gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-spring model for active compression textiles with integrated NiTi coil actuators (2015)

This paper describes the development and implementation of a two-spring model to predict the performance of hybrid compression textiles combining passive elastic fabrics and integrated NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) coil actuators. An analytic model that treats passive fabric-SMA coil systems as conjoined linear springs is presented to predict garment passive and active counter-pressure as a function of 11 design variables. For a fixed SMA coil design (encompassing five design variables), the model predicts that passive fabric material modulus, initial length, width and thickness determine both passive counter-pressure magnitude and activation stroke length, and that passive and active pressures are highly dependent on the relative unstretched lengths of the conjoined SMA-fabric system compared to the total limb circumference. Several passive fabrics were tested to determine their moduli and to generally assess the fabric linearity model assumption: two fabrics (spandex and neoprene) were found to behave linearly up to 200% strain, while two other fabrics (flat polyester elastic and a tri-laminate Lycra) were found to be nonlinear in the same strain envelope. Five hypothetical compression tourniquet designs are presented using experimentally determined fabric characteristics and previously studied SMA actuators developed at MIT. The performance of each tourniquet design is discussed with a specific focus on mechanical counter-pressure (MCP) space suit design requirements, with designs presented that achieve the full MCP design specification ( 29.6 kPa) while minimizing ( 5 mm) garment thickness. The modeling framework developed in this effort enables compression garment designers to tailor counter-pressure and activation stroke properties of active compression garments based on a variety of design parameters to meet a wide range of performance specifications.
The UK's Migraine Healthcare System: Key Problems and How They Can be Addressed (2022)

At The Migraine Trust, the UK's leading migraine charity, we regularly hear from people who are in urgent need of better migraine care. Every day, we see the huge impact this long-term, painful neurological condition has on people's lives, and we want to ensure that every single person with migraine, no matter who they are or where they come from, can access the information, support and care that they need. This editorial article addresses key issues in migraine care, the impact of inadequate healthcare on patients living with migraine and how The Migraine Trust believes these problems can be addressed.
New Ethernet Technologies for Substation Automation (2007)

One of the most crucial issues in the field of substation automation is the use of Industrial Ethernet. Compared to earlier communication systems, such as the DNP and IEC 60870-5 protocols, Ethernet has its base not in the industrial sector but in the office environment. To be fully usable in the fields of substation and factory automation, it requires additional features in the following areas: (1) reliability (2) hardness suitable for substation environment conditions (3) power supplies suitable for substations (4) services enabling short response times (5) redundancy during the last ten years, the enormous progress made in these areas has led to the decision to include Industrial Ethernet in the IEC 61850 project. Ongoing development in the fields of Industrial Ethernet will lead to new, comprehensive solutions using IEC 61850, especially in the field of process-bus applications.
Neuronal Mechanisms and Attentional Modulation of Corticothalamic Alpha Oscillations (2011)

Field potential oscillations in the ∼10 Hz range are known as the alpha rhythm. The genesis and function of alpha has been the subject of intense investigation for the past 80 years. Whereas early work focused on the thalamus as the pacemaker of alpha rhythm, subsequent slice studies revealed that pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of sensory cortices are capable of oscillating in the alpha frequency range independently. How thalamic and cortical generating mechanisms in the intact brain might interact to shape the organization and function of alpha oscillations remains unclear. We addressed this problem by analyzing laminar profiles of local field potential and multiunit activity (MUA) recorded with linear array multielectrodes from the striate cortex of two macaque monkeys performing an intermodal selective attention task. Current source density (CSD) analysis was combined with CSD-MUA coherence to identify intracortical alpha current generators and assess their potential for pacemaking. Coherence and Granger causality analysis was applied to delineate the patterns of interaction among different alpha current generators. We found that (1) separable alpha current generators are located in superficial, granular, and deep layers, with both layer 4C and deep layers containing primary local pacemaking generators, suggesting the involvement of the thalamocortical network, and (2) visual attention reduces the magnitude of alpha oscillations as well as the level of alpha interactions, consistent with numerous reports of occipital alpha reduction with visual attention in human EEG. There is also indication that alpha oscillations in the lateral geniculate cohere with those in V1.
Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Polyisobutylene-Based Oil-Soluble Dispersants by Fluorescence (2014)

A novel methodology based on fluorescence quenching measurements is introduced to determine quantitatively the amine content of polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI) dispersants used as engine oil-additives. To this end, a series of five PIBSI dispersants were prepared by reacting 2 mol equiv of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) with 1 mol equiv of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine to yield the corresponding b-PIBSI dispersants. After having demonstrated that the presence of hydrogen bonds between the polyamine linker and the succinimide carbonyls of the dispersants prevents the quantitative analysis of the (1)H NMR and FTIR spectra of the dispersants to determine their chemical composition, alternative procedures based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and fluorescence quenching were implemented to estimate the amine content of the b-PIBSI dispersants. Taking advantage of the doubling in size that occurs when 2 mol of PIBSA are reacted with 1 mol of HMDA, a combination of GPC and FTIR was employed to follow how the chemical composition and molecular weight distribution of the polymers produced evolved with the reaction of PIBSA and HMDA mixed at different molar ratios. These experiments provided the PIBSA-to-HMDA molar ratio yielding the largest b-PIBSI dispersants and this molar ratio was then selected to prepare the four other dispersants. Having prepared five b-PIBSI dispersants with well-defined secondary amine content, the fluorescence of the succinimide groups was found to decrease with increasing number of secondary amines present in the polyamine linker. This result suggests that fluorescence quenching provides a valid method to determine the chemical composition of b-PIBSI dispersants which is otherwise difficult to characterize by standard (1)H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies.
Glutamic acid decarboxylase messenger ribonucleic acid is regulated by estradiol and progesterone in the hippocampus. (1992)

Ovarian steroids modulate learning, memory, and epileptic seizure activity, functions that are mediated in part by the hippocampus. Normal function depends on precise interactions between the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus. To determine whether estradiol and progesterone interact with GABAergic neurons, the levels of mRNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for GABA synthesis, were measured by in situ hybridization histochemistry with 35S-labeled riboprobes complimentary to the feline GAD cDNA. The levels of mRNA for GAD were analyzed in selected region of the dorsal hippocampus and medial basal hypothalamus in ovariectomized, ovariectomized estradiol-treated, and ovariectomized estradiol- and progesterone-treated rats. In estradiol-treated rats, GAD mRNA levels increased in GABAergic neurons associated with the CA1 pyramidal cell layer, but not in the stratum oriens of CA1 or any other region of the hippocampus. Estradiol plus progesterone treatment reversed the estradiol-induced increase in GAD mRNA in CA1 and induced a small decrease in the hilus. No effect of estradiol or progesterone was observed in the dorsomedial, ventromedial, or arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. Estradiol or progesterone may alter cognitive performance and seizure activity by increasing or decreasing, respectively, the activity of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus.
Functional Re-expression of Laminin-5 in Laminin-γ2-deficient Human Keratinocytes Modifies Cell Morphology, Motility, and Adhesion (1996)

Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (H-JEB) is characterized by a reduced adherence of keratinocytes consequent to deficient expression of the extracellular adhesive ligand laminin-5. To complement the genetic defect causing H-JEB, we transferred an eukaryotic cassette expressing the cDNA for the gamma2 chain of laminin-5 into H-JEB keratinocytes in which the expression of the polypeptide is hampered by a homozygous mutation generating a premature termination codon. Transfection using adenovirus-polylysin-transferrin-DNA complexes resulted in a transient synthesis of the recombinant laminin gamma2 chain that associated with the endogenous alpha3 and beta3 chains to form laminin-5 molecules readily deposited on the tissue culture substrate. Furthermore, retroviral-mediated transduction of the gamma2 cDNA yielded persistent expression and polarized secretion of laminin-5. The protein incorporated into the basement membrane produced by the revertant cells inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice. In these transfectants, re-expression of laminin-5 induced changes in cell morphology and reorganization of focal adhesions that assumed the shape and distribution of the counterparts detected in normal keratinocytes. These observations correlated with an enhanced cell-substrate adhesion and a reduced motility of the transfected cells. Our results demonstrate that a restored expression of laminin-5 induces a phenotypic reversion of genetically altered H-JEB keratinocytes and open new perspectives to the analysis of the mechanisms regulating adhesion of epithelial cells.
Structural Features of the Proteins Participating in Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis (1986)

In recent years, a great deal of new information has emerged regarding the structure and function of the various proteins involved in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, and other physiological events that occur in blood. The structural data for these proteins have been obtained by a combination of amino acid sequence analysis of purified preparations and cDNA cloning. This information has made it clear that there are many common structures or domains that are shared by the plasma proteins and other proteins from different tissues and organs. For example, the carboxy-terminal 250–300 amino acids that constitute the catalytic domain in the serine proteases of plasma show a high degree of amino acid sequence homology with pancreatic trypsin (Katayama et al. 1979). The function of this domain in the plasma serine proteases is to catalyze the hydrolysis of arginine-containing peptide bonds. It contains the triad of serine, histidine, and aspartic acid...
Kinetic Interactions Between 4‐Methylpyrazole and Ethanol in Healthy Humans (1996)

4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase activity, is a candidate to replace ethanol as the antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol intoxications, because it has a longer duration of action and apparently fewer adverse effects. To study a probable mutual inhibitory effect between ethanol and 4-MP on their elimination, two studies were performed in healthy human volunteers using double-blind crossover designs. In study A1 4-MP in the presumed therapeutic dose range of 10 to 20 mg/kg caused a 40% reduction in the rate of elimination of ethanol in 12 subjects given 0.5 to 0.7 g/kg of ethanol. These data suggest that such doses of 4-MP inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity in humans in vivo and would be effective at blocking methanol or ethylene glycol metabolism. In study B, ethanol (0.6 g/kg followed by 0.2 g/kg twice) significantly decreased the rate of elimination of 4-MP (5 mg/kg, given intravenously to four subjects). These moderate doses of ethanol also inhibited the rate of urinary excretion of 4-carboxypyrazole, the primary metabolite of 4-MP in humans. Data suggest that ethanol inhibits 4-MP metabolism, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic blood levels of 4-MP in the body. This mutual interaction may have clinical implications, because most self-poisoned patients have also ingested ethanol. Theoretically, methanol and ethylene glycol might also show such interactions with 4-MP.
Characterization of Polysorbate Ester Fractions and Implications in Protein Drug Product Stability (2020)

Polysorbates (PS) are commonly used surfactants in biopharmaceutical protein formulations. However, they are susceptible to a variety of degradation pathways, including chemical hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Polysorbates are also heterogeneous mixtures, and it has been observed that the patterns of degradation can be strikingly different between the different pathways. Polysorbates (PS20 and PS80) were fractionated, and the fractions were characterized for their physicochemical properties, such as surface tension, micelle size, critical micelle concentration (CMC), and agitation protection for a monoclonal antibody (mAb). This report seeks to use this information to inform how these properties might change in polysorbates as they degrade in biopharmaceutical formulations. The physicochemical properties examined shed light on some of the differences between PS types and the different chemical components of polysorbates. Differences in physicochemical properties for fractionated polysorbates could help inform biopharmaceutical formulations that use PS surfactants. Importantly, they show that subspecies of PS20 are far more distinct from each other than those of PS80. Fractions of PS20 showed highly different critical micelle concentrations and effects on equilibrium surface tension. These differences, and possibly other untested parameters, led to vastly different protective effects for a model mAb under agitation stress. Additionally, the propensity of various PS fractions to form micelles can impact both polysorbate quantitation measurements, some of which rely on micellization, and the effective solubility of hydrophobic compounds (e.g., fatty acids) in the surfactant solution.
The Epidemiology of Suicide Among Students at Colleges and Universities in the United States (1990)

All published studies and selected unpublished reports on the incidence of suicide among students at colleges and universities in the United States are reviewed. Compared with studies relying upon official (i.e., governmental) records of suicide, studies relying on informal sources are found to underestimate the incidence of student suicide by about 30 percent. Both sources of data, however, indicate that the incidence of student suicide is significantly and dramatically lower (about 46 percent) than that of non-students. For female students it is only marginally lower (about 91 percent). Institutional size and prestige are not significantly related to the incidence of student suicide, nor is class standing. The presence of psychosis is the most discriminating individual difference variable, increasing the risk of suicide by a factor of 200 over baseline rates in the student population. Contact with campus mental health services is also associated with a significant (six fold) increase in risk for suicide. Depression is upiquitous and signals only a doubling of risk for suicide among students. Method of suicide is a particularly noteworthy variable. Most importantly, male students are half as likely as males generally to employ the most common means of suicide, firearms. The same trend is found for female students. There is suggestive evidence that student suicides occur more frequently than would be expected during the months of September, January and March. The incidence of student suicide is significantly elevated during weekdays (Monday-Thursday. Student suicide occurs disproportionately often during the midnight to 6:00am period, but this finding is only suggestive and may not be a contrast with non-student suicides. The implication of these findings for the prevention of student suicide are briefly discussed. Suggestions for further epidemiologic studies of student suicide are made.
Combinatorial selection of a RNA thioaptamer that binds to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein (2007)

A phosphorothioate RNA aptamer (thioaptamer) targeting the capsid protein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) was isolated by in vitro combinatorial selection. The selected thioaptamer had a strong binding affinity (approximately 7nM) and high specificity for the target protein. For the binding to the protein, the overall tertiary structure of the thioaptamer is required. We introduce two theoretical methods to examine the effect of phosphorothioate modification on the enhancement of binding affinity and one experimental method to examine the nature of the multiple bands of thioaptamer in a native gel.
Efficient Transamidation of Primary Carboxamides by in Situ Activation with <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dialkylformamide Dimethyl Acetals (2006)

Two protocols for the transamidation of primary amides with primary and secondary amines, forming secondary and tertiary amides, respectively, are described. Both processes employ N,N-dialkylformamide dimethyl acetals for primary amide activation, producing N'-acyl-N,N-dialkylformamidines as intermediates, as widely documented in the literature. Although the latter intermediates react irreversibly with amines by amidinyl transfer, we show that in the presence of certain Lewis acid additives efficient acyl transfer occurs, providing new and useful methods for amide exchange. In one protocol for transamidation, the N'-acyl-N,N-dialkylformamidine intermediates are purified by flash-column chromatography and the purified intermediates are then treated with an amine (typically, 2.5 equiv) in the presence of scandium triflate (10 mol %) in ether to form in high yields the products of transamidation. In a second procedure, N'-acyl-N,N-dialkylformamidines are generated in situ and, without isolation, are subjected to transamidation in the presence of zirconium chloride (0.5 equiv) and an amine (typically 2 equiv). A variety of different primary amides and amines are found to undergo efficient transamidation using the methods described.
Strategies to improve confidence in immunity testing under CISPR24 (2002)

CISPR24 or its ratified harmonized version EN55024 documents procedures to assess the. performance of information technology equipment (ITE) while subjected to various continuous and transient, conducted and radiated disturbances such as electrostatic discharges (ESD) and electrical fast transient and burst (EFT/B). Basic EMC standards listed in CISPR24 have not proven to be highly repeatable and reproducible. Therefore this has made practical design decisions to improve ITE products performance to the standards difficult. This article presents strategies that can be used to increase the confidence in the EMC basic standards called in CISPR24. These strategies include: proper test planning, calibration and verification, repeatability and reproducibility studies, precise diagnostics and the application of a statistical process.
Algal Cell Walls (2011)

Abstract Algal cell walls are composed of a diverse array of fibrillar, matrix and crystalline polymers interacting with various ions and water. The diverse array of cell walls exhibited in the various algal groups is a manifestation of ancient evolutionary origins and ecological pressures of modern earth habitats. Cell walls often represent the dominant component of the extracellular matrix and represent the largest or a significant percentage of the photosynthetically fixed carbon of the algae. Walls are typically fibrous composites of microfibrillar polysaccharides embedded in matrix polysaccharides and proteoglycans. Scales and extracellular polymeric substances may also constitute the algal extracellular matrix. The production of the cell walls requires the highly coordinated interaction of several subcellular systems and is controlled by complex gene expression programmes. Modern technologies employed from immunology, molecular genetics, biochemistry and microscopy‐based imaging are transforming our understanding of the cell structure, functions and development. Key Concepts: Algae represent a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide range of cell wall types. New technologies derived from immunology, microscopy‐based imaging, molecular genetics and biochemistry are greatly enhancing our understanding of algal cell walls. Primitive green algae of the Prasinophyceae produce layers of multishaped scales. The Charophycean green algae produce cell walls containing polymers similar to land plants. The red algae possess complex composite cell walls made of cellulose, xylan or mannan fibrils and extensive matrix polysaccharides including the economically important carrageenan and agar. Diatoms produce highly sculpted frustules made of silica‐based composites and often produce extensive stalks and other extracellular polymeric substances. Brown algae produce cell walls containing cellulose, matrix polysaccharides and in some cases, phenolics.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate reduces infarct volume after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. (1993)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate improves functional neurological outcome and reduces infarct volume after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.
Temporal Subspace Clustering for Human Motion Segmentation (2015)

Subspace clustering is an effective technique for segmenting data drawn from multiple subspaces. However, for time series data (e.g., human motion), exploiting temporal information is still a challenging problem. We propose a novel temporal subspace clustering (TSC) approach in this paper. We improve the subspace clustering technique from two aspects. First, a temporal Laplacian regularization is designed, which encodes the sequential relationships in time series data. Second, to obtain expressive codings, we learn a non-negative dictionary from data. An efficient optimization algorithm is presented to jointly learn the representation codings and dictionary. After constructing an affinity graph using the codings, multiple temporal segments can be grouped via spectral clustering. Experimental results on three action and gesture datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. In particular, TSC significantly improves the clustering accuracy, compared to the state-of-the-art subspace clustering methods.
Molecular Markers of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment among Mexican Americans (2015)

The biomarker profile of aMCI was shown to be different from our previously generated AD profile among Mexican Americans, which was largely metabolic in nature. The findings implicate a possible interplay between inflammatory and metabolic processes and additional work is needed to further examine this.