gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epitope focus, clonal composition and Th1 phenotype of the human CD4 response to the secretory mycobacterial antigen Ag85 (2001)

Lymphoproliferation of healthy donors was tested against mycobacterial antigens (PPD, Ag85, Ag85 peptides). All PPD responders recognized the secretory antigen Ag85 and the peptide specificity for Ag85B was defined. Peptide 91-108 was recognized by 85% of donors. In addition, all CD4 T cell lines generated from 12 donors against PPD or Ag85 responded to 91-108. When this peptide was used to generate T cell lines, the cells responded also to tuberculins from atypical mycobacterial species. Thus the cross-reactive peptide behaved as quasi-universal. The analysis of TCR-BV gene usage by cell lines showed that most Ag85-specific T cells correspond to 91-108-specific clonotypes. Intracytoplasmic staining of cell lines after phorbol myristate acetate stimulation resulted in dominance of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-IL-4 double-positive cells, whereas antigen stimulation resulted in production of IFN-gamma only. The data show that peptide 91-108 is the major focus of the CD4 response to mycobacterial antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in T cell lines from PPD responders.
A 10b 100MS/s 25.2mW 0.18&#x03BC;m CMOS ADC with various circuit sharing techniques (2009)

This work describes a 10 b 100 MS/s 0.18 μm CMOS three-stage pipeline ADC. Two MDACs share an op-amp without MOS switches connected in series while removing a memory effect. Three flash ADCs use only one resistor ladder while the second and third flash ADCs share all pre-amps. The interpolation circuit employed in the flash ADCs halves the required number of pre-amps and an input-output isolated dynamic latch reduces the increased kickback noise caused by the pre-amp sharing. The prototype ADC with an active die area of 0.80 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> shows DNL and INL within 0.58LSB and 0.94LSB, respectively, and consumes 25.2 mW at 1.8 V and 100 MS/s.
Breast Milk and the Risk of Cytomegalovirus Infection (1980)

DESPITE increasing interest, the modes of transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, particularly in the first year of life, remain ill-defined. During the first year the rate of acquisition of CMV infection throughout the world is variable but high, as summarized in Table 1.1-10 In populations of different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds, from 8 to 60 per cent of infants begin shedding virus into the urine during the first year. Intrauterine transmission, although common (it accounts for 0.4 to 2.5 per cent of cases), cannot account for the high rates of perinatal involvement. The remarkable increase in CMV infection that occurs . . .
Contributions to the Draw Resistance of a Burning Cigarette (1975)

Abstract The draw resistance of a cigarette increases by about 50-60 % when the cigarette is lit, and the total draw resistance of the burning cigarette varies in a distinct manner as it is smoked. This effect is not normally due to an inherent increase in the impedance of the coal, because the effect disappears when the cigarette is extinguished. Rather, the effect is due to the heating of the gases flowing through the coal and down the tobacco rod, in particular (a) the increase in gas viscosity with temperature, (b) the increase in volumetric gas flow due to thermal expansion, and (c) the increase in the impedance of the unburnt tobacco rod, due to the deposition of smoke condensate on the rod. A hot-gas model, using the above contributing factors together with the known gas-phase temperature distribution inside the burning cigarette, can predict quantitatively (within the limits of experimental error) the observed variations of the draw resistance of a burning cigarette.
40 Gbit/s all-optical XOR gate based on hybrid-integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer (2003)

A 40 Gbit/s all-optical XOR gate that uses a novel topology to allow high-speed operation is demonstrated. The gate used is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprising a hybrid-integrated planar silica waveguide structure and semiconductor optical amplifiers.
A frame-transfer CCD color imager with vertical antiblooming (1985)

A high-density 604 (H)× 576 (V) frame-transfer CCD color image sensor is realized with a pixel dimension of 10.0 (H) × 15.6 (V) µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , an image diagonal of 7.5 mm, and a total chip area of 66 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . On-chip color filters and the use of a triple read-out register result in separate Cy, G, and Ye output signals. The imager is an n-p-n buried-channel CCD which can handle 125 times overexposure with vertical antiblooming. For the calculation of a suitable dopant distribution in the image, storage, and output sections, a four-step procedure has been developed. This procedure has proved to be successful and is much faster than an approach based exclusively on two-dimensional potential calculations.
Variational Implicit Solvation with Poisson–Boltzmann Theory (2014)

We incorporate the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory of electrostatics into our variational implicit-solvent model (VISM) for the solvation of charged molecules in an aqueous solvent. In order to numerically relax the VISM free-energy functional by our level-set method, we develop highly accurate methods for solving the dielectric PB equation and for computing the dielectric boundary force. We also apply our VISM-PB theory to analyze the solvent potentials of mean force and the effect of charges on the hydrophobic hydration for some selected molecular systems. These include some single ions, two charged particles, two charged plates, and the host-guest system Cucurbit[7]uril and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Our computational results show that VISM with PB theory can capture well the sensitive response of capillary evaporation to the charge in hydrophobic confinement and the polymodal hydration behavior and can provide accurate estimates of binding affinity of the host-guest system. We finally discuss several issues for further improvement of VISM.
Control of Salmonella typhimurium Colonization in Broiler Chicks with a Continuous-Flow Characterized Mixed Culture of Cecal Bacteria (1995)

A continuous-flow culture system was used to isolate and maintain a mixed culture of cecal bacteria from adult broilers composed of 29 bacterial strains representing 10 genera. Broiler chicks were treated with the mixed culture in the drinking water on the day of hatch and challenged orally with 10(4) Salmonella typhimurium 2 d after treatment. The experiment was repeated in four separate trials using newly hatched chicks. The concentration of propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the cecal contents was determined 2 d after treatment and at 10 d of age. Compared with controls, the number of treated chicks that were cecal culture-positive for Salmonella decreased (P < .01) in each of the trials. Additionally, the number of Salmonella in the cecal contents of the treated chicks at 10 d of age was decreased (P < .005) compared with controls in each trial. The decreased number of Salmonella in the cecal contents of the 10-d-old treated chicks was correlated with elevated concentrations of propionic acid (P < .05) and total VFA (P < .1) in the cecal contents of the treated chicks 2 d after treatment. The results indicated that VFA-producing bacteria present in the mixed culture became rapidly established in the ceca of the treated chicks and effectively increased resistance to S. typhimurium challenge.
Imposto - Repetição - Correção monetária - Analogia (1975)

Supremo Tribunal Federal
Suetonius' Tacitus (2014)

Abstract This article discusses the relationship of Tacitus to his younger contemporary Suetonius, challenging the view that Suetonius wrote a ‘supplement’ to the historian. Scholarly focus on this pair has led to the widespread belief that Suetonius had read Tacitus’ Annals, which is unsupported by the evidence. The prevailing consensus that the biographer may at times be subtly criticizing the historian persists in commentaries on Suetonius’ Caesars. It is argued that where their two accounts appear to meet, Suetonius is better seen as responding to the earlier common source or sources, or distinguishing himself from the conventions of historiography at large.
Robust Background Subtraction based on Bi-polar Radial Reach Correlation (2005)

Background subtraction algorithms are widely utilized as a technology for segmentation of background and target objects in images. In particular, the simple background subtraction algorithm is used in many systems for its ease and low cost of implementation. However, because this algorithm relies only on the intensity difference, it has various problems, such as low tolerance for poor illumination and shadows and the inability to distinguish objects from their background when their intensities are similar. In an earlier study we proposed a new statistic, known as radial reach correlation (RRC), for distinguishing similar areas and dissimilar areas when comparing background images and target images at the pixel level. And we achieved a robust background subtraction by evaluating the local texture in images. In this study we extended this method further and developed a method to ensure stable background separation even in cases where the image texture is feeble and the intensity distribution is biased.
Self‐Assembled Growth of BiFeO<sub>3</sub>–CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanostructures (2006)

3D heteroepitaxial growth of BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 nanostructures leads to unique morphological patterns depending on the substrate orientations. The morphologies of the BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 nanostructures, estimated using the Winterbottom construction (see figure), are dependent on the different nucleation modes that result from the differences in surface energy anisotropy. The dimensions of the BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 nanostructures increase as the growth temperature increases and decrease as the growth rate increases.
The PPARs and PXRs: nuclear xenobiotic receptors that define novel hormone signaling pathways. (1999)

Traditional pharmacologic approaches had identified several classes of xenobiotics that elicited characteristic biological effects in vivo but that lacked defined molecular mechanisms of action. Among these xenobiotics were the peroxisome proliferators, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and a set of compounds that induced the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A genes and promoted the metabolism of other xenobiotics. All three classes of xenobiotics are now known to exert their actions through activation of orphan members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Peroxisome proliferators are a diverse group of amphipathic acids that include the fibrate class of triglyceride- and cholesterol-lowering drugs. TZDs sensitize tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose to the actions of insulin and lower glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetics. The peroxisome proliferators and TZDs are now known to mediate their effects through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha and gamma, respectively. The activities of these compounds established the PPARs as key regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis. We and others have recently shown that various naturally occurring fatty acids and eicosanoids serve as PPAR ligands, suggesting a novel regulatory mechanism whereby dietary lipids and their metabolites can regulate gene transcription and impact overall energy balance. The third class of xenobiotics we have studied induces the expression of CYP3A genes, mono-oxygenases responsible for the metabolism of natural steroids as well as a variety of xenobiotics, including > 60% of all drugs. We have recently shown that compounds that induce CYP3A gene expression do so through activation of novel orphan receptors, termed the pregnane X receptors (PXRs). Many of the PXR activators are widely used drugs such as dexamethasone, lovastatin, and rifampicin, whose induction of CYP3A levels causes them to promote the metabolism of other drugs, often with adverse consequences. Thus, the finding that the PXRs regulate CYP3A gene expression provides a basis for the efficient identification and elimination of candidate drugs that will interact with other medicines. Searches for natural ligands have revealed that the PXRs are activated by C21 steroids, including pregnenolone and progesterone, suggesting that these orphan receptors define a novel steroid hormone signaling pathway. In sum, work from our laboratories and others has demonstrated that peroxisome proliferators, TZDs, and inducers of CYP3A gene expression exert their biological actions through the activation of orphan nuclear receptors. These findings provide insights into new endocrine signaling pathways and have important implications for the discovery of safer and more efficacious drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
Layered DCT still image compression (1997)

Motivated by Shapiro's (1993) embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) coding and Taubman and Zakhor's (1994) layered zero coding (LZC), we propose a layered discrete cosine transform (DCT) image compression scheme, which generates an embedded bit stream for DCT coefficients according to their importance. The new method allows progressive image transmission and simplifies the rate-control problem. In addition to these functionalities, it provides a substantial rate-distortion improvement over the JPEG standard when the bit rates become low. For example, we observe a bit rate reduction with respect to the JPEG Huffman and arithmetic coders by about 60% and 20%, respectively, for a bit rate around 0.1 b/p.
Random sampling for histogram construction (1998)

Random sampling is a standard technique for constructing (approximate) histograms for query optimization. However, any real implementation in commercial products requires solving the hard problem of determining “How much sampling is enough?” We address this critical question in the context of equi-height histograms used in many commercial products, including Microsoft SQL Server. We introduce a conservative error metric capturing the intuition that for an approximate histogram to have low error, the error must be small in all regions of the histogram. We then present a result establishing an optimal bound on the amount of sampling required for pre-specified error bounds. We also describe an adaptive page sampling algorithm which achieves greater efficiency by using all values in a sampled page but adjusts the amount of sampling depending on clustering of values in pages. Next, we establish that the problem of estimating the number of distinct values is provably difficult , but propose a new error metric which has a reliable estimator and can still be exploited by query optimizers to influence the choice of execution plans. The algorithm for histogram construction was prototyped on Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 and we present experimental results showing that the adaptive algorithm accurately approximates the true histogram over different data distributions.
The Defective Organ of Corti in Shaker-1 Mice (1965)

Virtual absence of efferent innervation, late development of extracellular fluid spaces, and early vesicular degeneration of hair cells and nerve endings are findings revealed in the Shaker-1 strain of mice by study with the electron microscope. These morphological abnormalities can be correlated with the physiological measurements that other authors have made of the development of auditory function in these animals.
Prostate-Specific Antigen Response and Systemic T Cell Activation After <i>In Situ</i> Gene Therapy in Prostate Cancer Patients Failing Radiotherapy (2001)

In an extended phase I/II study we evaluated 36 prostate cancer patients with local recurrence after radiotherapy who received single or repeated cycles of replication-deficient adenoviral vector (ADV)-mediated herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) plus ganciclovir (GCV) in situ gene therapy with respect to serum PSA levels, alterations in immune cells, and numbers of apoptotic cells in needle biopsies. An initial cycle of HSV-tk plus GCV gene therapy caused a significant prolongation of the mean serum PSA-doubling time (PSADT) from 15.9 to 42.5 months (p = 0.0271) and in 28 of the injected patients (77.8%) there was a mean PSA reduction (PSAR) of 28%. It took a mean of 8.5 months for the PSA to return to the initial PSA (TR-PSA) value. A repeated cycle of gene therapy failed to significantly extend PSADT but did result in significant increases in PSAR (29.4%) and TR-PSA (10.5 months). Moderately increased serum adenovirus antibody titers were generally observed 2 weeks after initial vector injection. Also at this time there was a statistically significant increase in the mean percent of CD8(+) T cells positive for the HLA-DR marker of activation in peripheral blood (p = 0.0088). Studies using prostate biopsies obtained at the same time point demonstrated that vector DNA was detectable by PCR in most samples yet all patients remained positive for prostate cancer in at least one biopsy core. Further analysis demonstrated a correlation between the level of CD8(+) cells and the number of apoptotic cells in biopsies containing cancer cells (p = 0.042). We conclude that repeated cycles of in situ HSV-tk plus GCV gene therapy can be administered to prostate cancer patients who failed radiotherapy and have a localized recurrence. Biological responses to this experimental therapy including increases in PSADT, PSAR, and TR-PSA, and activated CD8(+) T cells present in the peripheral blood, were demonstrated. Interestingly, the density of CD8(+) cells in posttreatment biopsies correlated with the number of apoptotic cells.
Compiler and Microarchitecture Mechanisms for Exploiting Registers to Improve Memory Performance (2001)

The performance of the memory hierarchy has become one of the most critical elements in the performance of desktop, workstation and server computer systems. This is in large part due to the growing gap between memory and processor speed and the large number of memory operations present in typical programs. This problem is called the <italic>memory bottleneck</italic>. There are a number of techniques for containing this problem, including register allocation, caching, and prefetching. These techniques, which either eliminate memory operations or reduce their apparent effect, can be implemented in either hardware or software. This dissertation presents combined hardware and software methods to implement and manage the register file more effectively, with the primary focus to eliminate memory operations. This dissertation first examines the register requirements of integer codes and shows that a combination of advanced compiler optimizations combined with a large register file can improve performance up to 45%. The improvements show the importance of a large register file to integer codes. Although a large number of registers is good from the compiler's perspective, a large register file can be slow and expensive to build. This dissertation proposes a new caching technique that retains the advantages of a large register file without the speed and cost penalties. Studies of existing compiler optimizations showed that a common optimization called register promotion, which increases the utilization of the register file and reduces memory operations, is limited by static alias analysis in the compiler. This dissertation introduces a new compiler optimization called speculative register promotion and a new hardware structure called the store load address table to address this problem. This dissertation also proposes several new metrics to measure compiler performance in units of hardware complexity and examines memory accesses in the context of their programming language source code in order to determine the relative importance and characteristics of these memory operations. The dissertation concludes with an examination of a new research compiler for the C programming language called MIRV that was used to perform this research. Various aspects of the compiler and engineering trade-offs made during its design are explained.
Disrupted murine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene attenuates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion (1996)

Leukemia InhibitoryFactor (LIF) and its receptors in human and mouse pituicytes are expressed abundantly in corticotrophs and somatotrophs.As LIF induces POMC transcription and LPS-mediated stress also induces hypothalamic and pituitary LIF expression, we studied ACTH secretion in LIF knockout (LIF KO) mice.Basal ACTH levels were lower in LIF KO mice (~~0.05) and after 36 hours fasting, LIF KO mice had lower ACTH levels (38% of WT littermates, p=O.O14 ).Delivery of LIF (1.2 ug/day) via implantation of subcutaneous osmotic pumps restored ACTH (p=O.O06 vs PBS replacement) and corticosterone (p=O.O2 vs PBS replacement) levels within three days.After five days, pumps were removed and two days later, ACTH levels had reverted to pre-treatment values.In contrast, GH concentrations were attenuated by LIF replacement to LIF KO mice.Thus, absence of LIF in LIF KO mice results in attenuated ACTH levels indicating that LIF plays an important intrapituitary role in HPA axis development and regulation.
Distance measurement method for double binary turbo codes and a new interleaver design for DVB-RCS (2005)

The paper presents a computationally efficient distance measurement method for double binary turbo codes, such as these used in the digital video broadcast with return channel via satellite (DVB-RCS) standard, based on Garello's method. Distance spectra for all standardized DVB-RCS packet sizes and all standardized code rates are presented. A new interleaver design for DVB-RCS based on the dithered relative prime (DRP) interleaving approach is also presented. A minimum distance (d/sub min/) of 36 has been achieved for an unpunctured ATM packet of 424 information bits with a DRP interleaver, whereas the d/sub min/ of the standardized DVB-RCS interleaver is 31. A d/sub min/ of 38 has been achieved for an unpunctured MPEG packet of size 1504 information bits with a DRP interleaver, whereas the d/sub min/ of the standardized DVB-RCS interleaver is 33. Simulation results for code rate 1/3 show an improvement at high signal to noise ratios of at least 0.15 dB and 0.25 dB for ATM and MPEG packets, respectively.