gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasmid-Encoded Toxin of Enteroaggregative <i>Escherichia coli</i> is Internalized by Epithelial Cells (2001)

We have previously described a 104-kDa protein termed Pet (for plasmid-encoded toxin) secreted by some strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). Through an unknown mechanism, this toxin (i) raises transepithelial short-circuit current (Isc) and decreases the electrical resistance of rat jejunum mounted in the Ussing chamber, (ii) causes cytoskeletal alterations in HEp-2 cells and HT29/C1 cells, and (iii) is required for histopathologic effects of EAEC on human intestinal mucosa. Pet is a member of the autotransporter class of secreted proteins and together with Tsh, EspP, EspC, ShMu, and SepA proteins comprises the SPATE subfamily. Here, we show that Pet is internalized by HEp-2 cells and that internalization appears to be required for the induction of cytopathic effects. Evidence supporting Pet internalization includes the facts that (i) the effects of Pet on epithelial cells were inhibited by brefeldin A, which interferes with various steps of intracellular vesicular transport; (ii) immunoblots using anti-Pet antibodies detected Pet in the cytoplasmic fraction of intoxicated HEp-2 cells; (iii) Pet was detected inside HEp-2 cells by confocal microscopy; and (iv) a mutant in the passenger domain cleavage site, which prevents Pet release from the bacterial outer membrane, did not produce cytopathic effects on epithelial cells, whereas the release of mutant Pet from the outer membrane with trypsin yielded active toxin. We have also shown that the Pet serine protease motif is required to produce cytopathic effects but not for Pet secretion. Our results suggest an intracellular mode of action for the Pet protease and are consistent with we our recent report suggesting an intracellular mode of action for Pet.
Installation of a subsurface groundwater treatment wall composed of granular zero-valent iron (1995)

A subsurface treatment wan (consisting of granular, zero-valent iron and gravel) and low-permeability slurry wall system was installed as the final remedy at a former semiconductor manufacturing facility in the south San Francisco Bay area. The property has been vacant since 1983, and the former facility`s lease recently expired. This treatment wall replaced a groundwater pump and treat system that was installed as an interim remedy in 1987. While the pump and treat system may have been acceptable to regulatory agencies as a final site remedy, the treatment wall was proposed and eventually selected as the final remedy because it would eliminate above-ground treatment systems on the property and thereby have little to no effect on the property`s future use; it would eliminate the necessity for weekly operation and maintenance and therefore avoid access issues that might arise after the tenant`s lease expired; and it would greatly reduce total remediation costs.
Modelling of gas flow through metallic foams (2003)

The transport and distribution of gases (hydrogen at the anode and air at the cathode) and water over the front surfaces of the electrodes in contact with electrolyte membrane are of great importance for the enhancement of efficiency of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). The use of metallic foam as a flow distributor in comparison with grooved plate (formed by parallel channels) commonly used in commercial fuel cells may be advantageous since this porous material has a porosity close to unity and then high specific surface area. In fact, the potentially active surface area is generally considered to be almost equal to the front surface area of the electrodes. In order to ensure a homogeneous flow distribution all over the active surface of such devices, a good understanding of gas flow through these particular porous media is necessary. For that purpose, studying of two-phase flow (oxygen, hydrogen and water) through metallic foams must be undertaken. This is carried out in the present work but, in a first step, only for single-phase flow, since the behaviour of two-phase flow derives from the first one. Novels hydraulic models have then been developed in the literature these last years. However, these models do not take into account the viscous dissipation of the flow along the walls bordering the porous media. Unfortunately, metallic foam used as distributors in fuel cell have thigh thickness (of the order of the millimeter), that shedding a doubt on the validity of the latter assumption. In this paper, we review the different hydraulic models in order to discuss the relevance and the limits of each to describe single-phase flow through foams which could be used as distributor in a fuel cell. For that purpose, numerical solutions obtained using modified MC3D-REPO package originally developed for the modelling of multicomponent two-phase flows in granular porous media have been compared to experimental data measured on a dedicated hydraulic device. This has been performed only for a single gas flow since results will induce the modelling of the actual gas-water flow in foams. (O.M.)
Tilted post arrays for separating long DNA (2014)

Recent simulations by Chen and Dorfman [Electrophoresis 35, 405-411 (2014)] suggested that "tilting" the electric field with respect to the lattice vectors of a hexagonal post array would lead to a substantial improvement in electrophoretic DNA separations therein. We constructed such an array where the electric field is applied at an angle equidistant between the two lattice vectors. This tilted array leads to (i) baseline resolution of 20 kbp DNA and λ DNA (48.5 kbp) in a 4 mm channel and (ii) measurable separation resolutions for electric fields up to 50 V/cm, both of which are improvements over untilted post arrays of the same post density. The predicted time required to reach a resolution of unity is approximately 5 min, independent of electric field. The separations are more reproducible at higher fields.
Immobilization of a Binuclear Ruthenium(III) Complex on a Gold (111) Surface: Observations of Proton-coupled Electron Transfer and Electrochemical Durability in Aqueous Media (2006)

Abstract An oxo-bridged diruthenium(III) complex was immobilized on a Au(111) electrode through the coordination by terminal pyridyl groups of self-assembled monolayer of alkyl chains, and the immobilized complex underwent proton-coupled electron-transfer reactions in a very wide pH range (2–12) with remarkable monolayer durability for multiple potential cycles.
Role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in asthma (2005)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immunologic regulator that is expressed in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. We investigated MIF's role in asthma using genetic approaches in a mouse model and in a cohort of asthma patients. Mice genetically deficient in MIF that were primed and aerosol-challenged with ovalbumin showed less pulmonary inflammation and lower airway hyperresponsiveness than genetically matched, wild-type controls. MIF deficiency also resulted in lower titers of specific IgE, IgG(1), and IgG(2a), and decreased pulmonary, T(H)2 cytokine levels. IL-5 concentrations were lower and corresponded to decreased eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. T cell studies also showed a lower level of antigen-specific responses in MIF-KO versus wild-type mice. In an analysis of 151 white patients with mild, moderate, or severe asthma (Global Initiative for Asthma criteria), a significant association was found between mild asthma and the low-expression, 5-CATT MIF allele. Pharmacologic inhibition of MIF may be beneficial and could be guided by the MIF genotype of affected individuals.
Search for multiphoton-induced inner-shell excitations (1989)

Photon-counting experiments have been conducted to test the conjecture that at sufficiently high laser irradiance, atomic inner-shell excitations can be induced by laser-driven outer-shell oscillations. Using KrF light at an irradiance \ensuremath{\approxeq}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ on low-density noble-gas targets, we detect no prompt photons which are characteristic of inner-shell processes.
Video based fire detection at night (2009)

There has been increasing interest in the study of video based fire detection as video based surveillance systems become widely available for indoor and outdoor monitoring applications. Video based fire detection methods in computer vision literature do not take into account whether the fire takes place in the day time or at night. A novel method explicitly developed for video based detection of fire at night (in the dark) is presented in this paper. The method comprises three sub-algorithms each of which characterizes certain part of fire at night. Individual decisions of the sub-algorithms are combined together using a least-mean-square based decision fusion approach.
Fast Live Cloning of Virtual Machine Based on Xen (2009)

Virtual Machine (VM) cloning is to create a replica of a source virtual machine (parent virtual machine); the replica, also called child virtual machine, owns exactly the same executing status as parent virtual machine. Fast live cloning guarantees that, during the period of cloning, the services running on the parent virtual machine observe no performance degradation. There are three important goals for fast live cloning: reducing the total cloning time, minimizing the suspension time of the parent virtual machine, and maximizing resource sharing between the parent virtual machine and the child virtual machine. This paper exploits Copy-on-Write (CoW) mechanism fully to minimize the time of duplicating active main memory and secondary storage of the parent virtual machine. As a result, out experiments show that the total cloning time of a virtual machine on Xen virtual machine monitor can be confined within several hundred milliseconds and the downtime of parent virtual machine is limited to tens of milliseconds, close to VMM’s scheduling interval. Experiments also show that the parent virtual machine highly shares memory with the child virtual machine as long as both virtual machines continue executing the same applications.
Measurement analysis of spatial and temporal correlation in wideband radio channels with adaptive antenna array (2002)

This paper investigates the spatial and temporal correlation by measurements of an 8-element adaptive antenna array. The channel measurement data is gathered at a 2.154 GHz range outdoor radio channel. The measurement analysis is divided into three different categories: investigation of spatial correlation between antenna elements at the base station (BS), spatial correlation of different mobile station (MS) locations and temporal correlation of the different multipath components. Also the differences in the correlation coefficient functions by using the complex-valued taps instead of the magnitude-valued taps are studied at the BS. The measurement analysis reveals that signals strongly correlate in the nearby BS antenna elements. However, at the different MS locations uncorrelated signals can be received when the physical separation is larger than half a wavelength. The multipath components in the impulse response profile become temporally uncorrelated after the excess delay values of 50 ns.
Dye-Containing Polymer Beads as Photonic Crystals (2000)

Monodisperse PMMA beads of a size varying between 200 and 400 nm have been prepared by a modified emulsion polymerization technique. These beads sediment well on substrates to form 3-dimensional face-centered cubic packages. This method allows it to cover large glass substrates (area up to 10 × 10 cm) with an opalescent layer of the beads thus creating films with opaline structure, which can be used as photonic crystals. Choosing PMMA as the material of the beads brings several advantages, e.g., the PMMA photonic films can be precisely patterned by e-beam lithography with the feature resolution down to one bead in width and various fluorescent dyes can be incorporated in PMMA balls. Dye-impregnated PMMA opaline photonic films demonstrate the incomplete photonic band gap structure and related modification of dye photoluminescence spectrum.
Come back all is forgiven (1989)

What do flared trousers, a former Government minister and a dozen eggs have [Illegible word] Common?
SiC MISFETs with MBE-grown AlN Gate Dielectric (2000)

Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MISFETs) with ion implanted source and drain junctions have been made in 6H silicon carbide (SiC). Aluminum nitride (AlN) was used as the insulating gate dielectric, and was grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Gate controlled transistor operation was shown with an inversion layer mobility of 10-20 cm2/Vs. However, due to relaxation of the AlN film, the gate leakage was excessive, which precluded a thorough investigation of the transistor characteristics. This paper describes the manufacturing process and current voltage characteristics, and an improved process sequence is also proposed.
Identification of two protease inhibitors from bovine cardiac muscle. (1978)

Low salt extracts from homogenates of bovine cardiac muscle contain two protease inhibitors, one specific for the calcium-activated protease from this tissue and the other for trypsin and chymotrypsin, but no other serine proteases, including plasmin, thrombin, and subtilisin. The former, which can be separated from the protease by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, is a protein with a molecular weight of 270,000. Its action is not based on the sequestering of calcium, and it is present in large excess over the amount of calcium-activated protease in this tissue. The trypsin inhibitor, which has a molecular weight of 70,000, is estimated to be present at approximately 300 microgram/g, wet weight, of tissue. The identification of inhibitors such as these in the cytoplasm may explain why nonlysosomal proteolytic activity has been thought to be insignificant in the overall turnover of intracellular protein and suggests that a re-evaluation of this possibility is necessary.
The utility business model and the future of computing services (2004)

The utility business model is shaped by a number of characteristics that are typical in public services: users consider the service a necessity, high reliability of service is critical, the ability to fully utilize capacity is limited, and services are scalable and benefit from economies of scale. This paper examines the utility business model and its future role in the provision of computing services.
Size Controlled Synthesis of Starch Nanoparticles by a Microemulsion Method (2014)

Controllable particles sizes of starch nanoparticles were synthesized via a precipitation in water‐in‐oil microemulsion approach. Microemulsion method offers the advantages of ultralow interfacial tension, large interfacial area, and being thermodynamically stable and affords monodispersed nanoparticles. The synthesis parameters such as stirring rates, ratios of oil/cosurfactant, oil phases, cosurfactants, and ratios of water/oil were found to affect the mean particle size of starch nanoparticles. Starch nanoparticles with mean particles sizes of 109 nm were synthesized by direct nanoprecipitation method, whereas by using precipitation in microemulsion approach, starch nanoparticles with smaller mean particles sizes of 83 nm were obtained.
Comparative and functional genomic analyses of the pathogenicity of phytopathogen<i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>pv.<i>campestris</i> (2005)

Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (Xcc) is the causative agent of crucifer black rot disease, which causes severe losses in agricultural yield world-wide. This bacterium is a model organism for studying plant-bacteria interactions. We sequenced the complete genome of Xcc 8004 (5,148,708 bp), which is highly conserved relative to that of Xcc ATCC 33913. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that, in addition to a significant genomic-scale rearrangement cross the replication axis between two IS1478 elements, loss and acquisition of blocks of genes, rather than point mutations, constitute the main genetic variation between the two Xcc strains. Screening of a high-density transposon insertional mutant library (16,512 clones) of Xcc 8004 against a host plant (Brassica oleraceae) identified 75 nonredundant, single-copy insertions in protein-coding sequences (CDSs) and intergenic regions. In addition to known virulence factors, full virulence was found to require several additional metabolic pathways and regulatory systems, such as fatty acid degradation, type IV secretion system, cell signaling, and amino acids and nucleotide metabolism. Among the identified pathogenicity-related genes, three of unknown function were found in Xcc 8004-specific chromosomal segments, revealing a direct correlation between genomic dynamics and Xcc virulence. The present combination of comparative and functional genomic analyses provides valuable information about the genetic basis of Xcc pathogenicity, which may offer novel insight toward the development of efficient methods for prevention of this important plant disease.
A radical-partitioned neural network system using a modified Sigmoid function and a weight-dotted radical selector for large-volume Chinese characters recognition VLSI (1994)

This paper presents a radical-partitioned neural network system using a modified sigmoid function and a weight-dotted radical selector for a large-volume Chinese characters recognition VLSI. With a modified sigmoid function and the weight-dotted radical selector, the recognition rate of 1000 radical-partitioned Chinese characters can be enhanced to 90% from 70% for the input samples with 15% random errors as compared to the system without it.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inner and Outer Eye Corners Detection for Facial Features Extraction Based on CTGF Algorithm (2011)

This paper proposes a novel inner and outer eye corners detection method, which inosculates corner, regional texture and gray information, called CTGF algorithm. It utilizes corner detector to determine the candidate points of eye corners, such as Harris. Next, the region texture information is obtained through polar coordinate integral, in order to locate the exactly positions of eye corners among the candidate points. The CTGF algorithm provides a precise and reliable facial feature for many computer vision applications and the robustness and accuracy are demonstrated in experiments.
Preparation Techniques of Small Sample Sizes for Sulphur and Indirect Total Glucosinolate Analysis in <i>Brassica</i> Seeds by X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (1993)

Abstract Two new preparation techniques for Brassica seeds are introduced, which enable the determination of total sulphur concentrations and indirectly the total glucosinolate concentrations in small sample sizes and single seeds by means of X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Small sample sizes, down to 250 mg, are milled in peppermill type grinders and prepared as thin layers in liquid cuvettes. Single seeds are embedded by means of a sulphur free glue based on acetylated glucose in wax tablets and cut into halves. Measurement and calibration for small sample sizes are in accordance with the rules for the original X‐RF method. In case of single seeds the area of the cut surface need to be estimated and the collected S‐Kα intensities corrected for the active fluorescent area of the standard reference materials.
Protection Against Peroxynitrite-Dependent Tyrosine Nitration and α<sub>1</sub>-Antiproteinase Inactivation by Ascorbic Acid. A Comparison with other Biological Antioxidants (1996)

Peroxynitrite, formed by reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide, appears to be an important tissue-damaging species generated at sites of inflammation. In this paper, we compare the abilities of several biological antioxidants to protect against peroxynitrite-dependent inactivation of alpha 1-antiproteinase, and to inhibit tyrosine nitration upon addition of peroxynitrite. GSH and ascorbate protected efficiently in both systems. Uric acid inhibited tyrosine nitration but not alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation. The possibility that ascorbic acid is an important scavenger of reactive nitrogen species in vivo is discussed.
Growth of RhGa on GaAs (001) in a molecular beam epitaxy system (1988)

Thin films of RhGa were grown on GaAs(001) in a molecular beam epitaxy system, by codeposition of rhodium and gallium from separated sources. The RhGa/GaAs contact is stable at least up to 550 °C and the film resistivity is low enough ( ρ≂36 μΩ cm) to allow applications in microelectronics. In spite of high linear misfits, the as-deposited RhGa films exhibit the two following epitaxial arrangements related by a 90° rotation: [100](011)RhGa//[110](001)GaAs and [100](011)RhGa//[11̄0](001)GaAs. After annealing at 550 °C, only one arrangement is observed.
Recent trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality (2002)

Breast cancer accounts for one-third of cancer diagnoses and 15% of cancer deaths in U.S. women. Its 192,000 cases and 40,000 deaths in 2001 make it the most common incident cancer (excluding superficial skin cancers) and second leading cause of cancer death. Over one-half of the 300,000 breast cancer deaths worldwide in 1990 (the latest year with such data) occurred in developed countries, but annual mortality rates ranged from 27/100,000 women in northern Europe to 4/100,000 women in Asia. Incidence data are less complete, although 1988-1992 rates varied threefold: low in Asia, intermediate in South America and Eastern Europe, and high in North America and Western Europe. Migrant studies suggest that lifestyle factors largely explain these international differences. U.S. incidence rates are generally 20%-40% higher in white women than in non-white women, but are higher in young (under age 40) black women than in young white women. Incidence rates rose in the 1970s, leveled off in the 1990s, and are declining for young women. Women in some areas of the northeast U.S. have twofold higher mortality than that of other U.S. women, but reproductive and socioeconomic characteristics explain much of that difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, mortality rates held steady in developed countries but rose in developing countries. Since 1987 mortality rates fell by 25% as a result of earlier detection and improved treatment. Age-period-cohort analyses indicate that changes in recognized risk factors may affect mortality patterns. Continued analysis of international and intranational trends may reveal targets for multidisciplinary intervention and prevention efforts.