gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pebbles and PebbleJuggler: software for accurate, unbiased, and fast measurement and analysis of nanoparticle morphology from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs (2012)

Pebbles is a user-friendly software program which implements an accurate, unbiased, and fast method to measure the morphology of a population of nanoparticles (NPs) from TEM micrographs. The morphological parameters of the projected NP shape are obtained by fitting intensity models to the TEM micrograph. Pebbles can be used either in automatic mode, where both fitting and validation are reliably carried out with minimal human intervention, and in manual mode, where the user has full control on the fitting and validation steps. Accuracy in diameter measurement has been shown to be ≲1%. When operated in automatic mode, Pebbles can be very fast. The effective speed of 1 NP s⁻¹ has been achieved in favorable cases (packed monolayer of NPs). Since Pebbles is based on a local modeling procedure, it successfully treats cases such as low contrast NPs, NPs with significant diffraction scattering, and inhomogeneous background which often make conventional thresholding procedures fail. Pebbles is accompanied by PebbleJuggler, a software program for the statistical analysis of the sets of best-fit NP models created by Pebbles. Effort has been devoted to make Pebbles and PebbleJuggler the most user-friendly and the least user-tedious we could. Pebbles and PebbleJuggler are available at http://pebbles.istm.cnr.it.
Inductive and magnetic field inspection systems for rebar visualization and corrosion estimation in reinforced and pre-stressed concrete (2007)

Inductive and magnetic field inspection systems are becoming increasing popular for the nondestructive imaging and condition assessment of reinforcing components, such as steel reinforcing bars (rebars) and tendons in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. In this article, we review the principles of this nascent technology, the research and commercial instruments that are now available, and the directions of future research. Magnetic field imaging technology has in general many potential benefits; it is truly nondestructive and non-invasive, it is non-hazardous, cost-effective and, most important, ignores the concrete matrix in which the reinforcing components are embedded. Most significantly, by analysing the impedance change in an excitation coil, it is also possible to obtain quantitative information (and image data) in relation to regions of corrosion. However, the testing industry has traditionally been reluctant to apply this methodology, for the important reason that the detection range is limited by the rapid attenuation of the magnetic field with increasing distance from the source. This limitation is now being addressed with research into novel coil arrangements, new, more stable and sensitive solid state sensors, and reconstruction algorithms that allow virtual three dimensional reconstruction of embedded components.
Application notes - Broadband and compact impedance transformers for microwave circuits (2006)

Most microwave circuits and antennas use impedance transformers. In a conventional power amplifier, large number of inductors and capacitor or transmission line sections are use to realize an impedance transformer. This article presents an asymmetric broadside-coupled microstrip TLT (transmission line transformer) on the GaAs substrate. This matching network can be easily implemented using any monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) process supporting multilevel metallization
Compact 32-bit CMOS adder in multiple-output DCVS logic for self-timed circuits (2000)

The paper presents a compact 32-bit carry look-ahead (CLA) adder in multiple-output differential-cascode voltage-switch (MODCVS) logic for delay-insensitive self-timed applications. This adder is structurally and functionally equivalent to a dynamic Manchester carry chain with an efficient organisation which exploits the advantages of MODCVS logic to reduce both the number of devices required and the routing area. The electrical simulation carried out on a standard CMOS 1.0 µm design shows that this adder is similar in speed to the binary carry look-ahead adder previously reported, though it has a slightly higher average addition time. However, the MODCVS adder occupies 50% of the area, uses 36% fewer transistors and has 20% less dynamic power consumption. On comparing it with similar asynchronous adders, it minimises the worst-case delay, maintaining similar average delay, making it suitable in circuits with nonrandom input operands.
In-band OSNR Monitors Comprising Programmable Delay Line Interferometer Integrated with Wavelength Selective Switch by Spatial and Planar Optical Circuit (2016)

We propose a novel delay line interferometer and demonstrate its application to in-band OSNR monitors integrated with wavelength selective switches (WSSs). The WSS-integrated monitors are capable of detecting OSNR with 1.2-dB accuracy.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Behaviors among American Indians in the Midwest (2010)

Colorectal cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer among American Indians and is also the second leading cause of cancer death. We used a community-based participatory approach to conduct a mixed methods study to examine colorectal cancer screening behaviors. Here we report on the screening behaviors of our focus group participants (n=153). There were significant gender differences in the colorectal cancer screening rates for FOBT and colonoscopy. Although over 80% of participants reported having health insurance, only 35% of males over 50 years old and 57% of females reported ever having a colonoscopy. More research is needed to identify the causes of gender differences in colorectal cancer screening rates among American Indians. The results of the current study provide new information on the prevalence of colorectal cancer screening among American Indians living in the Midwestern (Kansas and Missouri) portion of the country.
Automated avatar creation for 3D games (2007)

Immersion is a key factor in video games and virtual reality simulation environments. Users' presence in a virtual environment is highly dependent on the user's identification with their avatar. Creating more realistic looking avatars thus enables a higher level of presence. Current video games allow character customizability via techniques such as hue adjustment for stock models, or the ability to select from a variety of physical features, clothing and accessories in existing player models. Occasionally user uploadable facial texture is available for avatar customization. We propose a dramatic leap forward in avatar customization through the use of an inexpensive, non-invasive, portable stereo video camera to extract model geometry of real objects, including people, and to then use these textured 3D models to drive avatar creation. The system described here generates the 3D textured and normal-mapped geometry of a personalized photorealistic user avatar suitable for animation and real-time gaming applications.
Hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis B vaccine, and hepatitis B immune globulin. (1997)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem in the United States; in 1995, approximately 128,000 cases occurred. Transmission of HBV occurs primarily by blood exchange (eg, by shared needles during injection drug use) and by sexual contact. Persons infected early in life are much more likely to become chronically infected than those infected during adulthood: as many as 90% of infants infected perinatally develop chronic infection and up to 25% will die of HBV-related chronic liver disease as adults. Clinical signs of acute hepatitis occur in about 50% of infected adults but in only 5% of infected preschool-aged children. In the United States, hepatitis B vaccine is currently made by recombinant DNA technology using baker's yeast. Preexposure vaccination results in protective antibody levels in almost all infants and children (> 95%) and healthy adults younger than 40 years of age (> 90%). The most common adverse event following administration of hepatitis B vaccine is pain at the injection site, which occurs in 13% to 29% of adult and 3% to 9% of children. A comprehensive hepatitis B vaccination policy is now recommended that includes (1) routine infant vaccination; (2) catch-up vaccination of 11- to 12-year-olds who were not previously vaccinated; (3) catch-up vaccination of young children at high risk for infection; (4) vaccination of adolescents and adults based on lifestyle or environmental, medical, and occupational situations that place them at risk; and (5) prevention of perinatal HBV infection.
Advances in prostate cancer (2004)

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important developments in the diagnosis, prevention, and management of prostate cancer reported in the past year that have been published in the medical literature. Recent findings Recent research has yielded important insights into the effects of lowering the serum prostate-specific antigen threshold for prostate biopsy on the incidence of prostate cancer and suggests that a cutoff value of 2.5 ng/mL would double the rate of diagnosis of the disease in young men. Other developments demonstrate that oral finasteride reduces the incidence of the disease but increases the proportion of high-grade tumors. The incidence of mutations of the androgen receptor gene has been shown to be lower than was previously thought. New randomized data suggest that for patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer treated with radiation, 4 months of androgen deprivation in combination with whole pelvis radiotherapy confers a clinical benefit. The clinical benefits associated with chemotherapy and supportive care therapies such as the bone targeting bisphosphonates continue to be refined. Summary The data reported in the past year have widespread implications for all clinicians involved in the management of prostate cancer, ranging from primary care physicians who screen for and diagnose the disease to those who manage localized as well as systemic disease. Several of the year’s findings will result in significant changes in the manner in which the disease is treated.
Effect of prenatal testosterone treatment on nitrogen utilization and endocrine status of ewe lambs (1990)

Thirty-eight pregnant Suffolk ewes were assigned randomly to a control group or implanted with approximately 2 g of testosterone propionate (TP) when they were between d 40 and 60 of gestation. Implants were removed 3 wk prior to lambing. Five ewe lambs born to implanted ewes and ten ewe lambs born to nonimplanted ewes were utilized in this experiment. Ram lambs were not used in this trial. No differences (P greater than .10) were observed for fecal, urinary and total N excretion and amount of N absorbed. Nitrogen retained (percentage of N intake and g/d) was higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs than in control ewe lambs. Plasma insulin concentrations averaged 99% higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations averaged 29% higher (P less than .06) in ewe lambs treated prenatally with testosterone. Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations averaged 41% higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs. Significant (P less than .05) treatment x time effects were observed in plasma thyroxine, glucose and urea N concentrations of prenatally androgenized vs control ewe lambs. These significant modifications in the plasma metabolite and endocrine status could be an important element of the physiological mechanism(s) by which prenatal androgenization improves growth performance and leanness of ewe lambs.
Laser-induced breakdown in nitrogen and the rare gases at 0.53 and 0.357μm (1987)

An experimental and theoretical investigation of laser-induced breakdown was carried out at 0.53 and 0.35 mu m for the following gases: N2, Ar, Ne and Xe. A Nd:YAG laser of 15 ns pulse duration was used in its second and third harmonics. The breakdown threshold intensity Ith in the pressure range 0.2<p<15 atm was measured. Ith at p=3 atm was found to be 1012(5*1011), 8*1010(1*1011), 5*1011(1012) and 4*1010(2*1010) W cm-2 for N2, Ar, Ne and Xe, respectively, at 0.53 mu m (0.35 mu m). The threshold is defined as the appearance of a visible flash and/or greater than 5% absorption of beam energy. The p-1 scaling of Ith for Ne, Ar and Xe and p-0.6 scaling for N2 indicates that the threshold is associated at both wavelengths with avalanche breakdown rather than multi-photon ionisation.
Fuzzy logic controlled variable resistor for suppressing GIC in transformers (2017)

This study proposes a fuzzy logic‐controlled variable resistor to suppress the geomagnetically induced current (GIC) flowing through the neutral of transformers. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of the currently adopted method, i.e. the fixed‐capacitor method. Simulation results confirm that the proposed method is able to suppress the GIC effectively. In addition, the new technique helps mitigate the zero‐sequence current flowing through the neutral of transformers during any unsymmetrical faults. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the conventional fixed‐capacitor method.
Recent Developments in Homogeneous Organomagnesium Catalysis (2015)

Abstract Stoichiometric organomagnesium chemistry has continually progressed since its initiation by Victor Grignard over one century ago. Other than acting as a Lewis acid, however, homogeneous magnesium catalysis is a rare topic in the literature. Magnesium catalysts that govern reactions within the coordination sphere of magnesium have only recently begun to appear. This Concept covers recent progress in this young but potentially powerful new chapter of magnesium chemistry.
Characteristics of homocysteine-induced multidrug resistance of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human A2780 ovarian cancer cells. (2010)

Cultivation of MCF-7 and A2780 cells with homocysteine leads to simultaneous development of resistance to doxorubicine and cisplatin. The development of drug resistance is diverse for different drugs and varies among cell lines.
A New Computational Technique for the Generalized Inverse and its Application to Image Restoration (1984)

Primary uterine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a rare malignancy. We here describe 2 patients who presented with cervical growth, stage IE, diffuse large B cell histology. Both were treated with chemotherapy followed by involved field radiotherapy in 1 patient. They achieved complete clinical and radiological response. Data of 101 patients collected from the literature are reviewed.
Chronic corticosterone-mediated dysregulation of microRNA network in prefrontal cortex of rats: relevance to depression pathophysiology (2015)

Stress plays a major role in inducing depression, which may arise from interplay between complex cascades of molecular and cellular events that influence gene expression leading to altered connectivity and neural plasticity. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have carved their own niche owing to their innate ability to induce disease phenotype by regulating expression of a large number of genes in a cohesive and coordinated manner. In this study, we examined whether miRNAs and associated gene networks have a role in chronic corticosterone (CORT; 50 mg kg(-1) × 21 days)-mediated depression in rats. Rats given chronic CORT showed key behavioral features that resembled depression phenotype. Expression analysis revealed differential regulation of 26 miRNAs (19 upregulated, 7 downregulated) in prefrontal cortex of CORT-treated rats. Interaction between altered miRNAs and target genes showed dense interconnected molecular network, in which multiple genes were predicated to be targeted by the same miRNA. A majority of altered miRNAs showed binding sites for glucocorticoid receptor element, suggesting that there may be a common regulatory mechanism of miRNA regulation by CORT. Functional clustering of predicated target genes yielded disorders such as developmental, inflammatory and psychological that could be relevant to depression. Prediction analysis of the two most prominently affected miRNAs miR-124 and miR-218 resulted into target genes that have been shown to be associated with depression and stress-related disorders. Altogether, our study suggests miRNA-mediated novel mechanism by which chronic CORT may be involved in depression pathophysiology.
Improvements on digital inline holographic PTV for 3D wall-bounded turbulent flow measurements (2017)

Three-dimensional (3D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) provide the most comprehensive flow information for unraveling the physical phenomena in a wide range of fluid problems, from microfluidics to wall-bounded turbulent flows. Compared with other 3D PIV techniques, such as tomographic PIV and defocusing PIV, the digital inline holographic PTV (DIH-PTV) provides 3D flow measurement solution with high spatial resolution, low cost optical setup, and easy alignment and calibration. Despite these advantages, DIH-PTV suffers from major limitations including poor longitudinal resolution, human intervention (i.e. requirement for manually determined tuning parameters during tracer field reconstruction and extraction), limited tracer concentration, small sampling volume and expensive computations, limiting its broad use for 3D flow measurements. In this study, we present our latest developments on minimizing these challenges, which enables high-fidelity DIH-PTV implementation to larger sampling volumes with significantly higher particle seeding densities suitable for wall-bounded turbulent flow measurements. The improvements include: (1) adjustable window thresholding; (2) multi-pass 3D tracking; (3) automatic wall localization; and (4) continuity-based out-of-plane velocity component computation. The accuracy of the proposed DIH-PTV method is validated with conventional 2D PIV and double-view holographic PTV measurements in smooth-wall turbulent channel flow experiments. The capability of the technique in characterization of wall-bounded turbulence is further demonstrated through its application to flow measurements for smooth- and rough-wall turbulent channel flows. In these experiments, 3D velocity fields are measured within sampling volumes of 14.7 × 50.0 × 14.4 mm3 (covering the entire depth of the channel) with a velocity resolution of <1.1 mm/vector. Overall, the presented DIH-PTV method and measurements highlight the applicability of DIH-PTV to obtain 3D characterization of the turbulent structures with velocity spatial resolution and within sampling volume sizes comparable to other the-state-of-the-art 3D whole-field flow measurement techniques.
Duvelisib, a novel oral dual inhibitor of PI3K-δ,γ, is clinically active in advanced hematologic malignancies (2017)

Duvelisib is an oral dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ (PI3K-δ) and PI3K-γ in late-stage clinical development for hematologic malignancy treatment. This phase 1 study evaluated maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (PD), efficacy, and safety of duvelisib in 210 patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. In the dose escalation phase (n = 31), duvelisib 8 to 100 mg twice daily was administered, with MTD determined as 75 mg twice daily. In the expansion phase (n = 179), patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), or T-cell lymphoma (TCL) were treated with 25 or 75 mg duvelisib twice daily continuously. Single-dose duvelisib was rapidly absorbed (time to maximum concentration, 1-2 hours), with a half-life of 5.2 to 10.9 hours. PD results showed inhibition of phospho-AKT (S473) in CLL tumor cells following a single dose and near-complete inhibition of CLL proliferation (Ki-67) by cycle 2. Clinical responses were seen across a range of doses and disease subtypes: iNHL overall response rate, 58% (n = 31) with 6 complete responses (CRs); relapsed/refractory CLL, 56% (n = 55) with 1 CR; peripheral TCL, 50% (n = 16) with 3 CR; and cutaneous TCL, 32% (n = 19). Median time to response was ∼1.8 months. Severe (grade ≥3) adverse events occurred in 84% of patients: neutropenia (32%), alanine transaminase increase (20%), aspartate transaminase increase (15%), anemia and thrombocytopenia (each 14%), diarrhea (11%), and pneumonia (10%). These data support further investigation of duvelisib in phase 2 and 3 studies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01476657.
The exocrine protein trypsinogen is targeted into the secretory granules of an endocrine cell line: studies by gene transfer. (1985)

The exocrine protein rat anionic trypsinogen has been expressed and is secreted from the murine anterior pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20. We examined which secretory pathway trypsinogen takes to the surface of this endocrine-derived cell line. The "constitutive" pathway externalizes proteins rapidly and in the absence of an external stimulus. In the alternate, "regulated" pathway, proteins are stored in secretory granules until the cells are stimulated to secrete with 8-Br-cAMP. On the basis of indirect immunofluorescence localization, stimulation of release, and subcellular fractionation, we find that trypsinogen is targeted into the regulated secretory pathway in AtT-20 cells. In contrast, laminin, an endogenous secretory glycoprotein, is shown to be secreted constitutively. Thus it appears that the transport apparatus for the regulated secretory pathway in endocrine cells can recognize not only endocrine prohormones, but also the exocrine protein trypsinogen, which suggests that a similar sorting mechanism is used by endocrine and exocrine cells.
Alcoholic Carbowax Prefixation and Formal Alcohol Fixation (1997)

The CW method is simple and enhances cellular yield and the cancer detection rate as compared to the conventional centrifuge-and-smear technique.
ATHENA: Identifying interactions between different levels of genomic data associated with cancer clinical outcomes using grammatical evolution neural network (2013)

Understanding the underlying tumorigenesis and progression in ovarian cancer through the global view of interactions within/between different levels of genomic data is expected to provide guidance for improved prognostic biomarkers and individualized therapies.
Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Assay of Carbamazepine, 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine,and Related Compounds in Carbamazepine Drug Substance and Tablets (1987)

Liquid chromatographic (LC) methods have been developed for the determination of carbamazepine, the impurity 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine, and related compounds in carbamazepine drug substance and tablets. The LC methods specify a 5 micron diol column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-0.05% aqueous acetic acid (5 + 5 + 90). Iminodibenzyl and iminostilbene, starting materials for some routes of synthesis, elute late in the LC system; therefore, a thin-layer chromatographic method for their detection at the 0.05% level has been developed. Eight tablet and 13 raw material samples from several sources were examined. The impurities most frequently found were 10, 11-dihydrocarbamazepine and a compound identified as 10-bromocarbamazepine at levels up to 1.3 and 0.5%, respectively; minimum detectable amounts were about 0.01 and 0.03%, respectively.