gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Interferon-γ and Lipopolysaccharide on Macrophage Iron Metabolism Are Mediated by Nitric Oxide-induced Degradation of Iron Regulatory Protein 2 (2000)

Iron regulatory proteins (IRP-1 and IRP-2) control the synthesis of transferrin receptors (TfR) and ferritin by binding to iron-responsive elements, which are located in the 3'-untranslated region and the 5'-untranslated region of their respective mRNAs. Cellular iron levels affect binding of IRPs to iron-responsive elements and consequently expression of TfR and ferritin. Moreover, NO(*), a redox species of nitric oxide that interacts primarily with iron, can activate IRP-1 RNA binding activity resulting in an increase in TfR mRNA levels. Recently we found that treatment of RAW 264.7 cells (a murine macrophage cell line) with NO(+) (nitrosonium ion, which causes S-nitrosylation of thiol groups) resulted in a rapid decrease in RNA binding of IRP-2 followed by IRP-2 degradation, and these changes were associated with a decrease in TfR mRNA levels (Kim, S., and Ponka, P. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 33035-33042). In this study, we demonstrated that stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increased IRP-1 binding activity, whereas RNA binding of IRP-2 decreased and was followed by a degradation of this protein. Moreover, the decrease of IRP-2 binding/protein levels was associated with a decrease in TfR mRNA levels in LPS/IFN-gamma-treated cells, and these changes were prevented by inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells showed increased rates of ferritin synthesis. These results suggest that NO(+)-mediated degradation of IRP-2 plays a major role in iron metabolism during inflammation.
Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer`s Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately? (2009)

There are multiple molecules used in research to modify AD progression. Although it turns out to be difficult to obtain drugs with sufficient efficacy so that their marketing is approved, if they were achieved they would lead to a reduction of AD prevalence.
Terahertz frequency Hall measurement by magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy in InAs (2002)

We report on the time-domain terahertz (THz) magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy in the frequency range from 0.5 to 2.5 THz. The developed technique employs reflection geometry, enabling high-frequency noncontact Hall measurements in opaque samples. We also present a method to reveal the off-diagonal component of the complex dielectric tensor from the measured polarization-dependent THz wave forms. At a static magnetic field of 0.48 T, a large Kerr rotation over 10° originating from magnetoplasma resonance is observed in an n-type undoped InAs wafer at room temperature. This indicates the strong potential of this material for the polarization modulator in the THz regime.
Advanced automatic test pattern generation and redundancy identification techniques (2003)

Based on the sophisticated strategies used in the automatic test pattern generation system SOCRATES, the authors present several concepts aiming at a further improvement and acceleration of the deterministic test pattern generation and redundancy identification process. In particular, they describe an improved implication procedure and an improved unique sensitization procedure. Both procedures significantly advance the deterministic test pattern generation and redundancy identification especially for those faults, for which it is difficult to generate a test pattern or to prove them to be redundant, respectively. As a result of the application of the proposed techniques, SOCRATES is capable of successfully generating a test pattern for all testable faults in a set of combinational benchmark circuits, and of identifying all redundant faults with less than 10 backtrackings.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Objective assessment of technical skills in surgery (2003)

In the past few years, considerable developments have been made in the objective assessment of technical proficiency of surgeons. Technical skills should be assessed during training, and various methods have been developed for this purpose 

Surgical competence entails a combination of knowledge, technical skills, decision making, communication skills, and leadership skills. Of these, dexterity or technical proficiency is considered to be of paramount importance among surgical trainees. The assessment of technical skills during training has been considered to be a form of quality assurance for the future.1 Typically surgical learning is based on an apprenticeship model. In this model the assessment of technical proficiency is the responsibility of the trainers. However, their assessment is largely subjective.2 Objective assessment is essential because deficiencies in training and performance are difficult to correct without objective feedback.3

The introduction of the Calman system in the United Kingdom, the implementation of the European Working Time Directive, and the financial pressures to increase productivity4 have reduced the opportunity to learn surgical skills in the operating theatre. Studies have shown that these changes have resulted in nearly halving the surgical case load that trainees are exposed to.5 Surgical proficiency must therefore be acquired in less time, with the risk that some surgeons may not be sufficiently skilled at the completion of training.6 This and increasing attention of the public and media on the performance of doctors have given rise to an interest in the development of robust methods of assessment of technical skills.7 We review the research in this field in the past decade. Our objectives are to explore all the available methods, establish their validity and reliability, and examine the possibility of using these methods on the basis of the available evidence.

We collected information for this review from …
Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area (2005)

Autism is a severe developmental disorder marked by a triad of deficits, including impairments in reciprocal social interaction, delays in early language and communication, and the presence of restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. In this review, it is argued that the search for the neurobiological bases of the autism spectrum disorders should focus on the social deficits, as they alone are specific to autism and they are likely to be most informative with respect to modeling the pathophysiology of the disorder. Many recent studies have documented the difficulties persons with an autism spectrum disorder have accurately perceiving facial identity and facial expressions. This behavioral literature on face perception abnormalities in autism is reviewed and integrated with the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature in this area, and a heuristic model of the pathophysiology of autism is presented. This model posits an early developmental failure in autism involving the amygdala, with a cascading influence on the development of cortical areas that mediate social perception in the visual domain, specifically the fusiform "face area" of the ventral temporal lobe. Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition. Social perception and social cognition are postulated as normally linked during development such that growth in social perceptual skills during childhood provides important scaffolding for social skill development. It is argued that the development of face perception and social cognitive skills are supported by the amygdala-fusiform system, and that deficits in this network are instrumental in causing autism.
Lanthanide level location and charge carrier trapping in LiLnSiO<sub>4</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>,Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Ln = Y or Lu (2006)

By doping an inorganic compound with two specific types of trivalent rareearth impurities the controlled creation of electron-and hole-trapping centres is possible. This is demonstrated with experimental data on LiLnSiO 4 :Ce 3+ , Sm 3+ , Ln = Y or Lu. After exposure to ionizing radiation electrons are captured by Sm 3+ and holes are captured by Ce 3+ . The electron trapping depth is given by the energy difference between the Sm 2+ ground state and the bottom of the conduction band. This energy is estimated from the energy of charge transfer from the valence band to Eu 3+ employing recently developed models. The trapping energy is also determined from thermoluminescence studies. Both values are in good agreement.
Spacecraft charging, an update (2002)

Nearly twenty years after the landmark SCATHA program, spacecraft charging and its associated plasma interactions continue to be major issues for Earth-orbiting spacecraft. Although typically thought of as a surface effect on geosynchronous spacecraft, internal charging and low-altitude phenomena am increasingly causing concern. Since the time of SCATHA, spacecraft charging Investigation efforts were focused on surface effects and spacecraft design issues. Today a growing proportion of spacecraft anomalies are believed to be caused by internal charging effects (charging and ESD events inside the spacecraft Faraday cage). This review will, following a brief summary of the state of the art in surface charging, concentrate on the problems introduced by penetrating electrons ("internal charging") and related processes (buried charge and deep dielectric charging) and on the issues tied to the dense, low altitude plasma environment and the auroral zone. Likewise, with the advent of tethered spacecraft and the deployment of the International Space Station (shortly), low altitude charging has taken on a new significance and urgency.
Drug-induced asthma: a review. (1980)

A review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to drug-induced asthma is presented. Various drugs and drug additives causing asthma are classified and their possible modes of action in inducing asthma are discussed. Practical recommendations for diagnosis and prevention of drug-induced asthma are enumerated.
Graph Rigidity, Cyclic Belief Propagation, and Point Pattern Matching (2008)

A recent paper [1] proposed a provably optimal polynomial time method for performing near-isometric point pattern matching by means of exact probabilistic inference in a chordal graphical model. Its fundamental result is that the chordal graph in question is shown to be globally rigid, implying that exact inference provides the same matching solution as exact inference in a complete graphical model. This implies that the algorithm is optimal when there is no noise in the point patterns. In this paper, we present a new graph that is also globally rigid but has an advantage over the graph proposed in [1]: Its maximal clique size is smaller, rendering inference significantly more efficient. However, this graph is not chordal, and thus, standard Junction Tree algorithms cannot be directly applied. Nevertheless, we show that loopy belief propagation in such a graph converges to the optimal solution. This allows us to retain the optimality guarantee in the noiseless case, while substantially reducing both memory requirements and processing time. Our experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed solution is indistinguishable from that in [1] when there is noise in the point patterns.
Bacteremia Caused by a Strain of <i>Desulfovibrio</i> Related to the Provisionally Named <i>Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis</i> (2000)

Eight isolates of Desulfovibrio spp. have been obtained over 5 years from abdominal or brain abscesses or blood. Seven isolates were part of a mixed flora [corrected]. One strain was isolated in pure culture from the blood of a patient with peritonitis of appendicular origin. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequences, this strain was close to Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis. The present report describes the fourth isolate of this recently described species to be isolated in pure culture or as a predominant part of the flora and to be associated with infectious processes. Thus, D. fairfieldensis may possess a higher pathogenic potential than other Desulfovibrio species.
Probe and spectroscopic measurements in a high−density dc argon arc plasma (1975)

A steady−state magnetized argon arc plasma device operating in the multi−Torr pressure region is described. Diagnostic techniques involving electrostatic probes and spectroscopic methods are discussed and subsequent information on plasma arc parameters is presented. Electron densities of ∼2.5×1015 cm−3 and electron temperatures of ∼3.5 eV are derived from probe data, while Ar II Doppler line broadening and Zeeman line splitting yield ion temperatures of ∼2.0 eV and peak magnetic field strength of ∼2.5 kG.
Exploring self-similarities of bag-of-features for image classification (2011)

The use of bag-of-features (BOF) models has been a popular technique for image classification and retrieval. In order to better represent and discriminate images from different classes, we advance BOF and explore the self-similarities of visual words for improved performance. The proposed self-similarity hypercubes (SSH) model, which observes the concurrent occurrences of visual words in an image, is able to describe the structural information of the BOF in an image. Our experiments confirm that our SSH provides additional and complementary information to BOF and thus results in improved classification performance. Unlike most prior methods requiring extraction or integration of multiple types of features for similar improvements, our SSH works in the same domain as the BOF does. Moreover, we do not limit the use of our SSH to any particular type of image descriptors, and its generalization is also verified.
Intensity Considerations in Liquid Core Optical Fiber Raman Spectroscopy (2001)

This paper develops expressions for the Raman power emitted by liquid core optical fiber (LCOF) sample cells in six simple excitation/collection geometries and the fraction of that power that can be utilized in a conventional Raman spectrometer. From these expressions a “figure of merit” is developed that can be used to predict the relative intensity enhancement provided by LCOFs having different inside diameters and loss characteristics. For the apparatus used here, we show theoretically and experimentally that the figure of merit takes the simple form (α d) −1 where α and d are, respectively, the loss coefficient and inside diameter of the LCOF. Given the varying optical quality of Teflon®-AF LCOFs currently in use, the analysis presented here should be useful in optimizing the performance of LCOF accessories in Raman and related spectroscopic applications.
Linkage of the Angiotensinogen Gene to Essential Hypertension (1994)

This study provides strong and consistent support for the linkage to essential hypertension of regions within or close to the angiotensinogen gene. Precisely how mutations in this region may result in hypertension remains to be determined.
New testing software for quantifying discrimination capacity in subjects with ocular pathologies (2011)

We develop a new visual test, designed as software for quantifying discrimination capacity under low-illumination conditions. This is an important task in the presence of visual disturbances, such as those perceived by subjects with some ocular pathologies. For this purpose, we propose a visual-disturbance index, checking the test with two groups of observers having different ocular pathologies: a group with unilateral keratitis and another group affected with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). To compare the test results to objective data, we use a double-pass device to measure the Strehl ratio, a parameter that quantifies the retinal-image quality, taking into account aberrations, retinal reflection, and intraocular scattering working jointly. Diseased eyes present higher disturbance indexes and a lower Strehl ratio compared to their healthy fellow eyes, registering a significant descending correlation between the disturbance index and the Strehl ratio. The lower the Strehl ratio is, the higher the disturbance index for the eyes studied. Therefore, in keratitis and ARMD eyes, our results demonstrate a deterioration in the retinal-image quality and a lower discrimination capacity to peripheral stimuli, reducing visual performance.The test presented here could be useful for the study and time course in different eye diseases, especially those involving an increase in scattered light or alterations in the ocular media, as shown in this work.
Air-stable Co-, Fe-, and Fe/Co-Nanoparticles and Ferrofluids (2006)

Summary Air-stable Co, Fe, and Fe/Co nanoparticles are accessible by thermolysis of the metal carbonyl precursors in the presence of aluminium alkyls and subsequent “smooth oxidation”. The structure of the particles was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, HRTEM), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, UPS), metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The peptization of the nanoparticles with suitable surfactants (oleic and lauric acid, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT), LP-4 (a fatty acid condensation polymer), and KorantinSH (N-oleyl sarcosine)) yields magnetic fluids dispersed in carrier liquids such as toluene, kerosene, vacuum and mineral oils which are remarkably stable in air under ambient conditions. The resulting magnetic fluids show good magnetic properties. Several methods for the preparation of water-based MF are presented, e.g. , formation of surfactant bilayers, using phase transfer agents, or surface modification with L-cysteine ethyl ester. Water-based metallic magnetic fluids have a high potential for a number of technical and biomedical applications. Technical applications of the Co-based ferrofluids in the field of positioning systems and magnetohydrostatic bearings were investigated. The results emphasize the scope of nanoparticulate ferrofluids having a metallic core.
The Human Cytomegalovirus UL74 Gene Encodes the Third Component of the Glycoprotein H-Glycoprotein L-Containing Envelope Complex (1998)

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gCIII envelope complex is composed of glycoprotein H (gH; gpUL75), glycoprotein L (gL; gpUL115), and a third, 125-kDa protein not related to gH or gL (M. T. Huber and T. Compton, J. Virol. 71:5391-5398, 1997; L. Li, J. A. Nelson, and W. J. Britt, J. Virol. 71:3090-3097, 1997). Glycosidase digestion analysis demonstrated that the 125-kDa protein was a glycoprotein containing ca. 60 kDa of N-linked oligosaccharides on a peptide backbone of 65 kDa or less. Based on these biochemical characteristics, two HCMV open reading frames, UL74 and TRL/IRL12, were identified as candidate genes for the 125-kDa glycoprotein. To identify the gene encoding the 125-kDa glycoprotein, we purified the gCIII complex, separated the components by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and subjected gH and the 125-kDa glycoprotein to amino acid microsequence analysis. Microsequencing of an internal peptide derived from purified 125-kDa glycoprotein yielded the amino acid sequence LYVGPTK. A FASTA search revealed an exact match of this sequence to amino acids 188 to 195 of the predicted product of the candidate gene UL74, which we have designated glycoprotein O (gO). Anti-gO antibodies reacted in immunoblots with a protein species migrating at ca. 100 to 125 kDa in lysates of HCMV-infected cells and with 100- and 125-kDa protein species in purified virions. Anti-gO antibodies also immunoprecipitated the gCIII complex and recognized the 125-kDa glycoprotein component of the gCIII complex. Positional homologs of the UL74 gene were found in other betaherpesviruses, and comparisons of the predicted products of the UL74 homolog genes demonstrated a number of conserved biochemical features.
Risks factors for cerebral infarction in good-grade patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery: a prospective study (1991)

A prospective series of 265 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of Grades I to III (Hunt and Hess classification) upon admission were evaluated as to neurological outcome and computerized tomography (CT) findings 1 to 3 years (mean 1.4 years) after the SAH and surgery. A total of 73 patients underwent acute surgery (within 72 hours after the bleed: Days 0 to 3), 86 were operated on subacutely (between Days 4 and 7), and 91 had late surgery (on Day 8 or later). Fifteen patients died before surgery was undertaken and another 20 patients died during the follow-up period. A total of 104 patients received nimodipine and the rest of the patients received either placebo (109 patients) or no medication (52 patients). A logistical regression analysis revealed the following prognostic factors for cerebral infarction, in order of importance: the amount of blood on the primary CT scan; postoperative angiographic vasospasm; the timing of the operation; and a history of hypertension. The use of nimodipine was associated with a significant reduction of cerebral infarcts visualized by CT scanning in patients who received intermediate or late surgery. In patients who underwent acute surgery no significant difference between the incidence of cerebral infarcts was observed.
Stability of continuous-time distributed consensus algorithms (2004)

We study the stability properties of linear time-varying systems in continuous time whose system matrix is Metzler with zero row sums. This class of systems arises naturally in the context of distributed decision problems, coordination and rendezvous tasks and synchronization problems. The equilibrium set contains all states with identical state components. We present sufficient conditions guaranteeing uniform exponential stability of this equilibrium set, implying that all state components converge to a common value as time grows unbounded. Furthermore it is shown that this convergence result is robust with respect to an arbitrary delay, provided that the delay affects only the off-diagonal terms in the differential equation.
Interfacial Nanostructuring on the Performance of Polymer/TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanorod Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (2009)

This work presents polymer photovoltaic devices based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and TiO2 nanorod hybrid bulk heterojunctions. Interface modification of a TiO2 nanorod surface is conducted to yield a very promising device performance of 2.20% with a short circuit current density (J(sc)) of 4.33 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.78 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.65 under simulated A.M. 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm2). The suppression of recombination at P3HT/TiO2 nanorod interfaces by the attachment of effective ligand molecules substantially improves device performance. The correlation between surface photovoltage and hybrid morphology is revealed by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. The proposed method provides a new route for fabricating low-cost, environmentally friendly polymer/inorganic hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices.