gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. I. Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rats. (1983)

In rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, two concomitant changes began to occur within 1 week and persisted for 1 year: an increase in total plasma cholesterol and an increase in the number of mononuclear cells adhering to the aortic intima (up to values 50 times normal). Adherent cells were approximately 90% monocytes and approximately 10% lymphocytes. Adhesion was focal, with some preference for ostia of aortic branches; it was followed by migration into the subendothelial space. The subendothelial monocytes/macrophages progressively became foam cells, thus giving rise to microscopic "fatty streaks." Ultimately, typical atherosclerotic plaques were formed. Four possible mechanisms of increased cell adhesion are suggested. Endothelial changes were mild; myelin figures arising from the endothelial surface were seen by electron microscopy. Endothelial denudation was never observed, neither in light-microscopic preparations stained with AgNO3 nor by ultrastructure. Platelet participation was minimal. It is concluded that in this model atherosclerotic plaques are initiated by mononuclear cell adhesion and emigration; endothelial denudation is not a necessary step in their pathogenesis.
Pharmacodynamic study of F(ab')2 fragments of murine monoclonal antibody 7E3 directed against human platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in patients with unstable angina pectoris. (1990)

The pharmacodynamics of intravenous bolus injections of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/kg of F(ab')2 fragments of the murine monoclonal antibody 7E3, 7E3-F(ab')2, directed against the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptor of human platelets, were studied in groups of four patients with unstable angina pectoris. With 0.20 mg/kg, the template bleeding time prolonged from 6.3 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- SD) to greater than 30 min; it subsequently decreased to 13 +/- 7.8 min after 12 h and to 8.3 +/- 1.5 min after 24 h. The number of unblocked GPIIb/IIIa receptors (preinfusion value, 32,000 +/- 3,000 per platelet) decreased to 13 +/- 7% of the preinfusion value 1 h after infusion, and then increased to 33 +/- 10% at 12 h, 44 +/- 8% at 24 h and 67 +/- 7% at 72 h. The logarithm of the bleeding time was inversely proportional with the residual GPIIb/IIIa receptors (r = 0.73, P less than 0.0001). ADP-induced platelet aggregation (measured by changes in light transmittance in percent) decreased from 60 +/- 5% before infusion to 1.5 +/- 3% 1 h after infusion; it then increased to 29 +/- 3% after 24 h and 39 +/- 6% after 72 h. Platelet counts decreased by 16% at 1 h and returned to control values within 24 h. Proportionally smaller effects were seen at lower doses of 7E3-F(ab')2. Antibody injection did not induce spontaneous bleeding. Angina was not observed during the first 12 h when the bleeding time was significantly prolonged, but occurred in 6 of the 16 patients within the next 3 d. 2 of the 16 patients developed low titers of IgG antibodies specific for 7E3-F(ab')2. Thus 7E3-F(ab')2 induces dose-related inhibition of platelet function; at a dose of 0.20 mg/kg, it causes profound inhibition of platelet aggregation and prolongation of the bleeding time, but no spontaneous bleeding.
UHF RFID tag sensitive to object material (2015)

A UHF passive RFID tag being sensitive to dielectric property of object to be identified is designed and tested. The proposed RFID tag operates at 915MHz and has dimensions of 35mm×17.5mm(0.11λ*0.06λ)· The tag is designed to be very admissive of paper-like objective of relative dielectric constant of 2.5. When attached to objectives of other dielectric constants, the operation range of the tag degrades significantly, which indicates a tag can be bound up with objects of specific material.
Shear-Induced Self-Assembly of Native Silk Proteins into Fibrils Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (2012)

Noncontact mode atomic force microscopy was used to investigate native silk proteins prepared in different ways. Low protein concentrations revealed that single protein molecules exhibit a simple, round shape with apparent diameters of 20-25 nm. Shearing the native protein solutions after extraction from the gland and prior to drying led to a beads-on-a-string assembly at the nanometer scale. Protein concentration had a significant effect on the morphology of the protein assemblies. At higher protein concentrations, shear-induced alignment into nanofibrils was observed, while lower concentrations lead to the formation of much thinner fibrils with a width of about 8 nm.
Moving object detection, tracking and classification for smart video surveillance (2004)

Video surveillance has long been in use to monitor security sensitive areas such as banks, department stores, highways, crowded public places and borders. The advance in computing power, availability of large-capacity storage devices and high speed network infrastructure paved the way for cheaper, multi sensor video surveillance systems. Traditionally, the video outputs are processed online by human operators and are usually saved to tapes for later use only after a forensic event. The increase in the number of cameras in ordinary surveillance systems overloaded both the human operators and the storage devices with high volumes of data and made it infeasible to ensure proper monitoring of sensitive areas for long times. In order to filter out redundant information generated by an array of cameras, and increase the response time to forensic events, assisting the human operators with identification of important events in video by the use of &quot;smart&quot; video surveillance systems has become a critical requirement. The making of video surveillance systems &quot;smart&quot; requires fast, reliable and robust algorithms for moving object detection, classification, tracking and activity analysis. In this
Application layer DDoS attack detection using cluster with label based on sparse vector decomposition and rhythm matching (2015)

Distributed Denial of Service attack DDoS has been one of the greatest threats to network security for years. In recent years, DDoS attackers turn to application layer, which makes DDoS attack detection systems based on net layer and transport layer lose their performance. In this layer, Web service is the most vulnerable application. In this study, we analyze the differentiation between users behaviors, as we extract two feature sequences from Web logs to represent characteristics of user behavior, and then, application layer DDoS attack detection system architecture based on feature sequences is presented. This architecture is divided into two parts. For each part, we propose detection methods, respectively. Specially, we consider users request frequency sequence as sparse vector, and then put forward a kind of classification algorithm called sparse vector decomposition and rhythm matching SVD-RM, which is based on sparse vector decomposition and rhythm matching. This algorithm is fully considering the discrepancy of different users in access behavior. A cluster algorithm with label, called L-Kmeans, is also proposed as embedded classifier in SVD-RM. Finally, we simulate four kinds of prevalent application layer DDoS attack and conduct experiments to certify the effectiveness of our methods. Experimental results show that proposed methods are good to distinguish legal users and attackers in application layer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioluminescence Imaging Captures the Expression and Dynamics of Endogenous <i>p21</i> Promoter Activity in Living Mice and Intact Cells (2011)

To interrogate endogenous p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) promoter activity under basal conditions and in response to various forms of stress, knock-in imaging reporter mice in which expression of firefly luciferase (FLuc) was placed under the control of the endogenous p21 promoter within the Cdkn1a gene locus were generated. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of p21 promoter activity was performed noninvasively and repetitively in mice and in cells derived from these mice. We demonstrated that expression of FLuc accurately reported endogenous p21 expression at baseline and under conditions of genotoxic stress and that photon flux correlated with mRNA abundance and, therefore, bioluminescence provided a direct readout of p21 promoter activity in vivo. BLI confirmed that p53 was required for activation of the p21 promoter in vivo in response to ionizing radiation. Interestingly, imaging of reporter cells demonstrated that p53 prevents the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway from activating p21 expression when quiescent cells are stimulated with serum to reenter the cell cycle. In addition, low-light BLI identified p21 expression in specific regions of individual organs that had not been observed previously. This inducible p21(FLuc) knock-in reporter strain will facilitate imaging studies of p53-dependent and -independent stress responses within the physiological context of the whole animal.
Peripheral artery disease: potential role of ACE-inhibitor therapy (2008)

Subjects with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower limbs are at high risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and the prevalence of coronary artery disease in such patients is elevated. Recent studies have shown that regular use of cardiovascular medications, such as therapeutic and preventive agents for PAD patients, seems to be promising in reducing long-term mortality and morbidity. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) system plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, and ACE-inhibitors (ACE-I) seem to have vasculoprotective and antiproliferative effects as well as a direct anti-atherogenic effect. ACE-I also promote the degradation of bradykinin and the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator; further, they have shown important implications for vascular oxidative stress. Other studies have suggested that ACE-I may also improve endothelial dysfunction. ACE-I are useful for reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in clinical and subclinical PAD. Particularly, one agent of the class (ie, ramipril) has shown in many studies to able to significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with PAD.
[Clinical application of immunoassays for cardiac myosin light chains]. (1989)

We developed four types of immunoassays for cardiac myosin light chains (LC), which are two radioimmunoassays (RIA) for canine and human LC, and an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human LC. The first two assays make use of polyclonal antibodies and the last two use monoclonal antibodies. By using these immunoassays, we studied the release of cardiac LC into the serum following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In experimental AMI in dogs, cardiac LC appeared in the serum within 4-12 hours, reached the maximum at 2-5 days and returned to normal at 7-10 days. This long time-course was suggested due to the continuous liberation of LC from the infarcted myocardium on the basis of a quick disappearance rate of LC from the circulation. The peak LC values were found to correlate well with the histological infarct size. Similar results were also obtained regarding the time-course of circulating LC in clinical patients with AMI. Thus LC measurement seems useful for diagnosis of AMI as well as for estimating the extent of myocardial damage. We also developed an IRMA and an ELISA for human LC by using anti-human LC monoclonal antibodies for a more rapid LC assay and for a consistent supply of antibodies. These assays showed sufficiently high sensitivities to measure 1-100 ng/ml of serum LC. Especially, serum LC can be assayed within 2.5 hours by our ELISA. Such progress in immunoassays for cardiac LC has made the measurement of LC an important laboratory test for the diagnosis of AMI.
Segmented optics for large space telescopes (1998)

Segmented optics provide the greatest growth potential for the large astronomical telescopes of interest for future space missions, but efficient utilization of their benefits will require a fully integrated active system and radically new design paradigms. This paper, based on work performed over the past several years for NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the late NASA H Q OAST Advanced Concepts Office, describes the philosophy and some of the most important details of the basic telescope configuration, the size and optical effects of the mirror segments, their design, fabrication, and mounting, and their sensing, control and actuation.
Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Schizophrenia, Mania, and Other Disorders. II. Mania and Other Disorders. (1985)

Clinical studies of the efficacy of ECT in mania are reviewed. ECT is effective in the short-term treatment of mania, but its use may require concurrent neuroleptic drugs early in treatment as the effects of both ECT and lithium are delayed. Indications for ECT in delirium, post-partum illnesses, psychoneuroses, and other conditions are also reviewed.
Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/Titanium Carbide Composites as Support Materials for Platinum Catalysts (2016)

Abstract Ordered mesoporous carbon/titanium carbide composites (OMC/TiC) are synthesized by using Pluronic F127 and titanium isoproxide as the structure‐directing agent and titanium precursor. Characterizations confirm the formation of an ordered mesoporous textural structure and the formation of nanocrystals of TiC in the framework of carbon. By using the resultant OMC/TiC as the support material, a platinum catalyst (Pt/OMC/TiC) is then prepared. Electrochemical measurements show that a higher activity for the methanol oxidization reaction and oxygen reduction reaction can be observed for the Pt/OMC/TiC, compared to Pt/OMC and a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The results obtained in the present work suggest that the synthesized OMC/TiC is a promising support material for platinum catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells.
Clinical Experience with Irradiation Through a Grid (1952)

To decrease the effects of x-rays on the skin when large fields are used to reach a deep-seated cancer, Alban Köhler (1) in 1909 had devised what has been termed “fractionation of the x-ray dosage in space.” This was done by placing on the skin a steel wire net, the openings of which were 2 mm. wide and the wire proper 1 mm. in thickness. Köhler administered massive doses, ten to twenty times the total dose usually given at that time through a conventional open field. Healing of the skin was initiated in and extended from the surrounding relatively unscathed normal skin. In experimental radiobiology in 1931 (2) and 1938 (3a), doses of 25,000 r and 120,000 r without a grid were found to be inhibitory and lethal respectively to the proliferation of normal tissue in vitro, the cancericidal dose in vivo being 24,000 r in air (3b). In the above case, the optimum dose without a grid enters the tumor-bearing area, while in the grid method only 40 per cent of the 24,000 r in air, or 9,600 r in air, enters the tumor-bearing area to produce a lytic effect. In 1933 Frank Liberson (4) introduced the reciprocal, perforated screen made of lead 2 mm. in thickness with round apertures 3 mm. in diameter. Haring (5), in 1934, used grids made of lead, and Grynkraut (6), in 1935, employed grids of lead with aluminum foil lining. In the author's experience, none of the grids enumerated above served to safeguard the skin from the impact of large x-ray doses in cases of deep-seated tumors: first, because of the absorption in the skin of considerable quantities of characteristic secondary rays from the lead; secondly, because of a disproportionate ratio of open (irradiated) to covered (non-irradiated) zones. This resulted in tipping the scales in favor of destruction as against regeneration in the normal tissues. By adopting lead-rubber as the material out of which the grids were fashioned, thus eliminating the secondary rays from lead (7), and by empirically establishing the proportion of open to covered sections in the grid at 40 to 60 per cent (8, 9), the author began to approximate the goal he set for himself, namely, the sterilization of large, deep-seated tumors. The apertures in the grid measured 1.5 cm., 1 cm., and 0.5 cm. square or in diameter. It was further proved empirically that placing the grid in the same position at each treatment constituted an advantage over the alternating method, in that optimum doses could thus be delivered. The average daily dose, corresponding to the volume, depth, and sensitivity of the tumor, ranges from 400 and 600 to 800 r in air, the total dose through a single field being 10,000 r in air with a 20 × 20-cm. grid and 12,000 r in air with a 10 × 15-cm. grid. The smaller the volume of tissue irradiated, the higher the total dose. Thus, in some sites, e.g., the cervical region, to avoid cross-firing one may attain a cancericidal dose through a single field by gradually narrowing the port of entry as the tumor regresses.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ-Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Increase CD36-Dependent Phagocytosis of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> -Parasitized Erythrocytes and Decrease Malaria-Induced TNF-α Secretion by Monocytes/Macrophages (2001)

Severe and fatal malaria is associated with the failure of host defenses to control parasite replication, excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes (PEs) in vital organs. The identification of CD36 as a major sequestration receptor has led to the assumption that it contributes to the pathophysiology of severe malaria and has prompted the development of antiadherence therapies to disrupt the CD36-PE interaction. This concept has been challenged by unexpected evidence that individuals deficient in CD36 are more susceptible to severe and cerebral malaria. In this study, we demonstrate that CD36 is the major receptor mediating nonopsonic phagocytosis of PEs by macrophages, a clearance mechanism of potential importance in nonimmune hosts at the greatest risk of severe malaria. CD36-mediated uptake of PEs occurs via a novel pathway that does not involve thrombospondin, the vitronectin receptor, or phosphatidylserine recognition. Furthermore, we show that proliferator-activated receptor gamma-retinoid X receptor agonists induce an increase in CD36-mediated phagocytosis and a decrease in parasite-induced TNF-alpha secretion. Specific up-regulation of monocyte/macrophage CD36 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat severe malaria.
PhyloWGS: Reconstructing subclonal composition and evolution from whole-genome sequencing of tumors (2015)

Tumors often contain multiple subpopulations of cancerous cells defined by distinct somatic mutations. We describe a new method, PhyloWGS, which can be applied to whole-genome sequencing data from one or more tumor samples to reconstruct complete genotypes of these subpopulations based on variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of point mutations and population frequencies of structural variations. We introduce a principled phylogenic correction for VAFs in loci affected by copy number alterations and we show that this correction greatly improves subclonal reconstruction compared to existing methods. PhyloWGS is free, open-source software, available at https://github.com/morrislab/phylowgs.
Extended High Efficiency Computed Tomography with Optimized Recursions (2018)

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Polypeptides. Part V. The use of t-butyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl carbonate in the synthesis of N-t-butoxycarbonyl amino-acids and their 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl esters (1967)

t-Butyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl carbonate, conveniently prepared from phosgene in two stages, reacts cleanly with amino-acids in the presence of bases to give N-t-butoxycarbonyl amino-acids (and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol) in excellent yield. By co-extraction of the N-t-butoxycarbonyl amino-acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol from the acidified reaction mixture, followed by treatment of the extracts with NN′-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, high yields of the corresponding N-t-butoxycarbonyl amino-acid 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl esters are obtained. These active esters are mostly stable, crystalline solids which may be conveniently used in peptide synthesis.
Design and characteristic analysis of non-contact magnet gear for conveyor by using permanent magnet (2002)

This paper deals with the design of noncontact magnet gear for conveyors. The magnet gear, consisting of two permanent magnets with skew, is a device for changing the transmission for direction without the mechanical contact between two magnets. To perform a parametric study, the important design variables related to the permanent magnet are selected, and then the influence of the design parameters on the magnetic torque performances is investigated. The 3-dimensional electromagnetic finite element method (FEM) is used for the characteristic analysis. Based on these results, the magnet gear is designed and verified by comparing the analysis result with the experimental data.
The London Apprentice Riots of the 1590s and the Fiction of Thomas Deloney (1996)

and seventeenth centuries, culminating in 1597 in the lowest real wages in English history.2 For example, flour prices in London nearly tripled between 1593 and 1597.3 Experiencing rates of immigration and population growth that far outstripped the rest of the country, London saw an eightfold increase of vagrancy in the period 156
Complex regulation of the human gene for the Z-DNA binding protein DLM-1 (2002)

Dlm-1 is a recently described gene which is upregulated in murine stromal cells lining tumors. The function of the 40 kDa DLM-1 protein is poorly understood. DLM-1 contains an N-terminal Z-DNA binding domain homologous to the Zalpha domain in the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. We report the cloning of human and rat DLM-1. In addition to the Zalpha domain, three further conserved regions were identified. One of these is homologous to the second Z-DNA binding domain, Zbeta, of ADAR1. We find that human DLM-1 is predominantly expressed in lymphatic tissues. The gene spans 17 kb and consists of 10 exons. DNA transcripts are extremely heterogeneous as a result of alternative splicing and the usage of exon variants combined with at least two transcriptional start sites and 3'-terminal exons. The exon coding for the Zalpha domain was present in approximately one-third of the analyzed mRNAs. Nearly half of the transcripts contained exon variants that had premature stop codons incorporated. Based on our analysis, over 2000 different mRNAs may be produced due to alternative splicing and usage of different 5' and 3' ends. The cellular function of DLM-1 appears to call for a high degree of adaptation by this complex regulation.