gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Force Sensor System Based on Tri-Axial Fiber Bragg Grating with Flexure Structure (2021)

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have an advantage over optical sensors in that they are lightweight, easy to terminate, and have a high flexibility and a low cost. Additionally, FBG is highly sensitive to strain and temperature, which is why it has been used in FBG force sensor systems for cardiac catheterization. When manually inserting the catheter, the physician should sense the force at the catheter tip under the limitation of power (<0.5 N). The FBG force sensor can be optimal for a catheter as it can be small, low-cost, easy to manufacture, free of electromagnetic interference, and is materially biocompatible with humans. In this study, FBG fibers mounted on two different flexure structures were designed and simulated using ANSYS simulation software to verify their sensitivity and durability for use in a catheter tip. The selected flexure was combined with three FBGs and an interrogator to obtain the wavelength signals. To obtain a calibration curve, the FBG sensor obtained data on the change in wavelength with force at a high resolution of 0.01 N within the 0.1-0.5 N range. The calibration curve was used in the force sensor system by the LabVIEW program to measure the unknown force values in real time.
Hyaluronan, Inflammation, and Breast Cancer Progression (2015)

Breast cancer-induced inflammation in the tumor reactive stroma supports invasion and malignant progression and is contributed to by a variety of host cells including macrophages and fibroblasts. Inflammation appears to be initiated by tumor cells and surrounding host fibroblasts that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) to create a pro-inflammatory "cancerized" or tumor reactive microenvironment that supports tumor expansion and invasion. The tissue polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is an example of an ECM component within the cancerized microenvironment that promotes breast cancer progression. Like many ECM molecules, the function of native high-molecular weight HA is altered by fragmentation, which is promoted by oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and release of hyaluronidases within the tumor microenvironment. HA fragments are pro-inflammatory and activate signaling pathways that promote survival, migration, and invasion within both tumor and host cells through binding to HA receptors such as CD44 and RHAMM/HMMR. In breast cancer, elevated HA in the peri-tumor stroma and increased HA receptor expression are prognostic for poor outcome and are associated with disease recurrence. This review addresses the critical issues regarding tumor-induced inflammation and its role in breast cancer progression focusing specifically on the changes in HA metabolism within tumor reactive stroma as a key factor in malignant progression.
Synthesis of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet from Yttrium and Aluminum Isobutyrate Precursors (1996)

Mixtures of yttrium and aluminum isobutyrates, M(O 2 CCHMe 2 ) 3 = M(O 2 CiPr) 3 (M = Y or Al), were examined as precursors for processing yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, A1 5 Y 3 O 12 ). Both precursors were synthesized by reacting the respective metal with isobutyric acid. The individual compounds and the 5Al(O 2 CiPr) 3 :3Y(O 2 CiPr) 3 YAG composition mixture were characterized by TGA, DTA, XRD, NMR, and FTIR. Pyrolytic decomposition of Al(O 2 CiPr) 3 at temperatures ≤700°C produces amorphous A1 2 O 3 , which partially crystallizes to α‐alumina at 840°C (by DTA), and finally to a‐alumina at 1120°C. The pyrolysis behavior of Y(O 2 CiPr) 3 is quite different. Samples start to decompose at 260°C, producing mixtures of Y 2 O 3 with minor quantities of a yttrium carbonate species. On further heating to 300°C, the amorphous Y 2 O 3 crystallizes (bcc). The carbonate remains stable until ∼900°C, and phase‐pure, bcc Y 2 O 3 is obtained only on heating to 1400°C. Mixtures of Al(O 2 CiPr) 3 and Y(O 2 CiPr) 3 provide a precursor to polycrystalline YAG. Rheologically useful solutions are obtained by dissolving a 5:3 mixture of Al(O 2 CiPr) 3 and Y(O 2 CiPr) 3 in THE Solvent removal provides bulk samples of the YAG precursor. The pyrolytic decomposition patterns of bulk samples of this YAG precursor were studied by heating to selected temperatures and characterizing by TGA, DTA, XRD, and FTIR. The crystallization behavior of the mixture is quite different from the constituent compounds. The precursor decomposes to an amorphous material on heating above 300°C. On continued heating (5°C/ min/air) this amorphous intermediate crystallizes (∼910°C) to phase‐pure YAG with a final ceramic yield of 26% at 1000°C. No other phases are observed to form over this temperature range.
Characterization of long-range structure in the denatured state of staphylococcal nuclease. I. paramagnetic relaxation enhancement by nitroxide spin labels (1997)

Structural analysis of delta131delta, a fragment model of the denatured state of staphylococcal nuclease, has been extended by obtaining long-range distance restraints between protein chain segments based on paramagnetic relaxation enhancement methods. PROXYL spin labels were attached at unique cysteine residues introduced at 14 different sites along the polypeptide chain, and the resulting enhancements of amide proton relaxation were measured by NMR spectroscopy. To minimize perturbation of denatured state structure, these labeling sites were chosen on the basis of a high solvent exposure in the native state and a small change in stability and m-value upon mutation of the wild-type residue to cysteine or alanine. EPR spectroscopy confirmed that in all cases the PROXYL label of the modified protein was solvent-exposed and undergoing free isotropic rotation. By quantifying at 500 MHz and 600 MHz the enhancement of both T1 and T2 relaxation for amide protons resolved in a 1H-15N correlation spectrum, the apparent correlation time for the free electron-proton vectors for six PROXYL-labeled proteins could be estimated. With these data plus the enhancements in transverse relaxation rate (R2) for the other eight proteins, the time-averaged, r(-6) weighted distance between the free electron on the unique nitroxide and 30 to 60 amide protons in each protein could be approximated. Inspection of the pattern of R2 enhancements reveals a significant amount of long-range structure in this denatured state, a clear indication that it is not a random coil.
In Vitro .ALPHA.-Amylase Hydrolysis of Modified Starch and Postprandal Plasma Glucose Response. (1992)

α-アミラーゼによる化工デンプンのin vitroにおける消化性およびラットにおける化工デンプン投与後の血漿グルコース濃度の変動が検討された。化工デンプンとしてデキストリン (CD), 酸化デンプン (PO), アセチル化リン酸架橋デンプン (CA), 4種類のヒドロキシプロピル化リン酸架橋デンプン (PHP-I, II, CHP-I, II) を用いた。1) CHP-IIのα-アミラーゼ消化性は他の加工デンプンのそれらに比べ明らかに劣っていた。消化速度はCD>PO>CA>PHP, CHPの順になった。2) CDを投与したとき, 血漿グルコース濃度は短時間のうちに急激な上昇と急激な低下を示し, この変化はグルコースを投与したときと同様の変化であった。しかし, 他の化工デンプンではそのような急激な上昇と急激な低下を明らかに緩和したが, この差の原因として消化性, 消化速度, 粘度の関与が示唆された。
The Application of the Ant Colony Decision Rule Algorithm on Distributed Data Mining (2014)

Based on the deep research of Ant Colony Algorithm, an Ant Colony decision rule Algorithm is proposed for rules mining based on the thought of ant colony and rule mining of decision tree. Then the algorithm is compared with C4.5 and applied on the rules mining and the results are showed by simulation.
The Dynamic and Double Encryption System Based on Two-Dimensional Image (2009)

In the conventional security protection system, more separated data encryption from user identification authentication, and mainly focused on the former but ignore the latter. In order to address this problem, the dynamic and double encryption system based on two-dimensional image is presented, which combined the identification authentication with file encryption. Our approach is that, in the identification authentication, the system used the way of image authentication which generated on the base of combination of Hmac One Time Password (HOTP) algorithm and current system time in the mobile phone; in the file encryption, the system adopted the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the encryption algorithm based on time. The experiment results show that the system augments the attack-resistant potential and decreases the mistaken rate utilizing the strong robustness of changeable and limited box. At the same time, the encryption efficiency has been more improved.
Preparative HPLC of an Experimental Anti-HIV Analogue of AZT: Azidothymidine Monophosphate Diglyceride (AZT-MP-DG) (1993)

Abstract Monophosphate diglyceride conjugate of AZT containing esterified saturated palmitoyl and unsaturated oleoyl fatty acid, a composition which more closely mimics the natural state (AZT-MP-DG). was synthesized. The purification of AZT-MP-DG from crude synthetic mixture by preparative HPLC is described herein. The practical and rapid chromatographic method developed should be applicable to the purification of structurally related antimetabolic lyponucleotides.
THE EVOLUTION OF ‘ONION BULBS’ IN THE HEREDITARY HYPERTROPHIC NEUROPATHY OF THE TREMBLER MOUSE (1977)

The evolution of ‘onion bulbs’ was studied ultrastructurally in the dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy of the Trembler mouse. Demyelination was prominent in the peripheral nerves of mice aged 7 days to 4 weeks. Following demyelination, the Schwann cell divided. One Schwann cell captured the axon while the supernumerary Schwann cell produced many sprouts which were delimited by the original basement membrane which later became discontinuous. While the central (adaxonal) Schwann cell had abundant cytoplasm with a normal content of organelles, degenerative changes were evident in the supernumerary more peripheral Schwann cell sprouts. Cytoplasm degenerated from these, and left behind empty membrane configurations which assumed an approximately circumferential orientation. As more ‘onion bulb’ lamellae were added, a morphological gradation became evident; the outer lamellae were more degenerate than the inner ones. Pari passu with the formation of ‘onion bulbs’, endoneurial collagen fibrils increased in number and marked variations in calibre, and frequently islands of microfibrils, were seen in older Tremblers. The axon in older animals underwent changes in contour, with an increase in neurofilaments and decrease in neuro‐tubules.
Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths (2014)

Increasing our understanding of regional greenhouse gas transport, sources, and sinks requires accurate, precise, continuous measurements of small gas enhancements over long ranges. We demonstrate a coherent dual frequency-comb spectroscopy technique capable of achieving these goals. Spectra are acquired spanning 5990 to 6260  cm−1 (1600–1670 nm) covering ∼700 absorption features from CO2, CH4, H2O, HDO, and CO213, across a 2 km path. The spectra have sub-1-kHz frequency accuracy, no instrument lineshape, and a 0.0033  cm−1 point spacing. They are fit with different absorption models to yield dry-air mole fractions of greenhouse gases. These results are compared with a point sensor under well-mixed conditions to evaluate the accuracy of models critical to global satellite-based trace gas monitoring. Under heterogeneous conditions, time-resolved data demonstrate tracking of small variations in mole fractions, with a precision <1  ppm for CO2 and <3  ppb for CH4 in 5 min. Portable systems could enable regional monitoring.
Chemical‐surface modification of polymers using atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas and comparisons with vacuum plasmas (2001)

Abstract We demonstrate that stable microwave‐coupled atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas (APNEPs) can be formed under a wide variety of gas and flow‐rate conditions. Furthermore, these plasmas can be effectively used to remove surface contamination and chemically modify polymer surfaces. These chemical changes, generally oxidation and crosslinking, enhance the surface properties of the materials such as surface energy. Comparisons between vacuum plasma and atmospheric plasma treatment strongly indicate that much of the vacuum‐plasma literature is pertinent to APNEP, thereby providing assistance with understanding the nature of APNEP‐induced reactions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 95–109, 2002
Aluminum and Silica in Drinking Water and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease or Cognitive Decline: Findings From 15-Year Follow-up of the PAQUID Cohort (2008)

The authors examined associations between exposure to aluminum or silica from drinking water and risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease among elderly subjects followed for 15 years (1988-2003). They actively searched for incident cases of dementia among persons aged 65 years or over living in 91 civil drinking-water areas in southern France. Two measures of exposure to aluminum were assessed: geographic exposure and individual exposure, taking into account daily consumption of tap water and bottled water. A total of 1,925 subjects who were free of dementia at baseline and had reliable water assessment data were analyzed. Using random-effects models, the authors found that cognitive decline with time was greater in subjects with a higher daily intake of aluminum from drinking water (>or=0.1 mg/day, P=0.005) or higher geographic exposure to aluminum. Using a Cox model, a high daily intake of aluminum was significantly associated with increased risk of dementia. Conversely, an increase of 10 mg/day in silica intake was associated with a reduced risk of dementia (adjusted relative risk =0.89, P=0.036). However, geographic exposure to aluminum or silica from tap water was not associated with dementia. High consumption of aluminum from drinking water may be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
The Effects of Adding Noise During Backpropagation Training on a Generalization Performance (1996)

We study the effects of adding noise to the inputs, outputs, weight connections, and weight changes of multilayer feedforward neural networks during backpropagation training. We rigorously derive and analyze the objective functions that are minimized by the noise-affected training processes. We show that input noise and weight noise encourage the neural-network output to be a smooth function of the input or its weights, respectively. In the weak-noise limit, noise added to the output of the neural networks only changes the objective function by a constant. Hence, it cannot improve generalization. Input noise introduces penalty terms in the objective function that are related to, but distinct from, those found in the regularization approaches. Simulations have been performed on a regression and a classification problem to further substantiate our analysis. Input noise is found to be effective in improving the generalization performance for both problems. However, weight noise is found to be effective in improving the generalization performance only for the classification problem. Other forms of noise have practically no effect on generalization.
Antiproliferative Effects and Mechanism of Action of SCH 56592 against <i>Trypanosoma</i> ( <i>Schizotrypanum</i> ) <i>cruzi</i> : In Vitro and In Vivo Studies (1998)

We have investigated the antiproliferative effects of SCH 56592, a new experimental triazole, against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease in Latin America. SCH 56592 blocked the proliferation of the epimastigote form of the parasite in vitro at 30 nM, a concentration 30- to 100-fold lower than that required with the reference compounds ketoconazole and itraconazole. At that concentration all the parasite's endogenous sterols (ergosterol, 24-ethyl-cholesta-5,7,22-trien-3 beta-ol, and its 22-dihydro analogs), were replaced by methylated sterols (lanosterol and 24-methylene-dihydrolanosterol), as revealed by high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This indicated that the primary mechanism of action of the drug was inhibition of the parasite's sterol C-14 alpha demethylase. Against the clinically relevant intracellular amastigote form, grown in cultured Vero cells at 37 degrees C, the MIC of SCH 56592 was 0.3 nM, again 33- to 100-fold lower than that of ketoconazole or itraconazole. In a murine model of acute Chagas' disease, SCH 56592 given at > or = 10 mg/kg of body weight/day for a total of 43 doses allowed 85 to 100% survival and 90 to 100% cure of the surviving animals, as verified by parasitological, serological, and PCR-based tests, while ketoconazole given at 30 mg/kg day allowed 60% survival but only 20% cure. In a murine model of chronic Chagas' disease, SCH 56592 was again more effective than ketoconazole, providing 75 to 85% protection from death, with 60 to 75% parasitological cures of the surviving animals, while no parasitological cures were observed with ketoconazole. The results indicate that SCH 56592 is the most powerful sterol biosynthesis inhibitor ever tested against T. cruzi and may be useful in the treatment of human Chagas' disease.
Deep center related to hydrogen and carbon in <i>p</i>-type silicon (1995)

We have found a hole trap related to hydrogen and carbon in p-type crystalline silicon after hydrogen and deuterium injection by chemical etching and plasma exposure. It was found from deep-level transient spectroscopy that this center is located at 0.33 eV above the valence band and shows no Poole–Frenkel effect in electric fields lower than 6×103 V/cm. The depth profiling technique using deep-level transient spectroscopy indicated that this center is distributed over the range 1–7 μm from the surface with densities of 1011–1013 cm−3, depending on the hydrogenation method. On the other hand, secondary ions mass spectroscopy revealed that the majority of deuterium injected into silicon exists within a much shallower region less than 60 nm from the surface with higher densities of 1018–1020 cm−3. We have therefore concluded that the majority of injected hydrogen stays in the near-surface region probably in the form of a molecule and larger clusters and only the minority diffuses into the bulk in an atomic form to form an electrically active complex with carbon. We performed annealing experiments to investigate the thermal stability of the complex. It was stable in the dark up to 100 °C, above which it was completely annihilated in first-order kinetics with an activation energy of about 1.7 eV. The illumination of band gap light with and without a reverse bias at room temperature and at 50 °C induced no effect on the stability of the trap. This is contrast to the photoinduced annihilation of a recently observed electron trap related also to hydrogen and carbon and with comparable thermal stability in n-type silicon. These similarities and differences between the two traps and the comparison of the present results with the recently published theoretical calculations of the total energy of hydrogen configurations in the hydrogen-carbon complex suggest that the previously observed electron trap and the presently observed hole trap arise from two different defects with similar origins and structures and are tentatively ascribed to the electronic states of ‘‘bond-centered’’ and ‘‘anti-bonding of carbon’’ configurations of hydrogen in the hydrogen-carbon complex, respectively.
Dark-Induced Accumulation of mRNA for a Homolog of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) in Pharbitis (1998)

A cDNA encoding a homolog of human translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was isolated from cotyledons of the short-day plant Pharbitis mil cv. Violet. The level of the corresponding mRNA increased gradually during darkness. This increase was inhibited by end-of-day exposure to far-red light.
Biologically Active Macrocyclic Diterpenoids from Chinese Drug “Fáng Féng Cáo” I. Isolation and Structure<sup>1</sup> (1986)

Three novel macrocyclic diterpepoids, 4,7-oxycycloanisomelic acid (4), 4-methylene-5-hydroxyovatodiolode (5) and 4-methylene-5-oxoanisomelic acid (6) were isolated from the dried whole plant of the Chinese crude drug Fáng Féng Cáo (Anisomeles indica, Labiatae), together with ovatodiolide (1), 4, 5-epoxyovatodiolide (2) and anisomelic acid (3). The structures of the novel compounds were deduced by the comparison of spectral data with those of known relative compounds. Isolated compounds were subjected to the examination of inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme, cytotoxic activity and calcium antagonistic activity.
Interleukin-1β in Central Nervous System Injury and Repair. (2012)

Acute inflammation is a self-limiting, complex biological response mounted to combat pathogen invasion, to protect against tissue damage, and to promote tissue repair should it occur. However, unabated inflammation can be deleterious and contribute to injury and pathology. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a prototypical “pro-inflammatory” cytokine, is essential to cellular defense and tissue repair in nearly all tissues. With respect to brain, however, studies suggest that IL-1β has pleiotrophic effects. It acts as a neuromodulator in the healthy central nervous system (CNS), has been implicated in the pathogenic processes associated with a number of CNS maladies, but may also provide protection to the injured CNS. Here, we will review the physiological and pathophysiological functions of IL-1β in the central nervous system with regard to synaptic plasticity. With respect to disease, emphasis will be placed on stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease where the ultimate injurious or reparative effects of IL-1β appear to depend on time, concentration and environmental milieu.
An Improved Method for Preparing Dimethyl Disulfide Adducts for GC/MS Analysis (2007)

Abstract Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) adducts are prepared from fatty acid methyl esters to locate the double‐bond position in monoenoic fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We improved our original procedure for preparing DMDS adducts with a simple device that can be made in any laboratory using a glass pipette and silica based packing material, Extelut NT.
Synthesis of 5‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐1<i>H</i>‐1,4‐benzodiazepines (1977)

Abstract A number of 5‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐l H ‐1,4‐benzodiazepines (II) have been prepared from the reaction of 5‐methylmercapto‐2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐1,4‐benzodiazepine (I) with amines. Another alternate approach based on the cyclodehydration of the ureic compounds (IV) was unsuccessful. The synthesis of I was accomplished by methylation of the 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5 H ‐5‐thioxo‐1,4‐benzodiazepine (VI) with dimethyl sulfate in methanol‐dioxane. Another attempted method for the synthesis of I is also presented. J. Heterocyclic Chem. , 14, 985 (1977)