gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superharmonic microbubble Doppler effect in ultrasound therapy (2016)

The introduction of microbubbles in focused ultrasound therapies has enabled a diverse range of non-invasive technologies: sonoporation to deliver drugs into cells, sonothrombolysis to dissolve blood clots, and blood-brain barrier opening to deliver drugs into the brain. Current methods for passively monitoring the microbubble dynamics responsible for these therapeutic effects can identify the cavitation position by passive acoustic mapping and cavitation mode by spectral analysis. Here, we introduce a new feature that can be monitored: microbubble effective velocity. Previous studies have shown that echoes from short imaging pulses had a Doppler shift that was produced by the movement of microbubbles. Therapeutic pulses are longer (>1 000 cycles) and thus produce a larger alteration of microbubble distribution due to primary and secondary acoustic radiation force effects which cannot be monitored using pulse-echo techniques. In our experiments, we captured and analyzed the Doppler shift during long therapeutic pulses using a passive cavitation detector. A population of microbubbles (5 × 10(4)-5 × 10(7) microbubbles ml(-1)) was embedded in a vessel (inner diameter: 4 mm) and sonicated using a 0.5 MHz focused ultrasound transducer (peak-rarefactional pressure: 75-366 kPa, pulse length: 50 000 cycles or 100 ms) within a water tank. Microbubble acoustic emissions were captured with a coaxially aligned 7.5 MHz passive cavitation detector and spectrally analyzed to measure the Doppler shift for multiple harmonics above the 10th harmonic (i.e. superharmonics). A Doppler shift was observed on the order of tens of kHz with respect to the primary superharmonic peak and is due to the axial movement of the microbubbles. The position, amplitude and width of the Doppler peaks depended on the acoustic pressure and the microbubble concentration. Higher pressures increased the effective velocity of the microbubbles up to 3 m s(-1), prior to the onset of broadband emissions, which is an indicator for high magnitude inertial cavitation. Although the microbubble redistribution was shown to persist for the entire sonication period in dense populations, it was constrained to the first few milliseconds in lower concentrations. In conclusion, superharmonic microbubble Doppler effects can provide a quantitative measure of effective velocities of a sonicated microbubble population and could be used for monitoring ultrasound therapy in real-time.
Transcriptome analysis highlights the conserved difference between embryonic and postnatal-derived alveolar macrophages (2015)

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) reside on the luminal surfaces of the airways and alveoli where they maintain host defense and promote alveolar homeostasis by ingesting inhaled particulates and regulating inflammatory responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that AMs populate the lungs during embryogenesis and self-renew throughout life with minimal replacement by circulating monocytes, except under extreme conditions of depletion or radiation injury. Here we demonstrate that on a global scale, environment appears to dictate AM development and function. Indeed, transcriptome analysis of embryonic host-derived and postnatal donor-derived AMs coexisting within the same mouse demonstrated >98% correlation and overall functional analyses were similar. However, we also identified several genes whose expression was dictated by origin rather than environment. The most differentially expressed gene not altered by environment was Marco, a gene recently demonstrated to have enhancer activity in embryonic-derived but not postnatal-derived tissue macrophages. Overall, we show that under homeostatic conditions, the environment largely dictates the programming and function of AMs, whereas the expression of a small number of genes remains linked to the origin of the cell.
Static Aeroelastic Model Validation of Membrane Micro Air Vehicle Wings (2007)

A low-aspect-ratio, low-Reynolds-number membrane wing has been identified as a viable platform for micro air vehicle applications. Desirable flying qualities include high lift and larger stability margins. Several challenges are associated with the numerical modeling of such a wing, including highly three-dimensional flows, separation bubbles, and nonlinear membrane behavior. A thorough model validation and system identification effort is therefore required. A novel experimental setup integrates a wind tunnel with a visual image correlation system for simultaneous measurement of wing displacements, strains, and aerodynamic loads. These three metrics are used for a direct comparison of numerical and experimental data for both pre- and poststall angles of attack. Suitable correspondence is demonstrated for moderate angles of attack; methods for increasing the model fidelity can be made for angles with poor predictive capability. Computed flow structures reveal further information concerning the aeroelastic behavior of membrane wings.
The Fourier transform of linearly varying functions with polygonal support (1991)

New formulas for the two-dimensional Fourier transform of functions with polygonal support and linear amplitude variation are derived from the corresponding formula for a constant function. These expressions, valid for all nonzero values of the transform variable k, are superior to those previously reported, which fail when k is perpendicular or parallel to any edge of the polygon. These transforms have applications in diffraction theory and computational electromagnetics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An integrated hardware/software development environment for MIL-STD-1750A real-time applications (2003)

A MIL-STD-1750A development environment has been developed. This environment addresses the needs of real-time software development and hardware integration. A set of compatible tools executing on a general-purpose computer, with interfaces to target hardware, will remove many problems and annoyances associated with embedded real-time systems development. With all software tools hosted on VAX/VMS computers, the user is not forced to learn different operating systems, to transfer load modules from one medium to another, or to have poorly matched tools talk to one another. The user can symbolically debug his work and manipulate the MIL-STD-1750A computer, whether actual or simulated, with a powerful command language. With a nonintrusive monitor, code can be executed in real-time without the need for target-resident debug software and hardware.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Detection of autoantibodies in the sera of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients]. (2008)

Autoantibodies that react with NPC exist in the sera of NPC patients, but they do not react with Epstein-Barr virus. It provides the basis to seek the tumor biomarkers in NPC sera.
MAC layer issues and challenges of using smart antennas with 802.11 (2003)

Traditionally IEEE 802.11 systems have used omni-directional antennas. Omni-directional antennas are most suitable for the CSMA/CA based 802.11 MAC protocol. Recently increased market penetration of 802.11 is demanding higher range and higher capacity access points (AP). The use of smart antennas to enhance the coverage and capacity of 802.11 systems has become a compelling application. In an AP that uses smart antennas, each transmission is in the form of a beam, with the main lobe directed to a particular station (STA). Thus the coverage area is no longer omni-directional, which causes some undesirable side effects to the 802.11 MAC. The directional nature of transmissions and receptions and the interaction between them introduce certain characteristic problems. The problems such as the hidden terminal problem, the hidden beam problem and the 'ACK suicide' problem along with some other problems involved are described in this paper. The impact of the problems is quantified using simulations. Some possible solutions to the above problems are discussed.
Real-World Concurrency (2008)

Software practitioners today could be forgiven if recent microprocessor developments have given them some trepidation about the future of software. While Moore’s law continues to hold (that is, transistor density continues to double roughly every 18 months), as a result of both intractable physical limitations and practical engineering considerations, that increasing density is no longer being spent on boosting clock rate. Instead, it is being used to put multiple CPU cores on a single CPU die. From the software perspective, this is not a revolutionary shift, but rather an evolutionary one: multicore CPUs are not the birthing of a new paradigm, but rather the progression of an old one (multiprocessing) into more widespread deployment.
Joint time-frequency analysis for radar signal and image processing (1999)

The Fourier transform has been widely used in radar signal and image processing. When the radar signals exhibit time- or frequency-varying behavior, an analysis that can represent the intensity or energy distribution of signals in the joint time-frequency (JTF) domain is most desirable. In this article, we showed that JTF analysis is a useful tool for improving radar signal and image processing for time- and frequency-varying cases. We applied JTF analysis to radar backscattering and feature extraction; we also examined its application to radar imaging of moving targets. Most methods of JTF analysis are non-parametric. However, parametric or model-based methods of time-frequency analysis, such as adaptive Gaussian and chirplets, are more suitable for radar signals and images.
Can We Afford Faster, Better and Cheaper? (2000)

INSIGHT is the magazine of the International Council on Systems Engineering. It is published four times per year and features informative articles dedicated to advancing the state of practice in systems engineering and to close the gap with the state of the art. INSIGHT delivers practical information on current hot topics, implementations, and best practices, written in applications-driven style.
Perineal Post Padding Technique to Improve Hip Distraction in Tall Patients (2015)

Hip distraction is necessary for safe arthroscopic entry into the hip joint. Achieving sufficient distraction is difficult in exceedingly tall patients (>190.5 cm) because of size limitations of currently available hip distraction systems. Inadequate distraction can delay the surgical procedure and potentially lead to complications. By repurposing a foam head-positioning block, we report a safe and inexpensive positioning technique for extending the traction distance for tall patients by 2 inches.
Iron-binding compounds impair Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, especially under anaerobic conditions (2009)

The success of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic infections is largely attributed to its ability to grow in antibiotic-resistant biofilm communities. This study investigated the effects of limiting iron levels as a strategy for preventing/disrupting P. aeruginosa biofilms. A range of synthetic and naturally occurring iron-chelating agents were examined. Biofilm development by P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 and CF sputum isolates from chronically infected individuals was significantly decreased by iron removal under aerobic atmospheres. CF strains formed poor biofilms under anaerobic conditions. Strain PAO1 was also tested under anaerobic conditions. Biofilm formation by this model strain was almost totally prevented by several of the chelators tested. The ability of synthetic chelators to impair biofilm formation could be reversed by iron addition to cultures, providing evidence that these effective chelating compounds functioned by directly reducing availability of iron to P. aeruginosa. In contrast, the biological chelator lactoferrin demonstrated enhanced anti-biofilm effects as iron supplementation increased. Hence biofilm inhibition by lactoferrin appeared to occur through more complex mechanisms to those of the synthetic chelators. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of iron availability to biofilms and that iron chelators have potential as adjunct therapies for preventing biofilm development, especially under low oxygen conditions such as encountered in the chronically infected CF lung.
Nonlinear Analyses for Coupled Problem of Temperature and Seepage Fields in Cold Regions Retaining Walls (2002)

In this paper, a mathematical mechanical model and the governing differential equations of the coupled problem of temperature and seepage fields, with phase change, are derived from the theories of heat transfer and seepage. The finite-element formulation of this problem is then obtained using Galerkin’s method. Lastly, an illustrative example is provided. The example shows that the effect of seepage field on the temperature field of cold region retaining walls is large. The effect of this factor on cold region retaining walls should be taken into account in cold regions engineering design. Comparisons of the results of this approach with the measured data in the field have been made. The agreement is very good.
A Power-Aware Prediction-Based Cache Coherence Protocol for Chip Multiprocessors (2007)

Snoopy cache coherence protocols broadcast requests to all nodes, reducing the latency of cache to cache transfer misses at the expense of increasing interconnect power. We propose speculative supplier identification (SSI) to reduce power dissipation in binary tree interconnects in snoopy cache coherence implementations. In SSI, instead of broadcasting a request to all processors, we send the request to the node more likely to have the missing data. We reduce power as we limit access only to the interconnect components between the requestor and the supplier node. We evaluate SSI using shared memory applications. We show that SSI reduces interconnect power by 23% in a 4-way multiprocessor. This comes with negligible performance cost and hardware overhead. SSI does not change existing coherence protocols and is completely transparent to software and the operating system.
A Second-Generation Cycloaddition Route to 5-Substituted 3-Acyltetramic Acids (1999)

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of α-aminonitrile oxides, formed from α-amino-acids, to enamines of β-ketoesters affords 3-(1-aminoalkyl)isoxazole-4-carboxylic esters that are converted via pyrrolo[3,4-c]isoxazol-4-ones into 5-substituted 3-acetyltetramic acids.
A new biometric-based security framework for cloud storage (2017)

Cloud computing is a paradigm that is redrawing the information technology landscape by outsourcing the computation and data storage services to public cloud service providers. Over the last years, cloud storage services revealed an unprecedented opportunity for Internet users to profit from online storage services. Thanks to their enriched toolbox for file sharing and syncing, cloud storage platforms provide organizations and individuals with a reliable and cost-effective collaborative workspace. However, in addition to the traditional security issues, cloud storage services introduce new security concerns that are mainly related to the insecure state in which the files are while being synchronized. Recent publications highlighted the significant impact of the security flaws that exist in the syncing protocols used by the most popular cloud storage application. In this paper, we consider the Man in the Cloud (MitC) attack demonstrated in 2015 which allows accessing the files stored in a private repository without the possession of the authentication and authorization credentials. To address this issue, we propose a biometric-based framework for cloud storage services aiming to impede intruders from launching MitC attacks. Our framework is based on our previously published technique to combine chaotic maps and fuzzy extractors. The experiments performed on real biometric features confirm the potential brought by our framework to implement strong authentication in cloud storage applications.
An energy efficient MAC protocol for IEEE 802.11 WLANs (2004)

A good design of MAC protocols should realize both minimum energy consumption as well as maximum data throughput. IEEE 802.11 power management scheme for an ad hoc network is based on the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) procedure to transmit/receive data frames. CSMA/CA may waste the scarce energy and bandwidth due to frame collisions and lengthen the frame delay due to waiting backoff time. In addition, the IEEE 802.11 power management scheme does not specify how to tune the ATIM (announcement traffic indication message) window size in a beacon interval. However, the ATIM window size affects the power consumption and throughput of a network considerably. The fixed ATIM window size cannot always accommodate the various traffic conditions. To conquer these problems and to improve the performance of networks, we propose a novel energy efficient MAC protocol for IEEE 802.11 networks by scheduling transmission after the ATIM window and adjusting the ATIM window dynamically to adapt to the traffic status. Simulation results show that our protocol attains a better energy efficiency and throughput than existing protocols.
Detection of protein-RNA crosslinks by nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS using precursor ion scanning and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments (2007)

Protein-RNA interactions within ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) can be investigated by UV-induced crosslinking of proteins to their cognate RNAs and subsequent isolation and mass-spectrometric analysis of crosslinked peptide-RNA oligonucleotides. Because of the low crosslinking yield, a major challenge in protein-RNA UV crosslinking is the detection of the crosslinked species over the excess of non-crosslinked material, especially when complex systems (native RNPs) are investigated. Here, we applied a novel approach that uses on-line nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS to detect and subsequently sequence peptide-RNA oligonucleotide crosslinks from crude mixtures. To detect the crosslinks we made use of features shared by crosslinks and phosphopeptides, that is, the phosphate groups that both carry. A precursor ion scan for m/z 79 (negative-ion mode, -ve) is applied to selectively detect analytes bearing the phosphate-containing species (i.e., residual non-crosslinked RNA and peptide-RNA crosslinks) from crude mixtures and to determine their exact m/z values. On this basis, a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiment monitors the expected decomposition from the different precursor charge states of the putative crosslinks to one of the four possible RNA nucleobases [m/z 112, 113, 136, 152 (positive-ion mode, +ve)]. On detection, a high-quality MS/MS is triggered to establish the structure of the crosslink. In a feasibility study, we detected and subsequently sequenced peptide-RNA crosslinks obtained by UV-irradiation of (1) native U1 snRNPs and (2) [15.5K-61K-U4atac] snRNPs prepared by reconstitution in vitro. MRM-triggered collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS enabled us to obtain sequence information about the crosslinked peptide and RNA moiety.
A Mutant Stat5b with Weaker DNA Binding Affinity Defines a Key Defective Pathway in Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2004)

A number of cytokines that finely regulate immune response have been implicated in the pathogenesis or protection of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. It is, therefore, of pivotal importance to examine a family of proteins that serve as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), which regulate the transcription of a variety of cytokines. We report here a defective gene (Stat5b) located on chromosome 11 within a previously mapped T1D susceptibility interval (Idd4) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Our sequencing analysis revealed a unique mutation C1462A that results in a leucine to methionine (L327M) in Stat5b of NOD mice. Leu(327), the first residue in the DNA binding domain of STAT proteins, is conserved in all identified mammalian STAT proteins. Homology modeling predicted that the mutant Stat5b has a weaker DNA binding, which was confirmed by DNA-protein binding assays. The inapt transcriptional regulation ability of the mutated Stat5b is proved by decreased levels of RNA of Stat5b-regulated genes (IL-2Rbeta and Pim1). Consequently, IL-2Rbeta and Pim1 proteins were shown by Western blotting to have lower levels in NOD compared with normal B6 mice. These proteins have been implicated in immune regulation, apoptosis, activation-induced cell death, and control of autoimmunity. Therefore, the Stat5b pathway is a key molecular defect in NOD mice.
Rewiring Faulty Circuits in the Brain (2009)

NEUROPSYCHIATRYA wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders seems to respond to deep brain stimulation--but how does it work, and where will it lead?
Adaptation and validation of a bacteria‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm‐specific <i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i> seroprevalence in central Kentucky Thoroughbreds (2011)

The adapted ELISA appears to be useful for determination of L. intracellularis-specific antibody levels. The high farm-specific seroprevalences and bimodal distribution of exposure to L. intracellularis were unexpected and suggest that farms with a previous history of EPE remain at risk due to heightened exposure levels beyond early winter.
A Batteryless 19 $\mu$W MICS/ISM-Band Energy Harvesting Body Sensor Node SoC for ExG Applications (2012)

This paper presents an ultra-low power batteryless energy harvesting body sensor node (BSN) SoC fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS technology capable of acquiring, processing, and transmitting electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG) data. This SoC utilizes recent advances in energy harvesting, dynamic power management, low voltage boost circuits, bio-signal front-ends, subthreshold processing, and RF transmitter circuit topologies. The SoC is designed so the integration and interaction of circuit blocks accomplish an integrated, flexible, and reconfigurable wireless BSN SoC capable of autonomous power management and operation from harvested power, thus prolonging the node lifetime indefinitely. The chip performs ECG heart rate extraction and atrial fibrillation detection while only consuming 19 μW, running solely on harvested energy. This chip is the first wireless BSN powered solely from a thermoelectric harvester and/or RF power and has lower power, lower minimum supply voltage (30 mV), and more complete system integration than previously reported wireless BSN SoCs.
Effects of Bipolar Pulse Poling on the Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Tetragonal Composition Pb(Zr<sub>0.3</sub>,Ti<sub>0.7</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films on Microelectromechanical Systems Microcantilevers (2013)

We have investigated the effects of bipolar pulse poling (pulse poling) on the crystal orientation, ferroelectric property and piezoelectric property of Pb(Zr 0.3 ,Ti 0.7 )O 3 (tetra-PZT) thin films integrated on MEMS-based microcantilevers. 1.9-µm-thick tetra-PZT thin films were deposited by the sol–gel technique and fabricated into piezoelectric microcantilevers by a MEMS microfabrication process. We have found that the suitable step for pulse poling in the MEMS microfabrication process is after the completion of all of the processes. We have optimized pulse poling voltage by using the fabricated piezoelectric microcantilevers. The volume fraction of the c -domain and remnant polarization of the tetra-PZT thin films increase with pulse poling voltage, while the piezoelectric constant - d 31 reaches its maximum at a pulse poling voltage of 50 V. The maximum piezoelectric constant - d 31 is estimated to be 50 pm/V.