gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chip scale package (CSP) "a lightly dressed LSI chip" (2002)

Smallest packages accompanied by excellent testabilities are requested by the industry for both single chip packaging and MCM (Multi Chip Module) application. To meet with the requirements, we designed a new flip-chiplike package. This package has two features. One is the "package" feature, easy to handle, to test and to standardize. The other is the "bare chip" feature, smallest in size, providing highest mount density and enhanced electrical performance. This package is named CSP after these two features. Several process improvements involving material selections have been executed in the package development. In wiring (metallization) process, combinations of metals were studied so that it could serve as sufficient diffusion barrier, while providing oxidation resistivity, good wettability and sufficient dissolution life. The experimental results are explained in this paper. Also, a transfer-bumping technique applied in this package fabrication is discussed focusing on how we controlled the transferabilities. Finally, simulations on the solder joints fatigue life are introduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Role of X Inactivation and Cellular Mosaicism in Women's Health and Sex-Specific Diseases (2006)

Sex-specific manifestations of disease are most often attributed to differences in the reproductive apparatus or in life experiences. However, a good deal of sex differences in health issues have their origins in the genes on the sex chromosomes themselves and in X inactivation-the developmental program that equalizes their expression in males and females. Most females are mosaics, having a mixture of cells expressing either their mother's or father's X-linked genes. Often, cell mosaicism is advantageous, ameliorating the deleterious effects of X-linked mutations and contributing to physiological diversity. As a consequence, most X-linked mutations produce male-only diseases. Yet, in some cases the dynamic interactions between cells in mosaic females lead to female-specific disease manifestations.
Comparison of the performance of direct fluorescent antibody staining, a point-of-care rapid antigen test and virus isolation with that of RT-PCR for the detection of novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus in respiratory specimens (2010)

Although infections with the novel pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus (A/H1N1/2009) appeared to be relatively mild during the first summer of circulation ('off season'), there has been significant morbidity and hospitalization and several fatal cases. Thus, rapid detection of A/H1N1/2009 is crucial for efficient treatment and infection control measures. In contrast to seasonal influenza, where point-of-care (POC) rapid antigen tests and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining ensure rapid detection, diagnosis of A/H1N1/2009 has so far been based on RT-PCR. This study retrospectively compared the performance of the Quidel QuickVue POC test, DFA staining and virus isolation with that of RT-PCR for A/H1N1/2009 detection in 526 respiratory specimens collected during the first wave of the outbreak from May to September 2009. A/H1N1/2009 was detected in 9.1% (48/526) of samples. One hundred and thirty-seven of the A/H1N1/2009 PCR-negative samples were additionally tested using a RealAccurate Respiratory RT-PCR panel, revealing other respiratory viruses (mainly entero/rhino- and adenoviruses) in 42.3% (58/137). All methods analysed detected A/H1N1/2009 with excellent specificity but different sensitivities (POC test: 18.2%; DFA staining: 38.7%; virus isolation: 45.7%). Therefore, the POC test was not suitable for diagnosis, detecting A/H1N1/2009 only if present in high concentrations (corresponding median Ct value=19.0; range=16.5-21.4). DFA staining was also able to detect A/H1N1/2009 in specimens with a lower virus concentration (median Ct value=24.0; range=16.5-29.8). Virus isolation, which was positive after a median time of 7.5 days, was too time-consuming. In summary, DFA staining is superior to POC testing and may be appropriate for patients expected to have a rather high level of virus replication. Nevertheless, in DFA-negative specimens, A/H1N1/2009 should be excluded by RT-PCR.
Optimum Input Leads for Cryogenic Apparatus (1959)

Electrical leads carrying currents into cryogenic apparatus also introduce heat. Even with an ideal Carnot cycle, the mechanical power needed to remove this heat can be one hundred or more times the heat flow itself. If the currents and hence the input leads are heavy, a very sizeable refrigerator may be required. In this article the configuration of the leads which minimizes the influx of heat is derived theoretically, taking variations in thermal and electrical conductivity into account. Graphs are given for the minimum heat flow and optimum cross section of a copper input lead carrying arbitrary current I. The optimum is found to be fairly sharp. If the diameter of the lead differs by a factor of two from the optimum, the influx of heat is increased by over 100%.
Practical Redundant-Via Insertion Method Considering Manufacturing Variability and Reliability (2009)

As the integrated circuit technology has undergone continuous downscaling to improve the LSI performance and reduce chip size, design for manufacturability (DFM) and design for yield (DFY) have become very important. As one of the DFM/DFY methods, a redundant via insertion technique uses as many vias as possible to connect the metal wires between different layers. In this paper, we focus on redundant vias and propose an effective redundant via insertion method for practical use to address the manufacturing variability and reliability concerns. First, the results of statistical analysis for via resistance and via capacitance in some real physical layouts are shown, and the impact on circuit delay of the resistance variation of vias caused by manufacturing variability is clarified. Then, the valuation functions of delay variation, electro-migration (EM), and stress-migration (SM) are defined and a practical method concerning redundant via insertion is proposed. Experimental results show that LSI with redundant vias inserted by our method robust against manufacturing variability and reliability problems.
The structure and function of immunoglobulin domains: studies with beta-2-microglobulin on the role of the intrachain disulfide bond. (1975)

Beta-Microglobulin, a low-molecular-weight protein structurally related to the homology regions of immunoglobulins, has been used to study the role of the intrachain disulfide bond in the unfolding of immunoglobulin domains. The intact protein could be reversibly unfolded in guanidine hydrochloride, as judged by circular dichroism and optical rotation. Similarly, reoxidation of the reduced protein, during transfer from high concentrations of guanidine to neutral aqueous buffer, yielded a product with spectral characteristics typical of the native protein. However, if the free SH groups were prevented from reoxidizing either by chemical modification or by holding them in the reduced state, the molecule appeared to be in the randomly coiled state even under conditions where the intact protein is in the native conformation, judged on the basis of chiroptical measurements. The complement-fixing activity exhibited by native beta-2-microglobulin was retained by the reduced and alkylated derivative, suggesting that the site may be formed from a linear array of amino acids. We suggest a model for the folding of beta-2-microglobulin (and immunoglobulin domains) in which one of the early folding events results in disulfide bond formation, the latter being an obligatory step for continued folding to the native state.
Microwave sources of pure phase and amplitude-modulated signals (2012)

This work describes various techniques for generation of pure phase and amplitude modulated signals at microwave frequencies. It presents experimental study of a microwave phase modulator with spurious amplitude modulation of the order of 1 ppm.
Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Interaction with Gases:  Sample Contaminants and Environmental Monitoring (2003)

Here, we show that residual contaminants in purified single-wall carbon nanotube bundles may be responsible for the reported sensitivity of the electronic and transport properties to oxygen. Removal of these contaminants makes the electronic spectra insensitive to O(2), CO, H(2)O, and N(2), while a strong sensitivity to NO(2), SO(2), and NH(3) is observed, confirming the possible application of single-wall nanotubes as powerful sensors capable of measuring environmentally significant levels of toxic gases.
Guide shapes for high resolution naturalistic liquid simulation (2011)

Art direction of high resolution naturalistic liquid simulations is notoriously hard, due to both the chaotic nature of the physics and the computational resources required. Resimulating a scene at higher resolution often produces very different results, and is too expensive to allow many design cycles. We present a method of constraining or guiding a high resolution liquid simulation to stay close to a finalized low resolution version (either simulated or directly animated), restricting the solve to a thin outer shell of liquid around a guide shape. Our method is generally faster than an unconstrained simulation and can be integrated with a standard fluid simulator. We demonstrate several applications, with both simulated and hand-animated inputs.
Sunitinib: From Rational Design to Clinical Efficacy (2007)

Sunitinib (SU011248) is an oral small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitor that exhibits potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as SU6668 and SU5416 (semaxanib) demonstrated poor pharmacologic properties and limited efficacy; therefore, sunitinib was rationally designed and chosen for its high bioavailability and its nanomolar-range potency against the antiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)--vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Sunitinib inhibits other tyrosine kinases including, KIT, FLT3, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), and RET, which are involved in a number of malignancies including small-cell lung cancer, GI stromal tumors (GISTs), breast cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia, multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Sunitinib demonstrated robust antitumor activity in preclinical studies resulting not only in tumor growth inhibition, but tumor regression in models of colon cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, renal carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, which were associated with inhibition of VEGFR and PDGFR phosphorylation. Clinical activity was demonstrated in neuroendocrine, colon, and breast cancers in phase II studies, whereas definitive efficacy has been demonstrated in advanced renal cell carcinoma and in imatinib-refractory GISTs, leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval of sunitinib for treatment of these two diseases. Studies investigating sunitinib alone in various tumor types and in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. The clinical benchmarking of this small-molecule inhibitor of members of the split-kinase domain family of RTKs will lead to additional insights regarding the biology, potential biomarkers, and clinical utility of agents that target multiple signaling pathways in tumor, stromal, and endothelial compartments.
Impurity effect on grown-in dislocation density of InP and GaAs crystals (1978)

Dislocation-free InP and GaAs crystals have been grown by liquid encapsulation by means of an ’’impurity doping’’ procedure. It was found that grown-in dislocations were diminished when the crystals were pulled from melts to which certain kinds of impurities were added. The impurity effect on grown-in dislocation density was examined for Zn, S, and Te in InP, and Zn, S, Te, Al, and N in GaAs. It was found that these impurities were effective for reducing the grown-in dislocation density, except for Zn in GaAs. The effectiveness of impurities for reducing the dislocation density of the crystals was ascribed to the strength of the bonds formed between the substitutional impurity atoms and host crystal atoms surrounding the impurity atoms. The anomaly of Zn in GaAs was presumed to originate from the interstitial Zn.
Novel Silicon‐Based Patchouli Odorants of the Trialkyl(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)silane Type: Design, Synthesis, and Olfactory Properties (2010)

tert-Butyl(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)dimethylsilane (5), a sila-substituted seco derivative of the recently reported patchouli lead structure (4aR*,8aR*)-1,1,8a-trimethyldecahydronaphthalene-4a-ol (4), and a number of related trialkyl(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)silanes and further derivatives, compounds 8-24, with different silicon-bound substituents (Me, Et, iPr, cPr, tBu, iBu, cPent, vinyl, SiMe(3)) were synthesized and studied for their olfactory properties. All of the silanes studied exhibit at least one of the main patchouli odor descriptors 'woody,' 'earthy,' and 'camphoraceous,' and some even exhibit all of them. The silanes MeR(2)SiC(OH)Me(2) (12) and R(3)SiC(OH)Me(2) (14) (R=cyclopropyl) were found to resemble natural patchouli oil most closely, with an even lower odor threshold than the natural lead structure (-)-patchoulol (1). To complete this structure-odor relationship study, the carbon analogues of 12 and 14 (Si/C exchange) were also prepared and characterized. Although they show similar olfactory properties to the silanes 12 and 14, the synthesis of the corresponding carbon analogues is far less straightforward than that of the silicon compounds, and only silanes 12 and 14 can be economically produced industrially.
Massenspektrometrisches Verfahren zur Charakterisierung der Ölverdampfung im Brennraum von Ottomotoren (2009)

Die Emission von Kohlenwasserstoffen aus KFZ-Motoren ist dank der Optimierung des Verbrennungsprozesses so gering, dass jetzt der Ölemission eine größere Bedeutung zukommt. Das Schmieröl wird von den Kolbenringen als dünner Film auf die Zylinderwand aufgetragen. Die hochdynamischen Druck- und Temperaturänderungen im Zylinder bewirken, dass ein Teil des Öls verdampft und zusammen mit dem Abgas den Motor verlässt. Die Charakterisierung dieses Prozesses erfordert ein zeitlich hoch aufgelöstes Messverfahren,bei dem zwischen Öl und Kraftstoff unterschieden werden kann. Ausgehend von einem schnellen massenspektrometrischen System zur Bestimmung des Schmieröls im Abgas wird hier die Messung der Ölkonzentration direkt im Brennraum durchgeführt. Der Gastransfer durch eine Kapillare in das Vakuum des Analysators wird durch die starken Druck- und Temperaturgradienten des Verbrennungsprozesses gestört. Als Folge der unterschiedlichen Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeiten von Druck und Gas kann es zur Überlagerung mit Druckwellen, zur Umkehr der Strömungsrichtung und als Folge davon zur Verfälschung der zeitlichen Zuordnung der Messsignale kommen. Diese Phänomene sind mithilfe von Messungen untersucht und mit strömungsmechanischen Berechnungen des vollständigen Gaspfades simuliert worden. Als Ergebnis ist ein spezielles Einlasssystem mit vier Druckstufen und optimiertem kontinuierlichen Gastransport entwickelt worden. Die Korrektur der zeitlichen Zuordnung der Messsignale wird mit einem neu entwickelten Verfahren mithilfe eines genetischen Algorithmus auf Basis von Messdaten und einem Verbrennungsmodell durchgeführt. Damit können zum einen der Öldampf im Brennraum sowie zum anderen die Reaktionspartner und -produkte der Verbrennung mit einer Anstiegszeit von 2,5 ms im gesamten Kennfeld eines Ottomotors gemessen werden. Zur Validierung des neuen Messverfahrens werden die Ergebnisse der Ölemission im Abgaskrümmer mit den integralen Ergebnissen der Brennraummessung verglichen, wobei sich ähnliche Abhängigkeiten von Drehzahl, Drehmoment und Kühlwassertemperatur ergeben. Durch die zeitlich hoch aufgelöste Messung werden die maßgeblichen Beiträge zur Ölemission in der Expansions- und Ausschiebephase ermittelt. Das wird tendenziell durch parallel durchgeführte Ölverbrauchs-Simulationsberechnungen bestätigt. Mit dem neuen Messsystem lassen sich die Entstehungsmechanismen der Ölemission genauer beobachten. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse fließen zum einen zur Steigerung der Vorhersagegenauigkeit in die Programmierung von Simulationssoftware ein, zum anderen werden sie zur gezielten Entwicklung von Motoren und Schmierölen und damit zur Minimierung der Ölemission genutzt.
A variable-level automated defect identification model based on machine learning (2019)

Static analysis tools, automatically detecting potential source code defects at an early phase during the software development process, are diffusely applied in safety-critical software fields. However, alarms reported by the tools need to be inspected manually by developers, which is inevitable and costly, whereas a large proportion of them are found to be false positives. Aiming at automatically classifying the reported alarms into true defects and false positives, we propose a defect identification model based on machine learning. We design a set of novel features at variable level, called variable characteristics, for building the classification model, which is more fine-grained than the existing traditional features. We select 13 base classifiers and two ensemble learning methods for model building based on our proposed approach, and the reported alarms classified as unactionable (false positives) are pruned for the purpose of mitigating the effort of manual inspection. In this paper, we firstly evaluate the approach on four open-source C projects, and the classification results show that the proposed model achieves high performance and reliability in practice. Then, we conduct a baseline experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed model in contrast to traditional features, indicating that features at variable level improve the performance significantly in defect identification. Additionally, we use machine learning techniques to rank the variable characteristics in order to identify the contribution of each feature to our proposed model.
Lasers in Space Technological Options for Enhancing US Military Capabilities (1997)

Abstract : The emerging importance of space-based systems is matched by the maturing of laser technology, giving a potential synergy to enhance military capability. For example, global awareness is one of the AF goals to give the US military the competitive advantage in future conflicts. Obtaining global awareness requires a tremendous amount of information being acquired and transferred over vast distances. Space-based laser communication satellites offer the potential of greatly increased data rates, which is just one example of how lasers in space could significantly improve US military capabilities. Recent strategic planning studies have identified various concepts for lasers in space, including both laser weapons and collateral applications such as communication and remote sensing. Four functional classes of systems (enabling, information-gathering, information-relaying, and energy delivery) serve to organize the various concepts and relate them to the new AF core competencies as well as the traditional AF roles. This study analyzes these concepts, scoring them for technical feasibility, technical maturity, operational enhancement and operational cost. The most promising concepts include space-based laser target designation, space-based battlefield illumination, laser communication, and active remote sensing for battle damage assessment and weather characterization. Several strategies can accelerate the development of space-based laser systems, such as using the new AF battlelabs and advanced technology demonstrations.
Real-time identification of road-bank angle using differential GPS (2004)

This brief presents a new approach to identify road-bank angle in real time using differential global positioning system (GPS)-based measurements. In the proposed approach, unknown vehicle parametric variations are decoupled from road-bank angle information by appropriate identification-oriented parameterization of the lumped disturbance. Three alternative estimation approaches are then developed using the parameterized model for real-time bank angle identification. These include a parameter identification algorithm for linear systems, an adaptive observer and a disturbance observer combined with an adaptive gradient law. The estimators are augmented with intuitive projection algorithms in order to enhance the efficacy of the algorithms. The performance and accuracy of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by both numerical simulation and experimental results. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the three estimation algorithms are described.
SB 203580 Inhibits p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Nitric Oxide Production, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Bovine Cartilage-Derived Chondrocytes (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in a number of inflammatory processes and is an important mediator in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and in in vitro models of cartilage degradation. The pyridinyl imidazole SB 203580 inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in vitro, blocks proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro and in vivo, and is effective in animal models of arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SB 203580 could inhibit p38 MAP kinase activity, NO production, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in IL-1 stimulated bovine articular cartilage/chondrocyte cultures. The results indicated that SB 203580 inhibited both IL-1 stimulated p38 MAP kinase activity in isolated chondrocytes and NO production in bovine chondrocytes and cartilage explants with an IC50 value of approximately 1 microM. To inhibit NO production, SB 203580 had to be present in cartilage explant cultures during the first 8 h of IL-1 stimulation, and activity was lost when it was added 24 h following IL-1. SB 203580 did not inhibit iNOS activity, as measured by the conversion of arginine to citrulline, when added directly to cultures where the enzyme had already been induced, but had to be present during the induction period. Using a 372-bp probe for bovine iNOS we demonstrated inhibition of IL-1-induced mRNA by SB 203580 at both 4 and 24 h following IL-1 treatment. The iNOS mRNA levels were consistent with NO levels in 24-h cell culture supernatants of the IL-1-stimulated bovine chondrocytes used to obtain the RNA.
In Vivo Imaging of Human Cholinergic Nerve Terminals with (–)-5-<sup>18</sup>F-Fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol: Biodistribution, Dosimetry, and Tracer Kinetic Analyses (2014)

(18)F-FEOBV PET confirms that the tracer binds to VAChT with the expected in vivo human brain distribution. Both reference tissue modeling and late static scanning approaches provide a robust index of VAChT binding.
A CMOS logarithmic IF amplifier with unbalanced source-coupled pairs (1993)

A CMOS logarithmic intermediate-frequency (IF) amplifier that is applied to mobile telecommunications equipment is presented. The CMOS logarithmic IF amplifier has pseudologarithmic rectifiers made from parallel-connecting full-wave rectifiers, consisting of unbalanced source-coupled pairs with the cross-coupled input stage and parallel-connected output stage. A +or-3-dB logarithmic accuracy, a 90-dB input dynamic range, and a -30 to 80 degrees C operating temperature range were achieved with the 1.3- mu m double-polysilicon n-well CMOS process. Typical power consumption by the logarithmic IF amplifier in the fabricated CMOS LSI was 5.5 mW. The block area for the logarithmic IF amplifier was 0.8 mm/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>