gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SybilLimit: A Near-Optimal Social Network Defense (2010)

Open-access distributed systems such as peer-to-peer systems are particularly vulnerable to sybil attacks, where a ma- licious user creates multiple fake identities (called sybil nodes). Without a trusted central authority that can tie identities to real human beings, defending against sybil attacks is quite challenging. Among the small number of decentralized approaches, our recent SybilGuard protocol leverages a key insight on social networks to bound the number of sybil nodes accepted. Despite its promising direction, SybilGuard can allow a large number of sybil nodes to be accepted. Furthermore, SybilGuard assumes that social networks are fast-mixing, which has never been confirmed in the real world. This paper presents the novel SybilLimit protocol that leverages the same insight as SybilGuard, but offers dramatically improvedandnear-optimal guarantees.The numberof sybilnodes accepted is reduced by a factor of , or around 200 times in our experiments for a million-node system. We further prove that SybilLimit's guarantee is at most a factor away from optimal when considering approaches based on fast-mixing social networks. Finally, based on three large-scale real-world social networks, we provide the first evidence that real-world social networks are indeed fast-mixing. This validates the fundamental assumption behind SybilLimit's and SybilGuard's approach.
Soybean Peptide: Novel Plant Growth Promoting Peptide from Soybean (2011)

Soybean is one of the most important agricultural products and its global production was more than 200 million tons per year in 2005 (Table 1) (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), 2007; Uchida, 2007). Soybean is used mainly as a vegetable oil (31.6 million tons a year in 2005) and the production ratio is the highest (30%) among vegetable oils. Soybean waste, which remains after extraction of vegetable oil, contains about 50% proteins, which consist of a well-balanced mix of amino acids. Therefore, soybean waste is a valuable biomass for animal feedstuffs. Soybean is used directly as food in Japan and several Asian countries but soybean proteins are used less widely elsewhere in the world.
Novel High-Resolution Micropatterning for Neuron Culture Using Polylysine Adsorption on a Cell Repellant, Plasma-Polymerized Background (2008)

The ability to organize individual neurons and their processes in culture provides important benefits to both basic neuroscience research applications and the development of biomedical microdevices. While numerous methods have been used to produce such micropatterning of neurons and cells in general, there has yet been no method to simultaneously provide high-resolution patterns with high compliance of cells to desired patterns and good manufacturability. To develop such a process, this work used a plasma polymerized, nonfouling poly ethylene oxide (PEO)-like film to provide a cell repellant substrate on which cell adhesive micropatterns can be selectively laid down. While the use of plasma polymerized, organic films have been used for cell micropatterning, this process exploits the often-overlooked tendency for the surface of this PEO-like material to adsorb polylysine from aqueous solution while remaining nonfouling with respect to other species, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). When the adsorption of polylysine was enhanced by brief plasma oxidation, which slightly alters the surface chemistry of the material, simple photolithographic liftoff could be used to micropattern stable, cell adhesive areas on an otherwise cell repellant background. We showed that the application of photolithography itself on the PEO-like material did not alter its chemical properties, nor did it result in the erosion of the micropatterned polylysine on its surface. Hippocampal neurons from embryonic mice flourished on these micropatterned substrates and exhibited viability comparable to neurons cultured on polylysine coated glass. Furthermore, the compliance of cell bodies and outgrowing neurites to the micropatterns was nearly perfect. In addition to providing cell adhesive regions, the micropatterned polylysine coating also served as a template mediating the immobilization of other bioactive species such as IgG and laminin. Using this "piggybacking" of laminin on polylysine, we were also able to culture and micropattern retinal ganglion cells (RGC).
Embryonic motor axon development in the severe SMA mouse (2008)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Previously, cultured SMA motor neurons showed reduced growth cone size and axonal length. Furthermore, reduction of SMN in zebrafish resulted in truncation followed by branching of motor neuron axons. In this study, motor neurons labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were examined in SMA mice from embryonic day 10.5 to postnatal day 2. SMA motor axons showed no defect in axonal formation or outgrowth at any stage of development. However, a significant increase in synapses lacking motor axon input was detected in embryonic SMA mice. Therefore, one of the earliest detectable morphological defects in the SMA mice is the loss of synapse occupation by motor axons. This indicates that in severe SMA mice there are no defects in motor axon formation however, we find evidence of denervation in embryogenesis.
Microwave high-power nanosecond switch using multipactor discharge (1962)

This paper describes the development of a high power microwave switch utilizing a multipactor discharge which exhibits nanosecond rise, recovery, and switching times. The device is an evacuated cavity of the reentrant type containing two electrodes which are good secondary electron emitters. With r-f power applied, a strong multipactor current discharge takes place between the electrodes causing most of the incident power to be reflected, which describes one operating state of the device. One of the electrodes is d-c insulated from the other, allowing the application of an external control voltage. If a sufficiently high voltage is applied, the discharge can be quenched and the cavity appears as a passive transmission device. The other operating state is thus described as a transmission device.
Azines and Imines of 4- and 5-t-Bu-Pyrrole-2-aldehyde. A Useful Synthesis of the Aldehydes (1994)

Abstract The preparation of 4- and 5-t-Bu-pyrrole-2-aldehyde can be brought about in a high yield and purity using Vilsmeier-Haack type reactions as conclusions to reaction sequences involving a 1-benzenesulfonyl directing group on pyrrole (4-substitution) or the formamidinium salt of pyrrole (5-substitution). Azines/imines were prepared and characterised.
Optical Fibers and Optical Fiber Sensors Used in Radiation Monitoring (2012)

By their very nature, optical fibers and, by extension, intrinsic and extrinsic optical fiberbased sensors are promising devices to be used in very different and complex environments considering their characteristics such as: capabilities to work under strong electromagnetic fields; possibility to carry multiplexed signals (time, wavelength multiplexing); small size and low mass; ability to handle multi-parameter measurements in distributed configuration; possibility to monitor sites far away from the controller; their availability to be incorporated into the monitored structure; wide bandwidth for communication applications. In the case of the optical fibers, the possibility to be incorporated into various types of sensors and actuators, free of additional hazards (i.e. fire, explosion), made them promising candidates to operate in special or adverse conditions as those required by space or terrestrial applications (spacecraft on board instrumentation, nuclear facilities, future fusion installations, medical treatment and diagnostics premises, medical equipment sterilization). Major advantages to be considered in using optical fibers/optical fiber sensors for radiation detection and monitoring refer to: real-time interrogation capabilities, possibility to design spatially resolved solutions (the capability to build array detectors), in-vivo investigations (i.e. inside the body measurements). As information on the behavior and operation of optical fibers/optical fiber sensors under irradiation conditions are scattered over a great variety of journal papers and conference contributions dealing with many different fields (nuclear science and engineering; measurement science; material science; radioprotection; nuclear medicine and radiology; sensor design; radiation dosimetry; fusion installations concepts; particle accelerators; astrophysics and space science; defense and security; lasers, optics, optical fibers and optoelectronics; physics and applied physics; scientific instrumentation; radiation effects) we decided to design this book chapter as a comprehensive review on the subject. The chapter opens with some general considerations on the radiation–matter interaction, and continues with a review of irradiation effects on different types of optical fibers (silica optical fibers, plastic optical fibers, special optical fibers), effects which can be considered when radiation sensors are developed. The next issue addressed refers to environments where optical fibers/optical fiber sensors are employed for radiation monitoring/
Publicidad y prácticas alimentarias vinculadas al tratamiento de la malnutrición infantil (2010)

En este articulo nos proponemos pensar el problema de la malnutricion infantil desde una interpretacion sociocultural. En particular, analizaremos la relacion entre la publicidad de alimentos y la instancia del tratamiento en el abordaje de la malnutricion infantil. Entendemos que la presencia en las practicas alimentarias de productos alimenticios publicitados en diversos medios de comunicacion no debe visualizarse como una decision/responsabilidad individual sino como una narrativa que expresa las condiciones en las que las unidades domesticas producen y reproducen su vida
Modulation of airway inflammation and bacterial clearance by epithelial cell ICAM-1 (2004)

Many cell types in the airway express the adhesive glycoprotein for leukocytes intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) constitutively and/or in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we identified functions of ICAM-1 on airway epithelial cells in defense against infection with Haemophilus influenzae. Initial experiments using a mouse model of airway infection in which the bacterial inoculum was mixed with agar beads that localize inflammation in airways demonstrated that ICAM-1 expression was required for efficient clearance of H. influenzae. Airway epithelial cell ICAM-1 expression required few or no leukocytes, suggesting that epithelial cells could be activated directly by interaction with bacteria. Specific inhibition of ICAM-1 function on epithelial cells by orotracheal injection of blocking antibodies resulted in decreased leukocyte recruitment and H. influenzae clearance in the airway. Inhibition of endothelial cell ICAM-1 resulted in a similar decrease in leukocyte recruitment but did not affect bacterial clearance, indicating that epithelial cell ICAM-1 had an additional contribution to airway defense independent of effects on leukocyte migration. To assess this possibility, we used an in vitro model of neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria and observed significantly greater engulfment of bacteria by neutrophils adherent to epithelial cells expressing ICAM-1 compared with nonadherent neutrophils. Furthermore, bacterial phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils after interaction with epithelial cells were decreased when a blocking antibody inhibited ICAM-1 function. The results indicate that epithelial cell ICAM-1 participates in neutrophil recruitment into the airway, but its most important role in clearance of H. influenzae may be assistance with neutrophil-dependent bacterial killing.
A Method for Analyzing Hand‐Transmitted Vibration Characteristics in the Hand‐Arm Parts When Operating the Portable Pneumatic Extinguisher (2019)

This study presents the vibration transfer characteristics and the vibration absorption power distribution of the specific working condition of a portable pneumatic extinguisher. A hand‐transmitted vibration biomechanical model of the hand‐arm system was developed. Using a vibration test platform, the model parameters were derived simultaneously, and the driving‐point mechanical impedance and distributed vibration transmissibility were measured. The vibration transmissibility of the wrist, forearm, and upper arm measured by the model was compared with the measured data of a 6MF‐30 portable pneumatic extinguisher. The vibration power absorption distributions were estimated by the model and were compared with the actual vibration power absorption distributions at 3400 r/min, 5000 r/min, and 7000 r/min, respectively. The results showed that the predicted response of the model agreed well with the measured data in distribution, total impedance, and phase and can accurately fit the response curve of hand‐transmitted vibration. This study discussed the vibration response of the hand‐arm in the operation of the portable pneumatic extinguisher from the view of biomechanics. The analyses confirmed that the proposed model can be used as an effective tool for predicting the vibration responses of the hand‐arm during the operation of a portable pneumatic extinguisher.
Maté (2002)

Composed of tens of thousands of tiny devices with very limited resources ("motes"), sensor networks are subject to novel systems problems and constraints. The large number of motes in a sensor network means that there will often be some failing nodes; networks must be easy to repopulate. Often there is no feasible method to recharge motes, so energy is a precious resource. Once deployed, a network must be reprogrammable although physically unreachable, and this reprogramming can be a significant energy cost.We present Maté, a tiny communication-centric virtual machine designed for sensor networks. Maté's high-level interface allows complex programs to be very short (under 100 bytes), reducing the energy cost of transmitting new programs. Code is broken up into small capsules of 24 instructions, which can self-replicate through the network. Packet sending and reception capsules enable the deployment of ad-hoc routing and data aggregation algorithms. Maté's concise, high-level program representation simplifies programming and allows large networks to be frequently reprogrammed in an energy-efficient manner; in addition, its safe execution environment suggests a use of virtual machines to provide the user/kernel boundary on motes that have no hardware protection mechanisms.
Influence of<i>Harmonia axyridis</i>on the Sensory Properties of White and Red Wine (2004)

The possible influence of <i>Harmonia axyridis</i> (the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle) on the sensory properties of wine was investigated. <i>Harmonia axyridis</i> were added to white and red grape musts at a rate of 0, 1, or 10/L, and a trained panel evaluated the finished wines using flavor-profiling techniques. Significant modification of both wine aroma and flavor characteristics were observed in the 10 beetle/L treatments, with smaller effects noted at the 1 beetle/L rate. Vinification in the presence of <i>H. axyridis</i> gave higher intensity scores for peanut, bell pepper, and asparagus aromas and flavors in the white wines and for peanut, asparagus/bell pepper, and earthy/herbaceous aromas and flavors in the red wines. In addition, sweet, acid and bitter tastes were affected in red wines, and a general trend of decreasing fruit and floral intensities with increasing beetle rate was observed in both white and red wines.
Immunoscintigraphy of colon carcinoma. (1984)

Two I-131 labeled monoclonal antibodies that react specifically with human gastrointestinal cancers in cell cultures were administered to 90 cancer patients for the scintigraphic detection of cancer sites. Antibody 17-1A, or its F(ab')2 fragments, accumulated significantly in 27 of 46 (59%) colorectal cancer sites, but not in 21 nonepitheliomatous colon cancers and cancers at other sites. Antibody 19-9, or its F(ab')2 fragments, showed significant accumulation in 19 out of 29 (66%) colorectal cancer sites. In 17 patients, immunoscintigraphy with antibody 19-9 correlated with an immunoperoxidase study with the same antibody on resected tissue specimens. In 12 patients injected with two antibodies (17-1A + 19-9, or anti-CEA + 19-9), ten of 13 colorectal cancer sites were positive.
An Arabidopsis Homeodomain Transcription Factor, <i>OVEREXPRESSOR OF CATIONIC PEROXIDASE 3</i>, Mediates Resistance to Infection by Necrotrophic Pathogens (2005)

The mechanisms controlling plant resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens are poorly understood. We previously reported on Ep5C, a gene shown to be induced by the H(2)O(2) generated during a plant-pathogen interaction. To identify novel plant components operating in pathogen-induced signaling cascades, we initiated a large-scale screen using Arabidopsis thaliana plants carrying the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene under control of the H(2)O(2)-responsive Ep5C promoter. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a mutant, ocp3 (for overexpressor of cationic peroxidase 3), in which the reporter construct is constitutively expressed. Healthy ocp3 plants show increased accumulation of H(2)O(2) and express constitutively the Glutathione S-transferase1 and Plant Defensine 1.2 marker genes, but not the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathogenesis-related PR-1 gene. Strikingly, the ocp3 mutant shows enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Conversely, resistance to virulent forms of the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 remains unaffected in ocp3 plants when compared with wild-type plants. Consistently with this, ocp3 plants are not affected in SA perception and express normal levels of PR genes after pathogen attack. To analyze signal transduction pathways where ocp3 operates, epistasis analyses between ocp3 and pad4, nahG, npr1, ein2, jin1, or coi1 were performed. These studies revealed that the resistance signaling to necrotrophic infection in ocp3 is fully dependent on appropriate perception of jasmonic acid through COI1 and does not require SA or ethylene perception through NPR1 or EIN2, respectively. The OCP3 gene encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that is constitutively expressed in healthy plants but repressed in response to infection by necrotrophic fungi. Together, these results suggest that OCP3 is an important factor for the COI1-dependent resistance of plants to infection by necrotrophic pathogens.
Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): A Patient-Centered Approach to Grading Evidence in the Medical Literature (2004)

A large number of taxonomies are used to rate the quality of an individual study and the strength of a recommendation based on a body of evidence. We have developed a new grading scale that will be used by several family medicine and primary care journals (required or optional), with the goal of allowing readers to learn one taxonomy that will apply to many sources of evidence. Our scale is called the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy. It addresses the quality, quantity, and consistency of evidence and allows authors to rate individual studies or bodies of evidence. The taxonomy is built around the information mastery framework, which emphasizes the use of patient-oriented outcomes that measure changes in morbidity or mortality. An A-level recommendation is based on consistent and good quality patient-oriented evidence; a B-level recommendation is based on inconsistent or limited quality patient-oriented evidence; and a C-level recommendation is based on consensus, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence, or case series for studies of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or screening. Levels of evidence from 1 to 3 for individual studies also are defined. We hope that consistent use of this taxonomy will improve the ability of authors and readers to communicate about the translation of research into practice.
Localization of D-lactate dehydrogenase in native and reconstituted Escherichia coli membrane vesicles (1975)

In the preceding paper the preparation and characterization of antiserum to purified D-lactate are described. In this paper the effects of the antibody on D-lactate dehydrogenase activity and D-lactate-dependent active transport in native Escherichia coli ML 308-225 membrane vesicles and ML 308-225dld-3 vesicles reconstituted with D-lactate dehydrogenase are described. The results demonstrate that D-lactate dehydrogenase is inaccessible to antibody in native ML 308-225 vesicles, but readily accessible to antibody in reconstituted dld-3 vesicles. The findings indicate that D-lactate dehydrogenase is located on the inner surface of native ML 308-225 vesicles and on the outer surface of reconstituted dld-3 vesicles. The results with the native vesicle preparations also provide further evidence that virtually none of the vesicles is inverted or sufficiently damaged to allow access of antibody to D-lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, experiments are presented which demonstrate that an impermeable electron carrier, reduced 5-N-methylphenazonium-3-sulfonate, drives active transport in native ML 308-225 vesicles as well as its permeable analogue reduced phenazine methosulfate. Thus, reduction of the respiratory chain from either side of the vesicle membrane is able to drive active transport. Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase is also inaccessible to antibody in ML 308-225 vesicles unless the preparation is subjected to ultrasonic sound, incubated in Tris buffer at pH 9.0, or homogenized vigorously. Moreover, as opposed to D-lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome b1, ATPase is readily lost from the membrane during the preparation of vesicles.
Bidirectional Tandem Pseudoproline Ligations of Proline-Rich Helical Peptides (2000)

We have developed a bidirectional ligation strategy for preparing proline-rich peptides that couples three unprotected segments in tandem to form two pseudoproline bonds (thia- or oxaproline) without the need for a protection scheme. Ligation in the C→N direction exploits the regioselectivity of an amino terminal (NT)-Cys in forming a thiaproline bond over an NT-Ser or NT-Thr peptide in forming an oxaproline bond with a peptide that bears a carboxyl terminal (CT)-glycoaldehyde ester. Thus, successive ligations of three unprotected segments in a predetermined order formed a thiaproline and then an oxaproline bond. However, ligation through the N→C direction is flexible. An NT-Cys, NT-Ser, or NT-Thr segment bearing a CT-glycerol ester as a masked CT-glycoaldehyde was used to form a pseudoproline bond with another CT-glycoaldehyde ester segment. Oxidative activation of the glycerol ester product to a CT-glycoaldehyde ester effected another round of pseudoproline ligation with an NT-Ser, NT-Thr, or NT-Cys segment. This sequential process could be extended for ligating three or more segments. Optimized conditions for this bidirectional strategy were applied successfully to syntheses of five analogues of a proline-rich helical antimicrobial peptide, the 59-residue bactenecin 7 (Bac 7), using three segments containing 24, 14, and 21 amino acids, respectively. CD spectra showed that Bac 7 and its analogues displayed typical polyproline II helical structures in phosphate buffers. Furthermore, the ψPro-containing analogues exhibited antibacterial activity similar to Bac 7.