gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cannabidiol protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from inflammation-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress (2012)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the most abundant cannabinoid in Cannabis sativa that has no psychoactive properties. CBD has been approved to treat inflammation, pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), of which demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss are hallmarks. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of CBD against the damage to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) mediated by the immune system. Doses of 1 μM CBD protect OPCs from oxidative stress by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species. CBD also protects OPCs from apoptosis induced by LPS/IFNγ through the decrease of caspase 3 induction via mechanisms that do not involve CB1, CB2, TRPV1 or PPARγ receptors. Tunicamycin-induced OPC death was attenuated by CBD, suggesting a role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the mode of action of CBD. This protection against ER stress-induced apoptosis was associated with reduced phosphorylation of eiF2α, one of the initiators of the ER stress pathway. Indeed, CBD diminished the phosphorylation of PKR and eiF2α induced by LPS/IFNγ. The pro-survival effects of CBD in OPCs were accompanied by decreases in the expression of ER apoptotic effectors (CHOP, Bax and caspase 12), and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. These findings suggest that attenuation of the ER stress pathway is involved in the 'oligoprotective' effects of CBD during inflammation.
Prevention and treatment of intertrigo in large skin folds of adults: a systematic review (2010)

There is no evidence at all about the prevention of intertrigo and there is no firm evidence about its treatment. Well designed studies are needed.
Cryogenic linear Paul trap for cold highly charged ion experiments (2012)

Storage and cooling of highly charged ions require ultra-high vacuum levels obtainable by means of cryogenic methods. We have developed a linear Paul trap operating at 4 K capable of very long ion storage times of about 30 h. A conservative upper bound of the H(2) partial pressure of about 10(-15) mbar (at 4 K) is obtained from this. External ion injection is possible and optimized optical access for lasers is provided, while exposure to black body radiation is minimized. First results of its operation with atomic and molecular ions are presented. An all-solid state laser system at 313 nm has been set up to provide cold Be(+) ions for sympathetic cooling of highly charged ions.
Getters and Gettering (1974)

The principal modern getter devices characteristic of each of the two main getter families, i.e. flash and bulk, are established and briefly illustrated. The essential physico-chemical processes involved in the gettering mechanism are reviewed to establish the essence of the gettering process. The main design and technical requirements of modern getter devices, as referred to their practical use in electron tubes, are examined and the main problems encountered in their efficient practical application are discussed.
Preparation and Characterization of High Efficient Blue-Light Emitting Materials with a Secondary Ligand for Organic Electroluminescence (2000)

In this paper, a blue-light emitting material, bis(2-methyl-quinolinolato)(phenolato) aluminum(III) (Alq 2 ′ OPh), was synthesized. Organic electroluminescent (EL) devices have been fabricated with the homemade organometallic compound as the emitting layer and N,N ′ -diphenyl-N,N ′ -di(m-tolyl)benzidinev (TPD) as the hole transport layer, blue light emission with a high efficiency was obtained. Compared with tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ), the presence of the phenolato ligand shifts the light emission to the blue region of the spectrum. The maximum wavelength of the EL is at around 495 nm and the brightness is up to 4000 cd/m 2 with the maximum efficiency up to 1.4 lm/W. Two new compounds have also been prepared in order to investigate the effect of the secondary ligand. The comparison study indicates that the organometallic compound with a secondary ligand, not only the sterical effect but also some other effect would be responsible for the change of the emission wavelength.
Ground truth hardware phantoms for validation of diffusion‐weighted MRI applications (2010)

The highly purpose adaptable phantoms provide a DW-MRI validation platform: applications include optimisation of acquisition schemes, validation of non-Gaussian diffusion models, comparison and validation of fiber tracking algorithms, and quality control in multi-center DWI studies.
Nomen est omen: Investigating the dominance of nouns in word comprehension with eye movement analyses (2009)

Although nouns are easily learned in early stages of lexical development, their role in adult word and text comprehension remains unexplored thus far. To investigate the role of different word classes (open-class words: nouns, adjectives, verbs; closed-class words: pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.), 141 participants read a transposed German text while recording eye movements. Subsequently, participants indicated words they found difficult and reproduced the story. Then, participants were presented an untransposed text version while also tracking eye movements. Word difficulty, subjectively assessed by an interview and objectively by eye movement criteria (general fixation rate, number of fixations on specific words), text comprehension scores, and regressive fixations from one word class to another in the transposed text indicated that the noun was the most influential word class in enhancing the comprehension of other words. Developmental, intercultural, and neurophysiological aspects of noun dominance are discussed.
Assessing what and how? (2012)

This paper seeks to assess the effect of RCPs on migration governance. Migration governance is an essential but (as is generally the case when “governance” is discussed) slippery concept. Governance is often narrowly defined as statutory outputs, particularly a new or revised law. The passage of a law, however, is only a final product of governance. This study suggests that it is more useful to conceive of governance as a process that starts at the perception and definition of a migration issue and may culminate in the laws, policies, practices and procedures through which governments respond to migration phenomena. Such a process will consist of different stages and incorporate a variety of actors at various levels of decision-making. Therefore, this study is as interested in the “how” of the process through which states think about, debate and address migration issues as it is in the “what” of the final outcome of the process in terms of laws, policies and practices.
Real-Time Low-Level Wind and Temperature Analysis Using Single WSR-88D Data (2001)

A four-dimensional variational Doppler radar analysis system (VDRAS) has been developed and implemented at a weather forecast office to produce real-time boundary layer wind and temperature analyses using WSR-88D radar data. This paper describes significant changes made to convert VDRAS from a research tool to a real-time analysis system and presents results of low-level wind and temperature analysis using operational radar data. In order to produce continuous analyses with time, VDRAS was implemented with a cycling procedure, in which the analysis from the previous cycle is used as a first guess and background for the next cycle. Other enhancements in this real-time system include direct assimilation of data on constant elevation angle levels, addition of mesonet observations, inclusion of an analysis background term, and continuous updating of lateral boundary conditions. An observed case of a line of storms and strong outflow is used to examine the performance of the real-time analysis system and its sensitivity to various system changes. The quality of the analysis for this case is examined by comparing the subsequent 90-min forecast with the observed radial velocity. It is shown that the forecast initialized using the VDRAS analysis outperforms persistence and a forecast using a mesoscale analysis. The accuracy of the retrieved wind in six convective cases is also verified against automated weather reports from commercial aircraft data. The verification shows an average difference of 3.3 m s−1 over these six cases.
High-contrast modulation of light with light by control of surface plasmon polariton wave coupling (2004)

We have demonstrated a mechanism for modulating light with light by controlling the efficiency with which light is coupled into a plasmon polariton wave. An optical fluence of 15mJ∕cm2 in the control channel is sufficient to achieve nearly a ten-fold intensity modulation of the signal beam reflected from a Glass ∕MgF2∕Ga structure. The mechanism depends on a nanoscale light-induced structural transformation in the gallium layer and has transient switching times of the order of a few tens of nanoseconds. It offers high modulation contrast for signals in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges.
A periodic burst injection method for deriving rotor position in saturated cage-salient induction motors without a shaft encoder (1999)

This paper describes a new method for estimating the incremental rotor position for an induction machine without using a shaft sensor. The method assumes a saturated induction motor having an engineered cage saliency spanning one pole pitch. The voltage-source inverter driving the machine is also used to inject a high-frequency signal which is needed to detect position. The paper discusses two ways in which this can be achieved. This method has been proven successful with a loaded machine at low speeds and overcomes problems associated with saturation.
Interleukin-32 Gamma Specific Monoclonal Antibody and Developing IL-32 Specific ELISA (2010)

Cytokines are essential coordinators of defensive immune responses for resolving the invasion of pathogens such as bacteria, virus, and fungi. However, dysregulated cytokines are the main cause of various autoinflammatory immune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a recently described cytokine and characterized as a proinflammatory cytokine. IL-32 stimulates monocytes and macrophages to induce important proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) and chemokines (IL-8 and MIP-2) by activating the NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. The biological activities of IL-32 are associated with epidemic pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza A virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). IL-32 is transcribed as six alternative splice variants (α, β, γ, δ, ɛ, and ζ), with IL-32γ being the most active isoform. However, it is unclear which isoform is related to specific disease activities since there are no high quality antibodies available to measure circulating IL-32 in biological samples of patients. Therefore, we developed specific anti-human IL-32γ monoclonal antibodies from recombinant human IL-32γ, which was expressed in Escherichia coli. The IL-32γ specific monoclonal antibodies recognized IL-32 in cell culture supernatants and serum of IL-32γ transgenic mice. The newly developed IL-32γ monoclonal antibodies will be a useful tool to measure IL-32 level in serum samples of various inflammatory diseases. These monoclonal antibodies will be helpful in investigating the precise function of IL-32 in immune responses and in autoinflammatory diseases.
Determination of Sulfide in Brain Tissue by Gas Dialysis/Ion Chromatography: Postmortem Studies and Two Case Reports (1989)

An analytical method for the determination of sulfide in human and rat brain is described. It utilizes a continuous flow gas dialysis pretreatment and quantitation by ion chromatography with electrochemical detection. Rat brain sulfide levels were reliably measured after fatal intoxication by intraperitoneal injection of NaHS. By expeditious analysis of samples it was possible to demonstrate the presence of endogenous levels of sulfide in both rat and human brain as well as to measure elevated brain levels of sulfide after intoxication. In postmortem rat brain tissue, elevated sulfide levels could still be reliably demonstrated 96 h after death if the bodies had been refrigerated at 4 degrees C. Two case studies of human hydrogen sulfide inhalation fatalities are presented. The described method was able to measure significantly elevated sulfide levels in both cases.
Production of Carbon 14-Labeled Fumonisin in Liquid Culture (1994)

Abstract A method for the production and purification of radiolabeled fumonisin that involves the addition of 14C-acetate to liquid cultures of Fusarium moniliforme in shake flasks is reported. Stable isotope 13C labeling studies were carried out using specifically enriched acetate and several amino acids to determine the location of labeled carbon atoms in the radiolabeled fumonisin that was also produced (650 μCi/mmol). These experiments determined that the 14C was distributed throughout the molecule making it useful for studies of fumonisin residues in animal products. Additionally, the 13C studies indicated that the biosynthesis of fumonisin involves the addition of methionine, glutarate, and serine or alanine to the hydrocarbon backbone. These data best fit the hypothesis that this backbone is polyketide in origin as opposed to being a modified lipid.
Linear temperature sensors in high-voltage GaN-HEMT power devices (2016)

This work presents a high-voltage GaN-based power HEMT with a highly-linear, monolithically-integrated temperature sensor. The principle is shown and compared to other concepts. The sensor is fabricated by using a interconnect metallization without additional process steps. The performance of the sensor as well as of the power device is characterized. The 600 V power device achieves an on-state resistance of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> = 55 mO at a corresponding drain current I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> = 30 A and an advanced dynamic performance with a low gate charge of 20 nC.
Global gene expression analysis in time series following N-acetyl L-cysteine induced epithelial differentiation of human normal and cancer cells in vitro (2005)

NAC induces a limited and transient early response followed by a more consistent and extensively different expression at later time points in both the normal and cancer cell lines investigated. The responses are largely related to inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of differentiation in both cell types but are almost completely lineage specific. ID-1 is indicated as an early mediator of NAC action.
Preterm birth among African American and white women: a multilevel analysis of socioeconomic characteristics and cigarette smoking (2003)

Cigarette smoking was associated with preterm delivery, especially among African Americans. Adverse neighbourhood conditions had an influence on preterm delivery beyond that of cigarette smoking. The effects of some neighbourhood characteristics were different depending on individual socioeconomic status. Examining socioeconomic and behavioural/biological risk factors together may increase understanding of the complex causes of preterm delivery.
Improved foreign gene expression in plants using a virus‐encoded suppressor of RNA silencing modified to be developmentally harmless (2010)

Endeavours to obtain elevated and prolonged levels of foreign gene expression in plants are often hampered by the onset of RNA silencing that negatively affects target gene expression. Plant virus-encoded suppressors of RNA silencing are useful tools for counteracting silencing but their wide applicability in transgenic plants is limited because their expression often causes harmful developmental effects. We hypothesized that a previously characterized tombusvirus P19 mutant (P19/R43W), typified by reduced symptomatic effects while maintaining the ability to sequester short-interfering RNAs, could be used to suppress virus-induced RNA silencing without the concomitant developmental effects. To investigate this, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana was used to evaluate the ability of P19/R43W to enhance heterologous gene expression. Although less potent than wt-P19, P19/R43W was an effective suppressor when used to enhance protein expression from either a traditional T-DNA expression cassette or using the CPMV-HT expression system. Stable transformation of N. benthamiana yielded plants that expressed detectable levels of P19/R43W that was functional as a suppressor. Transgenic co-expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and P19/R43W also showed elevated accumulation of GFP compared with the levels found in the absence of a suppressor. In all cases, transgenic expression of P19/R43W caused no or minimal morphological defects and plants produced normal-looking flowers and fertile seed. We conclude that the expression of P19/R43W is developmentally harmless to plants while providing a suitable platform for transient or transgenic overexpression of value-added genes in plants with reduced hindrance by RNA silencing.
Portable Technology Puts Real-time Automated Mineralogy on the Well Site (2013)

Abstract With the growing interest in the using hydraulically fracturing reservoirs both in main land USA and now globally, there has been a growing need to better characterize the reservoir to maximize hydrocarbon recovery while also reducing the overall cost in the recovery of the hydrocarbon. With current fracc-ing regimes relying on a large number of stages to ensure maximum recovery, which in many cases leads to upwards of 30% of these stages being unproductive. This reduces the overall profitability of well even with maximum hydrocarbon recovery. With the ongoing development of automated mineralogy tools, such as the RoqSCAN, there is now the ability to characterize a reservoir at the well-site in real-time and also rapidly in a laboratory. In this paper we will review the current development of these mobile and ruggedized instruments using a real life project for Eagleridge Energy LLC, on their Burgess lateral well. The paper will show the application of automated mineralogical analysis of cuttings samples pre-drilling in defining stratigratic zones via mineralogy/elemental data. And then explore the application of the same data to assist, and in this case lead, the decision making process during directional drilling of the lateral well. The paper will also look at the use of the technology in defining tactical fracc-ing zone based on rock properties (e.g. ductility) determined from the mineralogical, elemental and textural data. This paper will show that through the use of automated mineralogical instruments, such as the RoqSCAN, companies can pro-actively steer wells by identifying mineral changes within lateral borehole, indicating a deviation from the target zone. Additionally, this type of technology can be used to reactively steer by it ability to rapidly identification subsurface changes, such as unknown (undetected) faults. Finally the paper will show that through through the better characterization of this reservoir companies can reduce the risk accociated with the drilling of expensive lateral wells.
A double-interdigitated GTO switch (1984)

This work presents the basic structure and operation principles of a novel power switch: the electrothermally failure-safe double-interdigitated GTO thyristor. The 4 × 4 mm area test devices packed into TO-220 cases, fabricated according to the design guidelines outlined in this work, exhibited the following many-fold advantages over their conventionally interdigitated counterparts of the same class (identical device area and case): an 80-percent boost in the value of I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ATO</inf> , an enhanced value of the turn-off gain K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</inf> ; fast turn-off and high reverse-blocking capability; higher gains K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</inf> at reduced turn-off × a reasonable forward voltage drop; and an enhanced electrothermal reliability, translated into failure-safe operation at high commutation frequencies. These unique features are accompanied by high turn-on sensitivity and immunity to noise (high <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dV/dt</tex> capability). These unique features that the developed GTO switch is endowed with are inherent to a new gate-cathode concept with two interdigitation levels (TIL). The foremost merit of the TIL pattern consists in the novel way in which wide interdigitated fingers produce effects typical of narrow-finger design. It is noteworthy that the technology for fabrication of the low-cost and unsophisticated double-interdigitated pattern is self-aligned.
Fault predictive diagnosis of wind turbine based on LM arithmetic of Artificial Neural Network theory (2011)

This paper analyses the main fault factors on wind turbine, and presents three general faults: gear box fault, leeway system fault and generator fault. After the analysis and research of the basic principle of Back-Propagation Neural Network based on LM arithmetic, a three-layer Back-Propagation Network faults predictive diagnosis model is built. Data from two wind turbines are used to test the effectiveness of this method.
Improving ZigBee Networks Robustness with Multi-channel Capability (2009)

Based on IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee is developed for low-power and low-data-rate wireless communication and it is building up remarkable position for wireless sensor network (WSN). As ZigBee is using the 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) unlicensed frequency band, coexistence issues arise as there are also other wireless technologies sharing the same band, such as 802.11b/g WiFi, Bluetooth, cordless phones and even microwave ovens. Due to the low transmission power, ZigBee is potentially vulnerable to the interference introduced by these technologies rather than vice versa. Therefore, it is desirable to improve the robustness of ZigBee networks. As WiFi is widely deployed and often collocated with ZigBee networks in applications, such as hospitals and home buildings, we take WiFi as the main interference source and work on finding solutions to enhance the robustness of ZigBee networks under WiFi as well as other interferences. To improve the robustness of ZigBee networks, a feature called frequency agility is specified in the ZigBee standard. We found, however, some inadequacies in the standard that needs to be improved before the frequency agility can function well in practice as it is supposed to do. A better periodical window method is proposed to improve the detection time to interference. Besides, in case that there is only a part of the whole network suffering from some local interference, it is neither necessary for the whole network to move to a new idle channel because this movement is costly and risky, nor possible to find an idle channel for the whole network to move to. Therefore, we extend the frequency agility function by enabling a single ZigBee network to work on multiple channels. As some local interference appears, the part of the network which is under the interference can move to a new idle channel while maintaining the communication links with the other part of the network which stays on the original channel and the moved part can move back to the original channel when the interference disappears. OPNET simulations shows that our multi-channel solution can significantly improve the robustness of ZigBee networks in a cost-efficient way.