gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interconnecting two intra-domain Wavelength Routed Optical Networks using an Optical Packet Switch (2011)

All-Optical Networking (AON) is a promising candidate for the future Internet, regarding both core- and metro networks. In order to enable AON in an inter-domain scenario, special attention must be given to the interoperability between two or more intra-domain AONs. In this position paper we propose a novel approach to interconnect two Wavelength Routed Optical Networks (WRONs) by using an Optical Packet Switch (OPS). The proposed approach is outlined and compared to an alternative scenario of interconnecting WRONs using an Optical Cross Connect (OXC). Future research topics in this direction are outlined.
Improvements in switchboard recognition and topic identification (2002)

We revisit a topic identification test on the Switchboard Corpus first reported by Gillick et al. (see Proc. ICASSP-93, 1993 and ARPA Workshop on Human Language Technology, 1993). This approach to topic ID uses a large vocabulary continuous speech recognizer as a front-end to transcribe the speech and then scores the transcripts using a set of topic-specific language models. Our recognition of conversational telephone speech has improved dramatically in the three years since the original test, dropping from word error rates in the 90%'s to those in the 40%'s. Changing only the recognition engine but otherwise leaving our 1993 topic ID system in place, the resulting rate of message misclassification drops from 33/120 in 1993 down to 1/120 now-the same error rate that we obtain from the true transcriptions. This paper describes the topic classification test and the many improvements to the recognition engine that made such a dramatic reduction possible.
The Molecular Mechanism of Action of Artemisinin—The Debate Continues (2010)

Despite international efforts to 'roll back malaria' the 2008 World Malaria Report revealed the disease still affects approximately 3 billion people in 109 countries; 45 within the WHO African region. The latest report however does provide some 'cautious optimism'; more than one third of malarious countries have documented greater than 50% reductions in malaria cases in 2008 compared to 2000. The goal of the Member States at the World Health Assembly and 'Roll Back Malaria' (RBM) partnership is to reduce the numbers of malaria cases and deaths recorded in 2000 by 50% or more by the end of 2010. Although malaria is preventable it is most prevalent in poorer countries where prevention is difficult and prophylaxis is generally not an option. The burden of disease has increased by the emergence of multi drug resistant (MDR) parasites which threatens the use of established and cost effective antimalarial agents. After a major change in treatment policies, artemisinins are now the frontline treatment to aid rapid clearance of parasitaemia and quick resolution of symptoms. Since artemisinin and its derivatives are eliminated rapidly, artemisinin combination therapies (ACT's) are now recommended to delay resistance mechanisms. In spite of these precautionary measures reduced susceptibility of parasites to the artemisinin-based component of ACT's has developed at the Thai-Cambodian border, a historical 'hot spot' for MDR parasite evolution and emergence. This development raises serious concerns for the future of the artemsinins and this is not helped by controversy related to the mode of action. Although a number of potential targets have been proposed the actual mechanism of action remains ambiguous. Interestingly, artemisinins have also shown potent and broad anticancer properties in cell lines and animal models and are becoming established as anti-schistosomal agents. In this review we will discuss the recent evidence explaining bioactivation and potential molecular targets in the chemotherapy of malaria and cancer.
Virtual Reality and the Metaphysics of Self, Community and Nature (1995)

L'A. etudie les implications philosophiques de la technologie de la realite virtuelle et plus precisement de la sub-culture des donjons a multiples usages (MUD). Ces implications concernent 1) le soi, tel qu'il est etendu au personnage du jeu (le second soi), 2) la communaute virtuelle a laquelle le joueur pense appartenir, 3) la nature, telle qu'elle est denaturee par l'artifice du virtuel
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of heterocyclic amines and acyclic diamines with chlorofluoro olefins and hexafluoropropylene oxide (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic substitution reactions of heterocyclic amines and acyclic diamines with chlorofluoro olefins and hexafluoropropylene oxideQui Chee Mir, Cai Yun Guo, Robert L. Kirchmeier, and Jean'ne M. ShreeveCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 1, 173–177Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00080a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00080a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views457Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of defects in the canine anterior cruciate ligament (1997)

The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the healing of partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lacerations was investigated in 17 adult mongrel canines. The defect was created in the midsubstance of both ACLs using a biopsy punch. In the bFGF group, a bFGF-impregnated pellet was sutured to the infrapatellar fat pad close to the defect. In the control group, the same pellet without bFGF was used. The healing process was evaluated macroscopically and histologically at 1, 3, 6, and 24 weeks postoperatively. In the bFGF group, a pannus-like tissue which contained abundant blood vessels extended into the defect from the adjacent synovial tissue in the early postoperative phase. Histological examination of the tissue which filled the defect revealed initial remodeling processes with a decreased number of cells and better orientation of the collagen fibers at 6-24 weeks. On the other hand, in the control group, poor healing processes were observed at each examination period. This study demonstrated that the application of a bFGF-impregnated pellet may enhance the healing potential of a partially injured ACL. Enhanced neovascularization and the formation of granulation tissue induced by bFGF early in the healing process accounted for the increased healing response.
Performance evaluation of Attribute-Based Encryption: Toward data privacy in the IoT (2014)

With the ever increasing number of connected devices and the over abundance of data generated by these devices, data privacy has become a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT). One promising privacy-preservation approach is Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), a public key encryption scheme that enables fine-grained access control, scalable key management and flexible data distribution. This paper presents an in-depth performance evaluation of ABE that focuses on execution time, data and network overhead, energy consumption, and CPU and memory usage. We evaluate two major types of ABE, Key-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE) and Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE), on different classes of mobile devices including a laptop and a smartphone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of ABE dedicated solely to its performance. Our results provide insights into important practical issues of ABE, including what computing resources ABE requires in heterogeneous environments, at what cost ABE offers benefits, and under what situations ABE is best suited for use in the IoT.
Extrinsic dental stain caused by stannous fluoride (1982)

Experiments in a standardized rabbit model indicate that the yellow-golden stain formed on tooth surfaces during the use of SnF2 may consist of stannic sulfide. The nature of the stain, the presence of sulfur in the samples and the effect of an oxidizing agent on the stain support this view. It is suggested that the low pH of SnF2 caused denaturation of pellicle protein with exposure of sulfhydryl groups, which later form stannic sulfides through reactions with the stannous ions present in the preparations.
Synthesis of 4-Functionalized 1-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by Reformatsky Reaction (1987)

The title compounds are easily synthesized in good yields by reaction of the Reformatsky reagents derived from α-bromesters, α-bromocarboxamides, and α-bromonitriles with 2-acyl-3-phenyl(or 3-alkyl)-1,1-diethoxycarbonylcyclopropanes.
Pressure test of the inside of bottle containing freshened milk during two sterilization processes (2000)

研究了HDPE瓶装保鲜奶在二次灭菌过程中瓶内压力的变化规律,通过模拟实验测定了HDPE瓶的变形量,建立了HDPE瓶变形量随温度及压力差变化的二元回归方程.在此基础上测试得到了HDPE瓶及其铝箔封口的临界压力差.
Glyme–Lithium Salt Equimolar Molten Mixtures: Concentrated Solutions or Solvate Ionic Liquids? (2012)

To demonstrate a new family of ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., "solvate" ionic liquids, the properties (thermal, transport, and electrochemical properties, Lewis basicity, and ionicity) of equimolar molten mixtures of glymes (triglyme (G3) and tetraglyme (G4)) and nine different lithium salts (LiX) were investigated. By exploring the anion-dependent properties and comparing them with the reported data on common aprotic ILs, two different classes of liquid regimes, i.e., ordinary concentrated solutions and "solvate" ILs, were found in the glyme-Li salt equimolar mixtures ([Li(glyme)]X) depending on the anionic structures. The class a given [Li(glyme)]X belonged to was governed by competitive interactions between the glymes and Li cations and between the counteranions (X) and Li cations. [Li(glyme)]X with weakly Lewis basic anions can form long-lived [Li(glyme)](+) complex cations. Thus, they behaved as typical ionic liquids. The lithium "solvate" ILs based on [Li(glyme)]X have many desirable properties for lithium-conducting electrolytes, including high ionicity, a high lithium transference number, high Li cation concentration, and high oxidative stability, in addition to the common properties of ionic liquids. The concept of "solvate" ionic liquids can be utilized in an unlimited number of combinations of other metal salts and ligands, and will thus open a new field of research on ionic liquids.
Effects of chronic administration of adenosine antagonists on adenosine A1 and A2a receptors in mouse brain. (1995)

In the present study the effects of chronic in vivo treatments with caffeine and more selective antagonists (PACPX and PD115,199) on the binding parameters of 3H-CHA and 3H-NECA to cortical A1 and striatal A2a adenosine receptors of mouse brain are shown. The drugs were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 6 or 20 days. Treatment for 20 days with caffeine (250 mumol/kg), PD115,199 (50-250 nmol/kg) and PACPX (250 nmol/kg) shifted the A1 low affinity receptors into an agonist-specific high affinity state. Moreover, after 20 days of treatment, the antagonists decreased the affinity of 3H-CHA to A1 receptors in the high affinity state. Antagonist treatments for 6 days did not modify the 3H-CHA binding parameters. The A2a striatal receptors were dose- and time-dependently up-regulated by caffeine and PD115,199, whereas PACPX displayed an up-regulation independent of dose or length of treatment. Moreover, PD115,199 decreased the affinity of 3H-NECA to A2a striatal receptors. This effect on affinity was visible after 20 days of treatment with 50 and 250 nmol/kg. This study provides evidence for a sensitivity of A2a receptors greater than that of A1 receptors and for a different regulation of cortical A1 and striatal A2a adenosine receptors of mouse brain after chronic treatment with antagonists.
Antibody‐based proteomics and biomarker research—Current status and limitations (2014)

Antibody-based proteomics play a very important role in biomarker discovery and validation, facilitating the high-throughput evaluation of candidate markers. Most proteomics-driven discovery is nowadays based on the use of MS. MS has many advantages, including its suitability for hypothesis-free biomarker discovery, since information on protein content of a sample is not required prior to analysis. However, MS presents one main caveat which is the limited sensitivity in complex samples, especially for body fluids, where protein expression covers a huge dynamic range. Antibody-based technologies remain the main solution to address this challenge since they reach higher sensitivity. In this article, we review the benefits and limitations of antibody-based proteomics in preclinical and clinical biomarker research for discovery and validation in body fluids and tissue. The combination of antibodies and MS, utilizing the best of both worlds, opens new avenues in biomarker research.
Structural Insight into G-Protein Coupled Receptor Binding by Apelin (2009)

Apelin peptides are the cognate ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor APJ, with functions in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, in glucose metabolism and as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) coreceptor. Apelin is found in 13-36 residue forms in vivo. The structures of five isoforms of apelin at physiological versus low (5-6 degrees C) temperature are compared here using circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, demonstrating increased structure at low temperature. Far-ultraviolet (UV) CD spectra are predominantly random coil for apelin isoforms, but are convoluted by unusual bands from the C-terminal phenylalanine side chain. These bands, assigned using F13A-apelin-13, are accentuated at 5 degrees C and imply conformational restriction. At 35 degrees C, the R6-L9 region of apelin-17 is well structured, consistent with previous mutagenesis results showing necessity of this segment for apelin-APJ binding and activation. At 5 degrees C, R6-L9 retains its structuring while the functionally critical C-terminal G13-F17 region also becomes highly structured. Type IV beta-turns and some polyproline-II structure alongside F17 side chain motional reduction correlate well with CD spectral properties. Cis-trans peptide bond isomerization at P14 and P16 produces two sequentially assignable conformers (both trans:both cis approximately 4:1) alongside less populated conformers. Chemical shift assignment of apelin-12, -13 and pyroglutamate-apelin-13 implies highly similar structuring and the same isomerization at the C-terminus. Based on the apelin-17 structure, a two-step binding and activation mechanism is hypothesized.
Virtual images for similarity retrieval in image databases (2001)

We introduce the virtual image, an iconic index suited for pictorial information access in a pictorial database, and a similarity retrieval approach based on virtual images to perform content-based retrieval. A virtual image represents the spatial information contained in a real image in explicit form by means of a set of spatial relations. This is useful to efficiently compute the similarity between a query and an image in the database. We also show that virtual images support real-world applications that require translation, reflection, and/or rotation invariance of image representation.
Smart Snake Wells in Champion West—Expected and Unexpected Benefits From Smart Completions (2006)

Abstract Snake wells are laterally weaving ("snaking") extended reach horizontal wells that drain a number of vertically stacked, structurally dipping reservoirs. This creates multiple drainage points in each sand and effectively achieves a similar drainage pattern to a multilateral well at a fraction of the cost and technical complexity. The wells are completed with multiple hydraulically controlled interval control valves (ICV) and external casing packers or swellable packers. In addition, the completion includes permanent downhole gauges (PDHG) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS). Seven of these smart snake wells have been successfully drilled in Champion West as of April 2006 and three more are planned during the remainder of 2006. The well design not only facilitates initial clean-up, but is used for reservoir management purposes and to manage gas and water breakthrough. Throughout the well life, variable ICVs are used to achieve equal drawdown along the well bore, leading to a significant increase in reserves by delaying gas breakthrough. In addition, some unexpected benefits materialized from the use of smart completions: In one case, the smart completion enabled the clean-up of the initially uncompleted toe, significantly increasing total recovery from the well. In another case, the smart completion mitigated the risk from a potentially bad cement job, saving a cement repair job or, more likely, a sidetrack. In another well the flexibility of the design enabled the effective shutoff of water bearing zones that were drilled because of slight departures from the planned well trajectory. Through modification of the planned segmentation an expensive re-drill was avoided. The smart snake wells have thus been a key enabler for the economic development of the Champion West field and we expect they will continue to add further value over the lifetime of the wells.
New logic for large-scale land cover classification based on remote sensing (2009)

Nowadays it's still very difficult to find accurate information on land-cover areas and types, which mainly results from the confusion between land use types and land cover types (e.g., many researchers equated land cover with land use and land use types were often employed for the replacements of land cover types) and the absence of a standard land cover classification system with an unambiguous, repeatable definition of land cover and quantificational classification criteria so as to the classification result comparable. In this study, a new logic for land cover classification at regional scale has been introduced. The critical features of this classification are that: it's indeed distinguished from land use classification system and driven by remote sensing so that repeatable and efficient re-classifications of existing land cover will be possible; spectrum and primary attributes of plant-canopy structure (i.e. permanence of aboveground live biomass, leaf longevity and leaf type) are adopted as the primary criterions of land cover classification; based on the phonological difference among broadly defined vegetation, some typical land cover is easily distinguished by using the characteristics of seasonal dynamic; mixed land cover is differentiated by its constituent characteristics and influence on land surface processes. Taking the areas between Yangtze River Basin and Weihe River Basin in China as a case and using time-series MODIS 250 m data (i.e. NDVI and reflectance), a two-level hierarchical land cover classification scheme was produced for the areas. At the initial stage, the entire study area was mapped into seven classes, i.e. evergreen cover (woody), seasonal green cover (woody), seasonal green cover (herbaceous), seasonal green cover (crops), seasonal green cover (mixed), grey cover (non-vegetated and terrestrial) and blue cover (aquatic or regularly flooded). The sub-classes includes Coniferous evergreen forest, Broadleaf deciduous forest, Single cropping in one year, Continuous double cropping in one year, grassland, Wetland, Urban or Built-up land, Barren or Sparsely land, River, Lake, Mixed Cover of Crop and tree, etc.
ChemInform Abstract: BORON‐NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. LXXI. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF (2‐PYRIDYLAMINO)DIETHYLBORANE (1978)

Abstract 2‐Aminopyridin (I) reagiert mit Triethylboran (II) zum Pyridylaminoboran (III), das bei Raumtemperatur im Gleichgewicht mit einer cyclisierten Form (IV) vorliegt.
FORMATION AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE EMULSIONS (1989)

Abstract Multiple emulsions, especially water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) type systems, have potential applications for the formulation and processing of foods, drugs, cosmetics, etc, as each dispersed globule in this type of emulsions consists of liquid compartments separated from the same liquid suspending medium by a thin layer of another immiscible liquid components. This article reviews a series of fundamental works on the formation and dispersion state of multiple emulsion systems and integrates advances made in the area of colloid science so as to obtain further insights into the formulation of W/O/W emulsions. The contents are divided into three sections: methods for preparing multiple emulsions in view of the phase diagram of mixed components, dynamic aspects of oil layer in W/O/W emulsions, and stability of this type of emulsions.
An analog front end for a two-chip 2400-bit/s voice-band modem (1987)

A complete two-chip solution comprised of an analog front end (AFE) and a general-purpose microcontroller (/spl mu/C) for a full-duplex 2400-b/s modem is discussed. The /spl mu/C performs all the necessary digital signal processing algorithms for modem signals along with providing software for modem control and the widely used AT command set. The AFE chip incorporates a ROM-based transmitter, 51 orders of filtering for channel selection, an automatic pain control circuit, and many other complex analog signal processing functions employing 65 op-amps on a 53000-mil/SUP 2/ die area with 150-mW power in a CMOS process. Design details on some of the functional blocks of the AFE are presented.
Retrovirus-mediated insertion of expressed and non-expressed genes at identical chromosomal locations (1993)

During retrovirus replication, a cellularly derived tRNA is annealed to the viral RNA at the primer binding site (PBS) to prime reverse transcription, and both the tRNA and the PBS become copied and matched together on complementary proviral DNA strands prior to integration. Using a viral PBS single base pair mutant which affects provirus expression in undifferentiated cells, we show that reversion to wild type (wt) occurs at a frequency of approximately 50%. Daughter cell lines containing wt or mutant proviruses at identical chromosomal sites have been isolated, supporting a model where an integrated PBS-mismatched provirus was copied before mismatch correction could occur. Virus expression in daughter cells containing the mutant provirus was 100-fold higher than in cells bearing the wt counterpart. Additionally, proviral 5' DNA and cellular 5' flanking DNA became methylated in daughter cells containing wt but not mutant integrants. These results strongly support the current model of retrovirus reverse transcription, and indicate that the wt PBS region contains an element which suppresses virus expression and directs the methylation of viral and neighboring cellular DNA.