gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Object-based attentional selection in scene viewing (2010)

Two contrasting views of visual attention in scenes are the visual salience and the cognitive relevance hypotheses. They fundamentally differ in their conceptualization of the visuospatial representation over which attention is directed. According to the saliency model, this representation is image-based, while the cognitive relevance framework advocates an object-based representation. Previous research has shown that (1) viewers prefer to look at objects over background and that (2) the saliency model predicts human fixation locations significantly better than chance. However, it could be that saliency mainly acts through objects. To test this hypothesis, we investigated where people fixate within real objects and saliency proto-objects. To this end, we recorded eye movements of human observers while they inspected photographs of natural scenes under different task instructions. We found a preferred viewing location (PVL) close to the center of objects within naturalistic scenes. Compared to the PVL for real objects, there was less evidence for a PVL for human fixations within saliency proto-objects. There was no evidence for a PVL when only saliency proto-objects that did not spatially overlap with annotated real objects were analyzed. The results suggest that saccade targeting and, by inference, attentional selection in scenes is object-based.
New Sampling Approach Suitable for Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometers with Integrating Detector (2007)

A new approach to interferogram sampling is presented. The method reduces data load and processing overhead while allowing post-correction of sampling errors. It is particularly well suited for continuous-scan spectrometers equipped with a CCD camera.
Three neural network based, sensor systems for environmental monitoring (1994)

Compact, portable systems capable of quickly identifying contaminants in the field are of great importance when monitoring the environment. One of the missions of the Pacific Northwest Laboratory is to examine and develop new technologies for environmental restoration and waste management at the Hanford Site (a former Plutonium production facility). In this paper, three prototype sensing systems are discussed. These prototypes are composed of sensing elements, data acquisition system, computer, and neural network implemented in software and are capable of automatically identifying contaminants. The first system employs an array of tin-oxide gas sensors and is used to identify chemical vapors. The second system employs an array of optical sensors and is used to identify the composition of chemical dyes in liquids. The third system contains a portable gamma-ray spectrometer and is used to identify radioactive isotopes. In these systems, the neural network is used to identify the composition of the sensed contaminant. With a neural network, the intense computation takes place during the training process. Once the network is trained, operation consists of propagating the data through the network. Since the computation involved during operation consists of vector-matrix multiplication and application of look-up tables (activation function), unknown samples can be rapidly identified in the field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Role of γA/γ′ Fibrinogen in Plasma Factor XIII Activation (2000)

Factor XIII zymogen activation is a complex series of events that involve fibrinogen acting in several different roles. This report focuses on the role of fibrinogen as a cofactor in factor XIII activation by thrombin. We demonstrate that fibrinogen has two distinct activities that lead to an increased rate of factor XIII activation. First, the thrombin proteolytic activity is increased by fibrin. The cleavage rates of both a small chromogenic substrate and the factor XIII activation peptide are increased in the presence of either the major fibrin isoform, gammaA/gammaA fibrin, or a minor variant form, gammaA/gamma' fibrin. This enhancement of thrombin activity by fibrin is independent of fibrin polymerization and requires only cleavage of the fibrinopeptides. Subsequently, gammaA/gamma' fibrinogen accelerates plasma factor XIII activation by a non-proteolytic mechanism. This increased rate of activation results in a slightly more rapid cross-linking of fibrin gammaA and gamma' chains and a significantly more rapid cross-linking of fibrin alpha chain multimers. Together, these results show that although both forms of fibrin increase the rate of activation peptide cleavage by thrombin, gammaA/gamma' fibrinogen also increases the rate of factor XIII activation in a non-proteolytic manner. A revised model of factor XIII activation is presented below.
XML for power market data exchange (2002)

The author argues that there is a need for standardizing the data exchange among power system, operators, marketers and third party service providers. This standard needs to be flexible to meet the changing needs of the industry during deregulation. This standard should be the one that is widely used by other industries for the electronic data exchange so that off the shelf tools and products can be used to develop the software needed for implementation of the standard. He believes that the XML (Extensible Markup Language) standard comes close to meeting the needs of power system operations data exchange standard.
2,7-Disubstituted Amidofluorenone Derivatives as Inhibitors of Human Telomerase (1999)

Telomerase is a major new target for the rational design of novel anticancer agents. We have previously identified anthraquinone-based molecules capable of inhibiting telomerase by stabilizing G-quadruplex structures formed by the folding of telomeric DNA. In the present study we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of analogous fluorenone-based compounds with the specific aims of, first, determining if the anthraquinone chromophore is a prerequisite for activity and, second, whether the conventional cytotoxicity inherent to anthraquinone-based molecules may be reduced by rational design. This fluorenone series of compounds exhibits a broad range of telomerase inhibitory activity, with the most potent inhibitors displaying levels of activity (8-12 microM) comparable with other classes of G-quadruplex-interactive agents. Comparisons with analogous anthraquinone-based compounds reveal a general reduction in the level of cellular cytotoxicity. Molecular modeling techniques have been used to compare the interaction of fluorenone- and analogous anthraquinone-based inhibitors with a human G-quadruplex structure and to rationalize their observed biological activities.
textile research journal (1947)

This paper contains a discussion of the water-adsorption properties of a class of long-chain materials with many polar groups, which includes most textile fibers. The process discussed is distinguished from the adsorption by substances such as metal and metallic oxide catalysts in that it is not strictly a surface phenomenon, the adsorbent swelling as water is adsorbed. It differs from simple hydrate formation in that the water uptake is a continuous function of relative humidity, although in theory this behavior can be considered to be caused by the existence of an infinitely large number of possible hydrates. And, finally, it is distinguished from adsorption by liquids by the fact that the adsorbent possesses, and retains during the adsorption process, a certain amount of dimensional stability. In the first part of the paper a summary is given of some experimental data. This summary is not a complete review of previous work but is rather an outline of the data on the various phe nomena associated with the adsorption process. The purpose of this section is to give as much information on the fundamental adsorption process as possible rather than to give data for a large number of representative substances. For this reason many references, especially to chemically modified fibers (which contrast individual members of this class but do not contribute new infor mation on the fundamental adsorption process), are omitted. In the second section a review of previous theoretical treatments is given and a new theory of the adsorption isotherm for this class of substances is proposed. This treatment is derived by the methods of statistical mechanics and expresses the adsorption isotherm in terms of the relative humidity, regain, and molecular parameters in the simplest case. The application of the theory to experimental data shows surprisingly good agreement between theoretical and experimental isotherms, considering the approximations involved. In some cases missing data are estimated from known data for similar substances. The third section contains a discussion of adsorption hysteresis in terms of the theory developed here and the theory of absolute reaction rates, as well as a discussion of the constants of the isotherm.
A Method to Constrain Genome-Scale Models with 13C Labeling Data (2015)

Current limitations in quantitatively predicting biological behavior hinder our efforts to engineer biological systems to produce biofuels and other desired chemicals. Here, we present a new method for calculating metabolic fluxes, key targets in metabolic engineering, that incorporates data from 13C labeling experiments and genome-scale models. The data from 13C labeling experiments provide strong flux constraints that eliminate the need to assume an evolutionary optimization principle such as the growth rate optimization assumption used in Flux Balance Analysis (FBA). This effective constraining is achieved by making the simple but biologically relevant assumption that flux flows from core to peripheral metabolism and does not flow back. The new method is significantly more robust than FBA with respect to errors in genome-scale model reconstruction. Furthermore, it can provide a comprehensive picture of metabolite balancing and predictions for unmeasured extracellular fluxes as constrained by 13C labeling data. A comparison shows that the results of this new method are similar to those found through 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis (13C MFA) for central carbon metabolism but, additionally, it provides flux estimates for peripheral metabolism. The extra validation gained by matching 48 relative labeling measurements is used to identify where and why several existing COnstraint Based Reconstruction and Analysis (COBRA) flux prediction algorithms fail. We demonstrate how to use this knowledge to refine these methods and improve their predictive capabilities. This method provides a reliable base upon which to improve the design of biological systems.
Der schwedische Justitieombudsman. By Walter Haller. (Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag, 1964. Pp. xx, 320. Approx. $6.00.) - The Ombudsman: Citizen's Defender. Ed. by Donald C. Rowat. (University of Toronto Press, 1965. Pp. 348. $8.25.) (1966)

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Molybdenum-Gate HfOz CMOS FinFET Technology (2005)

CMOS FinFETs with molybdenum gate and HR12 gatedielectric are reported. By tuning the gate work function via nitrogen implantation and employing a narrow fm width, low values of threshold voltage (0.281-0.17 V) and sub-threshold swing (67,5162.5 mVidec) were achieved. The use of Hm2 rather than Si02 as the gate dielectric reduces the gate leakage current density by several orders of magnitude, for EOT in the range 1.75-1.95 nm. The observed weak temperature dependence for both electron and hole mobilities (hE is ascribed to soft phonon scattering.
Oral Controlled-Release Dosage Forms. I. Cellulose Ether Polymers in Hydrophilic Matrices (1997)

AbstractAn appropriately designed controlled-release drug delivery system can be a major advance towarb solving problems concerning the targeting of a drug to a specific organ or tissue and controlling the rate of drug delivery to the target tissue. Hydrophilic matrices are an interesting option when developing an oral controlled-release formulation. The present study focuses on oral controlled-release dosage forms and the application of cellulose ether polymers in hydrophilic matrices. Key Words. Controlled-release matrices; Hydrophilic matrices; Cellulose ether polymers; Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; HPMC
Cooperation without communication: Multiagent schema‐based robot navigation (1992)

Abstract Multiagent robotics affords the opportunity to solve problems more efficiently and effectively than any single agent could achieve. Nonetheless, communication bottlenecks between agents pose potentially serious drawbacks in coordinated behavior. In this research, we demonstrate the efficiency of multiagent schema‐based navigation for object retrieval. Primitive motor behaviors are specified for each of the individual robotic agents, which produce safe task‐achieving action in an unstructured environment. When implemented over several identical units, retrieval is facilitated in the absence of interagent communication as evidenced by spontaneous recruitment of several agents to accomplish a task. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate these effects. Extensions to other task‐achieving behaviors are also feasible.
Cytotoxicity of the <i>V</i> <i>ibrio vulnificus</i> MARTX toxin Effector DUF5 is linked to the C2A Subdomain (2014)

The multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxins are bacterial protein toxins that serve as delivery platforms for cytotoxic effector domains. The domain of unknown function in position 5 (DUF5) effector domain is present in at least six different species' MARTX toxins and as a hypothetical protein in Photorhabdus spp. Its presence increases the potency of the Vibrio vulnificus MARTX toxin in mouse virulence studies, indicating DUF5 directly contributes to pathogenesis. In this work, DUF5 is shown to be cytotoxic when transiently expressed in HeLa cells. DUF5 localized to the plasma membrane dependent upon its C1 domain and the cells become rounded dependent upon its C2 domain. Both full-length DUF5 and the C2 domain caused growth inhibition when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A structural model of DUF5 was generated based on the structure of Pasteurella multocida toxin facilitating localization of the cytotoxic activity to a 186 amino acid subdomain termed C2A. Within this subdomain, an alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed aspartate-3721 and arginine-3841 as residues critical for cytotoxicity. These residues were also essential for HeLa cell intoxication when purified DUF5 fused to anthrax toxin lethal factor was delivered cytosolically. Thermal shift experiments indicated that these conserved residues are important to maintain protein structure, rather than for catalysis. The Aeromonas hydrophila MARTX toxin DUF5(Ah) domain was also cytotoxic, while the weakly conserved C1-C2 domains from P. multocida toxin were not. Overall, this study is the first demonstration that DUF5 as found in MARTX toxins has cytotoxic activity that depends on conserved residues in the C2A subdomain.
The Boiler Cleaning Control Subloop (1962)

The paper traces the automation of controls of boiler-cleaning devices from the earliest patents to the present. The advantages of automation are described as reduction in man-hours of boiler-cleaning supervision, elimination of individuality in cleaning techniques, optimization of use of blowing medium, and increase in steam generator efficiency. Six types of control of the subloop are described. An example is given to assist designers in evaluating savings from automation of the cleaning subloop.
Bargaining (1989)

Bargaining occurs when there are several cooperative arrangements and the parties have conflicting preferences over them. By a cooperative arrangement I mean any outcome (a) that is better for everybody than the state of anarchy, (b) in which there are no exploiters, defined as noncooperators whose cooperation would cost them less than it would benefit them and others, and (c) in which nobody ends up being exploited, that is, as a cooperator whose cooperation costs him more than it benefits himself and others. By anarchy I mean, following the typology of cooperation set out in the Introduction, the absence of any of the following: actions with positive externalities, helping, a convention equilibrium, a feasible joint venture or a private ordering.
Hypericin: A Napthodianthrone from Hypericum perforatum (2003)

Hypericin is a substance isolated from a medicinal herb Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St.John’s Wort.1 Hypericin belongs to group of compound known as napthodianthrones. 2 Hypericin is a secondary plant metabolite of St.John’s Wort and the amount of Hypericin strongly depend upon the source of the plant material. 3,4 Initially Hypericin was considered to be the antidepressant principle of Hypericum perforatum, but according to latest research Hyperforin has emerged as antidepressant principle of the herb.5 Hypericin is used as standard for identification of genuine plant material and thus has importance from quality control point of view. The standardization of Hypericum perforatum is now based on both hypericin and hyperforin content. The herb must contain 0.3% of hypericin.
Interface microstructure of titanium thin-film/silicon single-crystal substrate correlated with electrical barrier heights (1991)

The titanium (Ti)/single-crystal silicon (Si) interface has been examined by cross-section high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) combined for the first time with 2-nm-diam probe, energy-dispersive spectrometry. HRTEM shows that thin Ti-Si alloy formation always occurs at the interfaces, even in the as-deposited state. The thickness of the reacted alloy depends on the crystallinity of the Si surface, but does not depend on impurities or doping level. Crystallization of the Ti-Si alloy depends on the annealing temperature; it remains in the amorphous phase after annealing at temperatures lower than 430 °C, and the C49 TiSi2 crystal phase was observed as the first crystalline phase after annealing at 460–625 °C. The composition of the Ti-Si alloy at the Si interface is close to TiSi2, and it remains amorphous with variable composition across the alloy. It seems that the electrical barrier height is determined by the degree of crystallinity of TiSi2 at the Si interface. The barrier height for TiSi2/p-type Si interface decreases from 0.73 to 0.57 eV, accompanied by the crystallization of TiSi2 at around 460 °C.
Graphene-Based High-Efficiency Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Active Platform for Sensitive and Multiplex DNA Detection (2012)

We have developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrate based on gold nanoparticle-decorated chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-growth graphene and used it for multiplexing detection of DNA. Due to the combination of gold nanoparticles and graphene, the Raman signals of dye were dramatically enhanced by this novel substrate. With the gold nanoparticles, DNA capture probes could be easily assembled on the surface of graphene films which have a drawback to directly immobilize DNA. This platform exhibits extraordinarily high sensitivity and excellent specificity for DNA detection. A detection limit as low as 10 pM is obtained. Importantly, two different DNA targets could be detected simultaneously on the same substrate just using one light source.
Analysis of CMOS-compatible lateral insulated base transistors (1991)

The authors describe the performance of various lateral insulated base transistors (LIBTs) fabricated with a 2.5- mu m digital CMOS-compatible high-voltage integrated circuit (HVIC) process. Structural modifications have been proposed to the LIBTs reported to date, in order to improve their on-stage performance. The modifications have been achieved with the use of charge-controlled n/sup +/ buried layers incorporated within the device structures. These LIBTs are implemented with a novel HVIC process which is based on a 2.5- mu m digital CMOS fabrication sequence. This process utilizes three additional steps carried out prior to the CMOS fabrication sequence. An important feature of this HVIC process is the use of a 400-AA gate oxide, which makes the power devices, fully compatible with the low-voltage digital circuits. During this work, a specific on-resistance of 0.016 Omega -cm/sup 2/ and a turn-off delay of 90 ns have been obtained in an improved LIBT structure which is capable of withstanding up to 250 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamic-range compression using digital frequency warping (2004)

In this paper, a multi-channel dynamic-range compressor system using digital frequency warping is described. A frequency-warped finite-impulse response (FIR) filter is realized by replacing the filter unit delays with a cascade of all-pass filters. The appropriate design of the frequency warping gives a non-uniform frequency representation very close to the auditory Bark scale. The resultant compressor offers good frequency resolution combined with low time delay, and has a group delay-versus-frequency response that is independent of the compressor gains. Listening tests indicate that the compressor group delay effects will be inaudible for most listeners and speech sounds.
Variational ansatz-based quantum simulation of imaginary time evolution (2019)

Abstract Imaginary time evolution is a powerful tool for studying quantum systems. While it is possible to simulate with a classical computer, the time and memory requirements generally scale exponentially with the system size. Conversely, quantum computers can efficiently simulate quantum systems, but not non-unitary imaginary time evolution. We propose a variational algorithm for simulating imaginary time evolution on a hybrid quantum computer. We use this algorithm to find the ground-state energy of many-particle systems; specifically molecular hydrogen and lithium hydride, finding the ground state with high probability. Our method can also be applied to general optimisation problems and quantum machine learning. As our algorithm is hybrid, suitable for error mitigation and can exploit shallow quantum circuits, it can be implemented with current quantum computers.
Evaluation of Approximate Methods for Calculating the Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification (1999)

In a previous paper, a computational method was presented for determining statistically rigorous limits of detection and quantification. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate similar but less computationally complex methods. These “approximate” methods use data at multiple spiking concentrations, are iterative, can be derived from either prediction intervals or statistical tolerance intervals, and require at a minimum ordinary least-squares regression for calculating the intercept and slope. Approximate detection and quantification limits calculated for various PCB congeners were similar to those calculated using the computationally exact method. Although the exact methods should be employed whenever possible (they include uncertainty in the calibration function and provide greater weight to less variable data), approximate methods can provide detection and quantification limits that are sufficiently accurate for most applications. Practical application of multiconcentration-based methods may involve the use of routinely generated quality control data in the statistical calculations.
Prevention of capsular bag opacification with a new hydrophilic acrylic disk-shaped intraocular lens (2011)

No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.