gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interstitial lung disease in children – genetic background and associated phenotypes (2005)

Interstitial lung disease in children represents a group of rare chronic respiratory disorders. There is growing evidence that mutations in the surfactant protein C gene play a role in the pathogenesis of certain forms of pediatric interstitial lung disease. Recently, mutations in the ABCA3 transporter were found as an underlying cause of fatal respiratory failure in neonates without surfactant protein B deficiency. Especially in familiar cases or in children of consanguineous parents, genetic diagnosis provides an useful tool to identify the underlying etiology of interstitial lung disease. The aim of this review is to summarize and to describe in detail the clinical features of hereditary interstitial lung disease in children. The knowledge of gene variants and associated phenotypes is crucial to identify relevant patients in clinical practice.
Can modern restorative procedures and materials reliably seal cavities? In vitro investigations. Part 1. (2002)

Secondary caries, marginal discoloration and marginal gap/fracture account for a significant majority of clinical diagnoses of restoration failure and reason for restoration replacement. These failures occur at the interface between the restoration and the cavity preparation. It is an underlying belief, or at least an underlying assumption of the dental profession, that improving the seal between a restorative material and tooth structure will reduce the frequency of such occurrences, which will in turn lead to enhanced restoration longevity. This paper reviews the current status of in vitro literature regarding the ability of modern restorative materials and techniques to reliably seal cavity preparations. In addition, methodology for accomplishing in vitro research is reviewed for the purpose of elucidating trends, areas of interest and controversial topics.
Spin-polarized electron tunneling across a disordered insulator (1998)

It is shown that the presence of disorder within an insulator has a dramatic effect on the mechanism and the spin polarization of tunneling in ferromagnet-insulator-metal tunnel junctions. We have calculated the conductance of the tunnel junction within a quantum-mechanical treatment of the electronic transport. The spin-polarized band structure of the ferromagnet was approximated by exchange-split tight-binding bands and the disorder was represented by a randomness in on-site atomic energies of the insulator. We demonstrate that for each realization of the disorder the conductance displays numerous resonances, which are determined by multiple scattering processes. The distribution of the conductance with respect to different random configurations is extremely broad, covering many orders of magnitude. The dominant contribution to the tunneling current comes from a few random configurations of disorder which provide highly conducting resonant electronic channels. We find that the spin polarization $P$ of the tunneling current is determined not only by the intrinsic properties of the ferromagnet alone, but in a regime of relatively high disorder which is typical for experiments, the spin polarization decreases with increasing disorder and the thickness of the insulator. This behavior can be explained qualitatively in terms of quasi-one-dimensional tunnelling through an effective potential barrier, the height of which decreases with increasing disorder and insulator thickness. At high disorder the tunneling magnetoresistance calculated directly by modelling the parallel and antiparallel alignments of the ferromagnets agrees with that predicted by Julliere's formula ${2P}^{2}{/(1+P}^{2}).$
Ultrathin Ta2 O 5 Film Capacitor with Ru Bottom Electrode (1998)

The characteristics of the ultrathin film capacitors with Ru bottom electrodes have been investigated. Ru films are deposited on by sputtering in 10% ambient, for the bottom electrode, and films are deposited by chemical vapor deposition using and . By plasma treatment at 400°C after thermal treatment at 700°C, excellent properties, are obtained such that the effective film thickness is 0.68 nm for 6 nm thick film and the leakage current is less than between the range of −2.1 and +1.8 V. The film with a Ru bottom electrode is one of the most suitable structures for Gbit dynamic random access memory capacitors.
Human telomeric G‐quadruplex: The current status of telomeric G‐quadruplexes as therapeutic targets in human cancer (2009)

The 3′‐ends of human chromosomal DNA terminate in short single‐stranded guanine‐rich tandem‐repeat sequences. In cancer cells, these are associated with the telomere‐maintenance enzyme telomerase together with the end‐binding protein hPOT1. Small molecules that can compete with these proteins and induce the single‐stranded DNA to form quadruplex–ligand complexes are, in effect, able to expose these 3′‐ends, which results in the activation of a DNA damage response and selective inhibition of cell growth. Several of these G‐quadruplex binding molecules have shown promising anticancer activity in tumour xenograft models, which indicate that the approach may be applicable to the treatment of a wide range of human cancers. This minireview summarizes the available data on these compounds and the challenges posed for drug discovery.
Caffeic Acid Derivatives in the Roots of Yacon (<i>Smallanthus sonchifolius</i>) (2002)

Five caffeic acid derivatives were found in the roots of yacon, Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson, Asteraceae, as the major water-soluble phenolic compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data. Two of these were chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, common phenolic compounds in plants of the family Asteraceae. Three were esters of caffeic acid with the hydroxy groups of aldaric acid, derived from hexose. The structure of the aldaric moiety was determined by hydrolysis and comparison of NMR spectra with those of standard aldaric acids. The compounds were novel caffeic acid esters of altraric acid: 2,4- or 3,5-dicaffeoylaltraric acid, 2,5-dicaffeoylaltraric acid, and 2,3,5- or 2,4,5-tricaffeoylaltraric acid. Keywords: Yacon; Smallanthus sonchifolius; Asteraceae; caffeic acid; altraric acid
Electrical stress-induced variable range hopping conduction in ultrathin silicon dioxides (1997)

Electrical stress-induced variable range hopping conduction is reported in the ultrathin silicon dioxides. The conduction is mediated by the localized states, including various trap sites and interface states induced by the electrical stressing. Based on the results, a model for the conduction mechanism of the “B-mode” stress-induced leakage current (B-SILC) is proposed. This model well explains the temperature dependence and large fluctuation of the B-SILC, which cannot be explained by the previous models for the B-SILC. Furthermore, an empirical expression for the current–voltage characteristics of the B-SILC is also proposed.
Block acknowledgement: redesigning the window protocol (1989)

We describe a new version of the window protocol where message sequence numbers are taken from a finite domain and where both message disorder and loss can be tolerated. Most existing window protocols achieve only one of these two goals. Our protocol is based on a new method of acknowledgement, called block acknowledgement, where each acknowledgement message has two numbers m and n to acknowledge the reception of all data messages with sequence numbers ranging from m to n. Using this method of acknowledgement, the proposed protocol achieves the two goals while maintaining the same data transmission capability of the traditional window protocol.
Reachability and distance queries via 2-hop labels (2002)

Reachability and distance queries in graphs are fundamental to numerous applications, ranging from geographic navigation systems to Internet routing. Some of these applications involve huge graphs and yet require fast query answering. We propose a new data structure for representing all distances in a graph. The data structure is distributed in the sense that it may be viewed as assigning labels to the vertices, such that a query involving vertices u and v may be answered using only the labels of u and v.Our labels are based on 2-hop covers of the shortest paths, or of all paths, in a graph. For shortest paths, such a cover is a collection S of shortest paths such that for every two vertices u and v, there is a shortest path from u to v that is a concatenation of two paths from S. We describe an efficient algorithm for finding an almost optimal 2-hop cover of a given collection of paths. Our approach is general and can be applied to directed or undirected graphs, exact or approximate shortest paths, or to reachability queries.We study the proposed data structure using a combination of theoretical and experimental means. We implemented our algorithm and checked the size of the resulting data structure on several real-life networks from different application areas. Our experiments show that the total size of the labels is typically not much larger than the network itself, and is usually considerably smaller than an explicit representation of the transitive closure of the network.
Regulation of Terminal Differentiation of Cultured Mouse Epidermal Cells by l<i>α</i>,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>* (1983)

Terminal differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in primary culture was found to be regulated by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3), the hormonal form of vitamin D3 produced by sequential hydroxylations in the liver and kidney. Epidermal differentiation was stimulated dose dependently by 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 at concentrations of 0.12 nM or more. In the presence of the vitamin, stratified foci increased in number and size and contiguous foci coalesced. Basal cells in the treated cultures decreased sharply and underwent differentiation into squamous and enucleated cells which sloughed off into the medium during cultivation. The size and density of the cells became larger and lighter during the course of differentiation. 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 markedly stimulated formation of a cornified envelope, a structure with chemically stable cross-links formed beneath the plasma membrane. Of several derivatives of vitamin D3 examined, 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was the most potent in inducing epidermal differentiation. Stimulation of epidermal differentiation was also observed in low calcium medium. DNA synthesis was inhibited dose dependently by 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. A specific receptor for 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was found in the cytosol fraction of the epidermal cells. Scatchard plot analysis revealed that the receptor has an apparent dissociation constant (Kd value) of 54 pM and maximum binding value (Nmax) of 43 fmol/mg protein. The specificity of the receptor was demonstrated by analog competition in the following order: 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 much greater than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 greater than 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 greater than 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Autocorrelation techniques in color flow imaging: signal model and statistical properties of the autocorrelation estimates (1994)

A review of the scattering theory for moving blood, and a model for the signal in a multigated pulsed wave Doppler system is presented. The model describes the relation between a general time-variable velocity field and the signal correlation in space and time, including the effect of movement of the ultrasonic beam for color flow imaging systems with mechanical scanning. In the case of a constant and rectilinear velocity field, a parametric model for the autocorrelation function is deduced. General formulas for a full second order characterization of the set of autocorrelation estimates, with arbitrary lags in the spatial and temporal directions, are developed. The formulas are applied to the parametric model, and numerical results for the estimator variance are presented. A qualitative evaluation of the theoretical results has been performed by offline-processing of 2-D Doppler signals from a color flow imaging scanner. The benefit of spatial and temporal averaging is demonstrated by using different averaging filters to the same set of recorded data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk (1983)

Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from raw milk by a method that can routinely detect less than or equal to 1 organism per ml. This procedure was used in a survey of 195 separate farms and showed a 1.5% incidence of C. jejuni in milk from bulk tanks.
Immunocytochemical staining of cervical smears for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. (1984)

A total of 233 cervical smears were stained by immunocytochemical methods for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA); the findings were compared with those from Papanicolaou-stained smears from the same women. Squamous epithelial cells from normal cervices did not stain, but cells shed from cervices with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) did express the EMA marker. Metaplastic cells from normal and abnormal cervices also frequently stained. The results confirm that this marker detects cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in vitro, but its potential use in an automated screening program may be limited by the staining of the metaplastic cells.
Short antisense oligonucleotides alleviate the pleiotropic toxicity of RNA harboring expanded CGG repeats (2021)

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 5'UTR. The RNA containing expanded CGG repeats (rCGG<sup>exp</sup>) causes cell damage by interaction with complementary DNA, forming R-loop structures, sequestration of nuclear proteins involved in RNA metabolism and initiation of translation of polyglycine-containing protein (FMRpolyG), which forms nuclear insoluble inclusions. Here we show the therapeutic potential of short antisense oligonucleotide steric blockers (ASOs) targeting directly the rCGG<sup>exp</sup>. In nuclei of FXTAS cells ASOs affect R-loop formation and correct miRNA biogenesis and alternative splicing, indicating that nuclear proteins are released from toxic sequestration. In cytoplasm, ASOs significantly decrease the biosynthesis and accumulation of FMRpolyG. Delivery of ASO into a brain of FXTAS mouse model reduces formation of inclusions, improves motor behavior and corrects gene expression profile with marginal signs of toxicity after a few weeks from a treatment.
Impact of T‐cell receptor Vβ haplotypes on the development of dermatitis in DS‐<i>Nh</i> mice: synergistic production of interleukin‐13 caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin C and peptide glycans from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2007)

Although the pathogenic role of interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a key for atopic dermatitis (AD), the mechanism of IL-13 production in AD remains unclear. To investigate the role of the T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCR Vbeta) haplotype in the development of dermatitis and the production of IL-13 in the naturally occurring dermatitis model by staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC)-producing Staphylococcus aureus, we raised DS-Nh mice harbouring the TCR Vbeta(a) haplotype with a central deletion in the TCRBV gene segments, including TCR Vbeta8S2. Observation and histopathological analysis of the two mouse substrains with spontaneous dermatitis indicated that later onset and weaker severity of AD-like dermatitis were identified in mice with TCR Vbeta(a) compared to those with TCR Vbeta(b). Immunohistochemical examination revealed the infiltration of a large number of CD4-bearing T cells in the skin lesions in mice with TCR Vbeta(b) but not in those with TCR Vbeta(a). Interestingly, much lower levels of serum IL-13 were detected in mice with the TCR Vbeta(a) than in those with the TCR Vbeta(b) haplotype. In vitro, synthetic ligands (Pam(2)CSK4) of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) synergistically produced IL-13 with SEC in splenocytes of mice with TCR Vbeta(b) but not of those with TCR Vbeta(a), and natural killer T cells were essential for this synergism. Our findings suggested that this TCR Vbeta-haplotype-dependent synergism with TLR2 plays an important role in the development of AD-like dermatitis in DS-Nh mice.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE SEISMIC QUALITY FACTOR Q FROM VSP DATA: A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COMPUTATIONAL METHODS<sup>1</sup> (1991)

A bstract Ten methods for the computation of attenuation have been investigated, namely: amplitude decay, analytical signal, wavelet modelling, phase modelling, frequency modelling, rise‐time, pulse amplitude, matching technique, spectral modelling and spectral ratio. In particular, we have studied the reliability of each of these methods in estimating correct values of Q using three synthetic VSP seismograms for plane P‐waves with different noise contents. The investigations proved that no single method is generally superior. Rather, some methods are more suitable than others in specific situations depending on recording, noise or geology. The analytical signal method has been demonstrated to be superior if true amplitude recordings are available. Otherwise spectral modelling or, in the ‘ noise‐free’ case the spectral ratio method, is optimal. Finally, two field VSPs in sediments are investigated. Only in the case of the highest quality VSP can significant information be deduced from the computed attenuation.
The Perspective Effects of Various Seed Coating Substances on Rice Seed Variety Khao Dawk Mali 105 Storability I: The Case Study of Physiological Properties (2008)

This study aimed to evaluate the perspective changes of several physiological performances of rice seeds cv. KDML 105 which were coated with various seed coating substances [chemical fungicide, captan (CA) and biological coating polymers; chitosan-lignosulphonate polymer (CL) and eugenol incorporated into chitosan-lignosulphonate polymer (E + CL)] during storage (12 months). CA significantly increased seed moisture content and seed water activity through out the storage period. The qualities and viability of the seeds were seriously declined by this treatment. Moreover, CA inhibited the shoot and root development, seedling dry weight accumulation, delayed the seed germination and seedling growth rate. CA treated seeds were susceptible to stress conditions that declined the seed germination potential under cold, high moisture and temperature stress conditions. Nevertheless, CL and E + CL coating polymer could maintain seed storability, which significantly improved seed germination and seedling performances. These improvements were attributed to maintain the nutritive reserve and dehydrogenase activity in seeds. Moreover, the biological seed treatment stimulated the embryo growth and so speeding up the seedling emergence when compared untreated seeds.
Effects of high-dose statin on the human hepatic expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and triglyceride metabolism (2010)

Following treatment with atorvastatin, reduced ANGPTL3 mRNA expression may contribute to the reduced plasma levels of VLDL TG. The reduced liver TG mass induced by a high dosage of atorvastatin may be important for the treatment of patients with fatty liver.
Coumestrol from the national cancer Institute’s natural product library is a novel inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 (2013)

Our study shows that coumestrol, a novel ATP competitive and cell permeable CK2 inhibitor with submicromolar IC(50), had inhibition effects on the growth of three cancer cell lines and may represent a promising class of CK2 inhibitors.
Alternating GUI Test Generation and Execution (2008)

Users of today's software perform tasks by interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) front-end via sequences of input events. Due to the flexibility offered by most GUIs, the number of event sequences grows exponentially with length. One ubiquitous challenge of GUI testing is to selectively generate those sequences that lead to potentially problematic states. This paper presents ALT, a new technique that generates GUI test cases in batches, by leveraging GUI run-time information from a previously run batch to obtain the next batch. Each successive batch consists of "longer" test cases that expand the state space to be explored, yet prune the "unimportant" states. The "alternating" nature of ALT allows it to enhance the next batch by leveraging certain relationships between GUI events (e.g., one enables the other, one alters the other's execution) that are revealed only at run-time and non-trivial to infer statically. An empirical study on four fielded GUI-based applications demonstrates that ALT is successful at identifying complex failure-causing interactions between GUI events.
A numerical model of a towed cable-body system (2000)

In this paper, the motion of a body towed by an aircraft on a long thin elastic cable is modelled. The motion of the cable is described by a system of partial differential equations, and a six degree of freedom model used for the towed body. The partial differential equations governing the motion of the cable-body system are solved numerically by discretising them using the finite difference method. The resulting system of non-linear equations is solved iteratively at each time step. The numerical scheme, which allows for the deployment or retrieval of the cable, is briefly described and results presented for several manoeuvres of the towing aircraft.
The use of computer animation of mapped cardiac potentials in studying electrical conduction properties of arrhythmias (2002)

It is shown how computer animation of potentials recorded from 121 electrodes on the canine heart surface is used to study the electrical conduction properties of the heart. Color indicates the magnitude of each electrode's recorded voltage on the workstation screen. As each electrode's recorded voltage changes over time the corresponding color on the screen changes. The colors for all 121 electrodes appear to change simultaneously on the monitor, avoiding motion artifacts which could interfere with interpretation of the animation sequence. These color changes clearly show the activation pattern of the heart muscle underneath the grid of recording electrodes. Since all the data are displayed during the animation, regions where smaller activation complexes occur can be quickly identified. The speed of the animation allows the observer to view the spreading activation front (and thus its morphology) without the need to resort to videotape. The software is versatile enough to allow the user to study any portion of a heart beat, or multiple heart beats, during the animation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>