gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flaw detection in metals using electromagnetic sound generation (1970)

A method is described for detecting flaws in metals and alloys by a novel pulse-echo technique, in which the sound is generated by an electromagnetic transducer, and its merits are evaluated.
Fabrication and characterization of porous hyaluronic acid–collagen composite scaffolds (2007)

Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays a vital role in many tissues, influencing water content and mechanical function, and has been shown to have positive biological effects on cell behavior in vitro. To begin to determine whether these benefits can be accessed if HA is incorporated into collagen-based scaffolds for tissue engineering, HA-collagen composite matrices were prepared and selected properties evaluated. HA-collagen scaffolds were cross-linked with carbodiimide and loss rates of HA in culture medium assessed. Scaffold pore structures were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Adult canine chondrocytes were grown in selected HA-collagen scaffolds to assess the effects of HA on cell behavior. Homogenous HA-collagen slurries were achieved when polyionic complexes were suppressed. HA was uniformly distributed through the scaffolds, which demonstrated honeycomb-like pores with interconnectivity among pores increasing as HA content increased. Virtually all of the HA added to the collagen slurry was incorporated into the composite scaffolds that underwent a 7-day cross-linking protocol. After 5 days in culture medium, the HA content in the scaffolds was 5-7% regardless of initial HA loading. After only 2 weeks in culture cartilaginous tissue was found in the chondrocyte-seeded HA-collagen scaffolds. This study contributes to the understanding of the effects of HA content, pH, and cross-link treatment on pore characteristics and degradation behavior essential for the design of HA-collagen scaffolds. The demonstration that these scaffolds can be populated by chondrocytes and support in vitro formation of cartilaginous tissue warrants further investigation of this material system for tissue engineering.
Molecular calculations of poly(ethylene glycol) transport across a swollen poly (acrylic acid)/mucin interface (1998)

The transport of poly(ethylene glycol) chains than can promote mucoadhesion across the interface between lightly cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) and mucin may be analyzed as a function of molecular characteristics using theories of chain penetration in a dilute network. The fracture energy for the ensuing adhesive bond is proportional to the number of polymer chains crossing the interface, which, in turn, is related to the polymer volume fraction, the chain diffusion coefficient, and the degree of polymerization. Relevant calculations were performed for a number of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) gels and three different types of poly(ethylene glycol) chains.
Synthesis of functionalised aromatic oligamide rods (2007)

A current goal in synthetic chemistry is the design and synthesis of molecules that adopt well defined conformations-so called foldamers. In this manuscript we describe a modular approach for construction of rod shaped para-oligobenzamide molecules. Our approach permits regiospecific incorporation of side chains through a phenolic ether linkage on the scaffold; a feature that partly restricts the conformation of the rod through intramolecular hydrogen-bonding.
Implementing Secure P2P-ONS (2009)

Name Services for the Internet of Things (specifically, the EPCglobal Network) are distributed systems that serve the following fundamental lookup function: Given an identifier for a real-world object, e.g., an Electronic Product Code (EPC), they return a list of Internet addresses of services, which offer additional information about this object. Without name services acting as a broker between items and their information sources, the Internet of Things could not achieve the flexibility and global scalability necessary to live up to its vision. The currently specified Object Naming Service (ONS) for the EPCglobal Network has severe security drawbacks in its architecture and design. In this paper, we present the implementation of a Peer-to- Peer name service architecture based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) on the research platform PlanetLab. This alternative ONS architecture named OIDA, if deployed as an infrastructure network, offers enhanced overall multilateral security compared to ONS, combined with potentially better functionality, scalability, and roughly equivalent performance.
Genetic unmasking of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in colon cancer cells deficient in DNA methyltransferases (2003)

Hypermethylation associated silencing of the CpG islands of tumor suppressor genes is a common hallmark of human cancer. Here we report a functional search for hypermethylated CpG islands using the colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116, in which two major DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1 and DNMT3b, have been genetically disrupted (DKO cells). Using two molecular screenings for differentially methylated loci [differential methylation hybridization (DMH) and amplification of inter-methylated sites (AIMS)], we found that DKO cells, but not the single DNMT1 or DNMT3b knockouts, have a massive loss of hypermethylated CpG islands that induces the re-activation of the contiguous genes. We have characterized a substantial number of these CpG island associated genes with potentially important roles in tumorigenesis, such as the cadherin member FAT, or the homeobox genes LMX-1 and DUX-4. For other genes whose role in transformation has not been characterized, such as the calcium channel alpha1I or the thromboxane A2 receptor, their re-introduction in DKO cells inhibited colony formation. Thus, our results demonstrate the role of DNMT1 and DNMT3b in CpG island methylation associated silencing and the usefulness of genetic disruption strategies in searching for new hypermethylated loci.
Elastic and Photoelastic Constants of α-ZnS (1972)

Elastic constants and acoustic absorption coefficients of hexagonal ZnS single crystal have been measured by the ultrasonic pulse methods. The absorption coefficients are found to be nearly proportional to the square of frequency between 60 and 500 MHz. Photoelastic constants have been determined by the ultrasonic light diffraction technique, in which an abnormal type of the Bragg reflection as well as the normal type has been used. The values obtained at 6328 Å are p11=−0.115, p12=+0.0170, p31=+0.0271, p13=+0.025, p33=−0.13, and p44=−0.0627. The obtained values for α-ZnS have been compared with those of cubic β-ZnS by the adequate rotation of the coordinate system, and the results show great similarity between these materials in the elastic and the photoelastic features.
The effectiveness of anticonvulsants in psychiatric disorders (2008)

Anticonvulsant drugs are widely used in psychiatric indications. These include mainly alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes, panic and anxiety disorders, dementia, schizophrenia, affective disorders, bipolar affective disorders in particular, and, to some extent, personality disorders. A further area in which neurology and psychiatry overlap is pain conditions, in which some anticonvulsants, and also typical psychiatric medications such as antidepressants, are helpful. From the beginning of their psychiatric use, anticonvulsants have also been used to ameliorate specific symptoms of psychiatric disorders independently of their causality and underlying illness, eg, aggression, and, more recently, cognitive impairment, as seen in affective disorders and schizophrenia. With new anticonvulsants currently under development, it is likely that their use in psychiatry will further increase, and that psychiatrists need to learn about their differential efficacy and safety profiles to the same extent as do neurologists.
Recovery of principal metal values from waste-hydroprocessing catalysts. Report of Investigations/1989 (1989)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated anhydrous chlorination and caustic-acid leaching processes to recover Ni, Co, Mo, and W from waste hydroprocessing catalysts. In batch laboratory-scale equipment, the chlorination process extracted 61-99% of the metals. Final recovery was 65-99%. The caustic-acid leaching process extracted 81-98% of the metals. Final recovery was 36-99%. Chlorination processing included roasting, chlorination, hydrolysis of metal chlorides for recovering Mo or W, water leaching of Ni or Co from the spent charge, purification, and solvent extraction or precipitation of Ni or Co from the purified solutions. Caustic-acid leach processing included NaOH leaching, solvent extraction of Mo or W from the NaOH leach liquor, H{sub 2}SO leaching of the NaOH leach residue, purification, and solvent extraction or precipitation of Ni or Co from the purified solution. The estimated fixed capital cost for a commercial-scale plant processing 39,000 lb/d of waste Ni-Mo-Al catalyst was $8 million for the chlorination process and $9.6 million for the caustic-acid leaching process. The estimated operating cost was about $0.20 and $40 per pound of the waste catalyst, respectively, for the two processes.
Ciguatoxin: Isolation and Chemical Nature (1967)

Ciguatoxin, the agent responsible for ciguatera, a disease produced in humans from ingestion of certain fishes, has been isolated from specimens of the moray eel, Gymnothorax javanicus. The toxin is apparently a lipid containing quaternary nitrogen, hydroxyl, and carbonyl functions.
A Decentralized Voting Algorithm for Increasing Dependability in Distributed Systems (2000)

Replication and majority voting are well-known and widely-used methods for achieving fault-tolerance in distributed systems. An open area
Continuous Methanolysis of Palm Oil Using a Liquid–Liquid Film Reactor (2009)

Abstract A system for the continuous methanolysis of palm oil using a liquid–liquid film reactor (LLFR) was developed and characterized. This reactor is a co‐current, constant diameter (0.01 m), custom‐made packed column where the mass transfer area between the partially miscible methanol‐rich and vegetable oil‐rich phases is created in a non‐dispersive way, without the intervention of mechanical stirrers or ultrasound devices. An increase in contact area between phases enhances reaction rate while the absence of small, dispersed droplets of one phase into the other diminishes the settling time at the end of the reaction. In this study variations on the concentration of catalyst (sodium hydroxide), flow rate of palm oil and normalized length of the reactor ( L / L max ) were explored, keeping constant both the methanol to oil molar ratio and the temperature of the reaction (6:1 and 60 °C). The best experimental results with a reactor of 1.26 m ( L / L max = 1.0) showed a conversion of palm oil of 97.5% and a yield of methyl esters of 92.2% of the theoretical yield, when the mass flow rate and the residence time of the palm oil were 9.0 g min −1 and 5.0 min, respectively. To determine the mean residence time and the degree of axial mixing in the reactor, a residence time distribution (RTD) study was performed using a step‐function input. The dispersion model appears to fit well the RTD experimental data.
rhBMP‐2 significantly enhances guided bone regeneration (2004)

rhBMP-2/ACS significantly enhances GBR at turned and surface-etched dental implants. The dental implant surface technology does not appear to substantially influence bone formation.
Genetic Control of Storage Oil Synthesis in Seeds of Arabidopsis (2004)

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control seed oil content and fatty acid composition were studied using a recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between the Arabidopsis ecotypes Landsberg erecta and Cape Verdi Islands. Multiple QTL model mapping identified two major and two minor QTL that account for 43% of the variation in oil content in the population. The most significant QTL is at the bottom of chromosome 2 and accounts for 17% of the genetic variation. Two other significant QTL, located on the upper and lower arms of chromosome 1, account for a further 19% of the genetic variation. A QTL near to the top of chomosome 3 is epistatic to that on the upper arm of chromosome 1. There are strong QTL for linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids contents that colocate with the FAD3 locus, another for oleic acid (18:1) that colocates with FAD2 and other less significant QTL for palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and eicosaenoic (20:1) acids. The presence of the QTL for seed oil content on chromosome 2 was confirmed by the generation of lines that contain a 22-cM region of Landsberg erecta DNA at the bottom of chromosome 2 in a background containing Cape Verdi Islands in other regions of the genome that had been shown to influence oil content in the QTL analysis.
Radio Frequency Heating, Oil Sand Recovery Improvement (2011)

Abstract Today’s techniques to recover heavy oil are mining, when possible, or steam injection. For steam injection, once the oil is heated, its viscosity is reduced; it becomes mobile and can be extracted. In some cases, when steam injection isn’t efficient, other methods should be developed, one of them is based on electrical technology. One solution studied by Total to reduce viscosity when steam injection isn’t possible or efficient, is to use Radio Frequency heating. The electromagnetic waves have the capability to heat immediately deeper than steam. To improve efficiency of this process, we developed a downhole Radio Frequency generator composed of triodes. An antenna is added to form a complete assembly. Here, we will present the advantages of this original solution patented by Total. The optimization of this device concerns the impedance adaptation between generator and the antenna. But the impedance of this antenna depends also on the electrical characteristics of the reservoir. The reservoir’s impedance is mainly determined by the water in liquid phase. One critical parameter is the complex electric permittivity. This parameter impacts directly on the conversion from the electrical energy to heat, the dissipated power in the reservoir being related to the complex part of the permittivity. In this paper, we will show a solution to keep an optimum conversion ratio from high frequency electrical energy to heat. As the impedance varies with time and reservoir heating, the optimum radiating frequency of our system has to vary too. The choice of the central frequency could also depend on the presence of iron oxide in shale layer in the hydrocarbon reservoir. In this paper, we will choose a frequency around 10 MHz and we will show different spatial repartitions of the applied electrical field and the corresponding heated zone. The frequency band is a compromise between fast heating and depth of penetration: the lower the frequency, the deeper the electromagnetic waves penetrate in the reservoir.
The Use of a Stringent Selection System Allows the Identification of DNA Elements that Augment Gene Expression (2010)

The use of high stringency selection systems often results in the induction of very few recombinant mammalian cell lines, which limits the ability to isolate a cell line with favorable characteristics. The employment of for instance STAR elements in DNA constructs elevates the induced number of colonies and also the protein expression levels in these colonies. Here, we describe a method to systematically identify genomic DNA elements that are able to induce many stably transfected mammalian cell lines. We isolated genomic DNA fragments upstream from the human Rb1 and p73 gene loci and cloned them around an expression cassette that contains a very stringent selection marker. Due to the stringency of the selection marker, hardly any colony survives without flanking DNA elements. We tested fourteen ~3500 bp DNA stretches from the Rb1 and p73 loci. Only two ~3500 bp long DNA fragments, called Rb1E and Rb1F, induced many colonies in the context of the stringent selection system and these colonies displayed high protein expression levels. Functional analysis showed that the Rb1 DNA fragments contained no enhancer, promoter, or STAR activity. Our data show the potential of a methodology to identify novel gene expression augmenting DNA elements in an unbiased manner.
Irradiance uniformity and power loss with a spatially filtered laser beam (1974)

Improvement of irradiance profile uniformity by choosing only a limited, central region of a laser beam is frequently used. The associated transmitted power loss is computed in dimensionless form for general utility. For example, a factor of 3 improvement in uniformity at the outer beam radius can be achieved with only about 35% power loss.
EMQN Best Practice Guidelines for molecular and haematology methods for carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathies (2014)

Haemoglobinopathies constitute the commonest recessive monogenic disorders worldwide, and the treatment of affected individuals presents a substantial global disease burden. Carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis represent valuable procedures that identify couples at risk for having affected children, so that they can be offered options to have healthy offspring. Molecular diagnosis facilitates prenatal diagnosis and definitive diagnosis of carriers and patients (especially 'atypical' cases who often have complex genotype interactions). However, the haemoglobin disorders are unique among all genetic diseases in that identification of carriers is preferable by haematological (biochemical) tests rather than DNA analysis. These Best Practice guidelines offer an overview of recommended strategies and methods for carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies, and emphasize the importance of appropriately applying and interpreting haematological tests in supporting the optimum application and evaluation of globin gene DNA analysis.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of NCX 4040 cytotoxic activity in human colon cancer cell lines (2005)

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are reported to be safer than NSAIDs because of their lower gastric toxicity. We compared the effect of a novel NO-releasing derivate, NCX 4040, with that of aspirin and its denitrated analog, NCX 4042, in in vitro and in vivo human colon cancer models and investigated the mechanisms of action underlying its antitumor activity. METHODS: In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on a panel of colon cancer lines (LoVo, LoVo Dx, WiDr and LRWZ) by sulforhodamine B assay. Cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. In the in vivo experiments, tumor-bearing mice were treated with NCX 4040, five times a week, for six consecutive weeks. RESULTS: In the in vitro studies, aspirin and NCX 4042 did not induce an effect on any of the cell lines, whereas NCX 4040 produced a marked cytostatic dose-related effect, indicating a pivotal role of the -NO2 group. Furthermore, in LoVo and LRWZ cell lines, we observed caspase-9 and -3-mediated apoptosis, whereas no apoptotic effect was observed after drug exposure in WiDr or LoVo Dx cell lines. In in vivo studies, both NCX 4040 and its parental compound were administered per os. NCX 4040 induced a 40% reduction in tumor weight. Conversely, aspirin did not influence tumor growth at all. CONCLUSIONS: NCX 4040, but not its parental compound, aspirin, showed an in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity, indicating its potential usefulness to treat colon cancer.
Particle filters for tracking an unknown number of sources (2002)

This paper addresses the application of sequential importance sampling (SIS) schemes to tracking directions of arrival (DOAs) of an unknown number of sources, using a passive array of sensors. This proposed technique has significant advantages in this application, including the ability to detect a changing number of signals at arbitrary times throughout the observation period and that the requirement for quasistationarity over a limited interval may be relaxed. We propose the use of a reversible jump Monte Carlo Markov chain (RJMCMC) step to enhance the statistical diversity of the particles. This step also enables us to introduce two novel moves that significantly enhance the performance of the algorithm when the DOA tracks cross. The superior performance of the method is demonstrated by examples of application of the particle filter to sequential tracking of the DOAs of an unknown and nonstationary number of sources and to a scenario where the targets cross. Our results are compared with the PASTd method.
Mass Insect Control Programs:Four Case Histories (1961)

Insect control is a vast subject. It encompasses many methods of approach meant to protect a wide diversity of human resources, in- cluding the lives and health of humans themselves. Upon the success or failure of insect control program.s have rested the fate. of armies, o]? great canals and populous lands. Yet, though man has registered many practical successes against particular insect menaces, we do not yet understand ]?ully the underlying dynamics of insect populations Psyche [June-September we may not understand exactly how a particular measure takes its effect. In recent, years, developments in practical insect control have come thick and fast, particularly in the field of pesticides. The de- velopment since World War II of chlorinated hydrocarbons, carba- mate and organic phosphate, insecticides, distributed by mass aerial spray techniques, has revolutionizcd .control work and has raised insec- ticide production and aerial application to the status of big businesses.
Quantitative Image Sequence Analysis of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (1999)

Interpretation of retinal angiographic studies has heretofore been largely qualitative. The temporal properties associated with fluorescein fluorescence of normal and pathologic fundus features are quantified to potentiate pixel assignment and fundus feature quantitation for clinical studies where precise image metrology is vital. Fluorescein angiography studies were digitized, and temporally sequential images were spatially registered with polynomial warping algorithms, allowing for the construction of a three-dimensional angiogram vector. Temporal profiles through spatially registered, temporally sequential pixels were computed. Fundus feature fluorescence behavior was quantified. Fundus features may be discriminated on the basis of spatio-temporal fluorescein fluorescence properties. Pixel assignment based on spatio-temporal relationships will facilitate fundus feature quantitation.
Laser ultrasonic monitoring of ceramic sintering (1990)

Noncontacting laser-ultrasonic measurements of the sintering of ceramics in real-time are described. Lasers are used for both generation and detection of ultrasonic waves propagating through the material. A pulsed laser generates the ultrasonic wave from thermoelastic absorption at the material surface. Detection is accomplished by a confocal Fabry–Perot interferometer, which is insensitive to the speckle nature of the scattered light from the sample surface and can obtain measurements from samples with rough or diffusely reflecting surfaces. The densification of the ceramic sample is determined by changes in the bulk longitudinal wave velocity and the sample shrinkage.