gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure (2007)

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. We show that downregulation of CCR in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) was associated with up to 50% reduced lignin content and an orange-brown, often patchy, coloration of the outer xylem. Thioacidolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), immunocytochemistry of lignin epitopes, and oligolignol profiling indicated that lignin was relatively more reduced in syringyl than in guaiacyl units. The cohesion of the walls was affected, particularly at sites that are generally richer in syringyl units in wild-type poplar. Ferulic acid was incorporated into the lignin via ether bonds, as evidenced independently by thioacidolysis and by NMR. A synthetic lignin incorporating ferulic acid had a red-brown coloration, suggesting that the xylem coloration was due to the presence of ferulic acid during lignification. Elevated ferulic acid levels were also observed in the form of esters. Transcript and metabolite profiling were used as comprehensive phenotyping tools to investigate how CCR downregulation impacted metabolism and the biosynthesis of other cell wall polymers. Both methods suggested reduced biosynthesis and increased breakdown or remodeling of noncellulosic cell wall polymers, which was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wet chemistry analysis. The reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose were associated with an increased proportion of cellulose. Furthermore, the transcript and metabolite profiling data pointed toward a stress response induced by the altered cell wall structure. Finally, chemical pulping of wood derived from 5-year-old, field-grown transgenic lines revealed improved pulping characteristics, but growth was affected in all transgenic lines tested.
Peripheral localization of the epithelial sodium channel in the apical membrane of bronchial epithelial cells (2019)

What is the central question of this study? What is the precise subcellular localization of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in human airway epithelium? What is the main finding and its importance? ENaC protein has an unexpected localization in the peripheral region of the apical membrane of bronchial epithelial cells, very close to tight junctions. This may be important for the mechanism of Na<sup>+</sup> absorption ABSTRACT: The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) has a key role in absorbing fluid across the human airway epithelium. Altered activity of ENaC may perturb the process of mucociliary clearance, thus impairing the innate defence mechanisms against microbial agents. The proteins forming ENaC are present on the apical membrane of the epithelium. However, their precise localization is unknown. In the present study, we used two antibodies recognizing the α and β ENaC subunits. Both antibodies revealed a restricted localization of ENaC in the peripheral region of the apical membrane of cultured bronchial epithelial cells, close to but not overlapping with tight junctions. In contrast, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel was more diffusely expressed on the whole apical membrane. Modulation of ENaC activity by aprotinin or elastase resulted in a decrease or increase in the peripheral localization, respectively. Our results suggest that sodium absorption is mainly occurring close to tight junctions where this cation may be rapidly expelled by the Na<sup>+</sup> /K<sup>+</sup> pump present in lateral membranes. This arrangement of channels and pumps may limit Na<sup>+</sup> build-up in other regions of the cells.
Tolypocladium, eine Hyphomycetengattung mit geschwollenen Phialiden (1971)

A new genus of soil-borne Moniliales, Tolypocladium, is described with three new species. It is characterized by slow-growing raised floccose whitish colonies, conidiophores arising terminally and laterally from aerial hyphae, consisting of verticillate phialides, sometimes supported by short lateral cells; phialides consist of a swollen base and a narrowly tapering, frequently bent neck; conidia small, 1-celled, in slimy heads.\nIn the discussion genera of Moniliales with swollen phialides and 1-celled conidia in slimy heads are reviewed and compared with Tolypocladium.
Characterization of the kinetic pathway for fibrin promotion of .alpha.-thrombin-catalyzed activation of plasma factor XIII (1991)

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies are presented showing that the cofactor activity of fibrin I (polymerized des-A fibrinogen) in the alpha-thrombin-catalyzed proteolysis of activation peptide (AP) from plasma factor XIII can be attributed to formation of a fibrin I-plasma factor XIII complex (Kd = 65 nM), which is processed by alpha-thrombin more efficiently (kcat/Km = 1.2 x 10(7) M-1 s-1) than free, uncomplexed plasma factor XIII (kcat/Km = 1.4 x 10(5) M-1 s-1). The increase in the specificity constant (kcat/Km) is shown to be largely due to an increase in the apparent affinity of alpha-thrombin for the complex of plasma factor XIII and fibrin I, as reflected by the 30-fold decrease in the Michaelis constant observed for fibrin I bound plasma factor XIII relative to that for uncomplexed plasma factor XIII. Analysis of the initial rates of alpha-thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of fibrinopeptide B (FPB) from fibrin I polymer in the presence of plasma factor XIII indicated that alpha-thrombin bound to fibrin I in the ternary complex of alpha-thrombin, plasma factor XIII, and fibrin I polymer is competent to catalyze cleavage of both FPB from fibrin I and AP from plasma factor XIII. This observation is consistent with the view that alpha-thrombin within the ternary complex is anchored to fibrin I polymer through a binding site distinct from the active site (an exosite) and that the active site is alternatively complexed with the AP moiety of plasma factor XIII or the FPB moiety of fibrin I. This conclusion is supported by the observation that a 12-residue peptide, which binds to an exosite of alpha-thrombin and blocks the interaction of alpha-thrombin with fibrinogen and fibrin, competitively inhibits alpha-thrombin-catalyzed release of both FPB and AP from the fibrin I-plasma factor XIII complex.
Persistent Charge-Density-Wave Order in Single-Layer TaSe<sub>2</sub> (2018)

We present the electronic characterization of single-layer 1H-TaSe<sub>2</sub> grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a combined angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate that 3 × 3 charge-density-wave (CDW) order persists despite distinct changes in the low energy electronic structure highlighted by the reduction in the number of bands crossing the Fermi energy and the corresponding modification of Fermi surface topology. Enhanced spin-orbit coupling and lattice distortion in the single-layer play a crucial role in the formation of CDW order. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the nature of CDW order in the two-dimensional limit.
Parametric Detection and Measurement of Perfusion Defects in Attenuated Contrast Echocardiographic Images (2007)

Correlations of the HFR-detected and manually outlined perfusion defect areas were R = 0.92 for 0 dB, R = 0.94 for 7 dB, and R = 0.90 for 14 dB; the mean difference was less than 0.36 cm(2) (negligible) in all 3 attenuation settings. Conclusions. Attenuation compensation by our HFR method allows precise measurement of myocardial perfusion defect areas in contrast scans with simulated high level of attenuation.
Integration of Gold Nanoparticles in Optical Resonators (2012)

The optical absorption of one-dimensional photonic crystal based resonators containing different types of gold nanoparticles is controllably modified by means of the interplay between planar optical cavity modes and localized surface plasmons. Spin-casting of metal oxide nanoparticle suspensions was used to build multilayered photonic structures that host (silica-coated) gold nanorods and spheres. Strong reinforcement and depletion of the absorptance was observed at designed wavelength ranges, thus proving that our method provides a reliable means to modify the optical absorption originated at plasmonic resonances of particles of arbitrary shape and within a wide range of sizes. These observations are discussed on the basis of calculations of the spatial and spectral dependence of the optical field intensity within the multilayers.
Reexamination of the Role of Ubiquitin-Like Modifier ISG15 in the Phenotype of UBP43-Deficient Mice (2005)

UBP43/USP18 was described as a specific protease that removes conjugated ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 from target proteins. The severe phenotype of UBP43(-/-) mice characterized by premature death, brain cell injury, and deregulated STAT1 signaling was ascribed to an enhanced conjugation of ISG15. In contrast, no phenotypic changes were detected in ISG15(-/-) mice. To verify the role of ISG15 in the phenotype of UBP43(-/-) mice, we employed mice deficient for both ISG15 and UBP43. Here, we show that the phenotype of UBP43(-/-) mice was not rescued by the absence of ISG15, as evident from unchanged mortality, neurological symptoms, and occurrence of hydrocephalus. Also, the reported hypersensitivity of UBP43(-/-) mice to an interferon inducer, poly(I . C), was ISG15 independent. Furthermore, no evidence for a role of ISG15 in the modulation of STAT1 signaling or in the resistance against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus was found. Presented results clearly demonstrate that the phenotypic alterations of UBP43(-/-) mice are not caused by the lack of ISG15 deconjugation and must be due to another, non-ISG15-mediated molecular mechanism.
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6 (1999)

This document specifies the protocol used by an IPv6 router to discover the presence of multicast listeners (that is, nodes wishing to receive multicast packets) on its directly attached links, and to discover specifically which multicast addresses are of interest to those neighboring nodes. This protocol is referred to as Multicast Listener Discovery or MLD. MLD is derived from version 2 of IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol, IGMPv2. One important difference to note is that MLD uses ICMPv6 (IP Protocol 58) message types, rather than IGMP (IP Protocol 2) message types.
Prevalence of Asthma and Atopy in Two Areas of West and East Germany (1994)

The German reunification offers a unique opportunity to study the impact of environmental factors on the development of childhood respiratory and allergic disorders in ethnically similar populations. We investigated the prevalence of asthma, hay fever, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in 9- to 11-year old children in West Germany (n = 5,030) and East Germany (n = 2,623). A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the parents. Children underwent cold air challenge and allergy skin prick tests. Atopic sensitization was considerably more frequent in West German children than in their peers in East Germany (36.7% versus 18.2%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, p < 0.0001). The prevalence of current asthma and hay fever was significantly higher in West Germany when compared with that in East Germany (5.9% versus 3.9%; OR = 1.5, p < 0.0001 and 8.6% versus 2.7%; OR = 3.4, p < 0.0001, respectively). Bronchitis, however, was more prevalent in East Germany than in the western part of the country. The prevalence of BHR as assessed by cold air challenge was higher in West Germany compared with that in East Germany (8.3% versus 5.5%, OR = 1.6, p < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the West German study area was no longer a significant independent determinant of asthma once sensitization to mites, cats, and pollen was taken into account. We conclude that sensitization to aeroallergens is strikingly more frequent in West Germany than in East Germany and this may explain the differences in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever between the two parts of the country.
Clinical evaluation (Phase I) of a human monoclonal antibody against hepatitis C virus: Safety and antiviral activity (2006)

These data support the investigation of HCV-AB68 in the prevention of recurrent HCV-infection in patients who had received hepatic allografts for end-stage liver disease.
The synthesis of <i>o</i>‐Amino‐<i>N</i>‐substituted benzamides and 3‐substituted 2,4 (1<i>H</i>,3<i>H</i>)‐quinazolinediones from isatoic anhydride (1970)

Abstract The reaction of isatoic anhydride with sterically hindered amines in DMF or DMSO, and subsequent treatment of the o ‐amino‐ N ‐substituted benzamides thus produced with phosgene, gives high yields of 2,4(1 H ,3 H )‐quinazolinediones with branched alkyl groups in the 3‐position.
Towards semantic virtual environments (2003)

The vision of a global cyberspace has inspired a lot of research in the field of Virtual Environments. However, virtual environments today remain island solutions, due to a diversity of incompatible data and protocol designs. In this paper we introduce the concept of Semantic Virtual Environments (SVE), a scalable approach to this problem, based on the W3C Resource Description Framework. SVE provides a unified machine understandable view on virtual environments, which is suitable both for processing by software agents and presentation to human users.
Inverse acoustooptic problem: Coherent summing of optical beams into a single optical channel (2007)

A highly efficient summing of mutually coherent beams (channels) into a single beam with the same divergence and aperture (an inverse acoustooptic problem) is realized via diffraction in a Bragg cell. The multibeam field to be converged is formed as a result of the diffraction (splitting) of a single laser beam. Theoretical and experimental evidence is obtained for the fact that the repeated diffraction can provide a highly efficient (up to 100%) reconstruction of beam with initial parameters. The experiments are performed with a single-mode laser radiation at 0.63 μm and multimode radiation at 0.96 μm. The virtually attained summing efficiency is on the order of 70%. The factors that act to diminish the experimental efficiency below the predicted value, the ways to raise the efficiency, and possible applications of the results of this study are discussed.
Effect of centhaquine on spontaneous and evoked norepinephrine release from isolated perfused rabbit heart. (1985)

1-[Bis(2-quinolyl)-ethyl]-4-m-tolylpiperazine (centhaquine), a centrally acting hypotensive agent, was studied for its effect on spontaneous and evoked release of norepinephrine (NE) from the rabbit heart. Spontaneous release of NE as well as its release evoked by potassium chloride (81 X 10(-3) mol/l), tyramine hydrochloride (2.88 X 10(-5) mol/l), dimethyl phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP, 3.18 X 10(-5) mol/l), acetylcholine chloride (1 X 10(-4) mol/l) and amphetamine sulfate (7.48 X 10(-5) mol/l) from isolated perfused rabbit heart was studied. Centhaquine (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/ml) caused an initial increase followed by inhibition of spontaneous NE output. It also significantly inhibited the NE release evoked by KCl, DMPP and acetylcholine but not tyramine and amphetamine evoked release. It is concluded that centhaquine predominantly inhibits the neuronal NE release.
<i>Arabidopsis cmt3</i> chromomethylase mutations block non-CG methylation and silencing of an endogenous gene (2001)

Plants maintain cytosine methylation at CG and non-CG residues to control gene expression and genome stability. In a screen for Arabidopsis mutants that alter methylation and silencing of a densely methylated endogenous reporter gene, we recovered 11 loss-of-function alleles in the CMT3 chromomethylase gene. The cmt3 mutants displayed enhanced expression and reduced methylation of the reporter, particularly at non-CG cytosines. CNG methylation was also reduced at repetitive centromeric sequences. Thus, CMT3 is a key determinant for non-CG methylation. The lack of CMT homologs in animal genomes could account for the observation that in contrast to plants, animals maintain primarily CG methylation.
Murine CD1d-restricted T cell recognition of cellular lipids (2000)

NKT cells are associated with immunological control of autoimmune disease and cancer and can recognize cell surface mCD1d without addition of exogenous antigens. Cellular antigens presented by mCD1d have not been identified, although NKT cells can recognize a synthetic glycolipid, alpha-GalCer. Here we show that after addition of a lipid extract from a tumor cell line, plate-bound mCD1d molecules stimulated an NKT cell hybridoma. This hybridoma also responded strongly to three purified phospholipids, but failed to recognize alpha-GalCer. Seven of sixteen other mCD1d restricted hybridomas also showed a response to certain purified phospholipids. These findings suggest NKT cells can recognize cellular antigens distinct from alpha-GalCer and identify phospholipids as potential self-antigens presented by mCD1d.
Validation of body composition by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (1991)

The present study validates the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for measurement of body composition. The precision error was expressed as the SD (CV%) for fat mass, FAT%, lean tissue mass, and total body bone mineral: 1.1 kg (6.4%), 1.6% (5.7%), 1.4 kg (3.1%), and 0.03 kg (1.2%), respectively. The accuracy study in vitro used (1) mixtures of water and alcohol, (2) mixtures of ox muscle and lard, and (3) dried bones. In the clinically relevant range of values there were only small influences on DEXA measurements of variations in amount and composition of the soft tissue equivalents. The accuracy study in vivo compared the components of body composition measured recently by DEXA and earlier by dual photon absorptiometry, counting of naturally occurring total body 40K, and body density by underwater weighing in 25 healthy adult subjects. We found agreement between fat percentage (and lean body mass) by DEXA and the three established measurements modalities; mean differences were (-5.3 to -0.4%) and (-0.7 to 2.5 kg) for fat percentage and lean body mass, respectively. We conclude that DEXA provides a new method of measuring body composition with precision and accuracy errors, which are compatible with the application of DEXA in group research studies and probably also in clinical measurements of the single subject.
RESEARCH NOTE ESTIMATING SHEETING ROLL CLOSING FORCES THROUGH MEASUREMENT of ROLL POWER CONSUMPTION (1996)

An important factor in the design of the sheeting operation used in the snack food and bakery industries are the forces exerted on the rolls as a result of the pressure developed between the rolls. These forces can cause significant mechanical deflections that result in nonuniform products being produced across the width of the rolls. Unfortunately, measurements of closing forces on operating sheeting systems can be difficult to obtain. This note illustrates a simple method for estimating the difficult to obtain sheeter closing forces from more easily obtained power measurements. A limited quantity of data confirms the accuracy of the procedure.
The effect of methylxanthines on morphine analgesia in mice and rats. (1989)

The influence of various doses of caffeine and theophylline on analgesic effect of morphine was tested in mice and rats in the hot plate and tail immersion tests. Caffeine in rats potentiated the morphine analgesia in both tests in a dose-dependent manner. In mice the caffeine-morphine interaction was biphasic: lower caffeine doses (10 and 25 mg/kg) inhibited, while higher (75 and 100 mg/kg) potentiated the analgesic effects of morphine. Theophylline interacted with morphine in a manner similar to that of caffeine.
Nonlinear Saturation and Determination of the Two-Photon Absorption Cross Section of Green Fluorescent Protein (2001)

Two-photon absorption is a nonlinear phenomenon that is observed in materials irradiated with the combined energy of two photons, which matches the transition energy between the ground state and the excited state. Molecules exhibiting strong two-photon absorption have great potential in a wide range of applications such as three-dimensional fluorescence imaging, optical data storage, and microfabrication.9,6 Green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be excited by a two-photon mechanism and exhibits a nonlinear behavior of the effective two-photon absorption coefficient. Here we present the quantitative determination of the two-photon absorption saturation of GFP in both a homogeneously broadened and inhomogeneously broadened system. We further show that, dominated by strong nonlinear saturation, GFP has a large intrinsic two-photon absorption cross section (σTPA) value that is several orders of magnitude larger than that of chemically synthesized compounds.
Intramolecular‐intermolecular polymerization of nonconjugated diolefins (1960)

Abstract The literature dealing with the formation of cyclic recurring units in the polymerization of nonconjugated dienes by an intramolecular‐intermolecular polymerization mechanism is reviewed. Carbocyclic rings and heterocyclic rings containing oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and tin are considered.
Ultra-High Thermal-Stable Glass Phosphor Layer for Phosphor-Converted White Light-Emitting Diodes (2013)

A glass phosphor layer with ultra-high thermal stability appropriate for phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (PC-WLEDs) is demonstrated. The results showed PC-WLEDs utilizing the high thermal stable glass phosphor maintained good thermal stability in lumen, chromaticity, and transmittance characteristics under the thermal aging condition up to 350°C. This is a considerable high operating temperature for a phosphor layer in the PC-WLEDs. The lumen degradation, chromaticity shift, and transmittance loss in the glass-based PC-WLEDs under thermal aging at 150°C , 250°C , 350°C , and 450°C are also presented and compared with those of silicone-based PC-WLEDs under thermal aging at 150°C and 250°C . The result clearly demonstrated that the glass-based PC-WLEDs exhibited better thermal stability in lumen degradation, chromaticity shift, and transmittance loss than the silicone-based PC-WLEDs. The advantages of glass encapsulation in high-temperature operation of the PC-WLEDs could be explained that the glass transition temperature of the glass phosphor (567°C) was much higher than it of silicone (150°C). The newly developed ultra-high thermal-stable glass is essentially critical to the application of LED modules in the area where the high-power, high-temperature and absolute reliability are required for use in the next-generation solid-state lighting.
Processing of CAD-data---conversion, verification and repair (1997)

The rapid transfer of CAD data among different CAD systems or engineering applications is of crucial importance for the acceleration of and reduction in the number of iterative steps for product development processes. Conversion of geometric models may require subsequent tedious verification and repair operations within the receiving system. In the present contribution, a concept and implementation aspects are presented for a semi-automatic prototype system which encompasses functionality for conversion, verification and repair of geometric models of CAD data. The methodology developed has been used for processing solids and surface models provided by industrial companies in IGES format. The purpose has been to improve the integrity of CAD data for subsequent engineering tasks such as grid generation for aerodynamic simulation and generation of STL data.