gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3-Chloro-2-propeniminium-salze (vinyloge Amidchloride) als vorteilhafte Synthesebausteine der organischen Chemie (1979)

The easily available 3-chloropropeniminium salts have recently attained synthetic importance as versatile synthons. As 1,3-bifunctional electrophilic systems, they react easily with different nucleophilic reagents to form numerous acylic and, in particular, heterocyclic compounds. 1. Synthesen von 3-Chloro-propeniminium-salzen 2. Reaktionen der 3-Chloro-2-propeniminium-salze 2.1. Reaktionen mit nucleophilen Sauerstoff-Verbindungen 2.2. Reaktionen mit nucleophilen Schwefel- bzw. Selen-Verbindungen 2.3. Reaktionen mit Aminen 2.4. Reaktionen mit nucleophilen Kohlenstoff-Verbindungen 2.5. Reaktionen mit bifunktionellen Nucleophilen 2.5.1. Synthesen von 5-Ring-Heterocyclen 2.5.2. Synthesen von 6-Ring-Heterocyclen 2.5.3. Synthesen von 7-Ring-Heterocyclen
An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) (2020)

The basic reproduction number of an infectious agent is the average number of infections one case can generate over the course of the infectious period, in a naïve, uninfected population. It is well-known that the estimation of this number may vary due to several methodological issues, including different assumptions and choice of parameters, utilized models, used datasets and estimation period. With the spreading of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection, the reproduction number has been found to vary, reflecting the dynamics of transmission of the coronavirus outbreak as well as the case reporting rate. Due to significant variations in the control strategies, which have been changing over time, and thanks to the introduction of detection technologies that have been rapidly improved, enabling to shorten the time from infection/symptoms onset to diagnosis, leading to faster confirmation of the new coronavirus cases, our previous estimations on the transmission risk of the 2019-nCoV need to be revised. By using time-dependent contact and diagnose rates, we refit our previously proposed dynamics transmission model to the data available until January 29th<sup>,</sup> 2020 and re-estimated the effective daily reproduction ratio that better quantifies the evolution of the interventions. We estimated when the effective daily reproduction ratio has fallen below 1 and when the epidemics will peak. Our updated findings suggest that the best measure is persistent and strict self-isolation. The epidemics will continue to grow, and can peak soon with the peak time depending highly on the public health interventions practically implemented.
Rare germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene are associated with early-onset prostate cancer (2007)

Studies of families who segregate BRCA2 mutations have found that men who carry disease-associated mutations have an increased risk of prostate cancer, particularly early-onset disease. A study of sporadic prostate cancer in the UK reported a prevalence of 2.3% for protein-truncating BRCA2 mutations among patients diagnosed at ages < or =55 years, highlighting the potential importance of this gene in prostate cancer susceptibility. To examine the role of protein-truncating BRCA2 mutations in relation to early-onset prostate cancer in a US population, 290 population-based patients from King County, Washington, diagnosed at ages <55 years were screened for germline BRCA2 mutations. The coding regions, intron-exon boundaries, and potential regulatory elements of the BRCA2 gene were sequenced. Two distinct protein-truncating BRCA2 mutations were identified in exon 11 in two patients. Both cases were Caucasian, yielding a mutation prevalence of 0.78% (95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.09-2.81%) and a relative risk (RR) of 7.8 (95%CI 1.8-9.4) for early-onset prostate cancer in white men carrying a protein-truncating BRCA2 mutation. Results suggest that protein-truncating BRCA2 mutations confer an elevated RR of early-onset prostate cancer. However, we estimate that <1% of early-onset prostate cancers in the general US Caucasian population can be attributed to these rare disease-associated BRCA2 mutations.
Hyper Redundant Active Endoscope for Minimally Invasive Surgery. (1998)

Newly advanced active endoscope named “Hyper Endoscope” with hyper redundant degrees of freedom for future minimally invasive surgery in the abdominal cavity is developed. The first prototype of Hyper Endoscope equipped with several “Active Universal Joints”driven by miniature cybernetic actuators is constructed and controlled successfully. In order to achieve force sensational control of hyper endoscope, a micro master slave control system with force feedback is verified by introducing “dither” technique. This system is very useful for remote surgery as well as laparoscopic surgery.
Experiences of Test Automation: Case Studies of Software Test Automation (2012)

Software test automation has moved beyond a luxury to become a necessity. Applications and systems have grown ever larger and more complex, and manual testing simply cannot keep up. As technology changes, and more organizations move into agile development, testing must adaptand quickly. Test automation is essential, but poor automation is wastefulhow do you know where your efforts will take you? Authors Dorothy Graham and Mark Fewster wrote the fields seminal text, Software Test Automation, which has guided many organizations toward success. Now, in Experiences of Test Automation, they reveal test automation at work in a wide spectrum of organizations and projects, from complex government systems to medical devices, SAP business process development to Android mobile apps and cloud migrations. This book addresses both management and technical issues, describing failures and successes, brilliant ideas and disastrous decisions and, above all, offers specific lessons you can use. Coverage includes Test automation in agile development How management support can make or break successful automation The importance of a good testware architecture and abstraction levels Measuring benefits and Return on Investment (ROI) Management issues, including skills, planning, scope, and expectations Model-Based Testing (MBT), monkey testing, and exploratory test automation The importance of standards, communication, documentation, and flexibility in enterprise-wide automation Automating support activities Which tests to automate, and what not to automate Hidden costs of automation: maintenance and failure analysis The right objectives for test automation: why finding bugs may not be a good objective Highlights, consisting of lessons learned, good points, and helpful tips Experiences of Test Automation will be invaluable to everyone considering, implementing, using, or managing test automation. Testers, analysts, developers, automators and automation architects, test managers, project managers, QA professionals, and technical directors will all benefit from reading this book.
Birth Trauma and the Pelvic Floor: Lessons from the Developing World (1999)

Urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse are common stigmatizing conditions that afflict women far more often than they afflict men. It has been suggested that childbirth is the most likely factor to explain this great epidemiologic discrepancy between the sexes. Because the widespread availability of high-quality obstetric care through-out the industrialized world has led to precipitous drops in maternal mortality during the 20th century, many of the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which such injuries might arise are not as obvious as they were in times past. It is suggested that by looking at obstetric complications in the developing world, where the natural history of unrelieved obstructed labor is most obvious, it may be possible to shed new light on the pathophysiology of childbirth injury and its relationship to incontinence and prolapse. The spectrum of childbirth injuries resulting from obstructed labor in developing countries is surveyed, and the potential relevance of these findings to the more subtle forms of pelvic floor dysfunction seen in Western women is discussed.
An approach to incremental SVM learning algorithm (2002)

The classification algorithm that is based on a support vector machine (SVM) is now attracting more attention, due to its perfect theoretical properties and good empirical results. In this paper, we first analyze the properties of the support vector (SV) set thoroughly, then introduce a new learning method, which extends the SVM classification algorithm to the incremental learning area. The theoretical basis of this algorithm is the classification equivalence of the SV set and the training set. In this algorithm, knowledge is accumulated in the process of incremental learning. In addition, unimportant samples are discarded optimally by a least-recently used (LRU) scheme. Theoretical analyses and experimental results showed that this algorithm could not only speed up the training process, but it could also reduce the storage costs, while the classification precision is also guaranteed.
Predictive Current Control of a Voltage Source Inverter (2007)

This paper presents a predictive current control method and its application to a voltage source inverter. The method uses a discrete-time model of the system to predict the future value of the load current for all possible voltage vectors generated by the inverter. The voltage vector which minimizes a quality function is selected. The quality function used in this work evaluates the current error at the next sampling time. The performance of the proposed predictive control method is compared with hysteresis and pulsewidth modulation control. The results show that the predictive method controls very effectively the load current and performs very well compared with the classical solutions
Object Shape Retrieval through Grasp Exploration. (2009)

Abstract—In this work we developed methods for object shape retrieval using 3D data acquired from grasp exploration. The data is acquired from an electromagnetic motion tracking device using one sensor on the thumb and another one on the index fingertip to track the fingers movements around the object to reach its shape. Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) is used for points clustering and outliers removal. Through GMM is possible to detect features like eigenvalues to represent each shape (e.g. sphere, cylinder and plane) as presented by [11]. We classify the object shape based on a learning phase that is used as likelihood in a Bayesian model. After recovering the shape of the object by a probabilistic approach we use least square minimization to find its orientation and scale for its representation. We are also starting a work with stereo camera that aims acquiring visual information for data fusion (e.g. vision and grasp exploration) to achieve 3D object reconstruction for a future work. To reach data fusion from different sensors a calibration step is necessary to represent a set of 3D points from a reference frame to another one. In this paper we also present some results regarding the calibration between stereo camera and electromagnetic motion tracking device. I.
Spatial Modulation Link Adaptation: a Deep Learning Approach (2019)

Spatial Modulation (SM) offers a good balance between energy and spectral efficiency of interest for next generation networks. This, together with the need for only one Radio Frequency (RF) chain, makes SM a good proposal for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this work, we present a method based on Deep Learning to select the optimum Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) in an adaptive SM system. The deep neural network is trained with supervised learning to perform a mapping between the channel conditions and the MCS from a given set. We provide simulations results for a 4 × 4 SM link which uses several coding rates and three different constellations: QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM. Results show how the adaptive system has a throughput close to its maximum value and how the outage probability can be reduced easily by applying a back-off margin to the neural network output.
The formation of ‘optimal’ vortex rings, and the efficiency of propulsion devices (2001)

The formation of an axisymmetric vortex ring by forcing uid impulsively through a pipe is examined. An idealized model of the circulation, impulse and energy provided by the injected plug is developed, and these quantities are equated to the corresponding properties of the class of rings with finite cores described by Norbury (1973). It is shown that, as the length-to-diameter aspect ratio L / D of the plug increases, the size of the core increases in comparison with all the fluid carried along with the ring, until the limiting case of Hill's spherical vortex is reached. For aspect ratios larger than a certain value it is not possible to produce a single ring while conserving circulation, impulse, volume and energy. This implies that the limiting vortex is ‘optimal’ in the sense that it has maximum impulse, circulation and volume for a given energy input. While this matching calculation makes the physical mechanism clear, the L / D ratio that can be achieved in practice is more appropriately taken from the direct experimental measurements of Gharib et al . (1998) who concluded that the limiting value is L / D = 4. This is close to the value found in our calculation.
Investigation of the use of the resonance Raman effect as an environmental monitor (1976)

An essential element in any strategy designed to cope effectively with atmospheric pollution is the development of more sensitive or more convenient methods for determining the concentrations of pollutant gases in ambient air and in emissions from localized sources. One general class of methods for measuring pollutant concentrations makes use of lasers to probe the atmosphere remotely and obtain spectroscopic information about the molecules present in the segment of atmosphere under consideration. In particular, the use of a laser to measure the Raman spectra of molecular constituents remotely seems to offer some promise of being an effective monitor of gaseous pollutants. This scheme, called Raman Lidar, is implemented in a manner analogous to the use of a radar system. A laser transmitter directs a pulsed beam into the atmosphere. By measuring the time between the initial laser pulse and the returning signal, one determines the range of the atmospheric region being monitored. The light coming from this region is spectroscopically analyzed. The Raman spectrum, which is due to transitions between vibrational states of a molecule, is a unique signature for a particular molecular species. Therefore, a measurement of its intensity allows one to determine the concentration of that molecule in the region of interest. Raman Lidar allows one, in principle, to make a three-dimensional map of molecular concentrations in real time with good spatial resolution out to a distance of several kilometers from a fixed transmitter.
Preparation of Polymeric Ultraviolet Stabilizers (1981)

A consideration of conventional ultraviolet stabilizers used to prevent or retard the photooxidation of organic polymers, shows that overall effectiveness is often severely limited by poor long-term performance. This is not, in general, a result of photodecomposition of the stabilizer, but rather of physical loss of the stabilizer from the matrix polymer through diffusion, through extraction or through phase separation processes. The solubility of the stabilizer in the matrix is often less than the minimum effective concentration, leading to stabilizer migration, and exposure to solvents and/or high temperatures in processing or in use can accelerate stabilizer loss. These problems are particularly acute in the stabilization of thin films and coatings. It is primarily the prospect of reduced mobility and volatility, with the expected improvement in long-term performance, which motivates the preparation of polymeric ultraviolet stabilizers. Work in this area was reviewed thoroughly by Bailey and Vogl in 1976 (1), and
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that defines an immunoregulatory T cell subset for immunoglobulin synthesis in humans. (1980)

This study characterizes a monoclonal antibody (3A1), and partially characterizes the cell surface antigen and the functional peripheral blood T cell subset that it defines. The 3A1 antigen is present on the surface of several human T cell lines (HSB-2, CEM, MOLT-4, and others) in various amounts but is absent from the T cell line YT4E and all human B cell lines tested. Immunoprecipitation of an HSB-2 extract with 3A1 yielded one specific band with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 in the presence of reducing agent. With directly fluoresceinated 3A1 antibody, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis showed that 85% of peripheral blood E-rosette-positive T cells were positive for the 3A1 antigen. After E-rosette-positive cells had been separated into 3A1+ and 3A1- cell suspensions, the 3A1+ cells helped autologous peripheral blood B cell suspensions toward pokeweed mitogen-driven proliferation and intracytoplasmic Ig production, whereas 3A1-T cells did not. Further, addition of 3A1- cells from some but not all normal subjects to cocultures of 3A1+ cells and B cells actively suppressed intracytoplasmic Ig production. However, the 3A1+T cell subset could be activated by concanavalin A to maximally suppress B cell Ig synthesis in vitro. Thus, the 3A1 antibody defines a major functional subject of peripheral blood T cells and should provide a useful marker for the study of human T cell function.
Broadband magnetometry by infrared-absorption detection of diamond NV centers (2010)

We demonstrate magnetometry by detection of the spin state of high-density nitrogenvacancy (NV) ensembles in diamond using optical absorption at 1042 nm. With this technique, measurement contrast and collection efficiency can approach unity, leading to an increase in magnetic sensitivity compared to the more common method of collecting red fluorescence. Working at 75 K with a sensor with effective volume 50 × 50 × 300 μm, we project photon shot-noise limited sensitivity of 5 pT in one second of acquisition and bandwidth from DC to a few MHz. Operation in a gradiometer configuration yields a noise floor of 7 nTrms at ∼ 110 Hz in one second of acquisition.
Homo‐ and heteroexchange of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides in rat hippocampal slices by the nucleoside transport system (2003)

(1) Here, we investigated how nucleotides and nucleosides affect the release of tritiated purines and endogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from superfused rat hippocampal slices. (2) ATP elicited concentration-dependent [(3)H]purine efflux from slices preloaded with [(3)H]adenosine. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the effluent showed that the tritium label represented the whole set of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides, and ATP significantly increased the outflow of [(3)H]ATP. (3) Adenosine 5'-diphosphate, adenosine, uridine, uridine 5'-triphosphate, alpha,beta-methylene-ATP and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP were also active in eliciting [(3)H]purine release. Adenosine (300 micro M) also evoked endogenous ATP efflux from the hippocampal slices. (4) Reverse transcription-coupled-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that mRNAs encoding a variety of P2X and P2Y receptor proteins are expressed in the rat hippocampus. Nevertheless, neither P2 receptor (i.e. pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid, 30 micro M, suramin, 300 micro M and reactive blue 2, 10 micro M), nor adenosine receptor (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, 250 nM and dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine, 250 nM) antagonists modified the effect of ATP (300 micro M) to evoke [(3)H]purine release. (5) The nucleoside transport inhibitors, dipyridamole (10 micro M), nitrobenzylthioinosine (10 micro M) and adenosine deaminase (2-10 U ml(-1)), but not the ecto-adenylate kinase inhibitor diadenosine pentaphosphate (200 micro M) significantly reduced ATP-evoked [(3)H]purine efflux. (6) In summary, we found that ATP and other nucleotides and nucleosides promote the release of one another and themselves by the nucleoside transport system. This action could have relevance during physiological and pathological elevation of extracellular purine levels high enough to reverse the nucleoside transporter.
Continuous separation of particles from macromolecules in split‐flow thin (SPLITT) cells (1991)

A split-flow thin (SPLITT) cell with a perpendicular driving force of one gravity has been utilized for the rapid separation of micron-sized particles from macromolecules. The procedure involves the simultaneous use of two transport mechanisms and thus two operating modes: a sedimentation process controls the displacement of the particles across the thickness of the thin channel, while diffusion controls the displacement of macromolecules. The theoretical equations for these two operating modes are summarized and it is shown how the two modes can be combined to yield specified recovery factors. The theory was tested on a mixture of 10 microns polystyrene latex beads and three different proteins. The observed separation was in excellent agreement with theory. Attempts to fractionate red blood cells and plasma proteins from whole blood were only partially successful as a consequence of the weak sedimentation of red blood cells. Various remedies to this problem are suggested, the most promising of which is the use of a SPLITT cell subject to mild centrifugal forces.
Addressing technology enabled violence against women and girls in the digital age (2016)

Internet-enabled technology can be empowering for victims of domestic violence, by providing them with education, information and expanded networks of social support, technology use can also become a source of vulnerability for women and girls. Instead of being empowered by technology, some women are being driven away from women’s refuge in Canberra, cited in Francis, 2015.\nit by the rise of both cyber misogyny and digital domestic violence. When female victims are pushed offline their ability to participate effectively in a digital society and economy is severely undermined and women as a group are further excluded from positions of influence in the public sphere. Increasingly, enabling women and girls to take control of their ‘real’ lives and relationships, requires encouraging them to take control of their digital lives and relationships, through mastering new communication technologies in cultural and political contexts.
Monolithic integration of 1.3-/spl mu/m Stark-ladder electroabsorption waveguide modulators with multimode-interference splitters (2000)

In this letter, we describe a novel fabrication process for the monolithic integration of a waveguide power splitter based on the multimode-interference effect with multiple-quantum well (MQW) electroabsorption modulators based on the Stark-ladder effect. The integrated device is fabricated by a one-step epitaxy process using molecular-beam-epitaxy growth and three lithographic steps that eliminates the need for aligned regrowth of the MQW modulator. Experimental results of the modulation depth and wavelength dependence are also reported.