gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: Tick-Mediated Viral Disease (2013)

A small tick Haemaphysalis longicornis called 'Sochamjindeugi' in Korean has bitten a week before, and an onset is characterized by fever, lymph node swelling, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, leucocytopenia, multiorgan dysfunction, altered consciousness, and occasionally to death in extreme cases (1, 2). This emerging febrile disease, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), was reported in 2007 by the New England Journal of Medicine (3) and Clinical Infectious Diseases (4-6). The etiology of SFTS turned out to be the SFTS virus. Yet most physicians are not familiar with this disease, and initially it is difficult to differentiate from other febrile illnesses (7-9).
Data driven credit risk management process: a machine learning approach (2017)

Credit scoring process, the most important part in credit risk management, aims at estimating the probability that an applicant will perform bad credit behaviors (e.g., loan default). Managing and developing effective and reliable risk assessment procedures in order to mitigate potential loss caused by new applicants heavily relies on the performance of scoring process. Traditionally this process is manually developed, which is time-consuming. In this paper, we propose an automated credit risk management process based on machine learning to ease the scoring process in order to reduce the human effort. This process is data driven: it leverages machine learning to automatically analyze vast amounts of historical data and build predictive model. We evaluate our process with a real-world proprietary dataset and achieved good performance, which shows the feasibility of using machine learning to facilitate the credit risk management process.
Characterization of repairs to KrF 300mm wafer printability for 0.13μm design rule with attenuated phase-shifting mask (2002)

For sub-0.13um lithography, attenuated phase shifting mask (AttPSM) with optical proximity correction (OPC) is reported as one of the potential methods to achieve manufacturable process by using 248nm exposure wavelength. Unfortunately, the low-k1 imaging process in 130nm lithography imposes much more stringent requirements on defect repair, especially on AttPSM reticle. Therefore, the imperfect repairs will have a significant impact on wafer process window due to quartz damage and phase distortion caused by Ga+ ion stain removal and added carbon material, respectively. In this paper, we have prepared AttPSM test masks having programmed defects with various opaque defects. Each defect area was inspected with KLA-Tencor's SLF27 inspection system to acquire defect coordinates and image, simulated with AIMS to assess the intensity and transmission loss induced by repair process. All of masks were made by DuPont Photomasks Taiwan (DPT) by using the Jbx9000MV2 E-beam writer and dry Chrome etch process. All lithographic experiments were performed on 300mm wafer using high NA ASML AT750S scanner and high contrast CAR resist. In this study, we have focused on the impact of quartz damage and phase error on wafer process window by comparing the wafer CD and pattern profile through focus. In order to establish a efficient way to perform effective judgement on repair defect between mask shop and wafer fab, both AIMS and wafer results will be compared and correlated.
Identification of QoI fungicide-resistant genotypes of the wheat pathogen <em>Zymoseptoria tritici</em> in Algeria (2016)

Septoria tritici blotch caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is currently one of the most damaging diseases on bread and durum wheat crops worldwide. A total of 120 monoconidial isolates of this fungus were sampled in 2012 from five distinct geographical locations of Algeria (Guelma, Annaba, Constantine, Skikda and Oran) and assessed for resistance to Quinone outside Inhibitors (QoI), a widely used class of fungicides for the control of fungal diseases of wheat. Resistance was screened using a mismatch PCR assay that identified the G143A mitochondrial cytochrome b substitution associated with QoI resistance. The isolates were QoI-sensitive, since all possessed the G143 wild-type allele, except for three isolates (two from Guelma and one from Annaba), which had fungicide resistance and possessed the A143 resistant allele. QoI resistance was confirmed phenotypically using a microplate bioassay in which the resistant isolates displayed high levels of half-maximal inhibitory azoxystrobin concentrations (IC50s) when compared to sensitive reference isolates. Genetic fingerprinting of all isolates with microsatellite markers revealed that the three resistant isolates were distinct haplotypes, and were are not genetically distinguishable from the sensitive isolates. This study highlights QoI-resistant genotypes of Z. tritici in Algeria for the first time, and proposes a management strategy for QoI fungicide application to prevent further spread of resistance across the country or to other areas of Northern Africa.
Asthma (2009)

Current estimates suggest that as many as 300 million people worldwide have asthma and atopy. Yet despite the persistently high prevalence of disease, the most recently available data indicate improved outcomes, with fewer annual hospitalizations for asthmatic attacks and fewer asthma-related deaths. Improved management is a likely reason for this improved outcome. This article discusses recent advances and current practice in the management of asthma.
A glutamine synthetase inhibitor increases survival and decreases cytokine response in a mouse model of acute liver failure (2011)

These results demonstrate that the MSO target glutamine synthetase is required for the early steps of the cytokine response to endotoxins, and that its pharmacological inhibition may be exploited to treat inflammation.
A glycogen branching enzyme from <i>Thermomonospora curvata</i>: Characterization and its action on maize starch (2015)

A gene ( TcGBE ) encoding a glycogen branching enzyme from Thermomonospora curvata was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, and biochemically analyzed. The purified enzyme was approximately 84 kDa, and exhibited a maximum activity at 55°C and pH 8.5. The enzyme showed the highest specificity to amylose with a specific activity of 90.28 U/mg. The recombinant enzyme could act on maize starch, and starch treated with TcGBE was observed to have a lower amylose content and molecular weight. The number of short chains of amylopectin in TcGBE‐modified starch with a degree of polymerization (DP) less than 13 increased from 20.19 to 32.59%, and was accompanied by a reduction in longer chains (DP > 25) from 25.58 to 10.03%. In addition, the medium length chains of amylopectin (13 < DP <25) also showed a slight increase from 54.23 to 58.38%. The 1 H NMR spectra revealed an increased ratio of α‐1,6‐ to α‐1,4‐glucosidic linkages from 4.1 to 10.3% following treatment with TcGBE for 10 h. Taken together, these results suggested that TcGBE could be used to generate a modified maize starch with a low amylose content and more branched amylopectin of low molecular weight but richer in short and intermediate chains.
Medical applications of mid-IR lasers Problems and prospects (2010)

Any application of lasers in medicine is based on a compromise between the efficiency with which the laser radiation interacts with biological tissue and the concomitant collateral effects. Correspondingly, parameters minimizing undesirable damage to tissue must be determined. The development of a new generation of solid-state lasers tunable over a wide range in the mid-IR range of the spectrum with parametric generation of light and a combination of high radiation intensity and relatively low pulse energy at high repetition frequency opens up new possibilities for less-invasive, high-precision, laser surgery, first and foremost, in ophthamology and neuro- and cardiosurgery.
In vitro and in vivo Sensitivity of a Non-Mouse-Adapted Influenza A (Beijing) Virus Infection to Amantadine and Ribavirin (1995)

A clinically isolated non-mouse-adapted influenza A/Beijing/32/92 virus was assayed for sensitivity to amantadine and ribavirin in vitro and in mice. When multiple concentrations of each drug were assayed for ability to inhibit the virus-induced cytopathic effect in MDCK cells, the 50% effective (virus-inhibitory) concentration was 0.12 microgram/ml for amantadine and 1.9 micrograms/ml for ribavirin. The 50% cytotoxic concentrations were 25 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively. It is known that intranasal challenge of mice with high concentrations of non-mouse-adapted influenza virus will induce a toxic pneumonitis in the absence of significant viral replication in the lung. Treatment of such virus-infected mice with approximately 1,250, approximately 625 and approximately 313 mg/kg/day of amantadine in the drinking water resulted in significant inhibition of lung scores and weights and a lessened decline in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the mice, but virus was in low titer or not recoverable from drug- or placebo-treated animals. Intraperitoneal treatment with 75, 37.5 and 18.8 mg/kg/day of ribavirin given twice daily for 5 days was effective only in preventing SaO2 decline, which contrasts with strong inhibition of infections induced by mouse-adapted viruses seen in other studies. These in vivo data indicate that when non-mouse-adapted influenza virus infections are used to evaluate potential antiviral drugs, false-negative results may be obtained.
Biophysical and pharmacological characterization of chloride currents in human astrocytoma cells (1996)

Expression of voltage-activated ion channels was studied in primary cultures from seven freshly resected human primary brain tumors and in an established human astrocytoma cell line, STTG1. Astrocytoma cells consistently expressed voltage-dependent outwardly rectifying currents. Currents activated at potentials > 45 mV and showed outward transients on termination of voltage steps. Currents reversed at the Cl equilibrium potential, suggesting that they were largely carried by Cl-. Altering extracellular K- or Na+ concentration did not alter currents; neither did replacement of intracellular K+ by Cs+ or intracellular Na+ by N-methyl-D-glucosamine. Anion-substitution experiments suggest the following permeability sequence, determined from shifts in tail current reversal potential: I- > NO3- > Br- > Cl- > acetate > isethionate > F- > glutamate. Currents were sensitive to the Cl- channel blockers chlorotoxin, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid (DNDS), with chlorotoxin being most effective, yielding > 80% block at 590 nM. DIDS (100 microM) and DNDS (100 microM) reduced currents by 33.5 and 38.2%, respectively. Currents were also sensitive to Zn2+ (100 microM, 47% block) and Cd2- (25 microM, 42% block). Reducing extracellular Ca2+ concentration decreased outward currents by 58% and almost completely eliminated transients, suggesting that Cl- currents are Ca2+ dependent. Cl channel block resulted in altered cell proliferation as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation, suggesting that these channels may be involved in astrocytoma growth control.
UnPhishMe: Phishing Attack Detection by Deceptive Login Simulation through an Android Mobile App (2017)

Phishing attacks have been increasing recently. Attackers use clever social engineering techniques to convince their victims into clicking a malware or deceptive login-based webpages. Most solutions for this particular problem focus more on helping desktop computer users than mobile device users. Mobile device users are more vulnerable than their desktop counterparts because they are online most of the time and they have device limitations such as smaller screen size and low computational power. This paper presents UnPhishMe, an effective mobile application prototype that takes advantage of a particular weakness of phishing sites: they accept any kind of input information for authentication. UnPhishMe enables a mobile device user to create fake login account, with fake login credentials, that mimics user login procedure every time the user opens a login webpage and generates an alert to her. UnPhishMe determines whether the current login page shifts to another webpage after an authentication attempt. It does so by monitoring hashcode changes of the URL when the page is loading, listens to HttpURLConnection status code, and then makes a decision on whether the website is fraudulent or not. We measured the effectiveness of UnPhishMe by conducting a user experiment on android platforms and tested its detection accuracy, memory and CPU performance. The results show that UnPhishMe uses a very small amount of computational power and it is effective in assisting users to identify phishing attacks with an accuracy of 96%.
Hydrogels in Bioapplications (1996)

Research on hydrogels has been geared toward biomedical applications from the beginning due to their relatively high biocompatibility. Initially only the hydrophilic nature and the large swelling properties of hydrogels was explored. Continued research on hydrogels has resulted in the development of new types of hydrogels, such as environment-sensitive hydrogels, thermoplastic hydrogels, hydrogel foams, and sol-gel phase-reversible hydrogels. Application of hydrogels ranges from biomedical devices to solute separation. Examples of hydrogel applications in pharmaceutics, biomaterials, and biotechnology are briefly described.
Survival and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among Periviable Infants (2017)

The rate of survival without neurodevelopmental impairment increased between 2000 and 2011 in this large cohort of periviable infants. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00063063 and NCT00009633 .).
An Efficient Motion-Resistant Method for Wearable Pulse Oximeter (2008)

Reduction of motion artifact and power saving are crucial in designing a wearable pulse oximeter for long-term telemedicine application. In this paper, a novel algorithm, minimum correlation discrete saturation transform (MCDST) has been developed for the estimation of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), based on an optical model derived from photon diffusion analysis. The simulation shows that the new algorithm MCDST is more robust under low SNRs than the clinically verified motion-resistant algorithm discrete saturation transform (DST). Further, the experiment with different severity of motions demonstrates that MCDST has a slightly better performance than DST algorithm. Moreover, MCDST is more computationally efficient than DST because the former uses linear algebra instead of the time-consuming adaptive filter used by latter, which indicates that MCDST can reduce the required power consumption and circuit complexity of the implementation. This is vital for wearable devices, where the physical size and long battery life are crucial.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL AND LOW-VSWR ULTRA WIDEBAND ANTENNA (2006)

This paper reports an omnidirectional-in-azimuth and low voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR) ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna that we constructed as a prototype for the Federal Communications Commission-approved UWB frequency band (3.1–10.6 GHz). Most wideband antennas (e.g. double-ridged waveguide horn, monocone antenna) do not simultaneously meet omnidirectional and low-VSWR requirements, essential for some UWB measurement applications. The antenna consists of a circular ground plane and a teardrop that is defined as a combination of a finite cone and a sphere inscribed inside the cone at the cone's base. This antenna can be considered either as a rounded finite monocone antenna or as a simplified volcano smoke antenna. Assuming 50-Ω excitation, the optimum half-cone angle was searched to minimize the maximum VSWR between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz and found to be around 48°. A prototype antenna was constructed and its VSWR and radiation characteristics were measured. The prototype antenna demonstrated omnidirectional radiation and low VSWR (< 1.3) between 3 and 20 GHz. Performance comparison was made between this antenna and other representative wideband antennas: double-ridged-waveguide horn antenna, meander line antenna, and log-periodic dipole array antenna. The 3-antenna method was used to achieve high accuracy in the absolute gain measurements.
[Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. (2003)

This article prepared by members of International Panel working on new diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis (MS) presents and discusses these criteria, which pay special attention to MRI as a method of confirmation of dissemination in space and in time, necessary for MS diagnosis. Also main problems of MS differential diagnosis are discussed as well as significance of other laboratory methods like evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid studies. Nevertheless the significance of clinical signs in MS diagnosis are decisive.
Two sulfonate metabolites of physalin A in rats (2016)

1. Physalin A is a bioactive withanolide isolated from the natural plant Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii (Solanaceae), a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine. This study aims to investigate the metabolites of physalin A in vivo. 2. Two metabolites (M1 and M2) were characterized as sulfonate metabolites in the feces obtained from rats treated with physalin A orally at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day for 3 days, by application of a UPLC-Q/TOF-MS method. Furthermore, formation of the two sulfonate metabolites was verified by chemical synthesis and NMR, including <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR and two-dimensional NMR. The structures of M1 and M2 were identified to be 3α-sulfo-2,25β,27-trihydrophysalin A and 3α,27-disulfo-2,25α-dihydrophysalin A, respectively. 3. In summary, this study indicated that physalin A could be biotransformed to sulfonate metabolites with strong polarity, which contributed to the elimination of physalin A. A rare metabolic pathway has been revealed in this study.
A scanning electron microscopic technique for three-dimensional visualization of the spatial arrangement of metaphase, anaphase and telophase chromatids. (1985)

Chromosome and chromatid alignment in mitotic configurations remains a topic of interest because there is little precise information. For example, reconstruction of mitotic configurations from serial sections collected with transmission electron microscopy has proven to be neither practical nor a sensitive method for conceptualizing these arrangements. Similarly light microscopy has been even more unsatisfactory because of its limited resolution and lack of three-dimensional capabilities. These limitations conceivably could be overcome by visualization of mitotic configurations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, SEM has its limitations, of which the most obvious with regard to visualization of mitotic configurations, is that such structures in dividing cells are obscured from the beam by membranes, cellular organelles, and the mitotic apparatus. These "contaminants," we have found, can be removed by the appropriate procedure such that a direct three-dimensional visualization of intact life-like mitotic configurations of chromatids from mammalian cells is possible. We also demonstrate that these configurations, although some artifacts may exist, retain the same basic shape and chromatid arrangements throughout metaphase, anaphase, and telophase when compared to configurations isolated with a non-ionic detergent and neutral buffers.
Metal-free aerobic oxidative C–N bond cleavage of tertiary amines for the synthesis of N-heterocycles with high atom efficiency (2014)

An efficient metal-free aerobic oxidative C-N bond cleavage of tertiary amines has been developed to construct N-heterocycles using molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant with high atom efficiency, in which all of the three alkyl groups in tertiary amines can be utilized and transformed into N-heterocycles.
Early Nonischemic Oxidative Metabolic Dysfunction Leads to Chronic Brain Atrophy in Traumatic Brain Injury (2009)

Chronic brain atrophy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a well-known phenomenon, the causes of which are unknown. Early nonischemic reduction in oxidative metabolism is regionally associated with chronic brain atrophy after TBI. A total of 32 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI prospectively underwent positron emission tomography (PET) and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the first week and at 6 months after injury. Regional lobar assessments comprised oxidative metabolism and glucose metabolism. Acute MRI showed a preponderance of hemorrhagic lesions with few irreversible ischemic lesions. Global and regional chronic brain atrophy occurred in all patients by 6 months, with the temporal and frontal lobes exhibiting the most atrophy compared with the occipital lobe. Global and regional reduction in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)), cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose were observed. The extent of metabolic dysfunction was correlated with the total hemorrhage burden on initial MRI (r=0.62, P=0.01). The extent of regional brain atrophy correlated best with CMRO(2) and CBF. Lobar values of OEF were not in the ischemic range and did not correlate with chronic brain atrophy. Chronic brain atrophy is regionally specific and associated with regional reductions in oxidative brain metabolism in the absence of irreversible ischemia.
Deep Heterogeneous Autoencoders for Collaborative Filtering (2018)

This paper leverages heterogeneous auxiliary information to address the data sparsity problem of recommender systems. We propose a model that learns a shared feature space from heterogeneous data, such as item descriptions, product tags and online purchase history, to obtain better predictions. Our model consists of autoencoders, not only for numerical and categorical data, but also for sequential data, which enables capturing user tastes, item characteristics and the recent dynamics of user preference. We learn the autoencoder architecture for each data source independently in order to better model their statistical properties. Our evaluation on two MovieLens datasets and an e-commerce dataset shows that mean average precision and recall improve over state-of-the-art methods.
Coordinated Emergency Control Strategy for Transient Stability Enhancement of AC/DC Hybrid Power Systems Based on EEAC Theory (2018)

High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has become an important solution for the interconnection of large-scale power grids. The AC/DC hybrid grid is gradually becoming an important pattern of the modern power grid. Based on the extended equal area criterion (EEAC) theory, this paper presents a coordinated emergency control strategy combining HVDC emergency control and generator tripping to enhance the transient stability of AC/DC hybrid power systems. Firstly, when the fault occurs, the generators are divided into two clusters and then equivalent to a single machine. Subsequently, by fitting the electromagnetic power curve after fault clearance, the equal area rule is used for quantitative analysis to determine the control quantity of HVDC emergency control and generator tripping. Finally, time-domain simulation results provided by PSCAD/EMTDC are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Artwork diagnostics with fiber-optic digital speckle pattern interferometry (1993)

The possibility of employing a digital speckle pattern interferometer with optical fibers for nondestructive testing of artwork has been evaluated. A simple and accurate fiber-optic interferometer, able to perform real-time measurements in a hostile environment, has been realized with a minimum of optical components and a minimum of adjustments. As a result a deformation map of wooden panel paintings or mural frescoes under thermal stress may be depicted. Experimental results, obtained by the application of this interferometer both to laboratory models and to mural frescoes in situ, are presented.