gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Primary results from IMpassion131, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (2021)

Combining atezolizumab with paclitaxel did not improve PFS or OS versus paclitaxel alone. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT03125902.
Nucleoside Triphosphates — Building Blocks for the Modification of Nucleic Acids (2012)

Nucleoside triphosphates are moldable entities that can easily be functionalized at various locations. The enzymatic polymerization of these modified triphosphate analogues represents a versatile platform for the facile and mild generation of (highly) functionalized nucleic acids. Numerous modified triphosphates have been utilized in a broad palette of applications spanning from DNA-tagging and -labeling to the generation of catalytic nucleic acids. This review will focus on the recent progress made in the synthesis of modified nucleoside triphosphates as well as on the understanding of the mechanisms underlying their polymerase acceptance. In addition, the usefulness of chemically altered dNTPs in SELEX and related methods of in vitro selection will be highlighted, with a particular emphasis on the generation of modified DNA enzymes (DNAzymes) and DNA-based aptamers.
Healing processes in submicron Al interconnects after electromigration failure (1997)

Investigations of the healing of electromigration-induced open-circuit failed submicron Al(0.5%Cu) interconnects were performed using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The samples consisted of 4000 Å thick Al (0.5%Cu) patterned over a TEM-transparent window into five runners in parallel, with linewidths 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 μm. A novel sample design minimized any Joule heating in the runners. Our approach has allowed us to observe voids form, grow, migrate, fail a runner, and heal all with respect to the detailed local microstructure of the runners. In this letter, we focus on our time-resolved observations of the mechanisms of healing.
Optimization of Stormwater Filtration at the Urban/Watershed Interface (2006)

Environmental pollution from cities is a major ecological problem attributed to contaminated runoff from nonpoint sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidance on implementation of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) does not adequately cover methods to improve waters impaired by nonpoint sources. To comply with TMDLs, cities may install filters in curb inlets, or use other Best Management Practices (BMPs). We tested 10 different filters and found their effectiveness in retaining pollutants ranged from 0 to >90%, depending on combinations of pollutant types (metals, pathogens, and total suspended sediments (TSS)) and filter materials. Hence, the decision to deploy filters into curb inlets must consider land use patterns associated with specific categories of pollutants generated within cities. We developed a geographic information system (GIS)-enabled model for estimating and mitigating emissions of pollutants from urban regions into watersheds. The model uses land use categories and pollutant loadings to optimize strategic placement of filters to accommodate TMDLs. For example, in a city where the landuse pattern generates 4 x 10(6) kg of TSS, 55 kg of Cd, and 2 x 10(3) kg of Zn per year into 498 curb inlets that discharge into a sensitive watershed, the optimized placement of 137, 92, and 148 filters can achieve TMDL endpoints for each pollutant, respectively. We show further that 158 strategically placed filters effectively meet the requirements simultaneously for all three pollutants, a result at least 5 times more effective than random placement of filters.
The subcommissural organ (1998)

The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a phylogenetically ancient and conserved structure. During ontogeny, it is one of the first brain structures to differentiate. In many species, including the human, it reaches its full development during embryonic life. The SCO is a glandular structure formed by ependymal and hypendymal cells highly specialized in the secretion of proteins. It is located at the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The ependymal cells secrete into the ventricle core-glycosylated proteins of high molecular mass. The bulk of this secretion is formed by glycoproteins that would derive from two different precursors of 540 and 320 kDa and that, upon release into the ventricle aggregate, form a threadlike structure known as Reissner's fiber (RF). By addition of newly released glycoproteins to its proximal end, RF grows caudally and extends along the aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and the whole length of the central canal of the spinal cord. RF material continuously arrives at the dilated caudal end of the central canal, known as the terminal ventricle or ampulla. When reaching the ampulla, the RF material undergoes chemical modifications, disaggregates, and then escapes through openings in the dorsal wall of the ampulla to finally reach local blood vessels. The SCO also appears to secrete a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-soluble material that is different from the RF material that circulates in the ventricular and subarachnoidal CSF. Cell processes of the ependymal and hypendymal cells, containing a secretory material, terminate at the subarachnoidal space and on the very special blood capillaries supplying the SCO. The SCO is sequestered within a double-barrier system, a blood-brain barrier, and a CSF-SCO barrier. The function of the SCO is unknown. Some evidence suggests that the SCO may participate in different processes such as the clearance of certain compounds from the CSF, the circulation of CSF, and morphogenetic mechanisms.
Induction of Murine Neonatal Tolerance Against Graves' Disease Using Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing the TSH Receptor A-Subunit (2011)

Graves' disease is a common organ-specific autoimmune disease. The identity of its autoantigen, the TSH receptor (TSHR), was established and used to induce a typical animal model. A-subunit, the shed portion of TSHR, either initiates or amplifies the autoimmune response of the thyroid gland, thereby causing Graves' disease in humans. In the present study, we investigate the effect of the TSHR A-subunit on the induction of murine neonatal tolerance for the development of Graves' disease. Female BALB/c mice were pretreated with different doses of adenovirus expressing the A-subunit of TSHR (Ad-TSHR289) by either ip or im injection within the first 24 h after their birth. Graves' disease was induced after the animals reached adulthood. Nearly all mice pretreated with the high dose of Ad-TSHR289 failed to develop TSHR antibodies, detected by the TSH-binding inhibition assay, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid follicular hyperplasia. The mice preimmunized im with the lower doses of Ad-TSHR289 developed a relatively low level of TSH-binding inhibition and the low incidence of hyperthyroidism. Accordingly, the percentages of splenic CD4+CD25+/CD4+ and CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+ Treg cells were increased in mice pretreated with the high dose of Ad-TSHR289. Taken together, our data strongly indicate that the immunotolerance against Graves' disease could be induced in neonatal mice using a specific TSHR antigen in a high dose either by ip or im injection, preventing the development of Graves' disease.
The Multiple Forms of Mushroom Tyrosinase (1969)

The four isozymes of mushroom tyrosinase can be partially resolved by analytical electrophoresis on acrylamide gel. Three of the four have similar sedimentation coefficients around 7.2 S, while that of α-tyrosinase is 6.7 S. The molecular weight of β-tyrosinase, calculated from sedimentation velocity and diffusion data, is 123,800, in good agreement with other published values for mushroom tyrosinase. β-, γ-, and δ-Tyrosinase show similar amino acid compositions, while that of α-tyrosinase is different in several respects. Comparison of tryptic peptide maps point to a close similarity among the isozymes, though the α-isozyme displays some differences. The number of tryptic peptides from each of the isozymes, 22 to 25, is consistent with a tetrameric structure composed of very similar or identical subunits, each containing a total of about 23 base (lysine and arginine) residues. Only one NH2-terminal amino acid, isoleucine, is detected from each isozyme by the dansylation procedure and only one COOH-terminal amino acid, valine, by carboxypeptidase A digestion. Ion exchange chromatography of a tryptic digest of β-tyrosinase has led to the isolation and analysis of 28 peptide fragments, among them the presumed COOH-terminal tripeptide, phenylalanine-alanine-valine.
Recursive Kinematics and Inverse Dynamics for Parallel Manipulators (2003)

We examine here the modular and recursive formulation of the inverse dynamics of parallel architecture mainpulators. The concept of the decoupled natural orthogonal complement (DeNOC) is combined with the spatial parallelism of the robots of interest to develop an inverse dynamics algorithm which is both recursive and modular.
Image recovery for a direct color imaging approach using a color filter array (2006)

As an imaging scheme with a single solid-state image sensor, the direct color-imaging approach is considered promising as an acquisition scheme of color data with high spatial-resolution. The sensor has three photo-sensing layers along its depth direction. Although each pixel has three color channels, their spectral sensitivities are overlapped with each other to a considerable extent, and the direct color-imaging approach is considered to have a problem in color separation. To cope with this problem, this paper presents a hybrid color-imaging approach between the direct color-imaging approach and the color-filter-array approach. Our hybrid approach uses a direct color-imaging sensor that has three photo-sensing layers, and pastes the green and the magenta color filters on pixels' surfaces of the direct color-imaging sensor according to a checkered pattern. The use of the checkered green-magenta color-filter-array improves color separation, but the sensed reddish and the sensed bluish color channels still have somewhat different color spectra from those of the red and the blue primary color channels. In addition to it, the sensed green color channel and the sensed reddish / bluish color channels are sub-sampled in a ratio of 2 to 1 according to the checkered pattern. To recover RGB primary color images with full spatial resolution, not only the color transformation of the reddish and the bluish color channels but also the interpolation of the sensed three color channels are needed. This paper presents a method for the color transformation and a method for the interpolation. Our methods achieve high spatial resolution better than the pure color-filter-array approach, and at the same time improve color separation to some extent.
Highly efficient SO<sub>2</sub>capture by phenyl-containing azole-based ionic liquids through multiple-site interactions (2013)

Ionic liquids are suitable for the absorption of acid gases such as SO2 because of their unique properties. In this work, a new method was developed for the highly efficient capture of SO2 by introducing a phenyl group into the azole-based ionic liquids. It was found that these phenyl-containing azole-based ionic liquids reacted with SO2 through multiple-site interactions between the anion and SO2, resulting in an extremely high SO2 capacity of up to ∼5.7 mole per mole ionic liquid. Spectroscopic investigations and quantum calculations show that the dramatic enhancement in the SO2 capacity originated from the enhanced π⋯S interaction between the phenyl group on the anion and SO2. Furthermore, the captured SO2 was easy to release by heating or bubbling N2 through the ionic liquid. This efficient and reversible process using these phenyl-containing azole-based ionic liquids with an enhanced π⋯S interaction provides an excellent alternative to current SO2 capture technologies.
Sensor for Catheter-Based Measurements of Electncal Conductivity (1986)

Measurements of the electrical conductivity of blood have found useful application for almost 100 years. Yet the technology of making those measurements has progressed relatively slowly. To facilitate intravascular conductivity measurements we have developed, refined, and validated a microminiature four-terminal conductivity cell which mounts flush with the surface of a catheter and permits continuous calibrated measurement of conductivity. This, together with our previously published model of blood conductivity, permits continuous measurements of indicator concentration as well as monitoring of blood composition. Discussed here is the rationale for this particular sensor design, including issues which are common to any sensor mounted on the surface of a catheter. The sources and forms of noise, drift, and clotting are discussed, as well as the considerations for optimizing performance.
EGUN: An electron optics and gun design program (1988)

The name EGUN has become commonly associated with the program also known as the SLAC Electron Trajectory Program. This document is an updated version of SLAC-226, published in 1979. The program itself has had substantial upgrading since then, but only a few new features are of much concern to the user. Most of the improvements are internal and are intended to improve speed or accuracy. EGUN is designed to compute trajectories of charged particles in electrostatic and magnetostatic fields, including the effects of space charge and self-magnetic fields. Starting options include Child's Law conditions on cathodes of various shapes, as well as used specified initial conditions. Either rectangular or cylindrical symmetry may be used. In the new jargon, the program is a 2-1/2 dimension code meaning 2-D in all fields and 3-D in all particle motion. A Poisson's Equation Solver is used to find the electrostatic fields by using difference equations derived from the boundary conditions. Magnetic fields are to be specified externally, by the user, by using one of several methods including data from another program or arbitrary configurations of coils. This edition of the documentation also covers the program EGN87c, which is a recently developed version of EGUN designed to be used on the newer models of personal computers, small main frames, work stations, etc. The EGN87c program uses the programming language C which is very transportable so the program should operate on any system that supports C. Plotting routines for most common PC monitors are included, and the capability to make hard copy plots on dot-matrix printer-plotters is provided. 18 refs., 7 figs.
On the Origin of Oval Defect with Nucleus on Epilayers Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1986)

By careful cross-sectional and surface observations of an oval defect with a macroscopic nucleus on epilayers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, the origin was identified to be macroscopic surface contamination.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF OPTICAL FILTERS FOR LASER FREQUENCY. (1963)

During the period of the past quarter, activity was devoted to various experimental efforts to optimize the basic mica interference filters. From the experimental results, it is now possible to predict the optimum characteristics of the filters that can be obtained from the present type of mica. The final performance of any mica filter is limited only by the optical properties f the mica, for example, absorption and uniformity. Indian pale green mica is reported to have the highest transmission coefficient for any natural mica. Using the measured optical properties of this mica, calculations were made to determine the optimum filter configuration. For the experimental filters, mica half-wave plates coated on both sides with five alternate layers of zinc sulfide and cryolite have been used. The theoretical bandwidth of this type of filter configuration is 0.8 A, and the expected transmission is in the order of 75% without any auxiliary filtering. For a filter employing reflecting stacks of less layers the transmissaon is higher but the rejection of the background outside the passband is much less. (Author)
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) shares a common carbohydrate determinant with the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of the African Trypanosoma brucei. (1987)

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is an integral membrane protein that inhibits amplification of the complement cascade on the cell surface. We and other investigators have shown that DAF is part of a newly characterized family of proteins that are anchored to the cell membrane by phosphatidylinositol (PI). The group includes the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of African trypanosomes, the p63 protein of Leishmania, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alkaline phosphatase, Thy-1, 5'-nucleotidase, and RT6.2--an alloantigen from rat T cells. The structure of the membrane anchor has been best characterized for VSG, but chemical studies of the membrane anchors of AChE and Thy-1 suggest that similar glycolipid moieties anchor these proteins to the cell surface. In the VSG, the membrane anchor consists of an ethanolamine linked covalently to an oligosaccharide and glucosamine; the entire complex is anchored to the cell membrane by PI. Immunologically, this glycolipid defines an epitope, the cross-reacting determinant (CRD), that is only revealed after removal of the diacyl glycerol anchor by a phospholipase C. By Western blotting, we show here that DAF-S (DAF released from the membrane by PI-specific phospholipase C [PIPLC]) also contains CRD. Using a newly developed immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in which the solid-phase capturing antibody is a monoclonal antibody to DAF and the second antibody is anti-CRD, we have been able to quantitate DAF-S. By IRMA, we show that the reaction between anti-CRD and DAF-S is specific, since the binding is competitively inhibited only by the soluble form of the VSG. These observations further support the concept that the glycolipid anchors of this new family of proteins have similar structures. DAF is also found as a soluble protein in various tissue fluids as well as in Hela cell supernatants. No evidence for the presence of the CRD epitope was found on these proteins, suggesting that these forms of DAF are not released from the surface of cells by endogenous phospholipases.
Lineamientos para impulsar la bancarización en Perú (2013)

Discute la importancia que tiene el desarrollo de la bancarización para el crecimiento económico de largo plazo y propone algunos elementos que favorezcan su desarrollo.
Capped ceramic hydrophones (2002)

Attaching specially shaped thin metal caps, each containing a shallow inner cavity, to the electroded surfaces of a piezoelectric ceramic will significantly enhance its hydrostatic sensitivity. The presence of the cavities allows the metal caps to convert a portion of the incident axial-direction stress into radial and tangential stresses of opposite sign, thus allowing the amplified d/sub 31/ and d/sub 33/ coefficients of the poled ceramic to now add together as opposed to subtracting from one another, thus magnifying the d/sub h/. By capping a PZT-552 disk, the d/sub h/ can be amplified by a factor of nearly 100 and the g/sub h/ by a factor of almost 50. These particular hydrophones show the most promise for use in shallow water applications.
Uplink Control Channel Design for 3GPP LTE (2007)

Long term evolution (LTE) of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access and Radio Access Network is aimed for commercial deployment in 2010. Goals for the evolved system include support for improved system capacity and coverage, high peak data rates, low latency, reduced operating costs, multi-antenna support, flexible bandwidth operations and seamless integration with existing systems. To reach these goals, a new design for the air interface is currently being specified in the 3GPP standards body. The Uplink (UL) for LTE is based on Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access. The UL control channel carries non-data associated control signaling like CQI, ACK/NACK, Scheduling request etc. To maintain the low PA power de-rating, the single carrier property of the UL has to be maintained. As such, special consideration should be given to the UL control channel design. This paper discusses in detail the LTE UL control channel design and its performance.
Radiowave Propagation Over an Irregular Terrain Using the Parabolic Equation Method in a Curvilinear Coordinate System. (1995)

The problem of radiowave propagation over irregular terrain is solved by using the standard parabolic equation method. The ground is characterized by an impedance boundary condition and a height profile. A tropospheric boundary condition is used to truncate the computational domain. This thesis uses a novel approach of casting all the equations in a curvilinear coordinate system. The coordinate system is generated in a simple manner using the ground profile data. The equations are solved by the finite difference method using the Crank- Nicolson scheme. Different numerical values for various important parameters (e. g., step size, location of tropospheric boundary, the region above the tropospheric boundary, etc.) were used, and their effect on the accuracy and computing time are discussed. Validation of the numerical results with exact and/or experimental results are presented for different terrain profiles. Both perfectly electric conducting (PEC) and lossy impedance surfaces are considered. (KAR) P. 2
A Bayesian Approach to Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Built-In Test (2005)

Accounting for the effects of test uncertainty is a significant problem in test and diagnosis, especially within the context of built-in test. Of interest here, how does one assess the level of uncertainty and then utilize that assessment to improve diagnostics? One approach, based on measurement science, is to treat the probability of a false indication [e.g., built-in-test (BIT) false alarm or missed detection] as the measure of uncertainty. Given the ability to determine such probabilities, a Bayesian approach to diagnosis, and by extension, prognosis suggests itself. In the following, we present a mathematical derivation for false indication and apply it to the specification of Bayesian diagnosis. We draw from measurement science, reliability theory, signal detection theory, and Bayesian decision theory to provide an end-to-end probabilistic treatment of the fault diagnosis and prognosis problem.
The necessity of animal models in pain research (2010)

There exists currently a fair degree of introspection in the pain research community about the value of animal research. This review represents a defense of animal research in pain. We discuss the inherent advantage of animal models over human research as well as the crucial complementary roles animal studies play vis-à-vis human imaging and genetic studies. Finally, we discuss recent developments in animal models of pain that should improve the relevance and translatability of findings using laboratory animals. We believe that pain research using animal models is a continuing necessity-to understand fundamental mechanisms, identify new analgesic targets, and inform, guide and follow up human studies-if novel analgesics are to be developed for the treatment of chronic pain.