gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
p38&alpha;: A Suppressor of Cell Proliferation and Tumorigenesis (2007)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha is involved in numerous biological processes and is a drug target for inflammation-associated diseases. Genetic analysis in mice demonstrated that fetuses lacking p38alpha are embryonic lethal owing to impaired placental development. The function of p38alpha in mice after birth remained unclear until conditional alleles of p38alpha were used. It was found that p38alpha is essential for lung function in both neonatal and adult mice. Increased proliferation and impaired differentiation are the hallmarks of p38alpha-deficient cells. Moreover, mice deficient in p38alpha are prone to cancer development using carcinogen or oncogene-induced cancer models. p38alpha can suppress cell proliferation by antagonizing the JNK/c-Jun pathway, which is an important regulator of proliferation and apoptosis. These findings suggest that therapeutic inhibition of p38 might lead to unwanted proliferation. Therefore, a combined inhibition of p38 and other pathways, such as the JNK pathway, should be considered for targeting cancer inflammation.
STIM Proteins and the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Junctions (2011)

Eukaryotic organelles can interact with each other through stable junctions where the two membranes are kept in close apposition. The junction that connects the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane (ER-PM junction) is unique in providing a direct communication link between the ER and the PM. In a recently discovered signaling process, STIM (stromal-interacting molecule) proteins sense a drop in ER Ca(2+) levels and directly activate Orai PM Ca(2+) channels across the junction space. In an inverse process, a voltage-gated PM Ca(2+) channel can directly open ER ryanodine-receptor Ca(2+) channels in striated-muscle cells. Although ER-PM junctions were first described 50 years ago, their broad importance in Ca(2+) signaling, as well as in the regulation of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol lipid transfer, has only recently been realized. Here, we discuss research from different fields to provide a broad perspective on the structures and unique roles of ER-PM junctions in controlling signaling and metabolic processes.
Increased Server Availability and Flexibility through Failover Capability (1997)

As computing systems become increasingly mission-critical, a high level of service availability is essential. In order to maintain service availability, it is desirable to have the ability to migrate services from one server to another while having this change remain transparent to the client machines. Although commercial solutions exist which provide automatic failover capability, they are often costly and restrictive.

Manual failover capability is useful for providing service availability in situations where there is a hardware failure, or where a server must be taken down for extended maintenance. The discussion in this document will explore what primitives can be used to construct a failover-capable system, the issues involved in any service migration, and some of the specific details about doing migration of services such as NFS, sendmail, and World Wide Web.

Although implementation-specific examples provided assume a Sun Solaris 2.x operating environment, the use of a logical volume manager, and ethernet connectivity, other flavors of UNIX may also contain the necessary building blocks needed to build a failover-capable system.
Researchers Urged to Self-Censor Sensitive Data (2003)

Do it yourself—before the government does it to you. That's the advice U.S. bioscientists received last week at a workshop on developing guidelines to handle research findings that could threaten national security.
Biological Systems for Hydrogen Photoproduction (2005)

Presentation on Biological Systems for Hydrogen Photoproduction for the 2005 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program Annual Review held in Arlington, Virginia, May 23-26, 2005.
Near field optics: Snapshot of the field emitted by a nanosource using a photosensitive polymer (1996)

We propose here a method for probe characterization based on lithography on a photosensitive polymer without film development. We record in near field conditions the light emitted by different kinds of probes in order to distinguish in situ the near field contribution from the far field contribution of the tip. This information, which cannot be deduced from far field diffraction, allows an estimation of the field confinement and of the expected resolution of the microscope.
A comparison of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells in fetal liver and adult bone marrow from the mouse. (1996)

Previous studies have shown that stem cells able to competitively reconstitute the hematopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice (competitive repopulating units [CRU]) can be obtained in highly purified form from adult mouse bone marrow (BM) by the isolation of cells with a Sca-1+Lin-WGA+ phenotype. We now report on the phenotypic characteristics of CRU from day-14.5 murine fetal liver (FL). Our results confirm previous reports of similarities between the two CRU populations but also reveal a few striking differences. Both were found to express the Sca-1 antigen (SCA-1+ and surface molecules that bind wheat germ agglutinin (WGA+), and both show an absence or low expression of a number of markers characteristic of mature hematopoietic cells: B220, Gr-1,ly-1 and Ter119 (together termed Lin*-). Limiting dilution analysis of recipients transplanted with purified Sca-1+Lin*- FL cells with intermediate forward- and side-scatter properties showed that the frequency of CRU in this FL subpopulation was one in 39 cells. This represents an enrichment of approximately 450-fold over the labeled but unseparated FL starting population (one in 17,300 total FL cells). These FL CRU also resembled their counterparts in adult BM in that they expressed high levels of MHC class I and CD43 and intermediate levels of heat-stable antigen (HSA) and c-kit and did not express, or expressed at a low level, Thy-1.2, CD71, and the antigen recognized by the Fall-3 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In contrast, a high percentage of the Sca-1+Lin*- cells isolated from 14.5-day-old FL stained with the AA4.1, anti-Mac-1, and the anti-CD45RB mAbs and retained Rhodamine 123 (Rh123(bright)), whereas the Sca-1+Lin-WGA+ CRU-containing fraction of adult BM cells was found to be AA4.1-, Mac-1-, CD45RB-, and Rh123(dull). These differences in phenotype between CRU in FL and adult BM indicate changes that occur during ontogeny in cells that are similar with respect to their totipotentiality and long-term repopulating potential and complement parallel observations of functional differences between these two populations of CRU.
Using Multigene Tests to Select Treatment for Early-Stage Breast Cancer (2013)

Oncotype DX, PAM50, and MammaPrint are multigene tests that are being used clinically for early-stage breast cancer to predict recurrence risk and guide adjuvant chemotherapy decisions. These tests have been validated in multiple retrospective studies, and prospective clinical trials are in progress. The TAILORx trial uses the Oncotype DX recurrence score to assign estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), node-negative patients to chemotherapy plus hormonal therapy versus hormonal therapy alone. The RxPONDER (SWOG S1007) trial uses Oncotype DX in a similar approach but on node-positive patients, and it includes the PAM50 test as a secondary analysis. The MINDACT trial uses Mamma-Print and Adjuvant! Online for treatment arm assignments. MINDACT has very broad eligibility criteria and 2 secondary randomizations for selecting chemotherapy and hormonal therapy regimens. This article discusses how the latest results on cancer genome sequencing apply to early-stage breast cancer. Several hundred breast cancers have already undergone genome sequencing, and the somatic DNA changes found in the tumor, compared with the patient's normal DNA, have been identified. Higher rates of point mutations and chromosomal translocations are found in aromatase inhibitor-resistant ER+ cancers and in the basal-like and HER2-enriched breast cancer subtypes. Correlations of somatic mutations with neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor response are discussed. Genome sequencing can potentially identify the molecular abnormalities that underlie the poor risk identified by multigene tests and provide potential new targets for therapy, but more clinical trials correlating clinical outcome and somatic DNA changes are needed.
Kinetics of Glycerol Chlorination with Hydrochloric Acid:  A New Route to α,γ-Dichlorohydrin (2007)

The growing availability of glycerol, as a consequence of the increase in biodiesel production (for which glycerol is a byproduct), is rapidly saturating the market, and consequently, a great interest is now addressed to the development of new process routes for alternative uses of glycerol. Among the various possibilities, our attention has been focused on the glycerol chlorination reaction, with the aim to produce α,γ-dichlorohydrin. This compound can then subsequently be converted into epichlorohydrin, which is an important intermediate in the production of epoxy resins. α,γ-dicholorhydrin, together with α,β-dichlorohydrin, is currently synthesized starting from propylene via allyl chloride. In the present paper, the kinetics of glycerol chlorination with gaseous hydrochloric acid, for the production of α,γ-dichlorohydrin, has been investigated by means of a jacketed glass reactor operated in batch conditions for the substrate (glycerol) and continuously for the hydrochloric acid. Different organic acids have been tested as catalysts with good performances in terms of both activity and, in particular, selectivity toward the desired 1,3-dichlorinated product. A reaction mechanism has been proposed and a consequent kinetic model has been developed in order to quantitatively describe the experimental data collected at various temperatures (80−120 °C), and the kinetic parameters have been evaluated. A generally good agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical model has been found.
Magnetic Properties and Phase Diagram of Co<sub><i>x</i></sub>Mn<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>with Exchange Frustration (1991)

Low-field DC magnetization measurements have been made on a random mixture Co x Mn 1- x TiO 3 with competing exchange interactions and competing anisotropies, and the magnetic phase diagram in the concentration ( x )-temperature ( T ) plane has been determined from these results. Typical behavior characterizing a paramagnetic to spin glass transition is observed in an intermediate range of concentration. In the samples of the Co-rich and Mn-rich region, antiferromagnetic orderings take place. The magnetizations perpendicular to the spin axes of the respective antiferromagnetic orderings behave just as paramagnets even below the Néel temperature. At low temperatures, the Co-rich and Mn-rich samples with certain x reenter from the antiferromagnetic phase to the spin glass phase. In spite of the strong planar anisotropy of Co 2+ , the XY -like spin glass behavior has not been found, and the spin glass and reentrant transition in S // and S ⊥ occur simultaneously, reasons for which are discussed.
Asking about dizziness when turning in bed predicts examination findings for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (2018)

Vertiginous attacks by turning or laying down in bed together with dizziness <1 minute, are important questions and strongly related to BPPV. Such questions are important when taking a medical history and may help to early identify BPPV, also for non-medical staff, as well as reduce the need of further investigations.
Tracking Error Rebalancing (2011)

The goal of strategic rebalancing is to limit unintended drift or tracking error from the strategic policy benchmark without incurring large transaction costs. Traditional rebalancing, however, specifies fixed bands around each asset class and can result in significant tracking error and high transaction costs in stressed markets, as volatility and illiquidity increase. Tracking error rebalancing is an alternative approach in which investors directly monitor tracking error (rather than asset class misweights) and ensure that tracking error stays below a specified threshold using trades that minimize transaction costs. Rather than trading all assets that breach the fixed bands, investors use current estimates of volatilities and costs to determine the trades that result in the most risk reduction per unit cost. In stressed markets, this strategy can help avoid trades in illiquid assets and exploit asset class relationships to reduce risk at significantly lower costs. <bold>TOPICS:</bold> <ext-link>Equity portfolio management</ext-link>, <ext-link>volatility measures</ext-link>, <ext-link>exchanges/markets/clearinghouses</ext-link>
<i>Experimental High-Resolution Electron Microscopy</i> (1981)

The new edition of this practical microscopy guide includes additional material on high-resolution images of periodic structures and associated techniques. It provides both a view of the fundamental principles of electron microscopy and detailed practical information needed to record the images. Various theoretical results are summarized and practical examples given. A considerable fraction of the book has also been set aside for practical information on setting up and using an electron microscope. Applications in materials science, mineralogy, the biology of radiation-sensitive specimens, semiconductor physics and solid-state chemistry are all described for research workers in these fields.
Assessment of hypoxia and perfusion in human brain tumors using PET with 18F-fluoromisonidazole and 15O-H2O. (2004)

Our data suggest that late (18)F-FMISO PET images provide a spatial description of hypoxia in brain tumors that is independent of BBB disruption and tumor perfusion. The distribution volume is an appropriate measure to quantify (18)F-FMISO uptake. The perfusion-hypoxia patterns described in glioblastoma suggest that hypoxia in these tumors may develop irrespective of the magnitude of perfusion.
Opening Mechanism of Internal Nanoporosity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorn (2005)

Single-wall carbon nanohorn (SWNH), which is a tubular particle with a cone cap, was oxidized in an oxygen flow at various temperatures. N(2) adsorption at 77 K, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy measurements were carried out on the oxidized SWNHs. The specific surface area of the oxidized SWNHs can be controlled by oxidation temperature, giving the maximum value of 1420 m(2)/g. The pore size distribution by the BJH method and the comparison plot of the N(2) adsorption isotherms of SWNH oxidized at different temperatures against that of as-grown SWNH revealed the minimum oxidation temperature for opening internal nanopores. TG-DTA analyses determined the components of as-grown SWNH: amorphous carbon 2.5 wt %, defective carbon at the cone part 15 wt %, tubular carbon 70 wt %, and graphitic carbon 12 wt %. These systematic analyses provided the exact internal nanopore volume of 0.49 mL/g for pure SWNH particles.
Rapid removal of peracetic acid fumes from isolators (1980)

The transfer isolator described by Trexler (1979) for protecting both personnel and animals from exposure to peracetic acid (PA) has been modified in order to reduce the time required to remove PA fumes. When a large quantity of supplies are placed in the transfer isolator, ventilation for as long as 24 h has been needed to remove all traces of PA odour from the exhaust air. Volatile peracetic and acetic acids can be converted to non-volatile salts by neutralization with an alkaline solution, such as 10% aqueous sodium carbonate. Neutralization can be carried out rapidly by spreading this alkaline solution in the same way as the acid solution. The acid odour disappears when all of the PA is neutralized; a pH indicator (p-nitrophenol) can be used to determine when the acids have been neutralized. Design of isolator The new transfer isolator (Fig. 1) has no filter since ventilation is not required to remove PA, and the 2 entry ports have been replaced by a single large entry sleeve. Gloves have been tried in various positions and seem to be situated best when placed opposite the entry sleeve; in this position the entry-port cap can be manipulated readily and supplies passed into and out of the receiving isolator. There is little need for the pump-drain of the previous model since pools of acid can be neutralized where they lie. Operation of isolator This transfer isolator is loaded with a finger atomizer containing 2% PA and the sterile neutralizer, as well as the supplies as needed. The neutralizer consists of a 10% aqueous solution of Na2C03 . IOHp (washing soda) with sufficient p-nitrophenol (1% of a saturated aqueous solution) to give a strong yellow colour, sterilized by heat or filtration. A sufficient quantity of neutralizer (twice the volume of the acid solution) should be used to react with all the acid. More than a chemical equivalent of the alkali is required to assure adequate distribution, as droplets of PA solution remain a source of fumes until neutralized. As with the earlier model, all surfaces within the isolator are wetted with the PA solution. After 20 min the neutralizing solution is placed within the atomizer and all surfaces are again wetted; care must be taken to ensure that sufficient neutralizer has been added to
TTP Based Privacy Preserving Inter-WISP Roaming Architecture for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (2007)

We propose a novel inter-WISP roaming architecture based on trusted third party (TTP) and partially blind signature technique in wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN). The proposed architecture aims to not only greatly improve user privacy and identity anonymity even in the presence of cooperation between the wireless Internet service provider (WISPs) and the TTP, but also dramatically reduce the required size of central database devised to minimize any possible service abuse. In addition, an efficient billing scheme among mobile users (MUs), WISPs and TTP, is introduced to address billing issues associated with roaming. Moreover, a localized inter-WISP authentication scheme is also proposed to support seamless handoff. Detailed analysis on a number of important performance metrics, such as computation time, handoff latency and power consumption, is conducted to verify the performance of the proposed schemes.
Primary Structure and Function of Three Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones, Including a Novel Form, from an Ancient Teleost, Herring (2000)

The evolution of GnRH and the role of multiple forms within the brain are examined. Three forms of GnRH were purified from the brain of Pacific herring (Clupea harenguspallasi) and characterized using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry. Two forms correspond with the known structures of chicken GnRH-II and salmon GnRH that are found in many vertebrate species. The third form, designated herring GnRH (hrGnRH), has a primary structure of pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-His-Gly-Leu-Ser-Pro-Gly-NH2. This novel peptide is a potent stimulator of gonadotropin II and GH release from dispersed fish pituitary cells. The content of hrGnRH in the pituitary was 8-fold that of salmon GnRH and 43-fold that of chicken GnRH-II, which provides supporting evidence that hrGnRH is involved in the release of gonadotropin. Herring is the most phylogenetically ancient animal in which three forms of GnRH have been isolated and sequenced. Our evidence suggests that the existence of three GnRHs in the brain of one species 1) is an ancestral condition for teleosts, 2) has the potential for separate regulation of the distinct GnRHs, and 3) may be an evolutionary advantage for refined control of reproduction in different environments.
Trypsin inhibitors in soy products: modification of the standard analytical procedure. (1981)

The standard AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists) method for determining trypsin inhibitor in soy products, based on the tryptic hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate, benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanalide hydrochloride, produced data in the nonlinear portion of the absorbance-sample size curve (above 60% inhibition of trypsin). These values, when converted to trypsin inhibitor units/ml and extrapolated to zero concentration, tended to give erroneously high values for trypsin inhibitor content. To obviate these problems, the trypsin inhibitor was determined from a single dilution of a sample extract that inhibited at least 40 but no more than 60% of the trypsin. The inhibitor content was calculated from the differential absorbance readings and reported in pure or absolute units as mg of trypsin inhibitor/g of sample. Values obtained by the modified procedure, although approximately 20% lower than those obtained by the standard method, were considered a more accurate representation of the trypsin inhibitor actually contained in the sample. Based on 18 replicate sets of data on the same soy sample, the modified procedure was more reproducible, giving a SD of .+-. 2.4 units vs. .+-. 4.2 units for the standard method.
[Procedure for isolating nisin from Streptococcus lactis]. (1980)

The paper describes a method for obtaining the antibiotic nisine from Streptococcus lactis str. MSU via 50% acetic acid extraction. The concentrate is dried in the Anhydro spray drier (Denmark). The preparation is inactivated during a one-year storage in the refrigerator by 20-25%.
Mobile GIS for cadastral data collection in Ghana (2008)

With the development of Web GIS and the emergence of Mobile GIS, new possibilities of data capture and maintenance of geographic information have evolved. One of the categories of geographic information that can benefit from this especially is cadastral information, especially in places where there is no long–established, well–funded, digital cadastral data acquisition system, as is the case in many developing countries.
Hemocyanins Stimulate Innate Immunity by Inducing Different Temporal Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Macrophages (2016)

Hemocyanins induce a potent Th1-dominant immune response with beneficial clinical outcomes when used as a carrier/adjuvant in vaccines and nonspecific immunostimulant in cancer. However, the mechanisms by which hemocyanins trigger innate immune responses, leading to beneficial adaptive immune responses, are unknown. This response is triggered by a proinflammatory signal from various components, of which macrophages are an essential part. To understand how these proteins influence macrophage response, we investigated the effects of mollusks hemocyanins with varying structural and immunological properties, including hemocyanins from Concholepas concholepas, Fissurella latimarginata, and Megathura crenulata (keyhole limpet hemocyanin), on cultures of peritoneal macrophages. Hemocyanins were phagocytosed and slowly processed. Analysis of this process showed differential gene expression along with protein levels of proinflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α. An extended expression analysis of 84 cytokines during a 24-h period showed a robust proinflammatory response for F. latimarginata hemocyanin in comparison with keyhole limpet hemocyanin and C. concholepas hemocyanin, which was characterized by an increase in the transcript levels of M1 cytokines involved in leukocyte recruitment. These cytokine genes included chemokines (Cxcl1, Cxcl3, Cxcl5, Ccl2, and Ccl3), ILs (Il1b and Ifng), growth factors (Csf2 and Csf3), and TNF family members (Cd40lg). The protein levels of certain cytokines were increased. However, every hemocyanin maintains downregulated key M2 cytokine genes, including Il4 and Il5 Collectively, our data demonstrate that hemocyanins are able to trigger the release of proinflammatory factors with different patterns of cytokine expression, suggesting differential signaling pathways and transcriptional network mechanisms that lead to the activation of M1-polarized macrophages.