gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical characterization of α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin separated from natural resources (2004)

Abstract We isolated α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin from natural resources by a chemical method to investigate the crystalline structure of chitin. Its characteristics were identified with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and solid‐state cross‐polarization/magic‐angle‐spinning (CP–MAS) 13 C NMR spectrophotometers. The average molecular weights of α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin, calculated with the relative viscosity, were about 701, 612, and 524 kDa, respectively. In the FTIR spectra, α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin showed a doublet, a singlet, and a semidoublet at the amide I band, respectively. The solid‐state CP–MAS 13 C NMR spectra revealed that α‐chitin was sharply resolved around 73 and 75 ppm and that β‐chitin had a singlet around 74 ppm. For γ‐chitin, two signals appeared around 73 and 75 ppm. From the X‐ray diffraction results, α‐chitin was observed to have four crystalline reflections at 9.6, 19.6, 21.1, and 23.7 by the crystalline structure. Also, β‐chitin was observed to have two crystalline reflections at 9.1 and 20.3 by the crystalline structure. γ‐Chitin, having an antiparallel and parallel structure, was similar in its X‐ray diffraction patterns to α‐chitin. The exothermic peaks of α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin appeared at 330, 230, and 310, respectively. The thermal decomposition activation energies of α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin, calculated by thermogravimetric analysis, were 60.56, 58.16, and 59.26 kJ mol −1 , respectively. With the Arrhenius law, ln β was plotted against the reciprocal of the maximum decomposition temperature as a straight line; there was a large slope for large activation energies and a small slope for small activation energies. α‐Chitin with high activation energies was very temperature‐sensitive; β‐Chitin with low activation energies was relatively temperature‐insensitive. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3423–3432, 2004
Utility of routine viral load, CD4 cell count, and clinical monitoring among adults with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: randomised trial (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To evaluate the use of routine laboratory monitoring in terms of clinical outcomes among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Uganda. <b>Design</b> Randomised clinical trial <b>Setting</b> A home based ART programme in rural Uganda. <b>Participants</b> All participants were people with HIV who were members of the AIDS Support Organisation. Participants had CD4 cell counts <250 cells × 10<sup>6</sup>/L or World Health Organization stage 3 or 4 disease. <b>Interventions</b> Participants were randomised to one of three different monitoring arms: a viral load arm (clinical monitoring, quarterly CD4 counts, and viral load measurements), CD4 arm (clinical monitoring and CD4 counts), or clinical arm (clinical monitoring alone). <b>Main outcome measures</b> Serious morbidity (newly diagnosed AIDS defining illness) and mortality. <b>Results</b> 1094 participants started ART; median CD4 count at baseline was 129 cells × 10<sup>6</sup>/L. Median follow-up was three years. In total, 126 participants died (12%), 148 (14%) experienced new AIDS defining illnesses, and 61(6%) experienced virological failure, defined as two consecutive viral loads >500 copies/mL occurring more than three months after the start of ART. After adjustment for age, sex, baseline CD4 count, viral load, and body mass index, the rate of new AIDS defining events or death was higher in the clinical arm than the viral load arm (adjusted hazard ratio 1.83, P=0.002) or the CD4 arm (1.49, P=0.032). There was no significant difference between the CD4 arm and the viral load arm (1.23, P=0.31). <b>Conclusion</b> In patients receiving ART for HIV infection in Uganda, routine laboratory monitoring is associated with improved health and survival compared with clinical monitoring alone. <b>Trial registration</b> Clinical Trials NCT00119093.
LDPC Code Design for the Two-User Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (2015)

We study code design for two-user Gaussian multiple access channels (GMACs) under fixed channel gains and under quasi-static fading. We employ low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with BPSK modulation and utilize an iterative joint decoder. Adopting a belief propagation (BP) algorithm, we derive the PDF of the log-likelihood-ratios (LLRs) fed to the component LDPC decoders. Via examples, it is illustrated that the characterized PDF resembles a Gaussian mixture (GM) distribution, which is exploited in predicting the decoding performance of LDPC codes over GMACs. Based on the GM assumption, we propose variants of existing analysis methods, named modified density evolution (DE) and modified extrinsic information transfer (EXIT). We derive a stability condition on the degree distributions of the LDPC code ensembles and utilize it in the code optimization. Under fixed channel gains, the newly optimized codes are shown to perform close to the capacity region boundary outperforming the existing designs and the off-the-shelf point-to-point (P2P) codes. Under quasi-static fading, optimized codes exhibit consistent improvements upon the P2P codes as well. Finite block length simulations of specific codes picked from the designed ensembles are also carried out and it is shown that optimized codes perform close to the outage limits.
Some design issues in the visualization of constraint logic program execution (1998)

Visualization of program executions has been found useful in applications which include education and debugging. However, traditional visualization techniques often fall short of expectations or are altogether inadequate for new programming paradigms, such as Constraint Logic Programming (CLP), whose declarative and operational semantics differ in some crucial ways from those of other paradigms. In particular, traditional ideas regarding flow control and the behavior of data often cannot be lifted in a straightforward way to (C)LP from other families of programming languages. In this paper we discuss techniques for visualizing program execution and data evolution in CLP. We briefly review some previously proposed visualization paradigms, and also propose a number of (to our knowledge) novel ones. The graphical representations have been chosen based on the perceived needs of a programmer trying to analyze the behavior and characteristics of an execution. In particular, we concentrate on...
Transcriptional transactivation of parvovirus B19 promoters in nonpermissive human cells by adenovirus type 2 (1995)

The pathogenic human parvovirus B19 contains a promoter at map unit 6 (B19p6) of the viral genome, expression from which is largely restricted to human cells in the erythroid lineage, whereas a putative promoter at map unit 44 (B19p44) is inactive during a natural viral infection. Although nonerythroid human cells, such as HeLa and KB, allow expression from the B19p6 promoter but not from the B19p44 promoter following DNA-mediated transfection, little expression from the B19p6 promoter occurs following recombinant virus infection (S. Ponnazhagan, X.-S. Wang, M.J. Woody, F. Luo, L.Y. Kang, M.L. Nallari, N.C. Munshi, S.Z. Zhou, and A. Srivastava, submitted for publication). However, significant expression from the B19p6 promoter as well as the B19p44 promoter could be detected in a human 293 cells line that expresses the adenovirus early gene products, suggesting that coinfection with adenovirus might mediate transcriptional transactivation of the B19 promoters in nonpermissive cells. Expression of the firefly luciferase reporter gene from the B19 promoters was evaluated either following plasmid transfection or following infection with the recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors. Both B19p6 and B19p44 promoters could be transactivated by coinfection with adenovirus in nonpermissive human cells, although the extent of transactivation of the B19p44 promoter was significantly lower than that of the B19p6 promoter. Expression of the adenovirus E1A proteins was necessary and sufficient for the observed transactivation of the B19 promoters. These studies further illustrate that the underlying molecular mechanisms of transactivation of parvovirus promoters in general by the adenovirus early proteins have similarities with those of the well-documented transactivation of the adeno-associated virus type 2 promoters.
The Function of the Jeweled Bridle in Gower's <i>Tale of Rosiphelee</i> (2005)

Research Article| January 01 2005 The Function of the Jeweled Bridle in Gower's Tale of Rosiphelee James T. Bratcher James T. Bratcher Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google The Chaucer Review (2005) 40 (1): 107–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/25094311 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation James T. Bratcher; The Function of the Jeweled Bridle in Gower's Tale of Rosiphelee. The Chaucer Review 1 January 2005; 40 (1): 107–110. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25094311 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectivePenn State University PressThe Chaucer Review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2005 by The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved.2005Copyright 2005 The Pennsylvania State University Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
The diversity and host interactions of <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i> bacteriophages on human skin (2015)

The viral population, including bacteriophages, is an important component of the human microbiota, yet is poorly understood. We aim to determine whether bacteriophages modulate the composition of the bacterial populations, thus potentially playing a role in health or disease. We investigated the diversity and host interactions of the bacteriophages of Propionibacterium acnes, a major human skin commensal implicated in acne pathogenesis. By sequencing 48 P. acnes phages isolated from acne patients and healthy individuals and by analyzing the P. acnes phage populations in healthy skin metagenomes, we revealed that P. acnes phage populations in the skin microbial community are often dominated by one strain. We also found phage strains shared among both related and unrelated individuals, suggesting that a pool of common phages exists in the human population and that transmission of phages may occur between individuals. To better understand the bacterium-phage interactions in the skin microbiota, we determined the outcomes of 74 genetically defined Propionibacterium strains challenged by 15 sequenced phages. Depending on the Propionibacterium lineage, phage infection can result in lysis, pseudolysogeny, or resistance. In type II P. acnes strains, we found that encoding matching clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat spacers is insufficient to confer phage resistance. Overall, our findings suggest that the prey-predator relationship between bacteria and phages may have a role in modulating the composition of the microbiota. Our study also suggests that the microbiome structure of an individual may be an important factor in the design of phage-based therapy.
Hardware Acceleration of Simulated Annealing of Spin Glass by RRAM Crossbar Array (2018)

Simulated annealing (SA) was successfully implemented and accelerated by in-memory computing hardware/software package using RRAM crossbar arrays to solve a spin glass problem. Ta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> -based RRAM array and stochastic Cu-based CBRAM devices were utilized for calculation of the Hamiltonian and decision of spin-flip events, respectively. A parallel spin-flip strategy was demonstrated to further accelerate the SA algorithm.
A motivation-sustaining articularity/acoustic speech training system for profoundly deaf children (1993)

The authors describe a speech training system for deaf children which integrates acoustic and several types of instrumentally measured articulatory data: palatography, nasal vibration, airflow, and the presence/absence of voicing. The system presents these in both a technical and a motivating game format. It was designed to be used both with a teacher's guidance and (within certain limits) by the children alone. The games are proving to be highly motivating to the children, and encourage them to experiment with their speech production.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A general characterization and simulation method for deposition and etching technology (1992)

A topography simulation system and a six-parameter unified process model are proposed for general characterization of deposition and etching technology. This system is fit to use experimentally. This model precisely expresses the process characteristics of deposition and etching equipment. A surface movement vector calculation method suitable for the unified process model is also given. This method is used for calculating cross-sectional profiles including convex and concave corners, and for general LSI processes where deposition and etching reactions occur simultaneously. The parameters can be extracted from experimental results. The extraction method is also introduced. The simulated results agree well with the experimental ones of sputter deposition and bias-ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) deposition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Monolayer platinum supported on tungsten carbides as low-cost electrocatalysts: opportunities and limitations (2011)

The high cost and limited supply of platinum (Pt) represent barriers to large-scale commercial applications of several electrochemical devices that utilize Pt as electrocatalysts. In this Perspective we discuss opportunities to replace all but the top atomic layer, or monolayer (ML), of Pt with low-cost, “Pt-like” tungsten carbide (WC). These ML Pt-WC catalysts represent the lower limit of Pt loading, allowing for a significant decrease in Pt costs in devices such as fuel cells and electrolyzers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental measurements indicate that the ML Pt-WC surface exhibits chemical and electronic properties that are very similar to bulk Pt for simple reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction, although deviation in behavior is observed for more complex reactions such as the electrooxidation of methanol. In order to further improve the performance of ML Pt-WC electrocatalysts and transfer knowledge gained from thin films to high surface area catalysts, a better understanding of the electronic, electrochemical, and catalytic properties of ML Pt-WC is needed. This Perspective provides an overview of these promising ML Pt-WC electrocatalysts and discusses approaches to overcoming limitations based on a better understanding of the Pt-WC interface and its behavior in electrochemical environments.
Effect of Intraarterial, Intraportal or Combined Norepinephrine Infusion on Hemorrhage at Experimental Liver Trauma in the Rat (1987)

The effect of intraarterial, intraportal or simultaneous intraarterial and intraportal norepinephrine (NE) infusion on hemorrhage after standardized liver trauma was evaluated in the rat. Infusion of NE through a catheter in the gastroduodenal artery or/and vein, was started 5 min prior to the liver trauma and continued throughout the experiment. Blood pressure was continuously registered after cannulation of the femoral artery. Standardized liver trauma involved resection of the left anterior liver lobe. Bleeding time, blood loss from the traumatized liver surface, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), platelet count (PC) and white blood cell count (WBC) were measured. Infusion of NE resulted in significant increase of blood pressure compared with controls. Infusion of NE (i.a., i.p., i.a. + i.p.) caused significant decrease in bleeding time and blood loss. Hb, Hct, PC and WBC were not affected. NE infusion proved effective in decreasing hemorrhage at liver trauma; the route of administration did not influence the results.
Synthesis of GDP-Mannose and Mannosylglycerate from Labeled Mannose by Genetically Engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> without Loss of Specific Isotopic Enrichment (2003)

We report the construction of an Escherichia coli mutant that harbors two compatible plasmids and that is able to synthesize labeled 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate from externally added labeled mannose without the loss of specific isotopic enrichment. The strain carries a deletion in the manA gene, encoding phosphomannose isomerase. This deletion prevents the formation of fructose-6-phosphate from mannose-6-phosphate after the uptake of mannose from the medium by mannose-specific enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system (PtsM). The strain also has a deletion of the cps gene cluster that prevents the synthesis of colanic acid, a mannose-containing polymer. Plasmid-encoded phosphomannomutase (cpsG) and mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (cpsB) ensure the formation of GDP-mannose. A second plasmid harbors msg, a gene from Rhodothermus marinus that encodes mannosylglycerate synthase, which catalyzes the formation of 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate from GDP-mannose and endogenous glycerate. The rate-limiting step in 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate formation is the transfer of GDP-mannose to glycerate. 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate can be released from cells by treatment with cold-water shock. The final product is formed in a yield exceeding 50% the initial quantity of labeled mannose, including loss during preparation and paper chromatography.
Carrier dynamics in MOVPE-grown bulk dilute nitride materials for multi-junction solar cells (2011)

Dilute nitride materials with a 1eV band-gap lattice matched to GaAs substrates are attractive for high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells. Carrier lifetime measurements are crucial in optimizing material growth and p-i-n field-aided carrier-extraction-device design. One research group has reported carrier lifetimes of MBE-grown bulk InGaNAsSb materials, but there has been no report of carrier lifetime measurements from bulk InGaNAsSb grown by MOVPE. In this study, we report the growth of bulk InGaNAsSb by MOVPE and the first carrier lifetime measurement from MOVPE-grown bulk InGaNAsSb materials with E<sub>g</sub>= 1.0 - 1.2eV at 300K. We studied carrier dynamics in MOVPE-grown bulk dilute nitride materials nominally lattice matched to GaAs (100) substrates: 1μm thick In<sub>0.035</sub>GaN<sub>0.025</sub>As (E<sub>g</sub>= 1.0eV at 300K) and ~0.2μm thick In<sub>(0.05-0.07)</sub>GaN<sub>(0.01-0.02)</sub>AsSb<sub>(0.02-0.06)</sub> layers (E<sub>g</sub>= 1.2eV at 300K). Both structures are fully strained. The incorporation of N in InGaNAs leads to degradation in photoluminescence efficiency, but prior studies indicate the addition of Sb in MBE-grown InGaNAsSb improved the PL efficiency. Two-step post-growth thermal annealing processes were optimized to obtain maximum PL efficiencies that yielded a typical blue shift of 50 and 30meV for InGaNAs and InGaNAsSb, respectively. We employed a streak camera to measure carrier lifetimes from both as-grown and thermally annealed samples. Carrier lifetimes of <30psec were obtained from the InGaNAs samples, whereas carrier lifetimes of up to ~150psec were obtained from the InGaNAsSb samples. We discuss possible reasons for short carrier lifetimes measured from MOVPE-grown InGaNAs(Sb) materials.
Broadband, wide efficiency range, Doherty Amplifier design using frequency-varying Complex Combining Load (2015)

This paper presents a novel technique to extend the bandwidth and efficiency range of Doherty Power Amplifier (DPA) by the adoption of frequency-varying Complex Combining Load (CCL) and proper input current control strategy. For verification, a 42 dBm, 1.8-2.2 GHz DPA with OBO of 9 dB was designed, built and characterized. Under Continuous Wave (CW) stimulation, a back-off efficiency (8.5 dB) of 55-59% and saturation efficiency of 69-73% were observed over the entire bandwidth. With single carrier WCDMA signal excitation (PAPR of 9.3 dB), an average drain efficiency of 53-58% was obtained at 33.5 dBm average output power and Adjacent Channel Leakage Power (ACLR) of around -30 dBc.
Single-ion enthalpies of transfer for Conjugate-base anions of imides in acetonitrile–methanol mixtures. Empirical correlation with semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (1994)

Single-ion enthalpies of transfer for conjugate-base anions of imides have been determined in acetonitrile–methanol mixtures and partitioned into constituent terms, the ‘physical’ interaction enthalpy, Δtr, ph, AN → MeOHH and the specific interaction enthalpy, Δtr, SI, AN → MeOHH. The latter enthalpies have been found to be linearly correlated with atomic charges on the carbonyl oxygen which have been determined through semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations, MNDO/PM3, and this has the physical consequence that imidide ions form hydrogen bonds with methanol at the carbonyl oxygen of the imidide ion.
2017 Program Director Survey (2018)

Deficiencies exist in compensation for PDs' teaching and administrative time and for academic promotion for female PDs. These results serve as a benchmark for comparison across programs and the basis to advocate for further improvements and support for neurology residency training.
DUAL-BAND COUPLING ELEMENT BASED ANTENNAS WITH HIGH PORT ISOLATION (2013)

A compact dual-band MIMO coupling element based antenna with high port isolation is proposed for the flrst time. The proposed antenna comprises four nonresonant coupling elements, the matching circuit, chassis of the mobile terminal, and de-coupling structures. The proposed antenna can cover two working bands of E- GSM900 and PCS1900. The measured results show that the isolation between the coupling elements operating at the same frequency is higher than 20dB. The proposed structure can be applied to the MIMO system.
Adaptation of the de Vilbiss atomizer for the delivery of topical anesthesia. (1992)

A de Vilbiss atomizer was adapted for delivery of topical anesthesia to the nasal, oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and tracheal tissues prior to outpatient bronchoscopy under monitored anesthesia care for a patient who must remain in the sitting position. The adaptation, utilizing a Baxter Airlife oxygen tubing attached on one end to an oxygen source and the other to the port of a de Vilbiss atomizer, contained a small perforation on the oxygen tubing that allowed for thumb-controlled oxygen flow and delivery of local anesthesia. Anesthetization of the oropharyngeal membranes and suppression of the gag reflex was accomplished primarily by gargling with dyclonine (1%) and dyclonine (.5%) administered through this adapted atomizer. An oral airway lubricated with 2% lidocaine jelly was inserted to direct the delivery of the local anesthetic spray since a laryngoscope was unable to be inserted safely in the sitting position. Local anesthesia of lidocaine (4%) was administered transtracheally and dyclonine (.5%) was delivered through the atomizer along the oral airway with each inspiration to anesthetize the larynx and trachea for a total of 220 mg lidocaine and 300 mg dyclonine, respectively. This method of local anesthetic application for outpatient bronchoscopy proved to be successful in the patient with a compromised cardiac and pulmonary status who is unable to lie flat.