gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Development of a 1920 × 1080 Pixel Color CCD Camera Progressively Scanned at 60 Frames per Second (1997)

A progressively scanned video camera using two 1920 times 1080 charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors (made by Eastman Kodak) with square pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio is under development. One sensor does not have color filters and the other has color stripe filters. Detail luminance is derived from one sensor; color and low-resolution luminance is derived from the other. The camera output is progressively scanned at 60 frames/sec. If digitized, the output bit rate would be 2.4 Gbits/sec. Consequently, subband coding will be used to compress the output to a bit stream that can be recorded on a D-l or D-5 digital video recorder and still have enough “head room” for post-production processing. This paper will report on the status of the camera development and describe the options for providing good motion rendition without interlace artifacts by using progressive scan.
Chiral Self-Recognition:  Direct Spectroscopic Detection of the Homochiral and Heterochiral Dimers of Propylene Oxide in the Gas Phase (2006)

In this report, we describe rotational spectroscopic and high-level ab initio studies of the 1:1 chiral molecular adduct of propylene oxide dimer. The complexes are bound by weak secondary hydrogen bonds, that is, the O(epoxy)...H-C noncovalent interactions. Six homochiral and six heterochiral conformers were predicted to be the most stable configurations where each monomer acts as a proton acceptor and a donor simultaneously, forming two six- or five-membered intermolecular hydrogen-bonded rings. Rotational spectra of six, that is, three homochiral and heterochiral conformer pairs, out of the eight conformers that were predicted to have sufficiently large permanent electric dipole moments were measured and analyzed. The relative conformational stability order and the signs of the chiral recognition energies of the six conformers were determined experimentally and were compared to the ab initio computational results. The experimental observations and the ab initio calculations suggest that the concerted effort of these weak secondary hydrogen bonds can successfully lock the subunits in a particular orientation and that the overall binding strength is comparable to a classic hydrogen bond.
Lipolytic Function of Adipocyte/Endothelial Cocultures (2011)

The rising incidence of adipose-related disorders such as obesity has prompted increased interest in the in vitro development of functional human soft tissues to study the disease and treatment options. Further, soft tissues maintained in vitro with a capacity to resemble in vivo tissues in structure and metabolic function would help gain insight into mechanisms involved in adipose tissue development. In the current study, the metabolic potential of adipose/endothelial cocultures on three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds was studied. Endothelial contributions to adipose lipogenesis and lipolysis were the focus of the study. Triglyceride accumulation, adipogenic gene transcript expression, and basal lipolysis measurements demonstrated the ability of this coculture system to retain metabolic levels obtained in adipocyte monocultures. Additionally, basal lipolysis was stimulated in mono- and coculture systems to a similar extent at 1.6- and 1.9-fold over controls, respectively. The ability to maintain adipose functions in these cocultures represents a step forward in the development of a tissue-engineered adipose tissue system exhibiting both endothelial lumens and metabolic functions.
Identification of p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated proteins that couple to signaling pathways not initiated by the death domain. (1997)

The 55 kDa receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF-R55) has become a paradigm for membrane receptors that are devoid of intrinsic enzymatic activity. The initiation of intracellular signaling events observed in TNF-stimulated cells appears to depend on protein intermediates that interact with specific cytoplasmic domains of TNF-R55. By use of TNF-R55 deletion mutants, we have defined a novel domain of TNF-R55 (NSD) distinct from the death domain which is specifically required for activation of neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase). In addition, using the yeast interaction trap system, we have identified one protein (FAN) that binds to the NSD and mediates activation of N-SMase as well as seventeen other potential interaction partners of TNF-R55. These candidate interactors include the adaptor protein Grb2-linking TNF-R55 to the Ras pathway-as well as the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase, suggesting a role of TNF-R55 in glycolysis/ energy metabolism of cells.
Dark Matter Search Results from the CDMS II Experiment (2010)

Astrophysical observations indicate that dark matter constitutes most of the mass in our universe, but its nature remains unknown. Over the past decade, the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS II) experiment has provided world-leading sensitivity for the direct detection of weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter. The final exposure of our low-temperature germanium particle detectors at the Soudan Underground Laboratory yielded two candidate events, with an expected background of 0.9 +/- 0.2 events. This is not statistically significant evidence for a WIMP signal. The combined CDMS II data place the strongest constraints on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent scattering cross section for a wide range of WIMP masses and exclude new parameter space in inelastic dark matter models.
Protein engineering of the restriction endonuclease <i>Eco</i>RV (1998)

We generated variants of the restriction endonuclease EcoRV that discriminate between recognition sites with different flanking sequences. This was achieved by designing new contacts to the bases in the major groove of the DNA preceding and following the EcoRV recognition site. We selected Ala181 as the starting point for the extension of the site specificity of EcoRV because, according to the structure of the specific EcoRV x DNA complex, this residue is involved in a water mediated contact with the bases flanking the recognition sequence on the 5' side. A substitution of this alanine residue by other amino acid residues changes the protein-DNA interface in this region and potentially creates new contacts, such that EcoRV variants could have an extended specificity, i.e. a greater selectivity for EcoRV sites within a particular sequence context. EcoRV variants with naturally occurring amino acid residues at position 181 were produced and their selectivity analyzed with oligodeoxynucleotide and plasmid substrates that differ only in the base pairs immediately flanking the EcoRV site. Some variants, having amino acid residues with long or bulky side chains at position 181 showed altered preferences for the base pairs flanking the recognition sequence with oligodeoxynucleotide substrates without loosing their catalytic efficiency. One variant, A181K, is able to discriminate between purine and pyrimidine bases on the 5' side of the recognition sequence, probably by means of a new hydrogen bond to the N7 of the purine base. Another variant, A181E, strongly prefers a thymine base on the 5' side of the recognition sequence, presumably due to a hydrogen bond formed between the protonated glutamic acid residue and the O4 of thymine.
Formation of 1-Deoxy-<scp>D</scp>-<i>threo</i>-pentulose and 1-Deoxy-<scp>L</scp>-<i>threo</i>-pentulose by Cell-free Extracts of Microorganisms (1984)

A new enzymatic acyloin-type condensation between pyruvate (or acetoin or methylacetoin) and D-glyceraldehyde was found to be catalyzed by cell-free extracts of a transketolase mutant of Bacillus pumilus IFO 12089. The reaction product (1) was isolated and determined to be 1-deoxy-D-threo-pentulose (d-DTP), which is considered to be a precursor of the five-carbon unit of the thiazole ring thiamine. 1-Deoxy-L-threo-pentulose (l-DTP, 2) was synthesized similarly when l-glyceraldehyde was used instead of D-glyceraldehyde. The configurations of 1 and 2 were confirmed by reduction to the corresponding 1-deoxy-pentitols. Similar enzyme activities were also detected in cell-free extracts of all the wild-type strains tested of bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, and molds. These results suggest that the d-DTP synthesizing enzyme plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the thiazole ring of thiamine in vivo.
Spherulitic Crystallization from the Melt. II. Influence of Fractionation and Impurity Segregation on the Kinetics of Crystallization (1964)

The influence of impurity segregation on the kinetics of spherulitic crystallization is examined. Radial growth rates over a range of temperatures are reported for a number of polymers containing various proportions of impurity species of widely varying molecular weight. Variations of growth rate with molecular weight indicate that transport processes within regions extending some distance from solid-liquid interfaces play a major part in controlling growth kinetics. In the unusual case of a polymer containing impurities of very low molecular weight, extended radial diffusion of impurities may even give rise to parabolic growth [(radius) ∝ (time)½] in place of linear growth as normally found. Conventional interpretations fail to account satisfactorily for dependence on molecular weight, and are clearly inadequate in that they deal with transport processes only as ``jump'' processes at these interfaces. Complications that transport processes within the body of the melt introduce into the problem of formulating an absolute theory of growth kinetics are discussed.
Chrysanthemum White Rust in England and Wales 1963‐66 (1967)

SUMMARY Chrysanthemum white rust ( Puccinia horiana ) was first seen in England late in 1963, on stock originally imported from Japan. Infected plants were destroyed during 1964, but in autumn 1965 over 50 outbreaks occurred, nearly all in south‐west England. Eleven outbreaks followed during the next season. The history of the disease and eradication measures are described.
High-Power Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers (1996)

The output powers that have been demonstrated from single-mode fiber amplifiers and lasers have increased dramatically over the past several years.
Minimum mean brightness error bi-histogram equalization in contrast enhancement (2003)

Histogram equalization (HE) is widely used for contrast enhancement. However, it tends to change the brightness of an image and hence, not suitable for consumer electronic products, where preserving the original brightness is essential to avoid annoying artifacts. Bi-histogram equalization (BBHE) has been proposed and analyzed mathematically that it can preserve the original brightness to a certain extends. However, there are still cases that are not handled well by BBHE, as they require higher degree of preservation. This paper proposes a novel extension of BBHE referred to as minimum mean brightness error bi-histogram equalization (MMBEBHE) to provide maximum brightness preservation. BBHE separates the input image's histogram into two based on input mean before equalizing them independently. This paper proposes to perform the separation based on the threshold level, which would yield minimum absolute mean brightness error (AMBE - the absolute difference between input and output mean). An efficient recursive integer-based computation for AMBE has been formulated to facilitate real time implementation. Simulation results using sample image which represent images with very low, very high and medium mean brightness show that the cases which are not handled well by HE, BBHE and dualistic sub image histogram equalization (DSIHE), can be properly enhanced by MMBEBHE. Besides, MMBEBHE also demonstrate comparable performance with BBHE and DSIHE when come to use the sample images show in [Yeong-Taeg Kim, February 1997] and [Yu Wan et al., October 5 1999].
Poly(<i>para</i>‐dioxanone) and poly(L‐lactic acid) blends: thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties (2003)

Abstract Blends of two semicrystalline polymers, poly( L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly‐ p ‐dioxanone (PPD) have been prepared by solvent casting in different compositions. Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of the blends were studied using modulated differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarizing light microscopy (PLM), and tensile tests. Thermal analysis showed two glass transition temperatures nearly constant and equal to the values of the homopolymers and constant values of melting temperature ( T m ) for all blend compositions, suggesting that both polymers are immiscible. The PLM and SEM observations validated these results, and showed the different morphology obtained by changing the composition of the blend. The blends 40/60, 50/50, and 60/40 presented a clearly macroseparated system, while the 20/80 and 80/20 blends presented better homogeneity, probably due to the low amount of one component in the other. It was found by PLM that PPD is able to crystallize according to a spherulitic morphology when its content is above 40%. Under this content, the crystallization of PPD is hardly observed. The blend 20/80 is more flexible, and tough material and neck formation during elongation is also observed, due to PPD, which may act as a plasticizer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 12: 2744–2755, 2003
Novel dosimetric phantom for quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy (2009)

The objective of this work is to assess the suitability and performance of a new dosimeter system with a novel geometry for the quality assurance (QA) of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The new dosimeter system consists of a hollow cylinder (15 and 25 cm inner and outer diameters) with 124 diodes embedded in the phantom's cylindrical wall forming four rings of detectors. For coplanar beams, the cylindrical geometry and the ring diode pattern offer the advantage of invariant perpendicular incidence on the beam central axis for any gantry angle and also have the benefit of increasing the detector density as both walls of the cylinder sample the beam. Other advantages include real-time readout and reduced weight with the hollow phantom shape. A calibration method taking into account the variation in radiation sensitivity of the diodes as a function of gantry angle was developed and implemented. In this work, the new dosimeter system was used in integrating mode to perform composite dose measurements along the cylindrical surface supporting the diodes. The reproducibility of the dosimeter response and the angular dependence of the diodes were assessed using simple 6 MV photon static beams. The performance of the new dosimeter system for VMAT QA was then evaluated using VMAT plans designed for a head and neck, an abdominal sarcoma, and a prostate patient. These plans were optimized with 90 control points (CPs) and additional versions of each plan were generated by increasing the number of CPs to 180 and 360 using linear interpolation. The relative dose measured with the dosimeter system for the VMAT plans was compared to the corresponding TPS dose map in terms of relative dose difference (% deltaD) and distance to agreement (DTA). The dosimeter system's sensitivity to gantry rotation offset and scaling errors as well as setup errors was also evaluated. For static beams, the dosimeter system offered good reproducibility and demonstrated small residual diode angular dependence after calibration. For VMAT deliveries, the agreement between measured and calculated doses was good with > or = 86.4% of the diodes satisfying 3% of % deltaD or 2 mm DTA for the 180 CP plans. The phantom offered sufficient sensitivity for the detection of small gantry rotation offset (3 degrees) and scaling errors (1 degree) as well as phantom setup errors of 1 mm, although the results were plan dependent. With its novel geometry, the dosimeter system was also able to experimentally demonstrate the discretization effect of the number of CPs used in the TPS to simulate a continuous arc. These results demonstrate the suitability of the new dosimeter system for the patient-specific QA of VMAT plans and suggest that the dosimeter system can be an effective tool in the routine QA and commissioning of treatment machines capable of VMAT delivery and cone-beam CT image guidance.
A retinomorphic VLSI smart sensor for invariant geometric object recognition (1990)

A description is given of the development of a VLSI smart sensor which borrows some mechanisms used by the human eye to generate abstractions of simple line drawings which are invariant with respect to scale and position. Simulation results are presented to show that the representation generated is invariant with respect to the transformations mentioned above. It is shown that such a sensor is capable of real-time performance, yields a considerably higher resolution than conventional schemes, and is similar in some important respects to the human visual system. Two implementation schemes are described, and the extension of the method to gray-scale images is discussed
Patient-derived organoids can predict response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients (2019)

There is a clear and unmet clinical need for biomarkers to predict responsiveness to chemotherapy for cancer. We developed an in vitro test based on patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) from metastatic lesions to identify nonresponders to standard-of-care chemotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). In a prospective clinical study, we show the feasibility of generating and testing PDOs for evaluation of sensitivity to chemotherapy. Our PDO test predicted response of the biopsied lesion in more than 80% of patients treated with irinotecan-based therapies without misclassifying patients who would have benefited from treatment. This correlation was specific to irinotecan-based chemotherapy, however, and the PDOs failed to predict outcome for treatment with 5-fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin. Our data suggest that PDOs could be used to prevent cancer patients from undergoing ineffective irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Paradigm shift for jitter and noise in design and test &lt; Gb/s communication systems (an invited paper for ICCD 2003) (2004)

As the communication speed/data rate approaches 1 Gb/s and beyond, timing jitter and amplitude noise become the major limiting factors for system performance. Traditional methods used in simulating, analyzing, modeling, and quantifying jitter and noise in terms of peak-to-peak and/or RMS become no longer accurate and sufficient. As such, new methods with better accuracy and comprehension are called for. We first discuss new jitter and noise modeling and analysis methods for both design and test based on statistical signal theory invoking probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function (cdf) and the corresponding component distributions of deterministic and random to quantify jitter, noise, and bit error rate (BER) for communication systems. Secondly, we introduce jitter and noise transfer functions and their important roles-played in estimating relevant jitter, noise, and BER in the system. Thirdly, we introduce and illustrate how those methods can be used in designing and testing > Gb/s communication systems, such as fibre channel (FC), giga bit Ethernet (GBE), and PCI Express.
Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis (2017)

Our review shows that compared to placebo, the biologics infliximab, ixekizumab, risankizumab, bimekizumab, secukinumab, guselkumab and brodalumab were the most effective treatments for achieving PASI 90 in people with moderate-to-severe psoriasis on the basis of moderate- to high-certainty evidence. This NMA evidence is limited to induction therapy (outcomes were measured from 8 to 24 weeks after randomisation) and is not sufficient for evaluation of longer-term outcomes in this chronic disease. Moreover, we found low numbers of studies for some of the interventions, and the young age (mean age of 45 years) and high level of disease severity (PASI 20 at baseline) may not be typical of patients seen in daily clinical practice. Another major concern is that short-term trials provide scanty and sometimes poorly-reported safety data and thus do not provide useful evidence to create a reliable risk profile of treatments. We found no significant difference in the assessed interventions and placebo in terms of SAEs, and the evidence for all the interventions was of low to moderate quality. In order to provide long-term information on the safety of the treatments included in this review, it will also be necessary to evaluate non-randomised studies and postmarketing reports released from regulatory agencies. In terms of future research, randomised trials directly comparing active agents are necessary once high-quality evidence of benefit against placebo is established, including head-to-head trials amongst and between non-biological systemic agents and small molecules, and between biological agents (anti-IL17 versus anti-IL23, anti-IL23 versus anti-IL12/23, anti-TNF alpha versus anti-IL12/23). Future trials should also undertake systematic subgroup analyses (e.g. assessing biological-naïve participants, baseline psoriasis severity, presence of psoriatic arthritis, etc.). Finally, outcome measure harmonisation is needed in psoriasis trials, and researchers should look at the medium- and long-term benefit and safety of the interventions and the comparative safety of different agents. Editorial note: This is a living systematic review. Living systematic reviews offer a new approach to review updating, in which the review is continually updated, incorporating relevant new evidence as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.
Fast, scalable detection of "Piggybacked" mobile applications (2013)

Mobile applications (or apps) are rapidly growing in number and variety. These apps provide useful features, but also bring certain privacy and security risks. For example, malicious authors may attach destructive payloads to legitimate apps to create so-called "piggybacked" apps and advertise them in various app markets to infect unsuspecting users. To detect them, existing approaches typically employ pair-wise comparison, which unfortunately has limited scalability. In this paper, we present a fast and scalable approach to detect these apps in existing Android markets. Based on the fact that the attached payload is not an integral part of a given app's primary functionality, we propose a module decoupling technique to partition an app's code into primary and non-primary modules. Also, noticing that piggybacked apps share the same primary modules as the original apps, we develop a feature fingerprint technique to extract various semantic features (from primary modules) and convert them into feature vectors. We then construct a metric space and propose a linearithmic search algorithm (with O(n log n) time complexity) to efficiently and scalably detect piggybacked apps. We have implemented a prototype and used it to study 84,767 apps collected from various Android markets in 2011. Our results show that the processing of these apps takes less than nine hours on a single machine. In addition, among these markets, piggybacked apps range from 0.97% to 2.7% (the official Android Market has 1%). Further investigation shows that they are mainly used to steal ad revenue from the original developers and implant malicious payloads (e.g., for remote bot control). These results demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our approach.