gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of aromatic compounds: 13C NMR spectroscopy of whole Escherichia coli cells. (1982)

13C and 31P NMR spectra of wild-type Escherichia coli showed resonances from metabolic intermediates of glycolysis and ATP formation but no detectable signals from aromatic amino acids. However, tyrosine biosynthesis from D-[l-13C]glucose was observed in cells harboring a feedback-resistant allele of aroF, the gene encoding tyrosine-sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase [7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating), EC4.1.2.15], one of the isoenzymes that control carbon flow through the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway. A similar accumulation of tyrosine and phenylalanine is seen in cells carrying a multiple-copy plasmid that carries a wild-type aroF allele in addition to pheA and tyrA, the structural genes for controlling enzymes of the terminal pathways to phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis. These in vivo measurements by a noninvasive probe suggest feedback inhibition as the quantitatively major mechanism controlling carbon flow in the common aromatic compound biosynthetic pathway. In strains accumulating aromatic amino acids, a transient accumulation of trehalose was detected, indicating that previously unknown changes in Escherichia coli metabolism accompany overproduction of aromatic compounds.
Synthesis and surface properties of chemodegradable anionic surfactants: Sodium salts of sulfated 2‐<i>n</i>‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (1992)

In acid‐catalyzed reactions of long‐chain aliphatic aldehydes (Ia‐d) (a,R=n‐C 5 H 11 ; b,R=n‐C 7 H 15 ; c,R=n‐C 9 H 19 ; d,R=n‐C 11 H 23 ) with 1,1,1‐ tris (hydroxymethyl)‐ethane (II), 2‐ n ‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (IIIa‐d) were obtained. Then they were reacted with SO 3 ·pyridine complex in dry carbon tetrachloride solution, to obtain trisubstituted derivatives of 1,3‐dioxane (IVa‐d). They constitute a new group of chemodegradable, acetal‐type anionic surfactants, which may readily hydrolyze and oxidize to nonsurfactant compounds. Physical data of the new compounds and some surface properties, such as Krafft point, critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension of aqueous solution near CMC (γ CMC ) and wetting and foaming properties, were determined. Sodium salts of sulfated 2‐ n ‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (IVa‐d) exhibit aqueous solution properties similar to those of the well‐known sodium alkyloligooxyethylene sulfates. Presence of the 5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxane moiety in molecules of compounds IVa‐d introduces hydrophobic character comparable to the effect of three oxyethylene groups (‐CH 2 CH 2 O‐) or of two methylene groups (‐CH 2 ‐) of the alkyl chain in sodium alkyl ether sulfates [R(OCH 2 CH 2 ) m OSO 3 Na] with equal R value.
Effects of Probiotic <i>Lactobacillus </i><i>Paracasei</i> Treatment on the Host Gut Tissue Metabolic Profiles Probed <i>via</i> Magic-Angle-Spinning NMR Spectroscopy (2007)

We have used a simplified gnotobiotic mouse model to evaluate the effects of single bacterial species, Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461, on the metabolic profiles of intact intestinal tissues using high-resolution magic-angle-spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy (HRMAS). A total of 24 female gnotobiotic mice were divided into three groups: a control group supplemented with water and two groups supplemented with either live L. paracasei or a gamma-irradiated equivalent. HRMAS was used to characterize the biochemical components of intact epithelial tissues from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal, and distal colons in all animals and data were analyzed using chemometrics. Variations in relative concentrations of amino acids, anti-oxidant, and creatine were observed relating to different physiological properties in each intestinal tissue. Metabolic characteristics of lipogenesis and fat storage were observed in the jejunum and colon. Colonization with live L. paracasei induced region-dependent changes in the metabolic profiles of all intestinal tissues, except for the colon, consistent with modulation of intestinal digestion, absorption of nutrients, energy metabolism, lipid synthesis and protective functions. Ingestion of gamma-irradiated bacteria produced no effects on the observed metabolic profiles. 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy was able to generate characteristic metabolic signatures reflecting the structure and function of intestinal tissues. These signals acted as reference profiles with which to compare changes in response to gut microbiota manipulation at the tissue level as demonstrated by ingestion of a bacterial probiotic.
A Wearable Haptic Display to Present the Gravity Sensation - Preliminary Observations and Device Design (2007)

We propose a wearable, ungrounded haptic display that presents the realistic gravity sensation of a virtual object. We focused on the shearing stress on the fingerpads duo to the weight of the object, and found that the deformation of the fingerpads can generate the reliable gravity sensation even when the proprioceptive sensation on the wrist or arm is absent. This implies that a non-grounded gravity display can be realized by reproducing the fingerpad deformation. According to our observations, we had evaluation tests for device design. We implemented the prototype device which has simple structure using dual motors, and then evaluated the recognition ability of the gravity sensation presented on operator's fingerpads with this method
Background carrier concentration in midwave and longwave InAs/GaSb type II superlattices on GaAs substrate (2010)

We report on the measurement of the background carrier concentration of midwave and long-wave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices (SLs) on GaAs substrates. The transport properties of SLs are characterized using temperature dependent Hall measurements. It is found that the conduction in the MWIR SLs is dominated by holes at low temperatures and by electrons at high temperatures. However, the transport in LWIR SL is dominated by electrons at all temperatures. In-plane transport characteristics of LW SLs grown at different temperatures shows that interface roughness scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism at high temperatures.
SP-A enhances viral clearance and inhibits inflammation after pulmonary adenoviral infection (1999)

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a member of the collectin family of host defense molecules expressed primarily in the epithelial cells of the lung. To determine the role of SP-A in pulmonary adenoviral infection, SP-A-deficient (SP-A -/-) mice were intratracheally infected with a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus, Av1Luc1. Lung inflammation was markedly increased in SP-A -/- compared with SP-A +/+ mice and was associated with increased hemorrhage and epithelial cell injury. Polymorphonuclear cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased in SP-A -/- mice after administration of adenovirus. Coadministration of adenovirus and purified human SP-A ameliorated adenoviral-induced lung inflammation in SP-A -/- mice. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta were increased in BALF of SP-A -/- mice. Likewise, TNF-alpha, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and MIP-2 mRNAs were increased in lung homogenates from SP-A -/- mice 6 and 24 h after viral administration. Clearance of adenoviral DNA from the lung and uptake of fluorescent-labeled adenovirus by alveolar macrophages were decreased in SP-A -/- mice. SP-A enhances viral clearance and inhibits lung inflammation during pulmonary adenoviral infection, providing support for the importance of SP-A in antiviral host defense.
Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Vapors with Pd/SBA-15 Catalysts (2010)

Palladium supported on SBA-15 catalysts were developed and employed for catalytic cracking of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors using analytical pyrolysis−gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The Pd/SBA-15 catalysts displayed prominent capabilities to crack the lignin-derived oligomers to monomeric phenolic compounds and further convert them to phenols without the carbonyl group and unsaturated C−C bond on the side chain. Moreover, the catalysts almost completely eliminated the anhydrosugar products and decarbonylated the furan compounds. They also significantly decreased the linear aldehydes and dehydroxylated the linear ketones. In addition, the catalysts slightly decreased the acids, while methanol and hydrocarbons were increased. The above catalytic capabilities of the Pd/SBA-15 catalyst were enhanced with the increase of Pd content from 0.79 wt % to 3.01 wt %.
Pretargeting radioimmunotherapy of a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia with the α-emitting radionuclide, bismuth 213 (2002)

We used a pretargeting technique to treat a nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient murine model of human adult T-cell leukemia with an anti-Tac antibody-streptavidin (HAT-SA) conjugate, which recognizes CD25, followed by bismuth 213 ((213)Bi)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)- biotin. In the 3-step pretargeting radioimmunotherapy protocol, HAT-SA (140 or 400 microg) was administered intravenously (i.v.) to bind to the interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha; CD25)-expressing tumor cells. After 24 hours, 100 microg of a synthetic clearing agent was administered i.v. to remove unbound circulating HAT-SA conjugate from the circulation. Four hours later, (213)Bi-DOTA-biotin was administered i.v. for therapy. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in 3 trials by using 250 microCi (9.25 MBq) of (213)Bi-DOTA-biotin with a pretargeting technique as monitored by serum levels of soluble IL-2R alpha and/or human beta-2-microglobulin (P <.05, t test) and by survival of tumor-bearing mice in the treatment groups (P <.02, log rank test) as compared with the control groups. No prolongation of survival was observed with a nonspecific antibody-SA conjugate or in the absence of the radionuclide. Additionally, no prolongation of survival resulted from administration of (213)Bi directly linked to intact HAT. Furthermore, there was no prolongation of survival when the beta-emitting radionuclide yttrium 90 instead of the alpha-emitting radionuclide (213)Bi was used. The pretargeting approach with (213)Bi inhibited tumor growth more effectively than did immunotherapy with unmodified HAT. The best results were obtained with combination therapy that involved (213)Bi-DOTA-biotin with a pretargeting technique supplemented by 4 weekly doses of HAT. The findings of this study support the use of this combination approach in a clinical trial in patients with IL-2R alpha-expressing leukemias.
Modeling biominerals formed by apatites and DNA (2013)

Different aspects of biominerals formed by apatite and DNA have been investigated using computer modeling tools. Firstly, the structure and stability of biominerals in which DNA molecules are embedded into hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite nanopores have been examined by combining different molecular mechanics methods. After this, the early processes in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite at a DNA template have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Results indicate that duplexes of DNA adopting a B double helix can be encapsulated inside nanopores of hydroxyapatite without undergoing significant distortions in the inter-strand hydrogen bonds and the intra-strand stacking. This ability of hydroxyapatite is practically independent of the DNA sequence, which has been attributed to the stabilizing role of the interactions between the calcium atoms of the mineral and the phosphate groups of the biomolecule. In contrast, the fluorine atoms of fluoroapatite induce pronounced structural distortions in the double helix when embedded in a pore of the same dimensions, resulting in the loss of its most relevant characteristics. On the other hand, molecular dynamics simulations have allowed us to observe the formation of calcium phosphate clusters at the surface of the B-DNA template. Electrostatic interactions between the phosphate groups of DNA and Ca(2+) have been found to essential for the formation of stable ion complexes, which were the starting point of calcium phosphate clusters by incorporating PO3(4) from the solution.
Investigation of Low-Temperature Proton Transport in Nafion Using Direct Current Conductivity and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (2006)

The proton conductance of Nafion 117 was measured as a function of water content and temperature and compared to changes in the phase state of water. Conductance was measured using a direct current four-point probe technique, while the water phase was determined from differential scanning calorimetry of the melting transitions. Arrhenius plots of conductance show a crossover in the activation energy for proton transport for temperatures coinciding with the melting and freezing of water. This crossover temperature depends on the membrane's water content per acid group, λ, and displays hysteresis between heating and cooling. Using calorimetry to estimate the fraction of the frozen water phase, both the crossover temperature and the hysteresis are found to correlate with the phase state of the water. For membranes starting with water contents above , the calorimetry and conductivity curves merge at low temperature, suggesting the formation of a common acid hydrate with similar network connectivity; for lower starting water contents, the low-temperature conductivity drops rapidly with λ. Based on Poisson-Boltzmann models, differences between the conductivity and calorimetry are attributed to gradients in the proton concentration that result in a proton-depleted core in the hydrated pores, which freezes first and contributes minimally to conductivity.
The Capacity of Linear Channels with Additive Gaussian Noise (1970)

The standard method of computing the mutual information between two stochastic processes with finite energy replaces the processes with their Fourier coefficients. This procedure is mathematically justified here for random signals w,(ω) square-integrable in the product space t × ω where t ∊ [O, T] and w is an element of a probability space. A natural notion of the sigma field generated by w, (ω) is presented and it is shown to coincide with the sigma field generated by the random Fourier coefficients of w,(ω) in any complete orthonormal system in L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> [O, T]. This justifies the use of Fourier coefficients in mutual information computations. Capacity is calculated for finite and infinite-dimensional channels, where the output signal consists of a filter (general Hilbert-Schmidt operator) operating on the input signal with additive Gaussian noise. The finite-dimensional optimal signal is obtained. In the infinite-dimensional case capacity can be approached arbitrarily closely with finite-dimensional inputs. The question of the existence of an infinite-dimensional signal which achieves capacity is considered. There are channels for which no signal achieves capacity. Some results are obtained when the noise coordinates are independent in the eigensystem of the filter.
The Regiochemistry of 6- and 7-Chloro-5,8-quinolinequinones (1994)

The cycloaddition of 1-aza-1.3-dienes to benzoquinones, specifically halogenated benzoquinones, has been carried out successfully.The comparison of products so obtained with substances of known structure confirms the orientation of the process as previously postulated.It has also been shown that the reglochemistly of the reactions is determined by the sole position of the halogen and is independent of any other electronic effect.Other regiospecific
Gap-fill type HSQ/ZEP520A bilayer resist process-(I): HSQ-coated ZEP520A CD shrinkage for 32-nm trench patterns (2008)

The CD shrinkage by thermal reflow technique was frequently used for the formation of contact hole (C/H) of fine size. However, such technique is seldom used for line (trench)/space type patterns with complicate layout, like 6T-SRAM pattern. One of the reasons is the shape distortion of the designed layout after thermal reflow which results in the difficulty in CD control. In this study ultra-thin hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ)-coated ZEP520A trenchs are used to investigate the CD shrinkage effect and integrity of the shape after thermal reflow. 6T-SRAM transistor gate with various width/length (W/L) ratios is used as the test pattern. HSQ diluted by methyl-isobutyl ketone (MIBK) with 1:3 and 1:14 volume ratios was coated on ZEP520A trenchs. Post-applied baking (PAB) conditions of non-HSQ coated ZEP520A are split to find the optimal CD uniformity. The effects of thickness of HSQ, dilution ratio, spin speed of HSQ on the CD and shape after thermal reflow at various temperatures for HSQ-coated ZEP520A trench patterns are also studied. Multiple thermal reflows at 160oC-180oC are applied to obtain the best shrinkage results. It is found that the non-HSQ coated ZEP520A trench with all W/L ratios shrunk at 160oC. The smallest shrunk trench of 33.6 nm top-CD with 1/50 W/L ratio is obtained for HSQ (1:14)-coated ZEP520A for two thermal reflows at 160 oC/90 sec while 35.8 nm top-CD of the same W/L ratio is obtained after one 180oC/90sec reflow. Both sizes could meet the CD requirement of 32nm node and beyond. Above all, the HSQ-coated ZEP520A keeps the shape of trench pattern after one or multiple thermal reflows.
Characterizing IPv4 anycast adoption and deployment (2015)

This paper provides a comprehensive picture of IP-layer anycast adoption in the current Internet. We carry on multiple IPv4 anycast censuses, relying on latency measurement from PlanetLab. Next, we leverage our novel technique for anycast detection, enumeration, and geolocation [17] to quantify anycast adoption in the Internet. Our technique is scalable and, unlike previous efforts that are bound to exploiting DNS, is protocol-agnostic. Our results show that major Internet companies (including tier-1 ISPs, over-the-top operators, Cloud providers and equipment vendors) use anycast: we find that a broad range of TCP services are offered over anycast, the most popular of which include HTTP and HTTPS by anycast CDNs that serve websites from the top-100k Alexa list. Additionally, we complement our characterization of IPv4 anycast with a description of the challenges we faced to collect and analyze large-scale delay measurements, and the lessons learned.
A monitor tool for a network based on the cambridge ring (1986)

Abstract An evolving network is subject to technological advances and increasing user demands through out its lifetime. Continuous monitoring is therefore required to understand its behaviour in the operational environment and to provide an aid to planning. A monitor tool has been developed to meet such requirements in a heavily used service network. A decentralized but integrated approach has been adopted. An active collection allows accumulated measurements to be retrieved. The measurements required are determined and the constraints imposed by existing mechanisms and the methods chosen are discussed. Flexible user facilities are available to allow selected measurements to be collected and displayed, and these are described. Daily sessions of network‐wide monitoring have been undertaken. The overhead incurred is quantified. The sessions revealed communications software errors and anomalous behaviour of a network node. Further analysis shows the symptoms of the latter, the result of a hardware fault. Enhancements which would increase the flexibility of the tool are also suggested.
New Approaches to Absorption Detection in Capillary Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis (1991)

Abstract Two new approaches for absorption detection in capillary columns are presented. They are applicable to columns as narrow as 10μm i.d. Both provide good sensitivity despite the very short optical pathlengths that are commonly available in commercial systems. The first involves irradiating the column along its axis rather than across the axis. The entire analyte zone can then participate in absorption. Gains up to 1000 fold can be expected. The second is a modification of laser‐excited fluorescence. The absorbing analytes, even though they do not fluoresce efficiently, can transfer their energy to a fluorophore added to the mobile phase. The secondary emission can be used to detect absorption in the nanomolar range.
Y-configured Dual Intracranial Stent-assisted Coil Embolization for the Treatment of Wide-necked Basilar Tip Aneurysms (2005)

These initial technical and clinical results are highly encouraging, and this technique may significantly improve the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms.
Studies of the HER-2/ <i>neu</i> Proto-Oncogene in Human Breast and Ovarian Cancer (1989)

Carcinoma of the breast and ovary account for one-third of all cancers occurring in women and together are responsible for approximately one-quarter of cancer-related deaths in females. The HER-2/neu proto-oncogene is amplified in 25 to 30 percent of human primary breast cancers and this alteration is associated with disease behavior. In this report, several similarities were found in the biology of HER-2/neu in breast and ovarian cancer, including a similar incidence of amplification, a direct correlation between amplification and over-expression, evidence of tumors in which overexpression occurs without amplification, and the association between gene alteration and clinical outcome. A comprehensive study of the gene and its products (RNA and protein) was simultaneously performed on a large number of both tumor types. This analysis identified several potential shortcomings of the various methods used to evaluate HER-2/neu in these diseases (Southern, Northern, and Western blots, and immunohistochemistry) and provided information regarding considerations that should be addressed when studying a gene or gene product in human tissue. The data presented further support the concept that the HER-2/neu gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of some human cancers.
Introduction (2001)

The Salvation Army, founded by William and Catherine Booth, began as the East London Christian Mission in 1865. The Booths, along with a small group of associates, preached in the streets of the East End and in rented halls. In 1878, its mission stations were found not only in London but along the south coast, in the Midlands, and in the north, with 127 paid evangelists and 700 voluntary workers. That same year, it adopted the name Salvation Army. Its distinctive uniforms, ranks, and military vocabulary; its tracts, called Hallelujah Torpedoes; and its prayer services, known as knee drill, followed. Salvationists became stock figures of fun in music halls, popular theater, and comic magazines. These battles are critical to an understanding of working-class religiosity and culture more broadly. A second approach to Victorian religion proceeded from the influential work of social historians E. P. Thompson and E. J. Hobsbawm.