gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Reduction by an Fe-Only Hydrogenase in <i>Clostridium acetobutylicum</i> (2003)

The role of hydrogenase on the reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Clostridium acetobutylicum was evaluated. An Fe-only hydrogenase was isolated and identified by using TNT reduction activity as the selection basis. The formation of hydroxylamino intermediates by the purified enzyme corresponded to expected products for this reaction, and saturation kinetics were determined with a K(m) of 152 micro M. Comparisons between the wild type and a mutant strain lacking the region encoding an alternative Fe-Ni hydrogenase determined that Fe-Ni hydrogenase activity did not significantly contribute to TNT reduction. Hydrogenase expression levels were altered in various strains, allowing study of the role of the enzyme in TNT reduction rates. The level of hydrogenase activity in a cell system correlated (R(2) = 0.89) with the organism's ability to reduce TNT. A strain that overexpressed the hydrogenase activity resulted in maintained TNT reduction during late growth phases, which it is not typically observed in wild type strains. Strains exhibiting underexpression of hydrogenase produced slower TNT rates of reduction correlating with the determined level of expression. The isolated Fe-only hydrogenase is the primary catalyst for reducing TNT nitro substituents to the corresponding hydroxylamines in C. acetobutylicum in whole-cell systems. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed. Due to the prevalence of hydrogenase in soil microbes, this research may enhance the understanding of nitroaromatic compound transformation by common microbial communities.
Real-time evolution of tunneling magnetoresistance during annealing in CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (2008)

We report the study of the real-time evolution of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB junctions during annealing at 380°C. The TMR quickly developed at the early stage of the annealing, with 200% magnetoresistance observed in less than 10min, followed by a slow approach to saturation. This evolution of TMR was correlated with the structural changes, including crystallization of amorphous CoFeB electrodes and improvement of barrier quality during the annealing.
Uptake and intracellular traffic of siRNA dendriplexes in glioblastoma cells and macrophages (2011)

The extent of cellular uptake of siRNA dendriplexes was inversely related to their silencing activity. The higher silencing activity of siRNA dendriplexes in J774 cells could be ascribed to the contribution of clathrin-dependent and caveolin-dependent endocytosis vs only caveolin-dependent endocytosis in T98G cells.
The World Bank Research Observer 8 (1) (1993)

This issue contains: The economics of malaria control; Feeding Latin America's children; The demand for water in rural areas: determinants and policy implications; Student loans: an effective instrument for cost recovery in higher education?; Alternative forms of external finance: a survey.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF α-CHITIN (P<scp>OLY</scp>-<i>N</i>-ACETYL-D-G<scp>LUCOSAMINE</scp>) (1957)

A detailed model for the crystal structure of the fibrous polysaccharide chitin is proposed. The structure determination has been carried out by using an optical analogue instrument which proved to be an adequate and rapid tool for the derivation of Fourier transforms, signs of amplitudes and the production of optical Fourier syntheses. The new model of chitin accounts properly for known chemical and physical properties, including the infrared absorption as well as for x-ray data, but because of the limited resolution of the diffraction patterns it can only be regarded as a good approximation. The stereochemical configuration of the polysaccharide chains has certain implications for the structure of cellulose.
Multi-resonant absorption in ultra-thin silicon solar cells with metallic nanowires (2013)

We propose a design to confine light absorption in flat and ultra-thin amorphous silicon solar cells with a one-dimensional silver grating embedded in the front window of the cell. We show numerically that multi-resonant light trapping is achieved in both TE and TM polarizations. Each resonance is analyzed in detail and modeled by Fabry-Perot resonances or guided modes via grating coupling. This approach is generalized to a complete amorphous silicon solar cell, with the additional degrees of freedom provided by the buffer layers. These results could guide the design of resonant structures for optimized ultra-thin solar cells.
Measuring HIV treatment adherence in clinical practice. (1998)

Measuring adherence to HIV treatment regimens is important in determining whether patients will develop undetectable HIV viremia or drug-resistant HIV. A few methods of measurement have shown documented effectiveness. Questioning the patient with specific, nonjudgmental questions is the best method for gaining accurate information about adherence problems and enhancing regimen adherence. Measuring drug levels should only be a supplemental approach because, for most antiretrovirals, such measurements only give evidence of the most recent dose taken. Electronic pill monitoring, pill counts, and prescription refill reviews are also adjuncts to patient self-reports, however, each method has its limitations. A list of questions is provided that explains what should and should not be asked when assessing patient treatment adherence.
Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in HIV-associated nephropathy. (1997)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) delays progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease. This study examined the effect of fosinopril, 10 mg by mouth daily, in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIV-AN). Twenty patients with HIV-AN were studied. Of 11 patients with non-nephrotic-range proteinuria, 7 received treatment and 4 did not. Average baseline creatinine (mg/dl) for treated and nontreated patients was 1.3 +/- 0.24 and 1.0 +/- 0.25, respectively (P = 0.07). At 24 wk, creatinine of treated and nontreated patients was 1.5 +/- 0.34 and 4.9 +/- 2.4 (P = 0.006). Average baseline 24-h urine protein excretion (g/d) for treated and nontreated patients was 1.6 +/- 0.68 and 0.78 +/- 0.39, respectively (P = 0.02). At 24 wk, 24-h protein excretion of treated and non-treated patients was 1.25 +/- 0.86 and 8.5 +/- 1.4 (P = 0.006). Of nine patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria, five were treated and four were not. Average baseline creatinine for treated and nontreated patients was 1.7 +/- 0.46 and 1.9 +/- 0.42, respectively (P = 0.4). At 12 wk, creatinine for treated and nontreated patients was 2.0 +/- 1.0 and 9.2 +/- 2.0 (P = 0.02). The baseline 24-h protein excretion for treated and nontreated patients was 5.4 +/- 1.6 and 5.2 +/- 0.97 (P = 0.9). At 12 wk, 24-h protein excretion for treated and nontreated was 2.8 +/- 1.0 and 10.5 +/- 3.5 (P = 0.008). These preliminary data suggest that treatment with ACEI may stabilize serum creatinine and 24-h protein excretion for up to 24 wk in patients with non-nephrotic-range proteinuria and for up to 12 wk in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria when initial serum creatinine is < or = 2.0 mg/dl. Furthermore, the renin-angiotensin system may play a role in HIV-AN, and early treatment with ACEI may be beneficial in HIV-AN.
Current treatment of vocal fold scarring (2005)

Recent research has revealed the detailed histologic and rheologic changes related to vocal fold scarring. Based on these findings, various new therapeutic strategies have been developed in animal models using tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, no clinical trials have been performed, and more studies are necessary to establish the optimum modality.
Delayed contact sensitivity to catechols. 3. The relationship of side-chain length to sensitizing potency of catechols chemically related to the active principles of poison ivy. (1967)

Summary 1.Catechol as well as the 3- n -alkylcatechols, were shown to be equally good in inducing delayed contact sensitivity in guinea pigs since the majority of animals injected became sensitive. Consequently the capacity to induce sensitization, as measured by the percentage of animals becoming sensitive, is unrelated to the structure of the 3- n -alkylcatechols. 2.The degree of sensitivity induced as well as cross-reactivity depended upon the length of the 3- n -alkyl side-chain. Thus the degree of sensitivity induced is strongly dependent on the structure of the sensitizer (in this instance chain length) and largely independent of sensitizing dose. The data obtained suggested that it was possible to estimate the maximum length of the antigenic determinant. 3.The dermal toxicity of the alkylcatechols was shown to be unrelated to their sensitizing capacity.
Involvement of electrostatic phenomena in phospholamban‐induced stimulation of Ca uptake into cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (1989)

The activity of the Ca-pumping ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is controlled by the phosphorylation of the intrinsic regulatory protein phospholamban (PLB), which affects both the apparent Km(Ca) and the Vmax of the transport process. We have investigated the correlation between phosphorylation of PLB and the surface potential of the SR membrane. This latter influences the local concentration of relevant ionic species near biological membranes and thus modulates the activity of ion pumps and channels. The partitioning of the anionic probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS-) into the SR membrane was found to be dependent on the phosphorylation level of PLB. Changes of the surface membrane potential up to 7 mV could be obtained by phosphorylation. The increase in the apparent affinity of the Ca pump for Ca2+ induced by PLB phosphorylation was clearly reduced at high ionic strength, i.e. under conditions known to reduce the surface membrane potential and all processes dependent on it. The results show that electrostatic phenomena can account, in good part, for the modulation of the Ca pump by PLB in cardiac SR.
DRUG-INDUCED TOLERANCE TO ALLOGRAFTS IN MICE (1987)

When AKR/J Sea (AKR, H-2k) mice were primed i.v. with 1 X 10(8) viable spleen cells from naive C3H/He Slc (C3H, H-2k) mice and treated i.p. with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) 2 days later, a minimal degree of mixed chimerism associated with tolerance to C3H skin was established without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and maintained for at least one month. When AKR mice were primed i.v. with 1 X 10(8) viable spleen cells from C3H mice preimmunized i.v. 7 days earlier with 5 X 10(7) viable AKR spleen cells, and treated with 200 mg/kg CP, chimerism became exclusive, but lethal GVHD occurred in the AKR mice. Moreover, most of normal AKR mice primed with the preimmunized C3H spleen cells without CP died of GVHD. In contrast, in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-incompatible combination of AKR (H-2k)-C57BL/6 Cr Slc (B6, H-2b), mixed chimerism, tolerance to skin allografts, and GVHD were not observed, whether or not the mice had been treated with naive or preimmunized B6 spleen cells with or without CP.
Declarative Programming in Escher (1995)

Escher is a declarative, general-purpose programming language which integrates the best features of both functional and logic programming languages. It has types and modules, higher-order and meta-programming facilities, and declarative input/output. Escher also has a collection of system modules, providing numerous operations on standard data types such as integers, lists, characters, strings, sets, and programs. The main design aim is to combine in a practical and comprehensive way the best ideas of existing functional and logic languages, such as Godel, Haskell, and $\lambda$Prolog. Indeed, Escher goes well beyond Godel in its ability to allow function definitions, its higher-order facilities, its improved handling of sets, and its declarative input/output. Escher also goes well beyond Haskell in its ability to run partly-instantiated predicate calls, a familiar feature of logic programming languages which provides a form of non-determinism, and its more flexible handling of equality. The language also has a clean semantics, its underlying logic being (an extension of) Church''s simple theory of types. This report is divided into two parts. The first part provides a tutorial introduction to Escher. In this part there are many example programs to illustrate the various language features. In particular, these example programs are meant to emphasize the significant practical advantages that come from integrating the best features of existing functional and logic languages. The second part contains a formal definition of the Escher language, including its syntax, semantics, and a description of its system modules. To make the report self-contained, an appendix summarizes the key aspects of the simple theory of types.
Estrogen Carcinogenesis in Breast Cancer (2006)

Estrogen exposure is a major determinant of the risk of breast cancer. This article reviews how genotoxic, mutagenic metabolites of estrogen and stimulation of tissue growth by the hormone participate in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
Photobromination of Substituted Toluenes as a Route to Substituted Benzyl Alcohols and Benzaldehydes (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotobromination of Substituted Toluenes as a Route to Substituted Benzyl Alcohols and BenzaldehydesErnest L. Eliel and Donald E. RivardCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1952, 17, 9, 1252–1256Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50009a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50009a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views702Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Natural “Natural Experiments” in Economics (2000)

The recent literature exploiting natural events as “natural experiment” instruments is reviewed to assess to what extent it has advanced empirical knowledge. A weakness of the studies that adopt this approach is that the necessary set of behavioral, market, and technological assumptions made by the authors in justifying their interpretations of the estimates is often absent. The methodology and findings from twenty studies are summarized and simple economic models are used to elucidate the implicit assumptions made by the authors and to demonstrate the sensitivity of the interpretations of the findings to the relaxation of some of these assumptions.
Melt Protection of Mg-Al Based Alloys (2016)

This paper reports the current status of Mg melt protection in view to identify near-future challenges, but also opportunities, for Mg melt protection of Mg-Al based alloys. The goal is to design and manufacture sustainable Mg alloys for resource efficiency, recycling and minimising waste. Among alternative cover gas technologies for Mg melt protection other than SF6: commercially available technologies containing―HFC-134a, fluorinated ketone and dilute SO2―and developed technologies containing solid CO2, BF3 and SO2F2, can potentially produce toxic and/or corrosive by-products. On the other hand, additions of alkaline earth metal oxides to Mg and its alloys have developed a strong comparative advantage in the field of Mg melt protection. The near-future challenges and opportunities for Mg-Al based alloys include optimising and using CO2 gas as feedstock for both melt protection and grain refinement and TiO2 additions for melt protection.
Molecular Recombination in T4 Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1970)

Evidence was presented to support the hypothesis that long single strands appearing at late times (15 min after infection) are produced as a result of recombination and not as a continuous elongation during the replication process. The production of long strands does not depend on the multiplicity of infection, and the first long strands appear at the time when 20 to 50 phage equivalent units of deoxyribonucleic (DNA) are synthesized, and not earlier. The addition of chloramphenicol at 5 min, which prevents molecular recombination but allows replication of DNA, prevents the formation of long, single strands. Chloramphenicol added between 8 and 10 min after infection, a time at which molecular recombination is fully expressed and covalent repair of recombinant molecules is allowed, does not prevent formation of long single strands. Cutting of single-strand DNA with a limited amount of endonuclease I allows confirmation that the fast-sedimenting characteristic of intracellular denatured DNA is caused primarily by the length of the strands, and not by the formation of aggregates. The computer simulation of two recombination models indicates the feasibility of random breakage and rejoining of molecules in generating long concatenates.
Structural Study of the T<sup>#</sup>2-Li<i><sub>x</sub></i>CoO<sub>2</sub> (0.52 < <i>x</i> ≤ 0.72) Phase (2004)

The metastable O2-LiCoO(2) phase undergoes several reversible phase transitions upon lithium deintercalation. The first transition leads to an unusual oxygen stacking in such layered compounds. This stacking is found to be stable for 0.52 < x < or = 0.72 in Li(x)()CoO(2) and is called T(#)2. We studied this phase from a structural viewpoint using X-ray and neutron diffraction (ab initio method). The new stacking derives from the O2 one by gliding every second CoO(2) slab by (1/3, 1/6, 0). The lithium ions are found to occupy very distorted tetrahedral sites in this structure. We also discuss the possibility of this T(#)2 phase to exhibit stacking faults, whose amount depends on the method used to prepare this deintercalated phase.
Ceramide: a novel second messenger. (1993)

The data discussed in the preceding sections suggest that information may be transmitted both through synthesis and through degradation of sphingomyelin. Although the sphingomyelin pathway holds promise as a new signaling system coupling TNF receptor activation to cellular stimulation (Fig. 5), the work is still at a preliminary stage. A physical association of receptors with neutral sphingomyelinase has yet to be established and the ceramide-activated protein kinase has yet to be isolated. Endogenous substrates for the kinase have also to be identified. Furthermore, the exact role of this pathway has not been defined. It is unclear whether this pathway is specific to monocyte differentiation or cytokine action. It also seems unlikely that a single signal transduction mechanism can account for all the diverse effects of TNF-alpha in different systems (Vilcek and Lee, 1991). Interactions with other signaling systems are sure to complicate elucidation of the exact role(s) of this pathway. Nevertheless, availability of cell-permeable analogs of ceramide, localization of many components of the system at the cell surface, and recent development of anti-TNF receptor antibodies to receptor isotypes may allow for greater definition of the sphingomyelin pathway in the near future.
The Worldwide Market and Technology for Injection Molding Metals and Ceramics (1997)

"The Worldwide Market and Technology for Injection Molding Metals and Ceramics." Materials Technology, 12(3-4), pp. 119–120
Neurotechnology to address big questions (2018)

Profiling of single neurons in tissue allows structure and function linkage in brain circuits
Design with operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits (1988)

"This text illustrates general analog principles and design methodologies using practical devices and applications. It can be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in design and applications with analog integrated circuits. A three-stage presentation guides the reader from an elementary to a complex, real-world understanding of operational amplifiers. It begins with ideal or nearly ideal op amps, progresses to real-life op amp limitations, and then presents a wide range of practical, design-oriented applications. By closely reflecting current technological developments and practices, it is also a valuable reference work for the practicing engineer."--BOOK JACKET.
Direction finding with mutually orthogonal antennas (2011)

Electromagnetic direction finding using a set of three mutually orthogonal antennas is studied. The vector effective height concept from antenna theory is employed to develop three direction finding algorithms for use with the proposed antenna arrangement. The first algorithm estimates the direction-of-arrival by computing a vector that is perpendicular to the locus of the instantaneous electric field vector measured at the origin of the coordinate system. The second and third algorithms are based on the well-known maximum likelihood and MUSIC algorithms. For all algorithms we assume a narrowband signal model and that multiple incident waves can be separated in the frequency domain before processing each signal separately. In simulation, each algorithm successfully located the direction-of-arrival to within 2° for circularly polarized waves at SNR ≥ 35dB.
New South Wales police perspective (2004)

For NSW Police, the Alcohol Summit was an opportunity to work with government and the community to seek ways of reducing the harms associated with the irresponsible consumption and supply of alcohol, and alcohol fuelled anti-social behaviour. Police Commissioner Ken Moroney said during an address to the Summit, 'Alcohol-related crime has no single cause or solution. A balanced and multi-tiered approach at all levels - local, regional, state and Commonwealth - with community and industry involvement is required.'
T cells produce TRF in response to Con A and factors in T cell hybridoma supernatants. (1982)

In recent experiments, a soluble factor (TRF) that mediates the differentiation of anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)-activated B cells to Ig-secreting cells has been identified. TRF works in concert with a growth factor, probably IL 2, in the induction of activated B cells. In previous studies, TRF was identified in culture supernatants of activated T cells and accessory cells, and thus the cellular source (T cell or accessory cell) of the factor was not determined. In the present studies, we succeeded in inducing the production of TRF by T cell populations from which accessory cells had been vigorously depleted. Lymph node cells were depleted of accessory cells by nylon wool adherence and anti-Ia and complement treatment; these cells were activated with Con A and a T cell hybridoma supernatant that contains IL 2. Supernatants from these activated T cell cultures supported the differentiation of anti-Ig-activated B cells to Ig secreting cells. These results show that T cells produce the differentiation factor, and further that they do so in response to ligand (Con A) plus a T cell-derived factor.