gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current landscape and future directions of biomarkers for predicting responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (2018)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), represented by anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 pathway antibodies, have led to a revolution in cancer treatment modalities. ICIs have unique clinical benefits, such as effectiveness against a broad range of tumor types, strong overall impact on survival, and persistent responses after the cessation of therapy. However, only a subset of patients responds to these therapies, and a small proportion of patients even experience rapid progression or an increased risk of death. Therefore, it is imperative to optimize patient selection for treatment. This review focuses on the mechanisms of tumor escape from immune surveillance, the composition and activity of a preexisting immune infiltrate, the degree of tumor foreignness (as reflected by the mutational burden, expression of viral genes, and driver gene mutations), and host factors (including peripheral blood biomarkers, genetic polymorphisms, and gut microbiome) to summarize current evidence on the biomarkers of responses to ICIs and explore the future prospects in this field.
Improving Wake-Up-Word and General Speech Recognition Systems (2017)

The aim of this paper is to design a whole speech recognition system that can work in both the Wake-up-word (WUW) and the General Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Systems with high accuracy. WUW is a modern technology in Speech Recognition (SR) that is not yet widely recognized. This new ARS system will be used to solve one of the biggest problems in speech recognition, which is how to discriminate between the uses of a word or phrase in an alerting and a referential context. Moreover, by using this paradigm the accuracy of commands that are used to interact with machines, such as one word or an entire sentence, will improve to have 100% accuracy. Due to the increasing number of speech commands in life, this model will be the best solution for applications that use the speech commands to active the computers, such as medical assistance, human-robot interaction, telecommunications industry, home automation, and security access control.
Probing subdiffraction limit separations with plasmon coupling microscopy: concepts and applications (2014)

Due to their advantageous material properties, noble metal nanoparticles are versatile tools in biosensing and imaging. A characteristic feature of gold and silver nanoparticles is their ability to sustain localized surface plasmons that provide both large optical cross-sections and extraordinary photophysical stability. Plasmon coupling microscopy takes advantage of the beneficial optical properties and utilizes electromagnetic near-field coupling between individual noble metal nanoparticle labels to resolve subdiffraction limit separations in an all-optical fashion. This Tutorial provides an introduction into the physical concepts underlying distance dependent plasmon coupling, discusses potential experimental implementation of plasmon coupling microscopy, and reviews applications in the area of biosensing and imaging.
GazeTheKey (2017)

In the conventional keyboard interfaces for eye typing, the functionalities of the virtual keys are static, i.e., user?s gaze at a particular key simply translates the associated letter as user's input. In this work we argue the keys to be more dynamic and embed intelligent predictions to support gaze-based text entry. In this regard, we demonstrate a novel "GazeTheKey" interface where a key not only signifies the input character, but also predict the relevant words that could be selected by user's gaze utilizing a two-step dwell time.
Automatic Face Landmarking in 3D. (2011)

Face analysis from 3D scanned data is an important alternative to the more common approaches that exploit information from 2D images and video. The long standing challenges of illumination and pose variance do not affect 3D data in the same measure. The newly available shape information in the form of 3D surfaces has already been shown to improve the performance of conventional 2D data systems in the important task of face recognition. Facial landmarking is part of many recognition approaches. For example, canonical face models are fitted onto the data by using key landmark points, statistical procedures require a detailed initial marking procedure and face segmentation for expression analysis is aided by using landmark locations. Despite being the common denominator for many automatic 3D face systems, landmarking of faces is currently done manually or semi-automatically. However, manual landmarking is not only a time consuming task but is also prone to inaccuracies. This thesis proposes a system that accurately finds several face landmarks simultaneously in faces with or without expressions. The system that we refer to as Automatic Landmarking of Faces in 3D, ALF3D, models two of the main characteristics of landmarks that can be observed on 3D data, shape and location. ALF3D consist of two statistical models, one for shape and one for location, that cooperate together to find the locations of a set of facial landmarks. The location model maintains the relative location of landmarks whilst the shape model searches for that point the best matches the expected shape of each landmark. Experiments show that automatic landmarks found with ALF3D are on average between 3mm and 5mm from manually labelled landmarks. It is also demonstrated that the use of automatic landmarks can improve the performance of a face recognition system. An additional benefit obtained with ALF3D is that it finds a large set of landmarks including several that have not been studied before and that are key for expression analysis. This thesis also introduces an automatic expression classification approach for faces in 3D. The procedure explores the idea that landmarking of faces in 3D can be performed more accurately with a prior knowledge of the face’s expression. To this purpose the concept of Deformed Shape Profiles (DSP) is introduced. A DSP captures the deformations due to expressions of local regions around landmarks. The automatic expression classification system is shown to be accurate and to significantly improve facial land-marking of faces with expression.
Preparing Principals For Action, Leadership (1974)

Both the curricula and methodology of preparing principals is the subject of this article. Describing procedures that work, it will interest principals as well as professors of school administration.
The role of K-RAS and B-RAF mutations as biomarkers in metastatic colorectal cancer. (2013)

K-RAS and B-RAF mutations do not seem to be predictive of treatment outcome as potential biomarkers for bevacizumab therapy in mCRC. However, not only the presence of K-RAS and B-RAF mutations but also the different biological behavior of the various subtypes of mutations should be considered as potential determinants in the final outcome of this disease.
Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni (1977)

The in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis capabilities of patients with schistosomiasis mansoni were tested against phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Candida albicans extract, and soluble preparations of schistosome eggs (SEA), adult worms (SWAP), or cercariae (CAP). When patients' lymphocytes were cultured in medium which contained 5% human (homologous) normal (uninfected) serum, they responded well to PHA and Candida extract. The responses induced by SEA were maximal in patients with early Schistosoma mansoni infections, while reactivity against SWAP and CAP increased during chronic infection. These responses, induced by the schistosome-derived antigenic preparations, were suppressed if the homologous-normal serum supplement of the culture medium was replaced with either the patient's own (autologous) serum, or that of another S. mansoni patient. All sera were heat-inactivated (56°C/30 min) prior to use. In contrast, responses against the non-specific mitogen (PHA) and the unrelated antigen (Candida extract), were not altered by these changes of the serum supplementation of the media. The degree of suppression by patient serum was not changed by increasing the serum percentage in the medium from 5% to 25%. The suppressive effects of patient sera on responses induced by SEA and SWAP were increased in relationship to the duration of the serum donor's S. mansoni infection. Preincubation of lymphocytes in suppressive patient sera for 30 min at 37°C did not reduce the expected level of responsiveness if the cells were subsequently cultured in homologous-normal serum supplemented medium. The data indicate that during S. mansoni infection patients develop serum component(s) which specifically interfere with the responsiveness of their lymphocytes in regard to certain schistosome-derived antigenic preparations. The immunoregulatory events described could participate in the modulation of immunopathology, the maintenance of chronic adult worm survival, and the prevention of full expression of protective immune responses.
Infrared spectral behavior of fine particulate solids (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared spectral behavior of fine particulate solidsGraham R. HuntCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1976, 80, 11, 1195–1198Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100552a015https://doi.org/10.1021/j100552a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views49Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Charge Transfer Equilibria Between Diamond and an Aqueous Oxygen Electrochemical Redox Couple (2007)

Undoped, high-quality diamond is, under almost all circumstances, one of the best insulators known. However, diamond covered with chemically bound hydrogen shows a pronounced conductivity when exposed to air. This conductivity arises from positive-charge carriers (holes) and is confined to a narrow near-surface region. Although several explanations have been proposed, none has received wide acceptance, and the mechanism remains controversial. Here, we report the interactions of hydrogen-terminated, macroscopic diamonds and diamond powders with aqueous solutions of controlled pH and oxygen concentration. We show that electrons transfer between the diamond and an electrochemical reduction/oxidation couple involving oxygen. This charge transfer is responsible for the surface conductivity and also influences contact angles and zeta potentials. The effect is not confined to diamond and may play a previously unrecognized role in other disparate systems.
The Preparation of Anhydrous Americium Compounds (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Anhydrous Americium CompoundsSherman FriedCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 1, 416–418Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01145a135https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a135research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Removal of Salt and Pepper Noise Using Sparse Representation (2012)

This paper proposes a new method to remove salt and pepper noise in gray scale images as well as color images. This is done in two stages. In the first stage impulse noise detection scheme is employed to detect the noisy pixel. This filter uses the morphological noise detector to classify the pixels as either corrupted or uncorrupted. In the second stage we treat the noisy pixel as a missing pixel in the image and apply in painting based on the sparse representations of the pixels that are identified as corrupted pixels in the first stage. Our experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other best known denoising techniques used for the removal of salt and pepper noise, both visually and quantitatively. Extensive experiments have been carried out on different images to validate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Conditional reduction of adult neurogenesis impairs bidirectional hippocampal synaptic plasticity (2011)

Adult neurogenesis is a process by which the brain produces new neurons once development has ceased. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been linked to the relational processing of spatial information, a role attributed to the contribution of newborn neurons to long-term potentiation (LTP). However, whether newborn neurons also influence long-term depression (LTD), and how synaptic transmission and plasticity are affected as they incorporate their network, remain to be determined. To address these issues, we took advantage of a genetic model in which a majority of adult-born neurons can be selectively ablated in the dentate gyrus (DG) and, most importantly, in which neurogenesis can be restored on demand. Using electrophysiological recordings, we show that selective reduction of adult-born neurons impairs synaptic transmission at medial perforant pathway synapses onto DG granule cells. Furthermore, LTP and LTD are largely compromised at these synapses, probably as a result of an increased induction threshold. Whereas the deficits in synaptic transmission and plasticity are completely rescued by restoring neurogenesis, these synapses regain their ability to express LTP much faster than their ability to express LTD. These results demonstrate that both LTP and LTD are influenced by adult neurogenesis. They also indicate that as newborn neurons integrate their network, the ability to express bidirectional synaptic plasticity is largely improved at these synapses. These findings establish that adult neurogenesis is an important process for synaptic transmission and bidirectional plasticity in the DG, accounting for its role in efficiently integrating novel incoming information and in forming new memories.
SITEHOUND-web: a server for ligand binding site identification in protein structures (2009)

SITEHOUND-web (http://sitehound.sanchezlab.org) is a binding-site identification server powered by the SITEHOUND program. Given a protein structure in PDB format SITEHOUND-web will identify regions of the protein characterized by favorable interactions with a probe molecule. These regions correspond to putative ligand binding sites. Depending on the probe used in the calculation, sites with preference for different ligands will be identified. Currently, a carbon probe for identification of binding sites for drug-like molecules, and a phosphate probe for phosphorylated ligands (ATP, phoshopeptides, etc.) have been implemented. SITEHOUND-web will display the results in HTML pages including an interactive 3D representation of the protein structure and the putative sites using the Jmol java applet. Various downloadable data files are also provided for offline data analysis.
Electrostimulation and Undetected Malignant Tumors (1981)

BECKER, ROBERT O. M.D.; ESPER, CHERYL B.A.Editor(s): CONNOLLY, JOHN F. M.D. Author Information
Gesture-based Table Tennis Game in AR Environment (2005)

We present the computer table tennis game using player's swing motion. We need to transform a real world coordinate into a virtual world coordinate in order to hit the virtual ball. We can not get a correct 3-dimension position of racket in environment that using one camera or simple image processing. Therefore we use Augmented Reality (AR) concept to develop the game. This paper shows the AR table tennis game using gesture and method to develop the 3D interaction game that only using one camera without any motion detection device or stereo cameras. Also, we use a scan line method to recognize gesture for speedy processing. The game is developed using ARtoolkit and DirectX that is popular tool of SDK for game development.
Dark-field microscopy studies of polarization-dependent plasmonic resonance of single gold nanorods: rainbow nanoparticles (2011)

Orientation sensors require the monitoring of polarization-dependent surface plasmons of single nanoparticles. Herein, we present both the longitudinal and transverse surface plasmonic resonance from a single gold nanorod (AuNR) using conventional dark-field microscopy. The relative peak intensities of the transverse and longitudinal surface plasmons of a single AuNR can be successfully tuned by polarized excitation, which is an important step towards the use of transverse plasmon resonance of single AuNRs without photo-induced reshaping of nanoparticles. More interestingly, compared with AuNRs with small diameters, unique optical properties from AuNRs with diameters greater than 30 nm are revealed. As a result, optical images with different colors, rainbow nanoparticles (sea green, brown, red, yellow and green), depending on the polarization angle, can be revealed by a single AuNR. This result holds great promise for polarization-controlled colorimetric nanomaterials and single particle tracers in living cells and microfluidic flows.
Enhanced ethylene responsiveness in the <i>Arabidopsis eer1</i> mutant results from a loss‐of‐function mutation in the protein phosphatase 2A A regulatory subunit, <i>RCN1</i> (2003)

Ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis begins with a family of five ethylene receptors that regulate the activity of the Raf-like kinase, CTR1. Recent work to identify novel factors required for modulating ethylene signaling resulted in the isolation of enhanced ethylene response 1 (eer1), a mutant that displays both increased sensitivity and increased amplitude of response to ethylene. Molecular cloning of eer1 reveals that its mutant phenotype results from a loss-of-function mutation in the previously characterized RCN1, one of three PP2A A regulatory subunits in Arabidopsis. Our analysis shows that neither RCN1 expression nor PP2A activity is regulated by ethylene. Instead, we found that Arabidopsis PP2A-1C, a PP2A catalytic subunit previously characterized as interacting with RCN1, associates strongly with the kinase domain of CTR1 in vitro. This likely represents a role for PP2A in modulation of CTR1 activity because an in vitro kinase assay did not reveal phosphorylation of either RCN1 or PP2A-1C by CTR1, indicating that neither of them is a substrate for CTR1. PP2A activity is required for Ras-dependent activation of mammalian Raf, with reductions in PP2A activity significantly compromising the effectiveness of this mechanism. Our genetic and biochemical results suggest that a similar requirement for PP2A activity exists for ethylene signaling, with loss-of-function mutations affecting PP2A activity possibly reducing the effectiveness of CTR1 activation, thus lowering the threshold required for manifestation of ethylene response.
Human neutrophils release the Leu-8 lymph node homing receptor during cell activation (1990)

The Leu-8 molecule, the human homologue of the murine MEL-14 peripheral lymph node homing receptor, is expressed on neutrophils in both species and may be important in localization of cells to sites of inflammation. Most circulating human neutrophils express the Leu-8 molecule, and activation of neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate causes a rapid decline in Leu-8 membrane fluorescence staining within 15 minutes. Northern blot analysis of total cellular RNA from neutrophils demonstrated two species of Leu-8 messenger RNA, a major one of 2.4 kb and a minor one of 1.9 kb. Because two different Leu-8 cDNA clones were obtained from human lymphocytes that were predicted to encode both transmembrane and phosphatidylinositol (PI)-anchored forms of the molecule, experiments were conducted to determine whether Leu-8 is anchored to neutrophils by a PI-anchor. There was a slight decrease in expression of Leu-8 on neutrophils when they were treated with PI-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). However, Leu-8 was abundant on neutrophils obtained from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. To determine the fate of the Leu-8 molecule during cell activation, neutrophils were labeled with 125I-anti-Leu-8. During activation antibody was rapidly lost from the cell surface and was not internalized, suggesting that Leu-8 is released from the cell membrane during cell activation. When cell extracts of neutrophils were compared with extracts of lymphoid cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, the Leu-8 species expressed on neutrophils had a significantly higher and more variable relative mobility (70 to 120 Kd for neutrophils v 70 Kd for Jurkat T cells). In addition, Leu-8 molecules were detected in the supernatants of activated neutrophils. These results indicate that human neutrophils express a high-molecular-weight form of the Leu-8 molecule that has a conventional transmembrane anchor and is rapidly released from the membrane during activation. The loss of the Leu-8 membrane glycoprotein during activation may be a mechanism for rapid alteration of neutrophil adhesion characteristics.