gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Mutants with Increased Lysostaphin Resistance (2006)

Staphylococcus simulans secretes lysostaphin, a bacteriolytic enzyme that specifically binds to the cell wall envelope of Staphylococcus aureus and cleaves the pentaglycine cross bridges of peptidoglycan, thereby killing staphylococci. The study of S. aureus mutants with resistance to lysostaphin-mediated killing has revealed biosynthetic pathways for cell wall assembly. To identify additional genes involved in cell wall envelope biosynthesis, we have screened a collection of S. aureus strain Newman transposon mutants for lysostaphin resistance. Bursa aurealis insertion in SAV2335, encoding a polytopic membrane protein with predicted protease domain, caused a high degree of lysostaphin resistance, similar to the case for a previously described femAB promoter mutant. In contrast to the case for this femAB mutant, transposon insertion in SAV2335, herein named lyrA (lysostaphin resistance A), did not cause gross alterations of cell wall cross bridges such as truncations of pentaglycine to tri- or monoglycine. Also, inactivation of LyrA in a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain did not precipitate a decrease in beta-lactam resistance as observed for fem (factor essential for methicillin resistance) mutants. Lysostaphin bound to the cell wall envelopes of lyrA mutants in a manner similar to that for wild-type staphylococci. Lysostaphin resistance of lyrA mutants is attributable to altered cell wall envelope properties and may in part be due to increased abundance of altered cross bridges. Other lyr mutants with intermediate lysostaphin resistance carried bursa aurealis insertions in genes specifying GTP pyrophosphokinase or enzymes of the purine biosynthetic pathway.
MiniCPS: A toolkit for security research on CPS Networks (2015)

In recent years, tremendous effort has been spent to modernizing communication infrastructure in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) such as Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and related Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. While a great amount of research has been conducted on network security of office and home networks, recently the security of CPS and related systems has gained a lot of attention. Unfortunately, real-world CPS are often not open to security researchers, and as a result very few reference systems and topologies are available. In this work, we present MiniCPS, a CPS simulation toolbox intended to alleviate this problem. The goal of MiniCPS is to create an extensible, reproducible research environment targeted to communications and physical-layer interactions in CPS. MiniCPS builds on Mininet to provide lightweight real-time network emulation, and extends Mininet with tools to simulate typical CPS components such as programmable logic controllers, which use industrial protocols (Ethernet/IP, Modbus/TCP). In addition, MiniCPS defines a simple API to enable physical-layer interaction simulation. In this work, we demonstrate applications of MiniCPS in two example scenarios, and show how MiniCPS can be used to develop attacks and defenses that are directly applicable to real systems.
Single-excitation dual-color coherent lasing by tuning resonance energy transfer processes in porous structured nanowires (2015)

Single-excitation dual-color coherent lasing was achieved in a mixed random system of a binary dye and the suspension of gold-silver porous nanowires with plenty of nanogaps. This greatly enhanced the local electromagnetic field in the visible range and guaranteed a low threshold and high Q factor (>10 000) operator for simultaneous dual-color lasing. By tuning the resonance energy transfer process in the stimulated emission, triple output modes (single chartreuse lasing, chartreuse and red dual-color lasing, and single red coherent lasing) were easily obtained. This triple-mode coherent random lasing introduces a new approach to designing multi-functional micro-optoelectronic devices for multi-color speckle-free imaging and interference.
Reduction of Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitro Compounds with Sodium Borohydride in Tetrahydrofuran Using 10% Palladium-on-Carbon as Catalyst (1987)

Aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to amino compounds in good yields with sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran using 10% palladium-on-carbon as catalyst.
An ultra thin nitrided oxide gate dielectric formation by using slot plane antenna plasma (2003)

We investigate plasma nitridation conditions for ultrathin nitrided oxide gate dielectric formation to extend the downscaling limit of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). A high pressure and high gas flow rate process with slot plane antenna (SPA) plasma provides superior EOT reduction without degradation of interfacial properties. Control of the oxygen residence time to suppress oxide growth at the SiO/sub 2//Si interface is the key to reduce EOT. Plasma condition of low electron temperature less than 1 eV is essential to prevent mobility degradation. CMOSFETs are fabricated with the high pressure and high gas flow rate SPA plasma nitridation process. The mobility degradation of nMOSFET is only 5% at EOT = 1.1 nm. The mobility of pMOSFET is improved because of the suppression of boron penetration.
A Comparison of Two Bias‐Corrected Covariance Estimators for Generalized Estimating Equations (2007)

Mancl and DeRouen (2001, Biometrics57, 126-134) and Kauermann and Carroll (2001, JASA96, 1387-1398) proposed alternative bias-corrected covariance estimators for generalized estimating equations parameter estimates of regression models for marginal means. The finite sample properties of these estimators are compared to those of the uncorrected sandwich estimator that underestimates variances in small samples. Although the formula of Mancl and DeRouen generally overestimates variances, it often leads to coverage of 95% confidence intervals near the nominal level even in some situations with as few as 10 clusters. An explanation for these seemingly contradictory results is that the tendency to undercoverage resulting from the substantial variability of sandwich estimators counteracts the impact of overcorrecting the bias. However, these positive results do not generally hold; for small cluster sizes (e.g., <10) their estimator often results in overcoverage, and the bias-corrected covariance estimator of Kauermann and Carroll may be preferred. The methods are illustrated using data from a nested cross-sectional cluster intervention trial on reducing underage drinking.
The making of 'Botany Bay': 'The real story' and 'the First Fleet: The real story' (2013)

Alan Frost's celebrated recent books for Black Inc. were the culmination of work across decades in local and international archives. Here Frost describes his motivations and findings in that work, which has challenged the prevailing analysis of modern Australia's beginnings.
Killing of immature CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> thymocytes in vivo by anti‐CD3 or 5′‐(N‐ethyl)‐carboxamido‐adenosine is blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU‐486 (1993)

Negative selection in thymus occurs by apoptosis in CD4+CD8+ cells. These immature thymocytes are readily killed, both in vitro and in vivo, by glucocorticoid treatment. Increased levels of intracellular cAMP in vitro also induce apoptosis of thymocytes and T cell receptor (TcR) stimulation potentiate cAMP responses through receptors linked to adenylic cyclase. Presently, we have tested the possibility that TcR-mediated apoptosis in vivo may require the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as a downstream, intracellular mediator. Use of the GR antagonist RU-486, 24 h before and simultaneous with, anti-CD3 or 5'-(N-ethyl)-carboxamide-adenosine (NECA) treatment, resulted in a selective inhibition of CD4+CD8+ thymocyte death. In addition, a low dose of glucocorticoid potentiated thymocyte death induced by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. These data support a model in which thymic negative selection depends on a defined set of transduction signals which potentiate the GR to become responsive to endogenous levels of glucocorticoid.
A DLL Based Multiphase Hysteretic DC-DC Converter (2007)

Near-load DC-DC converter insertion based on multiphase current-sharing topologies and hysteretic control techniques can be used to reduce external current requirements, decrease the size of on-die capacitance and output filter and provide fast load response to enable multiple supply domains in future microprocessor platforms. In this paper, a new delay locked loop (DLL) based multiphase hysteretic controller is presented. This topology utilizes the switching frequency from one hysteretic controller to automatically synchronize the remaining phases and eliminate the need for external synchronization. A dedicated duty cycle control loop is used to enable current sharing and ripple cancellation. A four phase buck converter is designed with this control scheme in 0.6mum CMOS technology. The results show that less than 0.1% duty cycle resolution can be achieved for nearly equal current sharing among all phases and low output ripple. The proposed DLL based controller measures roughly 0.6mm by 0.4mm and dissipates approximately 40mW at 60MHz
Photoimmunotherapy for Cancer Treatment (2006)

Phototherapy, with its effective dose control and light delivery, has become a promising modality for treating malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Photochemical interaction, specifically photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal interaction have been the primary mechanisms for direct cell destruction in the treatment of cancers. Preclinical studies demonstrate that, in addition to direct local cytotoxicity, PDT can also induce systemic immune responses, which may enhance therapeutic effects on primary tumors and on metastases at distant sites. Selective photothermal therapy, using an in situ application of light-absorbing dye, has also proven to be an effective method for local treatment of tumors. When combined with immunotherapy, the effects of phototherapy can be amplified, potentially making the photoimmunotherapy a systemic treatment modality. This phototherapy-immunotherapy combination, particularly in conjunction with immunoadjuvant, has been used in preclinical studies. The efficacy and long-term effects of such a combination are summarized and the recent experimental results are presented. A new immunoadjuvant, glycated chitosan (GC), has been used to enhance photochemical and photothermal therapies. The PDT-GC combination in the treatment of mammary tumors and lung tumors in mice provided significant improvement in the long-term survival of tumor-bearing animals. The use of GC in dye-assisted laser photothermal therapy also provided long-term curative effects and antitumor immune responses in the treatment of metastatic tumors in rats. The immune responses induced by phototherapy and enhanced by immunotherapy could become important mechanism in the control of metastatic tumors.
A constrained optimization approach to multiuser detection (1997)

Interference cancellation or multiuser detection schemes are of great interest to the CDMA community because of their potential ability to treat the near-far problem and significantly reduce interference levels. A linear adaptive multiuser detection scheme based on constrained optimization is presented, constraints are constructed from knowledge of users' codes and associated timing. Both single- and multiple-constraint detectors are derived and shown to have interesting relationships to existing detectors. Simulation results, presented in the form of bit error rate curves, demonstrate the receiver's performance in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
Polymorphisms in the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and breast cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort (2006)

Our findings provide limited support for the hypothesis that the -2578C and -1154G VEGF alleles are associated with increased risk for invasive but not in situ breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Energy efficient sensor network security using Stream cipher mode of operation (2010)

Sometimes the information, which is transferred during the communication in between sensor node, is very much confidential which is needed to be secure. Since sensor nodes are resource constrained and run on battery, energy consumption should be low to make it operate for many days. For securing the information various symmetric key encryption algorithms like DES, BLOWFISH, RC4 etc., are used. Our aim in this paper is to apply security in sensor network in such a way that it provide confidentiality with authentication using Stream cipher modes of operation, so that the energy consumption will minimizes at the sensor node and the life time of sensor node will increase.
CATIONIC CYCLIZATION OF GERANONITRILE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS VIA THEIR BROMOHYDRINS: APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF (±)-SNYDEROLS (1981)

Abstract Cationic cyclization of bromohydrins of geranonitrile and homogeranonitrile in the presence of boron trifluoride complexes proceeded smoothly, giving mixtures of bromo cyclic olefins in satisfactory yields. This cyclization method was applied to the synthesis of (±)-snyderols.
Outdoor Air Pollution (2014)

Although the air quality in Western countries has continued to improve over the past decades, rapid economic growth in developing countries has left air quality in many cities notoriously poor. The World Health Organization estimates that urban outdoor air pollution is estimated to cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year. The primary health concerns of outdoor air pollution come from particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). Short-term exposure to PM2.5 increases cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to adverse perinatal outcomes and lung cancer. Excessive O3 exposure is known to increase respiratory morbidity. Patients with chronic cardiopulmonary diseases are more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution. Counseling these patients about air pollution and the associated risks should be part of the regular management plans in clinical practice.
ICP: Design and evaluation of an Interest control protocol for content-centric networking (2012)

Content-centric networking (CCN) brings a paradigm shift in the present Internet communication model by addressing named-data instead of host locations. With respect to TCP/IP, the transport model is connectionless with a unique endpoint at the receiver, driving a retrieval process natively point to multi-point. Another salient feature of CCN is the possibility to embed storage capabilities into the network, adding a new dimension to the transport problem. The focus of this work is on the design of a receiver-driven Interest control protocol for CCN, whose definition, to the best of our knowledge, still lacks in literature. ICP realizes a window-based Interest flow control, achieving full efficiency and fairness under proper parameters setting. In this paper, we provide an analytical characterization of average rate, expected data transfer delay and queue dynamics in steady state on a single and multi-bottleneck network topology. Our model accounts for the impact of on-path caches. Protocol performance is also assessed via packet-level simulations and design guidelines are drawn from previous analysis.
Pre-aligned gate MOS devices using doped polycrystalline silicon technology (1971)

Recently, various technologies have been developed to attain a high reliability, large scale integration and improvements of characteristics in the field of MOS devices. This paper describes a new technique for fabricating a self-aligned, area-reduced and stable MOS structure which has not been obtained under conventional method.
Mechanism-Based Discovery of Small Molecules that Prevent Noncompetitive Inhibition by Cocaine and MK-801 Mediated by Two Different Sites on the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (2004)

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) belongs to a group of five structurally related membrane proteins that play a major role in the communication between approximately 10(12) cells of the mammalian nervous system. The receptor is inhibited by both abused drugs and therapeutic agents. During the past two decades, many attempts have been made to find compounds that prevent cocaine inhibition of this protein. The use of newly developed transient kinetic techniques in investigations of the inhibition of the receptor by cocaine and MK-801 led to an inhibition mechanism not previously proposed. It was observed that the receptor contains two inhibitory sites: one that equilibrates with the tested noncompetitive inhibitors within approximately 50 ms, and a second site that equilibrates with inhibitors within approximately 1 s. The mechanism of inhibition of the rapidly equilibrating inhibitory site has been investigated, and based on that mechanism, the first evidence that small organic molecules exist that prevent inhibition of the rapidly equilibrating inhibitory site was obtained. These compounds did not prevent the inhibition due to the slowly equilibrating inhibitory site. Here, we present the first evidence that a compound (3-acetoxy ecgonine methyl ester) exists that prevents inhibition of the slowly equilibrating inhibitory site and that the mechanism of inhibition of this site differs from that of the rapidly equilibrating site. BC3H1 cells containing a fetal mouse muscle-type nAChR were used, and the receptor was activated by carbamoylcholine. The resulting whole-cell current due to the nondesensitized nAChR was determined. Because the nAChR desensitizes rapidly, the measurements required the use of a transient kinetic technique with a time resolution of 10 ms; the cell-flow technique was used. Inhibitors and compounds that alleviate inhibition were tested by determining their effects on the whole-cell current due to activation of the nAChR by carbamoylcholine.
Different genotypes of hepatitis C virus are associated with different severity of chronic liver disease (1994)

The presence of the "Japanese type" NS4 region was investigated in two series of patients (53 from Italy and 58 from Japan) with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease. The two populations were homogeneous as regard to age, male/female ratio, histological diagnosis, and serum aminotransferase activities. Genomic amplification was carried out by "nested" polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a pair of primers synthesized according to the sequence of JK-1 isolated in Japan. The presence of viral replication was confirmed further by PCR amplification of the 5'NC region. The NS4 region of the Japanese strain was detected in 24 sera (45%) from Italy and in 44 (71%) from Japan. NS4-positive patients were significantly older and showed an ALT serum level significantly lower (P < 0.01) than NS4 negative cases in each group. Cirrhosis was significantly (P < 0.0007) more common in NS4-positive than in NS4-negative patients. The HCV genotype was subsequently obtained according to Okamoto. All the NS4-positive patients were infected by Type II, whereas in NS4-negative patients all four genotypes were present though Type II still constituted the majority. Cirrhosis was associated exclusively with Type II both in NS4-positive and -negative subjects. These data indicate that, although the positivity for NS4 "Japanese" region seems to be associated with a more aggressive liver disease, the most prevalent Type II predicts more specifically those who are likely to develop cirrhosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design of a CMOS fully differential switched-opamp for SC circuits at very low power supply voltages (2002)

This paper presents a fully differential opamp design based on the switched-opamp approach. The common mode feedback of the proposed opamp only works on the output stage in order to allow a fast turn-on. The opamp was designed in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and is able to operate from a single 1 V supply.
The gap waveguide as a metamaterial-based electromagnetic packaging technology enabling integration of MMICs and antennas up to THz (2011)

This paper presents new topics that will be lectured in the short course Metamaterials for Antennas within the European School of Antennas in Spring 2012. These relates to new so-called gap waveguides that are advantageous for use above 30 GHz, because they are quasi-TEM over wide bandwidth, and do neither require dielectric material nor conductive joints between metal parts. The gap waveguides originate from research on soft and hard surfaces that also are forerunners for EBG surfaces (acting as isotropic soft surfaces) and metamaterial cloaks (realized first by hard surfaces). The course will contain material related to all these topics, and in addition an overview of the last years research on the gap waveguides including experimental demonstration of principles as well as working hardware components. In this presentation special emphasis will be given to electromagnetic (EM) packaging, the principle of PMC packaging and integration of MMICs.
Direct-write fabrication of freestanding nanocomposite strain sensors (2012)

This paper deals with the design and microfabrication of two three-dimensional (3D) freestanding patterned strain sensors made of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanocomposites with the ultraviolet-assisted direct-write (UV-DW) technique. The first sensor consisted of three nanocomposite microfibers suspended between two rectangular epoxy pads. The flexibility of the UV-DW technique enables the sensor and its housing to be manufactured in one monolithic structure. The second sensor was composed of a nanocomposite network consisting of four parallel microsprings, which demonstrates the high capability of the technique when compared to conventional photolithographic technologies. The performances of the sensors were assessed under tension and compression, respectively. The sensors' sensitivities were evaluated by correlating their measured resistivities to the applied displacements/strains. Electrical conductivity measurements revealed that the manufactured sensors are highly sensitive to small mechanical disturbances, especially for lower nanotube loadings when compared to traditional metallic or nanocomposite films. The present manufacturing method offers a new perspective for manufacturing highly sensitive 3D freestanding microstructured sensors.
<title>Pulse recording of slanted fringe holograms in DuPont photopolymer</title> (1998)

We report an experimental investigation of recording of slanted fringe holograms in DuPont HRF-800X071-20 photopolymer film under pulse exposure. An initially weak polymerization ability was improved significantly by using incoherent preillumination. The line shape and position of spectral absorbance curves are discussed for a wide range of slant angles.
The proportion of various types of congenital color vision defects. (1990)

One hundred and three color vision defective subjects were screened from 3456 middle school students with pseudoisochromatic plate test. One hundred subjects out of them were further examined with a test battery including Panel D-15 and FM 100-hue test and Neitz anomaloscope test. It was found that there were 21 protanopes (P), 3 extremely protanomalous (EPA), 13 protanomalous (PA), 25 deutenopes (D), 5 extremely deuteranomalous (EDA), 28 deuteranomalous (DA), 6 unclassified subjects in our investigation. The proportion of various types of congenital color vision defects was P:EPA:PA:D:EDA:DA = 1.00:0.14:0.62:1.19:0.24:1.33.