gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modified 128-QAM Constellation Schemes Allowing Low-Complexity Non-Data-Aided Carrier Recovery (2006)

Squared M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations have been widely adopted for modern high-data-rate digital communications. Nevertheless, carrier recovery required by demodulation of 128-QAM signals is almost a formidable task for practical receiver design. In this paper, two types of modified 128-QAM constellations are proposed allowing utilization of a low-complexity carrier recovery mechanism in the receiver. With the proposed constellations, perfect recovery of a frequency offset up to /spl plusmn/2.5% of baud rate is guaranteed using a conventional carrier recovery method at the expense of slight E/sub s//N/sub 0/ and PAPR increment compared with the conventional 128-QAM constellations.
Genome-wide Expression Analysis Reveals 100 Adrenal Gland-dependent Circadian Genes in the Mouse Liver (2005)

Recent progress in genome-wide expression analysis has identified hundreds of circadian genes not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the mammalian master clock) but also in peripheral tissues, such as heart, liver and kidney of mammals. Glucocorticoid is thought to be a circadian time cue for mammalian peripheral clocks. To identify the genes of which the circadian expression is regulated by endogenous glucocorticoids, we performed DNA microarray analysis using hepatic RNA from adrenalectomized (ADX) and sham-operated mice. We identified 169 genes that fluctuated between day and night in the livers of the sham-operated mice. Among these, 100 lost circadian rhythmicity in ADX mice. These included the genes for key enzymes of liver metabolic functions, such as glucokinase, HMG-CoA reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase. The circadian expression of Lpin1, FKBP51 and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase was also abolished in the ADX mice. On the other hand, although the circadian expression of clock or clock-related genes, such as mPer2, DBP, E4BP4, mDec1, Usp2 and Wee1 remained almost totally intact in the liver of ADX mice, it was extremely damped in homozygous Clock mutant mice. The present findings suggested that one type of hepatic circadian genes in mice is transcriptionally regulated by core components of the circadian clock, such as CLOCK and BMAL1, and that the other depends on the adrenal gland.
Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide as an Alternative for Bedbug Control (2012)

ClO(2) is effective at killing bedbugs in the laboratory, and similar concentrations of ClO(2) gas can be achieved in a hospital room. ClO(2) can be removed from the room without residuals.
Phototautomerism of o-nitrobenzyl compounds: o-quinonoid aci-nitro species studied by matrix isolation and DFT calculations† (2001)

Photolyses of 2-nitrobenzyl methyl ether and 2-nitrotoluene with 254 nm light have been investigated in Ar and N2 matrices at 12 K, and have been found to give o-quinonoid aci-nitro species as the primary photoproducts, along with other products. The o-quinonoid species have UV absorptions at relatively long wavelengths (λmax at 385–430 nm) and undergo facile secondary photolysis when irradiated in these absorption bands. By means of this selective photolysis, fairly complete IR spectra of the o-quinonoids have been obtained. Comparison of the matrix IR spectra of these species with simulated spectra computed using density functional theory (DFT) has confirmed the identity of these reactive intermediates. Moreover, detailed analysis of the fit between the computed and experimental IR spectra has allowed the specific stereoisomers generated to be identified with reasonable confidence. Computations have also been made of the relative energies of the starting compounds, intermediate o-quinonoid isomers and the possible secondary products, together with the transition states connecting them. The results of these computations indicate that the observed stereoisomer of each of the o-quinonoid species cannot arise by photoinduced H-atom transfer followed by isomerizations on the electronic ground-state surfaces, since the energy barriers for reversion to starting compounds are substantially lower than those for the necessary isomerizations. It is therefore concluded that H-atom transfer and conformational interconversion occur in an electronic excited state.
Using the modified Phong reflectance model for physically based rendering (1994)

This text discusses a few aspects of reflectance models in physically based rendering: ffl The first section presents the definition of the bidirectional reflection distribution function (brdf) of a surface and its physical properties. ffl On a more practical level, the next section discusses models to represent brdfs and their desired properties in general for Monte Carlo algorithms. ffl The third section goes into details about a specific reflectance model, the modified Phong brdf, with its definition, its properties and its use. We show how this model can be correctly integrated in importance sampling schemes for physically based Monte Carlo rendering algorithms. ffl The fourth section is devoted to alternative parameter spaces in which reflectance models can be sampled, either deterministically or stochastically. ffl The last section discusses an important implementational issue, more specifically the problem of verifying the implementation of a reflectance model. Keywords : ...
Kinetics and Energetics of Trehalose Transport in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1996)

Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are able to transport trehalose against a concentration gradient, without efflux or counterflow of the labeled substrate. Uptake was inhibited by uncouplers, acetic acid, and organic mercury compounds. The addition of trehalose resulted in alkalinization of the medium. The ratio of H+ depletion to trehalose uptake by yeast cells was approximately 1:1, which indicates the existence of a trehalose-H+ symporter in these cells. The optimum pH for this active H+-trehalose symport was 5.0, and both the Km and the Vmax were negatively affected by increasing or decreasing the extracellular pH from its optimum value. Kinetic studies showed the existence of at least two different trehalose transport activities in yeast cells: a high-affinity H+-trehalose symporter (Km = 4 mM), and a low-affinity transport activity (Km > 100 mM) that could be a facilitated diffusion process. The high-affinity H+-trehalose symporter was repressed by glucose, whereas the low-affinity uptake was constitutively expressed in S. cerevisiae.
Telbivudine versus Lamivudine in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B (2007)

Among patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, the rates of therapeutic and histologic response at 1 year were significantly higher in patients treated with telbivudine than in patients treated with lamivudine. In both the HBeAg-negative and the HBeAg-positive groups, telbivudine demonstrated greater HBV DNA suppression with less resistance than did lamivudine. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00057265 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Tiling genomes of pathogenic viruses identifies potent antiviral shRNAs and reveals a role for secondary structure in shRNA efficacy (2012)

shRNAs can trigger effective silencing of gene expression in mammalian cells, thereby providing powerful tools for genetic studies, as well as potential therapeutic strategies. Specific shRNAs can interfere with the replication of pathogenic viruses and are currently being tested as antiviral therapies in clinical trials. However, this effort is hindered by our inability to systematically and accurately identify potent shRNAs for viral genomes. Here we apply a recently developed highly parallel sensor assay to identify potent shRNAs for HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and influenza. We observe known and previously unknown sequence features that dictate shRNAs efficiency. Validation using HIV and HCV cell culture models demonstrates very high potency of the top-scoring shRNAs. Comparing our data with the secondary structure of HIV shows that shRNA efficacy is strongly affected by the secondary structure at the target RNA site. Artificially introducing secondary structure to the target site markedly reduces shRNA silencing. In addition, we observe that HCV has distinct sequence features that bias HCV-targeting shRNAs toward lower efficacy. Our results facilitate further development of shRNA based antiviral therapies and improve our understanding and ability to predict efficient shRNAs.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Movement‐Evoked Pain and Fatigue: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2019)

Among women who had FM and were on a stable medication regimen, 4 weeks of active TENS use compared to placebo TENS or no TENS resulted in a significant improvement in movement-evoked pain and other clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to examine effectiveness in a real-world setting to establish the clinical importance of these findings.
Microfluidics meets MEMS (2003)

The use of planar fluidic devices for performing small-volume chemistry was first proposed by analytical chemists, who coined the term "miniaturized total chemical analysis systems" (μTAS) for this concept. More recently, the μTAS field has begun to encompass other areas of chemistry and biology. To reflect this expanded scope, the broader terms "microfluidics" and "lab-on-a-chip" are now often used in addition to μTAS. Most microfluidics researchers rely on micromachining technologies at least to some extent to produce microflow systems based on interconnected micrometer-dimensioned channels. As members of the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) community know, however, one can do more with these techniques. It is possible to impart higher levels of functionality by making features in different materials and at different levels within a microfluidic device. Increasingly, researchers have considered how to integrate electrical or electrochemical function into chips for purposes as diverse as heating, temperature sensing, electrochemical detection, and pumping. MEMS processes applied to new materials have also resulted in new approaches for fabrication of microchannels. This review paper explores these and other developments that have emerged from the increasing interaction between the MEMS and microfluidics worlds.
Prevention of apoptosis in CNTF-dependent neurons by a mutant ICE and by viral protein CrmA but not by proto-oncogene product Bcl-2. (1996)

The interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) gene family, (homologues of C. elegans cell death gene product Ced-3) plays an important role in controlling programmed cell death. Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes survival of cultured embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons. Ciliary ganglion neurons depend exclusively on ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for survival. Complete depletion of NGF or CNTF from culture medium induces apoptosis in both types of neurons. We can prevent apoptosis, due either to NGF or CNTF withdrawal and in either type of neuron, by overexpression of a mutant inactive ICE and an ICE inhibitor, the product of cowpox virus gene crmA. Bcl-2 does not prevent apoptosis in CNTF-dependent ciliary neurons or DRG neurons as it does in NGF-dependent neurons. These results suggest that neuronal cell death is mediated through a common effector mechanism involving the Ice family of genes, whereas different suppression mechanisms are engaged depending upon the specific neurotrophic factors present.
<i>C</i>-Glycopyranosyl Arenes and Hetarenes: Synthetic Methods and Bioactivity Focused on Antidiabetic Potential (2017)

This Review summarizes close to 500 primary publications and surveys published since 2000 about the syntheses and diverse bioactivities of C-glycopyranosyl (het)arenes. A classification of the preparative routes to these synthetic targets according to methodologies and compound categories is provided. Several of these compounds, regardless of their natural or synthetic origin, display antidiabetic properties due to enzyme inhibition (glycogen phosphorylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) or by inhibiting renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2). The latter class of synthetic inhibitors, very recently approved as antihyperglycemic drugs, opens new perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes. Various compounds with the C-glycopyranosyl (het)arene motif were subjected to biological studies displaying among others antioxidant, antiviral, antibiotic, antiadhesive, cytotoxic, and glycoenzyme inhibitory effects.
The Application of Micropipette Aspiration in Molecular Mechanics of Single Cells (2014)

Micropipette aspiration is arguably the most classical technique in mechanical measurements and manipulations of single cells. Despite its simplicity, micropipette aspiration has been applied to a variety of experimental systems that span different length scales to study cell mechanics, nanoscale molecular mechanisms in single cells, bleb growth, and nucleus dynamics, to name a few. Enabled by micro/nanotechnology, several novel microfluidic devices have been developed recently with better accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput. Further technical advancements of microfluidics-based micropipette aspiration would have broad applications in both fundamental cell mechanics studies and for disease diagnostics.
Mechanism of induction of apoptosis by siRNA targeting hTERT in HeLa cells (2008)

To investigate the molecular mechanism of induction of apoptosis by siRNA targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in HeLa Cells. HeLa cells were transfected with siRNAs by liposome method. RT-PCR was used to examine mRNA levels of hTERT in HeLa cells. Microarray assay was adopted to explore the transcriptional profiling of apoptosis associated genes. The protein levels of hTERT, TRAIL, Bcl-2, and cytoplasm Cyt c were detected by Western Blotting. The apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry using PI staining. Relative activity of Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 was measured by colorimetric assay. The siRNA targeting hTERT suppressed the expression of hTERT gene significantly. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the expression level of TRAIL was increased, the expression level of Bcl-2 was decreased, the releasing of Cyt c was enhanced, the activation of Caspase-3 was increased and the apoptosis rate was increased. hTERT-siRNA induces apoptosis of HeLa cells via activating mitochondrial signal transduction pathway.
The dynamics of plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)<i>P</i>2 at fertilization of mouse eggs (2002)

A series of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations are responsible for triggering egg activation and cortical granule exocytosis at fertilization in mammals. These Ca2+ oscillations are generated by an increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P(3)], which results from the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)]. Using confocal imaging to simultaneously monitor Ca2+ and plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P(2) in single living mouse eggs we have sought to establish the relationship between the kinetics of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) metabolism and the Ca2+ oscillations at fertilization. We report that there is no detectable net loss of plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P(2) either during the latent period or during the subsequent Ca2+ oscillations. When phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is inhibited with micromolar wortmannin a limited decrease in plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is detected in half the eggs studied. Although we were unable to detect a widespread loss of PtdIns(4,5)P(2), we found that fertilization triggers a net increase in plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P(2) that is localized to the vegetal cortex. The fertilization-induced increase in PtdIns(4,5)P(2) follows the increase in Ca2+, is blocked by Ca2+ buffers and can be mimicked, albeit with slower kinetics, by photoreleasing Ins(1,4,5)P(3). Inhibition of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of cortical granules, without interfering with Ca2+ transients, inhibits the PtdIns(4,5)P(2) increase. The increase appears to be due to de novo synthesis since it is inhibited by micromolar wortmannin. Finally, there is no increase in PtdIns(4,5)P(2) in immature oocytes that are not competent to extrude cortical granules. These studies suggest that fertilization does not deplete plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and that one of the pathways for increasing PtdIns(4,5)P(2) at fertilization is invoked by exocytosis of cortical granules.
REMOTE ESTIMATION OF VEGETATION FRAC TION IN CORN CANOPIES (2001)

The aim of the paper was to test two new techniques that make use of channels in the visible range of the spectrum only to estimate vegetation fraction in corn canopies. High spectral resolution radiometers were employed to measure spectral reflectance, and the information content of spectra was investigated. Radiances in spectral channels of MODIS and MERIS were used to calculate Visible Atmospherically Resistant Indices, VARIgreen=(Rgreen- Rred)/(Rgreen+Rred-Rblue) and VARI700=(R700-1.7*Rred+0.7*Rblue)/(R700+2.3*Rred-1.3*Rblue). The indices allowed for estimation of vegetation fraction with less than 10% error. One other technique was based on the well-documented approach for fully closed canopies involving the high degree of covariance for paired reflectances at 550 nm vs. 700 nm and at 500 nm vs. 670 nm. The coordinate location within the resulting spectral space was used as a measure of vegetation fraction.
Synthesis and biological studies of unsaturated acyclonucleoside analogs of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors (1992)

The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of several unsaturated acyclonucleosides related to augustmycin A are described. The (propargyloxy)methyl acyclonucleoside analogues of 6-chloropurine, adenine, 6-methoxypurine, hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine, and azathioprine have been prepared. The 9-[(propargyloxy)methyl]adenine (5) and 9-[(propargyloxy)methyl]hypoxanthine (12) analogues were converted to the corresponding 5'-tributylstannyl intermediates (9 and 13), respectively, which gave 9-[[[(Z)-5-iodo-5-propenyl]oxy]methyl]adenine (10) and 9-[[[(Z)-5-iodo-5-propenyl]oxy]methyl]hypoxanthine (14), respectively, after iododestannylation. The [125I]-radiolabeled congeners of 10 and 14 were prepared as potential metabolic markers. Among the unsaturated acyclonucleosides tested, 9-[(propargyloxy)methyl]-6-chloropurine (3), 9-[(propargyloxy)methyl]-6-mercaptopurine (15), 9-[(propargyloxy)methyl]azathioprine (17), and angustmycin A analogue 10 showed inhibition of cancer cell growth, but only at a minimal level, and 17 also showed 14% cancer cell death in vitro. Compound 10 provided approximately 50% protection against HIV at 10(-4) M concentrations. Biodistribution results of [125I]-10 in mice indicate that compound 10 is readily metabolized via deiodination in vivo, possibly by serving as a substrate for the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase.
Coupled dictionary training for exemplar-based speech enhancement (2014)

In exemplar-based speech enhancement systems, lower dimensional features are preferred over the full-scale DFT features for their reduced computational complexity and the ability to better generalize for the unseen cases. But in order to obtain the Wiener-like filter for noisy DFT enhancement, the speech and noise estimates obtained in the feature space need to be mapped to the DFT space, which yield a low-rank approximation of the estimates resulting in a sub-optimal filter. This paper proposes a novel method using coupled dictionaries where the exemplars for the required feature space and the DFT space are jointly extracted and the estimates are directly obtained in the DFT space following the decomposition in the chosen feature space. Simulation experiments revealed that the proposed approach, where the activations of exemplars calculated using the Mel resolution are directly used to obtain the Wiener filter in the DFT space, results in improved signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) when compared to the system without coupled dictionaries. To further motivate the use of coupled dictionaries, the paper also investigates the use of modulation envelope features for the exemplar-based speech enhancement.
Optical and thermal characterization of albumin protein solders (1999)

The effect of temperature on the optical and thermal properties of pure and indocyanine green-doped albumin protein solders as a function of wavelength has been studied between 25 degrees C and 100 degrees C. An increase in the group refractive index by up to 4% and a decrease in absorption coefficient (approximately 800 nm) by up to 8%, after denaturing the solder specimens in a constant-temperature water bath at temperatures of 60-100 degrees C, were not significant. The reduced scattering coefficient, however, increased rapidly with temperature as the solder changed from being a highly nonscattering medium at room temperature to a highly scattering medium at temperatures close to 70 degrees C. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and heat capacity increased by up to 30%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. Finally, the frequency factor and activation energy were measured to be 3.17 x 10(56) s(-1) and 3.79 x 10(5) J mol(-1), respectively, for liquid protein solders (25% bovine serum albumin) and 3.50 x 10(57) s(-1) and 3.85 x 10(5) J mol(-1), respectively, for solid protein solders (60% bovine serum albumin). Incorporation of dynamic optical and thermal properties into modeling studies of laser tissue interactions could have a significant influence on the determination of the expected zone of damage.
Low-Power Computer Vision: Status, Challenges, Opportunities (2019)

Computer vision has achieved impressive progress in recent years. Meanwhile, mobile phones have become the primary computing platforms for millions of people. In addition to mobile phones, many autonomous systems rely on visual data for making decisions and some of these systems have limited energy (such as unmanned aerial vehicles also called drones and mobile robots). These systems rely on batteries and energy efficiency is critical. This article serves two main purposes: (1) Examine the state-of-the-art for low-power solutions to detect objects in images. Since 2015, the IEEE Annual International Low-Power Image Recognition Challenge (LPIRC) has been held to identify the most energy-efficient computer vision solutions. This article summarizes 2018 winners' solutions. (2) Suggest directions for research as well as opportunities for low-power computer vision.
Journaling of journal is (almost) free (2014)

Lightweight databases and key-value stores manage the consistency and reliability of their own data, often through rollback-recovery journaling or write-ahead logging. They further rely on file system journaling to protect the file system structure and metadata. Such journaling of journal appears to violate the classic end-to-end argument for optimal database design. In practice, we observe a significant cost (up to 73% slowdown) by adding the Ext4 file system journaling to the SQLite database on a Google Nexus 7 tablet running a Ubuntu Linux installation. The cost of file system journaling is up to 58% on a conventional machine with an Intel 311 SSD.In this paper, we argue that such cost is largely due to implementation limitations of the existing system. We apply two simple techniques--ensuring a single I/O operation on the synchronous commit path, and adaptively allowing each file to have a custom journaling mode (in particular, whether to journal the file data in addition to the metadata). Compared to SQLite without file system journaling, our enhanced journaling improves the performance or incurs minor (