gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process technology for recovering geothermal brine minerals (1974)

Geothermal fluids and hot springs waters from California and Nevada were sampled and analyzed to provide a basis for process development and economic studies on the potential for recovering valuable minerals from these fluids. In general, bulk precipitation methods were used to remove the valuable constituents from the geothermal fluids, followed by separation of the constituents from this bulk precipitate. Concentration of geothermal fluids to recover soluble saline constituents such as sodium chloride and calcium chloride does not appear practical, owing primarily to the probable need for reinjecting such fluids back into the production zone. (GRA)
Mechanisms underlying extensive Ser129-phosphorylation in α-synuclein aggregates (2017)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized neuropathologically by intracellular aggregates of fibrillar α-synuclein, termed Lewy bodies (LBs). Approximately 90% of α-synuclein deposited as LBs is phosphorylated at Ser129 in brains with PD. In contrast, only 4% of total α-synuclein is phosphorylated at Ser129 in brains with normal individuals. It is unclear why extensive phosphorylation occurs in the pathological process of PD. To address this issue, we investigated a mechanism and role of Ser129-phosphorylation in regulating accumulation of α-synuclein. In CHO cells, the levels of Ser129-phosphorylated soluble α-synuclein were maintained constantly to those of total α-synuclein in intracellular and extracellular spaces. In SH-SY5Y cells and rat primary cortical neurons, mitochondrial impairment by rotenone or MPP<sup>+</sup> enhanced Ser129-phosphorylation through increased influx of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>. This elevation was suppressively controlled by targeting Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein to the proteasome pathway. Rotenone-induced insoluble α-synuclein was also targeted by Ser129-phosphoryation to the proteasome pathway. Experiments with epoxomicin and chloroquine showed that proteasomal targeting of insoluble Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein was enhanced under lysosome inhibition and it reduced accumulation of insoluble total α-synuclein. However, in a rat AAV-mediated α-synuclein overexpression model, there was no difference in the number of total α-synuclein aggregates between A53T mutant and A53T plus S129A double mutant α-synuclein, although Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein-positive aggregates were increased in rats expressing A53T α-synuclein. These findings suggest that Ser129-phosphorylation occurs against stress conditions, which increases influx of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and it prevents accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein by evoking proteasomal clearance complementary to lysosomal one. However, Ser129-phosphorylation may provide an ineffective signal for degradation-resistant aggregates, causing extensive phosphorylation in aggregates.
Characteristics of Patent Litigation: A Window on Competition (2001)

We examine the patenting behavior of firms in an industry characterized by rapid technological change and cumulative innovation. Recent survey evidence suggests that semiconductor firms do not rely heavily on patents to appropriate returns to R&D. Yet the propensity of semiconductor firms to has risen dramatically since the mid-1980s. We explore this apparent paradox by conducting interviews with industry representatives and analyzing the patenting behavior of 95 U.S. semiconductor firms during 1979-1995. The results suggest that the 1980s strengthening of U.S. rights spawned patent portfolio races among capital-intensive firms, but it also facilitated entry by specialized design firms. Copyright 2001 by the RAND Corporation.
Adaptive Supersampling in Object Space Using Pyramidal Rays (1998)

We introduce a new approach to three important problems in ray tracing: antialiasing, distributed light sources, and fuzzy reflections of lights and other surfaces. For antialiasing, our approach combines the quality of supersampling with the advantages of adaptive supersampling. In adaptive supersampling, the decision to partition a ray is taken in image‐space , which means that small or thin objects may be missed entirely. This is particularly problematic in animation, where the intensity of such objects may appear to vary. Our approach is based on considering pyramidal rays (pyrays) formed by the viewpoint and the pixel. We test the proximity of a pyray to the boundary of an object, and if it is close (or marginal), the pyray splits into 4 sub‐pyrays; this continues recursively with each marginal sub‐pyray until the estimated change in pixel intensity is sufficiently small. The same idea also solves the problem of soft shadows from distributed light sources, which can be calculated to any required precision. Our approach also enables a method of defocusing reflected pyrays, thereby producing realistic fuzzy reflections of light sources and other objects. An interesting byproduct of our method is a substantial speedup over regular supersampling even when all pixels are supersampled. Our algorithm was implemented on polygonal and circular objects, and produced images comparable in quality to stochastic sampling, but with greatly reduced run times.
End labeling of enzymatically decapped mRNA (1977)

A method is presented for rapid and efficient 5' end labeling with 32P of capped mRNAs, by a series of three enzymatic reactions: the blocking nucleotide of the cap structure is removed by tobacco acid pyrophosphatase, and after dephosphorylation with alkaline phosphatase the 5' end is labeled with gamma-32-P-ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase.
Optimizing Neural Networks with Kronecker-factored Approximate Curvature (2015)

We propose an efficient method for approximating natural gradient descent in neural networks which we call Kronecker-factored Approximate Curvature (K-FAC). K-FAC is based on an efficiently invertible approximation of a neural network's Fisher information matrix which is neither diagonal nor low-rank, and in some cases is completely non-sparse. It is derived by approximating various large blocks of the Fisher (corresponding to entire layers) as being the Kronecker product of two much smaller matrices. While only several times more expensive to compute than the plain stochastic gradient, the updates produced by K-FAC make much more progress optimizing the objective, which results in an algorithm that can be much faster than stochastic gradient descent with momentum in practice. And unlike some previously proposed approximate natural-gradient/Newton methods which use high-quality non-diagonal curvature matrices (such as Hessian-free optimization), K-FAC works very well in highly stochastic optimization regimes. This is because the cost of storing and inverting K-FAC's approximation to the curvature matrix does not depend on the amount of data used to estimate it, which is a feature typically associated only with diagonal or low-rank approximations to the curvature matrix.
Analysis of a wireless MAC protocol with client-server traffic and capture (1994)

We analyze an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol for use in a single cell of a wireless local area network (LAN). A fixed frame structure with two periods is used; one period for making reservations using a slotted Aloha protocol and a second period for data transmission. The MAC protocol operates in a centralized manner in which a single station, the base station, accepts reservations (transmission or data requests) that are made by the remote stations, and then schedules the times in which they will transmit or receive data. We consider two different types of client-server traffic models, an open-loop and a closed-loop model. In the open-loop model, a remote station can generate reservation requests for the base station whether or not it has received a response from the base station. In the closed-loop case, the remote station waits for a response before generating a new request. The performance of the MAC protocol was analyzed exactly for both the open and closed-loop traffic models and for cases in which transmission errors and a mean-value type of radio capture model are included. In addition, different policies were considered for the transmission strategy that is used by the remote stations when they attempt to make reservations. We derive exact results for the mean throughput and waiting times as well as for the queue length distributions. We also derive an approximate Markov chain to treat a case in which a fixed-position capture model is used. Several types of behavior are illustrated through the use of numerical examples.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Disruption of filamentous actin inhibits human macrophage fusion (1999)

The foreign body reaction to implanted biomaterials, characterized by the presence of macrophages and foreign body giant cells (FBGC), can result in structural and functional failure of the implant. Recently, we have shown that interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 can independently induce human macrophage fusion to form FBGC via a macrophage mannose receptor (MR) -mediated pathway. The MR is believed to mediate both endocytosis of glycoproteins and phagocytosis of microorganisms, which bear terminal mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, or glucose residues. Polarization of microfilaments to closely apposed macrophage membranes as observed with fluorescence confocal microscopy led us to ask whether MR-mediated fusion occurred via a filamentous actin-dependent pathway. Cytochalasins B and D and latrunculin-A, agents that disrupt microfilaments, inhibited macrophage fusion in a concentration-dependent manner. The concentrations of cytochalasins D and B that inhibited fusion did not significantly decrease macrophage adhesion, spreading, or motility but did inhibit internalization of Candida albicans during interleukin-13-enhanced, MR-mediated phagocytosis. Very low concentrations of cytochalasin B (< 2 microM) induced a slight enhancement of macrophage fusion. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that cytokine-induced, MR-mediated macrophage fusion requires an intact F-actin cytoskeleton and that the mechanism of fusion is similar to phagocytosis.--DeFife, K. M., Jenney, C. R., Colton, E., Anderson, J. M. Disruption of filamentous actin inhibits human macrophage fusion.
Performance of Secondary Radios in Spectrum Sharing with Prioritized Primary Access (2006)

Research and discussion into more efficient utilization of frequency spectrum has led to a paradigm shift in future allocation and utilization of spectral resources in the frequency band of licensed (primary) systems. Secondary usage of licensed spectrum is being considered as a viable solution to the problem of inefficient usage of spectral resources. In this paper, we model and analyze the performance of the secondary system in dynamic spectrum access by secondary users employing an overlay approach of sharing spectral resources with a primary system. Our model assumes the operation of primary system is completely unaffected by the introduction of a secondary system, i.e., primary users have priority in transmission over secondary users. Each primary user is randomly assigned an available frequency slot for transmission by the primary system controller. Secondary users are required to sense across the same spectrum to identify any unoccupied frequency slots for transmission. During its transmission, if it detects a primary user accessing the same frequency slot, the connection will be forced to drop. Using a three-dimension Markov chain model, this paper presents an analytical approach to study the secondary system performance under a given primary traffic. Two important parameters that are indicative of the grade-of-service (GoS) of the secondary system, namely, secondary call blocking probability and secondary call dropping probability are computed using the model presented. The analysis provides an insightful study about how the secondary system capacity is determined by its GoS requirement. We use the same analytical approach to show that when the secondary call dropping probability is the cause of low capacity, by suitably reserving a number of frequency slots for primary users' access, the secondary system capacity can be improved significantly
New MDO Medium Molecular Weight High Density Polyethylene Films (2002)

Machine Direction Orientation (MDO) can enhance many film properties such as tensile strength, elongation, stiffness, optics (haze and gloss) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). Although MDO can be used with high molecular weight-high density polyethylene (HMW-HDPE) resins, few or no medium molecular weight-high density polyethylene (MMW-HDPE) films have previously been available due to MDO processing issues, namely stretch resonance, which is a phenomena where the film stretches unevenly. Thus it has not been possible to take advantage of the better barrier properties and improved process capabilities of the MMW resin. This paper describes a new line of machine direction orientable MMW-HDPE films that are now commercially available; these were made possible through the use of a proprietary processing aid (PA) that overcomes the stretching problem previously encountered with MMW-HDPE resins. Physical property data for two MDO MMW-HDPE films are presented.
Single-crystal work-function and evaporation measurements of LaB6 (1976)

Retarding potential and Richardson work functions of 2.28±0.03 and 2.47±0.06 eV, respectively, have been measured for the (100) face of LaB6. Auger electron spectra of the thermally cleaned surface gave a B/La ratio of 2.3–2.6. Mass spectrometric measurements showed the evaporating species from a clean LaB6 (100) surface to be atomic La and B in near-stoichiometric proportions. Activation energies for the vaporization of La and B were 6.3±0.3 and 6.8±0.3 eV, respectively.
The metabolism of alpha-dl-acetylmethadol in the rat: the identification of the probable active metabolite. (1965)

The major route by which α- dl -acetylmethadol and α- dl -noracetylmethadol are metabolized is by enzymatic N-demethylation. The in vivo rate of removal of the first methyl group is roughly three times as great as time rate of removal of the second. Under these conditions the secondary amine, noracetylmethadol, tends to accumulate in body tissue. It is proposed that the active metabolite of α- l -acetyl-methadol is α- l -noracetylmethadol and that it is probably responsible for the delayed effects reported by earlier workers. Ester hydrolysis was also shown to be a significant pathway of metabolism for acetyl-methadol and noracetylmethadol. The corresponding carbinols, however, were not identified in tissues nor found to be excreted in urine or bile. Acetylmethadol is extensively metabolized in the body. The identity of the ultimate metabolites, which are excreted mainly in bile, is as yet unknown.
Studies on the Syntheses of 1, 4-Thiazine Derivatives. II (1957)

1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrophenothiazine was prepared by the condensation of o-aminothiophenol and 2-chlorocyclohexanone or by the reduction of o-nitrophenyl 2-oxocyclohexyl sulfide. Attempt to introduce a basic side chain into this thiazine compound was unsuccessful and 10-(ω-dialkylaminoalkyl)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydrophenothiazine was finally obtained by the condensation of 2-chlorocyclohexanone and o-(ω-dialkylaminoalkyl) aminothiophenol, already introduced with the required side chain. Dehydrogenation of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydrophenothiazines with sulfur or chloranil afforded the objective phenothiazines, though in a low yield and with liberation of the side chain when a basic side chain was present.
Parathyroid Hormone Increases mac25/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-Related Protein-1 Expression in Cultured Osteoblasts (1999)

PTH induces the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and regulates the expression of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) in osteoblast cultures. IGFBP-related protein-1 (IGFBP-RP-1), the product of the mac25 gene, binds IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin. We tested the actions of PTH on the expression of mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day-old fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). PTH at 0.1–10 nm for 6–48 h increased mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in Ob cells, an effect not altered by cycloheximide. PGE2 increased mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 mRNA levels, but indomethacin did not modify basal or PTH-stimulated mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 expression. The decay of mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 mRNA in trans-criptionally arrested Ob cells was not modified by PTH, and PTH increased the rate of IGFBP-RP-1 transcription. GH, insulin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet-derived growth factor BB, IGF-I, and IGF-II did not modify mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 expression, whereas transforming growth factor-β1 was modestly stimulatory. In conclusion, PTH stimulates mac25/IGFBP-RP-1 transcription in osteoblasts, an effect that could be relevant to the actions of PTH in bone.
[Coherence resonance of a nonlinear neuron model]. (2009)

Based on a nonlinear neuron model, the Poisson noise is used to imitate the noisy environments of neurons, and, further, the phenomenon of coherence resonance (CR) of a nonlinear neuron model subject to a voltage-gated channel noise and a random point trains synaptic noise is investigated. Based on the fractional noise theory and Euler schemes, the evolution of the membrane potential and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the interval-spike-interval of the neuron firing have been obtained. It is shown that, in the absence of external periodic signal, such CV can be decreased at a certain intensity of neurotransmitter arrivals trains lambda and a proper strength of the voltage-gated channel noise D, so that the coherence of the system is maximal and the phenomenon of CR can take place.
A Zebrafish Genome Project? (1997)

BOSTON —The Human Genome Project already studies such organisms as yeast, roundworms, and mice; if an intrepid band of biologists has their way, the zebrafish—which is very useful for developmental biology but has an almost unknown genome—will be the next species to hitch a ride on the mammoth project.
Oxidation of N6-Benzyladenine with m-Chloroperoxybenzoic Acid: Formation of the N(1)-Oxide (1994)

Oxidation of N 6 -benzyladenine (2) with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in MeOH has been found to give N 6 -benzyladenine 1-oxide (1) as the main product. The structure of 1 has been established by leading it to N 6 -methoxyadenine (4) though O-methylation, Dimroth rearrangement, and nonreductive debenzylation
Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cyclic Ketal Formation and Hydrolysis<sup>1,2</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cyclic Ketal Formation and Hydrolysis1,2Melvin S. Newman and Robert J. Harper Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 23, 6350–6355Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01556a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01556a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views921Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of platelet aggregation by polyaspartoyl L-arginine and its mechanism. (2004)

PDR is a novel, oral effective platelet aggregation inhibitor and its action mechanism possibly related to increasing NO generation.
The roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immune responses (2013)

A number of recent studies have examined the functions of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) in the immune system. Also known as dioxin receptor, Ahr is a ligand-activated transcription factor that serves as a receptor for various environmental toxins. The functions of Ahr in T cells depend on the specific ligand bound to the receptor. For instance, binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to Ahr suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by promoting the development of Foxp3(+) Treg cells, whereas 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole enhances EAE by inducing the differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Furthermore, specifically deleting Ahr in T cells inhibits collagen-induced arthritis in mice. In macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), Ahr is anti-inflammatory. In response to LPS, Ahr-deficient macrophages show increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and Ahr-deficient DCs produce less of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In this review, we discuss the roles of Ahr in macrophages and T cells. Moreover, studies examining Ahr activation in other cell types have revealed additional contributions to B cell and osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation. We also briefly summarize the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying Ahr activation in various cells and discuss the potential clinical implications of cell-specific targeting of Ahr in pathologic conditions of the immune system.
A Requirement-Centered Design Support System for the Environmentally Conscious Product (2000)

Abstract We have developed the Green Browser to support a team of designers to collaboratively construct and share the product life cycle information for environmentally conscious design. We developed the ReqC model (Requirement-Centered Model) and the GLC model (Green Life-Cycle Model) for structuring design information in the Green Browser. The system allows the design team to construct the GLC model by chunking discourse and assigning types. It provides a visual presentation of the concept and scenario, and allows the user outside the team to share the model across different computer environments. We used Java2 and CORBA for system implementation. To test implementation of the system, we built a GLC model by using data collected in an industrial design project.
Cross-Reactivity of Selected Compounds in the Abbott TDx® Cannabinoid Assay (1990)

Immunoassay procedures, both enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, continue to be widely used to screen samples for recent marijuana use by analyzing the urine samples for 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH) (the major urinary metabolite of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol [delta 9-THC]). Using commercially available immunoassay reagents, the cross-reactivity of the antiserum utilized in Abbott's TDx cannabinoid assay (a fluorescence polarization immunoassay) was evaluated. This cross-reactivity was evaluated against a group of cannabinoids and noncannabinoid phenolic constituents of Cannabis, some cannabinoid metabolites, and other agents that appear in normal urine samples. In general, the antiserum was equally reactive toward 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, its glucuronide, and the corresponding delta 8-isomer, which was the acid moiety utilized in standards and controls of the assay prior to January, 1990. Reduced binding to the antiserum was observed with hydroxylated derivatives of delta 9- and delta 8-THC, and the other cannabinoids, in general, exhibited limited binding potentials toward the antibody. For the noncannabinoid constituents, no binding was observed at the highest concentrations evaluated (40 mg/L).