gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First-wafer effect in remote plasma processing: The stripping of photoresist, silicon nitride, and polysilicon (1994)

We have identified a first-wafer effect for photoresist ashing and silicon nitride-polysilicon stripping in remote plasma reactors. The first-wafer effect consists of the first wafer etching differently from the subsequent wafers in a lot. For photoresist ashing, the first wafer ashes faster than subsequent wafers. For silicon nitride and polysilicon stripping, first wafers show higher etch rates of silicon nitride and polysilicon, while silicon dioxide first wafers etch faster for the polysilicon strip process, and slower for the silicon nitride strip process. We have modeled the first-wafer effect for photoresist ashing. We found an inverse relationship between the percentage change in the time to clear the photoresist from the wafer and the time delay between processing sequential wafers. We have included this first-wafer effect in the on-line statistical process control strategy for the photoresist asher in our laboratory. Examination of this first-wafer effect suggests that it may be caused by the generation of species in the discharge in the first few seconds of operation that alter the reactivity of the chamber walls. While these species are quick to adsorb on the walls, they only desorb slowly. Pumping on the chamber in the absence of a microwave discharge returns the chamber to its original state.
<title>Reducing CD variation via statistically matching steppers</title> (1990)

The complexity of integrated circuits processing has made CD control a challenging work, especially in a high volume manufacturing environment such as the one where this study was done. Many factors contribute to linewidth variability, namely previous process variation, consistency of equipment performance, and human intervention. To effectively reduce CD variations in such a high volume manufacturing Fab, a two phase study was carried out. In phase I, several sources of variation were evaluated through Variance Components Analysis. This analysis gave a better understanding of where variation seen in some critical layers was coming from as well as providing information needed to prioritize efforts in variance reduction. Variables selected for inclusion in this study were etchers, steppers, day to day litho process fluctuations, and lot to lot poly substrates. Findings from phase I showed that of those variables included in the study, stepper to stepper variation was the major contributor to the CD variation. In order to reduce this effect of stepper variation a two step plan was formulated. The first step was to place a customized exposure correction into the software for each stepper, thus bringing the stepper means together. A second step was initially considered but not implemented as of this writing for logistical reasons. The objective of this second step was to reduce the variance by grouping the least sensitive steppers (lowest variance) to process the most sensitive masking layers.
First Version of a Dataflow Interchange Format (2002)

The dataflow interchange format (DIF) is a textual language that is geared towards capturing the semantics of graphical design tools for DSP system design. A key objective of DIF is to facilitate technology transfer across dataflow-based DSP design tools by providing a common, extensible semantics for representing coarse-grain dataflow graphs, and recognizing useful sub-classes of dataflow models. DIF captures essential modeling information that is required in dataflow-based analysis and optimization techniques, such as algorithms for consistency analysis, scheduling, memory management, and block processing, while optionally hiding proprietary details such as the actual code that implements the dataflow blocks. Accompanying DIF is a software package of intermediate representations and algorithms that operate on application models that are captured through DIF. This paper describes the structure of the DIF language together with several implementation and usage examples.
Automatic extraction of higher order interconnect parasitics for device level simulators for VHSIC applications (2002)

The necessary routines for extraction of interconnect parasitics have been implemented in Cadence DFWII environment. The implementation allows choice of parasitics based on "pure-capacitive", "RC-" or third order "LRC-" filter. Eye-diagram simulations on CMOS and bipolar gates on Si and HBT gates on InP, emulating MSI Very High Speed circuits, have shown that "LRC"-extraction of the power-lines in the case of CMOS in the GHz region is vital in predicting the circuit behaviour. The bipolar test-bed has shown considerably less sensitivity to power-lines. The signal path is more relevant for LRC-extraction in the latter.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE MAJOR NONIMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTEIN OF AMYLOID (1973)

Antisera have been prepared against the major nonimmunoglobulin component of secondary and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) associated amyloid which has been called A component or acid soluble fraction (ASF). The antisera were shown to be monospecific for ASF by precipitation of (125)I-labeled antigen and gave a reaction of identity with four different ASF preparations. The antisera were able to detect a circulating component in human serum that migrated in the alpha1-globulin region. This circulating component gave a line of identity with degraded ASF by double immunodiffusion. 57 normal sera and 89 sera from patients with diseases known to be frequently associated with amyloidosis were tested by immunodiffusion for the circulating ASF component. 7% of normal sera and 50-80% of the pathologic sera had elevated amounts of this component. Absorption studies showed that all normal sera probably have small amounts of this component while cord sera do not have detectable amounts. This component was partially purified and was shown to be slightly larger than albumin. The relation of the circulating component to the acid soluble fraction of amyloid is discussed.
Understanding the photoresist surface-liquid interface for ArF immersion lithography (2005)

Extraction of small molecule components into water from photoresist materials designed for 193 nm immersion lithography has been observed. Leaching of photoacid generator (PAG) has been monitored using three techniques: liquid scintillation counting (LSC); liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS); and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). LSC was also used to detect leaching of residual casting solvent (RCS) and base. The amount of PAG leaching from the resist films, 30 - 50 ng/cm<sup>2</sup>, was quantified using LSC. Both LSC and LCMS results suggest that PAG and photoacid leach from the film only upon initial contact with water (within 10 seconds) and minimal leaching occurs thereafter for immersion times up to 30 minutes. Exposed films show an increase in the amount of photoacid anion leaching by upwards of 20% relative to unexposed films. Films pre-rinsed with water for 30 seconds showed no further PAG leaching as determined by LSC. No statistically significant amount of residual casting solvent was extracted after 30 minutes of immersion. Base extraction was quantified at 2 ng/cm<sup>2</sup> after 30 seconds. The leaching process is qualitatively described by a model based on the stratigraphy of resist films.
Developmental regulation and individual differences of neuronal H3K4me3 epigenomes in the prefrontal cortex (2010)

Little is known about the regulation of neuronal and other cell-type specific epigenomes from the brain. Here, we map the genome-wide distribution of trimethylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3), a mark associated with transcriptional regulation, in neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei collected from prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 11 individuals ranging in age from 0.5 to 69 years. Massively parallel sequencing identified 12,732-19,704 H3K4me3 enriched regions (peaks), the majority located proximal to (within 2 kb of) the transcription start site (TSS) of annotated genes. These included peaks shared by neurons in comparison with three control (lymphocyte) cell types, as well as peaks specific to individual subjects. We identified 6,213 genes that show highly enriched H3K4me3 in neurons versus control. At least 1,370 loci, including annotated genes and novel transcripts, were selectively tagged with H3K4me3 in neuronal but not in nonneuronal PFC chromatin. Our results reveal age-correlated neuronal epigenome reorganization, including decreased H3K4me3 at approximately 600 genes (many function in developmental processes) during the first year after birth. In comparison, the epigenome of aging (>60 years) PFC neurons showed less extensive changes, including increased H3K4me3 at 100 genes. These findings demonstrate that H3K4me3 in human PFC is highly regulated in a cell type- and subject-specific manner and highlight the importance of early childhood for developmentally regulated chromatin remodeling in prefrontal neurons.
Endostatin Inhibits Adhesion of Endothelial Cells to Collagen I via  2 1 Integrin, a Possible Cause of Prevention of Chondrosarcoma Growth (2002)

Endostatin derived from collagen XVIII is a potent endogenous anti-angiogenic factor that induces regression of various tumors of epithelial origin. Endostatin has been shown to inhibit endothelial cell functions, however, its effect remains controversial. We first attempted here to apply the inhibitory effect of recombinant human endostatin on chondrosarcomas, which originate from the mesenchyme, in nude mice. Endostatin induced reduction of chondrosarcoma growth and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. However, endostatin showed no effect on the proliferation and migration of chondrosarcoma cells in vitro. Next, we investigated the interactions between endostatin and endothelial cells in detail. Endostatin inhibited the migration on and attachment to collagen I but did not affect the proliferation of endothelial cells. Although the migration of endothelial cells was stimulated by angiogenic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, endostatin showed similar inhibitory effects on it in the presence and absence of the stimulants. Moreover, the inhibitory effect against endothelial cell attachment to collagen I was attenuated or modulated in the presence of neutralizing antibodies of alpha(2), alpha(5)beta(1), and alpha(V)beta(3) integrins but not that of alpha(1) integrin. Our results suggest that endostatin might suppress the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin function of endothelial cells via alpha(5)beta(1) or alpha(V)beta(3) integrin. We propose here that endostatin might be effective for anti-angiogenic therapy for human chondrosarcomas through the suppression of alpha(2)beta(1) integrin functions in endothelial cells.
Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes (2016)

Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.
miRNA-34c regulates Notch signaling during bone development (2012)

During bone homeostasis, osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation is coupled and regulated by multiple signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors. Here, we show that microRNA 34 (miR-34) is significantly induced by BMP2 during osteoblast differentiation. In vivo, osteoblast-specific gain of miR-34c in mice leads to an age-dependent osteoporosis due to the defective mineralization and proliferation of osteoblasts and increased osteoclastogenesis. In osteoblasts, miR-34c targets multiple components of the Notch signaling pathway, including Notch1, Notch2 and Jag1 in a direct manner, and influences osteoclast differentiation in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-34c is critical during osteoblastogenesis in part by regulating Notch signaling in bone homeostasis. Furthermore, miR-34c-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of Notch signaling in osteoblasts is one possible mechanism to modulate the proliferative effect of Notch in the committed osteoblast progenitors which may be important in the pathogenesis of osteosarcomas. Therefore, understanding the functional interaction of miR-34 and Notch signaling in normal bone development and in bone cancer could potentially lead to therapies modulating miR-34 signaling.
Organometallic reactions. Part VII. Further addition reactions of tributyltin methoxide and of bistributyltin oxide (1967)

The addition of tributyltin methoxide and of biotributyltin oxide to the following acceptor molecules is described : isothiocyanates, trichloroacetonitrile, carbon disulphide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbodi-imides. The corresponding phenoxide is generally less reactive than the methoxide. The initial product is always a 1 : 1 adduct, but in the reaction of bistributyltin oxide with isothiocyanates and with carbon disulphide, the nature of the ultimate product is determined by the elimination of bistributyltin sulphide. Many of the adducts dissociate when heated. Many react very readily with protic reagents, and consequently organotin compounds catalyse the addition of alcohols or of water to carbodi-imides.
Limonene (1989)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Bioartificial Liver Systems: Why, What, Whither? (2008)

Acute liver disease is a life-threatening condition for which liver transplantation is the only recognized effective therapy. While etiology varies considerably, the clinical course of acute liver failure is common among the etiologies: encephalopathy progressing toward coma and multiple organ failure. Detoxification processes, such as molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) and Prometheus, have had limited success in altering blood chemistries positively in clinical evaluations, but have not been shown to be clinically effective with regard to patient survival or other clinical outcomes in any Phase III prospective, randomized trial. Bioartificial liver systems, which use liver cells (hepatocytes) to provide metabolic support as well as detoxification, have shown promising results in early clinical evaluations, but again have not demonstrated clinical significance in any Phase III prospective, randomized trial. Cell transplantation therapy has had limited success but is not practicable for wide use owing to a lack of cells (whole-organ transplantation has priority). New approaches in regenerative medicine for treatment of liver disease need to be directed toward providing a functional cell source, expandable in large quantities, for use in various applications. To this end, a novel bioreactor design is described that closely mimics the native liver cell environment and is easily scaled from microscopic (<1 ml cells) to clinical ( approximately 600 ml cells) size, while maintaining the same local cell environment throughout the bioreactor. The bioreactor is used for study of primary liver cell isolates, liver-derived cell lines and stem/progenitor cells.
ACS NEWS (2005)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVACS NewsNEXTACS NEWSAEI CONNECTS PH.D.S WITH RECRUITERSFIONA CASECite this: Chem. Eng. News 2005, 83, 46, 59–61Publication Date (Print):November 14, 2005Publication History Published online14 November 2010Published inissue 14 November 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v083n046.p059https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n046.p059acs-newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (826 KB) SUBJECTS:Graduate education,Teaching and learning methods Get e-Alerts
Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management (2015)

The main goal of therapy in PV and ET is to prevent thrombohemorrhagic complications. In low risk patients, this is accomplished by the use of low-dose aspirin and phlebotomy (hematocrit target <45%) in PV. In high risk (for thrombosis) patients, treatment with hydroxyurea is additionally recommended. Treatment with busulfan or interferon-α is usually effective in hydroxyurea failures and the additional value of JAK inhibitor therapy in such cases is limited. Screening for AvWS is recommended before administrating aspirin, in the presence of extreme thrombocytosis.
Alternative Treatments For Haemonchus Contortus in Sheep: Testing of a Natural Dewormer and Literature Review of Management Methods (2014)

Infestation with the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, can cause farmers severe economic losses and endanger animal welfare. Adult H. contortus attach to the stomach of a sheep and feed on their blood. Eggs are secreted in the animal's feces, hatch on pasture, and are ingested by the sheep while grazing. Chemical anthelmintics are commonly used to treat H. contortus, but the parasite is becoming resistant to these drugs at an alarming rate. This research investigates alternative methods for managing H. contortus in two parts. The first part tested a natural dewormer developed by the company Fertrell on ten sheep at the Dickinson College Farm. This experiment used FAMACHA and McMaster's methods to determine responses in anemia and H. contortus loads in the animals' feces. The second part investigated the effectiveness of alternative prevention methods in existing literature. The experimental results indicated that the natural dewormer has potential for being effective – the longevity of the effect, however, is uncertain. More research is necessary. The literature review found that selective treatment, pasture rotation, and nutrition supplementation are important and effective ways to increase sheep resistance to and resilience against H. contortus and suggests areas for future research.
A Virtual Environment for Satellite Modeling and Orbital Analysis in a Distributed Interactive Simulation (1993)

In response to the need for a more realistic, interactive, and immersive space simulation system, the Joint National Intelligence Defense Staff (JNIDS) has sponsored the development of the Satellite Modeler at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT). The Satellite Modeler (SM) is a virtual environment (VE) application that allows analyst-users to enter a virtual near- Earth space environment and visualize realistic satellite models performing accurate orbital motion. The Satellite Modeler provides manipulation functions that allow a user to interact with multiple satellite models and satellite constellations. The system affords the user multiple vantage points within the environment to view satellites in orbit. It also functions as a network actor in a distributed simulation environment. The Satellite Modeler achieves accurate physical modeling of satellite motion by using the North American Air Defense (NORAD) Command SGP4 orbital model and associated orbital elements for satellites currently in orbit. System functionality is realized within an object- oriented framework and accessible through a graphical user interface (GUI). This thesis is the second of a three-year effort to create a three dimensional virtual environment for modeling and manipulating satellite objects.
Design of RF/IF analog to digital converters for software radio communication receivers (2007)

Software radio architecture can support multiple standards by performing analogto-\ndigital (A/D) conversion of the radio frequency (RF) signals and running\nreconfigurable software programs on the backend digital signal processor (DSP). A\nslight variation of this architecture is the software defined radio architecture in which the\nA/D conversion is performed on intermediate frequency (IF) signals after a single down\nconversion.\nThe first part of this research deals with the design and implementation of a\nfourth order continuous time bandpass sigma-delta (CT BP) C based on LC filters\nfor direct RF digitization at 950 MHz with a clock frequency of 3.8 GHz. A new ADC\narchitecture is proposed which uses only non-return to zero feedback digital to analog\nconverter pulses to mitigate problems associated with clock jitter. The architecture also has full control over tuning of the coefficients of the noise transfer function for obtaining the best signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance. The operation of the architecture is examined in detail and extra design parameters are introduced to ensure robust operation of the ADC. Measurement results of the ADC, implemented in IBM 0.25 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology, show SNR of 63 dB and 59 dB in signal bandwidths of 200 kHz\nand 1 MHz, respectively, around 950 MHz while consuming 75 mW of power from ±\n1.25 V supply.\nThe second part of this research deals with the design of a fourth order CT BP ADC based on gm-C integrators with an automatic digital tuning scheme for IF\ndigitization at 125 MHz and a clock frequency of 500 MHz. A linearized CMOS OTA\narchitecture combines both cross coupling and source degeneration in order to obtain\ngood IM3 performance. A system level digital tuning scheme is proposed to tune the\nADC performance over process, voltage and temperature variations. The output bit\nstream of the ADC is captured using an external DSP, where a software tuning algorithm\ntunes the ADC parameters for best SNR performance. The IF ADC was designed in\nTSMC 0.35 µm CMOS technology and it consumes 152 mW of power from ± 1.65 V\nsupply.