gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Nanoscale Friction on Fluorinated Graphene (2012)

Atomically thin graphene is an ideal model system for studying nanoscale friction due to its intrinsic two-dimensional (2D) anisotropy. Furthermore, modulating its tribological properties could be an important milestone for graphene-based micro- and nanomechanical devices. Here, we report unexpectedly enhanced nanoscale friction on chemically modified graphene and a relevant theoretical analysis associated with flexural phonons. Ultrahigh vacuum friction force microscopy measurements show that nanoscale friction on the graphene surface increases by a factor of 6 after fluorination of the surface, while the adhesion force is slightly reduced. Density functional theory calculations show that the out-of-plane bending stiffness of graphene increases up to 4-fold after fluorination. Thus, the less compliant F-graphene exhibits more friction. This indicates that the mechanics of tip-to-graphene nanoscale friction would be characteristically different from that of conventional solid-on-solid contact and would be dominated by the out-of-plane bending stiffness of the chemically modified graphene. We propose that damping via flexural phonons could be a main source for frictional energy dissipation in 2D systems such as graphene.
A micromachined intensity-modulated fiber optic sensor for strain measurements: Working principle and static calibration (2012)

This paper describes an intensity-modulated fiber optic sensor for strain measurements. The sensing element is a polydimetilsiloxane (PDMS) micro-diffraction grating, 15 mm long, 2 mm thick, with channels 150 µm wide, spaced apart 200 µm. The working principle of the sensor can be summarized as follows: when the sensing element is strained perpendicularly to the grating plane, light passing through the grating undergoes a modulation caused by the phenomenon of diffraction. Since the grating is interposed between a laser source and a fiber optic, the coupled radiation intensity between these two optical elements can be considered as an indirect measure of strain. A static calibration of the measuring system has been performed, showing that the device, with measuring range of about 0.04, is capable to discriminate strain of 0.005 and it presents a sensitivity increase with strain in the whole range of measurements.
Process Modelling Maps for Solder Paste Printing (1994)

This paper presents a technique for mapping the modelling of manufacturing processes, in which process maps are used to represent information on the models and modelling technique (including assumptions used), process and equipment parameters, physical sub‐processes, process variables, and the process performance in terms of quality and/or defects. The mapping approach uses the top‐down methodology, in which any manufacturing process can be represented in a structured, multi‐layered manner, with each layer representing a different level of the modelling spectrum. This structure is designed to provide a clear overview of the process and sub‐processes, and their interactions, while the finer details of the modelling process are still presented at the lower levels of the map. This mapping approach is illustrated with the modelling of the Printing of Solder Paste for the reflow soldering of SMT devices. This case study shows how the mapping process can be used to identify the key research issues, specify the experimental work required, and also identify the analytical modelling techniques which are appropriate for each process (and sub‐process).
An SPU reference model for simulation, random test generation and verification (2006)

An instruction set level reference model was developed for the development of synergistic processing unit (SPU), which is one of the key components of the cell processor [1][2]. This reference model was used for the simulators to define the instruction set architecture (ISA), for the random test case generator, for the reference in the verification environment and for the software development. Using the same reference model for multiple purposes made it easier to keep up with the architecture changes at the early stage of the microprocessor development. Also including the reference model in the simulation environment increased the robustness for the random test executions and made it possible to find bugs that are usually difficult to catch.
Differential expression in rheumatoid synovium and synovial fluid of <i>alpha</i> 4 <i>beta</i> 7 integrin. A novel receptor for fibronectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. (1993)

T lymphocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The migration of T lymphocytes into the synovium is mediated by a variety of adhesion molecules, notably the integrins. We have prepared Act I, a murine mAb that identifies a novel integrin termed alpha 4 beta 7. The natural ligands for alpha 4 beta 7 are vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin; both molecules are up-regulated in the rheumatoid synovium. We investigated the expression of alpha 4 beta 7 in the three compartments of rheumatoid arthritis, the peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial membrane, utilizing the FACS and immunoperoxidase microscopy of frozen tissues. The results of our experiments show a striking differential expression of alpha 4 beta 7 integrin in rheumatoid arthritis. Sixty-two percent of synovial membrane T cells expressed high density alpha 4 beta 7, in contrast to only 4.7% of synovial fluid and 9.1% of PBL. These data suggest that the expression of alpha 4 beta 7 integrin may provide a mechanism whereby certain T cells adhere to rheumatoid synovium while others remain in the synovial fluid. The augmented expression of alpha 4 beta 7 in the synovial membrane T cells may contribute to the development and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis.
Orientation dependence in fluorescent energy transfer between Cy3 and Cy5 terminally attached to double-stranded nucleic acids (2008)

We have found that the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between Cy3 and Cy5 terminally attached to the 5' ends of a DNA duplex is significantly affected by the relative orientation of the two fluorophores. The cyanine fluorophores are predominantly stacked on the ends of the helix in the manner of an additional base pair, and thus their relative orientation depends on the length of the helix. Observed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency depends on the length of the helix, as well as its helical periodicity. By changing the helical geometry from B form double-stranded DNA to A form hybrid RNA/DNA, a marked phase shift occurs in the modulation of FRET efficiency with helix length. Both curves are well explained by the standard geometry of B and A form helices. The observed modulation for both polymers is less than that calculated for a fully rigid attachment of the fluorophores. However, a model involving lateral mobility of the fluorophores on the ends of the helix explains the observed experimental data. This has been further modified to take account of a minor fraction of unstacked fluorophore observed by fluorescent lifetime measurements. Our data unequivocally establish that Förster transfer obeys the orientation dependence as expected for a dipole-dipole interaction.
Can Individualized Weight Monitoring using the Heartphone Algorithm Improve Sensitivity for Clinical Deterioration of Heart Failure? (2012)

An individualized approach to weight monitoring in HF with the HeartPhone algorithm improved prediction of HF deterioration. Further evaluation of HeartPhone with and without other biomarkers of HF deterioration is warranted.
‘Smart’ intravenous pumps: how smart are they? (2016)

Smart pumps, incorporating dose error reduction software, are widely promoted as a patient safety intervention.1 ,2 This software checks programmed intravenous infusion rates against preset limits for each drug in the pump's ‘drug library’ with the aim of reducing the risk of infusion rates that are too high or too low. Smart pumps were reported to be in use in 68% of US hospitals in 2011,3 although this figure does not tell about how they are used nor in which clinical areas. A UK study indicated less widespread use and that although smart pumps may be in use within an organisation, they may only be used in some clinical areas or for certain kinds of infusion.4

Although widely advocated, as with many other patient safety interventions,5–7 the evidence for smart pumps' benefit is not clear-cut. No conclusive evidence shows that smart pumps do indeed prevent medication errors and adverse drug events, and we know little about the kinds of errors that still occur with their use.8 ,9

In this issue, Schnock et al 10 aim to shed light on some of these issues by documenting the prevalence and types of errors associated with intravenous infusions in 10 US hospitals using smart pumps. Pairs of observers visited participating clinical areas and identified discrepancies between each infusion and its corresponding medication order plus relevant organisational policies. This method can reveal only errors visually apparent from an infusion in progress. Any …
NEAR-MISS DETERMINATION THROUGH USE OF A SCALE OF DANGER (1972)

NEAR-MISS TRAFFIC EVENTS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED AS A TRAFFIC SAFETY TOOL BECAUSE OF THE HIGH DEGREE OF SUBJECTIVITY INVOLED WITH THEIR IDENTIFICATION. A SCALE OF DANGER MAY BE APPLIED TO A TRAFFIC EVENT TO FACILITATE OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT AND SUBSEQUENT DETECTION OF NEAR-MISS SITUATIONS. THE UNIT PROPOSED HERE FOR THIS DANGER SCALE IS THE TIME MEASURED UNTIL COLLISION BETWEEN TWO VEHICLES INVOLVED IN THE UNSAFE EVENT. THIS MEASURE, COMPUTED FROM FILMS TAKEN WITH THE TRAFFIC SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION AT AN URBAN INTERSECTION, IS AN ADEQUATE UNIT TO RATE THE DANGER OF ALMOST ANY TRAFFIC EVENT. IT MAY BE USED TO STANDARDIZE HUMAN OBSERVER JUDGEMENT OF DANGEROUS MANEUVERS AND, THEREFORE, MAKE NEAR-MISS MONITORING A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO TRAFFIC SAFETY DETERMINATION. /AUTHOR/
Detecting multiple image motions by exploiting temporal coherence of apparent motion (1994)

Motion-based image segmentation becomes inherently ambiguous when apparent motions of different objects are locally or globally similar during a period. To disambiguate the segmentation, temporal coherence between the local image motion at each edge point and the apparent motion of every object is examined over a long sequence. The point is grouped into that segment of the object whose apparent motion is temporally most coherent with the local image motion at the point.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Comprehensive Review on the Pharmacological Activity of Schiff Base Containing Derivatives (2017)

Organic and Medicinal chemistry international Journal is an open access journal that is committed to publish the papers on various topics of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties
Simulation of artificial magnetic materials using lattices of loaded molecules (1999)

Present are numerical studies of the magnetic permeability for arrays of artificial magnetic molecules simulated using a time domain TLM code. These artificial magnetic materials consist of a 3D periodic lattice of electrically small loaded loops suspended in a non-magnetic host medium. For this class of artificial magnetic media, we demonstrate good agreement between the permeability computed using a simple circuit theory model, and that computed using a full wave TLM simulation. This close agreement suggests that the salient physics for this type of artificial magnetic media may be well modeled using simple lumped equivalent circuits. A closed form expression is derived for the effective media permeability as a function of the molecular circuit loads. When molecules are uniformly loaded with lossless capacitors, the artificial media exhibits a Lorentzian response with a resonance ((mu) <SUB>r</SUB> yields (infinity) ) below which the media is paramagnetic ((mu) <SUB>r</SUB> > 1) and above which the media is diamagnetic ((mu) <SUB>r</SUB> < 1). Resonant frequency, and magnetic permeability, can be adjusted by controlling the load capacitance.
The Power and Promise of Community Unionism (1991)

[Excerpt] Shaffer's statement portrays an emerging vision of union organizing that represents a dramatic departure from the way most unions have been organizing workers for the past 40 years. Borrowing from the city wide structures of the Knights of Labor in the 19th century, a new breed of union organizers is experimenting with a brand of unionism that may ultimately recast labor as a community-wide movement which tackles workplace issues. Unlike the now defunct Knights, these modern-day champions of community-based union organizing maintain close ties with unions across the country through their affiliation with resourcerich national unions. Many believe that this mixture of community organizing with national union support will spawn a new wave of union growth.
Combination treatment with fulvestrant and various cytotoxic agents (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, and 5‐fluorouracil) has a synergistic effect in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer (2011)

Patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers have a better prognosis than those with ER-negative breast cancers, but often have low sensitivity to chemotherapy and a limited survival benefit. We have previously shown a combination effect of taxanes and fulvestrant and suggested that this treatment may be useful for ER-positive breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated the effects of combinations of hormone drugs and chemotherapeutic agents. In vitro, the effects of combinations of five chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, and 5-fluorouracil) and three hormone drugs (fulvestrant, tamoxifen, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen) were examined in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines using CalcuSyn software. Changes in chemoresistant factors such as Bcl2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, and microtubule-associated protein tau were also examined after exposure of the cells to hormone drugs. In vivo, tumor sizes in mice were evaluated after treatment with docetaxel or doxorubicin alone, fulvestrant alone, and combinations of these agents. Combination treatment with fulvestrant and all five chemotherapeutic agents in vitro showed synergistic effects. In contrast, tamoxifen showed an antagonistic effect with all the chemotherapeutic agents. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen showed an antagonistic effect with doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, but a synergistic effect with taxanes and vinorelbine. Regarding chemoresistant factors, Bcl2 and microtubule-associated protein tau were downregulated by fulvestrant. In vivo, a combination of fulvestrant and docetaxel had a synergistic effect on tumor growth, but fulvestrant and doxorubicin did not show this effect. In conclusion, fulvestrant showed good compatibility with all the evaluated chemotherapeutic agents, and especially with docetaxel, in vitro and in vivo.
A Computer Aided Grading System for Subjective Tests (2006)

Computer aided tests replace traditional written answers on paper sheets with electronic records. For subjective tests, computers are not able to do all grading jobs, due to limited comprehensive ability of computers. Subjective answers need be reviewed by different graders in order to improve justice. We propose a distributed computational model for grading electronic subjective answers. Answer data are divided into numerous independent data cells. Computational resources are automatically allocated by the system to do grading jobs and independently report grading results to the system. Since the grading results may vary slightly or magnificently, we assign computational factors to data cells and computational resources to minimize the variation. In addition, rules are defined to obtain a final result. We successfully apply the proposed model in our grading system in computer aided spoken English tests.
Angiodysplasia in von Willebrand Disease: Understanding the Clinical and Basic Science (2017)

Severe and intractable gastrointestinal bleeding caused by angiodysplasia is a debilitating problem for up to 20% of patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD). Currently, the lack of an optimal treatment for this recurrent problem presents an ongoing challenge for many physicians in their management of affected patients. Over the past few years, studies have pointed to a regulatory role for the hemostatic protein, von Willebrand factor (VWF), in angiogenesis, providing a novel target for the modulation of vessel development. This article will review the clinical implications and molecular pathology of angiodysplasia in VWD.
Intracellular Silicon Chips in Living Cells (2009)

Silicon-based chips offer high flexibility and versatility as they are based on semiconductor and MEMS technology. They can be top-down fabricated with well-controlled shape and size. Silicon microchips can be internalized into eukaryotic cells (see image) without interfering with cell viability. Engineered intracellular chips with different biomolecules attached to the surface can be used as intracellular sensors.
Frequency tunable terahertz metamaterials using broadside coupled split-ring resonators (2011)

We present frequency tunable metamaterial designs at terahertz (THz) frequencies using broadside coupled split-ring resonator (BC-SRR) arrays. Frequency tuning, arising from changes in near-field coupling, is obtained by in-plane displacement of the two SRR layers. For electrical excitation, the resonance frequency continuously redshifts as a function of displacement. The maximum frequency shift occurs for vertical displacement of half a unit cell, resulting in a shift of 663 GHz (51% of ${f}_{0}$). We discuss the difference in the BC-SRR response for electrical excitation in comparison to magnetic excitation in terms of hybridization arising from inductive and capacitive coupling.
Evaluating the Use of Fire Fighting Foam in Mass Poultry Euthanasia (2005)

The current control method of many highly pathogenic avian diseases is euthanasia. In the event of aviandisease outbreak, the need to euthanize an entire flock can become an issue for the poultry grower and integrator.Currently, there are a limited number of approved procedures suitable for euthanization of entire houses of broiler birds.While these methods are humane and fairly expedient, these procedures are labor intensive and require a significant number of people be involved in the process. This project explores the use of a carbon dioxide (CO2) enriched fire fightingfoam system to perform mass euthanasia of poultry. The goal of the system is to provide a more humane, less laborintensive,cost efficient and biosecure alternative to the industry accepted CO2 polyethylene bagging euthanasia methodthat can be deployed quickly in times of avian disease outbreaks such as the recent avian influenza epidemics (Virginia,2002; Delmarva, 2004). Preliminary results indicate that the fire fighting foam is as or more effective and humane thanconventional CO2 polyethylene bagging.
Melatonin in relation to physiology in adult humans (1996)

The role exerted by melatonin in human physiology has not been completely ascertained. Melatonin levels have been measured in different physiopathological conditions, but the effects induced by melatonin administration or withdrawal have been tested only recently. Some effects have been clearly documented. Melatonin has hypothermic properties, and its nocturnal secretion generates about 40% of the amplitude of the circadian body temperature rhythm. Melatonin has sleep inducing properties, and exerts important activities in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Melatonin is capable of phase shifting human circadian rhythms, of entraining free-running circadian rhythms, and of antagonizing phase shifts induced by nighttime exposure to light. Its effect on human reproduction is not completely clear, but stimulatory effects on gonadotropin secretion have been reported in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Direct actions on ovarian cells and spermatozoa have been also documented. Beside these, new important actions for melatonin may be proved. Melatonin may exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system, by reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and hypertension, and may influence immune responses. Finally, by acting as an antioxidant, melatonin could be important in slowing the processes of ageing.
Treatment with enalapril and not diltiazem ameliorated progression of chronic kidney disease in rats, and normalized renal AT1 receptor expression as measured with PET imaging (2017)

ACE inhibitors are considered first line of treatment in patients with many forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Other antihypertensives such as calcium channel blockers achieve similar therapeutic effectiveness in attenuating hypertension-related renal damage progression. Our objective was to explore the value of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of renal AT1 receptor (AT1R) to guide therapy in the 5/6 subtotal-nephrectomy (Nx) rat model of CKD. Ten weeks after Nx, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 10mg/kg/d enalapril (NxE), 30mg/kg/d diltiazem (NxD) or left untreated (Nx) for an additional 8-10 weeks. Kidney AT1R expression was assessed using in vivo [18F]fluoropyridine-losartan PET and in vitro autoradiography. Compared to shams, Nx rats exhibited higher systolic blood pressure that was reduced by both enalapril and diltiazem. At 18-20 weeks, plasma creatinine and albuminuria were significantly increased in Nx, reduced to sham levels in NxE, but enhanced in NxD rats. Enalapril treatment decreased kidney angiotensin II whereas diltiazem induced significant elevations in plasma and kidney levels. Reduced PET renal AT1R levels in Nx were normalized by enalapril but not diltiazem, and results were supported by autoradiography. Reduction of renal blood flow in Nx was restored by enalapril, while no difference was observed in myocardial blood flow amongst groups. Enhanced left ventricle mass in Nx was not reversed by enalapril but was augmented with diltiazem. Stroke volume was diminished in untreated Nx compared to shams and restored with both therapies. [18F]Fluoropyridine-Losartan PET allowed in vivo quantification of kidney AT1R changes associated with progression of CKD and with various pharmacotherapies.
Trichloroisocyanuric/TEMPO Oxidation of Alcohols under Mild Conditions:  A Close Investigation (2003)

Efficient oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids can be carried out at room temperature and in acetone/water, using trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) in the presence of catalytic TEMPO. The mild conditions of this procedure and the total absence of any transition metal make this reaction suitable for safe laboratory use. A possible mechanism is presented and discussed.