gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a parallel-plate avalanche counter to perform conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy at low temperatures (2007)

We describe an experimental setup based on a sealed parallel-plate avalanche counter, which allows conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy at temperatures down to 120 K. A study of the counting gas performances is carried out in order to find out the appropriate operating conditions. The detector can work in a wide range of pressures and voltages at room and low temperatures, for both iron- and tin-based Mössbauer transitions. An estimation of the gas gain is obtained by using a simple approach, which considers the avalanche gas process in parallel-plate geometry. The gas gain as a function of the filling pressure shows a maximum at room temperature and a monotonic increase at low temperature. The experimental setup has been tested with the determination of the Debye temperature of beta-Sn, SnO(2), and epsilon-FeSi.
Direct-drive laser fusion: Status and prospects (1998)

Techniques have been developed to improve the uniformity of the laser focal profile, to reduce the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and to suppress the various laser–plasma instabilities. There are now three direct-drive ignition target designs that utilize these techniques. An evaluation of these designs is still ongoing. Some of them may achieve the gains above 100 that are necessary for a fusion reactor. Two laser systems have been proposed that may meet all of the requirements for a fusion reactor.
Digital heritage (2009)

The India Digital Heritage Project is a collaborative initiative between the industry and academia, with the aim of using novel techniques to efficiently capture and present various aspects of India's diverse heritage, while at the same time advancing the state-of-the art in related research areas.
Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of human tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (2009)

In mammals, the regulation of local tryptophan concentrations by the IFN-gamma-i inducible enzyme IDO is a prominent antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effector mechanism. Here, we show for the first time that another tryptophan-degrading enzyme, the liver-specific tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), is also capable of mediating antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects. Using a tetracycline inducible eukaryotic system, we were able to express recombinant TDO protein, which exhibits functional properties of native TDO. We found that HeLa cells expressing recombinant TDO were capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), parasites (Toxoplasma gondii) and viruses (herpes simplex virus). These TDO-mediated antimicrobial effects could be blocked by the addition of tryptophan. In addition, we observed that, similar to IDO-positive cells, TDO-positive cells were capable of inhibiting anti CD3-driven T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, TDO-positive cells also restricted alloantigen-induced T-cell activation. Here, we describe for the first time that TDO mediates antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects and suggest that TDO-dependent inhibition of T-cell growth might be involved in the immunotolerance observed in vivo during allogeneic liver transplantation.
Expanding roles for atorvastatin (2008)

Atherosclerosis, especially when manifested as coronary artery disease (CAD), continues to be the number one cause of mortality and morbidity in developed nations and will soon become so in developing countries. Survivors of an acute heart attack have an increased risk of illness and death that is 1.5-15 times greater than in the general population. Sudden death occurs in myocardial infarction (MI) survivors at a rate 4-6 times greater than in the general population. After an initial recognized MI, 25% of male and 38% of female survivors die within 1 year. Within 6 years after a recognized MI, 18% of men and 35% of women will have a second MI, 7% of men and 6% of women will suffer sudden death, and 22% of men and 46% of women will be disabled with heart failure. Aggressive secondary prevention, therefore, is the key to containing and reversing the "malignant" natural history of CAD, since patients with CAD or CAD risk equivalents are already in the "high risk" category according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education rogram (NCEP). Treatment of dyslipidemia, especially the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels to below 100 mg/dl, was recommended by the 2001 NCEP-ATP Guidelines. In 2004, based on the increasing evidence from several major clinical trials between 2001 and 2004, the NCEP-ATP reaffirmed its LDL goal of < 100 mg/dl in patients with CAD or coronary disease risk equivalents (including multiple risk factors), with an optional LDL goal of < 70 mg/dl in very-high-risk patients (including patients with established coronary heart disease plus other highrisk conditions) Findings from major studies, such as the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS), the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial and, more recently, the Lipid-Lowering Arm of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT-LAA), lend support to the idea that greater LDL cholesterol lowering than that achieved with standard doses of statins may be warranted in patients with CAD and metabolic syndrome, CAD and diabetes, CAD and congestive heart failure, and CAD and renal insufficiency. On the other hand, additional lipid reduction may also be warranted in patients with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension or a history of stroke, but without manifest CAD and despite relatively normal cholesterol levels. These newer indications for statins, atorvastatin in particular, as part of more aggressive secondary and primary prevention, are reviewed in this paper.
Visually Grounded Meaning Representations (2016)

In this paper we address the problem of grounding distributional representations of lexical meaning. We introduce a new model which uses stacked autoencoders to learn higher-level representations from textual and visual input. The visual modality is encoded via vectors of attributes obtained automatically from images. We create a new large-scale taxonomy of 600 visual attributes representing more than 500 concepts and 700 K images. We use this dataset to train attribute classifiers and integrate their predictions with text-based distributional models of word meaning. We evaluate our model on its ability to simulate word similarity judgments and concept categorization. On both tasks, our model yields a better fit to behavioral data compared to baselines and related models which either rely on a single modality or do not make use of attribute-based input.
The exometabolome of Clostridium thermocellum reveals overflow metabolism at high cellulose loading (2014)

C. thermocellum is able to utilize industrially relevant concentrations of cellulose, up to 93 g/L. We report here one of the highest degrees of crystalline cellulose utilization observed thus far for a pure culture of C. thermocellum, the highest maximum substrate utilization rate and the highest amount of isobutanol produced by a wild-type organism.
Dual or Mono Antiplatelet Therapy for Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (2012)

Dual antiplatelet therapy appears to be safe and effective in reducing stroke recurrence and combined vascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack as compared with mono therapy. These results need to be tested in prospective studies.
Raltegravir: The First HIV Type 1 Integrase Inhibitor (2009)

Raltegravir is the first approved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor; it targets the strand transfer step of HIV-1 integration. Clinical trials have demonstrated that raltegravir-containing regimens have potent antiretroviral activity and are well tolerated in HIV-1-infected individuals. In antiretroviral treatment-experienced persons with drug-resistant HIV infection, raltegravir-containing treatment with an optimized background regimen was superior to an optimized background regimen alone. In treatment-naive persons, raltegravir was not inferior to efavirenz when the drugs were administered with tenofovir and lamivudine or emtricitabine. Raltegravir is metabolized by glucuronidation, not hepatically; thus, the potential for drug-drug interactions is decreased. Drug resistance, conferred by substitutions in the gene coding for the HIV-1 integrase enzyme, develops relatively frequently after virologic failure. As an antiretroviral drug with a novel mechanism of action, raltegravir is an important advancement in HIV-1 treatment options.
A Functional Verification based Fault Injection Environment (2007)

Fault injection is needed for different purposes such as analyzing the reaction of a system in a faulty environment or validating fault-detection and/or fault-correction techniques. In this paper we propose a simulation-based fault injection tool able to work at different abstraction levels and with user-defined fault models. By exploiting the facilities provided by a functional verification environment it allows to speed up the entire fault injection process: from the creation of the workload to the analysis of the results of injection campaigns. Moreover, the adoption of techniques to optimize the fault list significantly reduces the simulation time. Being the tool targeted to the validation of dependable systems, it includes a way to extract information from the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and to correlate fault injection results with estimates.
The Effects of Oxygen on the Possible Repair of Dehydration Damage by Escherichia Coli (1969)

SUMMARY Proflavine in the post-aerosolization plating medium lowered by over 80% the number of viable Escherichia coli b/r organisms recovered from aerosols of 55% relative humidity (RH) and above, but had no effect on the recovery of viable E. coli wp2s organisms. Oxygen enhanced the lethal action of semi-dehydration on E. coli strain b/r, held at 50% RH and below, but had less effect on the survival of E. coli wp2s. In addition, E. coli b/r organisms displayed an increased rate of respiration, and discharged 260 mμ absorbing material, when held at intermediate values of RH. These phenomena were not observed with E. coli wp2s organisms. Thus E. coli b/r seems to possess an energy consuming mechanism by which it is able to survive semi-dehydration above 55% RH by a discharge of damaged cell components. This mechanism is very slowly destroyed when the organisms are semi-dehydrated in nitrogen but, below 50% RH, it is rapidly inactivated by oxygen. It is suggested that the mechanism is a membrane-bound system, possibly involving the cytochrome chain.
<i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> treatment improves hepatic health and reduces adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice (2017)

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is considered as one of the most important bacterial indicators of a healthy gut. We studied the effects of oral F. prausnitzii treatment on high-fat fed mice. Compared to the high-fat control mice, F. prausnitzii-treated mice had lower hepatic fat content, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and increased fatty acid oxidation and adiponectin signaling in liver. Hepatic lipidomic analyses revealed decreases in several species of triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. Adiponectin expression was increased in the visceral adipose tissue, and the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were more insulin sensitive and less inflamed in F. prausnitzii-treated mice. Further, F. prausnitzii treatment increased muscle mass that may be linked to enhanced mitochondrial respiration, modified gut microbiota composition and improved intestinal integrity. Our findings show that F. prausnitzii treatment improves hepatic health, and decreases adipose tissue inflammation in mice and warrant the need for further studies to discover its therapeutic potential.
Antigenic Conservation of H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses (1989)

Influenza viruses of the H1N1 subtype have been continually circulating in pigs in the U.S.A. for at least 50 years. To examine the level of antigenic variation in these swine viruses, a panel of 60 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the haemagglutinin (HA) of recent swine isolates was prepared. Evaluation of neutralization escape mutants selected with these MAbs defined four antigenic sites on the HA, two of which overlap. Swine viruses isolated over 24 years in an enzootic area in Wisconsin were examined by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) with these MAbs and the results indicated that the antigenic sites defined by these MAbs were highly conserved in these viruses. In comparing recent H1N1 viruses from pigs, turkeys, ducks and humans, changes in the antigenic sites were detected on the basis of HI reactivity. However, results of ELISA with these viruses clearly showed that the antigenic sites were still present on almost all H1N1 viruses of swine origin; thus, altered reactivity of these viruses in HI tests with MAbs was not a reflection of changes in the antigenic sites defined by the MAbs. It seems likely that the variation detected in these viruses occurs by a mechanism other than immune selection.
Aurintricarboxylic Acid Inhibits Protein Synthesis Independent, Sanguinarine-Induced Apoptosis and Oncosis (2007)

Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, has anticancer potential through induction of cell death. We previously demonstrated that sanguinarine treatment at a low concentration (1.5 microg/ml) induced apoptosis in K562 human erythroleukemia cells, and a high concentration (12.5 microg/ml) induced the morphology of blister formation or oncosis-blister cell death (BCD). Treatment of cells at an intermediate sanguinarine concentration (6.25 microg/ml) induced diffuse swelling or oncosis-diffuse cell swelling (DCS). To assess the underlying mechanism of sanguinarine-induced apoptosis and oncosis-BCD in K562 cells, we studied their response to pre-treatment with two chemical compounds: aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and cycloheximide (CHX). The pretreatment effects of both chemical compounds on apoptosis and oncosis-BCD were evaluated by measuring multiple parameters using quantitative morphology, electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) end-labeling and annexin-V-binding. ATA, a DNA endonuclease inhibitor, efficiently prevented DNA nicking and inhibited apoptosis almost completely and oncosis-BCD by about 40%, while CHX, a protein synthesis inhibitor, failed to inhibit both apoptosis and oncosis-BCD. These results demonstrate, first, the importance of endonuclease in sanguinarine-induced apoptosis and to some extent in oncosis-BCD and, second, that this inhibition does not require de novo protein synthesis.
Portentous Birds Flying West: On the Mesopotamian Origin of Homeric Bird-Divination (2013)

Abstract Drawing on the Akkadian omen series Šumma Ālu and its predecessors, this essay argues for a Mesopotamian origin of Homeric bird-divination. Against the suggestion of Högemann and Oettinger that Greek bird-divination has its closest parallels with Hittite bird-divination, I argue that both in its function as a tool for divination and in its specific content, Homeric bird-divination, if not all such ancient Greek divination, finds much closer parallels in Mesopotamian divination traditions than it does in Anatolian traditions. I suggest that the late 8th century B.C.E. and the decades before and after 1200 B.C.E. represent two periods when conditions were particularly ripe for the introduction of Mesopotamian bird-divination into the Aegean and that itinerant diviners, perhaps in the employment of armies, were the most likely conveyors of this particular form of divination.
Intraarterial Sodium Nitroprusside Infusion in the Treatment of Severe Ergotism (1986)

Treatment of migraine with ergot alkaloids may produce systemic vasospasm in patients, especially as a result of automedication and overconsumption but also due to individual hypersensitivity. Peripheral vasoconstriction may lead to gangrene of the extremities, necessitating amputation. Various treatments have been tried against ischemic complications during ergotism with varied and unpredictable results. We report two recent cases of severe acute peripheral ischemia due to ergotamine abuse successfully treated with continuous systemic sodium nitroprusside infusion. The doses used during intraarterial injection are well below those known to be toxic. Consequently, the adverse effects of cyanide toxicity can be avoided. We think that intraarterial infusion of sodium nitroprusside, associated with forced diuresis and the administration of hydroxycobalamin, constitutes the treatment of choice of extreme peripheral ischemia of ergotism.
Real-Time Technique for Improving Molecular Imaging and Guiding Drug Delivery in Large Blood Vessels: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Results (2011)

Ultrasound-based molecular imaging employs targeted microbubbles to image vascular pathology. This approach also has the potential to monitor molecularly targeted microbubble-based drug delivery. We present an image-guided drug delivery technique that uses multiple pulses to translate, image, and cavitate microbubbles in real time. This technique can be applied to both imaging of pathology in large arteries (sizes and flow comparable to those in humans) and guiding localized drug delivery in blood vessels. The microbubble translation (or pushing) efficacy of this technique was compared in a variety of flow media: saline, viscous saline (4 cp), and bovine blood. It was observed that the performance of this approach was marginally better (by 6, 4, and 2 dB) in viscous saline than in bovine blood with varying levels of hematocrit (40%, 30%, and 10%). The drug delivery efficacy of this technique was evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo experiments. High-intensity pulses mediated fluorophore (DiI) deposition on endothelial cells (in vitro) without causing cell destruction. Ex vivo fluorophore delivery experiments conducted on swine carotids of 2 and 5 mm cross-section diameter demonstrated a high degree of correspondence in spatial localization of the fluorophore delivery between the ultrasound and composite fluorescence microscopy images of the arterial cross sections.
Rubidium vapour magnetometer (1962)

A rubidium vapour magnetometer has been made which measures the total geomagnetic field and records its variations continuously over the frequency band 0-1 c/s with sensitivity of 5 × 10-6 Oe.
Smurf1 Facilitates Myogenic Differentiation and Antagonizes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-induced Osteoblast Conversion by Targeting Smad5 for Degradation (2003)

Controlled proteolysis mediated by Smad ubiquitination regulatory factors (Smurfs) plays a crucial role in modulating cellular responses to signaling of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. However, it is not clear what influences the selectivity of Smurfs in the individual signaling pathway, nor is it clear the biological function of Smurfs in vivo. Using a mouse C2C12 myoblast cell differentiation system, which is subject to control by both TGF-beta and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), here we examine the role of Smurf1 in myogenic differentiation. We show that increased expression of Smurf1 promotes myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and blocks the BMP-induced osteogenic conversion but has no effect on the TGF-beta-induced differentiation arrest. Consistent with an inhibitory role in the BMP signaling pathway, the elevated Smurf1 markedly reduces the level of endogenous Smad5, whereas it leaves unaltered that of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad7, which are components of the TGF-beta pathway. Adding back Smad5 from a different source to the Smurf1-overexpressing cells restores the BMP-mediated osteoblast conversion. Finally, by depletion of the endogenous Smurf1 through small interfering RNA-mediated RNA interference, we demonstrate that Smurf1 is required for the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and plays an important regulatory role in the BMP-2-mediated osteoblast conversion.
Maintenance and Exchange of the Aromatic Amino Acid Pool in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1971)

The pool of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan is formed in Escherichia coli K-12 by a general aromatic transport system [Michaelis constant (K(m)) for each amino acid approximately 5 x 10(-7)m] and three further transport systems each specific for a single aromatic amino acid (K(m) for each amino acid approximately 2 x 10(-6)m, reference 3). When the external concentration of a particular aromatic amino acid is saturating for both classes of transport system, the free amino acid pool is supplied with external amino acid by both systems. Blocking the general transport system reduces the pool size by 80 to 90% but does not interfere with the supply of the amino acid to protein synthesis. If, however, the external concentration is too low to saturate specific transport, blocking general transport inhibits the incorporation of external amino acid into protein by about 75%. It is concluded that the amino acids transported by either class of transport system can be used for protein synthesis. Dilution of the external amino acid or deprivation of energy causes efflux of the aromatic pool. These results and rapid exchange observed between pool amino acid and external amino acids indicate that the aromatic pool circulates rapidly between the inside and the outside of the cell. Evidence is presented that this exchange is mediated by the aromatic transport systems. Mutation of aroP (a gene specifying general aromatic transport) inhibits exit and exchange of the small pool generated by specific transport. These findings are discussed and a simple physiological model of aromatic pool formation, and exchange, is proposed.
Structural and Interaction Analysis of Glycoprotein VI-binding Peptide Selected from a Phage Display Library (2009)

Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a major collagen receptor on the platelet surface that recognizes the glycine-proline-hydroxyproline (GPO) sequence in the collagen molecule and plays a crucial role in thrombus formation. Inhibitors that block the interaction of GPVI with collagen have potential for use as antithrombotic drugs. For low molecular weight drug design for GPVI, it is essential to obtain precise structural and interaction information about GPVI-binding ligands. However, experimentally obtained structural and interaction information of small ligands, such as peptides, in the GPVI-bound state has not been reported. In this study, by screening a phage-displayed peptide library, we discovered a novel peptide ligand (pep-10L; YSDTDWLYFSTS) without any similarities to the sequence of collagen that inhibits GPVI-GPO binding. Systematic Ala scanning in surface plasmon resonance experiments and a saturation transfer difference NMR experiment revealed that Trp(6), Leu(7), Phe(9), and Ser(10) residues in the pep-10L peptide interacted with GPVI. Furthermore, the GPVI-bound conformation of the pep-10L peptide was determined using transferred nuclear Overhauser effect analysis. The obtained structure has revealed that the central part of pep-10L (Asp(5)-Phe(9)) has a helical conformation, the side chains of Trp(6), Leu(7), and Phe(9) form a hydrophobic side in the helix, and the Tyr(8) side chain faces the opposite direction from the hydrophobic side. Computational docking prediction has shown that the hydrophobic side of pep-10L sticks in the hydrophobic groove on the GPVI surface, which corresponds to the putative collagen-related peptide binding groove. These data could enable the structure-guided development of a small molecule GPVI antagonist.