gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure of Nature Is a Strategy for Design (1981)

The structural designs that occur in nature--in molecules, in crystals, in living cells, in galaxies--is the proper source of inspiration, Peter Pearce affirms, for the design of man-made structures.Nature at all levels builds responsive and adaptive strategies that conserve material and energy resources through the use of modular components combined least-energy structural strategies. This book--itself designed graphic modularity and richly illustrated examples of forms created by nature and by man, including some remarkable and surprising architectural structures developed by the author--leads the designer in this direction, beyond the familiar limitations of the right angle and the cube and into a richer world of forms based on the triangle, the hexagon, and general polyhedra, as well as saddle polyhedra spanned by minimal continuous surfaces.The author writes that Systems can be envisaged which consist of some inventory of component types which can be alternatively combined to yield a great of efficient structural form. We call these minimum inventory/maximum diversity systems.By such a 'system' I mean a minimized inventory of component types (a kit of parts) along with rubrics whereby the components may be combined.... The snowflake is the most graphic example in nature of the inventory/maximum principle. In fact, it may be considered an archetype of physicogeometric expression. All planar snow crystals are found to have star-like forms six corners (or subsets thereof).... However, within this six-fold form, no two snowflakes have ever been known to be exactly alike....An integral part of the concept of inventory/maximum systems is the principle of conservation of resources. The formative processes in natural structure are characteristically governed by least-energy responses. Perhaps the simplest expression of this is found in the principle of closest packing, a principle which even in its most elementary form is common in both the animate and inanimate worlds.Pearce's work follows in the tradition established by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson and Konrad Wachsmann, and reflects his earlier close working association Charles Eames and Buckminster Fuller. With Eames, he contributed to the design of seating and other furniture systems, and he edited the preliminary text of Fuller's Synergetics, that grand summary of his thoughts, and prepared the illustrations for the published version of that book.Many of the ideas explored in this book have already undergone reduction to practice in the firm Pearce founded, Synestructics, Inc. Its initial products have been kits and kites, and a ministructure large enough for kids to crawl through, the Curved Space Labyrinth, a saddle polyhedra system made of transparent plastic. Adult-sized structures, and indeed megastructures, based on these principles can be realized as soon as entrepreneurs emerge whose vision is commensurate that of Peter Pearce.
Low on-resistance GaN <i>pin</i> rectifiers grown on 6H-SiC substrates (2007)

Low on-resistance gallium nitride pin rectifiers grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition on n-type 6H-SiC substrates are reported. The diode structures consist of an n+-GaN layer grown on the substrate, followed by a 2.5 µm unintentionally doped i-GaN layer, and a p-type GaN layer capped with a p++-GaN contact layer. The mesa-structure pin diodes exhibited a blocking voltage as large as Vr ∼−500 V, at a reverse current density of Ir ∼1 A/cm2. The on-resistance is 2.3 mΩ · cm2 for an 80 µm mesa diameter circular device. This yields a power figure of merit value of 108.69 MW/cm2. The on-resistance and the figure of merit values are believed to be the best reported for vertical mesa-geometry GaN pin rectifiers grown on 6H-SiC substrates with comparable i-layer thickness.
Solubilization in surfactant media: the use of an isomerizable solute-probe to determine microheterogeneity in microemulsions (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolubilization in surfactant media: the use of an isomerizable solute-probe to determine microheterogeneity in microemulsionsKirk S. Schanze and David G. WhittenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 22, 6734–6735Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00360a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00360a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Immunoregulation by monoclonal sheep erythrocyte-specific IgG antibodies: suppression is correlated to level of antigen binding and not to isotype. (1984)

Six different monoclonal IgG antibodies with specificities for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were tested for immunosuppressive ability. Four of them, one IgG3, two IgG2a, and one IgG1, could yield suppression of more than 90% of the anti-SRBC response. The remaining two antibodies, which were both IgG2a, were found to have no significant effect. The degree of suppression correlated well with the amount of antibodies used that could bind to SRBC, as measured by an ELISA assay. High avidity for SRBC was also a factor making the monoclonal antibody more efficient as an immunosuppressor. The response against antigenic determinants on the SRBC other than those for which the monoclonals were specific, was suppressed to an equal degree. This was established by immunizing mice with SRBC using monoclonal anti-SRBC antibodies that did or did not bind to goat RBC (GRBC). The PFC responses against both SRBC and GRBC were then measured. The anti-SRBC and GRBC responses were suppressed in parallel regardless of whether or not the monoclonal reacted with GRBC. None of the tested antibodies displayed any significant ability to enhance the anti-SRBC response. Thus, IgG1 is not the only murine isotype that can efficiently suppress the immune response against SRBC, but IgG2a and IgG3 can also exert this capacity. The mechanism of IgG-mediated suppression is not one of merely blocking single epitopes but involves the immunogenicity of the entire SRBC.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management References
Assessment of differential block of conduction by direct current applied to the cervical vagus nerve. (1973)

As investigation has been made of the adequacy of direct current to block conduction in the myelinated fibres of the cervical vagus nerve, leaving the nonmyelinated fibres conducting normally. Conduction was assessed from the compound electroneurograms, and from single fibre recording. Conduction of spontaneous activity and the responses to inflation and deflation in single fibres from lung irritant receptors and pulmonary stretch receptors were completely abolished when the A-B wave of the electroneurogram was absent but the C wave was intact. When the direct current was first applied to the nerve, and for periods lasting up to 30 s, there was sometimes a continuous discharge in the single fibres being studied. These results suggest that this method of producing a differential block of conduction in a mixed nerve such as the vagus may be superior to cooling.
Electronic Structure of Epitaxial Graphene Layers on SiC: Effect of the Substrate (2007)

A strong substrate-graphite bond is found in the first all-carbon layer by density functional theory calculations and x-ray diffraction for few graphene layers grown epitaxially on SiC. This first layer is devoid of graphene electronic properties and acts as a buffer layer. The graphene nature of the film is recovered by the second carbon layer grown on both the (0001) and (0001[over]) 4H-SiC surfaces. We also present evidence of a charge transfer that depends on the interface geometry. Hence the graphene is doped and a gap opens at the Dirac point after three Bernal stacked carbon layers are formed.
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and complex I deficiency in muscle (1991)

We investigated a family with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in which affected individuals were homoplasmic for the point mutation of the NADH-dehydrogenase 4 gene of mitochondrial DNA, described by Wallace and colleagues in 1988. The proband had bilateral optic atrophy, tremor, dystonia, and sharply defined lesions in the putamen on magnetic resonance images. Optic atrophy was found in another 3 of 13 investigated relatives on the maternal side. Additional neurological signs were found but only in patients with optic neuropathy. The morphological appearance and the respiratory chain function of muscle tissue were investigated in the proband, his mother, and 3 siblings. Polarographic measurements revealed complex I deficiency in the 5 investigated subjects. Morphological changes of mitochondria were found in 4 of these subjects. There was no decrease in complex I activity measured as NADH ferricyanide reductase or rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase activities. In other cases with complex I deficiency, good agreement between polarographic and spectrophotometric measurements was found. This study showed that there is decreased activity of complex I of the respiratory chain in muscle and that cerebral striatal lesions occur in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy with the NADH-dehydrogenase 4 gene point mutation.
On achieving better uniform carbon nanotube field emission by electrical treatment and the underlying mechanism (2006)

The uniformity in field emission from a carbon nanotube film is very important to many applications. A study has been carried out to obtain uniform emission from multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT) films by electrical treatment. The electrical treatment is based on local vacuum breakdown of CNTs under direct-current conditions. The optimal current density was found, under which the best effect of the treatment may be observed. The physical mechanism responsible for the effect of local vacuum breakdown of CNTs on emission uniformity was investigated.
Use of Peptide Libraries to Determine Optimal Substrates of Tyrosine Kinases (2003)

The substrate specificity of a protein tyrosine kinase in viva reflects both the intrinsic specificity of the kinase catalytic domain and the effective local concentrations of protein substrates. In many cases, the distribution of potential substrates is mfluenced by interactions with noncatalytic regions of the enzymes such as autophosphorylation sites, Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, and Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. These interactions may recruit substrates to the vicinity of the tyrosme kinase catalytic domain (,). For example, binding of the SH2 domains of phosphohpase Cγl (PLCγl) to autophosphorylation sites on the activated eptdermal growth-factor receptor tyrosme kinase results in phosphorylation and activation of PLCγl (). Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases such as Src and Abl are also targeted to subsets of cellular proteins by virtue of specific interactions with their SH2 and SH3 domains. The Src SH3 domain recognizes a proline-rich motif in an actin filament-assoctated protein of 110 KDa; this interaction leads to phosphorylation of the protein by the catalytic domain of Src (). Similarly, the SH2 domain of the Abl tyrosine kinase is required for hyperphosphorylation of rts substrate p130CAS (). Substitutions of SH2 domains in nonreceptor tyrosme kinases with heterologous SH2 domains result in the phosphorylation of alternative substrates in vivo ().
Induction of Polyploidy by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor: A Pathway for Antitumor Effects (2005)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can induce various transformed cells to undergo growth arrest and/or death. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is an HDAC inhibitor which is in phase I/II clinical trials and has shown antitumor activity in hematologic and solid tumors at doses well tolerated by patients. HDAC is the target for SAHA, but the mechanisms of the consequent induced death of transformed cells are not completely understood. In this study, we report that SAHA induced polyploidy in human colon cancer cell line HCT116 and human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MBA-MD-468, but not in normal human embryonic fibroblast SW-38 and normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The polyploid cells lost the capacity for proliferation and committed to senescence. The induction of polyploidy was more marked in HCT116 p21WAF1-/- or HCT116 p53-/- cells than in wild-type HCT116. The development of senescence of SAHA-induced polyploidy cells was similar in all colon cell lines. The present findings indicate that the HDAC inhibitor could exert antitumor effects by inducing polyploidy, and this effect is more marked in transformed cells with nonfunctioning p21WAF1 or p53 genes.
CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity correlates with the clinical state of the infected individual. (1991)

The extent of antiviral activity exhibited in vitro by CD8+lymphocytes from individuals infected by HIV-1 correlates significantly with their clinical status. CD8+ lymphocytes from asymptomatic subjects were found to inhibit HIV-1 replication by 90% or greater at effector/target (E/T) ratios ranging from as low as 0.05 to 0.25. CD8+ cells from 17 of 19 (89%) of these subjects suppressed replication at an E/T ratio of 0.10 or less. CD8+ lymphocytes from symptomatic patients (non-AIDS) inhibited HIV-1 replication at E/T ratios ranging from 0.05 to 1.0, and CD8+ cells from 8 of 13 (62%) required ratios greater than 0.10. As a group, patients with AIDS exhibited the lowest degree of anti-HIV activity with their CD8+ lymphocytes. The effective range of E/T ratios from AIDS patients was 0.10-2.0, and 9 of 10 (90%) required E/T ratios greater than 0.25. This anti-HIV activity exhibited by CD8+ cells also correlated significantly with the subject's peripheral blood CD4+ cell count. The relative extent of CD8+ cell anti-HIV-1 activity was not found dependent on variations in the CD4+ target cells and viruses used. These findings suggest that the decreased CD8+ cell antiviral activity is related to progression to disease in HIV-infected individuals.
Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin, in adult periodontitis (1997)

SUMMARY Capture ELISAs with biotinylated monospecific antibodies were developed to detect both C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp) in serum of adult periodontitis (AP) patients and normal subjects. Each acute-phase reactant was significantly increased in serum from AP patients with CRP at 9.12 ±1.61 mg/l versus 2.17 ± 0.41 mg/l (P &lt; 0.001) and Hp at 3.68 ± 0.37 g/l versus 1.12 ± 0.78 g/l (P &lt; 0.001). Assessment of clinical characteristics of the patients' periodontal disease indicated that CRP and Hp levels were significantly increased in patients with the most frequent disease active episodes (P &lt; 0.02 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Longitudinal examination of the Hp levels showed a significant decrease following scaling and root planing (3.68 versus 2.38 g/l; P &lt; 0.01). After a 2-year administration of 50 mg/b.i.d. Flurbiprofen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), significantly decreased Hp levels were noted (P &lt; 0.005). CRP levels declined by 35–40% after 1–2 years of treatment with the drug (P &lt; 0.05). The findings indicated that localized infections resulting in increased inflammation and tissue loss in the periodontium elicit systemic host changes manifest by increases in two acute-phase reactants. The conclusions are that either these molecules are formed locally and distributed to the serum, or these presumably localized infections impact upon the systemic components of the host protective responses.
A Ta/Mo Interdiffusion Gate Technology for Dual Metal Gate-First FinFET Fabrication (2007)

The Ta/Mo interdiffusion gate technology was introduced into the gate-first FinFET process. The Ta/Mo gated n-MOS and the Mo gated p-MOS FinFET exhibuted symmetrical Vth (0.31/-0.36 V), and the scalability down to 100 nm was demonstrated.
<i>Chlamydia</i> Heat Shock Protein 60 Induces Trophoblast Apoptosis through TLR4 (2006)

Intrauterine infection affects placental development and function, and subsequently may lead to complications such as preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, and preeclampsia; however, the molecular mechanisms are not clearly known. TLRs mediate innate immune responses in placenta, and recently, TLR2-induced trophoblast apoptosis has been suggested to play a role in infection-induced preterm delivery. Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. In this study, we show that in vitro chlamydial heat shock protein 60 induces apoptosis in primary human trophoblasts, placental fibroblasts, and the JEG3 trophoblast cell line, and that TLR4 mediates this event. We observed a host cell type-dependent apoptotic response. In primary placental fibroblasts, chlamydial heat shock protein 60-induced apoptosis was caspase dependent, whereas in JEG3 trophoblast cell lines it was caspase independent. These data suggest that TLR4 stimulation induces apoptosis in placenta, and this could provide a novel mechanism of pathogenesis for poor fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with persistent chlamydia infection.
ChemInform Abstract: Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Copper(I) Oxide on Single‐Crystal Gold(100). (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mobile P‐service satellite system comparison (1995)

Abstract Several future operators of the mobile handheld telephone (P‐service) satellite communications systems are gearing up for system implementation to compete for the mobile handheld telephone market of the future. While these companies are proceeding with system realization, they are also looking for partners to finance these huge satellite projects. Potential partners or bulk users are administrations of national communication systems and operators of national communication satellites. These future partners ask themselves which P‐service satellite communication system they should choose. There is not an easy answer because P‐service satellite systems come in many varieties. There are the low altitude earth orbiting satellites (LEOs), the medium altitude earth orbiting satellites (MEOs), and the geosynchronous altitude earth orbiting satellites (GEOs). Each system has a different type of satellite repeater: digital regenerative, transparent digital, and the bent‐pipe. And each satellite system uses its own modulation/multiple access system. The fact that satellites circle the earth at different altitudes has an impact on speech quality, and, because systems vary in satellite as well as constellation complexity, there are different price tags attached. All systems display ingenious features and will eventually work. Mobile users will decide which system will best serve their purposes. This article attempts to compare six P‐service satellite systems and find a method for system selection. By use of self‐established system criteria, it is possible to arrive at a P‐service system selection. By weighing the system criteria, the sensitivity of system selection can be tested. The results or the selection of a particular system should not be considered a recommendation; rather, the process of selection should be used as a possible guideline.
Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Gastroenterology (2002)

Current diagnosis & treatment in gastroenterology , Current diagnosis & treatment in gastroenterology , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
Capacity of cordless telephone systems with discontinuous transmission (1991)

The muting of transmitters during periods of silence is shown to increase the voice capacity of a microcellular cordless telephone system. Both average and instantaneous cochannel interference models are considered and used to compare the grade of service of such a technique against that of a continuous transmission system.
Finite-element modeling of broad-band traveling-wave optical modulators (1999)

A full-wave finite-element method with hybrid edge/nodal elements is, for the first time, applied to investigating the frequency dispersion of microwave propagation characteristics of broad-band traveling-wave (TW) optical modulators using planar electrode configurations. In order to produce a two-step analysis of electrooptic modulation of optical waveguides, the microwave electrode solver is linked to the optical waveguide solver. Numerical results are shown for an ultrabroad-band TW LiNbO/sub 3/ Mach-Zehnder optical modulator with a ridge structure, and the necessity of using the full-wave solver is verified by comparing the calculated 3-dB bandwidth and half-wavelength voltage with the experimental data.
Evaluation of Vapor-Plated Oxide Films for Capacitor Dielectrics (1963)

The development of vapor-plating techniques has made possible the preparation of a variety of oxide dielectric films. The work described in this paper is a preliminary evaluation of the physical and chemical properties of some of these films and their suitability for use as capacitor dielectrics. The physical structure of the films has been investigated by X-ray diffraction techniques. Physical and chemical stability of the films was evaluated by thermal shock tests, resistance to scratch and nature of scratch fractures produced, and a variety of chemical treatments. Optical interferomatic techniques were developed for the accurate measurement of film thickness for determination of dielectric constant, dielectric strength and resistivity. Electrical properties of the films were evaluated by capacitor measurements. Results indicate that vapor plated oxide dielectrics have good potential for capacitor applications. This technique has allowed fabrication of capacitors which show a dissipation factor of less than 1 per cent in the frequency range of 100 cps to 300 kc, a capacitance of more than 100 uuf/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and a time constant of open circuit voltage decay in excess of 1000 seconds. Environmental and accelerated aging tests were carried out on the capacitors and a good correlation with the physical and chemical stability of the films was shown. Other applications for these films are under study.