gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies (2004)

Humanity already possesses the fundamental scientific, technical, and industrial know-how to solve the carbon and climate problem for the next half-century. A portfolio of technologies now exists to meet the world's energy needs over the next 50 years and limit atmospheric CO 2 to a trajectory that avoids a doubling of the preindustrial concentration. Every element in this portfolio has passed beyond the laboratory bench and demonstration project; many are already implemented somewhere at full industrial scale. Although no element is a credible candidate for doing the entire job (or even half the job) by itself, the portfolio as a whole is large enough that not every element has to be used.
Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects (2015)

Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to advanced biofuels and other commodities through a sugar-platform process involves a pretreatment step enhancing the susceptibility of the cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. A side effect of pretreatment is formation of lignocellulose-derived by-products that inhibit microbial and enzymatic biocatalysts. This review provides an overview of the formation of inhibitory by-products from lignocellulosic feedstocks as a consequence of using different pretreatment methods and feedstocks as well as an overview of different strategies used to alleviate problems with inhibitors. As technologies for biorefining of lignocellulose become mature and are transferred from laboratory environments to industrial contexts, the importance of management of inhibition problems is envisaged to increase as issues that become increasingly relevant will include the possibility to use recalcitrant feedstocks, obtaining high product yields and high productivity, minimizing the charges of enzymes and microorganisms, and using high solids loadings to obtain high product titers.
Pretransitional mechanical effects in a smectic-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:math>liquid crystal (1976)

Marked pretransition softening is reported of the smectic layer elasticity near the weakly first-order smectic-$A$-nematic phase transition in $N\ensuremath{-}p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{cyanobenzilidene}\ensuremath{-}p\ensuremath{-}n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{octyloxyaniline}$ (CBOOA). In addition, it is demonstrated that CBOOA will not support a static layer strain. This new relaxation process is studied in detail.
The Diversity of Torque Teno Viruses: <i>In Vitro</i> Replication Leads to the Formation of Additional Replication-Competent Subviral Molecules (2011)

The family Anelloviridae comprises torque teno viruses (TTVs) diverse in genome structure and organization. The isolation of a large number of TTV genomes (TTV Heidelberg [TTV-HD]) of 26 TTV types is reported. Several isolates from the same type indicate sequence variation within open reading frame 1 (ORF1), resulting in considerably modified open reading frames. We demonstrate in vitro replication of 12 full-length genomes of TTV-HD in 293TT cells. Propagation of virus was achieved by several rounds of infections using supernatant and frozen whole cells of initially infected cells. Replication of virus was measured by PCR amplification and transcription analyses. Subgenomic molecules (μTTV), arising early during propagation and ranging in size from 401 to 913 bases, were cloned and characterized. Propagation of these μTTV in in vitro cultures was demonstrated in the absence of full-length genomes.
Wood-Based Materials (2014)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Laminate Bonding 2.1. Laminated Structural Timber (Glulam) 2.1.1. Development 2.1.2. Construction and Production 2.1.3. Properties 2.2. Veneers, Plywood, and Derived Products 2.2.1. Development 2.2.2. Production of Veneers 2.2.3. Principal Types of Plywood 2.2.4. Adhesives and Additives 2.2.5. Production of Veneer Plywood 2.2.6. Properties, Testing, and Uses 2.2.7. Engineered Wood 3. Particle Bonding 3.1. Particle Board 3.1.1. Development 3.1.2. Types of Particle Board 3.1.3. Raw Materials 3.1.4. Adhesives and Additives 3.1.5. Production 3.1.6. Properties, Testing, and Uses 3.2. Fiberboard 3.2.1. Development 3.2.2. Types of Fiberboard 3.2.3. Raw Materials 3.2.4. Binders and Additives 3.2.5. Production Processes 3.2.6. Properties, Testing, and Uses 3.3. Wood-Based Materials with Mineral Binders 3.3.1. Cement-Bonded Boards 3.3.2. Gypsum-Bonded Board 3.3.3. Magnesia-Bonded Boards 4. Surface Treatment 4.1. Veneers 4.2. Liquid Paints and Coatings 4.3. Coating with Sheets, Short-Cycle Films, and Decorative Laminates 4.3.1. Coating with Foils 4.3.2. Decorative Films (Short-Cycle Films) 4.3.3. Decorative Laminates 4.4. Properties, Testing, and Uses 5. Environmental and Toxicological Aspects 5.1. Wood Dust 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions during Production of Wood-Based Materials 5.2.2. Emissions from Finished Materials 5.3. Disposal 6. Polymer Wood 7. Economic Aspects
The Advantage of Competitive Federalism for Securities Regulation (2003)

The current approach toward U.S. securities regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission should be revamped by implementing a regime of competitive federalism.
Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals for Large Area Switchable Windows: Effect of Liquid Crystal Loading (1999)

Abstract Polymer dispersed liquid crystals are composite materials which have been proposed in the last years as large area electrically switchable windows. Their electro-optical performance is strictly related to the morphology of liquid crystal droplets. We have investigated the morphological and electro-optical properties of droplets of nematic liquid crystals dispersed in NOA65 polymer matrix. We found that droplets size and dispersion become larger and larger as the liquid crystal loading is increased. At higher concentrations of liquid crystal two different distribution of droplet size are recognised. Switching fields and haze in the ON state show a minimum value when the liquid polymer/crystal weight ratio is around 55:45 for which the best performance is achieved.
Phase noise suppression of optical OFDM signals in 60-GHz RoF transmission system (2011)

The dispersion-induced phase noise (PN) in an OFDM RoF system at 60 GHz leads to not only subcarrier phase rotation (PRT) but also intercarrier interference (ICI) to severely degrade the transmission performance, when a commercial cost-effective DFB laser with the linewidth of several MHz is adopted. To mitigate both PRT and ICI, a post PN suppression algorithm is proposed, and it does not require any bandwidth-consuming pilot tone. For a 25.78-Gbps 16-QAM OFDM RoF signal using the laser with 1.8-MHz linewidth, employing the algorithm can extend the maximum transmission distance which corresponds to 3-dBm power penalty at the BER of 2 × 10(-3) from 75 km to more than 115 km, i.e. 50% increment of transmission distance.
Using the Future to "Sort Out" the Present: Rankprop and Multitask Learning for Medical Risk Evaluation (1995)

A patient visits the doctor; the doctor reviews the patient's history, asks questions, makes basic measurements (blood pressure, ...), and prescribes tests or treatment. The prescribed course of action is based on an assessment of patient risk--patients at higher risk are given more and faster attention. It is also sequential--it is too expensive to immediately order all tests which might later be of value. This paper presents two methods that together improve the accuracy of backprop nets on a pneumonia risk assessment problem by 10-50%. Rankprop improves on backpropagation with sum of squares error in ranking patients by risk. Multitask learning takes advantage of future lab tests available in the training set, but not available in practice when predictions must be made. Both methods are broadly applicable.
The doping of mercury cadmium telluride grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy (1988)

The electrical properties of the mercury cadmium telluride semiconductor material grown by the molecular-beam epitaxy are reviewed. The doping effects linked to the growth conditions, as well as the influence of indium or lithium incorporation are discussed. The results on doping by silicon, arsenic, and antimony are presented. It will be shown that all the impurities studied interact primarily with the metal site. It will confirm that the growth occurs under very rich tellurium conditions.
[Cytokines secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hepatitis C patients after stimulation with synthetic peptides at the highly variable region]. (2005)

PMBC from hepatitis C patients tend to secret Th2 cytokines after stimulation with HVR1 designed by the authors.
Silicon deposition in diode and hollow-cathode systems (1989)

Deposition of silicon from silane discharges is studied in diode and hollow-cathode systems. Using the single-target (‘‘diode’’) configuration as a reference, it is shown that discharge confinement results in substantial increases in deposition rate and efficiency. The ‘‘target-confined hollow cathode’’ exhibits the best performance; in comparison with a diode discharge at 2-Pa silane pressure, rates are 20–50× higher at fixed applied rf voltage and 5× higher at fixed input power density. Alternatively, for a fixed deposition rate this new configuration allows the applied rf voltage to be reduced by ∼10 and the power density to be reduced by ∼20, again at a 2-Pa pressure. Planarizing films are obtained at low pressures and/or low gas flows, while high pressures yield more directional deposition over surface steps. Good agreement with this profile study, and with our deposition rate data, is given by a model wherein ion bombardment is the dominant film forming and etching mechanism at low pressures, and wherein trapping of both excited neutrals and of electrons may contribute to the high efficiencies and rates observed.
Proteobacteria classis nov., a Name for the Phylogenetic Taxon That Includes the "Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives" (1988)

Proteobacteria classis nov. is suggested as the name for a new higher taxon to circumscribe the a, β, γ, and δ groups that are included among the phylogenetic relatives of the purple photosynthetic bacteria and as a suitable collective name for reference to that group. The group names (alpha, etc.) remain as vernacular terms at the level of subclass pending further studies and nomenclatural proposals.
Power minimization of high-performance submicron CMOS circuits using a dual-V<sub>dd</sub> dual-V<sub>th</sub> (DVDV) approach (1999)

Article Power minimization of high-performance submicron CMOS circuits using a dual-Vdd dual-Vth (DVDV) approach Share on Authors: Muhammad M. Khellah E&CE Dept., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT N2L-3G1, Canada E&CE Dept., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT N2L-3G1, CanadaView Profile , M. I. Elmasry E&CE Dept., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT N2L-3G1, Canada E&CE Dept., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT N2L-3G1, CanadaView Profile Authors Info & Claims ISLPED '99: Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and designAugust 1999 Pages 106–108https://doi.org/10.1145/313817.313881Published:17 August 1999 6citation208DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations6Total Downloads208Last 12 Months0Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Recombinant Antibodies in Bioactive Peptide Design (1995)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is important in many immune and inflammatory processes. GM-CSF binds to specific cellular receptors which belong to a recently described supergene family. These receptors are potential targets for pharmacologic design, and such design depends on a molecular understanding of ligand-receptor interactions. One approach to dissecting out critical intermolecular interactions is to develop analogs of specific interaction sites of potential importance. Monoclonal antibodies have been employed for these purposes in prior studies. Here we present application of recombinant antibody technology to the development of analogs of a site on GM-CSF bound by a neutralizing anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody. Polyclonal antisera with high titer neutralizing activity against human GM-CSF were developed in BALB/c mice. Purified immunoglobulins were prepared and used to immunize syngeneic mice. Anti-anti-GM-CSF was developed which demonstrated biological antagonist activity against GM-CSF-dependent cellular proliferation. RNA was extracted from spleen cells of mice with biologically active anti-anti-GM-CSF, cDNA synthesized, and polymerase chain reaction performed with primers specific for murine kappa light chain V regions. Polymerase chain reaction products were cloned into the pDABL vector and an expression library developed. This was screened with anti-GM-CSF neutralizing mAb 126.213, and several binding clones isolated. One clone (23.2) which inhibited 126.213 binding to GM-CSF was sequenced revealing a murine kappa light chain of subgroup III. Comparison of the 23.2 sequence with the human GM-CSF sequence revealed only weak sequence similarity of specific complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with human GM-CSF. Structural analysis revealed potential mimicry of specific amino acids in the CDR I, CDR II and FR3 regions of 23.2 with residues on the B and C helices of GM-CSF. A synthetic peptide analog of the CDR I was bound by 126.213, specifically antagonized GM-CSF binding to cells and blocked GM-CSF bioactivity. These studies indicate the feasibility of using recombinant antibody libraries as sources of interaction site analogs.
Par-4-Dependent Apoptosis by the Dietary Compound Withaferin A in Prostate Cancer Cells (2006)

Deletion or mutation of the androgen receptor (AR) renders prostate tumors refractory to apoptosis by androgen ablation, the mainstay of prostate cancer therapy. To identify novel therapeutics that can induce apoptosis regardless of the AR status of prostate cancer cells, we screened dietary herbal compounds using a reporter assay for the prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) gene, which induces p53- and PTEN-independent and cancer-selective apoptosis. One of the compounds, withaferin A (WA), a major constituent of the dietary compound Withania somnifera, induced Par-4-dependent apoptosis in androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells and regression of PC-3 xenografts in nude mice. Interestingly, restoration of wild-type AR in PC-3 (AR negative) cells abrogated both Par-4 induction and apoptosis by WA. Individually, WA and anti-androgens induced neither Par-4 nor apoptosis in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells, yet in combination, WA and anti-androgen synergistically induced Par-4 and apoptosis in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells. Thus, when judiciously combined with anti-androgens, WA inhibits survival of both androgen-responsive and androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells by a Par-4-dependent mechanism. As Par-4 up-regulation induces apoptosis in most tumor cells, our findings can be extended to high-throughput screens to identify synergistic combinations for both therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant cancers.
Laser-based directed release of array elements for efficient collection into targeted microwells (2012)

A cell separation strategy capable of the systematic isolation and collection of moderate to large numbers (25-400) of single cells into a targeted microwell is demonstrated. An array of microfabricated, releasable, transparent micron-scale pedestals termed pallets and an array of microwells in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) were mated to enable selective release and retrieval of individual cells. Cells cultured on a pallet array mounted on a custom designed stage permitted the array to be positioned independently of the microwell locations. Individual pallets containing cells were detached in a targeted fashion using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The location of the laser focal point was optimized to transfer individual pallets to designated microwells. In a large-scale sort (n = 401), the accuracy, defined as placing a pallet in the intended well, was 94% and the collection efficiency was 100%. Multiple pallets were observed in only 4% of the targeted wells. In cell sorting experiments, the technique provided a yield and purity of target cells identified by their fluorescence signature of 91% and 93%, respectively. Cell viability based on single-cell cloning efficiency at 72 h post collection was 77%.
Hybrid dependence analysis for automatic parallelization (2005)

Automatic program parallelization has been an elusive goal for many years. It has recently become more important due to the widespread introduction of multi-cores in PCs. Automatic parallelization could not be achieved because classic compiler analysis was neither powerful enough and program behavior was found to be in many cases input dependent. Run-time thread level parallelization, introduced in 1995, was a welcome but somewhat different avenue for advancing parallelization coverage. In this paper we introduce a novel analysis, Hybrid Analysis (HA), which unifies static and dynamic memory reference techniques into a seamless compiler framework which extracts almost maximum available parallelism from scientific codes and generates minimum run-time overhead. In this paper we will present how we can extract maximum information from the quantities that could not be sufficiently analyzed through static compiler methods and generate sufficient conditions which, when evaluated dynamically can validate optimizations. A large number of experiments confirm the viability of our techniques, which have been implemented in the Polaris compiler. “Hybrid Dependence Analysis...”, Rus and Rauchwerger, TR05-013, Parasol Lab, Texas A&amp;M 1
Raft Domain Reorganization Driven by Short- and Long-Chain Ceramide:  A Combined AFM and FCS Study (2007)

Naturally occurring long-chain ceramides (Cer) are known to alter the lateral organization of biological membranes. In particular, they produce alterations of microdomains that are involved in several cellular processes, ranging from apoptosis to immune response. In order to induce similar biological effects, short-chain Cer are extensively used in in vivo experiments to replace their long-chain analogues. In this work, we used the combined approach of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to investigate the effect of Cer chain length in lipid bilayers composed of sphingomyelin, dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. Our results show that only long-chain Cer, like C18 and C16, are able to segregate from the liquid-ordered phase, forming separate Cer-enriched domains. Conversely, short-chain Cer do not form a separate phase but alter the physical properties of the liquid-ordered domains, decreasing their stability and viscosity and perturbing the lipid packing. These differences may contribute to the explanation of the different physiological effects that are often observed for the long- and short-chain Cer.
Wideband reflectarrays using artificial impedance surfaces (2007)

The gain bandwidth of a microstrip reflectarray can be substantially improved by replacing the usual layer of near-resonant patches with a simple artificial impedance surface consisting of closely spaced electrically small patches on a grounded dielectric substrate. It is shown that this approach can lead to reflectarray gain bandwidths (1 dB) in excess of 20% with a single layer of printed elements.
Applications of a travelling wave‐based radio‐frequency‐only stacked ring ion guide (2004)

The use of radio-frequency (RF)-only ion guides for efficient transport of ions through regions of a mass spectrometer where the background gas pressure is relatively high is widespread in present instrumentation. Whilst multiple collisions between ions and the background gas can be beneficial, for example in inducing fragmentation and/or decreasing the spread in ion energies, the resultant reduction of ion axial velocity can be detrimental in modes of operation where a rapidly changing influx of ions to the gas-filled ion guide needs to be reproduced at the exit. In general, the RF-only ion guides presently in use are based on multipole rod sets. Here we report investigations into a new mode of ion propulsion within an RF ion guide based on a stack of ring electrodes. Ion propulsion is produced by superimposing a voltage pulse on the confining RF of an electrode and then moving the pulse to an adjacent electrode and so on along the guide to provide a travelling voltage wave on which the ions can surf. Through appropriate choice of the travelling wave pulse height, velocity and gas pressure it will be shown that the stacked ring ion guide with the travelling wave is effective as a collision cell in a tandem mass spectrometer where fast mass scanning or switching is required, as an ion mobility separator at pressures around 0.2 mbar, as an ion delivery device for enhancement of duty cycle on an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (oa-TOF) mass analyser, and as an ion fragmentation device at higher wave velocities.
A Runtime Monitoring Framework to Enforce Invariants on Reinforcement Learning Agents Exploring Complex Environments (2019)

Without prior knowledge of the environment, a software agent can learn to achieve a goal using machine learning. Model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) can be used to make the agent explore the environment and learn to achieve its goal by trial and error. Discovering effective policies to achieve the goal in a complex environment is a major challenge for RL. Furthermore, in safety-critical applications, such as robotics, an unsafe action may cause catastrophic consequences in the agent or in the environment. In this paper, we present an approach that uses runtime monitoring to prevent the reinforcement learning agent to perform "wrong" actions and to exploit prior knowledge to smartly explore the environment. Each monitor is de?ned by a property that we want to enforce to the agent and a context. The monitors are orchestrated by a meta-monitor that activates and deactivates them dynamically according to the context in which the agent is learning. We have evaluated our approach by training the agent in randomly generated learning environments. Our results show that our approach blocks the agent from performing dangerous and safety-critical actions in all the generated environments. Besides, our approach helps the agent to achieve its goal faster by providing feedback and shaping its reward during learning.
Frédéric Chauvaud (dir.), Le sanglot judiciaire. La désacralisation de la justice (VIIIe-XXe siècles) (2000)

Titre ambitieux, livre admirablement illustré, table des matières prometteuse. Dans une première partie sont indiqués « les chemins de la désacralisation » du VIIIe siècle jusque dans les années trente du XXe siècle ; dans la seconde, quelques « configurations de la désacralisation », telles qu'elles se sont manifestées dans le courant du long XIXe siècle, sont étudiées en détail. Un des mérites de ce livre est de démontrer comment la « crise de la justice contemporaine » ne tombe pas du ciel...