gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direction and orientation selectivity of neurons in visual area MT of the macaque (1984)

We recorded from single neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey and studied their direction and orientation selectivity. We also recorded from single striate cortex (V1) neurons in order to make direct comparisons with our observations in area MT. All animals were immobilized and anesthetized with nitrous oxide. Direction selectivity of 110 MT neurons was studied with three types of moving stimuli: slits, single spots, and random-dot fields. All of the MT neurons were found to be directionally selective using one or more of these stimuli. MT neurons exhibited a broad range of direction-tuning bandwidths to all stimuli (minimum = 32 degrees, maximum = 186 degrees, mean = 95 degrees). On average, responses were strongly unidirectional and of similar magnitude for all three stimulus types. Orientation selectivity of 89 MT neurons was studied with stationary flashed slits. Eighty-three percent were found to be orientation selective. Overall, orientation-tuning bandwidths were significantly narrower (mean = 64 degrees) than direction-tuning bandwidths for moving stimuli. Moreover, responses to stationary-oriented stimuli were generally smaller than those to moving stimuli. Direction selectivity of 55 V1 neurons was studied with moving slits; orientation selectivity of 52 V1 neurons was studied with stationary flashed slits. In V1, compared with MT, direction-tuning bandwidths were narrower (mean = 68 degrees). Moreover, V1 responses to moving stimuli were weaker, and bidirectional tuning was more common. The mean orientation-tuning bandwidth in V1 was also significantly narrower than that in MT (mean = 52 degrees), but the responses to stationary-oriented stimuli were of similar magnitude in the two areas. We examined the relationship between optimal direction and optimal orientation for MT neurons and found that 61% had an orientation preference nearly perpendicular to the preferred direction of motion, as is the case for all V1 neurons. However, another 29% of MT neurons had an orientation preference roughly parallel to the preferred direction. These observations, when considered together with recent reports claiming sensitivity of some MT neurons to moving visual patterns (39), suggest specific neural mechanisms underlying pattern-motion sensitivity in area MT. These results support the notion that area MT represents a further specialization over area V1 for stimulus motion processing. Furthermore, the marked similarities between direction and orientation tuning in area MT in macaque and owl monkey support the suggestion that these areas are homologues.
Colon Cancer Stem Cells (2008)

This unit describes protocols for working with colon cancer stem cells. To work with these cells one must start by generating single-cell suspensions from human colon cancer tissue. These cell suspensions are sorted using flow cytometry-assisted cell sorting to fractionate the cells into tumor-initiating and nontumor-initiating subsets. Once the cells have been fractionated, they must be functionally tested to determine tumor-forming capacity, the gold standard being the in vivo xenograft assay. Methods have also been developed to grow these cells in vitro in a sphere-forming assay. This unit will describe how to isolate and functionally test colon cancer stem cells, as well as provide advice on the potential challenges of the research.
A Genius, But … (1990)

From Lawrence Langer, GBS and the Lunatic (London: Hutchinson, 1964) pp. 30–1, 59–60. Lawrence Langner (1890–1962), patent specialist and theatre director, was born in Swansea and went to America in 1911. In 1918 he founded the Theatre Guild, which gave the world premiére of Heartbreak House in New York in November 1920. He first met the Shaws in London shortly afterwards (see below, pp. 296–7).
Matériaux et réflexions pour une politique urbaine rationnelle dans les pays en cours de développement (1962)

George Pierre. Matériaux et réflexions pour une politique urbaine rationnelle dans les pays en cours de développement. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 3, n°11, 1962. pp. 337-359.
Fabrication of graphene oxide decorated with Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles and its superior catalytic performance for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (2013)

Using graphene oxide (GO) as both a reducing agent and a support, a two-step method was used to fabricate GO decorated with Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles with an Au-rich shell. The material exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in water at room temperature and its activity was superior to that of GO decorated with Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles that was prepared by a one-step method and GO decorated with either Au or Ag nanoparticles alone.
Bayesian depth estimation from monocular natural images (2017)

Estimating an accurate and naturalistic dense depth map from a single monocular photographic image is a difficult problem. Nevertheless, human observers have little difficulty understanding the depth structure implied by photographs. Two-dimensional (2D) images of the real-world environment contain significant statistical information regarding the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the world that the vision system likely exploits to compute perceived depth, monocularly as well as binocularly. Toward understanding how this might be accomplished, we propose a Bayesian model of monocular depth computation that recovers detailed 3D scene structures by extracting reliable, robust, depth-sensitive statistical features from single natural images. These features are derived using well-accepted univariate natural scene statistics (NSS) models and recent bivariate/correlation NSS models that describe the relationships between 2D photographic images and their associated depth maps. This is accomplished by building a dictionary of canonical local depth patterns from which NSS features are extracted as prior information. The dictionary is used to create a multivariate Gaussian mixture (MGM) likelihood model that associates local image features with depth patterns. A simple Bayesian predictor is then used to form spatial depth estimates. The depth results produced by the model, despite its simplicity, correlate well with ground-truth depths measured by a current-generation terrestrial light detection and ranging (LIDAR) scanner. Such a strong form of statistical depth information could be used by the visual system when creating overall estimated depth maps incorporating stereopsis, accommodation, and other conditions. Indeed, even in isolation, the Bayesian predictor delivers depth estimates that are competitive with state-of-the-art "computer vision" methods that utilize highly engineered image features and sophisticated machine learning algorithms.
Symmetric microwave potentials for interferometry with thermal atoms on a chip (2015)

A trapped atom interferometer involving state-selective adiabatic potentials with two microwave frequencies on a chip is proposed. We show that this configuration provides a way to achieve a high degree of symmetry between the two arms of the interferometer, which is necessary for coherent splitting and recombination of thermal (i.e., noncondensed) atoms. The resulting interferometer holds promise to achieve high contrast and long coherence time, while avoiding the mean-field interaction issues of interferometers based on trapped Bose-Einstein condensates.
A compact laser head with high-frequency stability for Rb atomic clocks and optical instrumentation (2005)

We present a compact and frequency-stabilized laser head based on an extended-cavity diode laser. The laser head occupies a volume of 200cm3 and includes frequency stabilization to Doppler-free saturated absorption resonances on the hyperfine components of the Rb87D2 lines at 780 nm, obtained from a simple and compact spectroscopic setup using a 2cm3 vapor cell. The measured frequency stability is ⩽2×10−12 over integration times from 1 s to 1 day and shows the potential to reach 2×10−13 over 102−105 s. Compact laser sources with these performances are of great interest for applications in gas-cell atomic frequency standards, atomic magnetometers, interferometers and other instruments requiring stable and narrow-band optical sources.
BAP1 mutation-associated cholangiocarcinoma: An aggressive disease. (2015)

420 Background: BRCA-associated protein-1 is a deubiquitylating enzyme encoded by the BAP1 gene, which is commonly mutated in uveal melanoma, mesothelioma and renal cancers. BAP1 mutations predict an aggressive disease course in these tumors. Recent data indicate that BAP1 mutation is also present in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The clinical phenotype of CCA with BAP1 mutations has not been defined. We investigated the clinico-pathologic features and treatment outcomes of these patients treated at a single center. Methods: A comprehensive chart review of CCA patients who had undergone genomic testing was performed. Data collected included clinical, pathological, genetic and radiological features and response to therapy. Results: Nine cases of BAP1 mutation associated CCA were diagnosed from January 2009 to May 2014 (Table). Seven patients had intrahepatic CCA and two had extra-hepatic CCA. Tumor size ranged from 6 to 14.7 cm (mean = 8.7 cm). Seven patients had poorly differentiated carcinoma whilst the other two had moderately differentiated tumors. Out of the nine patients, seven had nodal metastases and six had satellite lesions in liver. Six patients had distant metastases at presentation. Sites of metastases were bone, peritoneum, lung and abdominal wall. All nine patients showed progressive disease following primary therapy (primary chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy after primary surgery). The average time to tumor progression after first therapy was 3 months. Conclusions: BAP1 mutation in CCA may be associated with an aggressive prognosis and poor response to standard therapies. [Table: see text]
Edwardsiella tarda, a New Pathogen of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (1973)

Edwardsiella tarda, an enteric, gram-negative bacterium, causes gas-filled, malodorous lesions in muscle tissue of channel catfish. Incidence and epizootiology of the disease are presented.
Improved Detection of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Utilizing a Software-Assisted Electrocardiogram Approach (2014)

This outpatient study confirms previous findings that routine use of SRA could improve AF detection rates and thus may shorten the time between AF onset and initiation of prevention measures for patients at high risk for stroke.
Displacement of Linker for Activation of T Cells from the Plasma Membrane Due to Redox Balance Alterations Results in Hyporesponsiveness of Synovial Fluid T Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2000)

The T lymphocytes that reside in the synovium of the inflamed joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis display severe hyporesponsiveness upon antigenic stimulation, which is probably due to their constant subjection to high levels of oxidative stress. Here we report that the synovial fluid T lymphocytes exert severely impaired phosphorylation of the adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT), a crucial component of the TCR-mediated signaling pathways. In healthy T lymphocytes, LAT is a membrane-bound protein and becomes phosphorylated by zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70) upon TCR engagement. The molecular basis underlying the deficient phosphorylation of LAT and consequently the hyporesponsiveness of the synovial fluid T lymphocytes lies in the membrane displacement of LAT. We demonstrate that the subcellular localization of LAT is sensitive to changes in the intracellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione. The membrane anchorage of LAT, and consequently the phosphorylation of LAT and the cellular activation of the synovial fluid T lymphocytes upon TCR engagement, is restored in synovial fluid T lymphocytes after supplementation of the intracellular glutathione levels with N-acetyl-l -cysteine. These data suggest a role for the membrane displacement of LAT in the hyporesponsiveness of the synovial fluid T lymphocytes as a consequence of oxidative stress.
The Future Scientific CCD (1984)

The charge-coupled device (CCD) dominates an ever-increasing variety of scientific imaging and spectroscopy applications. Recent experience indicates, however, that the full potential of CCD performance lies well beyond that which is realized in currently available devices. Test data suggest that major improvements are feasible in spectral response, charge collection, charge transfer, and readout noise. These properties, their measurement in existing CCDs, and their potential for future improvement are discussed in this paper.
Wet-oxidation of acetic acid catalyzed by copper salts. (1982)

Wet-oxidation of acetic acid was carried out in the presence of copper(II) nitrate, copper-(II) sulfate, and copper(II) chloride. Counter anions exhibited an remarkable effect on the stability of copper(II) ion under the reaction conditions. These copper salts were highly active, and the rate expression, -d[AcOH]/dt=k[Cu(II)]0.62[AcOH]1.2, was obtained in the case of copper(II) nitrate. Copper(II) nitrate was also active for the decomposition of acetic acid in nitrogen. It was suggested that nitrate ion was activated by copper(II) ion, releasing its oxygen atoms to behave as an oxidizing agent in the absence of oxygen.
Structure and reactivity of char from elevated pressure pyrolysis of Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and reactivity of char from elevated pressure pyrolysis of Illinois No. 6 bituminous coalChun Wai Lee, Robert G. Jenkins, and Harold H. SchobertCite this: Energy Fuels 1992, 6, 1, 40–47Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00031a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00031a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views423Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Density functional approach to frontier controlled reactions (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDensity functional approach to frontier controlled reactionsM. BerkowitzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 16, 4823–4825Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00250a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00250a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views335Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Loss of RCC1 leads to suppression of nuclear protein import in living cells. (1994)

The role of RCC1-Ran/TC4 in nuclear protein import was examined in living cells using a temperature-sensitive RCC1 mutant cell line, tsBN2, and tsBN2 transformed with a RCC1 cDNA lacking the nuclear localization sequence domain, delta 8-29. Substrate, containing a small number of SV40 T antigen nuclear localization sequence peptides, injected into the cytoplasm of tsBN2 cells cultured at the non-permissive temperature of 39.5 degrees C did not accumulate efficiently in the nucleus. When the same substrate was injected into the cytoplasm of heterokaryons of tsBN2 and wild type BHK21 cells, import efficiency into the tsBN2 nuclei was not restored. Import into the BHK21 nuclei gradually decreased after fusion. In contrast, import efficiency into tsBN2 nuclei gradually recovered after fusion with tsBN2 cells transformed with delta 8-29 in which functional RCC1 was diffusely distributed in both the nuclei and cytoplasm. Substrate did not accumulate in the nuclei of digitonin-permeabilized tsBN2 cells cultured at 39.5 degrees C even in the presence of normal cytosol. These results suggest that loss of RCC1 function leads to the decline of import competence of the nucleus and accumulation of a factor in the cytoplasm that suppresses nuclear import. These results indicate that the RCC1-Ran/TC4 system may regulate nuclear import.
A PEST sequence in ABCA1 regulates degradation by calpain protease and stabilization of ABCA1 by apoA-I (2003)

Cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells are a central component of atherosclerotic lesions. ABCA1, the defective molecule in Tangier disease, mediates the efflux of phospholipids and cholesterol from cells to apoA-I, reversing foam cell formation. In ABCA1, we identified a sequence rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine (PEST sequence) that enhances the degradation of ABCA1 by calpain protease and thereby controls the cell surface concentration and cholesterol efflux activity of ABCA1. In an apparent positive feedback loop, apoA-I binds ABCA1, promotes lipid efflux, inhibits calpain degradation, and leads to increased levels of ABCA1. ApoA-I infusion also increases ABCA1 in vivo. These studies reveal a novel mode of regulation of ABCA1 by PEST sequence–mediated calpain proteolysis that appears to be reversed by apolipoprotein-mediated phospholipid efflux. Inhibition of ABCA1 degradation by calpain could represent a novel therapeutic approach to increasing macrophage cholesterol efflux and decreasing atherosclerosis.
Sequence Variability, Gene Structure, and Expression of Full-Length Human Endogenous Retrovirus H (2005)

Recently, we identified and classified 926 human endogenous retrovirus H (HERV-H)-like proviruses in the human genome. In this paper, we used the information to, in silico, reconstruct a putative ancestral HERV-H. A calculated consensus sequence was nearly open in all genes. A few manual adjustments resulted in a putative 9-kb HERV-H provirus with open reading frames (ORFs) in gag, pro, pol, and env. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) differed by 1.1%, indicating proximity to an integration event. The gag ORF was extended upstream of the normal myristylation start site. There was a long leader (including a "pre-gag" ORF) region positioned like the N terminus of murine leukemia virus (MLV) "glyco-Gag," potentially encoding a proline- and serine-rich domain remotely similar to MLV pp12. Another ORF, starting inside the 5' LTR, had no obvious similarity to known protein domains. Unlike other hitherto described gammaretroviruses, the reconstructed Gag had two zinc finger motifs. Alternative splicing of sequences related to the HERV-H consensus was confirmed using dbEST data. env transcripts were most prevalent in colon tumors, but also in normal testis. We found no evidence for full length env transcripts in the dbEST. HERV-H had a markedly skewed nucleotide composition, disfavoring guanine and favoring cytidine. We conclude that the HERV-H consensus shared a gene arrangement common to gammaretroviruses with gag separated by stop codon from pro-pol in the same reading frame, while env resides in another reading frame. There was also alternative splicing. HERV-H consensus yielded new insights in gammaretroviral evolution and will be useful as a model in studies on expression and function.
Coordination Chemical Concepts Applied to the Design of Metal Ion Crosslinked Polymer Gels (1992)

Abstract Eight novel acrylamide co-polymers containing from 0.7-4.5 mol % metal ion-chelating co-monomers have been prepared. The gelation chemistry of aqueous solutions of these co-polymers has been examined in the presence of Cr+3 and B+3 ions. Chemical and rheological evidence is presented which shows that the chelating functional groups modify both the thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of the crosslinking complexes formed with these ions relative to those formed with hydrolyzed polyacrylamide.
A Per-Channel A/D Converter Having 15-Segment µ-255 Companding (1976)

This paper describes a companded analog-to-digital (A/D) converter for voiceband signals that is simple and potentially inexpensive. The converter uses only 18 coarsely spaced analog levels. Fine resolution is obtained by oscillating between these levels at an increased speed and averaging the result over a Nyquist interval. The companding used in the converter is effectively the same as that of μ-255 pulse-code modulation (PCM). In the encoding process a one-bit code is generated at 256 000 samples/s. This 1-bit per sample signal can be transmitted and decoded directly, or a simple digital circuit will produce a 13-bit, 8-kHz linear PCM signal that can be compressed to 8-bit companded PCM format. In this paper the basic operation of the 1-bit coder is described and its performance when connected to a 1-bit decoder is illustrated. Methods for obtaining both linear and compressed PCM are then presented, and the properties of these PCM signals with respect to noise, gain tracking, and harmonic content are described. Relative insensitivity to circuit component variations, absence of analog gates, along with the need to generate only a few analog levels, make the coder especially well suited to integrated circuit realization.