gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Very Stable High Throughput Taylor Cone-jet in Electrohydrodynamics (2016)

A stable capillary liquid jet formed by an electric field is an important physical phenomenon for formation of controllable small droplets, power generation and chemical reactions, printing and patterning, and chemical-biological investigations. In electrohydrodynamics, the well-known Taylor cone-jet has a stability margin within a certain range of the liquid flow rate (Q) and the applied voltage (V). Here, we introduce a simple mechanism to greatly extend the Taylor cone-jet stability margin and produce a very high throughput. For an ethanol cone-jet emitting from a simple nozzle, the stability margin is obtained within 1 kV for low flow rates, decaying with flow rate up to 2 ml/h. By installing a hemispherical cap above the nozzle, we demonstrate that the stability margin could increase to 5 kV for low flow rates, decaying to zero for a maximum flow rate of 65 ml/h. The governing borders of stability margins are discussed and obtained for three other liquids: methanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol. For a gravity-directed nozzle, the produced cone-jet is more stable against perturbations and the axis of the spray remains in the same direction through the whole stability margin, unlike the cone-jet of conventional simple nozzles.
Genomic characterization of the virus causing infectious salmon anemia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): an orthomyxo-like virus in a teleost (1997)

The genome of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), which infects farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), is characterized here. The virus has an RNA genome, as shown by using specific DNA virus metabolic inhibitors and radioactive in vivo labeling of ISAV nucleic acid. Electrophoresis of [14C]uridine-labeled ISAV RNA revealed that the ISAV genome is segmented. The genome consists of eight segments that range from 1.0 to 2.3 kb, with a total molecular size of approximately 14.5 kb. One ISAV-specific molecular clone, corresponding to the smallest genome segment, was obtained by cDNA cloning of mRNA from an ISAV-infected cell culture. This clone gave a positive hybridization signal on Northern blots of pelleted ISAV. Pretreatment of the ISAV pellet with RNase A resulted in the disappearance of the positive hybridization signal, demonstrating that the genome is single stranded. Reverse transcriptase PCR with primers corresponding to sequences from the molecular clone and target RNA from ISAV-infected and noninfected fish tissues gave specific positive reactions. Alignments of the nucleotide sequence of the molecular clone did not reveal significant homology with any other available sequence in databases. However, the data presented here, together with morphological and replicational properties previously described, indicate that ISAV has a strong resemblance to members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. This is the first thoroughly characterized orthomyxo-like virus isolated from a teleost.
Encapsulation of Functional Organic Compounds in Nanoglass for Optically Anisotropic Coatings (2015)

A novel approach is presented for the encapsulation of organic functional molecules between two sheets of 1 nm thin silicate layers, which like glass are transparent and chemically stable. An ordered heterostructure with organic interlayers strictly alternating with osmotically swelling sodium interlayers can be spontaneously delaminated into double stacks with the organic interlayers sandwiched between two silicate layers. The double stacks show high aspect ratios of >1000 (typical lateral extension 5000 nm, thickness 4.5 nm). This newly developed technique can be used to mask hydrophobic functional molecules and render them completely dispersible in water. The combination of the structural anisotropy of the silicate layers and a preferred orientation of molecules confined in the interlayer space allows polymer nanocomposite films to be cast with a well-defined orientation of the encapsulated molecules, thus rendering the optical properties of the nanocoatings anisotropic.
Discovery and Development of Selective M3 Antagonists for Clinical Use (1998)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Abstracts: Voiding Function and Dysfunction, and Female Urology1 Jun 1998Discovery and Development of Selective M3 Antagonists for Clinical Use V.A. Alabaster V.A. AlabasterV.A. Alabaster More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63362-7AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Discovery and Development of Selective M3 Antagonists for Clinical Use." The Journal of Urology, 159(6), pp. 2261–2262 Department of Discovery Biology, Pfizer Central Research, Kent, United Kingdom© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Bradshaw B, Evans P, Fletcher J, Lee A, Mwashimba P, Oehlrich D, Thomas E, Davies R, Allen B, Broadley K, Hamrouni A and Escargueil C (2008) Synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-[1H]-2-benzazepin-4-ones: selective antagonists of muscarinic (M3) receptorsOrganic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 10.1039/b801206g, VOL. 6, NO. 12, (2138), . Volume 159Issue 6June 1998Page: 2261-2262 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information V.A. Alabaster More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Effects of Ultraviolet (254nm) Irradiation on Egg Hatching and Adult Emergence of the Flour Beetles,<i>Tribolium castaneum</i>,<i>T. confusum</i>and the Almond Moth,<i>Cadra cautella</i> (2007)

The eggs of the stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (Duval) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) belonging to three age groups, 1, 2, and 3 days-old, were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation with 254nm wavelength (UV-C) for different durations to determine irradiation effects on egg-hatching and adult emergence. An increase in time of exposure to UV-rays caused a gradual decrease in the percentage of hatching of eggs in all age groups of eggs. No hatching occurred after 24 minutes of exposure in 2 and 3 day-old eggs of T. confusum. C. cautella eggs were less sensitive to UV-rays than were T. castaneum and T. confusum eggs. All the exposure periods significantly reduced the eclosion of adults in all the experimental insects. No adults emerged when 3 day-old eggs of T. castaneum were irradiated for 16 or 24 minutes, or from 2 and 3 day-old eggs T. confusum irradiated for 16 or 24 minutes.
EVALUATIVE REACTIONS TO ACCENTS (1970)

ABSTRACT Lambert's use of the “matched‐guise” technique to study stereotyped impressions of personality characteristics from contrasting spoken dialects and languages has been extended to investigate three other evaluative dimensions in relation to British regional and foreign accents. 177 Ss were required to rate the “aesthetic”, “communicative” and “status” contents of various accents presented both vocally and conceptually. Although a generalised pattern of ranking accents across these dimensions emerged, the factors of age, ser, social class and regional membership were found to be important determinants of evaluation. The social and educational significance of these findings were discussed.
Regulated Antigen Expression in Live Recombinant<i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium Strongly Affects Colonization Capabilities and Specific CD4<sup>+</sup>-T-Cell Responses (2001)

Regulated antigen expression can influence the immunogenicity of live recombinant Salmonella vaccines, but a rational optimization has remained difficult since important aspects of this effect are incompletely understood. Here, attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL3261 strains expressing the model antigen GFP_OVA were used to quantify in vivo antigen levels by flow cytometry and to simultaneously follow the crucial early steps of antigen-specific T-cell responses in mice that are transgenic for a T-cell receptor recognizing ovalbumin. Among seven tested promoters, P(pagC) has the highest activity in murine tissues combined with low in vitro expression, whereas P(tac) has a comparable in vivo and a very high in vitro activity. Both SL3261 (pP(pagC)GFP_OVA) and SL3261 (pP(tac)GFP_OVA) cells can induce potent ovalbumin-specific cellular immune responses following oral administration, but doses almost 1,000-fold lower are sufficient for the in vivo-inducible construct SL3261 (pP(pagC)GFP_OVA) compared to SL3261 (pP(tac)GFP_OVA). This efficacy difference is largely explained by impaired early colonization capabilities of SL3261 (pP(tac)GFP_OVA) cells. Based on the findings of this study, appropriate in vivo expression levels for any given antigen can be rationally selected from the increasing set of promoters with defined properties. This will allow the improvement of recombinant Salmonella vaccines against a wide range of pathogens.
Roller Chain as a Transfer Drive for the Automobile (1981)

The paper is the result of a joint effort by Renold Ltd. and Saab Scania dealing with the development of a transfer drive system for a production Saab front wheel drive automobile. The drive consists of three simple roller chains staggered third of a tooth combined with automatic chain tensioning and adjustment. The design of the transfer drive is described - comparisons with gears - bearing arrangements - resulting economies etc. Development of the chain system is described together with details of automatic tensioning and load measurement. The Saab development program is dealt with including high-speed rig and road testing plus noise evaluation and assessment. The mass production aspect, quality control, and experience in service is also covered.
Stimulation of the Human Lumbar Spinal Cord With Implanted and Surface Electrodes: A Computer Simulation Study (2010)

Human lumbar spinal cord networks controlling stepping and standing can be activated through posterior root stimulation using implanted electrodes. A new stimulation method utilizing surface electrodes has been shown to excite lumbar posterior root fibers similarly as with implants, an unexpected finding considering the distance to these target neurons. In the present study we apply computer modeling to compare the depolarization of posterior root fibers by both stimulation techniques. We further examine the potential for additional direct activation of motoneurons within the anterior roots. Using an implant, action potentials are initiated in the posterior root fibers at their entry into the spinal cord or along the longitudinal portions of the fiber trajectories, depending on the cathode position. For transcutaneous stimulation low threshold sites of the same fibers are identified at their exits from the spinal canal in addition to their spinal cord entries. In these exit regions anterior root fibers can also be activated. The simulation results provide a biophysical explanation for the electrophysiological findings of lower limb muscle responses induced by posterior root stimulation. Efficient excitation of afferent spinal cord structures with a simple noninvasive method can become a promising modality in the rehabilitation of people with motor disorders.
Emotional design: why we love (or hate) everyday things (2004)

By the author of The Design of Everyday Things , the first book to make the connection between our emotions and how we relate to ordinary objects--from juicers to Jaguars. Did you ever wonder why cheap wine tastes better in fancy glasses? Why sales of Macintosh computers soared when Apple introduced the colorful iMac? New research on emotion and cognition has shown that attractive things really do work better, a fact fans of Don Norman's classic The Design of Everyday Things cannot afford to ignore.In recent years, the design community has focused on making products easier to use. But as Norman amply demonstrates in this fascinating and important new book, design experts have vastly underestimated the role of emotion on our experience of everyday objects. Emotional Design analyzes the profound influence of this deceptively simple idea, from our willingness to spend thousands of dollars on Gucci bags and Rolex watches to the impact of emotion on the everyday objects of tomorrow. In the future, will inanimate objects respond to human emotions? Is it possible to create emotional robots?Norman addresses these provocative questions--drawing on a wealth of examples and the latest scientific insights--in this bold exploration of the objects in our everyday world.
Obtaining flaw images that take the effect of multiple ultrasonic pulse reflections from the boundaries of a test object into account (2010)

The problem of obtaining flaw images from echo signals multiply reflected from the boundaries of a test object and modifications of the FT-SAFT and SAFT algorithms for obtaining flaw images in a test object with plane-parallel boundaries are considered. The reason that a transducer operating on transverse waves in the transceiver mode cannot yield information on flaw location depth is stated. It is shown that the detecting signals in the double-scanning mode, obtaining a set of partial images by the SAFT method, and combining them into a final image allow one to solve this problem. To obtain a combined image, the moduli of partial images were summed and their median was calculated. Because of difficulties in determining the velocity of sound and the thickness of a particular object, the coherent summation, which is potentially the most efficient combining technique among the considered ones, does not allow one to obtain a high-quality image. The results of a numerical simulation of the procedure of obtaining images of point defects are presented. The results of model experiments aimed at obtaining an image of a 1-mm-deep groove in a 20-mm-thick metal slab are presented as well. It is shown that measuring echo signals in the double-scanning mode and obtaining images by the DS-M-SAFT method make it possible to determine the flaw location depth.
Technical considerations in quantitative blood oxygenation measurement using photoacoustic microscopy in vivo (2006)

Using peak amplitude spectral PA measurements in the range of 570 - 600 nm, we found it possible to quantify blood oxygenation levels. Visible light illumination minimizes the inversion error of the PA measurements. Owing to high blood absorption in this optical regime, there is also an improved signal-to-noise ratio and less influence from optical scattering. To arrive at correct, and vessel size independent, SO2 measurements, the central frequency of the ultrasonic transducer must be high enough to satisfy the relation, that is above 25 MHz for a chosen optical wavelength region, although lower frequency transducers may produce correct results after correction of the optical absorption spectra. However, additional efforts are needed to achieve accurate SO2 values for in vivo measurements.
Synthesis of Fural Analogs of Substituted Flavonoids (1973)

Department of Chemistry, Marathwada University, Aurangabad <em>Manuscript received 1 August 1972; revised 4 November 1972; accepted 23 April 1973</em> Synthesis of furyl analogos of methyl and halogen substituted flavonoids is described. Anti­microbial activity of these compounds is studied.
Performance study of an input queueing packet switch with two priority classes (1991)

An N*N nonblocking packet switch with input queues and two priority classes that can be used to support traffic with different requirements is described. The switch operation is slotted and, at each time slot, fixed-size packets arrive at the inputs with distinct Bernoulli distributions for both the high- and low-priority classes. Two policies are discussed. In the first policy, packets of both priority classes are queued when waiting for service. In the second policy, only low-priority packets are queued, and high-priority packets not delivered at the first attempt are dropped from the system. Under both policies, high-priority packets prevail over low-priority packets at the inputs as well as the outputs. An approximate analysis that is based on independence assumptions and uses an equivalent queueing system to estimate the service capability seen be each input is presented. Using this approach, an expression for the input queue length distribution is obtained. The maximum system throughput is derived and shown to exceed that of a single priority switch. Numerical results are compared to simulations and are found to agree.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Micromagnetic simulation of antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic structures (2003)

Summary form only given. Antiferromagnets are essential parts of spin electronic devices. Recent theoretical models of antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic interfaces start from a discrete lattice of spins. Here we present finite element simulations based on a continuum model to treat magnetization processes in antiferromagnets. This novel techniques allows to take into account structural features like polycrystalline grains and to resolve antiferromagnetic domain structures at a mesoscopic length-scale.
Fatigue Properties of a Twelve-Hole Versus a Five-Hole Intramedullary Supracondylar Nail (1997)

Elimination of screw holes at the level of a supracondylar metaphyseal defect significantly improves the fatigue life of the IMSC nail.
New connections in the regulation of PEPCK gene expression by insulin (1996)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyses the rate-limiting step in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Glucagon (via the second messenger cAMP) and glucocorticoids stimulate transcription of the PEPCK gene whereas insulin and phorbol esters have a dominant inhibitory effect. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), blocks the inhibition of glucocorticoid- and cAMP-stimulated PEPCK gene transcription by insulin. By contrast, although phorbol esters mimic the action of insulin on the regulation of PEPCK gene transcription, wortmannin does not block the effect of these agents. Thus PI 3-kinase is required for the regulation of PEPCK gene expression by insulin but not by phorbol esters. In liver cells, insulin administration stimulates the activity of multiple protein kinases, including the p42/p44 Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase and the p70/p85 ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Selective inhibition of the activation of either kinase, utilizing the compounds PD98059 and rapamycin respectively, does not affect insulin regulation of PEPCK gene transcription. Thus regulation of PEPCK gene transcription requires PI 3-kinase but does not require the activation of either p42/p44 MAP kinase or p70/p85 ribosomal protein S6 kinase.
Temperature Dependence and Annealing Effects in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Chemically Prepared Silver Island Films (1999)

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensities for ethanethiol adsorbed on a silver island film have been measured for a variety of annealing conditions over the 15−300 K temperature range. Reversible temperature dependence of the C−S stretching intensities for an unannealed film similar to the case of 1-propanethiol reported previously was found, with the intensity at 15 K being greater than that at 300 K by a factor of ∼2.5. The preferential SERS enhancement at lower surface temperature, normalized by the value at 300 K, decreased substantially as the silver films were annealed. For example, the relative enhancement factor at 15 K over 300 K after 50 min of annealing at 150 °C was ∼1.2. Such annealing effects on the SERS enhancement were more pronounced at longer wavelengths and during the initial period of annealing. The combined field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed that the annealing of the films induced changes in the morphologies of the islands with increases in the radii and decreases in the heights. From the FE-SEM and AFM images the distributions of the aspect ratios of the island hemispheroids for unannealed and annealed films were determined. The average electromagnetic (EM) enhancement factors for such distributions were calculated using the low-temperature-modified equation for EM enhancement [J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 7203]. The excellent agreement between the EM theoretical predictions and the experimental findings strongly suggested that the observed reversible temperature dependence of the SERS enhancement and the annealing effect originated from the inherent temperature dependence and morphology dependence of the EM mechanism in SERS.
Glaucoma drainage devices; past, present, and future (1998)

Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) has been shown to be more effective at preventing disease progression than other primary treatment modalities in open angle glaucoma.1 2 If it were possible to avoid complications associated with poor flow control, primary GFS would probably be offered more widely.

Trabeculectomy, the procedure of choice in conventional GFS, has remained essentially unchanged for over a quarter of a century. Local control over wound healing with antimetabolite agents such as 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C has improved the prognosis for cases with high risk of filtration failure; but flow control remains inexact despite the introduction of a variety of suture adjustment techniques.

Glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) have the potential to regulate flow consistently, eliminating hypotony after GFS. Design, material, and manufacturing deficiencies have left this potential unfulfilled in existing GDDs, all of which exhibit problems with poor flow control and suboptimal tissue compatibility. The role of GDDs in contemporary GFS remains poorly defined, but possibilities offered by new biomaterials and the goal of accurate flow control have stimulated considerable recent interest in GDD development. This review traces the progress of GDD design through to the present and beyond.

In 1906, horse hair3 was placed through a corneal paracentesis in an attempt to drain a hypopyon externally. The same technique was later used to treat two patients with painful absolute glaucoma.4 Sporadic attempts using implants to shunt aqueous to a variety of unconventional sites, including the vortex veins5 and the nasolacrimal duct,6 have since been reported. Results were generally unfavourable or too poorly documented to evaluate, and attention has focused on devices shunting aqueous fluid to the subconjunctival space as with conventional GFS.

The first translimbal GDD, reported by Zorab7 in 1912, was silk thread used as a seton to aid drainage …
Tyrosinase gene mutations in type I (tyrosinase‐deficient) oculocutaneous albinism define two clusters of missense substitutions (1992)

Type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) results from mutations of the gene encoding tyrosinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first 2 steps of melanin pigment biosynthesis. In type IA (tyrosinase-negative) OCA tyrosinase enzymatic activity is completely absent, and in type IB ("yellow") OCA tyrosinase activity is greatly reduced. Here, we describe 11 novel mutations of the tyrosinase gene in Caucasian patients with these 2 forms of type I OCA. Type I OCA in Caucasians appears to result from a great variety of different uncommon alleles. More than 80% of the known missense substitutions associated with type I OCA cluster within 2 relatively small regions of the tyrosinase polypeptide, suggesting that these may correspond to functionally important sites within the enzyme.