gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an explosives detection system using fast GC-IMS technology (2002)

Development and integration of GC-IMS (Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry) as a core technology has resulted in two dedicated explosive detection system configurations. The past R&D efforts that have led to the present ORION and ORION Plus explosive detection systems are chronicled. Historically, the detection of explosive compounds was accomplished with either GC/ECD (Electron Capture Detector) based systems or instruments that contained stand-alone IMS detectors. Our first generation EDSS/sup TM/ (Explosive Detection Security System) system combined GC/ECD and IMS detectors in a parallel configuration. Each detector was connected to a separate preconcentrator that simultaneously sampled a common air stream for low vapour pressure compounds (NG TNT), particles (AN, PETN, RDX) and high vapour pressure compounds (ICAO taggants: EGDN, DMNB, O-MNT, P-MNT). For the low vapour pressure compounds and particles, the detection subsystem was named the PCAD (Particle Collection And Detection system). This component used an IMS for the detector. The high vapour pressure compound detection subsystem, known as VCAD (Vapour Collection And Detection), utilized a GC/ECD detector.
PC workstation for Ethernet monitoring and management (2002)

The authors present a monitoring and management workstation for IEEE 802.3 networks (Ethernet) based on a PC-AT. The monitor performs traffic analysis, detects active machines in the network, maintains a network database with information regarding network topology and machines, filters specific packets or protocols, and can also work as a traffic generator. The system has a user friendly interface simplifying the interaction with the network manager.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prevention of Mechanical Stretch-Induced Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Injury in Experimental Vein Grafts (1999)

Vein grafts are subject to increased tensile stress due to exposure to arterial blood pressure, which has been hypothesized to induce endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) injury. This study was designed to verify this hypothesis and to develop a tissue engineering approach that can be used to prevent these pathological events. Two experimental models were created in rats to achieve these goals: (1) a nonengineered vein graft with increased tensile stress, which was created by grafting a jugular vein into the abdominal aorta using a conventional end-to-end anastomotic technique; and (2) an engineered vein graft with reduced tensile stress, which was created by restricting a vein graft into a cylindrical sheath constructed using a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. The integrity of ECs in these models was examined by using a silver nitrate staining method, and the integrity of SMCs was assessed by using a fluorescein phalloidin-labeling technique. It was found that nonengineered vein grafts were associated with early EC denudation with a change in EC coverage from 100 percent in normal jugular veins to 36 +/- 10, 28 +/- 12, 18 +/- 9, 44 +/- 15, 80 +/- 13, and 97 +/- 6 percent at 1 and 6 hours and 1, 5, 10, and 30 days, respectively. Similarly, rapid SMC actin filament degradation was found during the early period with a change in SMC coverage from approximately 94 percent in normal jugular veins to 80 +/- 10, 41 +/- 17, 25 +/- 9, 51 +/- 15, 79 +/- 15, 98 +/- 2 percent at 1 and 6 hours and 1, 5, 10, and 30 days, respectively, in nonengineered vein grafts. In engineered vein grafts with reduced tensile stress, EC denudation and SMC actin filament degradation were prevented significantly. These results suggested that mechanical stretch due to increased tensile stress contributed to EC and SMC injury in experimental vein grafts, and these pathological events could be partially prevented when tensile stress was reduced by using a biomechanical engineering approach.
Potential for Unintended Consequences of Environmental Enrihment for Laboratory Animals and Research Results (2005)

Many aspects of the research animal's housing environment are controlled for quality and/or standardization. Of recent interest is the potential for environmental enrichment to have unexpected consequences such as unintended harm to the animal, or the introduction of variability into a study that may confound the experimental data. The effects of enrichment provided to nonhuman primates, rodents, and rabbits are described to illustrate that the effects can be numerous and may vary by strain and/or species. Examples of parameters measured where no change is detected are also included because this information provides an important counterpoint to studies that demonstrate an effect. In addition, this review of effects and noneffects serves as a reminder that the provision of enrichment should be evaluated in the context of the health of the animal and research goals on a case-by-case basis. It should also be kept in mind that the effects produced by enrichment are similar to those of other components of the animal's environment. Although it is unlikely that every possible environmental variable can be controlled both within and among research institutions, more detailed disclosure of the living environment of the subject animals in publications will allow for a better comparison of the findings and contribute to the broader knowledge base of the effects of enrichment.
Prostate cancer stem cells are targets of both innate and adaptive immunity and elicit tumor-specific immune responses (2013)

According to the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, therapies that do not target the CSC compartment have limited, if any, chances to eradicate established tumors. While cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have the potential to recognize and kill single neoplastic cells within a tissue, whether CSCs can be targeted by the immune system during spontaneous or vaccination-elicited responses is poorly defined. Here, we provide experimental evidence showing that CSC lines established from the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice expressed prostate cancer-associated antigens, MHC Class I and II molecules as well as ligands for natural killer (NK) cell receptors. Indeed, CSC were targets for both NK cell- and CTL-mediated cytotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo. The administration of dendritic cells pulsed with irradiated CSCs induced a tumor-specific immune response that was more robust than that induced by dendritic cells pulsed with differentiated tumor cells, delayed tumor growth in mice challenged with prostate CSCs and caused tumor regression in TRAMP mice. Thus, CSC are targeted by both innate and adaptive immune responses and might be exploited for the design of novel immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer.
Mutational spectrum of theWFS1 gene in Wolfram syndrome, nonsyndromic hearing impairment, diabetes mellitus, and psychiatric disease (2003)

WFS1 is a novel gene and encodes an 890 amino-acid glycoprotein (wolframin), predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in WFS1 underlie autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome and autosomal dominant low frequency sensorineural hearing impairment (LFSNHI) DFNA6/14. In addition, several WFS1 sequence variants have been shown to be significantly associated with diabetes mellitus and this gene has also been implicated in psychiatric diseases. Wolfram syndrome is highly variable in its clinical manifestations, which include diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. Wolfram syndrome mutations are spread over the entire coding region, and are typically inactivating, suggesting that a loss of function causes the disease phenotype. In contrast, only non-inactivating mutations have been found in DFNA6/14 families, and these mutations are mainly located in the C-terminal protein domain. In this paper, we provide an overview of the currently known disease-causing and benign allele variants of WFS1 and propose a potential genotype-phenotype correlation for Wolfram syndrome and LFSNHI.
A Bimodal Model to Estimate Dynamic Metropolitan Population by Mobile Phone Data (2018)

Accurate, real-time and fine-spatial population distribution is crucial for urban planning, government management, and advertisement promotion. Limited by technics and tools, we rely on the census to obtain this information in the past, which is coarse and costly. The popularity of mobile phones gives us a new opportunity to investigate population estimation. However, real-time and accurate population estimation is still a challenging problem because of the coarse localization and complicated user behaviors. With the help of the passively collected human mobility and locations from the mobile networks including call detail records and mobility management signals, we develop a bimodal model beyond the prior work to better estimate real-time population distribution at metropolitan scales. We discuss how the estimation interval, space granularity, and data type will influence the estimation accuracy, and find the data collected from the mobility management signals with the 30 min estimation interval performs better which reduces the population estimation error by 30% in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). These results show us the great potential of using bimodal model and mobile phone data to estimate real-time population distribution.
Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System (2006)

Abstract This article describes the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components entering into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. This system has been designed to approach air quality as a whole by including state-of-the-science capabilities for modeling multiple air quality issues, including tropospheric ozone, fine particles, acid deposition, and visibility degradation. CMAQ was also designed to have multiscale capabilities so that separate models were not needed for urban and regional scale air quality modeling. By making CMAQ a modeling system that addresses multiple pollutants and different spatial scales, it has a “one-atmosphere” perspective that combines the efforts of the scientific community. To implement multiscale capabilities in CMAQ, several issues (such as scalable atmospheric dynamics and generalized coordinates), which depend on the desired model resolution, are addressed. A set of governing equations for compressible nonhydrostatic atmospheres is available to better resolve atmospheric dynamics at smaller scales. Because CMAQ is designed to handle scale-dependent meteorological formulations and a large amount of flexibility, its governing equations are expressed in a generalized coordinate system. This approach ensures consistency between CMAQ and the meteorological modeling system. The generalized coordinate system determines the necessary grid and coordinate transformations, and it can accommodate various vertical coordinates and map projections. The CMAQ modeling system simulates various chemical and physical processes that are thought to be important for understanding atmospheric trace gas transformations and distributions. The modeling system contains three types of modeling components (Models-3): a meteorological modeling system for the description of atmospheric states and motions, emission models for man-made and natural emissions that are injected into the atmosphere, and a chemistry-transport modeling system for simulation of the chemical transformation and fate. The chemical transport model includes the following process modules: horizontal advection, vertical advection, mass conservation adjustments for advection processes, horizontal diffusion, vertical diffusion, gas-phase chemical reactions and solvers, photolytic rate computation, aqueous-phase reactions and cloud mixing, aerosol dynamics, size distributions and chemistry, plume chemistry effects, and gas and aerosol deposition velocity estimation. This paper describes the Models-3 CMAQ system, its governing equations, important science algorithms, and a few application examples. This review article cites 114 references.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity and Solvent Effects in Cyclopropanation of Alkadienes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Multiexponential Electronic Spin Relaxation and Redfield's Limit in Gd(III) Complexes in Solution:  Consequences for <sup>17</sup>O/<sup>1</sup>H NMR and EPR Simultaneous Analysis (2002)

Multiple experiments (17O NMR, 1H NMR, and EPR) have been performed in the past to understand the microscopic parameters that control the magnetic relaxation rate enhancement induced by paramagnetic molecules on neighboring water protons, the so-called relaxivity. The generally accepted theories of the electron spin relaxation of S = 7/2 ions such as Gd3+ (Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan or simplified Hudson-Lewis) are unsatisfactory for a simultaneous analysis. Recently, an improved theory, where the electron spin relaxation is due to the combination of a static (thus explicitly linked to the molecular structure) and a dynamic zero field splitting, has been developed and tested on experimental EPR data. The model has also been extended beyond the electronic Redfield limit using Monte Carlo simulations. Using the aqua ion [Gd(H2O)8]3+ as a test case, we present here the first simultaneous analysis of 17O NMR, 1H NMR, and EPR relaxation data using this rigorous approach of the electron spin relaxation. We discuss the physical meaning of the calculated parameters. The consequences on future experiments are also considered, especially regarding the analysis of nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles in the study of Gd3+ complexes.
Structure of prumycin (1974)

The antibiotic prumycin has been identified as 4-D-alanylamino-2-amino-2,4-dideoxy-L-arabinose (1). 1H and 13C N.m.r. data for prumycin and related compounds, particularly the methyl glycoside of O-acetyl-NN′-bisbenzyl-oxycarbonylprumycin (6β) and NN′-diacetylprumycin (3), were major factors in establishing the structure. The absolute configuration was derived by comparing the optical rotation of prumycin with those of other L-arabinose derivatives.
A Set of Library Routines for Solving Parabolic Equations in One Space Variable (1981)

The general design of a set of routines for parabolic equations is considered, with partmular reference to the problem defimtlon and the user mterface. The algorithm is based on the method of hnes and is restricted to one space dimension, with a simple f'mite-dtfference approximation in space The basic routine is supplied with fatrly general facilities, and two sLmpler drivers are also prowded. The solutmn of elhptm-parabolic systems is chscussed, with two examples to illustrate the treatment of difficultms The routines are available m Mark 8 of the NAG library.
Influence analysis of Compensation Factor at the valve side on HVDC transmission system based on filter commutated converter (2008)

In the paper, a novel Filter Commutated Converter (FCC) is proposed, taking its special configuration into account, the reactive power compensation factor at the valve side (Compensation Factor in short) is defined. It’s indeed necessary to research Compensation Factor how to influence on the commutated reactance and the HVDC transmission system’s line voltage of the valve side without load, DC voltage, commutated angle and power factor. Based on the mathematical model of FCC, the relationships between the above parameters with Compensation Factor are analyzed respectively. Depending on the testing platform of DC transmission system adopting FCC, through comparing the theoretic results with the testing ones, the results verified the above analytical conclusions reliable. The results indicate that the commutated reactance and system stability both must be taken into account when selecting rational Compensation Factor, a bigger Compensation Factor does not necessarily be the better.
A hybrid technique for accelerated simulation of ATM networks and network elements (2001)

Conventional simulation of cell- or packet-switched networks involves the use of discrete event simulators that model each individual cell through the network, typically called cell-level simulation. Each cells arrival at, or departure from, a network element is represented by an event. However, statistical considerations are such that very large numbers of cells have to be simulated to guarantee the accuracy of the results. This has always caused very long simulation times, often amounting to many hours of real time just to simulate a few minutes of simulated time. In this article we describe a novel methodology for accelerating simulation studies in cell-based communication networks, e.g., ATM, by using a hybrid analytical/simulation combination. The methodology uses a mathematical technique to seperate foreground traffic from background traffic, and focuses on accelerating cell by cell simulation.
A knowledge-driven approach to text meaning processing (2003)

Our goal is to be able to answer questions about text that go beyond facts explicitly stated in the text, a task which inherently requires extracting a "deep" level of meaning from that text. Our approach treats meaning processing fundamentally as a modeling activity, in which a knowledge base of common-sense expectations guides interpretation of text, and text suggests which parts of the knowledge base might be relevant. In this paper, we describe our ongoing investigations to develop this approach into a usable method for meaning processing.
Signal Structure-Based Authentication for Civil GNSSs: Recent Solutions and Perspectives (2017)

A key aspect to be considered in the design of new generations of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals and receivers is a proper partition between system and receiver contribution to the robustness against spoofing attacks. This article maps the current threats and vulnerabilities of GNSS receivers and presents a survey of recent defenses, focusing on cryptographic solutions suitable to authenticate civil signals. Future perspectives and trends are analyzed, with particular emphasis on spreading code authentication techniques, considered as a key innovation for the next generation of civil GNSS signals. An assessment of the robustness and feasibility of the various presented solutions is also provided, analyzing in particular the impact on both current and future receivers.
RAIDframe: Rapid Prototyping for Disk Arrays (CMU-CS-95-200) (2018)

In recent years, researchers have introduced a multitude of redundant disk array architectures. Unfortunately, using the tradi-tional manual firmware-design approach employed by storage sys-tem designers, implementing control software for these redundant disk array architectures has led to long product-development times, yielded uncertain product reliability, and inhibited designers from exploring the benefits of new architectures. What is needed is array prototyping technology that makes it easier to experiment with design changes while also making it easier to ensure correct functioning of these changes. We introduce RAIDframe, a framework for rapid prototyping and evaluation of redundant disk arrays. Using a graphical pro-gramming abstraction and a mechanized execution strategy, we are able to quickly construct working prototypes which can immedi-ately be evaluated each of three environments: a device driver run-ning against real disks, a user process running against real disks, or an event-driven simulator. This paper describes the basic structure of RAIDframe as well as our experiences with it.
Quantitative determination of polyarenes adsorbed on technical carbon (1988)

Organic solvents extract incomplete-carbonization products from technical carbon (carbon black); a large fraction of these consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polyarenes). The compositions are of interest because firstly these substances on technical carbon (TC) affect the working parameters and secondly some polyarenes are carcinogenic. The authors have examined the polyarene extraction kinetics with boiling benzene and have devised a quantitative method for determining them. They used TC samples with various grain sizes. As examples, they describe the determination of the relatively harmless pyrene, benz(ghi)perilene, and coronene, as well as the carcinogenic benz(a)pyrene, which are the most representative of TC. Holonuclear polyarenes containing 4-7 rings are extracted almost completely by boiling benzene in 10-25 h, and more prolonged extraction leads to the solution being contaminated by tarry products. The quasi-linear luminescence spectra have been used to determine the polyarene contents for various regularly produced grades of technical carbon, where the results agree qualitatively with those for foreign blacks similar in type.
Defibrotide for the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2012)

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a serious complication of stem cell transplantation in children. VOD is characterized by rapid weight gain, hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia and ascites. The pathogenesis of VOD is thought to involve chemotherapy and radiation-induced damage to the sinusoidal endothelium, resulting in endothelial injury, microthrombosis, subendothelial damage and cytokine activation. These processes lead to concomitant progressive hepatocellular dysfunction and subsequent fluid retention and renal impairment. Severe VOD is typically associated with multiorgan failure and high mortality. A number of possible strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of VOD in children have been investigated. The most promising agent to date is defibrotide, a novel polydeoxyribonucleotide with fibrinolytic properties but no major bleeding risk. Numerous studies, including Phase II/III trials, have shown clinical benefit in pediatric patients with the use of defibrotide treatment and prophylaxis. This review discusses VOD in children and focuses on therapeutic options, including defibrotide, in this patient population.
Induction of negative hematopoietic regulators by neurokinin-A in bone marrow stroma (1996)

The tachykinins are a family of neuropeptides that share a common carboxyl terminus. Substance P (SP) and neurokinin-A (NK-A) are derived from the preprotachykinin l gene. Although SP and NK-A can bind to either NK-1, NK-2, or NK-3 receptors (R), they have preferences for NK- 1R and NK-2R, respectively. We have reported that SP stimulates erythroid (E) (burst-forming unit [BFU]-E and colony-forming unit [CFU]- E) and myeloid (CFU-granulocyte-macrophage [GM]) progenitors partly through the induction of growth factors. We have now investigated the hematopoietic effects of NK-A using short-term bone marrow (BM) cultures and found that NK-A (10(-7) to 10(-12) mol/L) inhibits CFU-GM proliferation but stimulates erythroid progenitors. Release of soluble factors by the stroma appears to mediate the inhibition because direct contact with the stroma was not required. We have found that NK-A, through NK-2-like receptors induces increased levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) (transcriptional and posttranscriptional) in BM stroma. Clonogenic assays with NK-A (10(-9) mol/L) and either anti-MIP- 1 alpha or anti-TGF- beta 1 indicate that these cytokines partly contribute to the inhibition, suggesting that these two negative hematopoietic regulators exert part of the inhibition by NK-A on CFU- GM. The findings of two closely related neuropeptides, derived from the same gene, exerting opposite effects on myeloid colonies suggest that neuropeptides, by themselves could be important factors in hematopoietic regulation.