gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction of an abdominal probabilistic atlas and its application in segmentation (2003)

There have been significant efforts to build a probabilistic atlas of the brain and to use it for many common applications, such as segmentation and registration. Though the work related to brain atlases can be applied to nonbrain organs, less attention has been paid to actually building an atlas for organs other than the brain. Motivated by the automatic identification of normal organs for applications in radiation therapy treatment planning, we present a method to construct a probabilistic atlas of an abdomen consisting of four organs (i.e., liver, kidneys, and spinal cord). Using 32 noncontrast abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans, 31 were mapped onto one individual scan using thin plate spline as the warping transform and mutual information (MI) as the similarity measure. Except for an initial coarse placement of four control points by the operators, the MI-based registration was automatic. Additionally, the four organs in each of the 32 CT data sets were manually segmented. The manual segmentations were warped onto the "standard" patient space using the same transform computed from their gray scale CT data set and a probabilistic atlas was calculated. Then, the atlas was used to aid the segmentation of low-contrast organs in an additional 20 CT data sets not included in the atlas. By incorporating the atlas information into the Bayesian framework, segmentation results clearly showed improvements over a standard unsupervised segmentation method.
Suppression of bulk-scattering loss in SAW resonator with quasi-constant acoustic reflection periodicity (2003)

The author proposes a SAW (surface acoustic wave) resonator structure which suppresses the bulk-scattering loss for a high reflectivity resonator. The approach uses an effective configuration to cancel the scattered radiation bulk waves from the GRs (grating reflectors) and the IDT (interdigital transducer) simultaneously. It consists of an IDT and metal-strip GRs, which are of the same material and which have the same thickness. The distance between the IDT and the GR is set to be a half-wavelength and the pitch for the IDT electrodes is slightly shortened to tune to the resonance condition. The structure realizes quasiconstant acoustic reflection periodicity (QARP) all over the resonator. The QARP structure was shown to suppress the mode conversion loss and to improve the resonator Q-factor. Experimental results provide that the QARP structure led to a two-fold improvement of the Q-factor for the high reflectivity resonator. Furthermore, theoretical analysis also proved that the scattered bulk waves were suppressed to less than 1/100 in the QARP-structured SAW resonator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Code selection through object code optimization (1984)

This paper shows how thorough object code optimization has simplified a compiler and made it easy to retarget. The code generator forgoes case analysis and emits naive code that is improved by a retargetable object code optimizer. With this technique, cross-compilers have been built for seven machines, some in as few as three person days. These cross-compilers emit code comparable to hostspecific compilers.
Ge-on-Si photonic devices for photonic-electronic integration on a Si platform (2014)

This paper reviews near-infrared Ge photonic devices on Si towards photonic-electronic integrated circuits on a Si platform, which play a significant role in short-reach optical interconnects. In particular, applications of Ge epitaxial layers on Si to photodetectors, light emitters and optical modulators are described.
Ceramic Membranes for Gas Separation - Recent Developments and State of the Art (2005)

This paper presents the state of the art of ceramic membranes for gas separation, particularly for the separation of hydrogen from process streams. It includes an overview of recent literature and reveals the best types of membranes for hydrogen separation, with the strong and weak points as well as key players based on patent positions. Hollow fibre ceramic membrane technology at CEPAration is also presented.
Adaptive Nonlinear Digital Self-Interference Cancellation for Mobile Inband Full-Duplex Radio: Algorithms and RF Measurements (2015)

This article investigates novel adaptive self-interference cancellation solutions and the total integrated cancellation performance of a mobile single-antenna inband full-duplex transceiver. First, novel self-adaptive digital self-interference cancellation algorithms are described, with an emphasis on tracking of time-varying self-interference coupling channel in a mobile device as well as on structural ability to suppress also nonlinear self-interference with highly nonlinear mobile power amplifiers. This leads to an advanced self-adaptive nonlinear digital canceller which utilizes a novel orthogonalization procedure for nonlinear basis functions, together with low-cost LMS-based parameter learning. The achievable self-interference cancellation performance is then evaluated with actual RF measurements using mobile device scale RF components, in particular a highly nonlinear PA. The measurements also incorporate a novel self-adaptive RF cancellation circuit in order to realistically assess the total integrated cancellation performance. The reported results show that highly efficient self-interference cancellation can be achieved also in a mobile device, despite a heavily nonlinear PA and limited computing and hardware resources. The proposed cancellation solutions, when integrated together, show that 100 dB of self-interference can be cancelled using a 20 MHz LTE waveform, while the SI can be attenuated by over 110 dB with a narrower bandwidth of 1.4 MHz, all measured at 2.4 GHz ISM band. Furthermore, these results are achieved using a highly nonlinear transmitter power amplifier and fully adaptive canceller structures which can track a rapidly changing coupling channel in a mobile full-duplex device.
Clinical Effects and Safety of Electroacupuncture for the Treatment of Post-Stroke Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials (2018)

There was no significant difference between EA and antidepressants in the severity of depression, however EA caused fewer adverse events than antidepressants. Additional larger scale RCTs with rigorous study design are required.
Lactate Dehydrogenase, β‐Glucuronidase and Arylsulfatase Activity in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Associated with Experimental Gingivitis in Man (1985)

Experimental gingivitis provides a useful model for studying the initiation of periodontal disease in man. This study evaluated over a 4-week period the Plaque Index (PLI), Gingival Bleeding Time Index (GBTI), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for resting and flow volume as well as the concentration and total activity of three enzymes in the GCF (lactate dehydrogenase--LDH, beta-glucuronidase--BG and arylsulfatase--AS) from the maxillary right quadrant of eight subjects with healthy gingiva. After rising sharply during the 1st week, the PLI continued to increase during the 2nd week but remained constant during the 3rd and 4th weeks. The GBTI, and the resting and flow GCF volumes, increased steadily throughout the study. LDH concentration in GCF varied minimally during the experiment, while total LDH activity rose slightly over the 4-week period. BG concentration and total activity in GCF rose steadily from baseline to the 3rd week and then either fell or leveled off during the 4th week. AS concentration in GCF rose from baseline to the 2nd or 3rd week and then fell. AS total activity in GCF rose from baseline to the 2nd week and then remained constant. These data suggest that while clinical signs of inflammation increased over the 4 weeks of the experiment, a homeostatic mechanism in the crevicular environment may control ground substance-degrading enzyme activity during experimental gingivitis in man.
Judgment of perceptual synchrony between two pulses and verification of its relation to cochlear delay by an auditory model<sup>1</sup> (2008)

Abstract: This study investigates whether the delay caused in the course of wave propagation along the basilar membrane (BM) of the cochlea (i.e., the cochlear delay) affects the perceptual judgment of the synchronization of two sounds. An experiment was conducted to examine the detection of asynchrony using two types of chirps (compensatory and enhanced chirps) and a pulse. A compensatory delay chirp was designed to align the peaks of the BM velocity. An enhanced delay chirp had a delay pattern that “enhances” the assumed cochlear delay. The pulse had a cosine phase relation and, as a result, an intrinsic cochlear delay at the auditory peripheral. The results suggest that it was difficult for the auditory system to distinguish sounds when the lower‐frequency components arrived after the higher‐frequency components, as happens with a pulse. An auditory model could closely simulate the BM velocity for all stimuli. From both experimental and simulation results, we concluded that the BM velocity corresponding to the higher‐frequency components was one of the cues used in the perceptual judgment of synchronization.
Triaxial Vector Accelerometry: A Method for Quantifying Tremor and Ataxia (1978)

A triaxial vector accelerometry system for quantitatively assessing tremor and ataxia is described. Since movement at a specific anatomical site can be three dimensional, previously reported single-and dual-axis methods are not satisfactory for quantitative analysis. The accelerometer contains three identical piezoelectric transducers, and it easily attaches to the wrist, hand, ankle, foot, etc., while the subject performs controlled repetitive movement of a particular anatomical site. Signals from the accelerometer are processed by associated electronic circuitry which provides a graphic write-out of selected parameters. Equations from which these parameters were derived are discussed, as is their integration into performance indexes. A brief report is given on testing of normal volunteers and patients presenting abnormal neuromuscular function.
Evidence for global feature superiority in menu selection by icons (1987)

Abstract A search-and-select paradigm was adopted to investigate which visual characteristics of icons are relevant for menu selection. Two icon sets (abstract icons, representational icons) were compared to a word command set. For abstract icons, global features were used in order lo maximize their visual distinctiveness. For representational icons local features were used in order to ensure a high degree of representativeness and a small “articulatory distance”. Results revealed that abstract icons were searched and selected much faster than both word commands and representational icons. In addition, response time functions indicated that abstract icons can be searched in parallel (no effect of menu size) whereas word commands and representational icons have to be searched sequentially. Error rates were small in all conditions, and there was no indication of a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Thus, when icons are used in menu selection, visual distinctiveness (due to global features) seems to override respresentativeness (due to local features).
Astell, Mary (2021)

This entry focuses on the philosophy of religion of English writer Mary Astell (1666–1731), an early modern Cartesian feminist. The entry covers her ontological and cosmological arguments for the existence of God, her Pascal's Wager‐style argument against atheists and libertines, and her intellectualist conception of God's nature. It is demonstrated that in Astell's writings her religious principles and arguments form part of a wider strategy: to raise awareness in women about the true source of their happiness – conformity to the will of God – and to challenge common prejudices about female education.
A Lithography-Based Compliant Chip-to-Substrate Wafer-Level Interconnect (2002)

As the rapid advances in IC design and fabrication continue to challenge and push the electronic packaging technology, in terms of fine pitch, high performance, low cost, and good reliability, compliant interconnects show great advantages for next-generation packaging. β-fly is designed as a compliant chip-to-substrate interconnect for performing wafer-level probing and for packaging without underfill. β-fly has good compliance in all directions to compensate the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the silicon die and an organic substrate. The fabrication of β-fly is similar to standard IC fabrication, and wafer-level packaging makes it cost effective. In this work, self-weight effect and stress distribution under planar displacement loading of β-fly is studied. The effect of geometry parameters on mechanical and electrical performance of β-fly is also studied. β-fly with thinner and narrower arcuate beams with larger radius and taller post is found to have better mechanical compliance. In addition to mechanical compliance, electrical characteristics of β-fly have also been studied in this work. However, it is found that structures with excellent mechanical compliance cannot have good electrical performance. Therefore, a trade off is needed for the design of β-fly. Response surface methodology and an optimization technique have been used to select the optimal β-fly structure parameters.
<i>In vivo</i> post‐translational processing and subunit reconstitution of cephalosporin acylase from <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. 130 (1999)

Cephalosporin acylases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze cephalosporin C (CPC) and/or glutaryl 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (GL-7ACA) to produce 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). The acylase from Pseudomonas sp. 130 (CA-130) is highly active on GL-7ACA and glutaryl 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (GL-7ADCA), but much less active on CPC and penicillin G. The gene encoding the enzyme is expressed as a precursor polypeptide consisting of a signal peptide followed by alpha- and beta-subunits, which are separated by a spacer peptide. Removing the signal peptide has little effect on precursor processing or enzyme activity. Substitution of the first residue of the beta-subunit, Ser, results in a complete loss of enzyme activity, and substitution of the last residue of the spacer, Gly, leads to an inactive and unprocessed precursor. The precursor is supposed to be processed autocatalytically, probably intramolecularly. The two subunits of the acylase, which separately are inactive, can generate enzyme activity when coexpressed in Escherichia coli. Data on this and other related acylases indicate that the cephalosporin acylases may belong to a novel class of enzymes (N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases) described recently.
Effects of Antioxidants (AREDS Medication) on Ocular Blood Flow and Endothelial Function in an Endotoxin-Induced Model of Oxidative Stress in Humans (2010)

The sustained retinal vascular reaction to hyperoxia after LPS in the AREDS group indicates that antioxidants reduce oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction, possibly by eliminating ROS. The model may be an attractive approach to studying the antioxidative capacity of dietary supplements for the treatment of AMD (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00431691).
Design of Dynamic Synapse Circuits with VLSI Design Approach (2010)

Dynamic properties of neural networks using dynamic neuron can be implemented with the analog dynamic synapse. The proposed circuit has few CMOS transistors but imitates well the dynamic properties of depressing synapses. Dynamical synapse increases the computational power of the neuronal network. An approach towards design of depressing synapse is presented in this paper towards achieving excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential. This is achieved just by means of adjusting control voltages. In this paper a model of a depressing synapse circuit is presented. This synapse can be classified into excitatory and inhibitory synapse depending upon the charging and discharging of the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. The addition of dynamic synapses to neural networks increases the computational power of such networks, especially in processing time-varying inputs. The network can be used in active pattern recognition based on extracted information about the firing frequency from input information.
Dilated convolution neural network with LeakyReLU for environmental sound classification (2017)

Environmental sound classification task (ESC) is still open and challenging. In contrast to speech, sounds of a specific acoustic event may be produced by a wide variety of sources. Thus for one class, feature spectrums of acoustic events are much more transformative than human speech. In order to learn better high-level feature representations from these transformative feature spectrums, convolution neural network (CNN) has been applied to ESC tasks and achieved state-of-the-art results. However, it is noted that existing CNN-based ESC systems only use small convolution filters (typically 2×2 or 3×3) in CNN model which results in deep CNN model for learning long contextual information of sound events. Besides, to our knowledge, there is no work of evaluating the effect of activation functions on the performance of CNN-based ESC systems, which is actually very critical for improving the performance. Motivated by these findings, in this study, we propose a dilated CNN-based ESC (D-CNN-ESC) system where dilated filters and LeakyReLU activation function are adopted. The main ideas behind our research are that the dilated filters will increase receptive field of convolution layers to incorporate more contextual information. Moreover, the LeakyReLU function brings the tradeoff between the network sparsity and the performance. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed D-CNN-ESC system, we conduct several experiments on three sound event datasets. It is encouraged to see that our proposed D-CNN-ESC system outperforms the state-of-the-art ESC results obtained by very deep CNN-ESC system on UrbanSound8K dataset, the absolute error of our method is about 10% less than that of compared method.
CD63/Pltgp40: a platelet activation antigen identical to the stage- specific, melanoma-associated antigen ME491 (1991)

CD63 is a 53-Kd lysosomal membrane glycoprotein that has been identified as a platelet activation molecule. The current study presents evidence that CD63 and Pltgp40, a platelet membrane glycoprotein identified in this laboratory, are the same molecule and that CD63/Pltgp40 is identical to the well-characterized, stage-specific melanoma-associated antigen ME491. Identity of CD63 and Pltgp40 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and sequential immunodepletion studies, which showed that the anti-Pltgp40 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) H5C6 and an anti-CD63 MoAb CLB/Gran 12 recognized the same 40- to 55-Kd platelet glycoprotein. In addition, the anti-CD63 MoAb specifically recognized immunoaffinity-purified Pltgp40. Amino acid sequences obtained from NH2-terminal and tryptic fragment peptides of Pltgp40 were used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) probes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A 386-bp cDNA probe partially encoding CD63/Pltgp40 and a full length cDNA probe were 100% identical to the corresponding sequence of ME491. Antibodies H5C6 and CLB/Gran12 immunoprecipitated a 30- to 60-Kd heterodisperse glycoprotein from G361 melanoma cells, as had previously been reported for antibodies recognizing ME491. These data, taken together with the extensive homology recently reported between ME491, the Schistosoma mansoni membrane antigen SM23, CD37, the tumor-associated antigen CO-029, and the target of an antiproliferative antibody-1, suggest that CD63 is a member of a new family of related molecules.
Ethanol and Acetaldehyde in Imbibing Soybean Seeds in Relation to Deterioration (1981)

Deterioration as evidenced by decline in germination or seedling growth of soybean (cv. Essex) seeds during accelerated aging treatments at 41 C and 100% relative humidity is accompanied by increased levels of acetaldehyde and ethanol in imbibing embryonic axes and seeds. These increases become more pronounced with duration of the aging treatment. A similar inverse relationship between levels of acetaldehyde and ethanol and deterioration was observed when seeds were "naturally" aged for several years. During imbibition of low-vigor, accelerated-aged seeds at 25 C, acetaldehyde and ethanol increased from near trace amounts in dry tissues to maximum levels at 4 hours. Increases in acetaldehyde and ethanol during imbibition were less in high- than in low-vigor seeds. Increases were also less pronounced in low-vigor seeds when water uptake injury was avoided by osmotically decreasing water uptake rate with 30% polyethylene glycol. Embryonic axes from deteriorated seeds were characterized by low rates of O(2) uptake and high respiratory quotients relative to the unaged controls. Anaerobic conditions and respiratory inhibitors, such as sodium azide, increased acetaldehyde and ethanol in unaged seeds to levels similar to those in accelerated-aged seeds after 2 hours imbibition. It is suggested that, during aging, an imbalance between tricarboxylic and glycolytic activities, present during early imbibition to some degree even in vigorous unaged seeds, becomes more pronounced and leads to accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde.
Spectral MLE: Top-$K$ Rank Aggregation from Pairwise Comparisons (2015)

This paper explores the preference-based top-$K$ rank aggregation problem. Suppose that a collection of items is repeatedly compared in pairs, and one wishes to recover a consistent ordering that emphasizes the top-$K$ ranked items, based on partially revealed preferences. We focus on the Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model that postulates a set of latent preference scores underlying all items, where the odds of paired comparisons depend only on the relative scores of the items involved. We characterize the minimax limits on identifiability of top-$K$ ranked items, in the presence of random and non-adaptive sampling. Our results highlight a separation measure that quantifies the gap of preference scores between the $K^{\text{th}}$ and $(K+1)^{\text{th}}$ ranked items. The minimum sample complexity required for reliable top-$K$ ranking scales inversely with the separation measure irrespective of other preference distribution metrics. To approach this minimax limit, we propose a nearly linear-time ranking scheme, called \emph{Spectral MLE}, that returns the indices of the top-$K$ items in accordance to a careful score estimate. In a nutshell, Spectral MLE starts with an initial score estimate with minimal squared loss (obtained via a spectral method), and then successively refines each component with the assistance of coordinate-wise MLEs. Encouragingly, Spectral MLE allows perfect top-$K$ item identification under minimal sample complexity. The practical applicability of Spectral MLE is further corroborated by numerical experiments.