gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in high permeability polymeric membrane materials for CO<sub>2</sub>separations (2011)

Global CO2 emissions have increased steadily in tandem with the use of fossil fuels. A paradigm shift is needed in developing new ways by which energy is supplied and utilized, together with the mitigation of climate change through CO2 reduction technologies. There is an almost universal acceptance of the link between rising anthropogenic CO2 levels due to fossil fuel combustion and global warming accompanied by unpredictable climate change. Therefore, renewable energy, non-fossil fuels and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) must be deployed on a massive scale. CCS technologies provide a means for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to the current strategies of improving energy efficiency. Coal-fired power plants are among the main large-scale CO2 emitters, and capture of the CO2 emissions can be achieved with conventional technologies such as amine absorption. However, this energy-consuming process, calculated at approximately 30% of the power plant capacity, would result in unacceptable increases in power generation costs. Membrane processes offer a potentially viable energy-saving alternative for CO2 capture because they do not involve any phase transformation. However, typical gas separation membranes that are currently available have insufficiently high permeability to be able to process the massive volumes of flue gas, which would result in a high CO2 capture. Polymer membranes highly permeable to CO2 and having good selectivity should be developed for the membrane process to be viable. This perspective review summarizes recent noteworthy advances in polymeric materials having very high CO2 permeability and good CO2/N2 selectivity that largely surpass the separation performance of conventional polymer materials. Five important classes of polymer membrane materials are highlighted: polyimides, thermally rearranged polymers (TRs), substituted polyacetylenes, polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIM) and polyethers, which provide insights into polymer designs suitable for CO2 separation from, for example, the post-combustion flue gases in coal-fired power plants.
Developing an uncertainty analysis for optical scatterometry (2009)

This article describes how an uncertainty analysis may be performed on a scatterometry measurement. A method is outlined for propagating uncertainties through a least-squares regression. The method includes the propagation of the measurement noise as well as estimates of systematic effects in the measurement. Since there may be correlations between the various parameters determined by the measurement, a method is described for visualizing the uncertainty in the extracted profile. The analysis is performed for a 120 nm pitch grating, consisting of photoresist lines 120 nm high, 45 nm critical dimension, and 88° side wall angle, measured with a spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer. The results suggest that, while scatterometry is very precise, there are a number of sources of systematic errors that limit its absolute accuracy. Addressing those systematic errors may significantly improve scatterometry measurements in the future.
Nitric oxide as a mediator of inflammation?—You had better believe it (1995)

Nitric oxide has enigmatic qualities in inflammation. In order to appreciate the precise contributions of nitric oxide to a pathophysiological process, one must account for enzyme source, coproduction of oxidants and antioxidant defences, time, rate of nitric oxide production, cellular source, peroxynitrite formation and effects on DNA (mutagenesis/apoptosis). We contend that there is ample evidence to consider nitric oxide as a molecular aggressor in inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation. Therapeutic benefit can be achieved by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and not the donation of additional nitric oxide. Furthermore, there is growing appreciation that nitric oxide and products derived thereof, are critical components linking the increased incidence of cancer in states of chronic inflammation.
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals distinct genetic modules associated with Helios expression in intratumoral regulatory T cells (2018)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key modulators of immune tolerance, capable of suppressing inflammatory immune responses and promoting nonlymphoid tissue homeostasis. Helios, a transcription factor (TF) that is selectively expressed by Tregs, has been shown to be essential for the maintenance of Treg lineage stability in the face of inflammatory conditions that include autoimmune disease and cancer. Helios-deficient Tregs within tumors acquire effector T cell function and contribute to immune responses against cancer. However, the underlying genetic basis of this Treg reprogramming is not well understood. Here, we report that Helios-deficient Tregs within the chronic inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) derepress genetic programs associated with T helper (Th) cell differentiation by up-regulating Th cell-associated TFs and effector cytokines. These genetic changes of Helios-deficient Tregs are most apparent in a Treg subpopulation with high affinity for self-antigens, as detected by both increased GITR/PD-1 expression and increased responsiveness to self-antigens. Their combined effects may promote a phenotype conversion of Tregs into effector T cells within the TME, where TCR engagement and costimulatory receptor expression by Tregs are increased. These data provide a genetic basis for the unstable phenotype of Helios-deficient Tregs within the inflammatory environment of tumors and suggest that immune milieu-dependent alterations in gene expression are a central feature of Treg conversion.
Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 is increased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (1998)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has multiple etiologic associations, but the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 is induced in the liver of patients who drink alcohol to excess and is important in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We have previously shown that hepatic CYP2E1 is also increased in a rat dietary model of steatohepatitis. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that hepatic CYP2E1 is induced in the liver of patients with NASH, defined on the basis of compatible liver histology and the exclusion of excessive alcohol intake. Sections of paraffin-embedded liver biopsy material from 31 subjects with NASH were evaluated and compared with sections from 10 histologically normal livers and 6 patients with ALD. Hepatic CYP2E1 and CYP3A were detected in liver sections by immunohistochemistry using specific anti-human CYP2E1 and CYP3A antibodies. As expected, normal livers showed CYP2E1 immunostaining confined to a rim, two to three cells thick, around terminal hepatic venule, while livers from alcoholic hepatitis patients showed increased CYP2E1 staining. CYP2E1 immunostaining was also increased in livers from patients with NASH, irrespective of the etiologic association. Further, the pattern of CYP2E1 distribution was similar to ALD, with increased perivenular intensity and more extensive acinar distribution of staining. As in the rat model, the hepatic distribution of CYP2E1 corresponded to that of steatosis. In contrast to CYP2E1, CYP3A immunostaining was decreased in patients with NASH. We conclude that hepatic CYP2E1 is increased in patients with NASH compared with normal livers. Thus, despite many possible etiologic factors for NASH, the pathogenetic mechanisms may be similar and, like alcoholic steatohepatitis, may involve induction of CYP2E1.
Adjustment of polyamine contents in Escherichia coli (1988)

Adjustment of polyamine contents in Escherichia coli was studied with strains of Escherichia coli producing normal (DR112) and excessive amounts of ornithine decarboxylase [DR112(pODC)] or S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase [DR112(pSAMDC)]. Although DR112(pODC) produced approximately 70 times more ornithine decarboxylase than DR112 did, the amounts of polyamines in the cells of both strains did not change significantly. The amounts of polyamines in DR112(pODC) were adjusted by excretion of excessive amounts of putrescine to the medium. When ornithine was deficient in cells, polyamine contents in DR112(pODC) were much higher than those in DR112, although polyamine contents were low in both strains. This indicates that large amounts of ornithine decarboxylase increased the utilization of ornithine for putrescine synthesis. During ornithine deficiency, strain DR112 produced 3.4 times more ornithine decarboxylase. Strain DR112(pSAMDC) produced seven times more S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase than DR112 did. In DR112(pSAMDC) an increase (40%) in spermidine content, a decrease (35%) in putrescine content, and no significant excretion of putrescine and spermidine were observed. The amount of ornithine decarboxylase in DR112(pSAMDC) was approximately 30% less than that in DR112. In addition, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was strongly inhibited by spermidine. A possible regulatory mechanism to maintain polyamine contents in Escherichia coli is discussed based on the results.
A yeast plasmid partitioning protein is a karyoskeletal component. (1987)

The Saccharomyces yeast plasmid, 2-micron circle, encodes a partitioning system that ensures equidistribution of plasmid molecules to both progeny following cell division. This system consists of two proteins encoded in plasmid genes REP1 and REP2 and a cis-active noncoding locus, designated REP3. We have raised antibodies against a REP1 beta-galactosidase fusion protein and used them to identify the authentic REP1 protein in plasmid-bearing yeast cells. We find that REP1 protein is located exclusively in the nucleus and co-purifies with a karyoskeletal protein subfraction operationally and morphologically equivalent to the nuclear matrix-pore complex-lamina fraction of higher cells. The carboxyl half of the REP1 protein exhibits strong sequence homology to myosin heavy chain, vimentin, and nuclear lamins A and C, indicating a fibrous structure for the protein. From these observations, we suggest that REP1 protein may promote plasmid partitioning by intercalating into the nuclear lamina of the host cell to provide dispersed anchorage sites for attachment of plasmid molecules.
Information Fusion and Person Verification Using Speech & Face Information (2002)

This report provides an overview of important concepts in the field of information fusion, followed by a review of literature pertaining to audio-visual person identification & verification. Several recent adaptive and non-adaptive techniques for reaching the verification decision (i.e., to accept or reject the claimant), based on audio and visual information, are evaluated in clean and noisy conditions on a common database using a text-independent setup. It is shown that in clean conditions all the non-adaptive approaches provide similar performance; in noisy conditions they exhibit deterioration in their performance. It is also shown that current adaptive approaches are either inadequate or utilize restrictive assumptions. A new category of classifiers is then introduced, where the decision surface is fixed but constructed to take into account the effects of noisy conditions, providing a good trade-off between performance in clean and noisy conditions.
A Direct Measurement of the Uranium Metal Temperature Coefficient of Reactivity (1957)

The uranium metal temperature coefficient of reactivity has been measured in ZEEP. A uranium sample was oscillated in the reactor and the resulting modulation of reactor power was measured as a function of the sample temperature. The temperature coefficient of uniformly heated uranium rods, 3.25 cm. in diameter, immersed in a constant temperature moderator (moderator-to-uranium volume ratio 22) is deduced from this experiment. Over the range +30°C to +230°C the coefficient is dk/dT = − (1.25 ± O.09) × 10−5 per °C. Over the range +10°C to −140°C the coefficient is dk/df = −(1.58 ± 0.18) × 10−5 per °C.
Real world performance of association rule algorithms (2001)

This study compares five well-known association rule algorithms using three real-world datasets and an artificial dataset. The experimental results confirm the performance improvements previously claimed by the authors on the artificial data, but some of these gains do not carry over to the real datasets, indicating overfitting of the algorithms to the IBM artificial dataset. More importantly, we found that the choice of algorithm only matters at support levels that generate more rules than would be useful in practice. For support levels that generate less than 1,000,000 rules, which is much more than humans can handle and is sufficient for prediction purposes where data is loaded into RAM, Apriori finishes processing in less than 10 minutes. On our datasets, we observed super-exponential growth in the number of rules. On one of our datasets, a 0.02% change in the support increased the number of rules from less than a million to over a billion, implying that outside a very narrow range of support values, the choice of algorithm is irrelevant.
Narcotic Antagonists (1965)

The study of strong analgesics has attracted much interest in the past decade and has been the subject of several reviews [26, 27, 62, 150]1) including a recent one in this series [143]. Compounds of diverse chemical structures have been discovered which are highly active in the laboratory and in the clinic, but despite these efforts the goal of finding a clinically acceptable substitute for morphine without addiction liability has not been reached.
Developmental regulation of cytokeratins in cells of the rat mammary gland studied with monoclonal antibodies. (1984)

We have isolated two monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins and determined their cell specificities. They display interesting localization within the rat mammary gland. One (1A10) shows specificity for myoepithelial cells; the other (24B42) is specific for lumenal cells at various stages of development. These two monoclonal antibodies and three others to cytokeratin previously isolated were used in conjunction with antibodies to myosin and collagen IV to confirm and extend our previous findings on epithelial cell types and development within the mammary gland.
Structural relationship of human apolipoprotein B48 to apolipoprotein B100. (1987)

Although the complete amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein (apo) B100 is known (4536 amino acids), the structure of apo B48 has not been defined. The objective of our study was to define the structure of apo B48 and its relationship to apo B100. Antibodies were produced against 22 synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in human apo B100. The levels of immunoreactivity of the antipeptides to apo B100 and apo B48 were used to define the structural relationship between these two species of apo B. Six antibodies from sequences in the amino-terminal half of apo B100, including antipeptide 2110-2129, bound to both apo B100 and apo B48. 15 other apo B-specific antipeptides from sequences carboxyl-terminal to residue 2152 bound to apo B100, but not to apo B48. Immunoblots of cyanogen bromide digests of apo B100 and apo B48 with antipeptides 2068-2091 and 2110-2129 detected a 16-KD fragment (residues 2016-2151) in the apo B100 digest and a fragment of identical size in the apo B48 digest. Because apo B48 appears to contain the apo B100 cyanogen bromide fragment 2016-2151 and because an antiserum specific for the peptide 2152-2168 does not bind to apo B48, we conclude that apo B48 represents the amino-terminal 47% of apo B100 and that the carboxyl terminus of apo B48 is in the vicinity of residue 2151 of apo B100.
Effect of nucleocapsid on multimerization of gypsy structural protein GAG (2012)

The structural protein (Gag) of the gypsy Drosophila retrovirus lacks matrix, but contains capsid and nucleocapsid domains. The Gag forms virus-like particles in a bacterial cell; besides, its capsid alone is able to form aggregates. However, aggregates assembled from the capsid were variable in size and displayed much less organization than particles formed by the whole Gag. The nucleocapsid exerts influence on the organization and structure of particles, and this function is directed by sequence of amino acid residues at its N-terminus (a nucleocapsid proximal part). The particle assembling occurs in the presence of any RNAs or single stranded DNA oligonucleotides.
Selenium replacement in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome improves clinical outcome (1999)

Selenium replacement in patients with SIRS seems to improve clinical outcome and to reduce the incidence of acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis.
Sensory stimulation by time‐varying magnetic fields (1990)

When two human volunteers were imaged with magnetic field gradient dB/dt of 61 T/s RMS, the subjects reported, to our surprise, feeling muscular twitches synchronous with gradient pulses over repeated experiments. No adverse or sustained effects were seen. Experiments in a canine, intended to assess the safety of MR imaging with dB/dt of up to 66 T/s RMS, failed to induce detectable changes in the electrocardiogram or to show any signs of gross response to gradient pulsing. Although these data are preliminary, and largely anecdotal, they suggest a level above which such stimulation may occur. We believe that this is the first report of direct human stimulation in an MRI device and that determination of the stimulation threshold may have impact on the selection of appropriate operating points for magnetic imaging systems.
A population-based screening study for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in Danish postmenopausal women: acceptability and prevalence (2018)

The study recorded an acceptable total attendance rate, even though a significantly lower attendance rate was observed in the eldest women. The identified hesitation towards prophylactic therapy may affect the rationale and effectiveness of CVD screening, and hesitation seems a critical issue that should be addressed in the design of future screening programmes.
Glutamate and post-traumatic stress disorder: toward a psychobiology of dissociation. (1999)

Dissociative cognitive and perceptual alterations commonly occur at the time of traumatization and as an enduring feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After stress exposure, dissociative symptoms are a predictor of the development of PTSD. Recent preclinical data suggest that stress stimulates the cortico-limbic release of glutamate. The glutamate that is released during stress in animal models influences behavior, induces a variety of changes in neural plasticity that may have long-lasting effects on brain function and behavior, and contributes to neural toxicity. Antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor also stimulates transient cortico-limbic glutamate release in animals. Further, some of the effects of NMDA antagonists in animals are blocked by drugs that attenuate glutamate release. Clinical studies suggest that NMDA antagonists may transiently stimulate glutamate release and produce symptoms resembling dissociative states in humans. A recent study suggests that a drug that reduces glutamate release also attenuates the perceptual effects of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Because of the possible contributions of hyperglutamatergic states to the acute and long-lasting consequences of traumatic stress exposure, the therapeutic and neuroprotective potential of drugs that attenuate glutamate release should be explored in traumatized individuals with dissociative symptoms.
The Male Determinant of Self-Incompatibility in <i>Brassica</i> (1999)

In the S locus-controlled self-incompatibility system of Brassica, recognition of self-related pollen at the surface of stigma epidermal cells leads to inhibition of pollen tube development. The female (stigmatic) determinant of this recognition reaction is a polymorphic transmembrane receptor protein kinase encoded at the S locus. Another highly polymorphic, anther-expressed gene, SCR, also encoded at the S locus, fulfills the requirements for the hypothesized pollen determinant. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies prove that the SCR gene product is necessary and sufficient for determining pollen self-incompatibility specificity, possibly by acting as a ligand for the stigmatic receptor.
Deletion of the regulatory domain of protein kinase C alpha exposes regions in the hinge and catalytic domains that mediate nuclear targeting. (1992)

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family are characterized by an NH2-terminal regulatory domain containing binding sites for calcium, phosphatidylserine, and diacylglycerol (or tumor-promoting phorbol esters), a small central hinge region and a COOH-terminal catalytic domain. We have constructed fusion proteins in which the regulatory domain of PKC alpha was removed and replaced by a 19-amino acid leader sequence containing a myristoylation consensus or by the same sequence in which the amino-terminal glycine was changed to alanine to prevent myristoylation. The goal was to generate constitutively active mutants of PKC that were either membrane bound, due to their myristoylation, or cytoplasmic. Western blotting of fractions from COS cells transfected with plasmids encoding wild-type and mutant proteins revealed that PKC alpha resided entirely in a Triton X-100 soluble (TS) fraction, whereas both the myristoylated and nonmyristoylated mutants were associated primarily with the nuclear envelope fraction. A similar mutant that lacked the 19 amino acid leader sequence was also found almost entirely in the nuclear envelope, as was a truncation mutant containing only the regulatory domain, hinge region, and a small portion of the catalytic domain. However, an additional truncation mutant consisting of only the regulatory domain plus the first one-third of the hinge region was almost entirely in the TS fraction. A nonmyristoylated fusion protein containing only the catalytic domain was also found in the nuclear envelope. Immunostaining of cells transfected with these constructs revealed that both the myristoylated and nonmyristoylated mutants were localized in nuclei, whereas wild-type PKC alpha was primarily cytoplasmic and perinuclear. Phorbol dibutyrate treatment of PKC alpha-transfected cells resulted in increased perinuclear and nuclear staining. The results are consistent with a model in which activation of PKC, by phorbol esters or by deletion of the regulatory domain, exposes regions in the hinge and catalytic domains that interact with a PKC "receptor" present in the nuclear envelope, and may explain the ability of wild-type PKC to be translocated to the nucleus under certain conditions.
Molecular biology of plasminogen activators and recombinant DNA progress (1984)

Abstract Plasminogen activators are enzymes with multiple roles. They play vital parts in maintaining the functional integrity of the vascular system and they are also involved in processes of tissue reorganization. In this review, the molecular properties of these enzymes that make them ideal targets for genetic and biochemical engineering to satisfy a potential therapeutic role are described.
Tumor antigen peptides from HL-60 cells induce specific immune response. (2002)

The method for preparing of human leukemia tumor antigen peptides used in this paper is simple and easy; the obtained antigen peptides can induce specific immune response in vitro.
Racial differences between blacks and whites with systemic sclerosis (2012)

A better understanding of the biologic basis for the racial disparities observed in SSc may lead to improved therapies, along with the recognition that different therapies may need to be adapted for different groups of patients.