gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the statistical distribution of processing times in network intrusion detection (2004)

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are relatively complex devices that monitor information systems in search for security violations. Characterizing the service times of network IDSs is a crucial step in improving their real time performance. We analyzed about 41 million packets organized in five data sets of 10 minutes each collected at the entry point of a large production network and processed by Snort, a commonly used IDS. The processing times of the three main stages in Snort were measured. The main conclusions of our study were: (1) rule checking accounts for about 75% of the total processing time in IDSs, with mean pay load checking time being 4.5 times larger than mean header checking time. (2) The distribution of rule checking limes is markedly bimodal, a direct consequence of the bimodality in packet composition in current high speed Internet traffic. (3) Header processing times have a small variance and small correlation coefficients. (4) In contrast, the distribution of payload processing times displays high variance, in a form that can be generally characterized as "slightly heavy-tailed". Explicitly, payload processing times have a lognormal upper tail, clipped at the top 1%. This extreme 1% upper tail is better fit by an exponential distribution. (5) Additionally, payload processing times were shown to be highly correlated, with correlation coefficients several orders of magnitude higher than the confidence bands for the standard whiteness test. The impact of these findings in the design of IDSs for real time operation in networks is discussed, and compared with existing results for processing times for Unix processes, which were shown to display pronounced heavy-tailed characteristics.
Electronic Hyperpolarisabilities of Some Mesogenic Stilbazole Complexes of Rh(I) and Ir(I) (1993)

Abstract The electronic hyperpolarisabilities of a chiral 4-alkoxystilbazole and its complexes with Rh(I) and Ir(I) are reported and discussed in terms of the acceptor properties of the metal fragment.
<title>Remote consultation and diagnosis in a global PACS environment</title> (1993)

A global PACS is a national network which interconnects several PACS networks at medical and hospital complexes using a national backbone network. A global PACS environment enables new and beneficial operations between radiologists and physicians, when they are located in different geographical locations. This paper presents three user scenarios which enable remote consultation and diagnosis between radiologists at a local PACS site and a remote PACS site. One scenario, called remote consultation, allows the radiologist to view the same image folder at both local and remote sites so that a diagnosis can be performed. We present performance date based on tests between these two sites and show the feasibility of the operation in a global PACS environment. Future improvements to the system will include real- time voice and interactive compressed video scenarios. This work is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Toshiba Medical Systems Division.
Flexible AlGaInN/GaN Heterostructures for High-Hole-Mobility Transistors (2017)

We study the potential and feasibility of high hole mobility transistors (HHMTs) based on flexible AlGaInN/GaN heterostructures using numerical simulation. We develop a map for the sheet density of two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) at different mole fractions of AlN, GaN, and InN of AlGaInN with mechanical bending conditions. External compressive strain via bending can induce relatively high density of 2DHG (e.g., > 8×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ) while keeping InN fraction low (<;0.3) so that 2DHG channel can be formed in a GaN layer. We show the electronic energy band diagrams, family curves of I - V characteristics, and transfer characteristics of an In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.25</sub> Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.75</sub> N/GaN heterostructure in different bending conditions. By bending up, 2DHG is formed to perform the device function as HHMTs. Without bending, 2-D electron gas is induced and the devices function as high electron mobility transistors. This unique property can be used in complementary integrated circuits for high-power and high-temperature applications.
The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the association between first myocardial infarction and the use of antihypertensive agents. <h3>Design and Setting.</h3> —We conducted a population-based case-control study among enrollees of the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC). <h3>Patients and Methods.</h3> —Cases were hypertensive patients who sustained a first fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction from 1986 through 1993 among women and from 1989 through 1993 among men. Controls were a stratified random sample of hypertensive GHC enrollees, frequency matched to the cases on age, sex, and calendar year. All 623 cases and 2032 controls had pharmacologically treated hypertension. Data collection included a review of the ambulatory medical record and a brief telephone interview of consenting survivors. Antihypertensive therapy was assessed using the GHC's computerized pharmacy database. <h3>Results.</h3> —The first analysis included only the 335 cases and 1395 controls initially free of cardiovascular disease. Compared with users of diuretics alone, the adjusted risk ratio of myocardial infarction was increased by about 60% among users of calcium channel blockers with or without diuretics (risk ratio=1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 2.34;<i>P</i>=.01). The second analysis was restricted to 384 cases and 1108 controls who were taking either a calcium channel blocker or a β-blocker. Among these subjects, the use of calcium channel blockers compared with β-blockers was associated with about a 60% increase in the adjusted risk of myocardial infarction (risk ratio=1.57; 95% CI, 1.21 to 2.04;<i>P</i><.001). While high doses of β-blockers were associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction (trend<i>P</i>=.04), high doses of calcium channel blockers were associated with an increased risk (trend<i>P</i><.01). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —In this study of hypertensive patients, the use of short-acting calcium channel blockers, especially in high doses, was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Ongoing large-scale clinical trials will assess the effect of various antihypertensive therapies, including calcium channel blockers, on several important cardiovascular end points. Until these results are available, the findings of this study support the current guidelines from the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure that recommend diuretics and β-blockers as first-line agents unless contraindicated, unacceptable, or not tolerated. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:620-625)
High Pressure High Temperature Optical Device (1960)

The high pressure optical cell previously described in the literature has been modified to permit measurements to 400°C and 200 000 atm. The operating details and methods of temperature and pressure calibration are discussed. The absorption edges of sulfur and of olivine are presented as a function of temperature and pressure.
Design and Investigation of a Series of Rhodamine-Based Fluorescent Probes for Optical Measurements of pH (2010)

A series of structurally similar fluorescent probes (1-4), synthesized from rhodamine B, were designed to optically measure pH. Each probe had a unique "off-on" response as the solution went from basic to acidic. Probes 1-3 exhibited a spirocyclic quenching of the pyronin B fluorophore, whereas probe 4 was quenched by PET from the amine moiety.
A Multifont Word Recognition System for Postal Address Reading (1978)

This paper describes the basic design principles of a multifont word recognition system developed for postal address reading. Of the three main subsystems, image preprocessing, single character recognition, and contextual postprocessing, the last two will be considered in detail. A multiple-channel/multiple-choice approach is taken in designing the overall system. The character images produced by the image preprocessing subsystem are fed into three parallel single character recognition (SCR) channels. Each channel classifies the raster image according to one of the three character types: capital letter, small letter, or numeral. A second degree polynomial classifier is required in order to satisfy the multifont requirements of address reading. Each SCR channel outputs a rank-ordered list of potential character meanings for the character type being processed and a channel-specific figure of confidence. This figure of confidence serves a twofold purpose. First, it is used to determine the number of alternatives in the rank-ordered list, and secondly, it is used by the subsequent contextual postprocessor in calculating a word-specific discriminant function designed to discriminate between four different kinds of words: numeric, all upper case, all lower case, and lower case with upper case initial. Based on this discriminant function for every character position, only one channel output is passed on to-the word recognition system. From the list of alternatives for each character position, a set of alternative words can be constructed which, with a high probability, contains the correct word.
Degradation of silicone polymers in soil (1994)

Abstract Silicone polymers (polydimethylsiloxanes, or PDMS) are used in numerous personal care and household products, eventually enter wastewater treatment plants, and are later applied to the land as a component of sludge. The fate of silicones in soil is largely unknown, but this study shows that in a moist (0.2 MPa = 12% moisture) Londo sandy clay loam, 200 centi-stoke (cs)14C-labeled PDMS degraded slowly over six months to yield about 3% of applied 14C as low-molecular-weight, water-soluble products. When the soil was allowed to dry in one week from 12 to 3% moisture, the degradation rate was much more rapid, and after several days at 3 % moisture about half of the applied 14C was water desorbable. HPLC-GPC of tetrahydrofuran (THF) soil extracts showed that PDMS had been degraded to low-molecular-weight molecules of the general formula HO-[Si(CH3)2O]n-H. The range of moistures in this experiment was measured in a field of Londo sandy clay loam during the summer of 1992, indicating that PDMS should be unstable in the soil environment. Further work on the identification and biological degradation of these small products is ongoing.
Automatic correction of nuclear magnetic resonance zeugmatographic projections (1981)

The NMR zeugmatographic projections obtained from Fourier transforms of free induction decays require certain corrections before they can be used for image reconstruction. Software methods for making automatic correction of these errors are proposed, and simple procedures for performing such corrections are described and illustrated.
Cavity-Induced Atom Cooling in the Strong Coupling Regime (1997)

We investigate the possibility of all optical trapping and cooling a single atom at the antinodes of a high $Q$ optical cavity mode to which the atom is strongly coupled. For properly chosen parameters the dynamics of the cavity field introduces a novel Sisyphus type cooling mechanism yielding final temperatures much below the Doppler limit and allowing for long trapping times, avoiding the problems induced by spontaneous emission.
Computational simulation of therapeutic parent artery occlusion to treat giant vertebrobasilar aneurysm. (2004)

We applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to assess 3D digital subtraction angiography findings in a patient with a giant vertebrobasilar aneurysm to simulate and compare the consequences of left and right vertebral artery occlusion. The balloon occlusion test suggested that occlusion of the right vertebral artery is the better way to treat this patient's aneurysm from the point of view of aneurysmal thrombosis and isolation from the circulation. The computer simulation supported this conclusion, at the same time indicating that from the point of view of pressure distribution on the wall of the aneurysm, the right vertebral occlusion may be also accompanied by an undesirable effect. A high-pressure area on the aneurysm wall in systole was revealed. This high pressure potentially could lead to subsequent aneurysmal growth, which indeed occurred, as was revealed by a follow-up examination 6 months later. This study is a good example of possible future applications of CFD in patients with cerebrovascular disease before therapeutic intervention.
Low Power Design of a MIPI Digital D-PHY for the Mobile Signal Interface (2010)

In this paper, we design digital D-PHY link chip controling DSI (Display Serial Interface) that meets MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Interface) standard. The D-PHY supports a high-speed (HS) mode for fast data traffic and a low-power (LP) mode for control transactions. For low power consumption, the unit blocks in digital D-PHY are optionally switched using the clock gating technique. The proposed low power digital D-PHY is simulated and compared with conven tional one about power consumption on each transaction mode. As a result, power consumptions of TX, RX, and total in HS mode decrease 74%, 31%, and 50%, respectively. In LP mode, power reduction rates of TX, RX, and total are 79%, 40%, and 51.5%, separately. We implemented the low power MIPI D-PHY digital chip using CMOS process under 1.2V supply.
Serine Lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis Are Human and Mouse Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligands (2013)

The total cellular lipids of Porphyromas gingivalis, a known periodontal pathogen, were previously shown to promote dendritic cell activation and inhibition of osteoblasts through engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The purpose of the present investigation was to fractionate all lipids of P. gingivalis and define which lipid classes account for the TLR2 engagement, based on both in vitro human cell assays and in vivo studies in mice. Specific serine-containing lipids of P. gingivalis, called lipid 654 and lipid 430, were identified in specific high-performance liquid chromatography fractions as the TLR2-activating lipids. The structures of these lipids were defined using tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In vitro, both lipid 654 and lipid 430 activated TLR2-expressing HEK cells, and this activation was inhibited by anti-TLR2 antibody. In contrast, TLR4-expressing HEK cells failed to be activated by either lipid 654 or lipid 430. Wild-type (WT) or TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice were injected with either lipid 654 or lipid 430, and the effects on serum levels of the chemokine CCL2 were measured 4 h later. Administration of either lipid 654 or lipid 430 to WT mice resulted in a significant increase in serum CCL2 levels; in contrast, the administration of lipid 654 or lipid 430 to TLR2(-/-) mice resulted in no increase in serum CCL2. These results thus identify a new class of TLR2 ligands that are produced by P. gingivalis that likely play a significant role in mediating inflammatory responses both at periodontal sites and, potentially, in other tissues where these lipids might accumulate.
Low Dielectric Constants of Soluble Polyimides Derived from the Novel 4,9-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diamantane (1997)

New diamantane-based polyimides are synthesized by reacting of 4,9-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diamantane with various aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. Films of these polyimides have low dielectric constants, ranging from 2.58 to 2.74, and low moisture absorptions less than 0.3%. Four of these films have good solubilities. Three nonfluorinated polyimides were soluble in o-chlorophenol, m-cresol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and chloroform. The hexafluoroisopropylidene-containing polyimide was soluble in m-cresol, chloroform, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The soluble polyimides have molecular weights (Mn) ranging from 33 000 to 96 000. All polyimides formed tough transparent films, with tensile strengths of 55.3−101.4 MPa, elongations to break of 6.1−22.3%, and initial moduli of 1.9−2.2 GPa. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reveals that diamantane-based polyimides have two transitions on the temperature scale between 0 and 400 °C. Their glass relaxations, characterized by DMA, occur at high temperatures, ranging from 296 to 413 °C. New diamantane-based polyimides are highly promising for electronic applications owing to their excellent physical properties, in particular an extremely low dielectric constant.
Diagnostics of Persistent Viruses: Human Cytomegalovirus as an Example (1993)

Infections with persistent viruses such as herpesviruses have become of significant clinical importance with the increasing number of immunocompromised patients at risk to suffer from severe disease. As antiviral chemotherapy is available for herpesvirus infections, the diagnostic methods for rapid and sensitive detection of symptomatic infection have been developed and recently refined. In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the use of recombinant viral antigens provides a rationale to improve serological assays. This may be of use for the discrimination of primary versus secondary infection. Early diagnosis of symptomatic HCMV infection in immunosuppressed patients can be most effectively achieved by the detection of a viral tegument protein, pp65, in peripheral blood leukocytes. This early diagnosis has been shown to be of major importance for the effective treatment of these patients. HCMV infection in solid organs can be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against viral proteins. HCMV involvement in diseases of the central nervous system in AIDS patients can be verified by the detection of very small amounts of HCMV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction. This method may prove useful for monitoring HCMV encephalitis and neuropathy.
ACCNT: A Metallic-CNT-Tolerant Design Methodology for Carbon Nanotube VLSI: Analyses and Design Guidelines (2010)

We present analyses for ACCNT (pronounced as “accent”), which is a solution to the metallic-nanotube problem that does not require any metallic-nanotube removal of any kind. ACCNT uses asymmetrically correlated carbon nanotubes to achieve metallic-nanotube tolerance, delivering high ON-OFF ratios while preserving current drive. We analyze the ACCNT methodology in terms of its tradeoffs and explore optimizations that may serve as future design guidelines. We also investigate circuit-level considerations and the impact of density variation on the ACCNT design. We find that ACCNT can improve the yield of a one-million transistor chip from 0% (conventional CNT design) up to 99% at a cost of 3.3× area overhead if the fraction of semiconducting CNTs is improved to 99.9%.
Learning More About Attack Patterns With Honeypots (2006)

Honeypots are information system resources, whose value lies in unauthorized or illicit use of these resources. In this paper, we present a project that has established a world-wide distributed sensor system of honeypots. Within this system, each platform has the same configuration, thus allowing us to compare the collected data of each platform. And since all platforms send all logging data to a central database, this enables us to correlate all data and draw conclusions from it. Besides presenting the project, we show how the collected data can be used to learn more about attack patterns. In addition, we illustrate how we can learn more about root-causes of attacks, i.e., specific tools or techniques used by attackers.
Gain of a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser (2004)

A formula is derived for the small-signal gain of a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser. The theory describes the electron beam as a moving plasma dielectric, and assumes that the electron beam interacts with an evanescent mode traveling along the surface of a periodic waveguide with a rectangular profile. The phase velocity of the evanescent wave is synchronous with the electron velocity, but the group velocity is actually negative. The electron beam amplifies the evanescent wave, which does not itself radiate. According to this picture, the radiation observed emanating from the grating is Smith-Purcell radiation enhanced by the bunching of the electrons due to the interaction with the evanescent mode. There will also be radiation from the part of the evanescent mode that is outcoupled from the ends of the grating. This radiation appears at a lower frequency than the Smith-Purcell radiation. The new results explain both the gain and the radiation observed in the experiments of Urata and Walsh, and the cube-root current dependence of the gain inferred by Bakhtyari, Walsh, and Brownell.
Still Searching for Principles (2015)

The authors reply to a comment on their article How robust are probabilistic models of higher-level cognition?, by G. F. Marcus, et al. The authors debated that multiple, equally probable, Bayesian models could be made for the tasks under consideration, and that Bayesian theories do not restrict which model applies in any given case.
On a cross-correlation property for stationary random processes (1957)

Given two stationary random processes <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x_1 (t)</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x_2 (t)</tex> , the cross-correlation property of interest is the following: If one of the two processes is distorted by an instantaneous nonlinear device, then the cross correlation after the distortion is proportional to the cross-correlation function prior to the distortion. Using an expansion of the second-order joint probability distribution <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(x_1, x_2)</tex> introduced by Barrett and Lampard, a necessary and sufficient condition for the above cross-correlation property is given in terms of requirements on the expansion coefficients. In certain cases, the constant of proportionality involved in the cross-correlation property is equal to the "equivalent gain" of the nonlinear device as defined by Booton. A necessary and sufficient condition for these two constants to be identical is formulated in terms of the expansion coefficients of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(x_1, x_2)</tex> . The class of distributions satisfying this condition is a subclass of the set of distributions for which the cross-correlation property is valid.
The variable antigens Vmp7 and Vmp21 of the relapsing fever bacterium <i>Borrelia hermsii</i> are structurally analogous to the VSG proteins of the African trypanosome (1990)

The relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii avoids the host's immune response by the strategy of multiphasic antigenic variation. A given Borrelia cell can express one of a number of alleles for polymorphic outer-membrane proteins, known as Vmp proteins. The genes for the variant-specific Vmp proteins of serotypes 7 and 21 of B. hermsii strain HS1 were sequenced. The genes, which were designated vmp7 and vmp21, were obtained from populations of borreliae before and after a switch in serotypes from 7 to 21. The analysis showed that vmp7 and vmp21 are 77% identical in terms of their coding sequence. The deduced translation products of vmp7 and vmp21 are polypeptides of 369 (37.2 kD) and 364 amino acids (37.1 kD), respectively. Vmp7 and Vmp21 have sequence features of prokaryotic lipoproteins and are processed as such during expression in E. coli. The secondary structure predictions of the Vmp proteins reveals analogous structures to the VSG proteins of the African trypanosome.