gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of two toxins from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. (1987)

Attempts were made to isolate toxins from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa which has been reported to form a toxic wafer-bloom in freshwater lakes and ponds in various countries. Aunialgal strain (M228) from Lake Suwa, Nagano Prefecture, was cultured, and the cells were harvested and freeze-dried. The water extract was subjected to high performance liquid chromato-graphy (HPLC) on a DEAE-5PW column, resulting in appearance of two toxic peaks. HPLC using an ODS-80TM reversed phase column made it possible to isolate two toxins, P-1 and P-2, with yields of 100μg and 700μg/g freeze-dried cells, respectively. The specific toxicity of the main toxin, P-2, was 70μg/kg mice (i.p.).
New Aspects of Preignition in European Automotive Engines (1972)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Research has been done on preignition in automotive engines using a new experimental method enabling the phenomenon to be followed from its onset to its final phase. The technique consists of interrupting conventional spark ignition for a brief period and detecting any uncontrolled ignition signal at no matter what instant in the cycle it may occur.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">With regard to the danger of preignition, it was demonstrated that fuel effect depends on the following two properties: specific resistance to hot-point ignition and capacity to heat up a possible ignition source. The latter characteristic is linked to both combustion speed and fuel flame temperature.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The source of preignition is usually the exhaust valve covered with mineral deposits coming from fuel and lubricant additives. The most harmful deposits are made of barium and calcium phosphates coming from detergent additives in lubricants; whereas lead compounds coming from antiknock additives in fuels have no appreciable effect.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The effect of thermal parameters concerning engine design and operating conditions was also examined. In particular, it was demonstrated that preignition may appear no matter what the prior engine operating conditions may have been, provided that the engine is using large amounts of a harmful lubricant.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Physicochemical transformations were also examined inside exhaust valve deposits during preignition.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A synthesis of the results obtained reveals the most effective ways of eliminating or reducing the danger of preignition in automotive engines. Such ways consist mainly of decreasing the harmful influence of various metallic lubricant additives on exhaust valve deposit properties.</div>
Tools for real-time business integration and collaboration (2003)

Business integration platforms (a.k.a. middleware), enable companies to improve integration of information systems, integration with partners, automation of business processes and workflow, and real-time visibility into the operations. Middleware is an important component in building a flexible, scalable, fault tolerant, secure, standards-based, IT architecture. It reduces application development and maintenance costs, and it allows best-of-breed application deployment where systems can be expanded incrementally by plugging in new applications into a message bus. As such, it positions utilities to manage business structure and business process changes introduced by wholesale and retail deregulation. More than 100 utilities and two ISOs have already acquired middleware, and many have successfully applied it. Applications include back-office applications integration, trade floor applications integration, integration with energy exchanges, eProcurement, retail applications integration, and T&D midoffice integration. Reported experiences have been very positive. Applications of middleware to real-time control and distributed resources integration are yet to come.
GENERATION OF SPECIFIC ANTI-HUMAN CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES FROM A COLON CARCINOMA PATIENT IMMUNIZED WITH RECOMBINANT VACCINIA-CEA (rVCEA) VACCINE BY STIMULATION WITH A CEA SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE (CAP-2) IN VITRO (1996)

Journal of Immunotherapy features rapid publication of articles on immunomodulators, lymphokines, antibodies, cells, and cell products in cancer biology and therapy. Laboratory and preclinical studies, as well as investigative clinical reports, are presented. The journal emphasizes basic mechanisms and methods for the rapid transfer of technology from the laboratory to the clinic. JIT contains full-length articles, review articles, and short communications.
Chapter 4. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Intact Proteins (2011)

In this chapter we address the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of intact proteins. We cover multiple approaches and applications including quantitation, identification and the derivation of structural information. Because of the difficulty of intact protein analysis and the variety of approaches necessary for proteins of different character, we set out a series of principles and provide extensive practical advice on method development, while also introducing a wide range of specific techniques and applications.
Synthesis and Gas-Sensing Properties of Pd-Doped SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystals. A Case Study of a General Methodology for Doping Metal Oxide Nanocrystals (2008)

Pd-modified SnO2 nanocrystals, with a Pd/Sn nominal atomic ratio of 0.025, were prepared by injecting SnO2 sols and a Pd precursor solution into tetradecene and dodecylamine at 160 °C. Two different doping procedures were investigated: in co-injection, a Pd acetylacetonate solution in chloroform was mixed with the SnO2 sol before the injection; in sequential injection, the Pd solution was injected separately after the SnO2 sol. The obtained suspensions were heated at the resulting 80 °C temperature, then the product was collected by centrifugation and dried at 80 °C. When using co-injection, in the dried products PdO and Pd nanoparticles were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Only SnO2 nanocrystals were observed in dried products prepared by sequential injection. After heat-treatment at 500 °C, no Pd species were observed for both doping procedures. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that, in both the doping procedures, after heat-treatment Pd is distributed only into the SnO2 nanocrystal structure. This conclusion was reinforced by the measurement of the electrical properties of Pd-doped nanocrystals, showing a remarkable increase of the electrical resistance if compared with pure SnO2 nanocrystals. This result was interpreted as Pd insertion as a dopant inside the cassiterite lattice of tin dioxide. The addition of Pd resulted in a remarkable improvement of the gas-sensing properties, allowing the detection of carbon monoxide concentrations below 50 ppm and of very low concentrations (below 25 ppm) of other reducing gases such as ethanol and acetone.
ISLET CELL DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH TACROLIMUS AND CYCLOSPORINE: MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PANCREAS ALLOGRAFT BIOPSIES AND CLINICAL CORRELATION1 (1999)

The structural damage to beta cells demonstrated in this study is similar to morphological and functional abnormalities previously described in experimental animal models and can at least partially account for the glucose metabolism abnormalities seen in patients receiving these drugs. Toxic levels of CSA or FK and higher steroid doses potentiate each others' diabetogenic effects.
An Estimator for Pairwise Relatedness Using Molecular Markers (2002)

I propose a new estimator for jointly estimating two-gene and four-gene coefficients of relatedness between individuals from an outbreeding population with data on codominant genetic markers and compare it, by Monte Carlo simulations, to previous ones in precision and accuracy for different distributions of population allele frequencies, numbers of alleles per locus, actual relationships, sample sizes, and proportions of relatives included in samples. In contrast to several previous estimators, the new estimator is well behaved and applies to any number of alleles per locus and any allele frequency distribution. The estimates for two- and four-gene coefficients of relatedness from the new estimator are unbiased irrespective of the sample size and have sampling variances decreasing consistently with an increasing number of alleles per locus to the minimum asymptotic values determined by the variation in identity-by-descent among loci per se, regardless of the actual relationship. The new estimator is also robust for small sample sizes and for unknown relatives being included in samples for estimating allele frequencies. Compared to previous estimators, the new one is generally advantageous, especially for highly polymorphic loci and/or small sample sizes.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Clusters and Cluster Metals. (1989)

Abstract The aim of the work is to generate naked clusters of uniform size via ligand stabilized full‐shell clusters whose ligand shell is subsequently peeled off.
Endocrine–Immune Interaction: Alterations in Immune Function Resulting From Neonatal Treatment with a GnRH Antagonist and Seasonality in Male Primates (2000)

PROBLEM: The effect of neonatal gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (Ant) treatment and seasonality on immune system development and function was investigated in male primates. METHOD OF STUDY: Neonatal male rhesus monkeys and marmosets were treated with Ant, and its effect on immune system morphology, circulating lymphocyte subsets, and cell‐ and humorally‐mediated immune responses was assessed during development. In adult rhesus monkeys, we correlated seasonal changes in immune function with circannual fluctuations in immunoactive hormones. RESULTS: In neonatal marmosets, Ant reduced the number of B cells and T cells in the thymic medulla and T cells in the periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) of the spleen. Ant also altered the development of, but did not permanently impair, the proliferative index (PI) of blood lymphocytes to mitogens. In vitro treatment of control lymphocytes with GnRH analogues altered their response to these proliferative agents. In neonatal rhesus monkeys, Ant treatment increased the frequency of clinical problems, lowered circulating levels of lymphocytes, total T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells, and altered the PI of lymphocytes to mitogens. As adults, the cell‐ and humorally‐mediated immune responses remained impaired. We also documented seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of diseases, circulating immune cells and immune function in rhesus monkeys. The number of cases of campylobacteriosis and shigellosis was lowest in the winter and highest in the spring. Circulating numbers of white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils and the PI of lymphocytes to mitogens were higher in the winter than in the summer. Natural killer cell activity also varied with season. Cortisol and leptin secretion exhibited circannual rhythms, rising in concert with decreasing photoperiod and increasing testicular activity in the fall. Conversely, prolactin levels declined with decreasing photoperiod and then rose in the spring. CONCLUSION: Neonatal exposure of male primates to Ant appears to alter early postnatal programming of immune function. In the rhesus monkey, immune function shows seasonal fluctuations that may be driven by circannual changes in the secretion of immunoactive hormones.
<title>Optoacoustic imaging of blood for visualization and diagnostics of breast cancer</title> (2002)

Aggressive malignant tumors may be diagnosed based on relative concentration of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in the tumor microvasculature. Optoacoustic images of breast cancer and prostate cancer may be acquired at two laser wavelengths matching maximum of oxyhemoglobin (1064-nm, Nd:YAG laser) and deoxyhemoglobin (760-nm, Alexandrite laser). Two optoacoustic systems operating in forward and backward mode respectively for breast cancer and prostate cancer detection, employing arrays of ultravide-band piezoelectric transducers and multichannel electronics was described. After systems testing and calibration in phantoms, initial experiments were performed on patients with suspicious tumors. Quantitative analysis of two-color optoacoustic images was correlated with biopsy and histology. Possibility for tumor differentiation was demonstrated.
Stretch-Activated Channels in Heart Cells (1991)

Stretch-activated channels have been proposed as the transduction mechanism between load and protein synthesis in cardiac hypertrophy. Under this hypothesis, cardiac deformation is linked to an increased sodium (Na) influx, which, in turn, increases protein synthesis. We have tested whether stretch actually increases Na influx by applying patch-clamp techniques to cultured chick embryo cardiac myocytes and to freshly isolated adult guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Our experiments, in excised and cell-attached patches, revealed the existence of ionic channels that opened, or increased their frequency of opening, upon the application of negative pressures to the lumen of the patch-clamp pipettes. These stretch-sensitive channels allowed the passage of the major monovalent physiological cations, Na and potassium (K), and, to a much lesser extent, the major divalent cations calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Under normal conditions, the channels had a high open channel noise that prevented the customary, straightforward statistical analysis of single channel data. However, when one of the major monovalent cations was iso-osmotically replaced by sucrose, the open channel noise decreased significantly and permitted a good delineation of the open and closed channel states and, therefore, application of standard patch-clamp, statistical analysis techniques. Under these "sucrose," "monoionic" conditions, the reversal potential was, as one should expect, close to the equilibrium potential for the major monovalent cation present. When high extracellular K solution was used to minimize the cell resting potential, the reversal potential for these stretch-activated currents was estimated to be around -40 mV. Therefore, under normal conditions, stretch should induce an inward, depolarizing current, carried mostly by Na ions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Relationship Between Severity of Spinal Cord Injury and Abnormalities in Neurogenic Cardiovascular Control in Conscious Rats (1998)

Abnormal sympathetic tone after spinal cord injury (SCI) initially results in hypotension and is subsequently associated with autonomic dysreflexia characterized by paroxysmal hypertension and bradycardia in response to noxious or visceral stimuli. To evaluate the effect of a clinically relevant compression model of SCI on cardiovascular control in the early postinjury period, we monitored arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate under control resting conditions and after visceral stimulation (colon distension) in conscious rats for 1 week after clip compression injury of the cord at T5. Rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 8 each): sham-operated, 20, 35, and 50 g injuries. Only the 50 g injury was associated with significant hypotension (73 +/- 4 mmHg) at 1 day post-SCI when compared to sham-injured rats (91 +/- 3 mmHg). In control rats, colon distention caused a transient pressor response of 16 +/- 3 mmHg and tachycardia. In rats with 20 g 35 g, and 50 g injuries, colon distension 1 day after SCI increased AP by 8 +/- 2, 15 +/- 3, and 21 +/- 1 mmHg, respectively. The hypertensive response correlated with injury severity (r = 0.75; p < 0.0001) and was associated with bradycardia. By 7 days after SCI, only rats with 50 g cord injuries experienced hypertension with reflex bradycardia with visceral stimulation. These data show that dysfunctional cardiovascular control after SCI is correlated with the severity of injury. Mild and moderate compressive SCI result in transient cardiovascular abnormalities which normalize by 1 week. In contrast, more severe injuries are associated with neurogenic hypotension and autonomic dysreflexia.
The versatility of copper tin sulfide (2019)

The multifunctional applications of copper tin sulfide (CTS) compound.
Cyclooctatetraene Tetramer (1972)

Abstract The constitution of the cyclooctatetraene tetramer, mp 182° (VI), is derived from its spectroscopic properties and from the results of catalytic hydrogenation experiments. The 1 H‐NMR spectrum of VI is temperature dependent and indicates the presence of two homotropylidene residues in the molecule, one isomerizing isodynamically, the other anisodynamically. The mass spectrum of VI shows remarkable similarities with those of the cyclooctatetraene dimer, mp 76° (III) and of bullvalene (IX). The tetramer VI is concluded to be the product of a 2 + 4‐cycloaddition reaction between the cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene units of two molecules of III. The tetramer VI appears to be configurationally unique. This is explained and a configuration is proposed on the basis of the stereospecificity of the reaction leading to VI.
Distinct Effects of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Insulin Secretion and Gut Motility (2005)

Glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells depends critically on ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP) channel) activity, but it is not known whether K(ATP) channels are involved in the potentiation of insulin secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In mice lacking K(ATP) channels (Kir6.2(-/-) mice), we found that pretreatment with GIP in vivo failed to blunt the rise in blood glucose levels after oral glucose load. In Kir6.2(-/-) mice, potentiation of insulin secretion by GIP in vivo was markedly attenuated, indicating that K(ATP) channels are essential in the insulinotropic effect of GIP. In contrast, pretreatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Kir6.2(-/-) mice potentiated insulin secretion and blunted the rise in blood glucose levels. We also found that GLP-1 inhibited gut motility whereas GIP did not. Perfusion experiments of Kir6.2(-/-) mice revealed severely impaired potentiation of insulin secretion by 1 nmol/l GIP and substantial potentiation by 1 nmol/l GLP-1. Although both GIP and GLP-1 increase the intracellular cAMP concentration and potentiate insulin secretion, these results demonstrate that the GLP-1 and GIP signaling pathways involve the K(ATP) channel differently.
Electronic structure contributions to function in bioinorganic chemistry (1993)

Many metalloenzymes exhibit distinctive spectral features that are now becoming well understood. These reflect active site electronic structures that can make significant contributions to catalysis. Copper proteins provide well-characterized examples in which the unusual electronic structures of their active sites contribute to rapid, long-range electron transfer reactivity, oxygen binding and activation, and the multielectron reduction of dioxygen to water.
Anionic living polymerization of β‐propiolactone initiated with crowned potassium methacrylate: Macromonomers and their copolymers with butyl acrylate (1987)

Abstract The polymerization of β‐propiolactone (βPL) with crowned K + counterion has been shown previously to be a living process. This behaviour was used to prepare macromonomers of poly(βPL) with the methacryloyl reactive group. Poly(βPL) is known to be a crystalline polymer; thus, copolymers of poly(βPL) macromonomers with butyl acrylate gave graft copolymers with properties stemming from this ability. Selected mechanical properties of the copolymers are close to those of acrylic rubbers reinforced with fillers.
Oxidative coupling of phenolic compounds (1965)

A. I. Scott, Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1965, 19, 1 DOI: 10.1039/QR9651900001
Durability/reliability of BGA solder joints under vibration environment (2002)

The objective of the present study is to develop an experimentally validated vibration fatigue damage model for a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) solder joint assembly. A 3-D modeling technique is used to simulate the vibration responses of the BGA packages soldered onto a printed wiring assembly (PWA). In the study, a method to determine the stresses/strains of BGA solder joints resulting from exposure of the PWA to random vibration environments is first described. Linear static and dynamic finite element analyses using MSC/NASTRAN/sup TM/ computer code, combined with a volume-weighted average technique, are then conducted to calculate the effective strains of the solder joints. In the calculation process, several in-house developed Fortran programs, in conjunction with the outputs obtained from MSC/NASTRAN/sup TM/ static and frequency response analyses, are used to perform the required computations. A vibration fatigue life model, evolved from an empirically derived formula of universal slopes based on high-cycle fatigue test data, is established. This model combined with a three-band technique and the derived solder effective strain is then used to predict the PBGA solder joint survivability/durability. This prediction is compared to in-house test results to qualitatively calibrate (in the sense of conservation) the proposed PBGA solder joint vibration fatigue damage model. This validated model is then recommended to serve as an effective tool to determine the integrity of the PBGA solder joints during vibration. Selecting more study cases with various package sizes, solder ball configurations, vibration profiles to further calibrate this vibration fatigue damage model is also recommended. An example of a 313-pin PBGA is illustrated in the present study.
Fiber bragg grating sensor interrogation using chirped fiber grating-based sagnac loop (2003)

We have investigated numerically and experimentally a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor interrogation scheme utilizing a linear chirped grating-based Sagnac loop as a wavelength-dependent receiver. The scheme is suitable for both static and dynamic sensor interrogation with advantages of stable and linear readout response and easily-adjustable sensing resolution and dynamic range. Static and dynamic strain resolutions as high as ± 4.2 μ/spl epsiv/ and 0.406 μ/spl epsiv///spl radic/ Hz have been demonstrated using this scheme.
The wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (2011)

Breast cancer continues to be a serious health problem particularly in developed countries. Of particular concern is triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which does not respond well to standard hormone therapy and is associated with poor overall patient prognosis. Recent studies indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is particularly activated in TNBC, such that the Wnt receptor frizzled-7 (FZD7) and the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 were found to be up regulated in TNBC. In addition, it has been demonstrated that transcriptional knockdown of LRP6 or FZD7 in TNBC cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, salinomycin, a selective breast cancer stem cell killer, was recently demonstrated to be an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inducing LRP6 degradation. Therefore, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and particularly the Wnt receptors on the cell surface may serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC.