gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust design of countercurrent adsorption separation processes: 4. Desorbent in the feed (1997)

Abstract In many instances of practical interest, countercurrent adsorption separations operate on feed streams containing not only the components to be separated but also some desorbent. Criteria for the optimal and robust design and operation of these units are developed by extending previous treatments developed for desorbent‐free feedstreams. The effect of the presence of some desorbent (weak, intermediate, or strong) on the location and robustness of the region of complete separation in the operating parameter space is discussed.
Model for reflection near field optical microscopy (1990)

We discuss a model that describes the optical interactions between a dielectric tip and a surface exhibiting roughness of subwavelength size (infinite tracks). Such a model gives new insight into the resolution achievable by scanning near field optical microscopy. The dielectric tip is schematized as a cone whose extremity reduces to a small sphere acting as a dipolar scattering center, allowing separation of the contributions from the near field lying at the air-sample interface of other long range terms associated with the progressive waves coming from the surface. It is shown that because of its fast spatial dependence, the near field detected by the tip contains subwavelength features of the object. Relationships with preliminary experiments are discussed.
25.2%-efficiency (1-Sun, air mass 0) AlGaAs/GaAs/InGaAsP three-junction, two-terminal solar cell (2002)

A 25.2% efficiency measured under 1-Sun, air mass 0 illumination has been achieved in a two-terminal AlGaAs/GaAs/InGaAsP three-junction solar cell. The cascade cell consists of a monolithic AlGaAs (E/sub g/=1.93 eV)/GaAs two-junction mechanically stacked on an InGaAsP (E/sub g/=0.95 eV) single-junction cell. The component cell of the AlGaAs/GaAs two-junction structure were electrically connected using a metal interconnect fabricated during post-growth processing. To minimize the obscuration effect introduced by the grid lines and metal interconnect, a prismatic cover glass was bonded to the AlGaAs/GaAs cascade cell. The results obtained with this structure represent the highest 1-Sun, air mass 0 efficiency achieved to date in any solar cell operating under a two-terminal configuration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Progress toward a thousandfold reduction in 1∕f noise in magnetic sensors using an ac microelectromechanical system flux concentrator (invited) (2006)

The potential advantage of some magnetic sensors having a large response is greatly decreased because of the 1∕f noise. We are developing a device, the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) flux concentrator, that will mitigate the effect of this 1∕f noise. It does this by placing flux concentrators on MEMS structures that oscillate at kilohertz frequencies. By shifting the operating frequency, the 1∕f noise will be reduced by one to three orders of magnitude depending upon the sensor and the desired operating frequency. We have succeeded in fabricating the necessary MEMS structures and observing the desired kilohertz normal-mode resonant frequencies. Only microwatts are required to drive the motion. We have used spin valves for our magnetic sensors. The measured field enhancement provided by the flux concentrators agrees to within 4% with the value estimated from finite element calculations. No difference was detected in noise measurements on spin valves with and without the flux concentrators. This result provides strong evidence for the validity of our device concept. Solutions to the sole remaining fabrication problem will be discussed.
[Insulin resistance syndrome]. (2001)

Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia have been observed in essential hypertension. The selective impairment of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle may accompanied hyperinsulinemia and raise blood pressure through sympathetic nervous system and/or renin-angiotensin system activation, renal sodium retention, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and leptin. Recently, molecular techniques have applied for investigating the mechanisms of insulin resistance. The mutation of insulin receptor gene, changes of muscle fiber composition and muscle blood flow, abnormalities of insulin signal transduction, and TNF-alpha are considered as involvement of insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle. While further study will be necessary to clarify the mechanisms of insulin resistance and hypertension.
Small Mammal Responses to Thinning and Wildfire in Ponderosa Pine–Dominated Forests of the Southwestern United States (2006)

As part of a national experiment, the Fire and Fire Surrogate Project, we evaluated the effects of forest thinning on small mammal population densities and total small mammal biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)–dominated forests at 2 study areas in northern Arizona and northern New Mexico, USA. We also evaluated the effects of wildfire on small mammal population densities and biomass after a wildfire burned a portion of one study area. Our statistical methods consisted of estimation of population densities in combined analyses across space and time, followed by a weighted regression analysis of treatment effects on densities. We hypothesized that habitat change postdisturbance would be the critical determinant of population responses to thinning and wildfire within 1 year of disturbances. Our results largely supported this hypothesis, as we documented predicted positive responses to thinning for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), gray-collared chipmunks (Tamias cinereicollis), and least chipmunks (T. minimus). We also observed predicted positive responses to wildfire for deer mice, although our results did not support predicted negative responses to wildfire for least chipmunks. Total small mammal biomass generally increased following both thinning and wildfire. Our results suggest that fuel reduction treatments will have the largest positive impact on small mammal populations in areas where tree densities are especially high.
Induction of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Anthrax Protective Antigen by Using Influenza Virus Vectors: Implications for Disparate Immune System Priming Pathways (2010)

Viral vectors based on influenza virus, rabies virus (RV), and vaccinia virus (VV) were used to express large polypeptide segments derived from the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA). For the infectious influenza virus vector and recombinant VV constructs, the receptor binding domain (RBD or domain 4) or the lethal and edema factor binding domain (LEF or domain 1') were engineered into functional chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins. In the case of the RV vector, the viral glycoprotein (G) was used as a carrier for RBD in an inactivated form of the vector. These constructs were examined by using multiple homologous and heterologous prime/boost immunization regimens in order to optimize the induction of alpha-PA antibody responses. Several immunization combinations were shown to induce high titers of antibody recognizing the anthrax RBD and LEF domains, as well as the full-length PA protein in mice. The heterologous prime/boost immunization regimens that involved an initial intranasal administration of a live influenza virus vector, followed by an intramuscular boost with either the killed RV vector or the VV vector, were particularly effective, inducing antigen-specific antibodies at levels severalfold higher than homologous or alternative heterologous protocols. Furthermore, sera from several groups of the immunized mice demonstrated neutralization activity in an in vitro anthrax toxin neutralization assay. In some cases, such toxin-neutralizing activity was notably high, indicating that the mechanisms by which immunity is primed by live influenza virus vectors may have beneficial properties.
Remote Wind Sensing by Acoustic Radar (1976)

Acoustic radar offers a promising new technique for remotely measuring vector wind velocity. Engineered antenna systems have been constructed that effectively reject noise interference, and the corresponding detection logic has been developed that identifies the wind velocity from the processed signal. Recent tests employed an acoustic radar to measure the wind velocity in close proximity to conventional anemometer and vane instrumentation. Comparison between the measurements from the two sensors shows a high degree of correlation; the observed differences are also discussed.
Vidalia Onions—Sweet Onion Production in Southeastern Georgia (2002)

Southeastern Georgia is ideal for sweet onion (Allium cepa) pro duction. This region is noted for its mild winters, low sulfur soils, and abundant water supply. Vidalia onions with their national reputation for mildness have dramatically increased in availability in the last 10 to 12 years. Several factors have contributed to this increase including; national name recognition, regulatory control of the Vidalia name, ideal region of production, Marketing Order 955 (USDA, 1989), and the adoption of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. These factors have resulted in a 3-fold increase in production since 1989 (USDA, 2001). The growth of the Vidalia onion industry has not been without challenge or controversy. Wide fluctuations in performance from one year to the next have caused CA storage not to be as consistent as expected for extending onion shelf life. In addition, some growers have expressed concern over some new varieties being too hot to be called Vidalia onions. Other varieties have increased problems with late season diseases. Vidalia onions, however, remain one of the bright spots in American agriculture by providing good returns for the producers. Although somewhat uncertain, the Vidalia onion’s future remains promising. For the industry to continue to prosper issues concerning, increased competition, production problems including variety selection, and use of CA storage have to be addressed. Vidalia onions are also referred to as yellow onions, salad onions, green onions, and dry bulb onions. In order to be a Vidalia onion they must be a yellow Granex type. Salad and green onions refers to immature onions. They are comparable to scallions, however they tend to be longer in total length with larger leaves and an expanded bulb, about 1 inch (2.5 cm). The objective of this article is to highlight the Vidalia onion industry, and to describe its past, present and future with respect to production practices, issues of concern, and marketing.
Drosophila WARTS–tumor suppressor and member of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase family (1995)

Tumor suppressor genes represent a broad class of genes that normally function in the negative regulation of cell proliferation. Loss-of-function mutations in these genes lead to unrestrained cell proliferation and tumor formation. A fundamental understanding of how tumor suppressor genes regulate cell proliferation and differentiation should reveal important aspects of signalling pathways and cell cycle control. A recent report describing the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene warts has implications in the study of the human myotonic dystrophy gene. These genes encode members of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subfamily that includes other plant and animal orthologues.
Randomized, controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in 600 mechanically ventilated patients in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (1997)

In cases of high colonization and infection rates at the time of ICU admission, the preventive benefit of selective decontamination is highly debatable. Emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant microorganisms creates a clinical problem and a definite change in the ecology of environmental, colonizing, and infecting bacteria. The selection of multiple antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive cocci is particularly hazardous. No beneficial effect on survival is observed. Moreover, selective decontamination adds substantially to the cost of ICU care.
Chemical surface modification on SiO/sub 2/ electret by DCDMS (2002)

In this paper, an advanced study on the chemical surface modification by dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) was carried out. Different cleaning processes were tried to improve the surface state of the SiO/sub 2/ film after chemical surface treatment by DCDMS. The stability of the space charges stored in these samples was investigated and the surface components of the samples were analyzed.
Pilot tone based channel estimation for OFDM systems with transmitter diversity in mopbile wireless channels (2001)

This paper describes a channel estimation and tracking scheme for OFDM MIMO systems based on pilot tones. The mean square error of the proposed scheme is derived, and through this we derive optimal training sequences and placement of the pilot tones. It is shown in this paper that minimum mean square (MMSE) channel estimation is obtained with equipowered, equispaced, orthogonal and phase shift orthogonal training sequences. Through simulations it is shown that the optimal pilot-tone based training sequences as derived in this paper significantly outperform full-block training sequences in rapidly time varying channels. Additionally, we show that by satisfying all conditions of optimality, our training sequences outperform orthogonal and random sequences, which both appear to be sub-optimal for channel identification.
A heartbeat mechanism and its application in gigascope (2005)

Data stream management systems often rely on ordering properties of tuple attributes in order to implement non-blocking operators. However, query operators that work with multiple streams, such as stream merge or join, can often still block if one of the input stream is very slow or bursty. In principle, punctuation and heartbeat mechanisms have been proposed to unblock streaming operators. In practice, it is a challenge to incorporate such mechanisms into a highperformance stream management system that is operational in an industrial application. In this paper, we introduce a system for punctuation-carrying heartbeat generation that we developed for Gigascope, a high-performance streaming database for network monitoring, that is operationally used within AT&amp;T&apos;s IP backbone. We show how heartbeats can be regularly generated by low-level nodes in query execution plans and propagated upward unblocking all streaming operators on its way. Additionally, our heartbeat mechanism can be used for other applications in distributed settings such as detecting node failures, performance monitoring, and query optimization. A performance evaluation using live data feeds shows that our system is capable of working at multiple Gigabit line speeds in a live, industrial deployment and can significantly decrease the query memory utilization.
Infrared Studies of Birefringence in Silicon (1959)

Permanent and elastic strains in silicon crystals grown by the Czochralski technique have been studied by observing the crystal birefringence. These studies reveal that the presence of birefringence is related to (a) plastic deformation caused by severe thermal gradients which produce forces exceeding the crystal yield force and (b) work damage or externally applied forces. The first source of birefringence has been termed permanent strain since this appears in the crystal as grown and the birefringence pattern cannot be altered by changes in sample geometry. This characteristic is typical of a ``frozen-in'' strain. A strain-free sample may also be made birefringent, however, by a work damage such as surface abrasion or sand blasting. Such a birefringent pattern can be altered if the sample geometry is changed. This characteristic, of course, is typical of elastic strain. Studies made of samples both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of crystal growth revealed birefringence patterns similar to those of naturally anisotropic crystals such as calcite. The patterns indicate the formation of a pseudo-optic axis in silicon coincident with the growth direction and is caused by the uneven temperature distribution which results in perdominantly uniaxial stress. Regions of tension and compression have been discovered and their respective magnitudes determined. The calculation of the ``frozen-in'' tension and compression stresses are based upon experimental determination of the stress-optic coefficient of silicon. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between frozen-in stress calculations and measurements of yield stress at elevated temperatures.
Alteration of Na,K-ATPase subunit mRNA and protein levels in hypertrophied rat heart. (1994)

To determine if an altered expression of the Na,K-ATPase alpha isoform genes is responsible for an observed increase in cardiac glycoside sensitivity in compensatory hypertrophy, we performed Northern and slot blot analyses of RNA and specific immunological detection of Na,K-ATPase isoforms in rat hearts from normal and pressure overload-treated animals induced by abdominal aortic constriction. During the early phase of hypertrophy, the only alteration is a decrease in the alpha 2 mRNA isoform. In the compensated hypertrophied heart, the levels of the predominant alpha 1 isoform (mRNA and protein) and the beta 1 subunit mRNA are unchanged. In contrast, the alpha 2 isoform (mRNA and protein) is decreased by 35% and up to 61-64% in mild (< 55%) and severe (> 55%) hypertrophy, respectively. The alpha 3 isoform (mRNA and protein), which is extremely low in adult heart, is increased up to 2-fold during hypertrophy but accounts for only approximately equal to 5% of the total alpha isoform mRNA. These findings demonstrate that, in cardiac hypertrophy, the three alpha isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase are independently regulated and that regulation occurs at a pretranslational level. The pattern of expression in hypertrophied adult heart is similar to that of the neonatal heart where the inverse regulation between the alpha 2 and alpha 3 ouabain high affinity isoforms has been reported. This suggests that distinct regulatory mechanisms controlling Na,K-ATPase isoform expression may, at least in part, be involved in the sensitivity to cardiac glycosides.
Effects of oligosaccharide binding on glycogen debranching enzyme activity and conformation (1995)

Glycogen debranching enzyme contains two catalytic activities (4-alpha-glucanotransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase) on its single polypeptide chain, and they are affected differently by the binding of oligosaccharides. Glucose, maltose, and maltotriose are competitive inhibitors of the amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity measured by the hydrolysis of alpha-glucosyl fluoride, whereas saccharides with four or more glucose units are activators of the same activity, showing apparent "uncompetitive" kinetics. This suggests that they do not bind until the alpha-glucosyl fluoride is bound. In either case the potency of the effect increases with the length of the oligosaccharide chain. On the other hand, all oligosaccharides tested (maltose to maltohexaose, alpha-cyclodextrin, and beta-cyclodextrin) are competitive inhibitors of the transferase activity and also cause a decrease in the intrinsic fluorescence, both functions again increased by chain length, thus indicating that these saccharides do bind to the free enzyme. These interesting results can be reconciled if the extended main chain resulting from the transferase reaction has to be reoriented into a different binding mode in order to position the alpha-1,6-linked side-chain glucose into the correct position for the glucosidase reaction. Therefore, activating oligosaccharides behave kinetically as if they had not been previously bound. It is concluded that the main chain of the natural limit dextrin substrate has a different mode of binding for the two catalytic reactions in order to position properly first the maltotetraosyl side chain in the transferase catalytic site and then the glucosyl side chain in the glucosidase catalytic site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implications of Ammonia Production and Emissions from Commercial Poultry Facilities: A Review (2004)

For the poultry industry, concerns about ammonia are multifaceted and include issues of live production performance, animal health, and welfare, and environmental impact. Retail industry marketers, as a component of their evolving animal care audit programs, are issuing guidelines for the control and reduction of ammonia within poultry facilities to address animal welfare concerns. At the same time, pressure is being placed on poultry producers from interested groups and neighbors to reduce ammonia emissions for environmental reasons. Since the current procedure for reducing ammonia levels in houses is to exhaust air as much as possible, this will, in some part, conflict with efforts to reduce ammonia emissions from poultry live production facilities. Research will be needed from the industry and academia to develop methods of reducing nitrogen excreted by poultry, e.g., research in nutrition, genetics, poultry husbandry, and management. Research is needed to improve or develop methods of manure management and treatment that will reduce ammonia emissions. Research is also needed in developing methods of closing the loop, using nitrogen in poultry manures to produce crops that can be fed back to poultry. Importing major quantities of feedstuffs from other regions of the country and depositing manure onto low-productivity pastures or cropland may not be sustainable. Some combination of reducing excess nutrients in manure, alternative uses for these nutrients, shipping excess nutrients back to grain producing areas, or increasing grain production in poultry-producing areas will be required to address environmental concerns and minimize regulatory advances.
Optimization of Low-Loss Al2O3 Waveguide Fabrication for Application in Active Integrated Optical Devices (2006)

In this paper we will present the fabrication and properties of reactively co-sputtered Al2O3 layers, being a very promising host material for active integrated optics applications such as rare- earth ion doped laser devices. The process optimization towards a reactive co-sputtering process, which resulted in stable, target condition-independent deposition of Al2O3 layers with high optical quality will be discussed in detail. The loss value of as- deposited optical waveguides sputtered by the optimized process has been measured. The loss in the near infrared wavelength range was 0.3 dB/cm. Furthermore, Al2O3 material hosts fabricated by sputtering techniques are compatible with Si-based integrated optical technology and allow for uniform deposition over a large substrate area.