gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross‐Coupling Reactions on Azoles with Two and More Heteroatoms (2006)

Abstract Recent progress in the field of transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions on various azole systems is summarized. Most important C–C‐ and C–X‐bond formation methodologies (Negishi, Suzuki–Miyaura, Stille, Kumada–Corriu–Tamao, Hiyama, Sonogashira, Heck, C–H activation) are reviewed and discussed for the imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, and isothiazole system, as well as for azoles with more than two heteroatoms. This review covers the literature that appeared in the past ten years up to the end of 2005 with corresponding azoles used either as metal organyl or halide (including triflates and some other less frequently applied leaving groups); literature describing azole structures only as ligands was not included.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Fast, strong and compliant pneumatic actuation for dexterous tendon-driven hands (2013)

We describe a pneumatic actuation system for dexterous robotic hands. It was motivated by our desire to improve the ShadowHand system, yet it is quite universal and indeed we are already using it with a second robotic hand we have developed. Our actuation system allows us to move the ShadowHand skeleton faster than a human hand (70 msec limit-to-limit movement, 30 msec overall reflex latency), generate sufficient forces (40 N at each finger tendon, 125N at each wrist tendon), and achieve high compliance on the mechanism level (6 grams of external force at the fingertip displaces the finger when the system is powered.) This combination of speed, force and compliance is a prerequisite for dexterous manipulation, yet it has never before been achieved with a tendon-driven system, let alone a system with 24 degrees of freedom and 40 tendons.
Primitive erythropoiesis from mesodermal precursors expressing VE-cadherin, PECAM-1, Tie2, endoglin, and CD34 in the mouse embryo (2006)

Vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin, PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, CD31), Tie2, CD34, and endoglin are established markers for adult and embryonic endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we report that the expression of these EC markers is initiated in the extraembryonic region at the late-streak stage (nominal stage E6.75). Immunohistochemical analysis shows that EC marker-positive cells arise in a subset of Flk1 (VEGF-R2) mesodermal cells. In contrast, GATA1, a marker for primitive erythropoietic progenitors, is expressed in a more restricted subset of Flk1-positive cells. Using flow cytometry, we observed that the GATA1-positive cell population existed as a subset of the EC marker-positive cell. Consistent with this notion, we showed with the primitive hematopoietic colony assay that primitive erythropoietic progenitors are enriched in PECAM-1- and Tie2-positive cells. These results suggest that primitive hematopoietic cells arise from EC marker-positive cells. Thus, VE-cadherin, PECAM-1, CD34, endoglin, and Tie2 are expressed not only in adult and embryonic ECs but in extraembryonic Flk1-positive cells during gastrulation. The latter cell population includes progenitors that give rise to primitive hematopoietic cells, suggesting that primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells in the mouse embryo arise from EC marker-positive cells.
Evaluation of the spinal cord neuron X neuroblastoma hybrid cell line NSC-34 as a model for neurotoxicity testing. (1993)

NSC-34 is a hybrid cell line produced by fusion of motor neuron enriched, embryonic mouse spinal cord cells with mouse neuroblastoma. Cultures contain two populations of cells: small, undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to undergo cell division and larger, multi-nucleate cells that express many properties of motor neurons. The utility of NSC-34 cells as a model for investigation of neurotoxicity was evaluated following exposure of cultures to a selection of chemicals known to be neurotoxic to motor neurons. NSC-34 responded to agents that affect voltage-gated ion channels, cytoskeletal organization and axonal transport. The sensitivity of action potential production to various ion channel blockers was similar to that in primary motor neurons in culture. 2,5-hexanedione induced focal aggregation of neurofilaments in perikarya and processes of NSC-34. Sodium pyridinethione induced swelling and retraction of processes. In contrast, NSC-34 was not a good model in which to investigate agents that affect synaptic transmission. No electrophysiological evidence of synaptic connections between NSC-34 cells was obtained. Exposure to 1 mM glutamate had no effect on cell morphology or action potential production. Difficulties in using this line to investigate chemical neurotoxicity were poor substrate adhesion, requirement for routine subculture and change in expression of the neuronal phenotype with repeated subculture.
Towards true crosstalk noise analysis (1999)

Accurate noise analysis is currently of significant concern to high-performance designs, and the number of signals susceptible to noise effects will certainly increase in smaller process geometries. Our approach uses a combination of temporal and functional information to eliminate false transition combinations and thereby overcome insufficiencies in static noise analysis. A similar idea arises in timing analysis where functional and timing information is used to eliminate false paths. The goal of our work is to develop an algorithm, software tool, and noise analysis flow that provide an accurate and conservative approach to noise analysis. In particular, this paper proposes an approach to identifying a pair of vectors that exercises the maximum crosstalk noise.
Aminothiazolomorphinans with Mixed κ and μ Opioid Activity (2011)

A series of N-substituted and N'-substituted aminothiazole-derived morphinans (5) were synthesized for expanding the structure-activity relationships of aminothiazolo-morphinans. Although their affinities were somewhat lower than their prototype aminothiazolo-N-cyclopropylmorphinan (3), 3-aminothiazole derivatives of cyclorphan (1) containing a primary amino group displayed high affinity and selectivity at the κ and μ opioid receptors. [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays showed that the aminothiazolomorphinans were κ agonists with mixed agonist and antagonist activity at the μ opioid receptor. These novel N'-monosubstituted aminothiazole-derived morphinans may be valuable for the development of drug abuse medications.
Reaction of dilithiated carboxylic acids with iodine: evidence for the formation of a radical anion intermediate (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of dilithiated carboxylic acids with iodine: evidence for the formation of a radical anion intermediatePhilippe Renaud and Marye Anne FoxCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 16, 3745–3752Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00251a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00251a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2520Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Digital Signal Processing-Based Bioinformatics Approach to Identifying the Origins of HIV-1 Non B Subtypes Infecting US Army Personnel Serving Abroad (2013)

Two HIV-1 non B isolates, 98US_MSC5007 and 98US_MSC5016, which have been identified amongst the US Army personnel serving abroad, are known to have originated from other nations. Notwithstanding, they are categorized as American strains. This is because their countries of origin are unknown. American isolates are basically B subtype. 98US_MSC5007 belongs to Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF02_AG) while 98US_MSC5016 is of the C clade. Both sub-groups are recognized to have originated from African and Asian continents. It has become necessary to properly determine the countries of origin of microbes and viruses. This is because diversity and cross-subtyping have been found to mitigate the designing and development of vaccine and therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study therefore is to identify the countries of origin of the two American isolates found amongst US Army personnel serving abroad. A Digital Signal Processing-based Bioinformatics technique called Informational Spectrum Method (ISM) has been engaged. ISM entails translating the amino acids sequences of the protein into numerical sequences (signals) by means of one biological parameter (Amino Acids Scale). The signals are then processed using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in order to uncover and present the embedded biological information as Informational Spectra (IS). Spectral Position of Maximum Binding Interaction (SPMBI) is used. Several approaches including Phylogeny have preliminarily been employed in the determination of evolutionary trends of organisms and viruses. SPMBI has preliminarily been used to re-establish the semblance and common originality that exist between human and Chimpanzee, evolutionary roadmaps in the Influenza and HIV viruses. The results disclosed that 98US_MSC5007 shared same semblance and originality with a Nigeria isolate (92NG083) while 98US_MSC5016 with the Zairian isolates (ELI, MAL, and Z2/CDC-34). These results appear to demonstrate that the American soldiers harboring these strains may have been infected by isolates from Nigeria and Zaire, respectively. This is because 98US_MSC5007 and the Nigerian isolate share SPMBI at position 44. Additionally, 98US_MSC5016, which has SPMBI at position 148, may have come from Zaire as it has similar SPMBI with the Zairian isolates at 150. SPMBI is a demonstration of Bio-functionality arising from maximum affinity by the proteins from different sources to a common protein. To help validate the findings, the experiment was further repeated using ISM-based Phylogenetic technique. The outcome appears not to be in complete accord with the results obtained in this study. It is therefore recommended that the countries in which these US Army personnel are deployed be identified and where the findings made and the locations of the Army personnel appropriately correlate, this novel procedure be engaged in the identification of the nations of origins of all other such HIV isolates across all clades and nations.
A System of Subroutines for Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares Computations (1980)

A description of a system of subroutines to compute solutions to the iteratively reweighted least squares problem is presented. The weights are determined from the data and' linear fit and are computed as functions of the scaled residuals. Iteratively reweighted least squares is a part of robust statlstms where "robustness" means relative insensltlwty to moderate departures from assumptions. The software for iteratively rewelghted least squares is cast as semiportable Fortran code whose performance is unaffected (m the sense that performance will not be degraded) by the computer or operating-system environment in which it is used. An /~ start and an ~2 start are provided. Eight weight functions, a numerical rank determination, a convergence criterion, and a stem-and-leaf display are included.
Active multi-aperture imaging through turbulence (2012)

We describe our Innovative Multi Aperture Gimbaless Electro-Optical (IMAGE) testbed which uses coherent detection of the complex field reflected off a diffuse target with seven hexagonally arranged apertures. The seven measured optical fields are then phased with a digital optimization algorithm to synthesize a composite image whose angular resolution exceeds that of a single aperture. This same post-detection phasing algorithm also corrects aberrations induced by imperfect optics and a turbulent atmospheric path. We present the coherent imaging sub-aperture design used in the IMAGE array as well as the design of a compact range used to perform scaled tests of the IMAGE array. We present some experimental results of imaging diffuse targets in the compact range with two phase screens which simulates a ~7[Km] propagation path through distributed atmospheric turbulence.
Rice tungro disease is caused by an RNA and a DNA virus (1991)

We present evidence that rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) has a genome of polyadenylated single-stranded RNA of about 10 kb whereas rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) contains double-stranded circular DNA. RTBV DNA has been mapped and shown to have two discontinuities, one in each strand, at specific sites; it thus resembles that of the caulimoviruses. Gel electrophoresis of RTSV preparations revealed two protein bands (Mr 35K and 26K). RTBV yielded two major protein bands of 37K and 33K together with several minor species of higher and lower Mr which react with antiviral serum.
Genetic relationships between feral cattle from Chirikof Island, Alaska and other breeds (2007)

The origin of cattle on Chirikof Island, off the coast of Alaska, is not well documented. We assessed genetic differentiation of cattle isolated on Chirikof Island from several breeds commonly used for commercial production in North America including breeds popularly believed to have contributed to the Chirikof Island population. A set of 34 microsatellite loci was used to genotype Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Highland, Limousin, Red Angus, Salers, Shorthorn, Simmental, Tarentaise and Texas Longhorn cattle sampled from North America and the Chirikof Island population. Resulting F(ST) statistics for these loci ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 and on average, 14% of total genetic variation was between breeds. Whether population structure was modelled as a bifurcating tree or genetic network, Chirikof Island cattle appeared to be unique and strongly differentiated relative to the other breeds that were sampled. Bayesian clustering for multiple-locus assignment to genetic groups indicated low levels of admixture in the Chirikof Island population. Thus, the Chirikof Island population may be a novel genetic resource of some importance for conservation and industry.
Tumor-susceptibility markers. (1992)

Genetic analyses of unusual hereditary cancers and of common neoplasms suggest that tumorigenesis proceeds through a series of genetic alterations involving oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Such genes can be viewed as tumor-susceptibility genes, and DNA tests that examine them might be useful in determining an increased risk of cancer development before the onset of a tumor. Indeed, DNA tests have already proved useful in the genetic counseling of families with an increased risk of rare inherited diseases such as retinoblastoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a, or Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The current investigation of these familial disorders is enabling the development of expertise, reagents, and methods that will eventually focus on the most common cancers. In assessing risk for these common tumors, several genes will probably require study to achieve more accurate prediction of cancer risk. For example, genetic abnormalities of the ras oncogene and of either the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) or the p53 tumor-suppressor gene have been found in many tumors and appear to be particularly important in the study of individuals at increased risk of lung, breast, or colon cancers. In addition, the study of tumor-associated markers that might already be detectable in the preneoplastic state can be carried out in parallel with tests that search for evidence of mutations in tumor-susceptibility genes. Finally, both classes of markers might be complementary in genetic counseling or screening of populations at increased risk. However, the capacity for detecting tumor-susceptibility markers creates a responsibility for the physician in terms of the proper use of this information.
Interface Engineering for 25% CdTe Solar Cells (2018)

Buffer layers, such as CdS and MgxZn1–xO (MZO), are critical for CdTe and other thin film polycrystalline solar cells. A ternary compound, such as MZO, allows for interface engineering by adjusting composition, bandgap, and doping to manipulate barriers and recombination to enhance thin film efficiencies toward 25%. Here, theoretical studies demonstrate the enormous impact of front interface offset and emitter doping have on device performance. The results reveal it is possible to achieve 25% device efficiency with open-circuit voltage >1 V, even for 105 cm/s recombination velocity, provided the interface offsets and doping are properly engineered.
COMBINED 3D BUILDING SURVEYING TECHNIQUES – TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING (TLS) AND TOTAL STATION SURVEYING FOR BIM DATA MANAGEMENT PURPOSES (2013)

Building information modelling (BIM) represents the process of development and use of a computer generated model to simulate the planning, design, construction and operation of a building. The utilisation of building information models has increased in recent years due to their economic benefits in design and construction phases and in building management. BIM has been widely applied in the design and construction of new buildings but rarely in the management of existing ones. The point of creating a BIM model for an existing building is to produce accurate information related to the building, including its physical and functional characteristics, geometry and inner spatial relationships. The case study provides a critical appraisal of the process of both collecting accurate survey data using a terrestrial laser scanner combined with a total station and creating a BIM model as the basis of a digital management model. The case study shows that it is possible to detect and define facade damage by integration of the laser scanning point cloud and the creation of the BIM model. The paper will also give an overview of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), total station surveying, geodetic survey networks and data processing to create a BIM model.
Biochemical and physiochemical characterization of pepsin-solubilized type-II collagen from bovine articular cartilage (1977)

Solubilization of collagen from bovine articular with pepsin requires the preliminary extraction of proteoglycans from the ground substance. Biochemical and physiochemical properties of this pepsin-solubilized collagen are independent of the pretreatment (extraction with 1.5M-CaCl2, 5M-guanidinium chloride or 0.2M-NaOH) and of the age range (2-4-year-old and 2-month-old animals). Characterization of the de-natured components, of the CNBr peptides and of the amino acid and cross-link composition shows that the collagen of the hyaline cartilage is all type II. Electrical birefringence measurements showed the presence of tropocollagen molecules (length 280nm) and molecules whose length is slightly less than twice that of the tropocollagen molecules. This latter molecule may be a dimer composed of two monomers linked by intermolecular head-to-tail bonds and whose theoretical length (530nm), according to the quarter-stagger theory, is in good agreement with our measured values (510-530nm). We have verified that the beta-components of this collagen are formed of two alpha-chains linked by the stable intermolecular bond, dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine. These dimeric molecules are absent from solutions of skin collagen whose beta-components possess only aldol-type intramolecular cross-links. Although reconstituted fibres from solutions of skin and cartilage collagen are similar, the segment-long spacing crystallites formed with pepsin-solubilized cartilage collagen present a symmetrical and dimeric form corresponding to the lateral aggregation of two monomers with an overlap (90nm) of the C-terminal ends.
<title>A High Quantum Efficiency, Front-Side Illuminated CCD Area Image Sensor</title> (1977)

A high performance CCD area image sensor has been designed and fabricated with a maximized average quantum efficiency over the wavelength range 500 to 900 nm; an average quantum efficiency of 50 percent was achieved. A multi-deposition polysilicon gate technology, supplemented by silicon nitride, was used. The measured response spectrum has the same major features as the computer generated spectrum for the optimum structure, although the measured spectrum is distinctly smoother. The CCD image sensor is of the time delay and integration (TOT) type. This paper describes the CCD image sensor configuration, the details of the unit cell, and the computer model boundary conditions, such as what layer thicknesses were allowed. A large number of layer-thickness designs were run on computer; the results are summarized. The wafer processing sequence is outlined. Possible explanations for the differences between theory and experiment are presented.
Phosphorescence and Structure of a Tetrameric Copper(I)−Amide Cluster (1998)

The colorless copper(I) cluster [CuN(Si(CH(3))(3))(2)](4), which contains a square-planar Cu(4)N(4) core, phosphoresces in CH(2)Cl(2) solution (lambda(max), 512 nm; lifetime, 30 &mgr;s) and in the solid state at room temperature. Its electronic absorption spectrum in CH(2)Cl(2) consists of two intense bands at 283 and 246 nm; these transitions, as well as the phosphorescence, are likely to involve population of MOs reflecting substantial Cu.Cu interactions. Solid [CuN(Si(CH(3))(3))(2)](4) luminesces with approximately the same spectrum as that of the CH(2)Cl(2) solutions. At 77 K, the solid-state luminescence red-shifts slightly (lambda(max), 524 nm) and narrows substantially (fwhm, 2400 cm(-)(1); vs 3500 cm(-)(1) at 300 K); the emission lifetime in glassy Et(2)O solution is 690 &mgr;s. X-ray analysis of crystals of [CuN(Si(CH(3))(3))(2)](4) at 130 and 296 K shows that, although the previously reported structure solution (in space group I2/m, with the molecules on 2/m sites; Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem. 1992, 29, 573-583) is approximately correct, the lattice is actually primitive, P2/n, and the only crystallographically required symmetry element for the molecule is a 2-fold axis. C(24)H(72)Cu(4)N(4)Si(8): monoclinic, space group P2/n, Z = 2. At 130 K, a = 9.285(3) Å, b = 13.393(3) Å, c = 17.752(5) Å, and beta = 90.53(2) degrees. [At 296 K, a = 9.3773(4) Å, b = 13.5836(7) Å, c = 17.814(2) Å, and beta = 90.207(7) degrees.] At 130 K, the Cu and N atoms in the cluster are planar within 0.007 Å, and the Cu-N and Cu.Cu distances are 1.917(4)-1.925(4) and 2.6770(7)-2.6937(7) Å, respectively. Despite the low volatility of the compound, it can be used as a precursor for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of copper metal, under H(2) carrier gas, with both source and substrate at ca. 200 degrees C. Smaller amounts of Cu metal films are also deposited when the substrate temperature is as low as 145 degrees C (in the dark) or 136-138 degrees C (under Pyrex-filtered Xe arc lamp illumination). Thus, Cu CVD with this precursor shows slight photochemical enhancement.