gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inertial Contributions to the Pressure Drop of Diesel Particulate Filters (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Wall-flow Diesel particulate filters operating at low filtration velocities usually exhibit a linear dependence between the filter pressure drop and the flow rate, conveniently described by a generalized Darcy's law. It is advantageous to minimize filter pressure drop by sizing filters to operate within this linear range. However in practice, since there often exist serious constraints on the available vehicle underfloor space, a vehicle manufacturer is forced to choose an “undersized” filter resulting in high filtration velocities through the filter walls. Since secondary inertial contributions to the pressure drop become significant, Darcy's law can no longer accurately describe the filter pressure drop. In this paper, a systematic investigation of these secondary inertial flow effects is presented. The investigation has lead to an analytical approximation shown to be in remarkable agreement with both experimental data collected in the laboratory with a variety of filters and with detailed 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations. The inclusion of these additional inertial losses to available filter pressure drop models enables more accurate predictions of pressure drop of Diesel particulate filters under all practical ranges of exhaust flow.</div>
Études sur les applications à la visualisation des cristaux liquides. Les tendances (1978)

Les études portant sur les visualisations à cristaux liquides sont brièvement décrites depuis les améliorations pouvant être apportées aux afficheurs numériques jusqu’aux essais de réalisation d’écrans plats. Il semble qu’un effort de plus en plus important doit être mis sur les smectiques en vue de leur mise en œuvre dans des dispositifs de présentation de données qui exigent des définitions spatiales et des constantes de temps incompatibles avec la phase nématique.
Synthesis of 4-Borono-L-phenylalanine (1996)

An enantiospecific synthesis of 4-borono-L-phenylalanine (L-BPA) is presented. Using a new boronic acid protecting group, palladium-catalysed coupling of a protected iodo-phenylboronic derivative with a L-serine-derived partner forms the basis of this approach.
Modelling and simulation of a synchronous motor supplied by a GTO voltage inverter (1990)

With the development of self-commutated inverters employing GTO thyristors, new voltage waveforms which improve machine performance can be synthesized. The behavior of a synchronous motor supplied by GTO voltage inverter differs significantly from its behavior to sinusoidal input voltages in both transient and steady state regimes. For accurate prediction of the machine characteristics in time domain, digital simulation using numerical techniques is necessary. The authors study two kinds of control of GTO voltage inverters drive called 120/sup 0/ and 180/sup 0/. A mathematical model of the synchronous motor, taking into account all possible configurations of the association inverter-motor, is developed. The simulation of these systems is based on the use of the automatic generator of numerical simulation program called GASPE. >
Adjustable adaptive compact fluidic phoropter with no mechanical translation of lenses (2010)

We demonstrate a compact optical phoroptor consisting of adjustable astigmatic and defocus lenses. The lenses are fluidically controlled and allow for an arbitrary refractive error to be corrected without mechanically moving lenses. Shack-Hartmann measurements were used to characterize the optical properties of the individual lenses. The lenses were then assembled into the phoropter and controlled with three separate fluid controls. The phoroptor was verified by correcting the vision of a model eye with an induced refraction error.
The Polycomb group in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> and maternal control of germline development (1998)

Four Caenorhabditis elegans genes, mes-2, mes-3, mes-4 and mes-6, are essential for normal proliferation and viability of the germline. Mutations in these genes cause a maternal-effect sterile (i.e. mes) or grandchildless phenotype. We report that the mes-6 gene is in an unusual operon, the second example of this type of operon in C. elegans, and encodes the nematode homolog of Extra sex combs, a WD-40 protein in the Polycomb group in Drosophila. mes-2 encodes another Polycomb group protein (see paper by Holdeman, R., Nehrt, S. and Strome, S. (1998). Development 125, 2457-2467). Consistent with the known role of Polycomb group proteins in regulating gene expression, MES-6 is a nuclear protein. It is enriched in the germline of larvae and adults and is present in all nuclei of early embryos. Molecular epistasis results predict that the MES proteins, like Polycomb group proteins in Drosophila, function as a complex to regulate gene expression. Database searches reveal that there are considerably fewer Polycomb group genes in C. elegans than in Drosophila or vertebrates, and our studies suggest that their primary function is in controlling gene expression in the germline and ensuring the survival and proliferation of that tissue.
Inhibition of hippocampal Jun N‐terminal kinase enhances short‐term memory but blocks long‐term memory formation and retrieval of an inhibitory avoidance task (2003)

Learning initiates a series of plastic events the occurrence of which are required for the storage of information related to the training experience. Several lines of evidence indicate that, in the rat hippocampus, different members of the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play a key role in the onset of such plastic events. Using SP600125, the newly developed inhibitor of the MAPK c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), we show a direct involvement of this protein kinase in mnemonic processes. The intra-CA1 infusion of SP600125, at a dose that in naïve animals significantly reduced the phosphorylation levels of c-Jun without affecting the activity of ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK, enhanced short-term memory (STM) but blocked long-term memory (LTM) formation and retrieval of an inhibitory avoidance learning task. No action of this drug on locomotor/exploratory activity or general anxiety state could be detected. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of others describing the independence of LTM from STM.
A one-pot, reductive amination/6-endo-trig cyclisation for the stereoselective synthesis of 6-substituted-4-oxopipecolic acids (2011)

The first stereoselective synthesis of 2,6-trans-6-substituted-4-oxo-L-pipecolic acids using a tandem reductive amination/6-endo-trig cyclisation process is described. The sequential reduction and cyclisation mediated by sodium cyanoborohydride allowed the preparation of a series of highly functionalised 6-alkyl and 6-aryl analogues.
Serum Soluble Fas Levels in Preeclampsia (2001)

In Brief Objective To determine if serum soluble Fas levels are altered in women with preeclampsia. Methods Thirty-four pregnant women with preeclampsia and 34 normotensive pregnant women were studied. Subjects were matched as much as possible for demographics. Preeclampsia was defined as proteinuric hypertension. Serum soluble Fas levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Two-tailed Student t test, χ2 test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and analysis of variance with post hoc test were used for statistical analyses. Results Mean serum soluble Fas levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic than normotensive women (10.59 ± 0.68 U/mL versus 5.65 ± 0.35 U/mL, P < .001). Conclusion Elevated serum soluble Fas is associated with preeclampsia. Such elevation might indicate protection of maternal T-lymphocyte apoptosis and consequently lead to the maternal immune intolerance noted in preeclampsia. Serum soluble Fas levels are significantly higher in women with preeclampsia than in normotensive women.
The Organization of the Human Myelin Basic Protein Gene. Comparison with the Mouse Gene (1989)

The organization of the gene of the human myelin basic protein has been established. The gene contains seven exons distributed over 32-34 kb. The nucleotide sequences of the seven exons, extensive parts at the 5' noncoding region and upstream and downstream regions adjacent to the exons were sequenced. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the human gene with mouse MBP cDNA and parts of the gene structure of mouse MBP has been carried out. There is a high degree of conservation in the seven exons and the 5'-regulatory and part of the 3'-noncoding region: the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the human and mouse gene show a 93% homology. As far as the reported 5'-noncoding and upstream regulatory regions of 478 bp are comparable these regions are more than 80% homologous. Primer extension experiments positioned the transcription initiation sites at -55, -82 and -183. In the 5'-regulatory region of MBP gene three direct repeats were found, a nonameric at -401/-416 and two octameric at -192/-216 and -492/-508. A decameric sequence (-256 to -265 from the translation start) is completely homologous to a sequence of the human PLP regulatory 5'-noncoding region.
Counterfactual Graphical Models for Longitudinal Mediation Analysis With Unobserved Confounding (2013)

Questions concerning mediated causal effects are of great interest in psychology, cognitive science, medicine, social science, public health, and many other disciplines. For instance, about 60% of recent papers published in leading journals in social psychology contain at least one mediation test (Rucker, Preacher, Tormala, & Petty, 2011). Standard parametric approaches to mediation analysis employ regression models, and either the "difference method" (Judd & Kenny, 1981), more common in epidemiology, or the "product method" (Baron & Kenny, 1986), more common in the social sciences. In this article, we first discuss a known, but perhaps often unappreciated, fact that these parametric approaches are a special case of a general counterfactual framework for reasoning about causality first described by Neyman (1923) and Rubin (1924) and linked to causal graphical models by Robins (1986) and Pearl (2006). We then show a number of advantages of this framework. First, it makes the strong assumptions underlying mediation analysis explicit. Second, it avoids a number of problems present in the product and difference methods, such as biased estimates of effects in certain cases. Finally, we show the generality of this framework by proving a novel result which allows mediation analysis to be applied to longitudinal settings with unobserved confounders.
Eigentum und Grundwasser (1959)

Ich muß Ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf ein Thema lenken, das, wie es scheint, nur abstrakt-juristisch ist. Ich werde mich aber bemühen, Ihnen zu zeigen, daß das nicht der Fall ist. Dem Streit um abstrakte Begriffe liegen sehr reale Probleme des Lebens zugrunde.
Efficient on-the-fly model checking for CTL (2002)

This paper gives an on-the-fly algorithm for determining whether a finite-state system satisfies a formula in the temporal logic CTL. The time complexity of our algorithm matches that of the best existing "global algorithm" for model checking in this logic, and it performs as well as the best known global algorithms for the sublogics CTL and LTL. In contrast with these approaches, however, our routine constructs the state space of the system under consideration in a need-driven fashion and will therefore perform better in practice.
A block coding technique for encoding sparse binary patterns (1989)

An efficient method is presented for encoding sparse binary patterns. This method is very simple to implement and performs in a near-optimum way. The sparse pattern is assumed to be a memoryless binary source. This kind of pattern is found in a three-dimensional authentication scheme. In the data compression area, the patterns are usually not memoryless sources. However, when LPC (linear prediction coding) is applied, the resulting error pattern is very close to a memoryless model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Properties of Individual Carbon Residuals and Their Influence on The Deactivation of Ni–CaO–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Catalysts in CH<sub>4</sub> Dry Reforming (2014)

Abstract Ni–CaO–ZrO 2 catalysts with different properties were prepared and tested for CO 2 reforming of methane. The catalysts were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction to reveal their distinct properties and carbon deposition behaviors in the reforming reaction. It was found that the catalyst prepared by a coprecipitation method and ageing by heating to reflux exhibited a nanocrystalline structure with strong metal–support interaction, which was responsible for both high activity and stability, but it also exhibited the highest carbon formation rate among the tested catalysts. This result suggests that catalyst deactivation might not necessarily correlate with the amount of formed carbon, and the individual properties of carbon residuals could play a more decisive role. Carbon residuals on different catalysts were identified as amorphous carbon, encapsulating carbon, whisker carbon, and graphite, which had different influence on the deactivation. On the surface of the most active and stable catalyst, the carbon species mainly consisted of amorphous and whisker carbon, suggesting that the formation of such carbon species does not necessarily lead to catalyst deactivation. In contrast, the deactivation was found to be closely related to the formation of encapsulating carbon and graphite, which could coat the catalyst surface. The accumulation of different carbon residuals was proven to follow a formation–diffusion/elimination scenario, which was significantly influenced by the Ni particle size and Ni–ZrO 2 interactions.
Strategic Transport Planning towards a Sustainable City (1998)

This paper presents a new approach for strategic urban transport planning towards a sustainable city. The paper details a methodology which is based on managing regional economic, social and environmental risks associated with major new transport infrastructure projects. The paper details: a strategic planning process which manages land use. infrastructure and financial constraints. integrated transport planning and analysis based on 'top down' international benchmarking and 'bottom up' transport demand modelling. the limitations of conventional project appraisal such as benefit-cost analysis and the development of new analytical techniques.
Digital MOS circuit partitioning with symbolic modeling (1999)

This paper presents a method to automatically recognize and model single and multi-output logic gates out of a switch-level network, even for irregular transistor structures. Result subcircuit models are directly used in a symbolic simulator for circuit analysis purposes. Other applications of derived netlists cover switch-level simulation acceleration and test generation tool enhancement.
High performance and tunable artificial muscle based on two-way shape memory polymer (2017)

Polymeric artificial muscle by twist insertion in precursor fiber is a recent discovery. This study shows that chemically cross-linked two-way shape memory polymer muscles have remarkable and tunable axial actuation with lower actuation temperature.
Molecular Cloning and Enzymatic Characterization of a UDP-GalNAc:GlcNAcβ-R β1,4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase fromCaenorhabditis elegans (2002)

A common terminal structure in glycans from animal glycoproteins and glycolipids is the lactosamine sequence Gal(beta)4GlcNAc-R (LacNAc or LN). An alternative sequence that occurs in vertebrate as well as in invertebrate glycoconjugates is GalNAc(beta)4GlcNAc-R (LacdiNAc or LDN). Whereas genes encoding beta4GalTs responsible for LN synthesis have been reported, the beta4GalNAcT(s) responsible for LDN synthesis has not been identified. Here we report the identification of a gene from Caenorhabditis elegans encoding a UDP-GalNAc:GlcNAc(beta)-R beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (Ce(beta)4GalNAcT) that synthesizes the LDN structure. Ce(beta)4GalNAcT is a member of the beta4GalT family, and its cDNA is predicted to encode a 383-amino acid type 2 membrane glycoprotein. A soluble, epitope-tagged recombinant form of Ce(beta)4GalNAcT expressed in CHO-Lec8 cells was active using UDP-GalNAc, but not UDP-Gal, as a donor toward a variety of acceptor substrates containing terminal beta-linked GlcNAc in both N- and O-glycan type structures. The LDN structure of the product was verified by co-chromatography with authentic standards and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, Chinese hamster ovary CHO-Lec8 and CHO-Lec2 cells expressing Ce(beta)4GalNAcT acquired LDN determinants on endogenous glycoprotein N-glycans, demonstrating that the enzyme is active in mammalian cells as an authentic beta4GalNAcT. The identification and availability of this novel enzyme should enhance our understanding of the structure and function of LDN-containing glycoconjugates.
Boron isotope analysis. A review (1995)

Over the last ten years there has been a rapid increase in the number of studies of the boron isotope composition of natural samples. These studies have employed a variety of methods, with varying degrees of accuracy and precision. The relevant techniques are discussed in this paper and the problems associated with the measurement of boron isotope are divided into those dealing with (i) the extraction of boron from different types of samples (ii) purification of the extracted boron and (iii) mass spectrometric analysis of boron isotopes. The advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques are discussed. In addition, some refinements of these published methods and a new purification stage are presented. No one single method is appropriate for all studies; instead the choice of analytical method depends on the type of sample under consideration, the level of precision required to solve the problem, and the analytical equipment that is available. There is, however, a general requirement for more consideration to be given to assessing the reproducibility of some techniques and there is also a need for the development of working standards appropriate to the different types of natural samples, and the natural range of boron isotope ratios in these different types of samples.
An ontology-based multi-criteria decision support system to reconfigure manufacturing systems (2019)

There is extensive literature on the reconfiguration of manufacturing systems; however, there are only a few decision support approaches that allow full advantage to be taken of the flexibilities introduced by this paradigm. Existing approaches do not consider expert knowledge to deal with new occurrences of similar, previously encountered disturbances. Most approaches are preventive and off-line planning and scheduling approaches, thus missing updated accurate data about plant activities that may trigger reconfiguration decisions and make such decisions worth consideration. In this article, we design a decision support system to suggest candidate configurations and select a suitable configuration considering a knowledge-based multi-criteria decision making approach. Expert knowledge is captured using an ontology, which is used both to monitor the manufacturing system and to make configuration recommendations. A multi-criteria decision-making approach based on TOPSIS relies on the recommended configurations to select a suitable configuration. An industrial case study shows how the suggested approach can be used to reconfigure the system at the execution stage to cope with disturbances in a reactive manner.
Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease (1987)

Section I: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment. The Cell and Its Function. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, And Cell Reproduction. Transport Through the Cell Membrane. Section II: Nerve and Muscle: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle. A: Neuromuscular Transmission. B: Function of Smooth Muscle. Section III: The Heart: Heart Muscle Section VII: Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation and Pulmonary Circulation. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Between the Alveoli and the Tissue Cells. Regulation of Respiration
Multi-component signal decomposition techniques for structural health monitoring (2005)

Most structural responses can be considered as the superposition of some monotonic components. These monotonic components contain modal information that can be used for structural damage detection and health monitoring. This paper presents a comparative study of three techniques for signal decomposition and analysis. These techniques are the wavelet transform (WT) technique, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique, and the principle component analysis (PCA) technique. These techniques are all capable of decomposing multi-component signals into a summation of mono-components without resorting to the traditional frequency-domain approach. All three techniques can estimate natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of a structure from its time-domain vibration responses and hence can be used to monitor structural condition. A numerical study on a three-story shear-beam building frame is performed and presented to show the accuracy of these techniques.
Real-time <i>In Vivo</i> Tissue Characterization with Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy during Transthoracic Lung Biopsy: A Clinical Feasibility Study (2015)

DRS tissue sensing integrated into a biopsy needle may be a powerful new tool for biopsy guidance that can be readily used in routine diagnostic lung biopsy procedures. This approach may not only help to increase the successful biopsy yield for histopathologic analysis, but may also allow specific sampling of vital tumor tissue for genetic profiling.
Multi-Objective Optimization Programs and their Application to Amine Absorption Process Design for Natural Gas Sweetening (2017)

This chapter presents three MS Excel programs, namely, EMOO (Excel based Multi-Objective Optimization), NDS (Non-Dominated Sorting) and PM (Performance Metrics) useful for Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) studies. The EMOO program is for finding non-dominated solutions of a given MOO problem. It has both binary-coded and realcoded NSGA-II (Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm), and two termination criteria based on chi-squared test and steady state detection. The known/true Pareto-optimal front for the application problems is not available unlike that for benchmark problems. Hence, a procedure for obtaining known/true Pareto-optimal front is described in this chapter. The NDS program is for non-dominated sorting and crowding distance calculations of the non-dominated solutions obtained from several optimization runs using same or different MOO programs. The PM program can be used to calculate the values of performance metrics between the non-dominated solutions obtained using a MOO program and the true/known Pareto optimal front. It is useful for comparing the performance of MOO programs to find the non-dominated solutions. Finally, use of EMOO, NDS and PM programs is demonstrated on MOO of amine absorption process for natural gas sweetening.