gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipase-Catalyzed Practical Synthesis of (<i>R</i>)-1-Benzyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione and Its Related Compounds (1996)

Abstract A practical method for preparing (R)-1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (1) was investigated by the use of the enzymatic hydrolysis of its acetate (2a). Among several hydrolases examined here, lipase PS from Pseudomonas cepaciagave the best result: In a mixed solvent (1 : 1 v/v) of dioxane and a phosphate buffer (pH 7), the hydrolysis took place smoothly with a high enantioselectivity (E &gt; 3000). Several 3-alkanoyl derivatives of 1 were subjected to the lipase PS-catalyzed hydrolysis. The chain length of the alkanoyl does not noticeably influence the reaction rate or the enantioselectivity. In contrast, the hydrolysis of the 1-benzoyl derivative proceeded slowly with a low enantioselectivity (E = 19). The syntheses of optically active 3-hydroxypyrrolidines and 3-hydroxypiperidines were also achieved under the reaction conditions similar to the lipase PS-catalyzed hydrolysis of 2a.
Phase Aware Warp Scheduling: Mitigating Effects of Phase Behavior in GPGPU Applications (2015)

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been widely adopted as accelerators for high performance computing due to the immense amount of computational throughput they offer over their CPU counterparts. As GPU architectures are optimized for throughput, they execute a large number of SIMD threads (warps) in parallel and use hardware multithreading to hide the pipeline and memory access latencies. While the Two-Level Round Robin (TLRR) and Greedy Then Oldest (GTO) warp scheduling policies have been widely accepted in the academic research community, there is no consensus regarding which policy works best for all applications. In this paper, we show that the disparity regarding which scheduling policy works better depends on the characteristics of instructions in different regions (phases) of the application. We identify these phases at compile time and design a novel warp scheduling policy that uses information regarding them to make scheduling decisions at runtime. By mitigating the adverse effects of application phase behavior, our policy always performs closer to the better of the two existing policies for each application. We evaluate the performance of the warp schedulers on 35 kernels from the Rodinia and CUDA SDK benchmark suites. For applications that have a better performance with the GTO scheduler, our warp scheduler matches the performance of GTO with 99.2% accuracy and achieves an average speedup of 6.31% over RR. Similarly, for applications that perform better with RR, the performance of our scheduler is within of 98% of RR and achieves an average speedup of 6.65% over GTO.
Proline‐Rich Vaccine Candidate Antigen of<i>Coccidioides immitis:</i>Conservation among Isolates and Differential Expression with Spherule Maturation (1999)

A proline rich antigen (PRA), which protects mice against Coccidioides immitis, has been analyzed for differential expression and variation among isolates. Northern blots of RNA from different stages of growth were probed with previously cloned cDNA and showed that mRNA for PRA increased as spherules transformed and matured from mycelia. This pattern corresponds to the relative potency of whole cell vaccines from similar preparations. The PRA gene was then cloned from a genomic library of the Silveira strain of C. immitis and its sequence analyzed. Eight other coccidioidal isolates, selected for diversity in geographic origin and resulting clinical disease, demonstrated heterogeneity in Southern blots and in sequences of polymerase chain reaction products. Silveira differed from other California isolates at 33 of 555 bases, whereas it differed from non-California isolates by <=2 bases. Only one of these substitutions affected protein sequence. Thus, tests or vaccines based on this gene are likely to cover most isolates.
UV Degradation and Recovery of Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Although the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has increased from 3.81% to 22.1% in just 7 years, they still suffer from stability issues, as they degrade upon exposure to moisture, UV light, heat, and bias voltage. We herein examined the degradation of perovskite solar cells in the presence of UV light alone. The cells were exposed to 365 nm UV light for over 1,000 h under inert gas at <0.5 ppm humidity without encapsulation. 1-sun illumination after UV degradation resulted in recovery of the fill factor and power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, during exposure to consecutive UV light, the diminished short circuit current density (J<sub>sc</sub>) and EQE continuously restored. 1-sun light soaking induced recovery is considered to be caused by resolving of stacked charges and defect state neutralization. The J<sub>sc</sub> and EQE bounce-back phenomenon is attributed to the beneficial effects of PbI<sub>2</sub> which is generated by the decomposition of perovskite material.
Modern fruit science : orchard and small fruit culture (1995)

Modern fruit science: orchard and small fruit culture , Modern fruit science: orchard and small fruit culture , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Antioxidant Chemistry:  Hypotaurine−Taurine Oxidation by Chlorite (1998)

Extensive experimental data have been collected on the oxidation of hypotaurine, H2NCH2CH2SO2H, by chlorite and chlorine dioxide. Hypotaurine is stable and reacts slowly with chlorite to give taurine, hypotaurine sulfonic acid, and monochloro- and dichlorotaurine. However, it reacts rapidly with chlorine dioxide with a second-order rate constant of 801 M-1 s-1 to give taurine. Oxidation occurs simultaneously at the sulfur center (to give the sulfonic acid) and at the nitrogen center (to give the chloramines). The stoichiometry of the reaction was experimentally determined to be ClO2- + H2NCH2CH2SO2H + H+ → ClHNCH2CH2SO3H + H2O. The formation of dichlorotaurine is favored only in high acid environments.
Simultaneous Analysis of Soil Macronutrients Using Ion‐Selective Electrodes (2007)

Automated sensing of soil macronutrients would be useful in mapping soil nutrient variability for variable‐rate nutrient management. Ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) are a promising approach because of their small size, rapid response, and ability to directly measure the analyte. This study reports on the laboratory evaluation of a sensor array including three different ISEs, based on TDDA–NPOE and valinomycin–DOS membranes, and Co rod, for the simultaneous determination of NO 3 –N, available K, and available P in soil extracts. Thirty‐seven Illinois and Missouri soils were extracted using the Kelowna soil extractant (0.25 mol L −1 CH 3 COOH + 0.015 mol L −1 NH 4 F). The response of each electrode type in mixed solutions of NO 3 , K, and P ions was modeled based on the Nikolskii–Eisenman equation with all coefficients of determination ( r 2 ) ≥0.95 ( P < 0.001). In soil extracts, the NO 3 ISEs provided concentrations similar to those obtained with standard laboratory methods ( r 2 = 0.89, P < 0.001). Concentrations obtained with the K ISEs were about 50% lower than those obtained with standard methods due to lower K extraction by the Kelowna solution ( r 2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). The P ISEs provided concentrations about 64% lower than those obtained with standard methods due to a combination of decreased P estimates in soil extracts and lower P extraction by the Kelowna solution; however, there was a strong linear relationship ( r 2 = 0.81, P < 0.001). Although P and K concentrations were low in comparison to standard laboratory procedures, a calibration factor could address this issue. These results show that ISE technology can be implemented successfully for NO 3 –N, available K, and available P measurement with the Kelowna extractant.
Genome Sequence of the Lager Brewing Yeast, an Interspecies Hybrid (2009)

This work presents the genome sequencing of the lager brewing yeast (Saccharomyces pastorianus) Weihenstephan 34/70, a strain widely used in lager beer brewing. The 25 Mb genome comprises two nuclear sub-genomes originating from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus and one circular mitochondrial genome originating from S. bayanus. Thirty-six different types of chromosomes were found including eight chromosomes with translocations between the two sub-genomes, whose breakpoints are within the orthologous open reading frames. Several gene loci responsible for typical lager brewing yeast characteristics such as maltotriose uptake and sulfite production have been increased in number by chromosomal rearrangements. Despite an overall high degree of conservation of the synteny with S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus, the syntenies were not well conserved in the sub-telomeric regions that contain lager brewing yeast characteristic and specific genes. Deletion of larger chromosomal regions, a massive unilateral decrease of the ribosomal DNA cluster and bilateral truncations of over 60 genes reflect a post-hybridization evolution process. Truncations and deletions of less efficient maltose and maltotriose uptake genes may indicate the result of adaptation to brewing. The genome sequence of this interspecies hybrid yeast provides a new tool for better understanding of lager brewing yeast behavior in industrial beer production.
Demonstration of GaN/InGaN Light Emitting Diodes on (100) β-Ga <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition (2008)

The growth and fabrication of GaN/InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) on (100) β-Ga2O3 single crystal substrates by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) technique are reported. x-ray diffraction (XRD) θ – 2θ scan spectroscopy is carried out on the GaN buffer layer grown on a (100) β-Ga2O3 substrate. The spectrum presents several sharp peaks corresponding to the (100) β-Ga2O3 and (004) GaN. High-quality (0002) GaN material is obtained. The emission characteristics of the GaN/InGaN MQW LED are measurement. The first green LED on β-Ga2O3 with vertical current injection is demonstrated.
Weeds, Worms, and More. Papain's Long-Lost Cousin, Phytochelatin Synthase  (2004)

This Update is concerned with the mechanism of synthesis of heavy metal-binding thiol peptides, phytochelatins (PCs), by the enzyme PC synthase (EC 2.3.2.15). The bulk of the considerations in this review centers on what has been learned recently of the fundamental mechanics of PC synthesis, the domain organization and phylogenetic distribution of PC synthases, and PC synthase-like enzymes, and what this tells us about the chemistry underlying and the enzyme residues necessary for PC synthesis. It was decided to prepare a review of this type rather than aim at a more comprehensive treatment of heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification in plants for two reasons. The first is that there are already several contemporary reviews dealing with the more global aspects of plant heavy metal physiology. Excellent examples are Readers who have not already read these are encouraged to do so. The second reason is that some of the most fascinating and unexpected developments for our understanding in this area of late derive from investigations of the catalytic mechanism and distribution of PC synthases, facets of this field of research that have yet to be reviewed in detail.
Horizontal gene transfer from flowering plants to Gnetum (2003)

Although horizontal gene transfer is well documented in microbial genomes, no case has been reported in higher plants. We discovered horizontal transfer of the mitochondrial nad1 intron 2 and adjacent exons b and c from an asterid to Gnetum (Gnetales, gymnosperms). Gnetum has two copies of intron 2, a group II intron, that differ in their exons, nucleotide composition, domain lengths, and structural characteristics. One of the copies, limited to an Asian clade of Gnetum, is almost identical to the homologous locus in angiosperms, and partial sequences of its exons b and c show characteristic substitutions unique to angiosperms. Analyses of 70 seed plant nad1 exons b and c and intron 2 sequences, including representatives of all angiosperm clades, support that this copy originated from a euasterid and was horizontally transferred to Gnetum. Molecular clock dating, using calibrations provided by gnetalean macrofossils, suggests an age of 5 to 2 million years for the Asian clade that received the horizontal transfer.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression grossly over-estimates cellular proliferation in cardiac myxomas. (1999)

Proliferation in cardiac myxomas is unlikely to be rapid. The widespread positivity for PC10 suggests that PCNA is not a reliable marker in such tissues. Clinical cases in which myxomas have grown rapidly are probably due to changes in intercellular matrix rather than cellular proliferation.
Competing in the Business Process Outsourcing Industry: A Call Center Case Study (2010)

In this paper, we study the business model of a call center in the business process outsourcing industry through case study research method to understand its business model and critical success factors. We found that the case company employed a concept of âvirtual call centerâ and has developed âstandard service processesâ and âreusedâ them across various industries, product lines, and countries with only minor adjustment and customization. The case company leaned from Intelâs Copy Exactly technology transfer method and TSMCâs smart copy to take advantage of the experience curve. Its business model, and deployment and integration of information and communication technologies makes it possible to shorten the time for developing new services, reduce CSR training cost, and maintain competitive advantages such that it continues to grow rapidly and is profitable. Therefore, the company can provide streamlined and professional service for their business clients to keep excellent customer relationship. We have observed the new phenomena, âService Sector Manufacturizationâ through the analysis of the case data collected.
Schools for scoundrels (2005)

Extract: What is the extent of a schoolâs liability to its students if they are injured by the deliberate actions of someone who is either a member of staff, or associated with the school in some capacity which makes it possible for them to harm students in some way? This was the hypothetical question posed in the 2004 Bond University High School Mooting Competition, which in 2004 attracted over 130 school teams from nine regions of Australia, and was, for the first time, extended to allow Malaysian schools to take part in their own competition.
Design and Development of the En Route Descent Advisor (EDA) for Conflict-Free Arrival Metering (2004)

This paper describes the fundamental design and development of a new decision-support tool for time-based arrival metering, referred to as the En Route Descent Advisor (EDA). This automation is being developed at NASA Ames Research Center as a component of the Center-TRACON Automation System (CTAS). EDA computes advisories for the air-traffic controller to help deliver aircraft to an arrival-metering fix in conformance with a scheduled time-of-arrival constraint, while preventing separation conflicts with other aircraft along the arrival trajectory. The CTAS Traffic Management Advisor (TMA), fielded at numerous facilities in the United States under the FAA Free Flight Phase 1 initiative, computes the scheduled arrival times at the metering fix that EDA targets for optimal throughput into the terminal airspace. By computing strategic maneuver advisories based on speed, altitude, and heading to meet arrival time with a high degree of precision, EDA has the potential to significantly extend the capacity, efficiency, and workload benefits already attributed to TMA operations. The paper first describes the underlying trajectory process, followed by a description of the core meet-time and conflict resolution algorithms employed by EDA. The key aspects of the user interface are then described, which allow controllers to receive, evaluate, and accept EDA advisories at their discretion. Finally, a closed-loop simulation system for evaluating EDA in the laboratory is described, along with key findings obtained during a series of preliminary controller-in-the-loop simulation experiments.
B-Raf inhibitor vemurafenib in combination with temozolomide and fotemustine in the killing response of malignant melanoma cells (2014)

// Wynand P. Roos 1,* , Steve Quiros 1,* , Andrea Krumm 1 , Stephanie Merz 1 , Olivier Jérôme Switzeny 1 , Markus Christmann 1 , Carmen Loquai 2 and Bernd Kaina 1 1 Institute of Toxicology, Medical University Center, Mainz, Germany 2 Department of Dermatology, Medical University Center, Mainz, Germany * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: Bernd Kaina, email: // Wynand P. Roos, email: // Keywords : BRAF, Temozolomide, Fotemustine, Melanoma, Vemurafenib Received : August 12, 2014 Accepted : October 21, 2014 Published : October 21, 2014 Abstract In the treatment of metastatic melanoma, a highly therapy-refractory cancer, alkylating agents are used and, for the subgroup of BRAF V600E cancers, the B-Raf inhibitor vemurafenib. Although vemurafenib is initially beneficial, development of drug resistance occurs leading to tumor relapse, which necessitates the requirement for combined or sequential therapy with other drugs, including genotoxic alkylating agents. This leads to the question whether vemurafenib and alkylating agents act synergistically and whether chronic vemurafenib treatment alters the melanoma cell response to alkylating agents. Here we show that a) BRAF V600E melanoma cells are killed by vemurafenib, driving apoptosis, b) BRAF V600E melanoma cells are neither more resistant nor sensitive to temozolomide/fotemustine than non-mutant cells, c) combined treatment with vemurafenib plus temozolomide or fotemustine has an additive effect on cell kill, d) acquired vemurafenib resistance of BRAF V600E melanoma cells does not affect MGMT, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and MLH1, nor does it affect the resistance to temozolomide and fotemustine, e) metastatic melanoma biopsies obtained from patients prior to and after vemurafenib treatment did not show a change in the MGMT promoter methylation status and MGMT expression level. The data suggest that consecutive treatment with vemurafenib and alkylating drugs is a reasonable strategy for metastatic melanoma treatment.
Protection From Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice Overexpressing Human Apolipoprotein C1 (2001)

Apolipoprotein (APO) C1 is a 6.6-kDa protein present in plasma and associated with lipoproteins. Using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tests, we previously found that in APOC1 transgenic mice, the whole-body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is increased concomitant with a decreased fatty acid uptake. These latter results are confirmed in the present study, showing that APOC1 transgenic mice exhibit a 50% reduction in the uptake of the fatty acid analog 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(R,S)-methyl pentadecanoic acid in white adipose tissue stores. We next investigated whether APOC1 overexpression can modulate the initiation and/or development of obesity and insulin resistance. When crossbred on the genetically obese ob/ob background, APOC1 transgenic mice were fully protected from the development of obesity compared with ob/ob only mice, as reflected by a strong reduction in body weight (21 +/- 4 vs. 44 +/- 7 g), total adipose tissue stores (15 +/- 3 vs. 25 +/- 3% body wt), and average adipocyte size (7,689 +/- 624 vs. 15,295 +/- 1,289 microm(2)). Although less pronounced, APOC1 overexpression also reduced body weight on a wild-type background, solely due to a reduction in adipose tissue. Furthermore, despite elevated plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels, APOC1 overexpression significantly improved insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice, as demonstrated by a strong reduction in plasma glucose and insulin levels, as well as a better performance in the glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, a marked reduction in the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes may underlie the protection from obesity and insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing human APOC1.
Safety of TNF-α inhibitors during IBD pregnancy: a systematic review (2013)

From the present systematic review, no association was found between administration of TNF inhibitors for IBD during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome or congenital abnormalities. Further, no increased relative risk of infections has been reported in the first year of life in offspring of mothers who received biologics. Biologics should be discontinued during pregnancy solely if the IBD is in remission using the same stopping criteria as for patients with IBD in general, as uncontrolled activity of IBD may expose the mother and child to a risk greater than those only potentially coming from the use of TNF-α inhibitors. In such cases, inoculation of the offspring with live vaccines is contraindicated until the biologic agent is no longer detectable in the child's circulation.
Localization and Expression of cdc2 and cdk4 in Alzheimer Brain Tissue (1999)

Two regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cell division cycle 2 (cdc2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4), have been reported to be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, and especially to hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Using well-characterized polyclonal antibodies which recognize the C termini of cdc2 kinase and cdk4, we examined by immunohistochemistry brain tissues from patients with non-neurological conditions, AD and cerebral infarction. Semiquantitative mRNA analysis by RT-PCR was also done using non-neurological and AD brains. In AD, as previously reported, the antibody to cdc2 showed positive staining of a few intracytoplasmic neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In addition, this antibody gave positive immunolabelling in astrocytes and capillaries in all brains studied. In both AD and cerebral infarct cases, the staining of astrocytes was more intense than in non-neurological brain tissue. In all cases, the antibodies to cdk4 showed positive immunolabelling in the nuclei of all cell types except neurons. In AD tissue, the antibody showed additional staining of neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm. In contrast to a previous report, we did not find positive labelling of NFTs with the anti-cdk4 antibody. In infarct areas, particularly strong nuclear staining in glial cells was seen. The relative levels of cdk4 mRNA in AD brains were higher than those in controls. These data suggest that cdc2 kinase appears in glial cells capable of cell division and may play a role in the regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing and NFT formation in neurons. As suggested in a report on rat brain, neuronal expression of cdk4 may reflect some pathological process in damaged cells in AD.