gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of alprostadil on perihematomal tissue of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats (2011)

Objective To investigate the effect of alprostadil on perihematomal tissue of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. Methods The ICH was induced by stereotaxic infusion of autologous arterial blood into the right basal ganglion. Forelimb placing test and corner turn test were used as behavioral tests. The rats were tested at 3, 5, 7 and 14 d after ICH. Nissl staining was performed to observe the neuronal morphological changes in perihematomal tissue. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the number and distribution of tumor necrosis factor ⁃ α (TNF ⁃ α) and interleukin⁃6 (IL⁃6) positive cells in perihematomal tissue at 3, 5, 7 and 14 d. Results Alprostadil⁃treated group showed significant improvement in behavioral tests at 5, 7 and 14 d compared with the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference at 3 d (P = 0.788, 1.000). Nissl staining showed that after cerebral hemorrhage there were obvious inflammatory infiltration, tissue necrosis presented as a "compressed zone" in the perihematomal tissue, and cells around the zone were swollen and had no apparent profile. After alprostadil treatment inflammatory cell infiltration and swollen neurons were reduced in different degrees. Along with the duration of treatment, neuron gradually increased in cortical area beside the medial fissure ipsilateral to the hemorrhagic side, and achieved approximately to normal level at the end of the therapy (P = 0.650). TNF ⁃ α and IL ⁃6 positive cells were mainly distributed around the hematoma, while there were few positive cells at the distal and contralateral site. After administration of alprostadil TNF⁃α positive cells decreased and IL⁃6 positive cells increased in perihematomal region, and all nearly reached to normal level as the control group at 7 d (P = 0.035, 0.023) and 14 d (P = 0.024, 0.020). Conclusion Alprostadil can improve neurological function of cerebral hemorrhagic rats. The mechanisms may be related to the suppression of acute inflammation and relief of secondary neuron injury around hematomal tissue. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2011.03.017
Differences in Gene Expression Profiles between Early and Late Isolates in Monospecies Achromobacter Biofilm (2017)

Bacteria of genus <i>Achromobacter</i> are emerging pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF) capable of biofilm formation and development of antimicrobial resistance. Evolutionary adaptions in the transition from primary to chronic infection were assessed by transcriptomic analysis of successive isolates of <i>Achromobacter xylosoxidans</i> from a single CF patient. Several efflux pump systems targeting antimicrobial agents were upregulated during the course of the disease, whereas all genes related to motility were downregulated. Genes annotated to subsystems of sulfur metabolism, protein metabolism and potassium metabolism exhibited the strongest upregulation. K+ channel genes were hyperexpressed, and a putative sulfite oxidase was more than 1500 times upregulated. The transcriptome patterns indicated a pivotal role of sulfur metabolism and electrical signalling in <i>Achromobacter</i> biofilms during late stage CF lung disease.
Interference With PPARγ Signaling Causes Cerebral Vascular Dysfunction, Hypertrophy, and Remodeling (2008)

The transcription factor PPARgamma is expressed in endothelium and vascular muscle where it may exert antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. We tested the hypothesis that PPARgamma plays a protective role in the vasculature by examining vascular structure and function in heterozygous knockin mice expressing the P465L dominant negative mutation in PPARgamma (L/+). In L/+ aorta, responses to the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine (ACh) were not affected, but there was an increase in contraction to serotonin, PGF(2alpha), and endothelin-1. In cerebral blood vessels both in vitro and in vivo, ACh produced dilation that was markedly impaired in L/+ mice. Superoxide levels were elevated in cerebral arterioles from L/+ mice and responses to ACh were restored to normal with a scavenger of superoxide. Diameter of maximally dilated cerebral arterioles was less, whereas wall thickness and cross-sectional area was greater in L/+ mice, indicating cerebral arterioles underwent hypertrophy and remodeling. Thus, interference with PPARgamma signaling produces endothelial dysfunction via a mechanism involving oxidative stress and causes vascular hypertrophy and inward remodeling. These findings indicate that PPARgamma has vascular effects which are particularly profound in the cerebral circulation and provide genetic evidence that PPARgamma plays a critical role in protecting blood vessels.
Count-Min Sketch. (2009)

The problem of sketching a large mathematical object is to produce a compact data structure that approximately represents it. The Count-Min (CM) sketch is an example of a sketch that allows a number of related quantities to be estimated with accuracy guarantees, including point queries and dot product queries. Such queries are at the core of many computations, so the structure can be used in order to answer a variety of other queries, such as frequent items (heavy hitters), quantile finding, join size estimation, and more. Since the sketch can process updates in the form of additions or subtractions to dimensions of the vector (which may correspond to insertions or deletions or other transactions), it is capable of working over streams of updates, at high rates. The data structure maintains the linear projection of the vector with a number of other random vectors. These vectors are defined implicitly by simple hash functions. Increasing the range of the hash functions increases the accuracy of the summary, and increasing the number of hash functions decreases the probability of a bad estimate. These trade-offs are quantified precisely below. Because of this linearity, CM sketches can be scaled, added, and subtracted, to produce summaries of the corresponding scaled and combined vectors.
Recurrence quantification analysis of complex‐fractionated electrograms differentiates active and passive sites during atrial fibrillation (2019)

Active CFAEs critical to AF maintenance exhibit higher Egm-C recurrence and can be differentiated from passive bystander CFAE sites using RQA.
A sigma–delta fluxgate magnetometer for space applications (2003)

This paper describes the concept and development of an innovative combination of conventional fluxgate magnetometer readout electronics with the control loop of a sigma–delta modulator in order to achieve a new magnetometer design that provides direct digital output without the use of a separate analogue-to-digital converter chip. The new concept is especially aimed at the measurement of extraterrestrial magnetic fields within a dynamic range of approximately ±2000 nT aboard scientific space missions which are affected by high radiation doses.
Sliding mode control using modified Rodrigues parameters (1996)

Introduction Spacecraft pointing poses a complex problem involving nonlinear dynamics with either linear and/or nonlinear control laws. Primary control actuators usually include thrusters for rapid and coarse attitude maneuvers, and reaction wheels for slow and precise attitude maneuvers. Other types of control mechanisms include gravity-gradient stabilization and magnetic torquer assemblies. Control algorithms can be divided into open-loop systems and closed-loop (feedback) systems. Open-loop systems usually require a pre-determined pointing maneuver, and are typically determined using optimal control techniques which involve the solution of a twopoint-boundary-problem. An example of open-loop control is the time-optimal attitude maneuver (e.g., see the excellent survey paper by Scrivener and Thompson [1]). Closed-loop systems can provide robustness with respect to spacecraft modeling uncertainties and unexpected disturbances.
VISUAL MONITORING OF REMOTE WELDING OPERATIONS (1990)

Regionalised filtration provides a more uniform closed circuit television (CCTV) monitor image of the welding arc, the weld pool and the adjacent area. This provides substantially more real-time information to the welding operator and aids in making the needed adjustment while the weld is in progress. The advancements in video camera technology, along with virtually all other aspects of electronic technology, have been phenomenal. Recent video camera developments have helped revolutionise methods for viewing the weld pool. In addition to improvements made in cameras and electronics, several means of light attenuation have evolved and are often used in a variety of combinations. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages and always represents a compromise.
Compression hosiery in a surgical unit (1992)

A small pilot study was set up to indicate the appropriateness of the assessment of patients for anti-embolus prophylaxis in a surgical unit. The results suggested some flaws in current practice, particularly in relation to assessment of risk factors and patient information procedures. Discussions with ward staff on the results have initiated changes in nursing interventions which will be evaluated on an on-going basis.
The Adverse Effects of Estrogen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators on Hemostasis and Thrombosis (2012)

Agonists of the estrogen receptor include estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Both types of compounds increase the risk for thrombosis in the arterial and the venous tree. The magnitude of the effect is influenced by potency, which depends on the type of compound and the dose. The particulars of the process change in each territory. Atherosclerosis, which creates local inflammatory conditions, may favor thrombogenesis in arteries. A direct effect of estrogen agonists is also well endorsed at both arteries, as suggested from data with high-estrogenic contraceptives, and veins. Dose reduction has been proved to be an effective strategy, but there is debate on whether additional benefit may be attained beyond a certain threshold. Hormone therapy and SERMs exhibit a lower potency estrogenic profile, but are mainly used by older women, who have a baseline increased thrombogenic risk. When used as sole agents, estrogens substantially reduce the increased risk (venous thrombosis) or may even be neutral (coronary disease). SERMs exhibit a neutral profile for coronary disease and possibly for stroke but not for venous thrombosis.
Improving the performance of computational ghost imaging by using a quadrant detector and digital micro-scanning (2019)

Computational ghost imaging systems reconstruct images using a single element detector, which measures the level of correlation between the scene and a set of projected patterns. The sequential nature of these measurements means that increasing the system frame-rate reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the captured images. Furthermore, a higher spatial resolution requires the projection of more patterns, and so both frame-rate and SNR suffer from the increase of the spatial resolution. In this work, we combat these limitations by developing a hybrid few-pixel imaging system that combines structured illumination with a quadrant photodiode detector. To further boost the SNR of our system, we employ digital micro-scanning of the projected patterns. Experimental results show that our proposed imaging system is capable of reconstructing images 4 times faster and with ~33% higher SNR than a conventional single-element computational ghost imaging system utilizing orthogonal Hadamard pattern projection. Our work demonstrates a computational imaging system in which there is a flexible trade-off between frame-rate, SNR and spatial resolution, and this trade-off can be optimized to match the requirements of different applications.
Associative memories and processors: An overview and selected bibliography (1973)

A survey of associative processing, techniques is presented, together with a guide to the published literature in this field. Some familiarity with the basic concepts of associative-processing is assumed. The references have been divided into four groups dealing with architectural concepts, hardware implementation, software considerations, and application areas. The discussion of architectural concepts consists of a classification of associative devices into four major categories (fully parallel, bit-serial, word-serial, and block-oriented) and an enumeration of techniques for dealing with multiple responses and hardware faults. With respect to hardware implementation, considerations are given to the basic operations implemented, hardware elements used (e.g., cryoelectrics, magnetic elements, and semiconductors), and physical characteristics such as speed, size, and cost. The discussion of software aspects of associative devices deals with synthesis of algorithms, programming problems, and software simulation. The application areas discussed include solution of some mathematical systems, radar signal processing, information storage and retrieval, and performance of certain control functions in computer systems.
Correlation of Acetate Catabolism and Growth Yield in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: Implications for Host-Pathogen Interactions (2003)

Recently, we reported that the prototypical Staphylococcus aureus strain RN6390 (a derivative of NCTC 8325) had significantly reduced aconitase activity relative to a diverse group of S. aureus isolates, leading to the hypothesis that strain RN6390 has impaired tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-mediated acetate catabolism. Analysis of the culture supernatant from RN6390 confirmed that acetate was incompletely catabolized, suggesting that the ability to catabolize acetate can be lost by S. aureus. To test this hypothesis, we examined the carbon catabolism of the S. aureus strains whose genome sequences are publicly available. All strains catabolized glucose and excreted acetate into the culture medium. However, strains NCTC 8325 and N315 failed to catabolize acetate during the postexponential growth phase, resulting in significantly lower growth yields relative to strains that catabolized acetate. Strains NCTC 8325 and RN6390 contained an 11-bp deletion in rsbU, the gene encoding a positive regulator of the alternative sigma factor sigma(B) encoded by sigB. An isogenic derivative strain of RN6390 containing the wild-type rsbU gene had significantly increased acetate catabolism, demonstrating that sigma(B) is required for acetate catabolism. Taken together, the data suggest that naturally occurring mutations can alter the ability of S. aureus to catabolize acetate, a surprising discovery, as TCA cycle function has been demonstrated to be involved in the virulence, survival, and persistence of several pathogenic organisms. Additionally, these mutations decrease the fitness of S. aureus by reducing the number of progeny placed into subsequent generations, suggesting that in certain situations a decreased growth yield is advantageous.
Functional Characterization and Crystal Structure of the C215D Mutant of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase-1B (2003)

We have characterized the C215D active-site mutant of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and solved the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the apoenzyme to a resolution of 1.6 A. The mutant enzyme displayed maximal catalytic activity at pH approximately 4.5, which is significantly lower than the pH optimum of 6 for wild-type PTP-1B. Although both forms of the enzyme exhibited identical Km values for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 4.5 and 6, the kcat values of C215D were approximately 70- and approximately 7000-fold lower than those of wild-type PTP-1B, respectively. Arrhenius plots revealed that the mutant and wild-type enzymes displayed activation energies of 61 +/- 1 and 18 +/- 2 kJ/mol, respectively, at their pH optima. Unlike wild-type PTP-1B, C215D-mediated p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis was inactivated by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, suggesting a direct involvement of Asp215 in catalysis. Increasing solvent microviscosity with sucrose (up to 40% (w/v)) caused a significant decrease in kcat/Km of the wild-type enzyme, but did not alter the catalytic efficiency of the mutant protein. Structurally, the apoenzyme was identical to wild-type PTP-1B, aside from the flexible WPD loop region, which was in both "open" and "closed" conformations. At physiological pH, the C215D mutant of PTP-1B should be an effective substrate-trapping mutant that can be used to identify cellular substrates of PTP-1B. In addition, because of its insensitivity to oxidation, this mutant may be used for screening fermentation broth and other natural products to identify inhibitors of PTP-1B.
Phase relation, structure and ionic conductivity of Li<sub>7−x−3y</sub>Al<sub>y</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2−x</sub>Ta<sub>x</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (2016)

The phase relation, structure and ionic conductivity of garnet-like Li<sub>7−x−3y</sub>Al<sub>y</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2−x</sub>Ta<sub>x</sub>O<sub>12</sub> were investigated.
Automated nanocrystal orientation and phase mapping in the transmission electron microscope on the basis of precession electron diffraction (2010)

Abstract An automated technique for the mapping of nanocrystal phases and orientations in a transmission electron microscope is described. It is primarily based on the projected reciprocal lattice geometry that is extracted from electron diffraction spot patterns. Precession electron diffraction patterns are especially useful for this purpose. The required hardware allows for a scanning-precession movement of the primary electron beam on the crystalline sample and can be interfaced to any older or newer mid-voltage transmission electron microscope (TEM). Experimentally obtained crystal phase and orientation maps are shown for a variety of samples. Comprehensive commercial and open-access crystallographic databases may be used in support of the nanocrystal phase identification process and are briefly mentioned.
<b>Host range, purification and some properties of two carlaviruses from hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i>): hop latent and American hop latent</b> (1982)

SUMMARY Hop latent virus (HLV) occurs in virtually all commercial hop plants in England, without causing apparent symptoms. It was transmitted between hop plants in a non‐persistent manner by the aphid Phorodon humuli , but was not seed‐borne in hop. The virus infected six species in four families out of 40 in 13 families which were inoculated, but infection was systemic only in Dianthus deltoides and hop. Only Phaseolus vulgaris and Chenopodium murale developed symptoms. Purification of HLV from hop extracts was hampered by aggregation of virus particles but this was minimised either by resuspending pellets in phosphate‐buffered saline containing Tween 20 or by avoiding ultra‐centrifugation. Virus was purified from extracts treated with Triton X‐100 by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) followed either by centrifugation through sucrose density gradients or by exclusion chromatography through columns of Sephadex G‐25 and Sepharose 4B. Purified preparations contained filamentous particles c. 675 × 14 nm composed of c. 6% single stranded RNA of mol. wt c. 2.9 × 10 6 and a single protein species of mol. wt c 33 000. Immunosorbent electron microscopy (IEM) decoration tests suggested that HLV was serologically related to carnation latent, Helenium virus S, lily symptomless and Nerine latent viruses. American hop latent virus (AHLV) was found in two introductions to England from Corvallis, USA in 1975 and 1976. It was transmitted between hop plants in the non‐persistent manner by P. humuli . The virus infected 17 species in seven families out of 41 species in 13 families which were mechanically inoculated and was systemic in nine species. It did not cause symptoms in any of five English hop cultivars. C. quinoa was a convenient propagation host and countable local necrotic lesions and ringspots occurred in leaves of Datura stramonium . AHLV was purified by PEG precipitation and centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. Preparations contained filamentous particles c. 680 × 15 nm composed of c. 6% single‐stranded RNA of mol. wt c. 3.0 × 10 6 and a single protein species of mol. wt c. 33 000. In IEM decoration tests AHLV was serologically related to Nerine latent virus but did not react with antisera to 14 other carlaviruses.
Identification and Sensitivity Analysis for Multiple Causal Mechanisms: Revisiting Evidence from Framing Experiments (2013)

Social scientists are often interested in testing multiple causal mechanisms through which a treatment affects outcomes. A predominant approach has been to use linear structural equation models and examine the statistical significance of the corresponding path coefficients. However, this approach implicitly assumes that the multiple mechanisms are causally independent of one another. In this article, we consider a set of alternative assumptions that are sufficient to identify the average causal mediation effects when multiple, causally related mediators exist. We develop a new sensitivity analysis for examining the robustness of empirical findings to the potential violation of a key identification assumption. We apply the proposed methods to three political psychology experiments, which examine alternative causal pathways between media framing and public opinion. Our analysis reveals that the validity of original conclusions is highly reliant on the assumed independence of alternative causal mechanisms, highlighting the importance of proposed sensitivity analysis. All of the proposed methods can be implemented via an open source R package, mediation .
Impact of Near-Surface Thermal Stresses on Interfacial Reliability of Through-Silicon Vias for 3-D Interconnects (2010)

Continual scaling of on-chip wiring structures has brought significant challenges for materials and processes beyond the 32-nm technology node in microelectronics. Recently, 3-D integration with through-silicon vias (TSVs) has emerged as an effective solution to meet the future interconnect requirement. Among others, thermomechanical reliability is a key concern for the development of TSV structures used in die stacking as 3-D interconnects. This paper examines the effects of thermally induced stresses on the interfacial reliability of TSV structures. First, 3-D distribution of the thermal stress near the TSV and the wafer surface is analyzed. Using a linear superposition method, a semianalytic solution is developed for a simplified structure consisting of a single TSV embedded in a silicon (Si) wafer. The solution is verified for relatively thick wafers by comparing to numerical results from finite element analysis (FEA). The stress analysis suggests interfacial delamination as a potential failure mechanism for the TSV structure. An analytical solution is then obtained for the steady-state energy release rate as the upper bound for the interfacial fracture driving force, while the effect of crack length is evaluated numerically by FEA. With these results, the effects of the TSV dimensions (e.g., via diameter and wafer thickness) on the interfacial reliability are elucidated. Furthermore, the effects of via material properties and dielectric buffer layers are discussed.