gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of gastrointestinal bitter taste receptors suppresses food intake and stimulates secretion of gastrointestinal peptide hormones in healthy men (2016)

Introduction: Gut chemosensory mechanisms, particularly those involved in detecting and relaying to the brain the chemical composition of food during digestion, play important roles in controlling gut function and appetite regulation. Activation of bitter taste receptors, expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract by enteroendocrine cells, may modulate feeding behaviour via the release of gut peptide hormones, a mechanism we have termed the “bitter brake”. Our aim was to establish the efficacy and site of action of a bitter, plant-based, non-nutritive ingredient (Amarasate™ extract) to modify acute energy intake, subjective ratings of appetite and gut peptide hormone concentrations. Methods: Twenty healthy lean (BMI = 23.5 ± 0.3 kg/m2) male volunteers participated in a randomised three treatment, double blind, cross-over study with a 1 week washout between treatments. Overnight fasted participants were cannulated and provided with a standardised 2MJ Breakfast (0900h). Treatments (500 mg Amarasate extract or Placebo) were administered in low pH resistant (1100h) or standard (1130h) hypromellose capsules for targeted duodenal or gastric release, respectively. To maintain treatment blinding, placebo capsules were also administered as part of each treatment. Energy intake was recorded at an ad lib lunch (1200h) and snack (1400h). Blood samples and visual analogue scale subjective ratings of appetite were taken throughout the day. Results: Compared with placebo, both gastric and duodenal delivery of the Amarasate extract stimulated significant increases (p < 0.05) in the gut peptide hormones CCK, GLP-1 and PYY while significantly reducing (p < 0.05) total (lunch plus snack) ad lib meal energy intake by 911 (± 308) kJ and 944 (± 309) kJ, respectively. However, no significant treatment effects were observed for any subjective ratings of appetite or nausea. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that activation of the “bitter brake” mechanism by a bitter plant extract can stimulate the release of gut peptide hormones involved in appetite regulation and suppress subsequent feeding behaviour in healthy men. Acknowledgement: This study was funded by the NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (C11X1004).
Maximum photosynthetic efficiency: A problem to be resolved (1983)

The great disarray in the measurements of the maximum efficiency of conservation of light energy in photosynthesis is an outstanding problem in the development of photosynthetic biotechnology. The short-term measurements of the efficiency based on O(2) release by suspensions of cells or chloroplasts have given minimum quantum demands between 4 and 12 hv/O(2). The defect of the short term measurements is that the effects of growth conditions, which can alter the efficiency by a factor of 2, have been generally ignored. In contrast, the steady-state growth method, which depends on measurement of the maximum growth yield in photosynthesis, ensures that growth and photosynthesis are normally coupled. This growth method indicates that the minimum quantum demand lies in the relatively narrow range of 5.3 to 8.6 hv/O(2). The question of whether the minimum quantum demand is less or greater than 8 hv/O(2) is a crucial test for present theoretical concepts of the conversion of radiant energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis. To obtain the definitive maximum value more rigorously controlled measurements of photosynthetic efficiency in growing organisms are essential.
Messenger RNA expression of major histocompatibility complex class II genes in whole blood from septic shock patients* (2005)

A global transcriptional down regulation of a gene panel required for MHC II-restricted antigen presentation may occur in the course of septic shock. Our results suggest that the transcriptional resumption of CIITA-regulated genes might contribute to the recovery of membrane HLA-DR expression observed in survivors. These results obtained at the mRNA level support previous reports describing the loss of monocyte HLA-DR at the protein level and thus confirm the potential of measuring monocyte HLA-DR in septic patient followup.
The structures of ethylene oxide, cyclopropane, and related molecules (1949)

A. D. Walsh, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1949, 45, 179 DOI: 10.1039/TF9494500179
LEFLUNOMIDE CONTROLS REJECTION IN HAMSTER TO RAT CARDIAC XENOGRAFTS (1994)

Leflunomide is an isoxazole derivative that has the ability to prevent acute rejection of cardiac, renal, and skin transplants in strongly rejecting rat models. Furthermore, leflunomide is able to interact synergistically with CsA to inhibit allograft rejection and also reverse ongoing allograft rejection. In vitro studies suggest that the mechanism of action of leflunomide is via an interruption of cytokine signaling in T cells. This study defines the ability of leflunomide to prevent and reverse rejection of concordant xenografts. One hundred nine adult Lewis rats in 13 groups received abdominal heterotopic cardiac transplants from Golden Syrian hamsters. The xenograft survived 3.9 +/-0.3 days without treatment. When leflunomide was given at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg by gavage daily, the cardiac xenograft survivals were 5.0 +/- 0.6, 8.0 +/- 3.0, 52.0 +/- 20.2, 76.5 +/- 21.14, and 58.9 +/- 28.1 days, respectively. The survival rates were 4.0 +/- 0 and 27.7 +/- 28.7 days when CsA was given at 10 and 20 mg/kg i.m., respectively. The combination of CsA at 10 mg/kg with leflunomide at 10 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg prolonged cardiac xenograft survival to 106.0 +/- 50.2 days and > 90 days, respectively. There were no observable side effects in the latter combination. Histologic studies of untreated graft hearts 4 days after transplantation revealed infarction of myocardium and severe RBC extravasation. In contrast, the rejected hamster hearts from long-term survivors showed massive mononuclear cell infiltration and myocardium fibrosis in contrast to the early rejected picture. Therapy with leflunomide begun on day 2 reversed these rejection responses by day 6. In addition, the increase in allospecific IgM titers observed on day 2 was reversed, and the allospecific IgM to IgG isotype switch that occurred in untreated animals was prevented by leflunomide. These observations demonstrate that leflunomide, at nontoxic doses, effectively controlled acute rejection of concordant xenografts and synergistic immunosuppressive effect was achieved with leflunomide and CsA.
Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends: A New Approach to Wireless Transceiver Design (2008)

The desire to build lower cost analog front-ends has triggered interest in a new domain of research. Consequently the joint design of the analog front-end and of the digital baseband algorithms has become an important field of research. It enables the wireless systems and chip designers to more effectively trade the communication performance with the production cost. Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends provides a systematic approach to designing a digital communication system. It covers in detail the digital compensation of many non-idealities, for a wide class of emerging broadband standards and with a system approach in the design of the receiver algorithms. In particular, system strategies for joint estimation of synchronization and front-end non-ideality parameters are emphasized. The book is organized to allow the reader to gradually absorb the important information and vast quantity of material on this subject. The first chapter is a comprehensive introduction to the emerging wireless standards which is followed by a detailed description of the front-end non-idealities in chapter two. Chapter three then uses this information to explore what happens when the topics introduced in the first two chapters are merged. The book concludes with two chapters providing an in-depth coverage of the estimation and compensation algorithms. This book is a valuable reference for wireless system architects and chip designers as well as engineers or managers in system design and development. It will also be of interest to researchers in industry and academia, graduate students and wireless network operators. Presents a global, systematic approach to the joint design of the analog front-end compensation, channel estimation, synchronization and of the digital baseband algorithms Describes in depth the main front-end non-idealities such as phase noise, IQ imbalance, non-linearity, clipping, quantization, carrier frequency offset, sampling clock offset and their impact on the modulation Explains how the non-idealities introduced by the analog front-end elements can be compensated digitally Methodologies are applied to the emerging Wireless Local Area Network and outdoor Cellular communication systems, hence covering OFDM(A), SC-FDE and MIMO Written by authors with in-depth expertise developed in the wireless research group of IMEC and projects covering the main broadband wireless standards.
Tumor necrosis factor mediates endotoxic effects in mice (1987)

Endotoxic reactions induced in mice by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were examined. Mice showed a dose-dependent hypothermia after intravenous TNF injection which was similar to a reaction to lipopolysaccharide injection. Plasma glucose levels were decreased, and plasma lactate levels were increased. Blood hematocrit levels were increased after TNF injection. No interleukin-1 activity was detected in the plasma of TNF-treated animals. The number of leukocytes was reduced 30 min after TNF injection and returned to normal within 24 h. Thus, the data demonstrate that the pathophysiological effects induced by TNF were similar to the effects induced by bacterial endotoxin. Since lipopolysaccharide is a very potent agent for eliciting TNF release from activated macrophages, these results suggest that TNF could act as an endogenous mediator of endotoxin effects.
Synthesis of Tricyclic Quinolones and Naphthyridones by Intramolecular Heck Cyclization of Functionalized Electron‐Rich Heterocycles (2005)

Abstract Starting from commercially available pyrrole‐ and thiophene‐2‐carboxylic acids 1 or thiophene‐ and furan‐3‐carboxylic acids 6 , we report the synthesis of tricyclic fused quinolone and naphthyridone derivatives, in only three steps, by an intramolecular Heck cyclization. We also report the use of microwave irradiation to obtain, in some cases, better yields of cyclized products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Face recognition by distribution specific feature extraction (2002)

A new pattern recognition approach to face recognition is presented that can deal with drastic differences in the appearance of a face. Given a pair of sample sets of facial images with potential correspondences, each being drawn from a distinctive distribution, the algorithm reliability finds correspondences over those different distributions. Unlike the traditional approaches that model the face images as having a consistent distribution and so use the same feature extraction function for both of the image sets, the new method applies to each sample a function specific to the distribution from which it is drawn. This function is derived by maximizing a newly defined class-separability criterion over the different distributions. Results of face recognition are presented on images including drivers' license pictures. Drastic improvements are shown over algorithms based on the traditional Fisher's discriminant analysis.
Finite-state description of semitic morphology (1988)

This paper discusses the problems of description and computational implementation of phonology and morphology in Semitic languages, using Ancient Akkadian as an example. Phonological and morphophonological variations are described using standard finite-state two-level morphological rules. Interdigitation, prefixation and suffixation are described by using an intersection of two lexicons which effectively defines lexical representations of words.
Effects of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and a Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Subtype 4 Agonist on Osteoblastogenesis and Adipogenesis in Aged Ovariectomized Rats (2007)

bFGF can stimulate osteogenesis and bone marrow adipogenesis concurrently at red marrow sites, but not at fatty marrow sites. In contrast, EP4A stimulates bone formation at skeletal sites with hematopoietic and fatty marrow and simultaneously decreased fatty marrow area and the number of adipocytes in the bone marrow, suggesting that osteogenesis occurs at the expense of adipogenesis.
Survey and case-control study during epidemics of Puumala virus infection (2009)

In Baden-Wuerttemberg, a federal state in south-west Germany, a large outbreak of 1089 laboratory-confirmed human Puumala virus (PUUV) infections occurred in 2007. We conducted a survey to describe the disease burden and a case-control study to identify risk factors for acquiring PUUV. Case-patients were interviewed about clinical outcome and both case-patients and randomly recruited controls were interviewed about exposure. We calculated matched odds ratios (mOR) using a conditional logistic regression model. Multivariable analysis of 191 matched case-control pairs showed that case-patients were more likely than controls to have seen small rodents/their droppings (mOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0), cleaned utility rooms (mOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.4) and visited forest shelters (mOR 3.9, 95% CI 1.1-14.3). Two thirds of case-patients required hospitalization. During PUUV epidemics rodent control measures and use of protective equipment should be considered in utility rooms and shelters.
Should We Standardize the 1,700-Year-Old Fecal Microbiota Transplantation? (2012)

Zhang, Faming MD, PhD; Luo, Wensheng MSc; Shi, Yan CMD; Fan, Zhining MD; Ji, Guozhong MD Author Information
CD4+ T cell help creates memory CD8+ T cells with innate and help-independent recall capacities (2019)

CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell help is required for the generation of CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory. Here, we use genome-wide analyses to show how CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell help delivered during priming promotes memory differentiation of CTLs. Help signals enhance IL-15-dependent maintenance of central memory T (T<sub>CM</sub>) cells. More importantly, help signals regulate the size and function of the effector memory T (T<sub>EM</sub>) cell pool. Helped T<sub>EM</sub> cells produce Granzyme B and IFNγ upon antigen-independent, innate-like recall by IL-12 and IL-18. In addition, helped memory CTLs express the effector program characteristic of helped primary CTLs upon recall with MHC class I-restricted antigens, likely due to epigenetic imprinting and sustained mRNA expression of effector genes. Our data thus indicate that during priming, CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell help optimizes CTL memory by creating T<sub>EM</sub> cells with innate and help-independent antigen-specific recall capacities.
You Should Never Look a Gift Horse in the Mouth: One-Size-Fits-All Compensation in Wrongful Conception (2012)

This article reconsiders the House of Lords decision in Rees v. Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust (2003) and the decision to award a conventional award of £15,000 in all cases of failed sterilisation resulting in the birth of an unwanted child. In so doing, it briefly recites the history of the Wrongful Conception action and the unique facts of Rees. It then goes on the consider the implications of two fundamental aspects of the judgment. Firstly, it looks at the 'conventional award' itself and considers the reasoning behind the award and the effect that it has on our understanding of (particularly women's) reproductive autonomy. Secondly, it analyses the rather 'unique' judgment of Lord Scott and his decision to evaluate these cases using the possessory analogy of an unwanted foal; particular focus is given to the notion of parental 'choice' in these cases and whether mitigation (i.e. abortion or adoption) can ever be considered reasonable.
Role of genital mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis and prostatitis. (1984)

The roles of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the pathogenesis of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) remain controversial. Isolation and serologic studies and results of antibiotic therapy do not provide good evidence that M. hominis causes NGU. The results of some studies of therapy and of some experiments in which humans were inoculated with U. urealyticum indicate that this organism may cause some cases of NGU. However, U. urealyticum is ubiquitous and apparently nonpathogenic at other genital sites; thus there are serious difficulties in deciding its role in NGU. Chronic prostatitis is a poorly defined clinical entity. At present there is no convincing evidence that either M. hominis or U. urealyticum is involved in its pathogenesis.
Bookshelf (1973)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsStanley R. LevyStanley R. Levy, Associate Dean, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Development of sunflower hybrids with different oil quality (2007)

The cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of most important oil crops of the world. Although sunflower is primarily grown for extraction of its seed oil there is a limited production of non-oilseed sunflower types which are used in confections industry or as bird feed.
Definition of immunoglobulin A receptors on eosinophils and their enhanced expression in allergic individuals. (1993)

Fc alpha receptors (Fc alpha R), detected by the binding of IgA and by anti-Fc alpha R antibodies, were found to be differentially expressed on eosinophils and neutrophils. Neutrophils were the major granulocyte population expressing Fc alpha R, and they expressed much higher levels of Fc alpha R than eosinophils. The expression of Fc alpha R by eosinophils could be upregulated approximately threefold by Ca2+ ionophore treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect, which was blocked by a chelating agent, was not duplicated by other cellular stimuli. Eosinophils in allergic individuals displayed enhanced Fc alpha R expression, whereas neutrophils did not. The Fc alpha R on eosinophils had a higher molecular mass (70-100 kD) than those identified on neutrophils (55-75 kD). However, removal of N-linked carbohydrates from Fc alpha R of eosinophils and neutrophils revealed a major protein core of 32 kD for both cell types. The data indicate that expression of Fc alpha R molecules with a characteristic glycosylation pattern is upregulated on eosinophils in allergic individuals.
DC-DC converter suitable for thermoelectric generator (2005)

With recent advancements in thermoelectric material performance, thermoelectric generators have become a viable alternative for power generation using small temperature differentials with benefits that can not be found in other energy conversion methods. The power generated by a thermoelectric generator, using a small /spl Delta/T, is characterized by a relatively high current (-/spl sim/5 A), but a relatively low voltage (<0.3 V), which is often not suited for many practical applications. In order to make use of the thermoelectric generated power in applications requiring a higher voltage, a DC-DC step up converter that can handle low input voltage is needed. Commercial available DC step up converters require an input voltage of at least 0.7 volts, which is the minimal voltage required for operating a bipolar junction switch. Several novel approaches for low input voltage DC-DC converter concepts have been studied and proved to be feasible. Their operations are based on some unconventional methods achieving DC to AC conversion for low input voltage. In one solid state approach, a normally-on transistor and a tunnel diode were utilized to achieve low voltage oscillation. A conversion concept was also developed which is based on an electromagnetic actuated mechanical switch. Operating principles and measured performance of these approaches will be reported.
Sympatric Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Venezuela have structured var gene repertoires. (2003)

The parasite population studied is structured, with minimal overlap in PfEMP1 repertoires. The var gene family accumulates diversity more rapidly than other antigen genes examined. This may be facilitated by ectopic recombination among the sub-telomeric regions of P. falciparum chromosomes.
Athermalisation Of Infrared Optics: A Review (1989)

Developments in detectors and scanning systems have resulted in an increased demand for optics operating in the thermal infrared waveband (8-12 microns). A continuing concern however for optical and systems designers is the effect of temperature change on the performance of the optical systems. Several optical parameters can be affected by temperature variation but the main problem is that of focus shift (or decollimation in the case of afocal optics) and the consequential degradation in image quality. The correction of this effect is usually referred to as athermalisation. A variety of techniques are available. This paper reviews the options with an emphasis on optical athermalisation methods.
Simultaneous binding of PA28 and PA700 activators to 20 S proteasomes (1998)

Two activators, named PA700 and PA28, are known to bind to 20 S proteasomes, forming two different complexes. The PA700-proteasome complex, also known as the 26 S proteasome, can degrade intact proteins, whereas complexes with PA28 can degrade only peptides. Monoclonal antibodies to 20 S proteasomes or the p45 ATPase subunit (Trip1, Sug1) of PA700 precipitated the same set of proteins from HeLa extracts, including six different ATPase subunits of PA700. This shows that p45 is not present in other protein complexes and suggests that all 26 S proteasome particles contain the same set of ATPase subunits. Interferons alpha and gamma had no effect on the composition of the 26 S proteasome, except for the replacement of subunits delta, MB1 and Z with Lmp2, Lmp7 and MECL1 respectively. Surprisingly, antibodies to PA28 precipitated p42, a component of PA700. Conversely, anti-p45 antibodies precipitated not only 26 S proteasomes but also PA28 alpha, beta and gamma, indicating that 20 S proteasomes can simultaneously bind both PA700 and PA28. PA28 alpha beta is known to be involved in antigen presentation. Conceivably, intact substrate proteins are recognized by PA700 and fed into proteasomes whose cleavage specificity is optimized for antigen presentation on MHC class I by PA28 and three interferon inducible proteasome subunits.
Analysis of application installation logs on Android systems (2019)

Various researches and studies are conducted in various fields by analyzing system logs these days. By analyzing logs, developers and researchers can obtain system status and detect the abnormal status of the system. Generally, Logcat is used for analyzing the Android log. Even the Logcat has the advantage of being easy to be executed, it has the disadvantage of being able to check only the basic logs provided by the Logcat. In this paper, we design an installation log management tool and present the analysis of Application installation log files on Android systems. The installation log management tool collects log files which are stored locally and are accessible by only root privileges by using Android Debug Bridge(ADB) and Python. It also extracts the initial installation time, the package name, the used email account information, and etc. when Android Applications are installed.
Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> in infected root canals (2007)

These results indicate that the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay is very useful for rapid detection of E. faecalis and diagnosis of endodontic infection.
Modern image processing: warping, morphing, and classical techniques (1993)

Explains how to turn frowns into smiles, daylight into night, and photographs into paintings, as well as how to enhance medical and astronomical images, on an IBM-compatible personal computer. Considers geometric transformations, arithmetic operations, filtering techniques, and edge detection for m