gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of graft copolymers from autoxidized polystyrene derivatives (1955)

Abstract Experiments on the low temperature autoxidation of polystyrene and several alkylated derivatives of polystyrene in solution are presented. Whereas the benzoyl peroxide catalyzed oxidation of polystyrene in isopropyl benzene proceeds extremely slowly, the oxidation of a partially isopropylated polystyrene readily yields a stable polymeric hydroperoxide containing up to 3.5 hydroperoxide groups per 100 monomeric units. The repressed oxidizability of polystyrene as contrasted with isopropyl benzene or isopropylated polystyrene is suggested to arise from a steric inhibition of resonance. Experiments on the bulk polymerization of vinyl monomers using polymeric hydroperoxides are described, and the results compared with vinyl polymerization initiated by cumene hydroperoxide. The preparation of a graft copolymer by the redox‐emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate using an isopropylated polystyrene hydroperoxide is described.
4,7-Dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline:  An Excellent Ligand for the Cu-Catalyzed <i>N</i>-Arylation of Imidazoles (2006)

[reaction: see text] 4,7-Dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline (L) was found to be an efficient ligand for the copper-catalyzed N-arylation of imidazole with aryl iodides and bromides under mild conditions. A variety of hindered and functionalized imidazoles and aryl halides were transformed in good to excellent yields.
<title>Use of a priori knowledge for character recognition</title> (1992)

Research and applications in recognition of machine-printed characters have been active for more than 30 years. It is believed to be a solved problem when the quality of the text is acceptable (minimum fragmented or touching characters). However, when characters are broken or touching, character segmentation still poses a challenge in machine reading. Yet, humans are capable of recognizing very degraded characters with and without context. This paper presents a system for recognizing degraded machine-printed characters. This system relies on a priori knowledge of character shapes. Because classification performance is strongly dependent on the input feature set, this paper focuses on the creation of features from curvature estimation. A set of `clean'' characters from multiple fonts was used to emphasize our belief that a set of clean characters can be used to build an inference engine to recognize noisy characters. The word `noisy'' is used in the generic sense to indicate variations not found in the training set, such as shape variation of new fonts, or broken and touching characters. In addition, we present some concepts on the design of an inference engine that can recognize very degraded images. The inference engine is an assembly of networks (neural and knowledge-based) in which each network stores a flexible representation of a character. The topological features used allow approximate matching for position, direction, curvature, and piecewise incomplete stroke. An image begins to be recognized as soon as some features are detected. Excited networks help to focus attention on uncovering, reinforcing, or ignoring neighboring features. Ultimately, the networks activities are stabilized, and the output consists of a ranked list of possible candidates.
Effects of Oxygen-Releasing Materials on Aerobic Bacterial Degradation Processes (1997)

Abstract The aerobic microbial degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) and phenol was examined under oxygen-limiting conditions in the presence of three known oxygen-releasing materials: (1) polyvinylidene chloride-encapsulated sodium percarbonate; (2) REGENESIS oxygen-releasing compound (magnesium peroxide); and (3) PermeOx® solid peroxygen (calcium peroxide). The degradation of PNP or phenol in buffered solutions was measured in 40-mL reaction chambers containing 25 to 300 mg of oxygen-releasing materials in the presence of immobilized chemical-degrading bacteria. Radiometric studies were used to determine total chemical mineralization and material balances of 14C-residues. Degradation of PNP and phenol increased in proportion to both the supplemented amount and the relative oxygen content of each oxygen-releasing material. Comparison of actual to theoretical degradation, based on stoichiometry of balanced equations for mineralization, showed that chemical uptake (primary degradation) at lower concentrations of oxygen-releasing materials was two-fold higher than could be mineralized theoretically. Radiometric studies confirmed the relationships between chemical uptake, cellular 14C-residues, mineralization, and the concentration of oxygen-releasing material. Further studies with PermeOx(identified supplementation levels required to support aerobic bacterial mineralization of PNP and phenol at levels similar to those of aerobic controls. These results show how the concentration of oxygen-releasing materials affects the rate and extent of aerobic chemical under oxygen-limiting conditions.
An anatomically based regionally adaptive prior for MAP reconstruction in emission tomography (2007)

The boundary information derived from anatomical images can be incorporated into maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction algorithms to improve the quality of reconstructed images in positron emission tomography (PET). However, challenges arise from mismatches between anatomical (CT) and functional (PET) images which are unavoidable in practice. The aim of this study is to devise a new approach to incorporating anatomical knowledge into emission tomographic reconstruction which is robust to the mismatches while still improving the quality of reconstructed PET images. An anatomically based regionally adaptive regularization MAP (RMAP) is presented. The anatomical knowledge is introduced by labeling the current estimate of the PET image with different anatomical regions derived from the corresponding CT image. An intensity selective non-convex prior is used to model the local smoothness properties adaptively in each anatomical region. The regionally adaptive priors are then combined to form a prior in the Bayesian formulation for the next iteration in the reconstruction. Simulated results show that the proposed algorithm yielded superior lesion contrast recovery, bias- variance tradeoff and robustness to the mismatches between anatomical and functional images compared with MAP with a conventional non-convex prior and MAP with anatomical prior.
Penetration depths inferred from interferometric volume decorrelation observed over the Greenland Ice Sheet (2000)

Radar interferometry provides a novel way to study the subsurface of glaciers: interferometric correlation. Since the two complex images that comprise the interferogram have slightly different incidence angles at each point on the ground, a decorrelating phase noise, with statistics related to the scattering medium, is present in the interferogram. The amount of "surface" decorrelation is increased by volume scatter. The larger the vertical extent of the scatterers contributing to the radar echo, the greater the decorrelation will be. By modeling this effect, the authors can estimate radio wave penetration depths within the upper layers of the glacier or ice sheet. Observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet using ERS data yield penetration depths (one-way, 1/e point for power) that range from 12 to 35 m. Due to the contribution of volume scatter, the critical interferometer baseline is decreased, and the authors find for the Greenland data, the baseline must be restricted to be less than 300 m. The authors also compare penetration depths measured within the dry snow zone with those found in the percolation zone and coastal areas. They find that as expected, the rocky coastal areas evidence minimal penetration. Interestingly, the penetration depths that the authors measure in the percolation zone, /spl sim/23 m, indicate a large degree of volume scatter, which is contrary to earlier results that found the scattering in the percolation zone dominated by structures in the first few meters. This discrepancy may be due to unmodeled scattering behavior, or the radar return may indeed include significant contributions from scatterers far beneath the surface.
The Management of AIDS Patients (1987)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether 201TIretention in focal intracranial lesions can help distinguish central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma from toxoplasmosis and other nonmalignant CNS lesions in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syn drome.Methods: Forty-nine patients who presented with focal lesions on CT and/or MRI had 201TIbrain SPECT studies (early and delayed image sets) performed shortly after admission.Early and delayed 201TIuptake ratios were obtained for the positive studies, and the retention index of thallium was calculated (delayed/early target-to-background mean count ratio).Results: Twenty-nine pa tients had foci of significantly increased 201TI uptake on the early Â¡magesin regions of corresponding CT/MRI lesions.Ten of these patients had biopsy-proven lymphomas.Another patient was found to have metastatic adenocarcinoma.Twelve additional patients had a response to radiation therapy or a clinical course consistent with lymphoma and six patients had a false-positive SPECT study.The early uptake ratio could not separate malignant from nonmalignant lesions.The 201TIretention index in patients with lymphomas (1.18 Â± 0.16) was significantly higher than the retention index in adenocar cinoma (0.24) and in the six nonmalignant lesions (0.62 Â±0.07).The lowest retention index in patients with lymphoma was 1.07, and the highest retention index in nonmalignant lesions was 0.70.Twenty patients showed no 201TIuptake in the regions of CT/MRI lesions.Three of them had biopsies consistent with a benign etiology, and one patient was diagnosed with tuberculosis.Fifteen patients im proved clinically on antitoxoplasmosis medications alone, and one patient had CNS lymphoma.The overall sensitivity of 201TI brain SPECT was 96%.The specificity was 76% by counting all studies with abnormal 201TI uptake, but it increased to 100% when the retention index was also considered.Conclusion: The retention index increases the specificity of 201TI brain SPECT in human immunodeficiency virus patients.In the presence of abnormal early 201TIuptake, it is essential to perform delayed imaging and calculate the retention index to distinguish nonmalignant lesions from lym phoma.The absence of 201TIuptake on early Â¡mages at the site of a CT/MRI abnormality excludes the diagnosis of lymphoma with a high degree of confidence and delayed imaging is unnecessary.
Development of a Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for the Opportunistic Pathogen <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2004)

A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme has been developed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa which provides molecular typing data that are highly discriminatory and electronically portable between laboratories. MLST data confirm the data from previous studies that suggest that P. aeruginosa is best described as nonclonal but as having an epidemic population. The index of association was 0.17, indicating a freely recombining population; however, there was evidence of clusters of closely related strains or clonal complexes among the members of this population. It is apparent that the sequence types (STs) from single isolates, representing each of the present epidemic clones in the United Kingdom from Liverpool, Manchester, and the West Midlands, are not closely related to each other. This suggests distinct evolutionary origins for each of these epidemic clones in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, these clones are distinct from European clone C. Comparison of the results of MLST with those of toxA typing and serotyping revealed that strains with identical STs may possess different toxA types and diverse serotypes. Given that recombination is important in the population of P. aeruginosa, the lack of a linkage between toxA type and serotype is not surprising and reveals the strength of the MLST approach for obtaining a better understanding of the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa.
Oxytocin and Vasopressin Genes (1987)

The nonapeptide hormone vasopressin and its structurally related counterpart oxytocin are known to be involved in the processes of water resorption and uterine contraction, respectively. The biosynthetic pathway for the two hormones vasopressin and oxytocin originates in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (1). The two hormones are transported in their secretory granules in axons down the pituitary stalk to the neurohypophysis and there are released.
Follicular fluid proteins stimulate nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in human sperm: A possible role for NO in acrosomal reaction (1999)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical involved in the regulation of several functions of the male genitourinary system. It is produced by neurons and the endothelium and epithelia of reproductive system; it mediates penile erection and regulates sperm motility, viability, and metabolism. Here we show that human spermatozoa exhibit a detectable NO synthase (NOS) activity, measured both as ability of the intact sperm and cell lysate to convert L-[3H]arginine into L-[3H]citrulline and as 24 h accumulation of extracellular nitrite in intact sperm suspensions. NOS activity (identified as an endothelial isoform) was inhibited by L-canavanine and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, and nitrite accumulation was inhibited by the NO scavenger hemoglobin; both enzyme activity and nitrite production were increased by a 24 h incubation of spermatozoa with protein-enriched extracts of human follicular fluid (PFF); a significant increase of citrulline synthesis was observed only after a 4 h incubation with 40% PFF, a time period during which acrosomal reactivity was significantly increased. PFF-induced acrosomal reaction was inhibited by L-canavanine and hemoglobin, and the NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), and DETA NONOate were able to increase the percentage of reacted spermatozoa. Our results suggest that NO synthesized by human sperm may play a role in follicular fluid-induced acrosomal reaction.
SynAPTIC: Secure and Persistent Connectivity for Containers (2017)

Cloud virtualization technology is shifting towards light-weight containers, which provide isolated environments for running cloud-based services. The emerging trends such as container-based micro-service architectures and hybrid cloud deployments result in increased traffic volumes between the micro-services, mobility of the communication endpoints, and some of the communication taking place over untrusted networks. Yet, the services are typically designed with the assumption of scalable, persistent and secure connectivity. In this paper, we present the SynAPTIC architecture, which enables secure and persistent connectivity between mobile containers, especially in the hybrid cloud and in multi-tenant cloud networks. The solution is based on the standardized Host Identity Protocol (HIP) that tenants can deploy on top of existing cloud infrastructure independently of their cloud provider. Optional cloud-provider extensions based on Software-Defined Networking (SDN) further optimize the networking architecture. Our qualitative and quantitative evaluation shows that SynAPTIC performs better than some of the existing solutions.
Current concepts in C3 glomerulopathy (2014)

Complement component 3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a recently defined entity comprising of dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis. The key histological feature is the presence of isolated C3 deposits without immunoglobulins. Often masqueradng as some of the common glomerulonephritides this is a prototype disorder occurring from dysregulated alternate complement pathway with recently identified genetic defects and autoantibodies. We review the pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes Is Altered in Gastric Tissue of Patients with Advanced Stages of NAFLD (2013)

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation perpetuated by visceral adipose. Other organs, particularly stomach and intestine, may also overproduce proinflammatory molecules. We examined the gene expression patterns in gastric tissue of morbidly obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and compared the changes in gene expression in different histological forms of NAFLD. Stomach tissue samples from 20 morbidly obese NAFLD patients who were undergoing sleeve gastrectomy were profiled using qPCR for 84 genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, and other components of inflammatory cascades. Interleukin 8 receptor-beta (IL8RB) gene overexpression in gastric tissue was correlated with the presence of hepatic steatosis, hepatic fibrosis, and histologic diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expression levels of soluble interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) were correlated with the presence of NASH and hepatic fibrosis. mRNA levels of interleukin 8 (IL8), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 5 (CCR5) showed a significant increase in patients with advanced hepatic inflammation and were correlated with the severity of the hepatic inflammation. The results of our study suggest that changes in expression patterns for inflammatory molecule encoding genes within gastric tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related NAFLD.
A Randomized Trial to Assess Anti-HIV Activity in Female Genital Tract Secretions and Soluble Mucosal Immunity Following Application of 1% Tenofovir Gel (2011)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00594373.
The Dendritic Cell–like Functions of IFN-Producing Killer Dendritic Cells Reside in the CD11b+ Subset and Are Licensed by Tumor Cells (2009)

IFN producing killer dendritic cells (IKDC) were originally defined as CD11c(int) B220(+)NK1.1(+) (or CD49b(+)) cells that exert a potent tumoricidal activity in animals lacking B, T, and conventional natural killer effectors. MHC class II expression on tumor infiltrating IKDC prompted us to investigate their putative antigen presenting function. Here, we show that tumor cells license IKDC to acquire the properties of antigen presenting cells, i.e., expression of MHC class II and costimulatory CD86 molecules. We show that the CD11b(+) subset of IKDC are able to prime naïve CD4(+) T cells and cross-prime naïve CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Licensing of IKDC by tumor cells was mandatory for the full differentiation of T cells into polarized effectors. IKDC could engulf and process soluble Ova protein in a CD206-dependent manner. Finally, we show that CD11b(+)IKDC is selectively endowed with CTLA4Ig-inhibitable antigen presenting capacities and that targeting this subset with the detoxified adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis fused to antigen resulted in efficient cross-presentation of antigen by IKDC to specific TCR transgenic CD8(+)T cells in vivo. Collectively, our data indicate that upon exposure to tumor cells, IKDC subserve DC-like functions.
Improved characteristics of GaN-based light-emitting diodes by distributed Bragg reflector grown on Si (2004)

We report the improved characteristics of GaInN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on Si substrates by a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). The DBR-based GaInN multi quantum-well LED structures were grown on n-Si (111) substrates using a conventional horizontal metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. The number of Al0.3Ga0.7N/AlN pairs in the DBR was changed from 1 to 5. The measured PL peak intensity ratio agrees well with the calculated value. In an EL measurement, the output power increases with an increase in the number of pairs in the DBR (less than 3 pairs). The light output power of a 3-pair DBR-based LED is approximately twofold larger than that of a non-DBR-based LED. However, it significantly decreases in a 5 pair of DBR, because of a crack formation. Although the suppression of crack formation remains a problem, the DBR is still very promising for the fabrication of high-performance LEDs on Si. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastic constants of synthetic single crystal corundum at room temperature (1960)

The six elastic constants (and six elastic compliances) of corundum were determined in the kilocycle per second frequency range by an accurate resonance method. The results were checked in the megacycle per second range with a less accurate, pulse velocity method. The elastic moduli for polycrystalline alumina calculated from the single crystal compliances determined by the resonance method are in good agreement with experimental values obtained on high density polycrystalline alumina. The variation of Young's modulus and of the shear modulus with orientation was calculated from the compliances and the results are shown graphically. The results of the present work do not agree well with previous work on single crystal sapphire. The specification of orientation and the theory used to calculate the elastic constants are given in detail to support the contention that the results of the present work are correct.
A Biomimetic Receptor System for Sialic Acid Based on Molecular Imprinting (1996)

Abstract A new type of a fluorescent receptor system specific for sialic acid has been prepared. For the preparation of this artificial receptor a polymerization reaction using allylamine, vinylphenylboronic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of sialic acid as template was carried out. After splitting off the template molecules, a suspension of the polymer was used in reaction with OPA reagents, both in the presence and absence of sugars. It was found, that sialic acid promoted the fluorescence development in this system, probably as a result of the so-called “gate effect”, resembling natural occurring receptors. Rapid detection of sialic acid in the concentration range of 0.5–10 μM was shown possible within 40 minutes. Our method seems applicable for the development of optical sensors; combining the high sensitivity and selectivity of biological receptors and high stability of synthetic polymeric materials.
Mentoring juveniles in adult jail: An example of service learning (1997)

This paper describes and evaluates a service learning project whereby students mentored juveniles who had been referred to adult court and were awaiting trial in adult jail. The mentoring project had three learning objectives: 1) to provide students with a deeper understanding of the problems and needs of youthful offenders, 2) to help students learn about the jail as an institution, and to assess its impact on the juveniles detained there, and 3) to evaluate the problems and needs of juvenile offenders in light of various punishment alternatives. A questionnaire and student papers were used to evaluate the project. The authors concluded that learning objectives were substantially achieved and that the project helped students formulate a more thoughtful analysis of the juvenile crime problem and corrections.
A Spectrophotometric Microdetermination of Keto Acids with 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone Hydrazone (1967)

Various keto acids react sensitively with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone to form the azine derivatives, which give the characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectra. The effect of pH, temperature, reaction period, buffer and the concentration of the reagent on the reaction and the spectra were investigated. Optimal conditions for the microdetermination of keto acids were established. Microamounts of keto acids (0.02 ~0.3 or 0,4 μmole) were determined rapidly by this simple method with satisfactory results. Amino acids, fatty acids and most inorganic salts did not interfere with the determination of keto acids.