gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid catalyst treated with anion. 2. Reactions of butane and isobutane catalyzed by zirconium oxide treated with sulfate ion. Solid superacid catalyst (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolid catalyst treated with anion. 2. Reactions of butane and isobutane catalyzed by zirconium oxide treated with sulfate ion. Solid superacid catalystMakoto Hino, Sakari Kobayashi, and Kazushi ArataCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 21, 6439–6441Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00515a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00515a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1523Altmetric-Citations414LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Influence of Solid-body Rotation on Screen-produced Turbulence (1958)

Note presenting an investigation of the influence of solid-body rotation on a screen-produced turbulence in a flow between concentric, rotating cylinders. Radial distributions of the three components of turbulence intensity and the three turbulent shear stresses were measured at a fixed distance downstream of the screen both with and without rotation.
Probing active site chemistry with differently charged Au25q nanoclusters (q = −1, 0, +1) (2014)

Charged active sites are hypothesized to participate in heterogeneously-catalyzed reactions. For example, Auδ+ species at the catalyst surface or catalyst–support interface are thought to promote the thermally-driven CO oxidation reaction. However, the concept of charged active sites is rarely extended to electrochemical systems. We used atomically precise Au25q nanoclusters with different ground state charges (q = −1, 0, +1) to study the role of charged active sites in Au-catalyzed electrochemical reactions. Au25q clusters showed charge state-dependent electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction, CO oxidation and O2 reduction reactions in aqueous media. Experimental studies and density functional theory identified a relationship between the Au25q charge state, the stability of adsorbed reactants or products, and the catalytic reaction rate. Anionic Au25− promoted CO2 reduction by stabilizing coadsorbed CO2 and H+ reactants. Cationic Au25+ promoted CO oxidation by stabilizing coadsorbed CO and OH− reactants. Finally, stronger product adsorption at Au25+ inhibited O2 reduction rates. The participation of H+ and OH− in numerous aqueous electrocatalytic reactions likely extends the concept of charge state-mediated reactivity to a wide range of applications, including fuel cells, water splitting, batteries, and sensors. Au25q clusters have also shown photocatalytic and more traditional thermocatalytic activity, and the concept of charge state-mediated reactivity may create new opportunities for tuning reactant, intermediate and product interactions in catalytic systems extending beyond the field of electrochemistry.
A human-based technique for measuring video data similarity (2004)

The increasing use of multimedia streams nowadays necessitates the development of efficient and effective methodologies for manipulating databases in storing them. Moreover, content-based access to multimedia databases requires in its retrieval stage to effectively asses the similarity of video data. This work proposes a new technique for measuring video data similarity that attempts to model some of the factors that reflect human notion in evaluating video data similarity. This model presents one step towards designing intelligent content-based video retrieval systems capable of measuring the similarity among video clips in a way similar to what humans do. The performance of the proposed model was tested where the system yielded very satisfactory values of recall and precision under various testing scenarios.
414. Acylation of metal chelates. Part I. The influence of the metal ion and a β-diketone ligand on the point of reaction (1962)

H. D. Murdoch and D. C. Nonhebel, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 2153 DOI: 10.1039/JR9620002153
Formation of Protease-Resistant Prion Protein in Cell-Free Systems (2000)

In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases, the endogenous protease-sensitive prion protein (PrP-sen) of the host is converted to an abnormal pathogenic form that has a characteristic partial protease resistance (PrP-res). Studies with cell-free reactions indicate that the PrP-res itself can directly induce this conversion of PrP-sen. This PrP-res induced conversion reaction is highly specific in ways that might account at the molecular level for TSE species barriers, polymorphism barriers, and strains. Not only has this reaction been observed using mostly purified PrP-sen and PrP-res reactants, but also in TSE-infected brain slices. The conversion mechanism appears to involve both the binding of PrP-sen to polymeric PrP-res and a conformational change that results in incorporation into the PrP-res polymer.
Nonlinear regression by visualization of the sum of residual space applied to the integrated copolymerization equation with errors in all variables. II. Application to the system methyl methacrylate-?-methylene-?-butyrolactone using on-line Raman spectroscopy (1999)

The copolymerization of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone and methyl methacrylate in DMSO was studied by on-line Raman spectroscopy. Reactivity ratios for this system were estimated from the in situ conversion measurements. The estimates are in good agreement with estimates obtained from low-conversion experiments where the composition of the copolymer was analyzed by 1H-NMR. In order to obtain reliable estimates from the Raman data in combination with the integrated copolymerization equation, at least two experiments starting from different initial monomer feed fractions should be conducted. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3804–3816, 1999
Best Mode Trade Secrets (2012)

Trade secrecy and patent rights traditionally have been considered mutually exclusive. Trade secret rights are premised on secrecy. Without it, they evaporate. Patent rights, on the other hand, require public disclosure. Absent a sufficiently detailed description of the invention, patents are invalid. However, with the passage of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”) last fall, this once black-and-white distinction may melt into something a little more gray. Buried amidst myriad tweaks to the Patent Act is one that has the potential to substantially change the boundary between patent and trade secret protection. For the first time since at least 1952 (and as a practical matter since 1870), an inventor’s failure to disclose in her patent the preferred method for carrying out the invention—the so-called “best mode”—will no longer invalidate her patent rights or otherwise render them unenforceable. In this brief Essay, we explain why it may become routine post-patent reform for patentees to attempt to assert both patent rights and trade secret rights for preferred embodiments of their invention in certain types of cases. We also consider potentially undesirable ramifications of this change and suggest one approach that courts may use to limit claims of concurrent trade secret and patent protection when equity demands.
Polycomb repressive complex 2 is required for MLL-AF9 leukemia (2012)

A growing body of data suggests the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in cancer. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) has been implicated in self-renewal and cancer progression, and its components are overexpressed in many cancers. However, its role in cancer development and progression remains unclear. We used conditional alleles for the PRC2 components enhancer of zeste 2 (Ezh2) and embryonic ectoderm development (Eed) to characterize the role of PRC2 function in leukemia development and progression. Compared with wild-type leukemia, Ezh2-null MLL-AF9-mediated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) failed to accelerate upon secondary transplantation. However, Ezh2-null leukemias maintained self-renewal up to the third round of transplantation, indicating that Ezh2 is not strictly required for MLL-AF9 AML, but plays a role in leukemia progression. Genome-wide analyses of PRC2-mediated trimethylation of histone 3 demonstrated locus-specific persistence of H3K27me3 despite inactivation of Ezh2, suggesting partial compensation by Ezh1. In contrast, inactivation of the essential PRC2 gene, Eed, led to complete ablation of PRC2 function, which was incompatible with leukemia growth. Gene expression array analyses indicated more profound gene expression changes in Eed-null compared with Ezh2-null leukemic cells, including down-regulation of Myc target genes and up-regulation of PRC2 targets. Manipulating PRC2 function may be of therapeutic benefit in AML.
Including Social Opportunities During Small Group Instruction of Preschool Children With Social-Communication Delays (2015)

Young children with disabilities are less likely to display prosocial behaviors than their typically developing peers. One method for increasing social skills is embedding opportunities for social interactions during academic instruction. The purpose of this study was to teach functional sight words to young children in a small group arrangement, while embedding opportunities to engage in social behaviors. A multiple probe design across behaviors replicated across participants was used to evaluate the effects of using constant time delay to teach sight words. Children learned to read targeted sight words and some of their peers’ words. Secondary social measures suggest children acquired some social information about a peer when the information was presented via instructive feedback and learned to share materials during instructional sessions. Implications for practitioners and teachers are provided regarding (a) academic instruction and observational learning, (b) prerequisites for success in a small group arrangement, (c) embedding sharing during instruction, and (d) instructive feedback related to peer preferences.
A design method for the prediction of unsteady forces on subsonic, axial gas-turbine blades (1987)

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1987.
Characterization of electrowetting processes through force measurements (2010)

A new method of characterizing electrowetting is presented. In this method, the electrowetting actuation forces are measured rather than the contact angle. The forces on the liquid are measured by trapping a droplet between a flat nanoindenter tip and the test substrate. When voltage is applied to electrodes in the substrate, lateral and normal forces are exerted on the tip and measured by the nanoindenter transducer. Proper selection of the tip geometry permits direct prediction of the resulting in-plane lateral forces using analytical formulas derived from the Young-Lippmann equation. Experimental results show good agreement with both analytical and numerical predictions. Numerical modeling using SURFACE EVOLVER shows that the lateral forces are relatively insensitive to most alignment errors and that the analytical model is most accurate when the flat tip is close to the substrate. Evaporation of the test liquid can introduce modest errors in long measurements, but compensation methods are presented. As the droplet undergoes almost no movement, the fluid dynamics have minimal impact on the measured forces and transient electrowetting events are readily detected. Experimental results show significant response at frequencies up to 40 Hz. This setup is useful in measuring electrowetting responses at high speeds and in measuring system degradation processes.
Helicobacter pylori genes hpcopA and hpcopP constitute a cop operon involved in copper export (1996)

We previously reported that a gene hpcopA isolated from Helicobacter pylori is associated with copper transport. In the present study, the DNA upstream of the hpcopA was cloned and the nucleotide sequence analyzed. An open reading frame coding for 124 amino acids was predicted, which was connected in frame to the hpcopA. The deduced protein sequence exhibits striking homology with known copper-transporting P-type ATPases. Disruption of this ORF renders H. pylori hypersensitive to copper present in growth media, indicating that it encodes the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the hpCopA protein. Measurement of copper content in the wild-type and hpcopA-disrupted cells showed that the copper content was increased in the mutant cells, further supporting that the previous proposal that the gene hpcopA is involved in copper export. In addition, the cop operon consisting of the genes hpcopA and hpcopP was identified by primer extension and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicate that the genes for copper import and export are located in separate opérons within H. pylori.
Identification of two sodium channel subtypes in chick heart and brain. (1983)

Na+ channels in chick brain and heart have been directly compared by measuring binding of tritium-labeled saxitoxin ([3H]STX) to the two tissues under identical conditions. Maximum saturable uptake and toxin affinity were considerably less in chick heart than in chick brain, requiring the development of an assay method to resolve specific [3H]STX uptake in heart. With this method, binding to both preparations consisted of a specific saturable component and a linear nonspecific component. The equilibrium dissociation constant for [3H]STX measured in chick heart (6.2-8.8 nM) was 20-30 times higher than that measured in chick brain (0.3 nM). The dissociation rate for [3H]STX was only about twice as fast in heart as it was in brain, indicating that the decrease in toxin affinity in heart results predominantly from a slowed toxin association rate. The decreased affinity for [3H]STX found at the chick heart Na+ channel is compared with toxin-resistant Na+ channels in other preparations. The existence of two Na+ channel subtypes is proposed, with high affinity and low affinity for saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin; the significance of this classification is discussed.
The Development of a Peak Gust Anemometer (1980)

This paper describes the development of a relatively cheap robust instrument for recording peak wind gusts on a scratch plate using a flexibly mounted drag sphere as the wind sensor.
Rat Models of Skin Wound Healing (2008)

Rats provide an excellent model for skin wound healing by allowing the standardization of the type, size, shape, and depth of the wound injury, which facilitates comparison of data between studies of healing in all mammalian species. The rat is often selected for skin wound-healing models because of its ready availability, low cost, and small size, which result in a more economical and efficient use of limited laboratory space and housing facilities. Despite species differences, the availability of animals with well-defined health and genetic backgrounds along with a bounty of literature documenting biological responses and parameters for rats allows the rat to serve as a valuable research tool in the search for faster, stronger, and more anatomically correct wound healing with the ultimate goal of exact skin replacement.
Effective behavior of an interface propagating through a periodic elastic medium (2016)

We consider a moving interface that is coupled to an elliptic equation in a heterogeneous medium. The problem is motivated by the study of displacive solid-solid phase transformations. We argue that a nearly flat interface is given by the graph of the function g which evolves according to the equation g_t (x) = -(-\Delta)^{1/2}g (x) + \varphi(x, g(x)) + F where -(-\Delta)^{1/2}g describes the elasticity of the interface, \varphi(x, g(x)) the heterogeneity of the media and F the external force driving the interface. This equation also arises in the study of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic domain walls, dislocations, fracture, peeling of adhesive tape and various other physical phenomena. We show in the periodic setting that such interfaces exhibit a stick-slip behavior associated with pinning and depinning. Specifically, there is a critical force F^\star below which the interface is trapped, and beyond which the interface propagates with a well-described effective velocity that depends on F . We present numerical evidence that the effective velocity ranges from v \sim (-\log |F-F^\star|)^{-1} to (F-F^\star)^\beta for some 0<\beta\le1 for F close to F^\star depending on \varphi . We obtain \beta = 1/2 for the case of non-degenerate smooth obstacles. We further present numerical evidence that F^\star can depend on direction and sense of propagation.
Parallel multigrid preconditioning on graphics processing units (GPUs) for robust power grid analysis (2010)

Leveraging the power of nowadays graphics processing units for robust power grid simulation remains a challenging task. Existing preconditioned iterative methods that require incomplete matrix factorizations can not be effectively accelerated on GPU due to its limited hardware resource as well as data parallel computing. This work presents an efficient GPU-based multigrid preconditioning algorithm for robust power grid analysis. An ELL-like sparse matrix data structure is adopted and implemented specifically for power grid analysis to assure coalesced GPU device memory access and high arithmetic intensity. By combining the fast geometrical multigrid solver with the robust Krylov-subspace iterative solver, power grid DC and transient analysis can be performed efficiently on GPU without loss of accuracy (largest errors < 0.5 mV). Unlike previous GPU-based algorithms that rely on good power grid regularities, the proposed algorithm can be applied for more general power grid structures. Experimental results show that the DC and transient analysis on GPU achieves more than 25X speedups over the best available CPU-based solvers. An industrial power grid with 10.5 million nodes can be accurately solved in 12 seconds.
Free Energy of Ligand Binding to Protein: Evaluation of the Contribution of Water Molecules by Computational Methods (2004)

One of the more challenging issues in medicinal chemistry is the computation of the free energy of ligand binding to macromolecular targets. This allows for the screening of libraries of chemicals for fast and inexpensive identification of lead compounds. Many attempts have been made and several algorithms have been developed for this purpose. Whereas enthalpic contributions are evaluated using methods and equations for which there is a reasonable consensus among researchers, the entropic contribution is evaluated using very different, and, in some cases, very approximate methods, or it is entirely ignored. Entropic contributions are of primary importance in the formation of many ligand-protein complexes, as well as in protein folding. The hydrophobic interaction, associated with the release of water molecules from the protein active site and the ligand, plays a significant role in complex formation, predominantly contributing to the total entropy change and, in some cases, to the total free energy of binding. There are distinct approaches for the evaluation of the contribution of water molecules to the free energy of binding based on Newtonian mechanics force fields, multi-parameter empirical scoring functions and experimental force fields. This review describes these methods -- discussing both their advantages and limitations. Particular emphasis will be placed on HINT (Hydropatic INTeractions), a "natural" force field that takes into account in a unified way enthalpic and entropic contributions of all interacting atoms in protein-ligand complexes, including released and structured water molecules. As a case-study, the contribution of water molecules to the binding free energy of HIV-1 protease inhibitors is evaluated.
Thermal properties of γ-Mn (abstract) (1990)

Mn can exist in a fcc environment in many alloys with other elements of the 3d-transition series. Some of these alloys, which can contain more than 50 at. % Mn, are classified as Invar. They show large magnetovolume effects and at the same time have ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or mixed magnetic ground states. In order to gain a better understanding of Invar systems incorporating Mn, a closer examination of this element in a fcc environment is necessary. The γ state of Mn (fcc or fct Mn) is relatively little known, since its stability range lies only between 1364 and 1410 K. However, it is possible to stabilize γ-Mn in a temperature interval ranging from low temperatures up to about 600 K by the addition of small amounts of Cu. We have measured the specific heat (300&lt;T&lt;600 K) and thermal expansion (4&lt;T&lt;600 K and 1100&lt;T&lt;1300 K) of three MnCu alloys containing 4.42, 6.75, and 8.55 at. % Cu. The specific heat shows a first-order transition at Tt, which is the temperature below which the lattice undergoes a tetragonal distortion. This distortion is accompanied by an abrupt appearance of antiferromagnetism. The same effect is seen in the thermal expansion which shows a volume increase associated with the lattice distortion and the magnetic ordering. The high-temperature value of the thermal expansion coefficient is the largest so far observed in any fcc 3d system (45×10−6 1/K). From this data we estimate the thermal expansion behavior of pure γ-Mn. We obtain the atomic volume in the nonmagnetic and antiferromagnetic state and compare it to theoretical calculations.
Acid sensing ion channels 2 and 3 are required for inhibition of visceral nociceptors by benzamil (2007)

The Deg/ENaC family of ion channels, including ASIC1, 2 and 3, are candidate mechanotransducers in visceral and somatic sensory neurons, although each channel may play a different role in different sensory pathways. Here we determined which distinct populations of visceral sensory neurons are sensitive to the non-selective Deg/ENaC blocker benzamil, and which ASIC channels are targets for benzamil by studying its actions in knockout mice. Single afferent fiber recordings were made in vitro from mouse high threshold colonic thoracolumbar splanchnic afferents and low threshold gastroesophageal vagal afferents. mRNA expression of ASIC subtypes was compared between colonic and gastroesophageal afferents by quantitative RT-PCR of transcripts following laser capture microdissection of retrogradely labeled cell bodies. Mechanosensitivity of colonic afferents was potently reduced by benzamil (10(-6)-3 x 10(-4)M), whereas gastroesophageal afferents were marginally inhibited. Inhibition of colonic afferent mechanosensitivity by benzamil was markedly diminished in ASIC2-/- and ASIC3-/- mice, but unchanged in ASIC1a-/-. Therefore ASIC2 and 3 are targets for benzamil to inhibit colonic afferent mechanosensitivity. Conversely, gastroesophageal afferents are less sensitive to benzamil, and its action depends less on ASIC expression. mRNA for ASIC3 showed higher and ASIC1a showed lower relative expression in colonic afferents from thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglia than in gastric afferents from nodose (vagal) ganglia. These data indicate that ASICs on colonic afferents present distinct pharmacological targets for visceral pain.