gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of linoleic and oleic acids as endogenous Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors from acute volume-expanded hog plasma. (1985)

Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors have been found to exist in acutely saline-infused hog plasma, which also inhibit the specific binding of ouabain to Na+,K+-ATPase and the binding of digoxin to specific anti-digoxin antibody. Two of these inhibitors were purified by a combination of Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption chromatography and 3 steps of high-performance liquid chromatography. Reverse phase, high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry identified these substances as linoleic (18:2) and oleic acids (18:1). A significant increase in the ouabain-displacing activity was observed in hog plasma during saline infusion. The maximal level reached was approximately 10 times higher than that of the preinfusion plasma sample. The two unsaturated fatty acids contributed to approximately 52% of the total ouabain-displacing activity after 120 min of saline infusion. The increased fatty acid levels in volume-expanded plasma are sufficient for an extensive inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity. These results strongly suggest that free unsaturated fatty acids in plasma regulate extracellular fluid volume in a pathological volume-expanded condition through modulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity.
Nonlinearity in measurements of length by optical interferometry (1996)

The periodical nonlinearity of an interferometer usually ranges from sub-nanometre scale to several nanometres. This nonlinearity limits the usefulness of an interferometer to the sub-nanometre level of accuracy in length measurements. A theoretical analysis of length measurement nonlinearities both in heterodyne and in one-frequency interferometers is reported in this paper. The nonlinearity of a heterodyne interferometer arises mainly from the cross talk between different frequencies of two linearly polarized beams. Both one-cycle and two-cycles nonlinearities were observed as the difference in optical path length changed from 0 to 2. Unlike the heterodyne interferometer, the nonlinearity of the one-frequency interferometer arises mainly from the cross talk between two linearly orthogonal beams of the same frequency and only two cycles of periodical nonlinearity were observed as the difference in optical path length changed from 0 to 2.
Accurate 3DEMF mask model for full-chip simulation (2013)

The Domain Decomposition Method (DDM) for approximating the impact of 3DEMF effects was introduced nearly ten years ago as an approach to deliver good accuracy for rapid simulation of full-chip applications. This approximation, which treats mask edges as independent from one another, provided improved model accuracy over the traditional Kirchhoff thin mask model for the case of alternating aperture phase shift masks which featured severe mask topography. This aggressive PSM technology was not widely deployed in manufacturing, and with the advent of thinner absorbing layers, the impact of mask topography has been relatively well contained through the 32 nm technology node, where Kirchhoff mask models have proved effective. At 20 nm and below, however, the thin mask approximation leads to larger errors, and the DDM model is seen to be effective in providing a more accurate representation of the aerial image. The original DDM model assumes normal incidence, and a subsequent version incorporates signals from oblique angles. As mask dimensions become smaller, the assumption of non-interacting mask edges breaks down, and a further refinement of the model is required to account for edge to edge cross talk. In this study, we evaluate the progression of improvements in modeling mask 3DEMF effects by comparing to rigorous simulation results. It is shown that edge to edge interactions can be accurately accounted for in the modified DDM library. A methodology is presented for the generation of an accurate 3DEMF model library which can be used in full chip OPC correction.
Decoupling QoS control from core routers (2000)

For scalable support of guaranteed services that decouples the QoS control plane from the packet forwarding plane. More specifically, under this architecture, core routers do not maintain any QoS reservation states, whether per-flow or aggregate . Instead, QoS reservation states are stored at and managed by bandwidth broker(s). There are several advantages of such a bandwidth broker architecture. Among others, it relieves core routers of QoS control functions such as admission control and QoS state management, and thus enables a network service provider to introduce new (guaranteed) services without necessarily requiring software/hardware upgrades at core routers. Furthermore, it allows us to design efficient admission control algorithms without incurring any overhead at core routers. The proposed bandwidth broker architecture is designed based on a core stateless virtual time reference system developed in [20].
Etching of Germanium with Water Vapor (1972)

The gas phase etching of germanium with the water vapor is studied. Germanium reacts with the water vapor in the temperature range of 700∼880°C according to the reaction, Ge(s)+H2O(g)=GeO(g)+H2(g). The water vapor is superior as an etchant in such respects as the purity, uncorrosiveness and uniformity in mask etching. The etching rate is found to depend strongly on the atmosphere of hydrogen or the inert gas. The difference in etch rate is qualitatively discussed in terms of the chemical kinetics. The structure of hexagonal pits, which are observed to grow under a particular etching condition, is clarified.
Comparison of antibacterial activity of Ag nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of<i>Parthenium hystrophorus</i>L in aqueous media and Gentamicin sulphate:<i>in-vitro</i> (2013)

Monodisperse silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized by using Parthenium hystrophorus L leaf extract in aqueous media. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffracto-meter (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and dynamics light scattering (DLS). Size-dependent antibacterial activities of Ag nanoparticles were tested against Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. Ag nanoparticles having 20 ± 2 nm size in diameter show maximum zone of inhibition (23 ± 2.2 mm) in comparison to 40 nm and 70 nm diameter nanoparticles for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus were 19 ± 1.8 mm, 15 ± 1.5 mm and 11 ± 1 mm for 20 nm, 40 nm, and 70 nm, respectively. In addition, affect of concentration of 20 nm size Ag nanoparticles on Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus species were also reported and results were compared with 10 µg/ml dose of Gentamicin sulphate. The Parthenium hystrophorus L leaf extract capped 20 ± 2 nm Ag nanoparticles (7.5 µg/ml) shows statistically significant antibacterial activity than Gentamicin sulphate (10 µg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus.
Abdominal Adhesiolysis: Inpatient Care and Expenditures in the United States in 1994 (1998)

Although the adhesiolysis hospitalization rate has remained constant since 1988, inpatient expenditures have decreased by nearly 10% because of a 15% decrease in the average length of stay. The increased use of laparoscopy during this 6-year period does not appear to be associated with a concomitant reduction in the adhesiolysis hospitalization rate, suggesting that the causes of adhesion formation warrant further research.
The Management of Complicated Celiac Disease (2007)

Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is being defined as persisting or recurring villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in spite of a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) for >12 months or when severe persisting symptoms necessitate intervention independent of the duration of the GFD. RCD may not respond primarily or secondarily to GFD. All other causes of malabsorption must be excluded and additional features supporting the diagnosis of CD must be looked for, including the presence of antibodies in the untreated state and the presence of celiac-related HLA-DQ markers. In contrast to patients with a high percentage of aberrant T-cells, patients with RCD I seem to profit from an immunosuppressive treatment. RCD II is usually resistant to medical therapies. Response to corticosteroid treatment does not exclude underlying enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Cladribine seems to have a role, although it is less than optimal in the treatment of these patients. It may be considered, however, as the only treatment thus far studied that showed significant reduction of aberrant T cells, seems to be well tolerated, and may have beneficial long-term effects in a subgroup of patients showing significant reduction of the aberrant T-cell population. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) seems promising in those patients with persisting high percentages of aberrant T cells. The first group of patients treated with ASCT showed improvement in the small intestinal histology, together with an impressive clinical improvement. However, it remains to be proven if this therapy delays or prevents lymphoma development.
K-time forced simulation: a formal verification technique for IP reuse (2003)

Automatic IP (Intellectual Property) matching is a key to reuse of IP cores. This paper presents an IP matching algorithm that can check whether a given programmable IP block can be adapted to match a given specification. When such adaptation is possible, the algorithm also generates a device driver to adapt the IP block. Though simulation, refinement and bisimulation based algorithms exist, they cannot be used to check the adaptability of an IP block, which is the essence of reuse. The IP matching algorithm is based on a formal verification technique called k-time forced simulation proposed in this paper k-time forced simulation may be used for identifying whether a given IP block (a device D) can be adapted to match a specification (a function F), given that D has a clock that is k-times faster than F. We demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm by reusing several IP blocks.
Fault-tolerant routings in large generalized cycles (2002)

A generalized p-cycle is a digraph whose set of vertices is partitioned into p parts that can be ordered in such a way that a vertex is adjacent only to vertices in the next part. The families of BGC(p,d,d/sup k/) (de Bruijn Generalized Cycles) and KGC(p,d,d/sup p+k/+d/sup k/) (Kautz Generalized Cycles) are the largest known p-cyles for their degree and diameter. In this paper, we present routing algorithms for both families. Such algorithms route over paths of length at most the value of the diameter plus two units. Moreover, this bound is attained only in the case that the number of faulty elements (nodes or links) is maximum.
Characterization of 2-mum DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by restriction fragment analysis and integration in an Escherichia coli plasmid. (1976)

Electrophoretic analysis of EcoRI and HindIII restriction fragments of 2-mum supercoiled DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicated that this class of DNA is heterogeneous and probably consists of two types of molecules. Integration of the 2-mum yeast DNA in E. coli plasmid pCR1 directly showed that existence of two types of molecules as each of these could be individually inserted into separate bacterial plasmids. The difference between the two types of 2-mum circles is due to an inversion of about 1.6 X 10(6) daltons. The inversion is flanked by a reversed duplicated sequence of 0.45 X 10(6) daltons. Possible implications of this structure are dicussed.
Somatostatin analogue octreotide enhances the antineoplastic effects of tamoxifen and ovariectomy on 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas. (1994)

The efficacy of tamoxifen and ovariectomy in the management of breast cancer is limited by the resistance of many neoplasms to these endocrine therapies and by the fact that initially responding tumors often escape from control during long-term treatment. We evaluated the effect of coadministration of the somatostatin analogue octreotide, which has single agent activity in several in vivo and in vitro breast cancer models, on the antineoplastic actions of tamoxifen and ovariectomy on 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary tumors. Rats received tamoxifen (0.5 mg/kg twice weekly s.c.), octreotide (10 micrograms/kg/h for 6 weeks by osmotic minipump), or the combination 7 weeks following 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene administration. The number of tumors per animal and the sum of the volumes of palpable tumors per animal were significantly less in the combination treatment than in the others. In ovariectomized rats the marked regression of established tumors in the initial 4 weeks after ovariectomy was frequently followed by tumor regrowth. However, continuous infusion of octreotide (50 micrograms/kg/h for 6 weeks postovariectomy) significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed this regrowth. Our data suggest that octreotide enhances the antitumor effects of tamoxifen or ovariectomy in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene mammary cancer model.
Case 2-2007 (2007)

A 49-year-old woman was seen in consultation for management of cutaneous melanoma. A pigmented lesion on her upper arm had been excised at another facility, and a superficial spreading malignant melanoma, 0.91 mm thick, with a vertical growth phase was diagnosed. Sentinel lymph-node biopsy disclosed a nest of tumor cells in one of two lymph nodes. A decision on management was made.
Improvement of the Light Output Power of GaN-Based Vertical Light Emitting Diodes by a Current Blocking Layer (2010)

The light output characteristics of GaN-based vertical light emitting diodes fabricated by the multifunctional bonding material system have been investigated as a function of the linewidth of a current blocking layer (CBL). As the CBL width increases from 0 to , the forward voltage increases from 2.82 to 2.88 V at 350 mA, whereas the reverse leakage current decreases from to at −10 V. The output power increases with increasing CBL linewidth. Furthermore, the output power of all the samples continuously increases without saturation across the current range of 0–1000 mA.
<title>Digital watermarking of 3D meshes</title> (2004)

Despite the increasing interest in digital watermarking of multimedia data, watermarking of 3D geometrical models has received little attention by the research community. One of the main reasons is that geometric data is intrinsically complex to handle, in addition a lot of diverse attacks can be thought of that are not possible in the 2D and 1D cases. So it is very difficult to develop robust watermarking algorithms for 3D models. In order to overcome the above problems most of the systems proposed so far exploit the knowledge of the original, non marked, mesh for watermark recovery. The practical usefulness of non-blind schemes, though, is very limited, hence the need to develop new blind schemes for 3D watermarking. In this paper we propose a blind watermarking algorithm for 3D meshes. Watermarking is achieved by perturbing the position of the vertices of the model according to a spherical pseudo-random bumped surface. The pseudo-random position and amplitude of the bumps encode the watermark. In order to gain robustness while keeping the distortion to a minimum, the watermark is embedded into a low resolution version of the mesh. The coarse version of the model is obtained by a MAPS1 (Multiresolution Adaptive Parameterization of Surface) algorithm. The base domain produced by this algorithm is used to obtain the full resolution watermarked model from the coarse watermarked one. Watermark recovery is accomplished by means of a standard correlation detector. Experimental results show that the system assure high visual quality of the watermarked model, and that a good degree of robustness can be reached for models with a suffciently high number of faces.
Enhanced light output of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with ZnO nanorod arrays (2008)

We report enhanced light output of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. The ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared on the top layer of GaN LEDs using catalyst-free metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Compared to conventional GaN LEDs, light output of GaN LEDs with the ZnO nanorod arrays increased up to 50% and 100% at applied currents of 20 and 50mA, respectively. The source of the enhanced light output is also discussed.
Marine multicomponent seismology (1999)

Marine multicomponent seismology has seized the geophysical industry’s fancy since its semicommercial emergence in the North Sea in the autumn of 1996. The essence of this technology is recording S-waves, in addition to conventional P-waves, on the seafloor with sensor packages containing hydrophones and three-component geophones. New processing algorithms have had to be developed to properly process these data.
T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance (2015)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of inflammatory liver disease, of which the clinical recovery and effective anti-viral therapy is associated with the sustained viral control of effector T cells. In humans, chronic HBV infection often shows weak or absent virus-specific T-cell reactivity, which is described as the 'exhaustion' state characterized by poor effector cytotoxic activity, impaired cytokine production and sustained expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene-3, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and CD244. As both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells participate in the immune responses against chronic hepatitis virus through distinct manners, compelling evidences have been proposed, which restore the anti-viral function of these exhausted T cells by blocking those inhibitory receptors with its ligand and will pave the way for the development of more effective immunotherapeutic and prophylactic strategies for the treatment of chronic infectious diseases. A large number of studies have stated the essentiality of T-cell exhaustion in virus-infected diseases, such as LCMV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus infections and cancers. Besides, the functional restoration of HCV- and HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells by PD-1 blockade has already been repeatedly verified, and also for the immunological control of tumors in humans, blocking the PD-1 pathway could be a major immunotherapeutic strategy. Although the specific molecular pathways of T-cell exhaustion remain ambiguous, several transcriptional pathways have been implicated in T-cell exhaustion recently; among them Blimp-1, T-bet and NFAT2 were able to regulate exhausted T cells during chronic viral infection, suggesting a distinct lineage fate for this sub-population of T cells. This paper summarizes the current literature relevant to T-cell exhaustion in patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis, the options for identifying new potential therapeutic targets to treat HBV infection and highlights priorities for further study.
A Practical Guide to Using Digital Games as an Experiment Stimulus (2014)

Digital games offer rich media content and engaging action, accessible individually or in groups collaborating or competing against each other. This makes them promising for use as a stimulus in research settings. This paper examines the advantages and challenges of using games in experimental research with particular focus on strict stimulus control through the following four areas: (1) matching and regulating task type, (2) data segmentation and event coding, (3) compatibility between participants, and (4) planning and conducting data collection. This contribution provides a breakdown of the steps necessary for using a digital game in experimental studies, along with a checklist for researchers illustrating variables that potentially affect the reliability and validity of experiments. We also offer a study example to illustrate how these considerations apply to practice. The aim is to provide support to researchers planning and conducting empirical experiments involving games, and also to those evaluating the works of others.
Chemical Lasers from the Reactions of ClF and ClF3 with H2 and CH4: A Possible Chain-Branching Chemical Laser (1972)

Both HF and HCl chemical laser emission have been observed from the flash photolysis of ClF–H2–Ar and ClF3–H2–Ar mixtures. In contrast, only HF laser emission is produced by flash photolysis of ClF–CH4–Ar or ClF3–CH4–Ar mixtures. For the ClF–H2 system, the presence of 3→2 HF transitions and the appearance of HCl transitions show that the H+ClF reaction divides to form very roughly equal amounts of HCl and HF. For HCl, equal–gain temperature measurements place k2/k1 in the range 1.2–3.8. The ClF3–H2 chemical laser is extremely intense, but it displays much lower vibrational excitation of HF than that of ClF–H2 or of ClF3–CH4. There is evidence that chain-branching reactions occur, which enhances the potentiality of the ClF3–H2 system as a possible high-power, continuously operating chemical laser.
Efficiency of inversion pulses for background suppressed arterial spin labeling (2005)

Background suppression strategies for arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI offer reduced noise from motion and other system instabilities. However, the inversion pulses used for suppression can also attenuate the ASL signal, which may offset the advantages of background suppression. Numerical simulations were used to optimize the inversion efficiency of four candidate pulses over a range of radiofrequency (RF) and static magnetic field variations typical of in vivo imaging. Optimized pulses were then used within a pulsed ASL sequence to assess the pulses' in vivo inversion efficiencies for ASL. The measured in vivo inversion efficiency was significantly lower than theoretical predictions (e.g., 93% experimental compared to 99% theoretical) for the tangent hyperbolic pulse applied in a background suppression scheme. This inefficiency was supported by an in vitro study of human blood. These results suggest that slow magnetization transfer (MT) in blood, either with bound water or macromolecular protons, dominates the inversion inefficiency in blood. Despite the attenuated signal relative to unsuppressed ASL, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with suppression was improved by 23-110% depending on the size of the region measured. Knowledge of efficiency will aid optimization of the number of suppression pulses and provide more accurate quantification of blood flow.