gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realizing expression graphs using table-lookup FPGAs (2002)

The authors consider the problem of mapping an expression graph (which represents a combinational network) to a minimal number of programmable functional elements connected by a configurable network (e.g., Xilinx elements). Since each element can realize any function of a fixed arity, they look only at the topological aspect of the mapping, i.e., no algebraic (or other) simplifications are considered (this could have been done at the earlier stage which produced the expression itself). Two analytic results are presented: (1) trees (of arbitrary degree) can be mapped optimally in linear time to elements of four inputs and one output each; and (2) the problem becomes NP-complete for DAGs even if they have only one root and the maximal in-degree of nodes is three. The first result can be easily generalized to elements with any other fixed number of inputs (that is known a priori) and which are used uniformly in the circuit. In light of the second result, the authors present three heuristics for mapping DAGs to networks and discuss their performance both on the ISCAS benchmark and on randomly generated graphs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 60-Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Receiver With 2-Tap Direct Decision Feedback Equalization Employing Track-and-Regenerate Slicers in 28-nm CMOS (2020)

This article describes a 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) receiver incorporating continuous time linear equalizers (CTLEs) and a 2-tap direct decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for applications in wireline communication. A CMOS track-and-regenerate slicer is proposed and employed in the PAM4 receiver. The proposed slicer is designed for the purposes of improving the clock-to-Q delay as well as the output signal swing. A direct DFE in a PAM4 receiver is made possible with the proposed slicer by having rail-to-rail digital feedback signals available with reduced delay, and accordingly relaxing the settling time constraint of the summer. With the 2-tap direct DFE enabled by the proposed slicer, loop-unrolling and inductor-based bandwidth enhancement techniques, which can be area/power intensive, are not necessary at high data rates. The PAM4 receiver fabricated in 28-nm CMOS technology achieves bit-error-rate (BER) better than 1E-12, and energy efficiency of 1.1 pJ/b at 60 Gb/s, measured over a channel with 8.2-dB loss at Nyquist.
Influence of nonideal chirped fiber grating characteristics on dispersion cancellation (1998)

The effect of nonideal dispersion and reflection characteristics of chirped fiber gratings on the performance of 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero-transmission systems operating over standard fiber is investigated. The system penalty for different amplitude and period ripples are quantified. Analyses of an experimental grating confirm that current fabrication technology can meet the requirements for <1-dB-penalty operation.
<i>Poly</i>-NAP as Ligand for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones (2000)

A new heterogeneous catalytic system is described incorporating the BINAP structure as coordinating agent. In the presence of chiral diamines as auxiliaries, this ligand is efficient for the ruthenium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone (e.e. 68%) and can be reused several times without loss of selectivity and activity. The best e.e. (96%) is obtained for the reduction of 1′-acetonaphthone.
Group awareness widgets for enhancing social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: design and implementation (2003)

Our research on enhancing and fostering social interaction in asynchronous distributed learning groups (DLGs) utilizing computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environments, centers on the sociability of these environments, i.e. the extent to which the CSCL environment is able to facilitate the emergence of a social space characterized by social relationships, trust and belonging, and group cohesion. A sound social space indicates the establishment of a learning community and enables the desired social interaction-vital in collaborative learning to take place. We present here a theoretical framework for fostering social interaction in both the educational and the social (psychological) dimension, although we are emphasizing the latter dimension. This framework is based on the ecological approach to social interaction which sees social affordances as the main determinant for enhancing the sociability of CSCL environments. We operationalize these social affordances through group awareness widgets (GAWs)-software tools which provide a learner with an awareness of other learners and which also enables him/her to initiate a communication episode with them. This paper describes the architecture of the CSCL environment and how GAWS can be integrated in this environment. Because we neither have the time nor the programming capacity for programming a CSCL environment by ourselves, we have selected three open source applications to construct the CSCL environment: MITRE's Collaborative Virtual Workspace (CVW), Sun Microsystem's OpenOffice, and the Scalable Internet Event Notification Architecture (SIENA). We also use the Electronic Course Book (ECB) that is developed at the Open University of the Netherlands (OUNL).
Topic-based resource allocation for real-time publish/subscribe communication systems (2010)

We address the issue of supporting real-time message dissemination in a publish/subscribe system. The asynchronous operation and connection brokering approach embodied in the publish/subscribe paradigm aid scalability and support varied topologies. These advantages, however, create challenges for pr
Transition Metal‐Chelating Phase Transfer Agents from 3,4‐Disubstituted Benzylhalides (1985)

Abstract A unified approach to the synthesis of chelating phase transfer agents which uses attachment of various side‐chains to a single chelating molecular precursor (such as 2‐acetyl‐4‐chloromethyl phenol, 4‐chloromethyl salicylaldehyde, 5‐chloromethyl‐8‐hydroxyquinoline), by alkylation at carbon (on aromatic substrates), at oxygen (on alkanols, oligoethylene glycols) or at nitrogen (dialkylamines), is presented. The reaction of a model precursor, 2‐acetyl‐4‐chloromethyl phenol, is studied in detail. The proton–ligand and proton–metal stability constants and Cu(II) phase transfer properties is determined.
Phosphopeptide Derivatization Signatures To Identify Serine and Threonine Phosphorylated Peptides by Mass Spectrometry (2001)

The development of rapid, global methods for monitoring states of protein phosphorylation would provide greater insight for understanding many fundamental biological processes. Current best practices use mass spectrometry (MS) to profile digests of purified proteins for evidence of phosphorylation. However, this approach is beset by inherent difficulties in both identifying phosphopeptides from within a complex mixture containing many other unmodified peptides and ionizing phosphopeptides in positive-ion MS. We have modified an approach that uses barium hydroxide to rapidly eliminate the phosphoryl group of serine and threonine modified amino acids, creating dehydroamino acids that are susceptible to nucleophilic derivatization. By derivatizing a protein digest with a mixture of two different alkanethiols, phosphopeptide-specific derivatives were readily distinguished by MS due to their characteristic ion-pair signature. The resulting tagged ion pairs accommodate simple and rapid screening for phosphopeptides in a protein digest, obviating the use of isotopically labeled samples for qualitative phosphopeptide detection. MALDI-MS is used in a first pass manner to detect derivatized phosphopeptides, while the remaining sample is available for tandem MS to reveal the site of derivatization and, thus, phosphorylation. We demonstrated the technique by identifying phosphopeptides from beta-casein and ovalbumin. The approach was further used to examine in vitro phosphorylation of recombinant human HSP22 by protein kinase C, revealing phosphorylation of Thr-63.
A heterogeneous distributed database system based on extended relational model (2003)

The most important requirement for a heterogeneous distributed database system (HDDBS) is the capability of providing an integrated view of its component databases that is transparent in data distribution and the heterogeneity of the components. While a HDDBS provides the logical integration of its constituent databases, it should preserve their autonomy. The authors propose a heterogeneous database management system which extends the relational model to integrate and capture the semantic heterogeneity of the component databases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of androgen receptor signaling by selenite and methylseleninic acid in prostate cancer cells: two distinct mechanisms of action (2006)

The development of prostate cancer and its progression to a hormone-refractory state is highly dependent on androgen receptor (AR) expression. Recent studies have shown that the selenium-based compound methylseleninic acid (MSeA) can disrupt AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. We have found that selenite can inhibit AR expression and activity in LAPC-4 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells as well but through a different mechanism. On entering the cell, selenite consumes reduced glutathione (GSH) and generates superoxide radicals. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, a GSH precursor, blocked the down-regulation of AR mRNA and protein expression by selenite and restored AR ligand binding and prostate-specific antigen expression to control levels. MSeA reacts with reduced GSH within the cell; however, N-acetylcysteine did not effect MSeA-induced down-regulation of AR and prostate-specific antigen. The superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTMPyP was also found to prevent the decrease in AR expression caused by selenite but not by MSeA. A Sp1-binding site in the AR promoter is a key regulatory component for its expression. Selenite decreased Sp1 expression and activity, whereas MSeA did not. The inhibition of Sp1 by selenite was reversed in the presence of N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, we have found that selenite and MSeA disrupt AR signaling by distinct mechanisms. The inhibition of AR expression and activity by selenite occurs via a redox mechanism involving GSH, superoxide, and Sp1.
DECOR: A Method for the Specification and Detection of Code and Design Smells (2009)

Code and design smells are poor solutions to recurring implementation and design problems. They may hinder the evolution of a system by making it hard for software engineers to carry out changes. We propose three contributions to the research field related to code and design smells: (1) DECOR, a method that embodies and defines all the steps necessary for the specification and detection of code and design smells, (2) DETEX, a detection technique that instantiates this method, and (3) an empirical validation in terms of precision and recall of DETEX. The originality of DETEX stems from the ability for software engineers to specify smells at a high level of abstraction using a consistent vocabulary and domain-specific language for automatically generating detection algorithms. Using DETEX, we specify four well-known design smells: the antipatterns Blob, Functional Decomposition, Spaghetti Code, and Swiss Army Knife, and their 15 underlying code smells, and we automatically generate their detection algorithms. We apply and validate the detection algorithms in terms of precision and recall on XERCES v2.7.0, and discuss the precision of these algorithms on 11 open-source systems.
[Intraoperative microbiological monitoring in abdominal aortic aneurysms in elective surgery. A review of the literature and the authors' personal experience]. (1992)

Thirty-one patients, ranging in age from 57 to 78 years (mean 66), with the exclusion of cases with doubtful possible results, underwent abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy for asymptomatic AAA and had cultures from the aneurysmal wall and endovascular thrombus to identify possible microbiological source of future graft infection; 5 (16%) of 31 cultures yielded bacterial growth and the most common organism isolated was staphylococcus epidermidis. During an average follow-up of 15.4 months no graft infection was noted in patients with positive or negative aortic cultured. A literature review stresses the same disparity between positive cultures obtained at the aneurysmectomy and subsequent low graft-infection rate. It is concluded that the aneurysm wall itself does not represent an important source of early or late graft infection and it's suggested that the bacterial presence both in the wall and thrombus could be explained by an exogenous contamination at the operation time.
18 Interactions between Viruses and the Cellular Machinery for Protein Synthesis (1996)

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites or symbionts. They are incapable of independent existence because they lack the enzymes and associated apparatus for conducting most metabolic and biosynthetic reactions. Instead, they rely on the cells that they infect to supply the energy, chemicals, and machinery required for virus replication. Nowhere is this dependence more apparent than in protein synthesis. Many viruses encode enzymes for nucleic acid biosynthesis, but – with the exception of some tRNAs – none of them is known to encode any part of the translational apparatus. They are therefore obligated to make use of the cellular translational apparatus for the synthesis of one of their chief components. As a consequence, and because they can be manipulated with some ease, viral systems have provided many insights into the workings of the cellular protein synthetic machinery. For example, analysis of mutations in the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus and the r II cistron of bacteriophage T4 contributed to breaking the genetic code (Barnett et al. 1967; Wittmann and Wittmann-Liebold 1967), and biochemical evidence for the existence of messenger RNA (mRNA) came first from phage-infected bacteria (Volkin and Astrachan 1956; Brenner et al. 1961; Gros et al. 1961). Viral RNA was the natural template of choice for studies of messenger-directed protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, leading to the development of faithfully initiating cell-free translation systems and thence to the identification of the initiator tRNAs and characterization of ribosome-binding sites (Nathans et al. 1962; Adams and Capecchi 1966; Kerr et al. 1966;...
The 2nd Scientific American book of mathematical puzzles & diversions (1959)

This delightful collection of Martin Gardner's mathematical entertainments introduces readers to the Generalized Ham Sandwich Theorem, origami, digital roots, magic squares, the mathematics of cooling coffee, an update of the Induction Game of Eleusis, Dudeney puzzles, the maze at Hampton Court Palace, and many more mathematical puzzles and principles. Reading Gardner is like watching a dazzling performance by a magician who explains every trick so quickly and neatly that each explanation seems like a new trick in itself. He may begin with disarming simple instructions for constructing a tetrahedron out of an envelope, and after a few surprises (a cube can be passed through a hole in a smaller cube') move straight from tricks with rubber bands into Euclid's proof of why there can be no more than five Platonic solids.
Dissymmetries in fluorescence excitation and emission from single chiral molecules (2009)

Chirality in molecular systems plays profoundly important roles in chemistry and physics. Most chemistry students are introduced to the concept of chirality through demonstrations of the interaction of chiral molecules with polarized light manifested as an "optical rotation" leading to the "(+)" and "(-)" [or dextrorotatory (d-) and levorotatory (l-)] designations of chiral compounds, with the subsequent determination of absolute stereochemical configuration by chemical or physical means enabling application of the familiar "R" and "S" labels. Although the intrinsic molecular parameters that control the dissymmetric light-matter interaction in chiral systems are well understood, we have only recently begun to ask questions regarding the role of local molecular environment and hidden heterogeneities associated with the ensemble-averaged molecular chiroptical response. In this mini-review, we discuss some of our recent research on application of single-molecule spectroscopy as a tool for probing heterogeneities and fluctuations of chiroptical dissymmetries in condensed phase.
The Two Positively Acting Regulatory Proteins PHO2 and PHO4 Physically Interact with <i>PHO5</i> Upstream Activation Regions (1989)

The repressible acid phosphatase gene PHO5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the two positively acting regulatory proteins PHO2 and PHO4 for expression. pho2 or pho4 mutants are not able to derepress the PHO5 gene under low-Pi conditions. Here we show that both PHO2 and PHO4 bind specifically to the PHO5 promoter in vitro. Gel retardation assays using promoter deletions revealed two regions involved in PHO4 binding. Further characterization by DNase I footprinting showed two protected areas, one located at -347 to -373 (relative to the ATG initiator codon) (UASp1) and the other located at -239 to -262 (UASp2). Exonuclease III footprint experiments revealed stops at -349 and -368 (UASp1) as well as at -245 and -260 (UASp2). Gel retardation assays with the PHO2 protein revealed a binding region that lay between the two PHO4-binding sites. DNase I footprint analysis suggested a PHO2-binding site covering the region between -277 and -296.
Potential Distribution and Multi-Terminal DC Resistance Computations for LSI Technology (1979)

Computer time and storage requirements are the two main considerations in the design of a packaging analysis software tool for the problem of calculating the electric potential distribution in arbitrary geometrical shapes. The FEM (Finite Element Method) is the accepted approach for solving such problems. A new formulation for the linear triangular element is presented which is used to derive a very simple and computationally inexpensive linear rectangular element equation interrelating only the geometrical centers of the elements. The result is a much sparser assembly matrix with a maximum of five non-zero entries per equation compared with the usual nine of the FEM formulation. In addition, a method to obtain the minimum bandwidth of the matrix is given for the efficient and static use of external storage, permitting the solution of any size problem. The methods are applicable to multi-plane, multi-terminal configurations for the production of equivalent-resistance networks and for the calculation of the potential distribution throughout the configurations.
Wilson Disease (1992)

Wilson disease is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism. Progress has been made in establishing the location of the gene on the long arm of chromosome 13, and in finding nearby probes that can be used to identify affected sibs of newly diagnosed patients. However, the gene has not been cloned, and the molecular nature of the defect remains unknown. The cause of the disease is a failure to excrete unneeded and excessive copper in the bile for loss in the stool. This may be due to a failure to excrete copper packaged in ceruloplasmin into the bile. Clinically, patients usually present during the second to fourth decades of life with liver, neurologic, or psychiatric disease, but the diagnosis is often missed or delayed. Once a diagnosis of Wilson disease is considered, reliable studies of copper variables can be carried out. After diagnosis, patients must receive anticopper treatment for the rest of their lives, to reduce copper levels and prevent copper reaccumulation. For life-long maintenance therapy, we recommend zinc acetate because of its complete efficacy and lack of toxicity; it acts by blocking copper absorption. For initial therapy of the acutely ill patient, no currently available therapy has proven to be ideal. A chelator-type drug, either penicillamine or trien, can be used for the initial therapy of patients who present with liver disease; transition to zinc acetate can then be made after a few months. For the initial therapy of acutely ill patients who present with neurologic disease, chelation should be avoided because neurologic worsening frequently occurs, probably due to redistribution of copper which temporarily raises the levels of copper in the brain. For initial treatment, zinc therapy is also not ideal because it is relatively slow-acting. A new experimental drug, tetrathiomolybdate, shows promise in the initial treatment of patients with Wilson disease. The major challenges ahead include closing the remaining therapeutic hiatuses, cloning and expressing the gene to understand its function, and improving clinical diagnosis so that therapy can be instituted as quickly as possible.
Bridgman growth and characterization of the structure ordered CTGS single crystal (2014)

Structural ordered langasite-type piezoelectric crystal Ca <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Ta G a <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sub> (CTGS) possess excellent high temperature piezoelectric properties. In this work, large size(25mm in diameter and 80mm in length)CTGS single crystalswere grown by using the vertical Bridgman method. High resolution X-ray diffraction technique was applied to characterize the crystal quality, where the as-grown CTGS crystals were found to show low FWHM value, being on the order of<;50", indicating the high quality of the CTGS crystals. In addition, the temperature dependent behaviours for the elastic and piezoelectric properties were investigated from 20°C to 900°C, where piezoelectric coefficient d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> (-d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sub> ) was found to increase with temperature with variation less than 30%, while the variation of the elastic compliance s <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sub> was obtained to be <;10% over the test temperature range, similar to the CTGS crystals grown by using Czochralski method. All these results indicated that Bridgman method is an alternative to Czochralski method for high quality CTGS crystal growth.
Design of Pneumatic Capsule Pipeline Systems-practical Choice of Parameters (1992)

This paper describes and assesses the main parameters In the design of a pneumatic capsule pipeline system from the point of view of both theory and practice. In the theoretical part the relationship between parameters is considered. An algorithm is presented for the design procedure. The capsule velocities are limited to the range 3 - 16 m/s, the pipe diameters to 0.7 - 1.4 m and the number of capsules in a train to three.