gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of antiviral efficacy of FDA‐approved drugs against SARS‐CoV‐2 in human lung cells (2020)

Drug repositioning represents an effective way to control the current COVID-19 pandemic. Previously, we identified 24 FDA-approved drugs which exhibited substantial antiviral effect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Vero cells. Since antiviral efficacy could be altered in different cell lines, we developed an antiviral screening assay with human lung cells, which is more appropriate than Vero cell. The comparative analysis of antiviral activities revealed that nafamostat is the most potent drug in human lung cells (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0022 µM).
Dosimetry of ultrasoft x-rays (1.5 keV Al<sub>K<sub> </sub></sub>) using radiochromatic films and colour scanners (2003)

This work explores the possibility of measuring the absorbed dose of ultrasoft x-rays (USX, 1.5 keV Al(Kalpha)) with GAFCHROMIC HD-810 radiochromatic dosimetry films (HD-810 films) and colour scanners. HD-810 films were exposed to USX, soft x-rays (14.8 keV) and gamma-rays (60Co) for various times. The response of HD-810 films to absorbed doses of gamma-rays in water was calibrated with Fricke dosimetry and used for the calibration of USX. The optical density of the HD-810 films was quantified with an HP ScanJet 6100C scanner and Corel Picture Paint 7. The choice of the reading channel and colour adjustment settings were optimized to either improve sensitivity or expand the measurable dose range. The response of the HD-810 films to the absorbed dose in water decreased by 50% when the effective photon energy decreased from 1.25 MeV to 14.8 keV. The ratio of the mass energy absorption coefficient of the active layer of HD-810 films to that of water was found to play a major role in this decrease. The mean absorbed doses of the active layer of the HD-810 films exposed to USX were derived. The calculation of the initial photon fluence rate and the mean absorbed doses of USX to biological samples such as plasmid DNA is discussed. This study suggests that radiochromatic dosimetry films are promising secondary dosimeters for measuring the absorbed dose of USX.
Cellular uptake and intracellular degradation of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (2016)

In the present study, we used three different optical techniques to show that within a 24-hour period PBCA nanoparticles degraded significantly inside cells, releasing their payload into the cytosol, while POCA nanoparticles remained intact. This indicates that it is possible to tune the intracellular drug release rate by choosing appropriate monomers from the PACA family or by using hybrid PACA nanoparticles containing different monomers. In addition, we showed that the uptake of PACA nanoparticles depends not only on the monomer material, but also on the cell type, and that different cell lines can use different internalization pathways.
Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Polymethylene via C1 Polymerization. The Role of Oxygenated Impurities and Their Influence on Polydispersity (2014)

The living C1 polymerization of sulfoxide ylides initiated by organoborane is one of the few methods for controlling the molecular weight, polydispersity, and topology of simple hydrocarbon polymers. However, the synthesis of linear hydrocarbon polymers (polymethylene) with molecular weights >50 kDa via this method often results in some erosion of polymer polydispersity (PDI 1.3–2.0). In the absence of known chain transfer or termination steps, the origin of the PDI erosion remained a mystery. Here, we report that the PDI erosion can be attributed to small quantities of a borinic ester (R2BOR) impurity that arises from the oxidation of the trialkylborane initiator/catalyst (R3B) by trace oxygen. The propagation rate of R2BOR is substantially lower than that of R3B. Since the oxidized initiator/catalyst would produce very little polymer during the course of polymerization, the low reactivity of R2BOR alone could not account for the increased PDI. However, we have found that during the course of the polymerization (10 min) R2BOR will complex with ylide and undergo 1,2-oxygen migration. The resulting species R2BCH2OR is a more reactive initiator/catalyst than its borinic ester precursor R2BOR. The catalyst transformation introduces reactive growing polymer chains into the system after initiation and throughout the remaining polymerization, contributing to the formation of lower MW polymer. These results are supported by a computational study of the activation energies of the rate-limiting steps. The introduction of a less oxygen-sensitive amine–borane complex initiator/catalyst minimizes this complication and provides a method for synthesizing high-MW, low-PDI polymethylene.
Design and optical modulation of electrochromic windows (2003)

The fabrication and design of electrochromic smart windows based on anodically coloring conductive polymers and cathodically coloring transition-metal oxides are described. Some fundamental and practical aspects of the complementary five-layer transmissive electrochromic devices are presented. The electrochromic layers are prepared by new large-surface coating techniques. Solid, gelled, or glassy polymers were used as ionically conductive electrolytes. The electrochemical and optical characteristics of all solid-state, five-layer, electrochromic devices are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LASER AND LED EYE HAZARDS: SAFETY STANDARDS (1997)

Guidelines for the safe use of lasers have evolved considerably since initially issued by defense research organizations in the 1960s. Today, very mature safety standards and regulations exist worldwide.
Fast Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymer Nanotubes: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application (2008)

Conductive polymers exhibit several interesting and important properties, such as metallic conductivity and reversible convertibility between redox states. When the redox states have very different electrochemical and electronic properties, their interconversion gives rise to changes in the polymers' conformations, doping levels, conductivities, and colors, useful attributes if they are to be applied in displays, energy storage devices, actuators, and sensors. Unfortunately, the rate of interconversion is usually slow, at best on the order a few hundred milliseconds, because of the slow transport of counterions into the polymer layer to balance charge. This phenomenon is one of the greatest obstacles toward building rapidly responsive electrochemical devices featuring conductive polymers. One approach to enhancing the switching speed is decreasing the diffusion distance for the counterions in the polymer. We have found that nanotubular structures are good candidates for realizing rapid switching between redox states because the counterions can be readily doped throughout the thin nanotube walls. Although the synthesis of conductive polymer nanotubes can be performed using electrochemical template synthesis, the synthetic techniques and underlying mechanisms controlling the nanotube morphologies are currently not well established. We begin this Account by discussing the mechanisms for controlling the structures from hollow nanotubes to solid nanowires. The applied potential, monomer concentration, and base electrode shape all play important roles in determining the nanotubes' morphologies. A mechanism based on the rates of monomer diffusion and reaction allows the synthesis of nanotubes at high oxidation potentials; a mechanism dictated by the base-electrode shape dominates at very low oxidation potentials. The structures of the resulting conductive polymer nanotubes, such as those of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole, can be characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We also discuss these materials in terms of their prospective use in nanotube-based electrochemical devices. For example, we describe an electrochromic device incorporating PEDOT nanotubes that exhibits an ultrafast color switching rate (<10 ms) and strong coloration. In addition, we report a supercapacitor based on PEDOT nanotubes that can provide more than 80% of its own energy density, even at power demands as high as 25 kW/kg.
A theory of innovation processes for computer-aided manufacturing technology (1988)

The concept of uncertainty is used to develop a theory of the innovation process for computer-aided manufacturing. The interrelated propositions trace the process by which computerized equipment is adopted, prepared for, and implemented. This is done in terms of problems arising from uncertainty and coping strategies used to respond to them. The theory explains why it is so difficult to introduce the technology into companies. Problems arise in deciding whether or not to purchase, in preparing the organization's supporting functions, and in deciding whether or not success has been achieved. The propositions are also used to suggest coping strategies that can alleviate these problems. They include infrastructure development, participation, and installation in stages. Implications of the theory for innovation research are explored.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Data Dissemination in Opportunistic Networks (2013)

One of the most appealing applications to build upon an opportunistic network is data dissemination. Conceptually, data dissemination systems can be seen as variations of the publish/subscribe paradigm. This chapter discusses the challenges connected with content dissemination in an opportunistic network and the solutions proposed in the literature. It classifies current proposals that address the problem of content dissemination into six main categories, based on the specific problem targeted and the type of solution proposed. For each category, the chapter presents and discusses the work that we believe best summarizes the approach proposed. The PodNet Project was the first initiative to explicitly address the problem of disseminating content in a network made up of users’ mobile devices in an opportunistic fashion. The last category hosts proposals that tackle the dissemination problem using an analogy with unstructured p2p systems. Controlled Vocabulary Terms information dissemination; mobile ad hoc networks
Stage-skip pipeline: a low power processor architecture using a decoded instruction buffer (1996)

This paper presents a new pipeline structure that dramatically reduces the power consumption of multimedia processors by using the commonly observed characteristic that most of the execution cycles of signal processing programs are used for loop executions. In our pipeline, the signals obtained by decoding the instructions included in a loop are temporarily stored in a small-capacity RAM that we call decoded instruction buffer (DIB), and are reused at every cycle of the loop iterations. The power saving is achieved by stopping the instruction fetch and decode stages of the processor during the loop execution except its first iteration. The result of our power analysis shows that about 40% power saving can be achieved when our pipeline structure is incorporated into a digital signal processor or RISC processor. The area of the DIB is estimated to be about 0.7 mm/sup 2/ assuming triple-metal 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Efficient Functional Analysis System of Terpene-biosyn-thetic Enzyme Genes from Plants Using Escherichia coli (2011)

放線菌由来の生理活性物質の代表化合物群がポリケタイドとすると，植物でのそれはテルペン(terpenes ; イソプレノイド，テルペノイドとも呼ばれる)であり，本群は自然界で最も多様な(約40,000種からなる)化合物群を形成している．その中でも，C15 の基本骨格をもつセスキテルペンは7,000種以上の化合物群であり，多くの生理活性物質を含んでいる．ここでは，植物由来のセスキテルペンをはじめとするテルペンの生合成酵素について，大腸菌を用いた効率的機能解析システムを紹介するとともに，これによりその機能が明らかにされたテルペン生合成酵素遺伝子の実例を紹介する．
Beyond cryptographic conditional access (1999)

reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein. For more information about the USENIX Association:
The Population Structure of African Cultivated Rice Oryza glaberrima (Steud.) (2004)

Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) was investigated for 198 accessions of Oryza glaberrima using 93 nuclear microsatellite markers. Significantly elevated levels of LD were detected, even among distantly located markers. Free recombination among loci at the population genetic level was shown (1) by a lack of decay in LD among markers on the same chromosome and (2) by a strictly increasing composite likelihood function for the recombination parameter. This suggested that the elevation in LD was due not to physical linkage but to other factors, such as population structure. A Bayesian clustering analysis confirmed this hypothesis, indicating that the sample of O. glaberrima in this study was subdivided into at least five cryptic subpopulations. Two of these subpopulations clustered with control samples of O. sativa, subspecies indica and japonica, indicating that some O. glaberrima accessions represent admixtures. The remaining three O. glaberrima subpopulations were significantly associated with specific combinations of phenotypic traits-possibly reflecting ecological adaptation to different growing environments.
Comparative Analysis of QUAL2E. QUAL2K and CAP Steady State Water Quality Modeling Results in Downstream Areas of the Geum River, Korea (2008)

Major factors affecting water quality in rivers are transportation, input of pollutant loads and kinetic transformation of pollutants. Government level decision makings on water quality management are based on steady state water quality modeling. However, it is more than often that a such steady state assumption is far from real situations in rivers. Therefore, it is unavoidable to have modeling errors in water quality modeling especially for steady state modeling for longer period of time. Authors attempted to identify sources of errors in results of steady state models and thus tried to find out ways to minimize those errors. Three water quality models, QUAL2E (Brown et al., 1983), QUAL2K (Chapra et al., 2006) and CAP (Seo and Lee, 2000) were applied to the lower stream of the Geum River in this study. In general, BOD5 and COD tend to underestimate observed data while TN and TP showed relatively smaller errors. QUAL2E model provided best calibration results for BOD5 and TP and QUAL2K model showed best calibration results for TN. Since these errors are only relative values, it was difficult to conclude which model is better performing in certain situations. The most probable reasons for errors in water quality modeling are; 1) inappropriate consideration on flow characteristics, 2) lack of information on incoming pollutant load and 3) inappropriate location of sampling for water quality analysis.
Evaluation of operability before lung resection (2003)

Lung resection remains the treatment of choice in the curative approach to nonsmall cell lung cancer. Because most lung cancer patients are current or former smokers, they are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease, conditions associated with increased surgical morbidity and mortality. Careful preoperative assessment of the cardiopulmonary reserves is therefore of great importance. Various single and combined parameters for the functional assessment before surgery have been proposed. Currently the emphasis is on the determination of forced expiratory volume in the first second, the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and exercise testing with the measurement of maximal oxygen uptake. Adherence to established algorithms for this preoperative evaluation, advances in operative technique (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and combined operations of lung cancer surgery with lung volume reduction surgery), and perioperative care permit resections in patients who until recently would have been considered functionally inoperable.
Design and performance of a low-complexity iterative multiuser joint decoder based on Viterbi decoding and parallel interference cancellation (2003)

We propose a low-complexity multiuser joint parallel interference cancellation (PIC) decoder for direct-sequence CDMA. An estimate of the multiple-access interference (MAI) signal is formed by weighting the hard decisions produced by hard-output Viterbi decoders. Such MAI interference estimate is subtracted from the received signal in order to improve decoding in the next iteration. By using asymptotic performance analysis of random-spreading CDMA, we optimize the feedback weights at each iteration. Then, we consider two performance limitation factors: the bias of residual interference and the ping-pong effect. We propose then a modification of the basic PIC algorithm, which allows higher channel load and/or faster convergence to the single-user performance. The main conclusion of this work is that, in most practical cases, SISO decoders are not needed to attain very high spectral efficiency, and simple conventional Viterbi decoding suffices for most practical settings.
Time-scale modification of speech signals for language-learning impaired children (2002)

Speech signals can be modified to use as part of a program for training language-learning impaired children. The intent was to provide a better training source for recognition of fast acoustic signals that are embedded in speech and unambiguous perceptions of speech. For this purpose, speech signals were slowed by a factor of two without altering the pitch and speaker dependent features of the recorded voice to provide more easily understood speech. Various audio recordings of speech material were processed to evaluate the performance of three different time-scale modification (TSM) algorithms. It has been demonstrated that the "waveform similarity overlap-and-add (WSOLA)" algorithm increases the quality of the time-scale expanded speech over the other well-known TSM algorithms and produces high quality speech with the desired time-scale.
Kawasaki Disease Increases the Incidence of Myopia (2017)

The prevalence of myopia has rapidly increased in recent decades and has led to a considerable global public health concern. In this study, we elucidate the relationship between Kawasaki disease (KD) and the incidence of myopia. We used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to conduct a population-based cohort study. We identified patients diagnosed with KD and individuals without KD who were selected by frequency matched based on sex, age, and the index year. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the comparison of the 2 cohorts. The log-rank test was used to test the incidence of myopia in the 2 cohorts. A total of 532 patients were included in the KD cohort and 2128 in the non-KD cohort. The risk of myopia (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.58; <i>P</i> < 0.01) was higher among patients with KD than among those in the non-KD cohort. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that irrespective of age, gender, and urbanization, Kawasaki disease was an independent risk factor for myopia. Patients with Kawasaki disease exhibited a substantially higher risk for developing myopia.
Inference for mixtures of symmetric distributions (2007)

This article discusses the problem of estimation of parameters in finite mixtures when the mixture components are assumed to be symmetric and to come from the same location family. We refer to these mixtures as semi-parametric because no additional assumptions other than symmetry are made regarding the parametric form of the component distributions. Because the class of symmetric distributions is so broad, identifiability of parameters is a major issue in these mixtures. We develop a notion of identifiability of finite mixture models, which we call k-identifiability, where k denotes the number of components in the mixture. We give sufficient conditions for k-identifiability of location mixtures of symmetric components when k=2 or 3. We propose a novel distance-based method for estimating the (location and mixing) parameters from a k-identifiable model and establish the strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator. In the specific case of L2-distance, we show that our estimator generalizes the Hodges–Lehmann estimator. We discuss the numerical implementation of these procedures, along with an empirical estimate of the component distribution, in the two-component case. In comparisons with maximum likelihood estimation assuming normal components, our method produces somewhat higher standard error estimates in the case where the components are truly normal, but dramatically outperforms the normal method when the components are heavy-tailed.
Electrophoretic Nanocrystalline Graphene Film Electrode for Lithium Ion Battery (2015)

Graphene sheets were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition method from water suspension of graphene oxide followed by thermal reduction. The formation of nanocrystalline graphene sheets has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of graphene sheets as anode material for lithium ion batteries was evaluated by cycling voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Fabricated graphene sheets exhibited high discharge capacity of about 1120 mAh·g−1 and demonstrated good reversibility of lithium intercalation and deintercalation in graphene sheet film with capacity retention over 85 % after 50 cycles. Results show that nanocrystalline graphene sheets prepared by EPD demonstrated a high potential for application as anode material in lithium ion batteries.
Supracricoid Laryngectomy With Cricohyoidopexy (CHP) in the Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer: A Functional and Oncologic Experience (1996)

Subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy (CHP) results in a satisfactory cure rate in selected T1b, T2, and T3 supraglottic and glottic cancers. The clinical, oncologic, and functional results of this type of surgery have led to an ever-increasing number of patients undergoing this procedure. This study involved 70 patients operated on from 1984 to 1993 using this surgical procedure. This report also discusses the clinical (cTNM) and pathologic (pTNM) classifications of CHP cases. Fifty-two of these patients were evaluated after a follow-up of more than 3 years. Lymph node treatment protocol comprised 51 functional ipsilateral neck dissections (FNDs), 9 bilateral FNDs, 1 radical ipsilateral dissection, and 1 radical ipsilateral and contralateral FND. There were 6 recurrences (5 local, 1 neck); after CHP physiologic deglutition was recovered in most of the patients (95.5%), and all but 6 (92%) were decannulated. Results were excellent after phoniatric rehabilitation. This surgical procedure may be indicated for selected laryngeal cancers and allows for the preservation of laryngeal functions even when the neoplastic lesions are advanced. However, care must be taken when evaluating the infiltration of the paraglottic space, as that infiltration represents the main cause of failure in this type of surgery.