gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1989)

In a series of 157 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 46 (29%) developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. In five patients, CMV retinitis was the initial AIDS-defining opportunistic infection (11% of patients with CMV retinitis and 3% of patients with AIDS). Retinal detachments developed in seven patients (15%) and in four were present before the institution of ganciclovir therapy. Bilateral CMV retinitis was present in 35% of patients at presentation and subsequently developed in nine (60%) of 15 patients while not being treated with ganciclovir. Conversely, none of 18 patients with unilateral disease developed bilateral disease while receiving ganciclovir. Of patients treated with ganciclovir for their CMV retinitis, 81% had a response to the drug, and 61% achieved a complete response, resulting in a nonprogressive and inactive scar. Patients who achieved a complete response with ganciclovir had a significantly longer survival than those who did not, suggesting greater immune compromise in those patients who failed to respond to ganciclovir.
An antigen-specific, four-color, B-cell FluoroSpot assay utilizing tagged antigens for detection (2016)

The FluoroSpot assay, a variant of ELISpot utilizing fluorescent detection, has so far been used primarily for assessment of T cells, where simultaneous detection of several cytokines has allowed a more qualitative analysis of functionally distinct T cells. The potential to measure multiple analytes also presents several advantages when analyzing B cells. Our aim was to develop a B-cell FluoroSpot assay adaptable to studies of a variety of antigens. The assay utilizes anti-IgG antibodies immobilized in 96-well filter membrane plates. During cell culture, IgG antibodies secreted by antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are captured in the vicinity of each of these cells and the specificity of single ASCs is defined using antigens for detection. The antigens were labeled with biotin or peptide tags enabling secondary detection with fluorophore-conjugated streptavidin or tag-specific antibodies. The assay, utilizing up to four different tag systems and fluorophores simultaneously, was evaluated using hybridomas and immunized splenocytes as ASCs. Assay variants were developed that could: i) identify multiple ASCs with different antigen specificities; ii) detect ASCs showing cross-reactivity with different but related antigens; and iii) define the antigen-specificity and, by including anti-IgG subclass detection reagents, simultaneously determine the IgG subclass of antibodies secreted by ASCs. As demonstrated here, the B-cell FluoroSpot assay using tag-based detection systems provides a versatile and powerful tool to investigate antibody responses by individual cells that can be readily adapted to studies of a variety of antigen-specific ASCs.
<title>Polarization-sensitive thermal imaging sensors for target discrimination</title> (1998)

Physics Innovations Inc. has developed polarization- sensitive imaging sensors with high-spatial resolution. In this paper we describe methods where video frames are captured and processed into images of the target's temperature distribution and the target's 3D shape and orientation. We demonstrate that the two angles describing surface orientation can be determined for every point on a target. For all targets in the field of view, their geometric shapes and temperatures can be determined simultaneously. With high-speed signal processing, high- resolution polarimetric data can be captured and displayed in real time and at video frequency.
Isolated character recognition by searching feature points (2005)

Conventional segmentation technique cannot extract difficult characters such as an isolated character and a touching character. In this paper, we propose a novel character recognition method which executes segmentation and recognition simultaneously. This method enables us to extract and recognize such difficult characters. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by experiments.
Insect Myotropic Peptides (1991)

In the early 1980's, dramatic improvements in both peptide isolation technology and the instrumentation for structural characterization resulted in an avalanche of new insect neuropeptide structures. Of the 50-60 known structures, about half exhibit effects on the contractile activity of insect visceral muscle at physiological concentrations. This report describes the strategies and tactics that were utilized to successfully isolate, purify, and structurally characterize this group of insect neuropeptides.
Pump pulse width and temperature effects in lithium niobate for efficient THz generation (2013)

We present a study on THz generation in lithium niobate pumped by a powerful and versatile Yb:CaF(2) laser. The unique laser system delivers transform-limited pulses of variable duration (0.38-0.65 ps) with pulse energies up to 15 mJ and center wavelength of 1030 nm. From previous theoretical investigations, it is expected that such laser parameters are ideally suited for efficient THz generation. Here, we present experimental results on both the conversion efficiency and the THz spectral shape for variable pump pulse durations and for different crystal temperatures, down to 25 K. We experimentally verify the optimum pump parameters for the most efficient and broadband THz generation.
Identification and Characterization of a Monofunctional Glycosyltransferase from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2001)

A gene (mgt) encoding a monofunctional glycosyltransferase (MGT) from Staphylococcus aureus has been identified. This first reported gram-positive MGT shared significant homology with several MGTs from gram-negative bacteria and the N-terminal glycosyltransferase domain of class A high-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins from different species. S. aureus MGT contained an N-terminal hydrophobic domain perhaps involved with membrane association. It was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as a truncated protein lacking the hydrophobic domain and purified to homogeneity. Analysis by circular dichroism revealed that secondary structural elements of purified truncated S. aureus MGT were consistent with predicted structural elements, indicating that the protein might exhibit the expected folding. In addition, purified S. aureus MGT catalyzed incorporation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into peptidoglycan, proving that it was enzymatically active. MGT activity was inhibited by moenomycin A, and the reaction product was sensitive to lysozyme treatment. Moreover, a protein matching the calculated molecular weight of S. aureus MGT was identified from an S. aureus cell lysate using antibodies developed against purified MGT. Taken together, our results suggest that this enzyme is natively present in S. aureus cells and that it may play a role in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
Robust design evolution and impact of In-Cylinder Pressure Sensors to combustion control and optimization : a systems and strategy perspective (2008)

In-Cylinder Pressure Sensors (ICPS) today are close to satisfying the robustness, performance and cost requirements for application to closed loop control and monitoring of production automotive engines. Using the Robust Design framework as a compass, this thesis first checks the evidence for emergence followed by tracking the evolution of the sensor component itself and its application to robust closed loop control of the combustion process in internal combustion engines. After identifying the potential system level impact of the emerging ICPS technology, System Dynamic and Technology Strategy frameworks are used to find spillover triggers and to recommend a number of strategic options to generate and capture value for integrated system solution providers so that they can beat the very stable status quo that persists in the slow and mature prime mover industries. In addition, Chapter 2 gives a data driven method for identifying the Skills needed for suppliers to realize the above recommendations. This method is based on collective intelligence of 690 experienced professionals with 20 years of work experience on average from 40 targeted companies, representing a large body of engineering and managerial experience in battling complex engineering system hurdles. This approach is more effective than blindly copying the prominent integrated system solution providers or OEM’s, because a side effect of long term incremental innovation in the mature prime mover industry is that the underlying reasons for their success is ingrained in their ”tacit knowledge” and ”organizational furniture” and hence not explicitly understood. Thesis Supervisor: Dan Frey Title: Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Systems, MIT Thesis Supervisor: Michael A. M. Davies Title: Professor of Technology Strategy, MIT
Validated methods for the quantiﬁcation of biologically active constituents of poplar‐type propolis (2004)

The validation of rapid, low-cost spectrophotometric procedures for the quantification of the three main groups of bioactive substances (flavones and flavonols, flavanones and dihydroflavonols, and total phenolics) in poplar-type propolis has been performed. A spectrophotometric assay based on the formation of an aluminium chloride complex was applied for the quantification of total flavones and flavonols using galangin as standard. Because of the high amount of flavanones and dihydroflavonols in "poplar type" propolis, the introduction of a distinct procedure for their quantification was considered of special significance and the DAB9 colorimetric method was applied for the purpose. Total phenolic content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure using a mixture of pinocembrin and galangin as a reference. The procedures were validated using a model mixture of compounds representing the poplar-type propolis composition as found in previous studies. The accuracy (recovery) varied in the range 84-109%, and the relative standard deviation was 0.5-6.2%. The developed spectrophotometric procedures were applied to six poplar type propolis samples. The results were verified independently by a HPLC procedure. The two sets of results agreed satisfactory, as proven by Student's t-test.
Optical transmission analysis of nano-hole arrays as a function of angle of incident light (2010)

In this paper, we present the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) analysis on the optical transmission of nano-hole arrays illuminated at various incident angles relative to the normal to the plane of the array.
Glucose deprivation increases monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression and MCT1-dependent tumor cell migration (2013)

The glycolytic end-product lactate is a pleiotropic tumor growth-promoting factor. Its activities primarily depend on its uptake, a process facilitated by the lactate-proton symporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). Therefore, targeting the transporter or its chaperon protein CD147/basigin, itself involved in the aggressive malignant phenotype, is an attractive therapeutic option for cancer, but basic information is still lacking regarding the regulation of the expression, interaction and activities of both proteins. In this study, we found that glucose deprivation dose-dependently upregulates MCT1 and CD147 protein expression and their interaction in oxidative tumor cells. While this posttranslational induction could be recapitulated using glycolysis inhibition, hypoxia, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor rotenone or hydrogen peroxide, it was blocked with alternative oxidative substrates and specific antioxidants, pointing out at a mitochondrial control. Indeed, we found that the stabilization of MCT1 and CD147 proteins upon glucose removal depends on mitochondrial impairment and the associated generation of reactive oxygen species. When glucose was a limited resource (a situation occurring naturally or during the treatment of many tumors), MCT1-CD147 heterocomplexes accumulated, including in cell protrusions of the plasma membrane. It endowed oxidative tumor cells with increased migratory capacities towards glucose. Migration increased in cells overexpressing MCT1 and CD147, but it was inhibited in glucose-starved cells provided with an alternative oxidative fuel, treated with an antioxidant, lacking MCT1 expression, or submitted to pharmacological MCT1 inhibition. While our study identifies the mitochondrion as a glucose sensor promoting tumor cell migration, MCT1 is also revealed as a transducer of this response, providing a new rationale for the use of MCT1 inhibitors in cancer.
Gas permeation through water‐swollen polysaccharide/poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes (2004)

Abstract The effect of Na‐alginate content on the gas permeation properties of water‐swollen membranes prepared by varying Na‐alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) content in membranes was investigated. The influences of water content and crystallinity of the membranes on the gas permeation performance of the water‐swollen membranes were studied. The gas permeation rate and selectivity of Na‐alginate/PVA water‐swollen membranes were compared with those of the dry membranes. The permeation rates of nitrogen and carbon dioxide through water‐swollen membranes were in the range of 0.4–7.6 × 10 −7 to 3.7–8.5 × 10 −6 cm 3 (STP)/cm 2 s −1 cmHg −1 , which were 10,000 times higher than those of dry‐state membranes. The permeation rates of mixture gases through water‐swollen Na‐alginate/PVA membranes were found to increase exponentially with the increase of Na‐alginate content, whereas carbon dioxide concentration in permeates was decreased linearly. It was found that the gas permeance of the water‐swollen membranes increased with increasing the Na‐alginate content in the membrane. Gas permeation rates of the water‐swollen Na‐alginate/PVA membranes increased with increasing the water content in the membrane and decreasing the crystallinity of the membrane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3225–3232, 2004
Brambuk living cultural centre: Indigenous culture and the production of place (2002)

The article examines the production of tourist space in relation to Brambuk, an Aboriginal cultural centre in Victoria, Australia. In doing so, it draws on Tim Edensor’s discussion of heterogeneous and enclavic spaces, and the narratives of staff and visitors at the cultural centre. The article demonstrates the positive outcomes of heterogeneous space and the limitations of enclavic space for indigenous people seeking to represent themselves within the tourist domain. This exploration produces critical commentary about a range of subjects, including Aboriginal involvement in cultural tourism and visitor responses to Aboriginal cultural centres, both of which are underresearched fields of inquiry. In addition, the significance of indigenous ownership to the representation of Aboriginality in the tourist domain is noted.
Clinical and epidemiological studies on a 47kD Plasmodium falciparum antigen. (1990)

Sera were taken at random intervals from a Japanese patient during the acute to convalescent phases of falciparum malaria. Western blotting study revealed that the 47kD antigenic polypeptide of the parasite was strongly presented by the sera taken during the acute phase of the infection, while the 47kD band became faint as the phase progressed, and serum taken 2 months after the onset of the disease was only weakly reactive to the molecule. During the observation period, the indirect fluorescent antibody titer invariably persisted at 1 : 256. The reactivity of the serum samples taken at hypo, meso and hyperendemic localities in Sudan was tested by the same method. Regardless of the endemic backgrounds, sera from examinees with currently existing parasitemia or high antibody titers measured by an avidin biotin peroxidase complex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ABC-ELISA), reacted to the 47kD antigenic polypeptide, whereas low-titered sera did not present the 47kD band. Some high-titered sera from the meso or hyperendemic locality showed no reactivity to the 47kD antigen. It was presumed that the high antibody titer of this group was a reflection of accumulated past malaria infections but not of currently active malaria or recent past infection. The 47kD molecule is a useful parasite antigenic polypeptide in terms of defining present and/or recent past infection in the serological survey of malaria.
Signal Analysis and Prediction (1998)

This book surveys the latest information concerning methods of time-frequency and time-scale signal analysis, higher order statistics in signal processing, selected methods of signal identification, nonlinear modeling by neural networks, fuzzy-rule based systems, and methods of signal prediction and noise rejection. Many chapters include Matlab examples and visualizations.
Hypoxia Extends the Life Span of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Telomerase Activation (2001)

Chronic hypoxia induces smooth muscle cell proliferation and vessel wall remodeling in the vasculature of the lung. One well-characterized component of the hypoxic response is transcriptional activation of genes encoding vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) mitogens. We report here that chronic hypoxia can also prolong the growth of human VSMC by inducing telomerase activity and telomere stabilization. We demonstrate that hypoxia induced phosphorylation of the telomerase catalytic component (TERT) and sustained high levels of TERT protein expression in VSMC compared to normoxia. Furthermore, inhibition of telomerase shortened cell life span in hypoxic cultures, whereas constitutive expression of TERT extended the life span of cells under normoxic conditions. Our data indicate that hypoxic induction of telomerase activity could be involved in long-term growth of VSMC and may thus contribute to human vascular disorders.
Integration Of A Micro Liquid Chromatograph Onto A Silicon Chip (2005)

A novel concept for small volume liquid chromatography is presented. Using micromachining techniques, a planar silicon structure containing the channel system has been fabricated. A split injector, a packed small-bore column, a frit and an optical detector cell were integrated onto a silicon chip, covered by a glass chip and another silicon optical fibre positioning unit. The overall size of the assembled inicrostructure is 4.5 x 25 x 0.75 mm. The separation column volume is 0.5 /spl mu/L, and the critical extra-column dead volumes on the chip are below 2.5 nL. The smallest defined connection elements have volumes of 59 femtoliters. Theoretical considerations predict reasonable separation efficiencies and low mobile phase consumption in fast analysis times. A separation of fluorescein and acridine orange yielded a maximum of 200 theoretical plates in 3 minutes.
Solid supports and catalysts in organic synthesis (1993)

Part 1 Structures and nature of solids used as supports/catalysts: inorganic supports and catalysts - an overview organic supports - an overview. Part 2 Traditional organic reactions aided by solid supports or catalysts: reactions assisted by amorphous inorganic solids - a survey reactions assisted by clays and other lamellar solids - a survey zeolite assisted organic synthesis - a survey reactions involving polymeric resins - a survey solid-phase peptide synthesis solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis immobilized biocatalysts hydrogenation and hydrogenation catalysts designing micro-reactions - a personal account microwave activation of reactions on inorganic solid supports.
Orchestra: A User Space Multi-Variant Execution Environment (2008)

In a Multi-Variant Execution Environment (MVEE), several slightly different versions of the same program are executed in lockstep. While this is done, the environment compares the behavior of each version at certain synchronization points with the aim of increasing resilience against attacks. Traditionally, the monitoring component of MVEEs has been implemented as an OS kernel extension, which monitors the behavior of the different instances of the application from inside the kernel. As a result, the monitor becomes a part of the trusted code base for the entire system, greatly increasing the potential repercussions of vulnerabilities in the monitor itself. We describe a MVEE architecture in which the monitor is implemented entirely in user space, eliminating the need for kernel modifications. We have implemented a fully functioning MVEE based on the proposed architecture and benchmark numbers show that the performance penalty of the MVEE on a dual-core system averages about 20% Despite major efforts by software vendors to secure networked desktop and server systems,
Copper(II)- and gold(III)-mediated cyclization of a thiourea to a substituted 2-aminobenzothiazole (2017)

Benzothiazole derivatives are a class of privileged molecules due to their biological activity and pharmaceutical applications. One route to these molecules is via intramolecular cyclization of thioureas to form substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles, but this often requires harsh conditions or employs expensive metal catalysts. Herein, the copper(II)- and gold(III)-mediated cyclizations of thioureas to substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles are reported. The single-crystal X-ray structures of the thiourea N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N'-(pyridin-2-yl)thiourea, C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>13</sub>N<sub>3</sub>OS, and the intermediate metal complexes aquabis[5-methoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine-κN<sup>3</sup>]copper(II) dinitrate, [Cu(C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>3</sub>OS)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)](NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and bis{2-[(5-methoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)amino]pyridin-1-ium} dichloridogold(I) chloride monohydrate, (C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>3</sub>OS)<sub>2</sub>[AuCl<sub>2</sub>]Cl·H<sub>2</sub>O, are reported. The copper complex exhibits a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, with direct metal-to-benzothiazole-ligand coordination, while the gold complex is a salt containing the protonated uncoordinated benzothiazole, and offers evidence that metal reduction (in this case, Au<sup>III</sup> to Au<sup>I</sup>) is required for the cyclization to proceed. As such, this study provides further mechanistic insight into the role of the metal cations in these transformations.
Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract (2005)

At coitus, human sperm are deposited into the anterior vagina, where, to avoid vaginal acid and immune responses, they quickly contact cervical mucus and enter the cervix. Cervical mucus filters out sperm with poor morphology and motility and as such only a minority of ejaculated sperm actually enter the cervix. In the uterus, muscular contractions may enhance passage of sperm through the uterine cavity. A few thousand sperm swim through the uterotubal junctions to reach the Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes, oviducts) where sperm are stored in a reservoir, or at least maintained in a fertile state, by interacting with endosalpingeal (oviductal) epithelium. As the time of ovulation approaches, sperm become capacitated and hyperactivated, which enables them to proceed towards the tubal ampulla. Sperm may be guided to the oocyte by a combination of thermotaxis and chemotaxis. Motility hyperactivation assists sperm in penetrating mucus in the tubes and the cumulus oophorus and zona pellucida of the oocyte, so that they may finally fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane. Knowledge of the biology of sperm transport can inspire improvements in artificial insemination, IVF, the diagnosis of infertility and the development of contraceptives.