-dalton "inactive" IgE-binding factor upon incubation with IgE. Both the 15,000-dalton IgE-suppressive factor and the 30,000-dalton IgE-binding factor lacked affinity for lentil lectin but bound to peanut agglutinin. When the 23B6 cells were incubated with IgE in the presence of lysolecithin, the majority of the 15,000-dalton IgE-binding factor formed by the cells gained affinity for lentil lectin, and this factor selectively potentiated the IgE response. The glycosylation-enhancing factor, which was formed by stimulation of normal spleen cells with lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF or pertussigen), also switched 23B6 cells from the formation of IgE-suppressive factor to the formation of IgE-potentiating factor. It was also found that the 30,000-dalton "inactive" IgE-binding factor, formed by both 23B6 and 23A4 cells, gained the ability to potentiate the IgE response, when the cells were cultured with IgE in the presence of glycosylation-enhancing factor. The results indicate that IgE-potentiating factor and IgE-suppressive factor share common precursors, and that biologic activities of IgE-binding factors are decided by their carbohydrate moieties. Incubation of the two hybridoma cells with lysolecithin or glycosylation-enhancing factor results in an increase in the proportion of FC epsilon R+ cells, suggesting that the assembly of N-linked oligosaccharide to precursor molecules is intrinsic for the expression of FC epsilon R.
Current and future treatment options for HCV (2009)

Aim of antiviral therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis C is the sustained elimination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The standard of care (SOC) is peginterferon alfa-2a/-2b with ribavirin for 48 weeks or 24 weeks in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 or 2/3, respectively. Overall, approximately half of the patients can be cured by SOC. Based on baseline viral load and the speed of virologic response during treatment, individualization of treatment duration is possible. However, this approach is not sufficient to substantially improve the sustained virologic response (SVR) rates. This goal can be achieved with new HCV specific inhibitors against the NS3/4A polymerase and the NS5B polymerase. Recent trials reported SVR rates in the order of 67-69% and 67-75% for the combination of SOC with the protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir, respectively, in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Several new HCV specific inhibitors such as protease inhibitors, nucleoside and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors as well as non HCV specific compounds with anti-HCV activity such as cyclophilin inhibitors, silibinin, and nitazoxanide are currently in clinical evaluation. The review describes recent developments and discusses limitations posed by resistance development and drug toxicity.
Refined RIP-seq protocol for epitranscriptome analysis with low input materials (2018)

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) accounts for approximately 0.2% to 0.6% of all adenosine in mammalian mRNA, representing the most abundant internal mRNA modifications. m6A RNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (MeRIP-seq) is a powerful technique to map the m6A location transcriptome-wide. However, this method typically requires 300 μg of total RNA, which limits its application to patient tumors. In this study, we present a refined m6A MeRIP-seq protocol and analysis pipeline that can be applied to profile low-input RNA samples from patient tumors. We optimized the key parameters of m6A MeRIP-seq, including the starting amount of RNA, RNA fragmentation, antibody selection, MeRIP washing/elution conditions, methods for RNA library construction, and the bioinformatics analysis pipeline. With the optimized immunoprecipitation (IP) conditions and a postamplification rRNA depletion strategy, we were able to profile the m6A epitranscriptome using 500 ng of total RNA. We identified approximately 12,000 m6A peaks with a high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio from 2 lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) patient tumors. Through integrative analysis of the transcriptome, m6A epitranscriptome, and proteome data in the same patient tumors, we identified dynamics at the m6A level that account for the discordance between mRNA and protein levels in these tumors. The refined m6A MeRIP-seq method is suitable for m6A epitranscriptome profiling in a limited amount of patient tumors, setting the ground for unraveling the dynamics of the m6A epitranscriptome and the underlying mechanisms in clinical settings.
No flow underfill with novel fluxes (2006)

Self-fluxing capability is one of the key property requirements for no flow underfill. Small molecule carboxylic acids or anhydrides are typically used as fluxing agents in no flow underfill formulations. Various performance related issues currently exist, especially for lead-free assemblies. This paper describes no flow underfill formulations with novel fluxing agents. These fluxing agents demonstrate superior fluxing capability, both in the neat form and in formulation. They eliminate voiding issues associated with traditional fluxes, particularly in cyanate ester resin formulations. A very important benefit of the new fluxing agents is that many of them react with the base resin and accelerate curing at relatively low temperatures. This results in improved properties of the cured underfill. For example, the curing temperature of certain formulations is decreased by over 30 degC; while the T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> of the cured materials is enhanced by up to 30degC. This is a dramatic improvement over traditional fluxes, which often decrease the T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> due to the plasticization effect. Such additional benefits make these fluxing agents especially suitable for use in no flow underfill formulations. The robust fluxing capability of these fluxes has been demonstrated in a variety of resin platforms, including epoxy, cyanate ester and acrylate
Hypercortisolism Among Socially Subordinate Wild Baboons Originates at the CNS Level (1989)

Recent studies suggest that the hypercortisolism and dexamathasone resistance of depression arise, at least in part, at the level of the brain, ie, cortisol-releasing factor (CRF) and/or other corticotropin-secretagogues are hypersecreted. This article suggests a similar cause of the hypercortisolism of social subordinance. Two troops of wild olive baboons, living freely in the Serengeti Ecosystem of East Africa, have been under long-term study. Consistently, in stable dominance hierachies, subordinate males are hypercortisolemic relative to dominant animals. Furthermore, hypercortisolemic males are dexamethasone resistant. There are no rank-related difference in cortisol clearance or adrenal sensitivity to corticotropin, suggesting a pituitary and/or neural locus of the hypercortisolism. Subordinate males were shown to secrete less corticotropin in response to a CRF-challenge than did dominant males. Following the logic used in similar studies with depressives, if subordinate males were hypercortisolemic despite decreased pituitary sensitivity to CRF, then this implies that the hyperactivity of the adrenocortical axis is driven at the level of the brain. Furthermore, subordinate males were hyporesponsive to CRF after administration of metyrapone, which blocks cortisol secretion and disinhibits the pituitary from feedback inhibition. Thus, the pituitary appears to have lost sensitivity to CRF itself in these low-ranking males. These observations are interpreted in light of behavioral data suggesting that these subordinate males are under sustained social stress.
HIV-Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition:  Inclusion of Ligand-Induced Fit by Cross-Docking Studies (2004)

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have, in addition to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), a definitive role in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Since the appearance of HEPT and TIBO, more than 30 structurally different classes of compounds have been reported as NNRTIs, which are specific inhibitors of HIV-1 replication, targeting the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Nevirapine and delavirdine are the first formally licensed for clinical use, and others have been licensed afterward, while several are in preclinical or clinical development. The NNRTIs interact with a specific site of HIV-1 RT (nonnucleoside binding site, NNBS) that is close to, but distinct from, the NRTI binding site. In this work we report the application of the Autodock program assessing its usability through reproduction of 41 NNRTI experimental bound conformations. Moreover, cross-docking experiments on the wild-type and mutated RT forms were conducted to take into account the enzyme flexibility as a valuable tool for structure-based drug design (SBDD) studies and to gain insight on the mode of action of new anti-HIV agents active against both wild-type and resistant strains.
Quasiparticle interferometer controlled by quantum-correlated Andreev reflection (1993)

We propose a quasiparticle interferometer and give a theoretical analysis for it. It consists of a Josephson junction (JJ) and a Y junction composed of normal-electron waveguides. The interferometer should enable us to confirm experimentally the phase interaction between a quasiparticle and a superconducting state at the superconductor--normal-metal (SN) interface. This interaction is caused by Andreev reflection. The supercurrent through the JJ modifies, by Andreev reflection, the interference of a quasiparticle in the waveguide and affects the normal resistance of the waveguide. The dependence of the resistance on the phase difference of JJ is determined by the characteristics of the Y junction and the normal reflection at the SN interface.
Opportunities and challenges of metamaterial-based wireless power transfer for electric vehicles (2017)

This paper reviews previous studies on metamaterials and its application to wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, as well as discussing about development opportunities and technical challenges for the contactless charging of electric vehicles (EVs). The EV establishes a bridge between sustainable energies and our daily transportation, especially the park-and-charge and move-and-charge for EVs have attracted increasing attentions from the academia and the industry. However, the metamaterials-based WPT has been nearly unexplored specifically for EVs by now. Accordingly, this paper gives an overview for the metamaterial-based WPT technologies, with emphasizes on enhancing efficiency, increasing distance, improving misalignment tolerance, and compacting size. From the perspective of EV wireless charging, this paper discusses about the breakthrough to current WPT technique bottlenecks and prospective EV charging scenarios by utilizing the left-handed material. Meanwhile, the technical issues to be addressed are also summarized in this paper, which aims to arouse emerging research topics for the future development of EV wireless charging systems.
Chemometric Classification of Apulian and Slovenian Wines Using<sup>1</sup>H NMR and ICP-OES Together with HPICE Data (2002)

High-performance ion chromatography exclusion, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements were carried out in combination with chemometrics on 33 wine samples coming from three Slovenian wine-growing regions and from Apulia (southern Italy). The chemometric classification of wines according to their geographical origin was obtained with a nearly 100% degree of achievement. The discriminating potential of the (1)H NMR and of the other analytical determinations has been estimated separately. The best prediction of wines has been obtained with NMR data.
The structure of the lantibiotic lacticin 481 produced by <i>Lactococcus lactis</i>: location of the thioether bridges (1996)

The lantibiotic lacticin 481 is a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. This polypeptide contains 27 amino acids, including the unusual residues dehydrobutyrine and the thioether-bridging lanthionine and 3-methyllanthionine. Lacticin 481 belongs to a structurally distinct group of lantibiotics, which also include streptococcin A-FF22, salivaricin A and variacin. Here we report the first complete structure of this type of lantibiotic. The exact location of the thioether bridges in lacticin 481 was determined by a combination of peptide chemistry, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, showing connections between residues 9 and 14, 11 and 25, and 18 and 26.
Phospha-Pharmaca - Antibacterial and Virucidic Compounds (1987)

Abstract Synthetic, antibacterial, and antiviral aspects of the P-glutamic acid type compounds, of phosphonic acids, phospha -peptides, and of phosphorus derivatives of the formic acid are considered.
A novel invertebrate GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor‐like polypeptide Sequence and pattern of gene expression (1993)

A full-length complementary DNA has been isolated, from the fresh-water mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, that encodes a polypeptide (which we have named zeta) that exhibits between 30% and 40% identity to vertebrate GABAA and glycine receptor subunit sequences. The locations of seven introns have been determined in the corresponding gene and six of these occur at similar relative positions as those found in vertebrate GABAA receptor genes. RNase protection studies have revealed that the transcript for this Lymnaean polypeptide is present at highest levels in the adult nervous system but that it can also be detected in peripheral tissues.
Patrick Romanell, William Osler, and philosophy in medicine (2021)

In 1974, Patrick Romanell (1912-2002) published a paper in the <i>Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine</i> taking William Osler (1849-1919) to task for dismissing philosophy as a distinguishing feature of the nature of medicine. Osler had expressed this thought in the Silliman Lectures given at Yale in 1913 on the <i>Evolution of Modern Medicine</i>. That the nature of medicine is underpinned by an understanding of the nature of man requires that the pedagogy and practice of medicine incorporate not only the empirical science that is the basis for clinical practice, but also the logical and metaphysical concepts of the nature of man. These concepts are informed by the humanities that include history, literature, and the arts. Despite Romanell's critique of Osler's statement, Romanell ultimately corroborates other statements made by Osler in the lecture series, substantiating Osler's deep appreciation for the nature of man and a philosophy of medicine that deserves emulation.
RENAL CORTICAL HYPOPLASIA IN A DOG (1979)

A case of renal cortical hypoplasia in a Cocker Spaniel bitch is presented. The dog, under clinical observation between the ages of 15 to 26 months, was found to have advancing chronic renal insufficiency. Necropsy examination revealed a markedly hypoplastic renal cortex with a reduced number of glomeruli, some dilated Bowman's capsules, small glomerular tufts, and early interstitial nephritis and fibrosis characteristic of renal cortical hypoplasia.
HIGH-SPEED AND HIGH-DENSITY RECORDING WITH STACKED MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISKS (1991)

High-speed and high-density recording on a magneto-optical disk has been achieved with a high performance photo detecting device and highly accurate edge control. The transfer rate of 64 Mb/s and a density of 0.6 μm/bit have been obtained. Using these technologies, a prototype of multi-head stacked optical disk system for digital video recording has been developed. This prototype has 5 rigid magneto-optical disks and an independently accessible multi-head for each disk surface. In this system, the total capacity of 30 GB, 64 Mb/s transfer rate on each channel and 90 ms access time are achievable as the basic performance.
What is Animal Stress and How is it Measured? (1981)

The meaning of the term "stress" as it applies to animal husbandry is discussed. Because "stress" is used with various meanings, its application is often misinterpreted. Stress in general is looked upon as a symptom resulting from exposure of an animal to a hostile environment. To some it is a nonspecific response to all environmental forces; others feel there are specific stress symptoms caused by specific environmental forces. The term stress is sometimes used to describe the hostile environment. The correct usage depends upon the school of thought espoused. A common working definition of physiologists is that "stress" consists of external body forces that tend to displace homeostasis and "strain" is the internal displacement brought about by stress. There are environmental forces continuously acting upon animals that disrupt homeostasis, resulting in new adaptations that can be either detrimental or advantageous to man's interest. Measuring the magnitude of stress often means measuring the degree of adaptation. The important function of livestock management is to avoid the detrimental adaptations and capitalize on the advantageous ones.
Reproductive performance and growth of Shorthorn purebred and crossbred cows (1971)

SUMMARY Data were obtained from 27 pure Shorthorn, 22 Angus × Shorthorn, 31 Charolais × Shorthorn and 27 Hereford × Shorthorn cows, during 10 years. Angus × Shorthorn cows required the least number of services per conception (1·17), had the shortest average gestation lengths (280·6 days), and had a calving percentage of 88·2% and birth weight of calf of 29·8 kg. The respective figures for Charolais × Shorthorn were 1·21 services, 281·6 days, 88·3% (the highest) and 32·9 kg (the heaviest), for Hereford × Shorthorn 1·23 services, 283·6 days, 84·4% and 31·6 kg, and for pure Shorthorn 1·20 services, 282·2 days, 82·7% and 29·6 kg. Average calf weight at birth increased with the advance in age of cow up to 5 years, then showed little change. Seventy-two per cent of the crossbred cows calved for the first time at 2 years old compared with 65% of the Shorthorns. On the other hand, Shorthorn cows had the highest twinning percentage (2·9%) and the lowest single calf mortality at birth (1·4%). The maximum body weights of Angus, Charolais, and Hereford crossbreds and Shorthorn cows were 576·8, 655·8, 6254 and 553·8 kg respectively at 7–8 years of age.
Nitrogen-14 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy: A Promising Analytical Methodology for Medicines Authentication and Counterfeit Antimalarial Analysis (2013)

We report the detection and analysis of a suspected counterfeit sample of the antimalarial medicine Metakelfin through developing nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance ((14)N NQR) spectroscopy at a quantitative level. The sensitivity of quadrupolar parameters to the solid-state chemical environment of the molecule enables development of a technique capable of discrimination between the same pharmaceutical preparations made by different manufacturers. The (14)N NQR signal returned by a tablet (or tablets) from a Metakelfin batch suspected to be counterfeit was compared with that acquired from a tablet(s) from a known-to-be-genuine batch from the same named manufacturer. Metakelfin contains two active pharmaceutical ingredients, sulfalene and pyrimethamine, and NQR analysis revealed spectral differences for the sulfalene component indicative of differences in the processing history of the two batches. Furthermore, the NQR analysis provided quantitative information that the suspected counterfeit tablets contained only 43 ± 3%, as much sulfalene as the genuine Metakelfin tablets. Conversely, conventional nondestructive analysis by Fourier transform (FT)-Raman and FT-near infrared (NIR) spectroscopies only achieved differentiation between batches but no ascription. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV analysis of the suspect tablets revealed a sulfalene content of 42 ± 2% of the labeled claim. The degree of agreement shows the promise of NQR as a means of the nondestructive identification and content-indicating first-stage analysis of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
Bioactive lipids and the control of Bax pro-apoptotic activity (2014)

Lipids are key regulators of cell physiology through the control of many aspects of cellular life and survival. In particular, lipids have been implicated at different levels and through many different mechanisms in the cell death program called apoptosis. Here, we discuss the action of lipids in the regulation of the activation and the integration of Bax into the mitochondrial outer membrane, a key pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family. We describe how, during apoptosis, lipids can act simultaneously or in parallel as receptors or ligands for Bax to stimulate or inhibit its pro-death activity.
Hypermethylation of the myogenic gene Myf-3 in human breast carcinomas. (1996)

The methylation status of Myf-3 was studied in 34 human primary breast carcinomas and 9 normal breast tissues. One third of the carcinomas contained hypermethylated Myf-3. All normal tissues contained unmethylated Myf-3. Myf-3 hypermethylation was more common in poorly differentiated grade 3 tumours than in better differentiated grade 1 and 2 tumours.
Murine transfer factor. II. Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to synthetic antigens. (1985)

Synthetic polyaminoacid antigens were used to examine the specificity of transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity with spleen cell dialysates in mice. Dialysates from GAT10-sensitized donors sensitized recipients to GAT10, but not GLA5 or cytochrome c. Dialysates from GLA5-sensitized donors sensitized recipients to GLA5, but not GAT10 or cytochrome c. We interpret these findings as consistent with the concept that passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity with dialyzable materials is an immunologically specific event.
China’s Public Diplomacy since the 18 th CPC National Congress (2013)

It is pointed out for the first time at the 18thCPC National Congress on November 8,2012 thatpublic diplomacy and cultural exchanges should be pushed forward,signifying integration of public diplomacy into China’s national strategy.Over the past year,China’s public diplomacy has made remarkable progress in institution-building,