gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deterministic Diffusion Fiber Tracking Improved by Quantitative Anisotropy (2013)

Diffusion MRI tractography has emerged as a useful and popular tool for mapping connections between brain regions. In this study, we examined the performance of quantitative anisotropy (QA) in facilitating deterministic fiber tracking. Two phantom studies were conducted. The first phantom study examined the susceptibility of fractional anisotropy (FA), generalized factional anisotropy (GFA), and QA to various partial volume effects. The second phantom study examined the spatial resolution of the FA-aided, GFA-aided, and QA-aided tractographies. An in vivo study was conducted to track the arcuate fasciculus, and two neurosurgeons blind to the acquisition and analysis settings were invited to identify false tracks. The performance of QA in assisting fiber tracking was compared with FA, GFA, and anatomical information from T1-weighted images. Our first phantom study showed that QA is less sensitive to the partial volume effects of crossing fibers and free water, suggesting that it is a robust index. The second phantom study showed that the QA-aided tractography has better resolution than the FA-aided and GFA-aided tractography. Our in vivo study further showed that the QA-aided tractography outperforms the FA-aided, GFA-aided, and anatomy-aided tractographies. In the shell scheme (HARDI), the FA-aided, GFA-aided, and anatomy-aided tractographies have 30.7%, 32.6%, and 24.45% of the false tracks, respectively, while the QA-aided tractography has 16.2%. In the grid scheme (DSI), the FA-aided, GFA-aided, and anatomy-aided tractographies have 12.3%, 9.0%, and 10.93% of the false tracks, respectively, while the QA-aided tractography has 4.43%. The QA-aided deterministic fiber tracking may assist fiber tracking studies and facilitate the advancement of human connectomics.
Resistance and structural stabilities of epitaxial CoSi2 films on (001) Si substrates (1992)

The resistance and structural stabilities of the epitaxial CoSi2 films, grown on (001) Si substrates using sequentially deposited Ti-Co bimetallic layer source materials, have been investigated by further anneals under extended conditions. In contrast to reported polycrystalline silicide film cases, the epitaxial CoSi2 films are very stable under the additional rapid thermal annealing treatment at 1100 °C for times from 10 to 60 s. This means that such CoSi2 films are able to stand the further heat treatment required in the ultralarge-scale integration regime of Si integrated circuit fabrication. The quality of the further annealed films has been actually improved: The film resistivity has decreased to reach a value as low as 10 μΩ cm, and the film structure has become more perfect, e.g., the densities of antiphase domains and film-Si interface facets have been decreased. For technological applications, it is necessary to remove the Ti-Co-Si alloy layer formed concomitantly on top of the as-grown CoSi2 film. This has been accomplished by chemical etching using the standard buffered oxide etch solution. In the present experiment, as-grown epitaxial CoSi2 films with and without the Ti-Co-Si alloy top layers have been both included and the same film resistance and structural stabilities have been observed. Thus, the excellent resistance and structural thermal stabilities of the present CoSi2 films result from the single-crystal nature of the films and not the effect of the top Ti-Co-Si capping layer. Mechanisms responsible for the excellent quality of the epitaxial CoSi2 films, as well as for the unacceptable quality of the polycrystalline silicide films, have been discussed.
Overwintering of Columbia spotted frogs in northeastern Oregon (2002)

We studied behavior and locations of overwintering Columbia spotted frogs in northeastern Oregon. We monitored 66 radio-tagged frogs as they moved to overwintering sites during 1997-2000. Frogs used a diversity of overwintering sites, but all sites had an aquatic component including ice-covered ponds (44%), partially-frozen ponds (29%), lotic habitats (23%), and temporary backwaters and seeps (4%). The distance between the original point of frog capture in August-September and the overwintering site varied from 15 to 1200 m. Individuals in ponds were active all winter and remained in shallow water within 1 m of the shore. Frogs overwintering in ponds selected microhabitats with significantly higher water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations compared to other locations in the ponds. Movements during the overwintering period appeared to be linked to water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations
Beta- and gamma-range human lower limb corticomuscular coherence (2012)

Coherence between electroencephalography (EEG) recorded on the scalp above the motor cortex and electromyography (EMG) recorded on the skin of the limbs is thought to reflect corticospinal coupling between motor cortex and muscle motor units. Beta-range (13-30 Hz) corticomuscular coherence has been extensively documented during static force output while gamma-range (31-45 Hz) coherence has been linked to dynamic force output. However, the explanation for this beta-to-gamma coherence shift remains unclear. We recorded 264-channel EEG and 8-channel lower limb EMG while eight healthy subjects performed isometric and isotonic, knee, and ankle exercises. Adaptive mixture independent component analysis (AMICA) parsed EEG into models of underlying source signals. We computed magnitude squared coherence between electrocortical source signals and EMG. Significant coherence between contralateral motor cortex electrocortical signals and lower limb EMG was observed in the beta- and gamma-range for all exercise types. Gamma-range coherence was significantly greater for isotonic exercises than for isometric exercises. We conclude that active muscle movement modulates the speed of corticospinal oscillations. Specifically, isotonic contractions shift corticospinal oscillations toward the gamma-range while isometric contractions favor beta-range oscillations. Prior research has suggested that tasks requiring increased integration of visual and somatosensory information may shift corticomuscular coherence to the gamma-range. The isometric and isotonic tasks studied here likely required similar amounts of visual and somatosensory integration. This suggests that muscle dynamics, including the amount and type of proprioception, may play a role in the beta-to-gamma shift.
Analysis and strategy of information recognition rate improving in PACS centralized printing (2013)

Objective To explore the effective approaches in information recognition rate improving for picture archiving and communication system (PACS) centralized printing system.Methods Possible factors that impact information recognition rate wereanalyzed,and then proposed the relevant optimizing solutions respectively by configuring the modality printing parameters and adjusting the radiology information system accession number (RIS ACCESSION NUMBER) matching rules.Results Effectiveness and accuracy were enhanced significantly through testing at Central Printing System by using these approaches.Conclusion These methods improve effectively the film information recognition rate and provide important technical support for digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) centralized printing system.

Key words: 
Picture archiving and communication system;  DICOM print management service;  Optical character recognition
Electrical properties of some thin-film semiconductor alloys (1971)

The Müller technique of flash evaporating powdered compound semiconductors was used to form polycrystalline thin-film solid solutions of CdSe-CdS and CdSe-CdTe onto heated glass substrates. The composition of each alloy was varied from 10 to 90 percent of one compound by weight. X-ray diffractometer was used to determine their crystalline structures and lattice parameters. The results show that all CdSe-CdS alloys have a hexagonal structure regardless of their composition and that CdSe-CdTe alloys have both cubic and hexagonal structures depending on the composition of the constituent compounds. The lattice parameters were found to vary linearly with the composition for each alloy. Electrical properties of these thin-film alloys in terms of Hall mobility and carrier concentration were determined at room temperature as a function of substrate temperature which ranged from 50°C to 200°C. The results indicate that the film properties depend heavily on the preparation conditions, such as evaporation rate, vacuum pressure, and substrate temperature. The latter factor appeared to have dominated their properties to a great extent. Films prepared at higher substrate temperatures tended to have both low carrier mobility and concentration. All films, however, show an n-type conduction regardless of their composition and preparation conditions. Measurements of dark current versus temperature were also carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. From these measurements, the imperfection ionization energies of films prepared at various substrate temperatures were determined.
New Genes and New Insights from Old Genes (2013)

Genetic assessment is currently of limited utility in clinical practice because of the low frequency (Mendelian mutations) or small effect size (common risk factors) of the currently known susceptibility genes. However, genetic studies are identifying with confidence a number of novel risk genes, and this will further our understanding of disease biology and possibly the identification of therapeutic targets.
High power fiber lasers (2005)

Over 1 kW of output power has now been reached with nearly diffraction-limited ytterbium-doped fiber lasers. Amplifiers can reach comparable powers, even with single-frequency beams. We review these and other recent results and discuss the possibilities for further progress.
Synthesis and Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Polylactic Acid (2002)

The polymerization of (D, L)-lactic acid in the absence of catalysts was studied. Azeotropic distillation using xylene, gave poly(lactic acid) with very low molecular weight, which however, was further increased by post-curing in an air oven. Moreover degradation phenomena and residual xylene were observed, with this procedure. Polycondensation of lactic acid at temperatures up to 180 C under vacuum, resulted in fast reaction with poor control and the products are still characterized by low molecular weight. When the reaction was run at 220 C in inert atmosphere, amorphous poly(lactic acid) was obtained with molecular weight exceeding 3000. The product was found pure, since it is free from solvents, catalysts and monomer. Also, no evidence of thermal degradation was observed. The above characteristics are well acceptable design aspects for biomedical uses.
Activating interactions in human NK cell recognition: the role of 2B4-CD48 (1999)

2B4 is a cell surface glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily structurally related to CD2-like molecules. It was originally identified in the mouse as a receptor that mediates non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity by NK cells and CD8+ T cells. Recently, 2B4 was shown to bind CD48 by molecular binding assays and surface plasmon resonance. Here, we have investigated the cell surface expression, biochemical characteristics and function of human 2B4. Our results show that 2B4 is expressed not only on NK cells and CD8+ T cells, but also on monocytes and basophils, indicating a broader role for 2B4 in leukocyte activation. In NK cells, engagement of 2B4 with a specific monoclonal antibody or with CD48 can trigger NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The contribution of 2B4-CD48 interaction to target cell lysis by different NK cell clones varies, probably dependent on the relative contribution of other receptor-ligand interactions. In T cells and monocytes, ligation of 2B4 does not lead to T cell or monocyte activation. Thus, it appears that the primary function of 2B4 is to modulate other receptor-ligand interactions to enhance leukocyte activation.
The Effect of Turbulence (1933)

THE extensive series of investigations to be discussed in the present paper has its origin in an attempt to clarify the reason for certain discrepancies, which have long plagued aerodynamicists, between the results of tests on similar aerofoils carried out in different wind tunnels. It has been well known for many years that the Reynolds number has an important influence on aerofoil characteristics. It is therefore highly desirable that aerofoil tests, to be useful for full‐scale predictions, be made at as large a value of the Reynolds number as possible. For several years the variable density wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has been able to employ Reynolds numbers considerably higher than were attainable in any other wind tunnel. Its results have, therefore, very properly been generally accepted as furnishing the standard aerofoil data for aeroplane designers in the United States, and to some extent also in Europe. It appears from the present investigation that another factor, turbulence, may be of the same order of importance as the Reynolds number in determining certain aerofoil characteristics. In discussing the possible effects of this factor, it is desirable that as wide variations in its magnitude as can be obtained should be considered. The turbulence characteristics of the N.A.C.A. variable density tunnel and of the wind tunnel at the Guggenheim Aeronautics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (referred to in the figures as Galcit) are as different as those of any two large contemporary wind tunnels. It is for this reason that in the following discussion results obtained in these two tunnels are compared.
The First Enantiomerically Pure Helical Noncovalent Tripod for Assembling Nine-Coordinate Lanthanide(III) Podates (2004)

Decomplexation of the trivalent lanthanide, Ln(III), from the racemic bimetallic triple-stranded helicates [LnCr(L8)(3)](6+) provides the inert chiral tripodal nonadentate receptor [Cr(L8)(3)](3+). Elution of the latter podand with Na(2)Sb(2)[(+)-C(4)O(6)H(2)](2).5H(2)O through a cation exchange column allows its separation into its inert helical enantiomers M-(+)(589)-[Cr(L8)(3)](3+) and P-(-)(589)-[Cr(L8)(3)](3+), whose absolute configurations are assigned by using CD spectroscopy and exciton theory. Recombination with Ln(III) restores the original triple-stranded helicates [LnCr(L8)(3)](6+), and the associated thermodynamic parameters unravel the contribution of electrostatic repulsion and preorganization to the complexation process. Combining M-(+)(589)-[Cr(L8)(3)](3+) with Eu(III) produces the enantiomerically pure d-f helicate MM-(-)(589)-[EuCr(L8)(3)](CF(3)SO(3))(6).4CH(3)CN, whose X-ray crystal structure (EuCrC(113)H(111)N(25)O(21)S(6)F(18), monoclinic, P2(1), Z = 2) unambiguously confirms the absolute left-handed configuration for the final helix. The associated ligand-centered and metal-centered chiro-optical properties recorded for the complexes MM-[LnCr(L8)(3)](6+) and PP-[LnCr(L8)(3)](6+) (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb) show a strong effect of helicity on specific rotary dispersions, CD and CPL spectra.
A comprehensive explanation of distortion sideband asymmetries (2002)

This paper presents a comprehensive study of intermodulation-distortion response asymmetries often observed in microwave nonlinear systems subject to a two-tone or multitone test. The reasons for the different amplitudes of the two adjacent tones are first investigated under small- and large-signal regimes, using a general circuit with frequency-dependent embedding impedances and resistive and reactive nonlinearities. It is shown that this intriguing phenomenon can be mainly attributed to the terminating impedances at the baseband or difference frequencies. Multitone behavior is also addressed and its main differences from the two-tone case explained. Those theoretical conclusions are then extrapolated for real circuits and validated by measured results obtained from microwave power amplifiers of two different technologies, i.e., a GaAs MESFET and an Si bipolar junction transistor.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Hydrolysis of Nitriles Under Mild Conditions by an Enzyme. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Interpolation using surface splines. (1972)

A surface spline is a mathematical tool for interpolating a function of two variables. It is based upon the small deflection equation of an infinite plate. The surface spline depends upon the solution of a system of linear equations, and thus, will ordinarily require the use of a digital computer. The closed form solution involves no functions more complicated than logarithms, and is easily coded. Several modifications which can be incorporated are discussed.
Isoelectronic molecules with triple bonds to metal atoms (M = Mo, W): crystal and molecular structures of tri-tert-butoxytungsten ethylidyne and nitride (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsoelectronic molecules with triple bonds to metal atoms (M = Mo, W): crystal and molecular structures of tri-tert-butoxytungsten ethylidyne and nitrideMalcolm H. Chisholm, David M. Hoffman, and John C. HuffmanCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1983, 22, 20, 2903–2906Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00162a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00162a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views326Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Study on the measurement of China’s financial intermediation ratio in terms of stock: 1992–2006 (2010)

In terms of China’s financial intermediation ratio (FIMR) in stock, we make a thorough empirical study on the change of the ratios during 1992–2006. We find that: The monopoly position of bank credit in the financing channel of non-financial sector is weakened, but bank credit is still the most important financing channel for non-financial sector. There is a structure change in the financing channel of government sector and its FIMR is increasing. Though the scale of non-banking financial institutions underwent rapid development during 1992–2006, their role in social financing cannot be evenly matched with banking system. It is the change of various economy behaviors that induce the changes of FIMR in China.
Manual of Experimental Statistics (1961)

Manual of Experimental Statistics Get access Manual of Experimental Statistics. Freund John E., Livermore Paul E. and Miller Irwin, viii, 132 pp. Prentice-Hall, Inc.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. ( 1960) $3.95. Vincent Schultz Vincent Schultz Ecologist Division of Biology and Medicine, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AIBS Bulletin, Volume 11, Issue 3, June 1961, Page 29, https://doi.org/10.2307/1292613 Published: 01 June 1961
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Conceals the Invasion-Associated Type Three Secretion System from the Innate Immune System by Gene Regulation (2014)

Delivery of microbial products into the mammalian cell cytosol by bacterial secretion systems is a strong stimulus for triggering pro-inflammatory host responses. Here we show that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, tightly regulates expression of the invasion-associated type III secretion system (T3SS-1) and thus fails to activate these innate immune signaling pathways. The S. Typhi regulatory protein TviA rapidly repressed T3SS-1 expression, thereby preventing RAC1-dependent, RIP2-dependent activation of NF-κB in epithelial cells. Heterologous expression of TviA in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) suppressed T3SS-1-dependent inflammatory responses generated early after infection in animal models of gastroenteritis. These results suggest that S. Typhi reduces intestinal inflammation by limiting the induction of pathogen-induced processes through regulation of virulence gene expression.
Use of tamarisk as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. (2011)

This study assesses the energy and water use of saltcedar (or tamarisk) as biomass for biofuel production in a hypothetical sub-region in New Mexico. The baseline scenario consists of a rural stretch of the Middle Rio Grande River with 25% coverage of mature saltcedar that is removed and converted to biofuels. A manufacturing system life cycle consisting of harvesting, transportation, pyrolysis, and purification is constructed for calculating energy and water balances. On a dry short ton woody biomass basis, the total energy input is approximately 8.21 mmBTU/st. There is potential for 18.82 mmBTU/st of energy output from the baseline system. Of the extractable energy, approximately 61.1% consists of bio-oil, 20.3% bio-char, and 18.6% biogas. Water consumptive use by removal of tamarisk will not impact the existing rate of evapotranspiration. However, approximately 195 gal of water is needed per short ton of woody biomass for the conversion of biomass to biocrude, three-quarters of which is cooling water that can be recovered and recycled. The impact of salt presence is briefly assessed. Not accounted for in the baseline are high concentrations of Calcium, Sodium, and Sulfur ions in saltcedar woody biomass that can potentially shift the relative quantities of bio-char and bio-oil. This can be alleviated by a pre-wash step prior to the conversion step. More study is needed to account for the impact of salt presence on the overall energy and water balance.
The contributors of emotional distress in painful diabetic neuropathy (2014)

This study found a high prevalence of emotional distress in patients with painful DN. It highlights that the differing independent contributors to anxiety and depressive symptoms are based on an individual's circumstances and experience. We conclude by highlighting the importance of adopting a holistic approach to pain management, incorporating interventions to increase psychological flexibility alongside conventional pharmacological treatments to improve emotional distress in painful DN.
A phenanthrene derived PARP inhibitor is an extra-centrosomes de-clustering agent exclusively eradicating human cancer cells (2011)

We identified a water soluble phenanthridine that exclusively targets the unique dependence of most human cancer cells on their supernumerary centrosomes bi-polar clustering for their survival. This paves the way for a new selective cancer-targeting therapy, efficient in a wide range of human cancers.