gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the Attenuation Provided by the Surefire EP3 Sonic Defender (Trademark) Earplug (2008)

The sound attenuation provided by the Surefire EP3 Sonic Defender(TM) earplug was determined in five males and five females. According to the manufacturer, an orifice in the plug allows safe sound levels to pass while lowering potentially harmful levels above 80 dBA from impulse noise by 35 dB. With the orifice closed the device performs like a conventional level-independent earplug. In each subject, hearing thresholds were measured at nine one-third octave noise band centre frequencies with the ears unoccluded and fitted with the Surefire EP3 with the orifice open and closed. Attenuation was defined as the difference between the protected and occluded thresholds. With the orifice closed attenuation increased non-monotonically from 14.5-31.0 dB from 0.125 kHz to 8 kHz. A decrease to 19.1 dB was evident at 4 kHz. With the orifice open attenuation increased from 4.4-27.0 dB with a decrease to 16.6 dB at 4 kHz and 6.3 kHz. The greatest differences due to mode of operation (9-10 dB) were observed at 0.125 and 0.25 kHz. There was no effect of gender of subjects. Comparison with the E-A-R Combat Arms earplug, which also has modes of operation for continuous and impulse noise indicated that the two devices were similar for the orifice open condition. For the orifice closed condition the Combat Arms earplug provided attenuation of 20.7-40.3 dB, on average 8 dB more than the Surefire EP3. Surefire EP3 attenuation was also compared with insertion loss measurements obtained using an acoustic test fixture. Insertion loss overestimated attenuation by approximately 16 dB in the range of 1 kHz to 6.3 kHz, regardless of mode of operation.
Isolation and characterisation of poliovirus mutants resistant to heating at 50°c for 30 min (2004)

Poliovirus is heat-labile; on heating at 50 degrees Celsius for 30 min its infectivity decreases drastically and its antigenicity reverts from N to H. However, mutants resistant to heating at 50 degrees Celsius for 30 min from the Sabin 1 and 2 viruses were isolated by repeating the process of incubation of the virus stock at 50 degrees Celsius for 30 min and multiplication of the remaining virus in a cell culture. The isolated mutants were stable genetically, and maintained the rct and d markers of the parent virus. On electron microscopical examination, the mutants were observed to retain the intact morphology after being heated at 50 degrees Celsius for 30 min, while the parent virus was converted to empty particles devoid of RNA under the same conditions. On determination of the nucleotide sequence of the P1 region, a single nucleotide sequence substitution was detected at nucleotide no. 2741, resulting in an amino acid change from valine to alanine at the 87th position of VP1. This amino acid might be associated with the heat-resistance of the mutants. Furthermore, it was found that the thermostable mutants obtained in this study, which are resistant to "high" temperature (50 degrees Celsius) for a short time (30 min), were not stable against heating at the ambient temperature (37 degrees Celsius) for a long time (5 or 7 days). This suggests that the inactivation at high temperature for a short time and that at ambient temperature for a long time involve different mechanisms.
An Empirical Analysis of the Voluntary Disclosure Practices of Unired Arab Emirates Listed Companies in an International Financial Reporting Standards Environment (2018)

This study explores the voluntary disclosure practices of UAE listed companies in the current IFRS environment and compares them with international best practices as revealed by extant literature. For the purpose of the study a voluntary disclosure checklist was designed. The checklist was based on instruments used extensively in mature markets and tailored to the needs of an ‘emerging’ market economy in view of the vulnerability of emerging market stocks to extensive disclosures. An important reference point is that IFRS disclosures requirements are periodically revised. Hence, disclosures that have now become ‘statutory’ under IFRS reporting have not been included in the checklist. Data were collected by empirically examining the annual reports of listed companies in the UAE stock markets over a five year period, 2010 to 2014, and analyzed statistically to derive significant relationships. It is clear that legal requirements shape much of the disclosure practices in the UAE markets. Results of the analysis showed that large companies especially in the financial services sector score high on the voluntary disclosure index. The overall index falls in the range of 10 to 30. Other companies including SMEs have also begun to realize the benefits of transparency in financial reporting.
Dielectric relaxation in insulators slightly damaged by stress pulses (1983)

The relationship between incipient stress-pulse-induced damage and the electrical response of a piezoelectric, ferroelectric, or electrically biased dielectric is examined. The model assumes the presence of isolated inclusions of damaged material which are conducting and which may grow. Virgin insulating material surrounds the inclusion . Sillars’ model of an inhomogeneous dielectric is invoked to yield parameters of an electrically equivalent, relaxing dielectric. These parameters are used to generate the electrical response caused by propagating stress pulses. Qualitative agreement with current histories obtained from experiments on X-cut quartz is obtained, quantitative results await further experimentation.
Plant cell cloning and culture products. (1983)

Biotechnological developments in the use of plant cells as sources of biochemicals have now brought several applications within commercial range. Plant propagation has developed faster commercially, but now requires similar biotechnology to enable the automated production of large numbers of plants at low cost. Although some of the enabling technology has been developed for pregerminated seeds this has not been coupled to production of plantlets in bioreactors. Our present lack of knowledge of how to control gene expression in plant cells, which stems from our ignorance of the organization and regulation of the plant genome, is a critical factor limiting all applications of plant cell cultures.
Adaptive Mutations in Sindbis Virus E2 and Ross River Virus E1 That Allow Efficient Budding of Chimeric Viruses (2000)

Alphavirus glycoproteins E2 and E1 form a heterodimer that is required for virus assembly. We have studied adaptive mutations in E2 of Sindbis virus (SIN) and E1 of Ross River virus (RR) that allow these two glycoproteins to interact more efficiently in a chimeric virus that has SIN E2 but RR E1. These mutations include K129E, K131E, and V237F in SIN E2 and S310F and C433R in RR E1. Although RR E1 and SIN E2 will form a chimeric heterodimer, the chimeric virus is almost nonviable, producing about 10(-7) as much virus as SIN at 24 h and 10(-5) as much after 48 h. Chimeras containing one adaptive change produced 3 to 20 times more virus than did the parental chimera, whereas chimeras with two changes produced 10 to 100 times more virus and chimeras containing three mutations produced yields that were 180 to 250 times better. None of the mutations had significant effects upon the parental wild-type viruses, however. Passage of the triple variants eight or nine times resulted in variants that produced virus rapidly and were capable of producing >10(8) PFU/ml of culture fluid within 24 h. These further-adapted variants possessed one or two additional mutations, including E2-V116K, E2-S110N, or E1-T65S. The RR E1-C433R mutation was studied in more detail. This Cys is located in the putative transmembrane domain of E1 and was shown to be palmitoylated. Mutation to Arg-433 resulted in loss of palmitoylation of E1. The positively charged arginine residue within the putative transmembrane domain of E1 would be expected to alter the conformation of this domain. These results suggest that interactions within the transmembrane region are important for the assembly of the E1/E2 heterodimer, as are regions of the ectodomains possibly identified by the locations of adaptive mutations in these regions. Further, the finding that four or five changes in the chimera allow virus production that approaches the levels seen with the parental SIN and exceeds that of the parental RR illustrates that the structure and function of SIN and RR E1s have been conserved during the 50% divergence in sequence that has occurred.
Synthesis and characterization of phosphocitric acid, a potent inhibitor of hydroxylapatite crystal growth (1980)

Human urine and extracts of rat liver mitochondria contain apparently identical agents capable of inhibiting the precipitation or crystallization of calcium phosphate. Its general properties, as well as 1H NMR and mass spectra, have suggested that the agent is phosphocitric acid. This paper reports the synthesis of phosphocitric acid via the phosphorylation of triethyl citrate with o-phenylene phosphochloridate, hydrogenolysis of the product to yield triethyl phosphocitrate, hydrolytic removal of the blocking ethyl groups and also chromatographic purification. An enzymatic assay of phosphocitrate is described. Synthetic phosphocitrate was found to be an exceedingly potent inhibitor of the growth of hydroxylapatite seed crystals in a medium supersaturated with respect to Ca2+ and phosphate. Comparative assays showed phosphocitrate to be much more potent than the most active precipitation-crystallization inhibitors previously reported, which include pyrophosphate and ATP. 14C-Labeled phosphocitrate was bound very tightly to hydroxylapatite crystals. Such binding appeared to be essential for its inhibitory activity on crystal growth. Citrate added before but not after, phosphocitrate greatly enhanced the inhibitory potency of the latter. This enhancement effect was not given by other tricarboxylic acids. The monoethyl ester of phosphocitrate had no inhibitory effect on hydroxylapatite crystal growth.
Geometric heat equation and nonlinear diffusion of shapes and images (1994)

We propose a geometric smoothing method based on local curvature in shapes and images which is governed by the geometric heat equation and is a special case of the reaction-diffusion framework proposed by Faugeras (1990). For shapes, the approach is analogous to the classical heat equation smoothing, but with a renormalization by arc-length at each infinitesimal step. For images, the smoothing is similar to anisotropic diffusion in that, since the component of diffusion in the direction of the brightness gradient is nil, edge location and sharpness are left intact. We present several properties of curvature deformation smoothing of shape: it preserves inclusion order, annihilates extrema and inflection points without creating new ones, decreases total curvature, satisfies the semi-group property allowing for local iterative computations, etc. Curvature deformation smoothing of an image is based on viewing it as a collection of iso-intensity level sets, each of which is smoothed by curvature and then reassembled. This is shown to be mathematically sound and applicable to medical, aerial and range images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-Channel Recording of a Store-Operated Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channel in Jurkat T Lymphocytes (1999)

In T lymphocytes, a store-operated calcium ion (Ca2+) entry mechanism termed the calcium release-activated Ca2+ channel (CRAC channel) underlies the sustained or oscillatory intracellular calcium concentration signal required for interleukin-2 gene expression and cell proliferation. The use of sodium ions as a current carrier enabled single-channel recordings of CRAC channels during activation, inactivation, and blockade of current in the presence of divalent cations. A large conductance of 36 to 40 picosiemens indicates that 100 to 400 CRAC channels are present in T lymphocytes.
Novel High Density Brine-Based Drill-In Fluids Significantly Increased Temperature Limit for HP/HT Applications (2015)

Abstract Drill-in fluids, also known as reservoir drilling fluids, are specifically designed to help minimize formation damage and facilitate wellbore cleanup. Typical water-based drill-in fluids use brines to achieve a desired fluid density and rely on acid-soluble solids, such as calcium carbonate, for bridging of pore spaces. Biopolymers, such as xanthan gum and crosslinked starch, are generally used as viscosifiers and fluid-loss additives for the drill-in fluids. Unfortunately, these biopolymers begin to degrade at temperatures greater than 275°F. As a result, conventional water-based drill-in fluids are generally limited to wells with temperatures below 300°F. Clay-free, brine-based drill-in fluids for temperatures greater than 300°F still pose challenges in high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) conditions. Novel high density brine-based drill-in fluids have been developed using a specifically designed dual-functional polymer as a thermally stable viscosifier and fluid-loss additive. Divalent brines, such as CaBr2 (14.2 lbm/gal) and CaCl2 (11.6 lbm/gal), were used as the base fluids. The drill-in fluids show similar thixotropic behavior to those biopolymer-based, yet exhibit excellent thermal stability up to 450°F, which is at least 150°F higher than typical drill-in fluids. After static aging at 450°F for 16 hours, the fluids exhibited only slight color change, and no stratification or solid settling was observed. Rheological properties of the aged samples increased slightly compared to samples before aging. The samples still provided excellent fluid-loss control, even after aging, with a measured HP/HT fluid loss less than 10 mL after 30 minutes at 350°F. Core flow testing showed that the drill-in fluid is nondamaging after acid breaker treatment, with a return permeability of 100%.
Real frequency wide-band impedance matching with nonminimum reactance equalizers (2005)

This paper describes two modifications to the real frequency technique of broadband impedance matching. A fundamental limitation of all broadband matching techniques is that the real and imaginary parts of the equalizer impedance must be related by the Hilbert transform. It is shown that additional degrees of freedom in the Hilbert transform, and thus a better match, can be obtained by employing equalizer impedances with nonminimum reactance and by optimizing the equalizer resistance outside the stated bandwidth. Examples will be presented for a thin wire dipole antenna.
Twisting Nanotubes: From Torsion to Chirality (2006)

Let's twist again! Torsion is a chiral deformation. It can turn achiral objects into chiral ones, and discriminate between left-handed and right-handed chiral objects. This article focuses on the significance of carbon nanotubes which can be elastically twisted by 180° without breaking and act as a single-molecule torsional pendulum (see transmission electron micrograph).
Tocilizumab Treatment Decreases Circulating Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Monocytes, 2 Components of the Myeloid Lineage (2012)

Our study reveals an unexpected reduction of circulating mDC and monocytes in patients with RA in response to TCZ therapy. In accord with reports on neutrophils and platelets decreasing during TCZ therapy, our data suggest an effect of IL-6 inhibition on cells from myeloid lineage.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Substitution of Indoles. Part 9. Reaction of Indoles with Iminium Systems. (1987)

Abstract Reactions of indole (II) or 2‐methylindole (VII) with the benzylideneanilines (I) yield the products shown in the scheme.
Complete sequence of the IncP‐9 TOL plasmid pWW0 from <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> (2002)

The TOL plasmid pWW0 (117 kb) is the best studied catabolic plasmid and the archetype of the IncP-9 plasmid incompatibility group from Pseudomonas. It carries the degradative (xyl) genes for toluenes and xylenes within catabolic transposons Tn4651 and Tn4653. Analysis of the complete pWW0 nucleotide sequence revealed 148 putative open reading frames. Of these, 77 showed similarity to published sequences in the available databases predicting functions for: plasmid replication, stable maintenance and transfer; phenotypic determinants; gene regulation and expression; and transposition. All identifiable transposition functions lay within the boundaries of the 70 kb transposon Tn4653, leaving a 46 kb sector containing all the IncP-9 core functions. The replicon and stable inheritance region was very similar to the mini-replicon from IncP-9 antibiotic resistance plasmid pM3, with their Rep proteins forming a novel group of initiation proteins. pWW0 transfer functions exist as two blocks encoding putative DNA processing and mating pair formation genes, with organizational and sequence similarity to IncW plasmids. In addition to the known Tn4651 and IS1246 elements, two additional transposable elements were identified as well as several putative transposition functions, which are probably genetic remnants from previous transposition events. Genes likely to be responsible for known resistance to ultraviolet light and free radicals were identified. Other putative phenotypic functions identified included resistance to mercury and other metal ions, as well as to quaternary ammonium compounds. The complexity and size of pWW0 is largely the result of the mosaic organization of the transposable elements that it carries, rather than the backbone functions of IncP-9 plasmids.
Cyclin D1 Is Transcriptionally Regulated by and Required for Transformation by Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (2006)

Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is aberrantly activated in many cancer cells. Constitutively activated STAT3 is oncogenic, presumably as a consequence of the genes that it differentially regulates. Activated STAT3 correlated with elevated cyclin D1 protein in primary breast tumors and breast cancer-derived cell lines. Cyclin D1 mRNA levels were increased in primary rat-, mouse-, and human-derived cell lines expressing either the oncogenic variant of STAT3 (STAT3-C) or vSrc, which constitutively phosphorylates STAT3. Mutagenesis of STAT3 binding sites within the cyclin D1 promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies showed an association between STAT3 and the transcriptional regulation of the human cyclin D1 gene. Introduction of STAT3-C and vSrc into immortalized cyclin D1(-/-) and cyclin D1(-/+) fibroblasts led to anchorage-independent growth of only cyclin D1(-/+) cells. Furthermore, knockdown of cyclin D1 in breast carcinoma cells led to a reduction in anchorage-independent growth. Phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein [a target of the cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (cdk4/6) holoenzyme] was delayed in the cyclin D1(-/-) cells relative to cyclin D1(-/+) cells. The E7 oncogene, whose activity includes degradation of Rb and dissociation of Rb from E2F, did not confer anchorage-independent growth to the cyclin D1(-/-) cells but, in conjunction with vSrc, resulted in robust growth in soft agar. These results suggest both a cdk-dependent and cdk-independent role for cyclin D1 in modulating transformation by different oncogenes.
GPS detection of ionospheric perturbation before the 13 February 2001, El Salvador earthquake (2003)

Abstract. A large earthquake of M6.6 occurred on 13 February 2001 at 14:22:05 UT in El Salvador. We detected ionospheric perturbation before this earthquake using GPS data received from CORS network. Systematic decreases of ionospheric total electron content during two days before the earthquake onset were observed at set of stations near the earthquake location and probably in region of about 1000 km from epicenter. This result is consistent with that of investigators, which studied these phenomena with several observational techniques. However it is possible, that such TEC changes are simultaneously accompanied by changes due to solar wind parameters and Kp -index.
Position location of LTE femtocells deployed in a cluster (2012)

A femtocell (femto for short) is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. A femto allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. Contrary to macro base stations which have fixed known locations, femtos are usually deployed by the users. The location of femtos are usually not immediately known to the network operator and users may move the femtos within their homes, or may carry the femtos with them e.g., when relocating. The knowledge of femto location may be needed to support location-based applications or to satisfy applicable requirements. Conventional positioning methods that use navigation satellite or macrocell signals have their limitations in positioning devices that are located deep indoors. In this paper, we describe a positioning method that uses Relative Time Difference of Arrival (RTDOA) measurements between femtos deployed in a cluster. We show simulation results of the RTDOA method for different channel models.
Lift‐off fabrication of fine cu patterns with a high aspect ratio (1991)

Abstract Recently, the pattern width in semiconductor devices has become as narrow as a submicrometer. As the pattern width decreases, the current density increases, thereby causing the breakage of the conductors due to electromigration and excessive heat generation. In the inductive thin‐film magnetic head used for the magnetic disc system, the number of wire windings in a coil should be high and the resistance should be low to achieve high output and low noise. To achieve these requirements, the aspect ratio of the conductor should be high and the conductor should be made of copper (Cu). The purpose of this study is to pattern fine Cu conductors with a high aspect ratio using the lift‐off technique. In the lift‐off technique, it is important to form a thick resist pattern with inverted‐trapezoidal cross section. In this study, image‐reversal photoresist was used and the conditions of exposure, heat‐treatment, and development were optimized to obtain a frame suitable for lift‐off. As a result, it was found that the Cu conductor with a pattern width of 1 μm and an aspect ratio over 2 could be fabricated.
Distribución batimétrica de comunidades macrobentónicas de sustrato blando en la plataforma continental de Guipúzcoa (golfo de Vizcaya) (2001)

Sampling results from 13 soft-bottom station, situated along a transect on the continental shelf off the province of Guipúzcoa (Bay of Viscay), are represented. This transect is 5 m deep at the beginning and 225 m deep at the end. A total of 6 408 individuals belonging to 404 species have been counted, some of them first record for the Iberian fauna. The identified communities have been labelled as follows: Boreal Lusitanian Tellina community, Venus community, Venus fasciata - Spisula elliptica - Branchiostoma community and Amphiura community. In addition to these community descriptions, other fauna observations are also dicussed, such as the location on the continental shelf and various autoecological aspects.
The elastic properties of glycerin-gelatin gels and of gelatin gels hardened with formaldehyde (1933)

The Young's modulus of gelatin gels has until recently been deter- mined directly on specimens in tension or calculated from the modulus of rigidity determined on specimens in torsion. The method most The Young's modulus of gelatin gels has until recently been deter- mined directly on specimens in tensio