gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Fluid Mechanics in the Localization and Detection of Atherosclerosis (1993)

Fluid dynamics research over the past twenty years has contributed immensely to our knowledge of atherosclerosis. The ability to detect localized atherosclerotic plaques using noninvasive ultrasonic methods was advanced significantly by investigations into the nature and occurrence of velocity disturbances created by arterial stenoses, and diagnosis of carotid bifurcation disease using a combination of ultrasonic imaging and Doppler measurement of blood velocity is now quite routine. Since atherosclerotic plaques tend to be localized at sites of branching and artery curvature and since these locations would be expected to harbor complex flow patterns, investigators postulated that fluid dynamics might play an initiating role in atherogenesis. Several fluid dynamic variables were proposed as initiating factors. Investigations were undertaken during the 1980s in which fluid dynamic model experiments with physiologic geometries and flow conditions were employed to simulate arterial flows and in which morphometric mapping of intimal thickness was performed in human arteries. Correlations between fluid dynamic variables and intimal thickness revealed that atherosclerotic plaques tended to occur at sites of low and oscillating wall shear stress; and these observations were reinforced by studies in a monkey model of atherosclerosis. Concomitantly, it was realized that arteries adapt their diameters so as to maintain wall shear stress in a narrow range of values around 15 dynes/cm2, findings which were based both on observations of normal arteries and on animal studies in which flow rates were manipulated and arterial diameter adaptation was measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DL-Cyclocanaline (cyclohomoserine) and related compounds (1969)

DL-Cyclocanaline (4-aminotetrahydro-1,2-oxazin-3-one) hydrochloride, the higher homologue of the antibiotic cycloserine, has been prepared from canaline (2-amino-4-amino-oxybutyric acid) dihydrochloride. Its chemical and physical properties are reported. α-N-Triphenylmethyl- and α-N-benzoyl-cyclocanaline have been synthesised by N-tritylation of the oxa-lactam and by cyclisation of the α-benzamidocanaline ester derivative, respectively. Derivatives of DL-canaline ester bearing various protecting groups on the amino- and amino-oxy-groups were obtained; N-benzyloxycarbonylhydroxylamine was utilised for the introduction of the amino-oxy group.
Correlation of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>virulence factors from clinical and environmental isolates with pathogenicity in the neutropenic mouse (1997)

The potential pathogenicity of a microorganism is a major concern for Health Canada evaluators, who will be processing new biotechnology products under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Potential pathogenicity is generally predicted by the results of animal pathogenicity studies. In an attempt to define surrogate data for an animal model, this study was initiated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from clinical and environmental sources were screened for their pilus type, serotype, lipopolysaccharide type, ability to evade host responses, and production of toxin A, exoenzyme S, elastase, phospholipase C, and total protease. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of the same isolates was determined in the neutropenic mouse model of infection. An attempted correlation was drawn between each (or combinations) of the virulence determinants and the LD50. Stepwise linear regression showed that the presence of high levels of exoenzyme S in association with elastase or phospholipase C, or to a minor extent toxin A, was correlated with low numbers of bacteria required to elicit an LD50. No correlation between any of the other factors examined and virulence was detected. The data suggest that an in vitro high level of exoenzyme S production could be used as surrogate information for neutropenic mouse modelling; however, the levels of all of the extracellular enzymes should be considered when making such an assessment.
[A review of mathematical descriptors of corneal asphericity]. (2002)

The approximation of the corneal surface by a conic section allows understanding of corneal asphericity and offers a quantitative description. This allows a more precise description of the corneal surface and of the genesis of certain optical aberrations of the eye.
Neuron-MOS multiple-valued memory technology for intelligent data processing (2002)

This paper presents RAM technology that quantizes analog input data and stores it as multi-valued data for intelligent data processing. Moreover, data association and classification according to the degree of association can also be performed at the memory-cell level without any software manipulation. The implementation of such intelligent functions by a memory cell has been facilitated by unique circuit configurations of the neuron MOS (vMOS) transistor, a multi-functional device that simulates the action of biological neurons. These concepts are experimentally verified by test devices fabricated by a standard double-polysilicon CMOS process. Although the circuits are explained for a 4-valued system, the designs can be extended to an 8-valued (or greater) system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Esophageal pharmacology and treatment of primary motility disorders (1999)

Swallowing is a complex mechanism based on the coordinated collaboration of tongue, pharynx and esophagus. Disturbances of this interplay or disorders of one or several of these components lead to dysphagia, non-cardiac chest pain or regurgitation. The major primary esophageal motility disorders--achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus ('nutcracker esophagus') and non-specific motility disorder--are of unknown etiology. Other esophageal diseases, such as cervical diverticula or gastroesophageal reflux disease, might also be caused by a primary esophageal motility disorder. Medical treatment of esophageal disorders with esophageal hyper- or dysmotility requires agents that reduce esophageal contractile force (anticholinergic agents, nitrates, calcium antagonists). Despite the beneficial effect of the various drugs on esophageal motility parameters, the clinical benefit of medical treatment of esophageal motility disorders is rather disappointing. Calcium channel antagonist, alone or in combination with anticholinergics or nitrates, can be used as a medical trial, especially in mild achalasia. However, medical therapy is clearly inferior to pneumatic balloon dilation therapy. Recently, botulinum toxin injection was suggested as a therapeutic option in achalasia patients with good results on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and symptom scores that were similar to the results achieved by pneumatic balloon dilation. Hypercontractile esophagus shows a good manometric response to calcium channel antagonists, but only little clinical effect in terms of improvement of symptoms. Diffuse esophageal spasm is a relatively rare disease and few clinical studies are available. The use of calcium channel antagonists can be beneficial, at least in some patients with diffuse esophageal spasm. From clinical and epidemiological studies, there is some evidence of a 'psychological' component in the pathogenesis or perception of esophageal symptoms. There is some clinical benefit from centrally acting drugs such as benzodiazepines or antidepressants. With the exception of botulinum toxin for achalasia, medical therapy of primary esophageal motility disorders is rather limited and the clinical results are poor. Further understanding of esophageal pathophysiology as well as development of new receptor-selective drugs might increase our chances of a successful treatment of primary esophageal motility disorders.
Dissolved Organic Matter Enhances Microbial Mercury Methylation Under Sulfidic Conditions (2012)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is generally thought to lower metal bioavailability in aquatic systems due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes that reduce free metal ion concentrations. However, this model may not be pertinent for metal nanoparticles, which are now understood to be ubiquitous, sometimes dominant, metal species in the environment. The influence of DOM on Hg bioavailability to microorganisms was examined under conditions (0.5-5.0 nM Hg and 2-10 μM sulfide) that favor the formation of β-HgS(s) (metacinnabar) nanoparticles. We used the methylation of stable-isotope enriched (201)HgCl(2) by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 in short-term washed cell assays as a sensitive, environmentally significant proxy for Hg uptake. Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and Williams Lake hydrophobic acid (WLHPoA) substantially enhanced (2- to 38-fold) the bioavailability of Hg to ND132 over a wide range of Hg/DOM ratios (9.4 pmol/mg DOM to 9.4 nmol/mg DOM), including environmentally relevant ratios. Methylmercury (MeHg) production by ND132 increased linearly with either SRHA or WLHPoA concentration, but SRHA, a terrestrially derived DOM, was far more effective at enhancing Hg-methylation than WLHPoA, an aquatic DOM dominated by autochthonous sources. No DOM-dependent enhancement in Hg methylation was observed in Hg-DOM-sulfide solutions amended with sufficient l-cysteine to prevent β-HgS(s) formation. We hypothesize that small HgS particles, stabilized against aggregation by DOM, are bioavailable to Hg-methylating bacteria. Our laboratory experiments provide a mechanism for the positive correlations between DOC and MeHg production observed in many aquatic sediments and wetland soils.
Low plasma antioxidants and normal plasma B vitamins and homocysteine in patients with severe obesity. (2002)

Obese patients with BMI above 35 kg/m2 show low plasma antioxidants (carotenoids and vitamin E). This may result in increased oxidative stress and consequently enhanced atherosclerosis in these patients.
Variables affecting lipid oxidation in dried microencapsulated oils (2003)

Dried microencapsulated oils are powdery foods or ingredients, prepared by drying natural or formulated emulsions, wherein the oil globules are dispersed in a matrix of saccharides and/or proteins. The study of lipid oxidation in microencapsulated oils is a very difficult task since, in addition to the numerous variables normally involved in lipid oxidation, mainly unsaturation degree, oxygen, light, temperature, prooxidants and antioxidants, other factors exert an important influence in these heterophasic lipid systems. In this paper, the present state of the art on lipid oxidation in dried microencapsulated oils is reviewed, focused on the variables specifically involved in oxidation of these lipid systems. Such variables include those pertaining to the preparation process (type and concentration of the matrix components and drying procedure) and those related to the physicochemical properties of microencapsulated oils (particle size, oil globule size, lipid distribution, water activity, pH and interactions between matrix components).
Investigation of controlled transparency arrays made of PLZT ferroelectric ceramics (1982)

An analysis was made of tbe influence of half-select pulses on the contrast of the optical image and the scatter of the depth of modulation of light in controlled transparency arrays made of ceramic lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) of the La/Zr/Ti=8/65/35 composition. Methods for addressing the arrays were investigated. It was found that compensation of the effects of the half-select pulses could increase the optical image contrast of a 104-bit array to 60 for a scatter of the depth of modulation of light not exceeding 4%.
Hardware assisted hypervisor introspection (2016)

In this paper, we introduce hypervisor introspection, an out-of-box way to monitor the execution of hypervisors. Similar to virtual machine introspection which has been proposed to protect virtual machines in an out-of-box way over the past decade, hypervisor introspection can be used to protect hypervisors which are the basis of cloud security. Virtual machine introspection tools are usually deployed either in hypervisor or in privileged virtual machines, which might also be compromised. By utilizing hardware support including nested virtualization, EPT protection and #BP, we are able to monitor all hypercalls belongs to the virtual machines of one hypervisor, include that of privileged virtual machine and even when the hypervisor is compromised. What's more, hypercall injection method is used to simulate hypercall-based attacks and evaluate the performance of our method. Experiment results show that our method can effectively detect hypercall-based attacks with some performance cost. Lastly, we discuss our furture approaches of reducing the performance cost and preventing the compromised hypervisor from detecting the existence of our introspector, in addition with some new scenarios to apply our hypervisor introspection system.
On the effectiveness of probabilistic packet marking for IP traceback under denial of service attack (2002)

Effective mitigation of denial of service (DoS) attack is a pressing problem on the Internet. In many instances, DoS attacks can be prevented if the spoofed source IP address is traced back to its origin which allows assigning penalties to the offending party or isolating the compromised hosts and domains from the rest of the network. IP traceback mechanisms based on probabilistic packet marking (PPM) have been proposed for achieving traceback of DoS attacks. We show that probabilistic packet marking-of interest due to its efficiency and implementability vis-a-vis deterministic packet marking and logging or messaging based schemes-suffers under spoofing of the marking field in the IP header by the attacker which can impede traceback by the victim. We show that there is a trade-off between the ability of the victim to localize the attacker and the severity of the DoS attack, which is represented as a function of the marking probability, path length, and traffic volume. The optimal decision problem-the victim can choose the marking probability whereas the attacker can choose the spoofed marking value, source address, and attack volume-can be expressed as a constrained minimax optimization problem, where the victim chooses the marking probability such that the number of forgeable attack paths is minimized. We show that the attacker's ability to hide his location is curtailed by increasing the marking probability, however, the latter is upper-bounded due to sampling constraints. In typical IP internets, the attacker's address can be localized to within 2-5 equally likely sites which renders PPM effective against single source attacks. Under distributed DoS attacks, the uncertainty achievable by the attacker can be amplified, which diminishes the effectiveness of PPM.
Preparation and properties of ternary iminium salts of pyrrole aldehydes and ketones. Synthesis of 4-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and properties of ternary iminium salts of pyrrole aldehydes and ketones. Synthesis of 4-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydesPhilip E. SonnetCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 7, 925–929Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00972a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00972a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views867Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of functional sites in rRNA by RNA:DNA hybridization (1987)

Affinity labeling studies of functional sites in large RNAs require a method which allows (1) localization of the site, and (2) quantitation of the labeling at the site. They have developed such a method and evaluated it using the naturally methylated sites in E. coli rRNA as a model system. A (/sup 3/H-CH/sub 3/)-labeled site is localized by hybridizing labeled RNA to restriction fragments of complementary DNA. The RNA:DNA hybrids are separated by electrophoresis. The hybrid which contains the label then defines a region containing the site. Using several different restriction enzymes, they can localize a site to within 100 bases, or less. Precise quantitation of the labeling at a site is accomplished through inclusion of (/sup 14/C-uniformly-labeled RNA in the hybridization mixture. The second label allows correction of the amount of site-specific label for variation in yield of different hybrids. Application of this double-labeling approach yields quantitation of methylation that falls within about 10% of predicted values.
Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology (1986)

For the mid- to upper-level two-semester student, this text provides the most thorough coverage at a manageable length. Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology is the most up-to-date textbook available that combines cutting-edge information with accurate, detailed, and reader-friendly scientific information. It expertly entwines the concepts of form and function, providing students with an excellent grasp of how the body works as the result of its many inter-related parts.
3‐D finite difference forward modeling based on the balance method (2001)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 20013‐D finite difference forward modeling based on the balance methodAuthors: Salah A. MehaneeMichael S. ZhdanovSalah A. MehaneeThe University of Utah and Michael S. ZhdanovThe University of Utahhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816375 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816375FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByA quasi-analytical boundary condition for three-dimensional finite difference electromagnetic modeling21 December 2004 | Radio Science, Vol. 39, No. 6Bibliography SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2001ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2001 Pages: 2135 publication data© 2001 Copyright © 2001 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 03 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Salah A. Mehanee and Michael S. Zhdanov, (2001), "3‐D finite difference forward modeling based on the balance method," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1443-1446. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816375 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
<sup>1</sup>H–<sup>1</sup>H internuclear distance measurements in carbohydrates: proton transient nuclear Overhauser enhancement and spin-lattice relaxation in (<sup>13</sup>C)- and (<sup>2</sup>H)-substituted compounds (1990)

Proton transient nuclear Overhauser enhancement (TnOe) and spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1 ) have been used to evaluate the conformations of several monosaccharides and disaccharides containing ( 13 C) and ( 2 H) substitution. Absolute 1 H– 1 H internuclear distances were determined by TnOe and DESERT (deuterium substitution effects on relaxation times) experiments on conformationally rigid methyl β-D-galactopyranoside and α- and β-D-xyloses, respectively. The DESERT method was extended to examine O-glycoside conformation in two blood-group disaccharides that were prepared enzymically with ( 13 C) and (or) ( 2 H) substitution. Preferred disaccharide conformations deduced from these distance measurements are compared to those determined from 13 C– 13 C and 13 C– 1 H spin coupling constants, theoretical calculations, and crystallographic studies. Keywords: TnOe, DESERT, carbohydrate conformation.
Timing jitter measurement of 10 Gbps bit clock signals using frequency division (2003)

This paper presents a new method for measuring timing jitter of the bit clock signal in telecommunication devices operating at 10 Gbps. The method uses a divide-by-M circuit to reduce the frequency and the number of clock samples, and applies the Hilbert transform to measure the timing jitter The theory for this frequency division method is supported by the experimental data from a serializer-deserializer device.
A Preliminary Study on the Development of the Test of Oral Proficiency (1982)

Surrounded by an atmosphere of ever-increasing opportunities to hold international-level meetings and conferences in and out of Japan, more people are beginning to point out the urgent need for Japanese to express, in both spoken and written form, English much more clearly and effectively than before. I happened to find a rather shocking statement in a book which says : Japan as a nation has been and will be losing astronomical sums of money due to each delegate's almost total inadequacy to express himself in English, particularly in behind-the-curtain talks with the delegates of other nations. The factors leading to such inadequacy may consist of deep-rooted nonlinguistic knowledge (i.e. logical thinking, paralinguistic knowledge, etc.) as well as linguistic competence. Though there may be a case where lack of non-linguistic knowledge plays a critical role in communication, it is perhaps linguistic competence in most cases that plays a decisive role. Thus, classroom teachers and school administrators should make the utmost effort to have their students become equipped with linguistic competence ; ignoring this may lead to students' acquisition of surface level knowledge of the target language. With this in mind we shall first examine whether the constant use of the traditional teacher-made oral examinations of various types will ultimately lead to the students' acquisition of linguistic
Convergence of synchronous and asynchronous algorithms in multiclass networks (1991)

The Nash equilibrium point for optimum flow control in a noncooperative multiclass environment is studied. Convergence properties of asynchronous as well as synchronous algorithms are investigated. The convergence of a greedy algorithm for the n users case is proved, and necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of asynchronous algorithms are obtained. Since asynchronous algorithms do not converge for all values of the weighting factors, one must be careful in their choice. An introduction to the literature and an extension of a not very widely known theorem for the convergence of Gauss-Seidel algorithms in the linear systems theory are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Erratum: High-threshold universal quantum computation on the surface code [Phys. Rev. A<b>80</b>, 052312 (2009)] (2013)

Received 16 December 2012DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.019905©2013 American Physical Society