gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SMART And FAST: Test Generation for VLSI Scan-Design Circuits (1986)

This article describes new concepts and algorithms used to generate tests for VLSI scan-design circuits. The new algorithms include: 1. a low-cost fault-independent algorithm (SMART), 2. a fault-oriented algorithm (FAST), and 3. an algorithm for dynamic test set compaction. The fault-oriented algorithm is guided by new controllability/observability cost functions whose objective is to minimize the amount of search done in test generation.
Graph-based Transform Coding with Application to Image Compression (2017)

In this paper, we propose a new graph-based coding framework and illustrate its application to image compression. Our approach relies on the careful design of a graph that optimizes the overall rate-distortion performance through an effective graph-based transform. We introduce a novel graph estimation algorithm, which uncovers the connectivities between the graph signal values by taking into consideration the coding of both the signal and the graph topology in rate-distortion terms. In particular, we introduce a novel coding solution for the graph by treating the edge weights as another graph signal that lies on the dual graph. Then, the cost of the graph description is introduced in the optimization problem by minimizing the sparsity of the coefficients of its graph Fourier transform (GFT) on the dual graph. In this way, we obtain a convex optimization problem whose solution defines an efficient transform coding strategy. The proposed technique is a general framework that can be applied to different types of signals, and we show two possible application fields, namely natural image coding and piecewise smooth image coding. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms classical fixed transforms such as DCT, and, in the case of depth map coding, the obtained results are even comparable to the state-of-the-art graph-based coding method, that are specifically designed for depth map images.
Frequency-resolved optical grating using third-harmonic generation (1996)

Frequency-resolved optical grating (FROG) is a techique for measuring the full time-dependent intensity and phase of an arbitrary ultrashort optical pulse. 1 - 2 Unlike the polarization-gated (PG) method, FROG using second-harmonic generation (SHG) has a time-reversal ambiguity. The envelope of the SHG FROG signal field is given by E SHG − sig ( t, τ ) ∝ E ( t ) E ( t − τ ) and is always symmetric in the time delay τ , therefore the resulting spectrograms are somewhat unintuitive. Nevertheless, because of the simplicity of the SHG FROG, it becomes the most common technique for detail characterization of ultrashort optical pulses of laser oscillators. We extend this FROG technique with the use of third-harmonic generation (THG FROG), where the signal field is now given by E THG − sig ( t, τ ) ∝ E 2 ( t ) E ( t − τ ) which has no time ambiguity. Therefore the resulting THG FROG trace is as appealing as the PG FROG. Although THG is dipole-allowed, the coherent length in the bulk of a material is short therefore THG in the bulk is often too weak to be measured. But THG is much enhanced at an interface 3 giving adequate THG photons for pulse characterization of laser oscillators.
IL-6-induced survival of colorectal carcinoma cells is inhibited by butyrate through down-regulation of the IL-6 receptor (2004)

Colorectal carcinoma cells are characterized by over-expression of IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor, an autocrine loop that promotes the development of many tumors. To determine the importance of this pathway, we examined the role that IL-6 plays in the biology of 228 and RKO colorectal tumor cells. IL-6 induced prominent tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 in both cell types. Furthermore, IL-6 exerts functional effects in these cells in that it inhibited apoptosis induced by Fas ligation, and up-regulated Bcl-xl, a STAT target gene, which can promote cell survival. Butyrate, a compound formed in the intestines of people who consume a high-fiber diet, may confer protection against the development of colorectal cancer. Given the potential importance of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of colorectal tumors, we tested the hypothesis that butyrate acts by inhibiting IL-6-induced signaling events in colorectal carcinoma cells. Following treatment with butyrate, the activation of STAT1 in response to IL-6, but not interferon-gamma, was completely lost. Butyrate induced a prominent decrease of mRNA and cell surface expression of the IL-6 receptor alpha (IL-6Ralpha) chain. Introduction of a soluble form of the IL-6Ralpha chain restored IL-6-induced STAT1 activation and resistance to apoptosis of butyrate treated cells. These experiments indicate that IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancers, and that butyrate may exert its protective effect by specifically blocking IL-6-induced signaling events.
Calculation of the thermoneutral potential of NiCd and NiH2 cells (1994)

The thermoneutral potential of a nickel cadmium or nickel hydrogen cell is the potential at which the cell charge or discharge process puts out zero heat, and thus is the potential corresponding to the enthalpy change of the charge/discharge reaction, delta H. A relatively straightforward method for obtaining the thermoneutral potential E(sub tn), is based on the measured potential and temperature derivative of the cell reactions, which are related to the free energy change delta G, and entropy change delta S, respectively. Particularly in the nickel hydrogen cell, the pressure of hydrogen can often vary over an order of magnitude or more during the course of a charge or discharge. In a nickel cadmium cell, although significant changes in oxygen pressure can occur during charge or discharge, since oxygen does not enter into the charge/discharge reaction, these pressure changes are related to the heat generated from oxygen evolution and recombination. However, the entropy changes due to changes in hydrogen pressure relative to the 1 atm standard state must be included to apply this method to the nickel hydrogen cell.
Phase-Shifting Apodizer of Three or More Portions (1992)

This paper is aimed at the problem of attaining increased recording density in optical disks. One way of achieving this is to decrease the size of the optical disk drive's “beam waist spot” (the narrowest portion of the focused area). The author is presently developing a new type of apodizer structure designed for decreasing the sidelobe intensity and raising the center peak intensity ratio accompanying reduced beam waist spots. The apodizer incorporates a new optical structure and is currently undergoing evaluation. In developing designs for the new apodizer, the author first used algebraic approximate formulas to obtain a general understanding of the relationship between the intensity distribution at the beam waist spot and each of the relevant parameters. Computer simulation was then used to obtain a detailed performance evaluation. The evaluation results indicated the following: (1) The beam waist spot's sidelobe intensity can be reduced by using an optimized apodizer consisting of three or more portions; (2) Phase-shifting apodizers serve to increase the center peak intensity ratio.
Antibiotic Structure and Biosynthesis (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntibiotic Structure and BiosynthesisJohn W. WestleyCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1986, 49, 1, 35–47Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 January 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50043a003https://doi.org/10.1021/np50043a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views327Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introduction of air in the anaerobic culture of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F induces the release of capsular polysaccharide from bacterial surface into the cultivation medium (2006)

The use of air in the stationary phase of the culture would greatly simplify the subsequent downstream process, allowing CPS purification from the supernatant. The direct consequence of this process improvement is the reduction of vaccine production costs.
The CC chemokine RANTES in breast carcinoma progression: regulation of expression and potential mechanisms of promalignant activity. (2002)

Breast cancer progression may be affected by various cellular components expressed by the tumor cells and/or by microenvironmental factors. Many studies report the correlation between breast cancer progression and monocyte infiltration into the tumor site. We have identified recently the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), a major monocyte chemoattractant expressed by breast tumor cells, as a potential contributor to breast cancer progression. In the present study, analysis of the regulation of RANTES expression demonstrates that the expression of RANTES in breast tumor cells is elevated significantly and in a synergistic manner by IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Identification of the mechanisms by which RANTES may contribute to breast cancer progression included the analysis of the potential ability of RANTES to act in paracrine and indirect mechanisms, as well as directly on the tumor cells, to promote disease progression. Our results suggest that breast tumor cell-derived RANTES may promote breast cancer progression by its partial contribution to monocyte migration into breast tumor sites. Moreover, RANTES promotes the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 by THP-1 monocytic cells and elevates vascularity in chick chorioallantoic membrane assays. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a major monocyte-derived cytokine, was found to promote the expression of MMP9 and MMP2 by MCF-7 and T47D breast adenocarcinoma cells, respectively, and to induce the de novo expression of an additional proteolytic enzyme by T47D cells, presumably MMP9. The possibility that RANTES may act directly on breast tumor cells was supported by detection of the expression of the CCR5 RANTES receptor in biopsy sections of breast cancer patients and by the ability of RANTES to promote the expression of MMP9 by MCF-7 cells. In all, our study suggests that the expression of RANTES by breast tumor cells results not only in monocyte migration to the tumor site but also in protumorigenic activities of RANTES and of proinflammatory cytokines that may facilitate metastasis formation and contribute to disease progression.
Protein glycosylation: a promising way to modify the functional properties and extend the application in food system (2018)

Modification of functional properties by glycosylating with polysaccharides is an effective solution to improve the internal disadvantages of native proteins. Generally, protein glycosylation belongs to the first stage of the Maillard reaction in essence. Dry-heating, wet-heating, and their combination are the major methods for the preparation of protein-polysaccharide conjugates (PPC). Spectrophotometry, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, calorimetry, chromatography, and mass spectrometry are confirmed to be the most effective methods for the identification of PPC. After glycosylation, functionalities of the native protein, including solubility, rheological properties, emulsifying properties, foaming properties, gel property, film-forming properties, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, allergenicity, and antibacterial properties, are improved. The PPC is extensively used as an encapsulation or a delivering material in order to improve the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds in food system. Some new applications in food processing could be explored using PPC as an ingredient based on the improved functional properties, such as 3-dimensional printing food, gelled food, and colloid food. Furthermore, the model of protein glycosylation and the application of PPC in food processing could be extended to other protein modification to broaden the exploitation of native protein resource for the processing of novel foods.
Nitrate therapy for congestive heart failure (1978)

A randomized double-blind crossover trial included 16 patients with severe congestive heart failure who received isosorbide dinitrate or placebo for eight weeks, and then the opposite treatment for eight more weeks. All patients received their usual maintenance therapy with digitalis and diuretics. Seven morbid events occurred during 85 patient-weeks of isosorbide dinitrate therapy compared with 17 during 76 patient-weeks of placebo. Severity of congestive heart failure improved in all eight patients who received isosorbide dinitrate compared with two patients who showed improvement and five whose symptoms became worse with placebo. No significant differences in physical findings, cardiac dimensions, or resting hemodynamics were observed. Maximal exercise duration increased significantly by 2.54 minutes with isosorbide dinitrate therapy, and rose insignificantly by 1.24 minutes with placebo. This preliminary trial suggests that long-term vasodilator therapy may be clinically beneficial in congestive heart failure. (<i>JAMA</i>240:443-446, 1978)
Detection of Distributed Deterioration in Single PipesUsing Transient Reflections (2012)

A number of different methods that use signal processing of fluid transients (water hammer waves) for fault detection in pipes have been proposed in the past two decades. However, most of them focus solely on the detection of discrete deterioration, such as leaks or discrete blockages. Few studies have been conducted on the detection of distributed deterioration, such as extended sections of corrosion and extended blockages. This is despite the fact that they commonly exist and can have a severe negative impact on the operation of pipelines. The research reported here proposes a method of detecting distributed deterioration by investigating the time-domain water hammer response trace from a single pipe with a deteriorated section. Through wave analysis using a step pressure input, a theoretical square-shaped perturbation is found to exist in the transient pressure trace as a result of distributed deterioration. The hydraulic impedance of this section can be derived from the magnitude of the reflected pressure perturbation, while the location and length of the corresponding deteriorated section can be determined by using the arrival time and duration of the perturbation. The proposed method has been validated by analyzing experimental data measured from a pipe with a section of wall thickness change.
A Multichannel PAM-FM Radio Telemetering System (1951)

A multichannel time-division system of the PAM-FM type is described. It can provide as many as 64 channels with an information bandwidth per channel greater than 800 cps or fewer channels with a corresponding increase in the information bandwidth per channel. Modulation and multiplexing in the airborne equipment, and demultiplexing in the ground station, are performed by simple pentode gating circuits which derive their gating signals from crystal-resistor matrices. Transmission of dc signals over the radio-frequency link is avoided by a process of double modulation. The novel technique of reactance switching provides a simple FM transmitter with wide linear frequency deviation. The airborne portion of the system is miniaturized through the use of potted unit construction. In each channel, the over-all linearity is better than ±1 per cent, the cross talk is less than 1 per cent, and the signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 55 db.
Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest (2002)

suggests a lower incidencerate, about 184000 cardiac arrests per year, as well as a de-creasing proportion of cardiac arrests with ventricular fi-brillation (VF) as the first identified rhythm.Current International Liaison Committee on Resuscita-tion (ILCOR) guidelines promulgate rhythm-based thera-piesduringcardiacarrest.
Turnover of Heparan Sulfate Depends on 2-O-Sulfation of Uronic Acids (1997)

To study how the pattern of sulfation along a heparan sulfate chain affects its turnover, we examined heparan sulfate catabolism in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells and mutant pgsF-17, defective in 2-O-sulfation of uronic acid residues (Bai, X., and Esko, J. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17711-17717). Heparan sulfate from the mutant contains normal amounts of 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residues and iduronic acid and somewhat higher levels of N-sulfated glucosamine residues but lacks any 2-O-sulfated iduronic or glucuronic acid residues. Pulse-chase experiments showed that both mutant and wild-type cells transport newly synthesized heparan sulfate proteoglycans to the plasma membrane, where they shed into the medium or move into the cell through endocytosis. Internalization of the cell-associated molecules leads to sequential endoglycosidase (heparanase) fragmentation of the chains and eventual lysosomal degradation. In wild-type cells, the chains begin to degrade within 1 h, leading to the accumulation of intermediate (10-20-kDa) and small (4-7-kDa) oligosaccharides. Mutant cells did not generate these intermediates, although internalization and intracellular trafficking of the heparan sulfate chains appeared normal, and the chains degraded with normal kinetics. This difference was not due to defective heparanase activities in the mutant, since cytoplasmic extracts from mutant cells cleaved wild-type heparan sulfate chains in vitro. Instead, the heparan sulfate chains from the mutant were relatively resistant to degradation by cellular heparanases. These findings suggest that 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate are important for cleavage by endogenous heparanases but not for the overall catabolism of the chains.
Reactive Magnetron Sputtering of ZnO (1980)

A planar magnetron system is used to sputter zinc o xide on a variety of substrates. target is used, and sputtering is done in an oxygen atmosphere. The zinc oxide films are evaluated by bulk and surface a coustic measurements, scanning electron microscopy, reflection electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, surface roughness, etching rate, and resistivity measurements. Zinc oxide films are grown on a variety of substrates such as gold, aluminum, platinum. and oxidized (111) and (100) silicon. Highly oriented films are obtained on all the substrates with a typical standard d eyiation in t he rocking c urves of the order o f 0.2 0.5' . Typical sputtering parameters are: rf power = 1 - 1.25 kw , sputtering rate = 10 - 20 pm per hour, oxygen partial pressure = 5 - 7 pm , substrate temperature = 450 - 5OO0C, and target-tosubstrate spacing = 4 - 7 cm . A zinc
Handwritten Music Symbol Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (2016)

In this paper, we utilize deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to classify handwritten music symbols in HOMUS data set. HOMUS data set is made up of various types of strokes which contain time information and it is expected that online techniques are more appropriate for classification. However, experimental results show that CNN which does not use time information achieved classification accuracy around 94.6% which is way higher than 82% of dynamic time warping (DTW), the prior state-of-the-art online technique. Finally, we achieved the best accuracy around 95.6% with the ensemble of CNNs.
Keys to Managing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (1997)

The keys to coping with the variability seen in SLE are accurate differentiation of active disease from past damage and consistent monitoring for new disease manifestations and medication side effects. Common clinical problems are reviewed.
Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten on Polycrystalline and Single‐Crystal Silicon via the Silicon Reduction (1984)

High purity metallic tungsten films are deposited on phosphorus‐doped and undoped polycrystalline and single‐crystal silicon by the silicon reduction of . Depositions are performed in a commercial LPCVD hot wall reactor at temperatures ranging from 310°–540°C. Film formation is self‐limiting, meaning that after a given film thickness any further reaction between and the underlying silicon is inhibited. Obtainable film thickness depends strongly on the doping condition of silicon and on surface preparation prior to LPCVD. Conventional wet chemical cleaning limits the maximum obtainable film thickness to approximately 400Å, whereas with a low power argon plasma treatment approximately 900Å thick films can be obtained reproducibly. The resistivity of these films is . This corresponds to a minimum sheet resistance of the thickest films of approximately 2 Ω/□. The depositions are completely selective; no detectable amount of tungsten can be observed on thermal field oxide.
Managing the foot of a person with diabetes (2009)

The pedal manifestations of diabetes are well documented and potentially limb threatening. An important aspect in managing the foot in diabetes is the need to focus on the person with a foot ulcer as a whole, rather than simply the treatment of ulceration in isolation. Likewise, no single healthcare provider can work in isolation when dealing with the foot in diabetes. It is impossible for one person to handle every aspect of preventing and treating foot problems in diabetes, especially when there is a worldwide epidemic in the prevalence of diabetes.
The Renaissance of Competitive PCR as an Accurate Tool for Precise Nucleic Acid Quantification (2010)

Here, we report a detailed procedure for the exact quantification of minute amounts of nucleic acids by competitive PCR. This technique entails the co-amplification of a target DNA or cDNA in a biological sample together with a known quantity of a target-specific standard, the competitor, which is added exogenously to the sample and is almost identical to the DNA region to be amplified. Competitive PCR offers the advantage to render the PCR reaction independent of the number of amplification cycles, since any intra-assay variation has the same effect on both target and competitor. Since the final ratio between target and competitor amplification products exactly reflects the initial ratio between the two species, and being the amount of added competitor known, competitive PCR allows the determination of the exact number of molecules of target, with an accuracy that is still unsurpassed by any other alternative procedure, including real-time PCR. The protocols described in this chapter cover most of the possible applications of competitive PCR, including the quantification of an mRNA transcript and the simultaneous determination of multiple targets.