gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emission Control Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (1993)

Despite the interest in these AFVs, there have been virtually no systematic comparisons of emission control cost-effectiveness Although various legislation and regulations have been among them.Without such comparisons, the most costadopted to promote the use of alternative-fuel vehicles for effective AFV type for controlling air pollution cannot be curbing urban air pollution problems, there is a lack of determined.This paper estimates life-cycle emission reducsystematic comparisons of emission control cost-effectiveness tions and costs of methanol, ethanol, LPG, CNG, and electric among various alternative-fuel vehicle types.In this paper, vehicles and calculates and compares their emission control life-cycle emission reductions and life-cycle costs were cost-effectiveness in dollars per ton of emissions reduced.estimated for passenger cars fueled with methanol, ethanol, liquified petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, and electricity.PREVIOUS STUDIES Vehicle emission estimates included both exhaust and evaporative emissions for air pollutants of hydrocarbon, carbon A few past studies have estimated the cost-effectiveness monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and air-toxic pollutants of benzene, of AFVs.A study by the Office of Technology Assessment formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acetaldehyde.Vehicle life-(OTA) 1 estimated the cost-effectiveness in dollars per ton of cycle cost estimates accounted for vehicle purchase prices, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) control.The study vehicle life, fuel costs, and vehicle maintenance costs, estimated that per-ton VOC control costs ranged from $550 Emission control cost-effectiveness presented in dollars (1990 dollars)* for lowering gasoline vapor pressure to per ton of emission reduction was calculated for each $43,000 for use of methanol vehicles (MVs).In calculating alternative-fuel vehicle type from the estimated vehicle life-the cost of $43,000 for MVs, the OTA study assumed a cycle emission reductions and costs.Among various reduction rate of 50% for VOC emissions by MVs over alternative-fuel vehicle types, compressed natural gas vehicles comparable gasoline vehicles (GVs), a methanol retail price of are the most cost-effective vehicle type in controlling vehicle $0.93 per gallon (price of $0.67 and federal and state excise emissions.Dedicated methanol vehicles are the next most taxes of $0.26), and a gasoline price of $1.05 per gallon.The cost-effective vehicle type.The cost-effectiveness of electric study assumed no incremental cost for MVs relative to GVs, vehicles depends on improvements in electric vehicle battery although it acknowledged that an incremental vehicle cost of technology.With low-cost, high-performance batteries, electric $500-$1,000 for MVs could increase per-ton control cost by vehicles are more cost-effective than methanol, ethanol, and $10,000-$20,000.The study did not present details of its liquified petroleum gas vehicles, calculation and it implicitly assumed dedicated MVs.Lareau 2 estimated VOC control costs by MVs under different cases that reflected various factors such as the price
Hand and Wrist Sonography (2001)

Although the anatomy of the hand and wrist is complex and the pathologic conditions encountered are diverse, many of the disease processes are localized, and in many situations, the clinical question is specific and limited. Because of this, ultrasound has always been an attractive imaging modality for evaluation of hand and wrist problems. Unfortunately, intrinsic difficulties in ultrasound image acquisition and interpretation have slowed the acceptance of hand and wrist sonography. Recently, however, new developments in high-resolution transducers and signal processing have dramatically improved image quality and scanning flexibility. For this reason, hand and wrist sonography is now more widely accepted and is taking its place along side other traditional modalities such as radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthrography. Specific situations in which ultrasound offers definite benefits include evaluation of tendon inflammation and rupture, evaluation of palpable masses or suspected occult masses, and evaluation of suspected foreign bodies. Analysis of the median nerve is also possible and in the future, may have a role in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Structural features of a three-stranded DNA junction containing a C-C junctional bulge (1993)

We have examined the stability of junctional base pairs in a three-way DNA junction with two unpaired cytidine residues at the branch point using two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy in H2O solution. Our data directly support the presence of two of the three junctional Watson-Crick base pairs, with indirect support for the third as well. These results complement the data presented in the preceding paper, where we examined the nonexchangeable proton resonance assignments of three-way DNA junctions from NOESY data in D2O solution. We have incorporated the NOE data from both sets of experiments, using this information as input for a combined distance geometry (DG) and simulated annealing (SA) protocol designed to derive three-dimensional structures of the junction molecule consistent with the NMR data. Although the data does not allow us to derive a unique solution for the structure of the molecule, certain conformational features are invariably present in our models. We demonstrate the existence of a preferred, pair-wise stacking arrangement between two of the three helices in the junction. Furthermore, the remaining duplex stem is situated so that it always forms an acute angle with just one of the arms from the quasi-continuous helix. The unpaired residues provide an extended backbone segment linking two of the helices together. The first unpaired base on the 5' end loops out from the interior of the molecule to reside along the minor groove of one helix. The second is located within the interior of the molecule, stacking below one of the junctional base pairs. Our findings suggest that junctional base pair stacking is an important determinant in the conformation of multistranded nucleic acid junctions. In three-way junctions, the presence of unpaired bases at the branch point provides a relief from covalent constraints that would otherwise prevent the simultaneous realization of both base pairing and base pair stacking within the branch point of the molecule.
The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on saliva IgA, total protein and alpha-amylase (1999)

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an acute bout of high-intensity intermittent exercise on saliva IgA concentration and alpha-amylase activity, since this type of training is commonly incorporated into the training programmes of endurance athletes and games players. Eight well-trained male games players took part in the study. They reported to the laboratory after an overnight fast and performed a 60-min cycle exercise task consisting of twenty 1-min periods at 100% VO2max, each separated by 2 min recovery at 30% VO2max. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected over a 5-min period into pre-weighed tubes and analysed for total protein, saliva IgA and alpha-amylase. The saliva flow rate ranged from 0.08 to 1.40 ml x min(-1) at rest and was not significantly affected by the exercise. The performance of the intermittent exercise bout did not affect the saliva IgA concentration, but caused a five-fold increase in alpha-amylase activity (P<0.01 compared with pre-exercise) and a three-fold increase in total protein concentration (P<0.01). These returned to pre-exercise values within 2.5 h post-exercise. It has been suggested that IgA concentration should be expressed as the ratio to total protein concentration, to correct for any concentrating effect due to evaporative loss of saliva water when breathing through the mouth (as in strenuous exercise). The present study clearly demonstrates that this is not appropriate, since there is an increase in salivary protein secretion rate immediately after exercise (571+/-77 microg x min(-1) compared with 218+/-71 microg x min(-1) pre-exercise; P<0.05). The increased saliva alpha-amylase activity after exercise may improve the protective effect of saliva, since this enzyme is known to inhibit bacterial attachment to oral surfaces. The saliva alpha-amylase secretion rate was lower immediately pre-exercise than at any other instant, which may have been due to anticipatory psychological stress, although the subjects were all familiar with interval exercise. This emphasizes the need for true resting non-stressed control conditions in future studies of the effects of exercise on saliva constituents.
Modeling the Presence of Myelin and Edema in the Brain Based on Multi-Parametric Quantitative MRI (2016)

The aim of this study was to present a model that uses multi-parametric quantitative MRI to estimate the presence of myelin and edema in the brain. The model relates simultaneous measurement of R1 and R2 relaxation rates and proton density to four partial volume compartments, consisting of myelin partial volume, cellular partial volume, free water partial volume, and excess parenchymal water partial volume. The model parameters were obtained using spatially normalized brain images of a group of 20 healthy controls. The pathological brain was modeled in terms of the reduction of myelin content and presence of excess parenchymal water, which indicates the degree of edema. The method was tested on spatially normalized brain images of a group of 20 age-matched multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Clear differences were observed with respect to the healthy controls: the MS group had a 79 mL smaller brain volume (1069 vs. 1148 mL), a 38 mL smaller myelin volume (119 vs. 157 mL), and a 21 mL larger excess parenchymal water volume (78 vs. 57 mL). Template regions of interest of various brain structures indicated that the myelin partial volume in the MS group was 1.6 ± 1.5% lower for gray matter (GM) structures and 2.8 ± 1.0% lower for white matter (WM) structures. The excess parenchymal water partial volume was 9 ± 10% larger for GM and 5 ± 2% larger for WM. Manually placed ROIs indicated that the results using the template ROIs may have suffered from loss of anatomical detail due to the spatial normalization process. Examples of the application of the method on high-resolution images are provided for three individual subjects: a 45-year-old healthy subject, a 72-year-old healthy subject, and a 45-year-old MS patient. The observed results agreed with the expected behavior considering both age and disease. In conclusion, the proposed model may provide clinically important parameters, such as the total brain volume, degree of myelination, and degree of edema, based on a single qMRI acquisition with a clinically acceptable scan time.
Studies on Benzodiazepinooxazoles. III. Reactions and Rearrangements of Benzo [6, 7]-1, 4-diazepino-[5, 4-<I>b</I>] oxazole Derivatives (1973)

Treatment of 10-halogeno-2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11b -hexahydro -7-methyl-11b-phenylbenzo [6, 7]-1, 4-diazepino [5, 4-b] oxazol-6-one (IIIa-d) with dimethyl formamide in the presence of sodium hydride gave exo -methylene compounds (Va-d). On the other hand, the compounds (IIIe-g) having halogen at o-position of the 11b-phenyl group gave no exomethylene compounds, but isoindoles (XVIIIe-g) and acridanone derivatives (XIXe-g). A mechanistic assumption for the formation of these compounds from benzo [6, 7]-1, 4-diazepino [5, 4-b] oxazole derivatives was given.
BASIL: automated IO load balancing across storage devices (2010)

Live migration of virtual hard disks between storage arrays has long been possible. However, there is a dearth of online tools to perform automated virtual disk placement and IO load balancing across multiple storage arrays. This problem is quite challenging because the performance of IO workloads depends heavily on their own characteristics and that of the underlying storage device. Moreover, many device-specific details are hidden behind the interface exposed by storage arrays.In this paper, we introduce BASIL, a novel software system that automatically manages virtual disk placement and performs load balancing across devices without assuming any support from the storage arrays. BASIL uses IO latency as a primary metric for modeling. Our technique involves separate online modeling of workloads and storage devices. BASIL uses these models to recommend migrations between devices to balance load and improve overall performance.We present the design and implementation of BASIL in the context of VMware ESX, a hypervisor-based virtualization system, and demonstrate that the modeling works well for a wide range of workloads and devices. We evaluate the placements recommended by BASIL, and show that they lead to improvements of at least 25% in both latency and throughput for 80 percent of the hundreds of microbenchmark configurations we ran. When tested with enterprise applications, BASIL performed favorably versus human experts, improving latency by 18-27%.
A technique for the continuous representation of dispersion in seismic data (1979)

Abstract The dispersion relation derived by Futterman (1962) for an absorption model which is linear with frequency has been analyzed. For the case of an impulsive source, it has been found that the relation can be viewed as a frequency-dependent time rescaling, which transforms into a simple frequency-dependent inverse frequency rescaling. This frequency rescaling is conveniently referenced to a so-called base frequency of the user's choice. This eliminates any need for specifying Futterman's low cutoff frequency and, furthermore, allows the user to preserve the overall time scaling of seismic data while bringing the seismic events into better 'focus' with dispersion removal or correction.Examples of applications of the technique to both introduction of dispersion into synthetic seismic data and removal of dispersion from seismic data are shown. The synthetic data show that the linear absorption model is causal only when accompanied by dispersion.
The High-Ratio Circulating Compressor (1988)

A high ratio, positive dlsplacsment, transverse flow, lobed rotor recircwl~ting compressor is described herein.The d~sig~ Features ~n integral downstream heat ~xohangs~ and integral recirculation ducts that convey cooled discharge-pressure fluid back to interrnediat~ port~.The physical arrangement provides continuous recirculation flow back into the displacement cavitiea without concurrent communication with ~ither discharge or inlet ports.Such aommunicction is prevented by Favorable geom~try, including the use or 4-lobed or 5-lobed rotors.Throwgh optimized recirculation Flow and minimlzed adisbBtio compression, perFormance capability For this type oF compressor is greatly expanded.Limitations associated with working fluid temperature rise and thermal distortion are removed.Reducsd internal rotor clesrances result in high volumetric efficiency.
Study on the Effect of Peripheral Kisspeptin Administration on Basal and Glucose-induced Insulin Secretion Under Fed and Fasting Conditions in the Adult Male Rhesus Monkey (<i>Macaca mulatta)</i> (2010)

Kisspeptin (KP)-Kiss1r, a ligand-receptor pair, has recently been implicated as a pivotal regulator of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. KISS1 (encoding KP) as well as KISS1R (encoding receptor for KP) are expressed in several peripheral tissues including the pancreas. But the specific role of KP in the physiology of pancreas is still incompletely deciphered. This study was designed to examine the effect of peripheral KP administration on basal and glucose-induced plasma insulin (an important pancreatic hormone) secretion under fed and fasting conditions in the adult male rhesus monkey. A set of 4 chair-restraint habituated intact adult male rhesus monkeys were assigned to receive intravenous bolus administration of human kisspeptin-10 (KP10, 50 μg), and vehicle (1 ml) in normal fed and fasting conditions without or with glucose infusions. Plasma concentrations of insulin were measured by using a specific IRMA. Glucose infusion significantly stimulated plasma insulin levels (p<0.005). Vehicle administration did not affect both basal and glucose stimulated insulin in fed as well as in fasting condition. KP10 administration had no effect on the basal insulin levels in both fed and fasting as compared to pretreatment or vehicle treatment levels, while it significantly heightened glucose stimulated insulin levels (p<0.05) in both fed and fasted monkeys. The present results show that KP administration does not affect the basal secretion of insulin under both fed and fasting condition while potentiated the glucose-induced insulin levels in the adult male rhesus monkey. Therefore, these findings suggest a potential role of KP in the physiology of pancreas.
Pros and cons of eliminating veld burning (1970)

Abstract Fire has been a factor of the environment in Africa since time immemorial and it is often caused by natural agencies such as lightning. It is maintained that there is much prejudice against veld burning, often ill‐founded. Fire has caused and maintained most of the world's grassland. When fire has been prevented plant succession has resulted in bush encroachment in the savanna and surrounding areas or in fynbos encroachment in others. Fire results in much old grass being wasted but, if this is not removed in some manner, the grazing deteriorates. Old grass can be removed by fire, mowing or grazing, using high protein supplements. The consequences of the different methods of removal, other than mowing, may be equally deleterious.
The Power of Friendship (2015)

Abstract In an era before a true two-party system, personal interactions were central to the workings of political life, offering both men and women additional opportunities for access and influence. Requests for patronage are perhaps the most easily discerned example of this sort of influence, though friends also capitalized on their connections to pass along political intelligence, sway political outcomes, and offer candid opinions. Chapter 7 illustrates how, through the efforts of men and women within friendships, power and emotion became closely linked in various relationships. These friendships modeled how mutuality and reciprocity could overcome difference even in the political world.
Synthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]‐6‐deoxy‐6‐fluoro‐<scp>D</scp>‐glucose ([<sup>18</sup>F]6FDG), a potential tracer of glucose transport (2005)

Abstract With the goal of developing a PET radioligand for the in vivo assessment of glucose transport, 6‐deoxy‐6‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐ D ‐glucose ([ 18 F]6FDG) was prepared in two steps from 18 F − . Starting with D ‐glucose, the tosyl‐ and mesyl‐derivatives of 3,5‐ O ‐benzylidene‐1,2‐ O ‐isopropylidene‐ α ‐ D ‐glucofuranose were prepared by known methods. Reaction of either of these precursors with 18 F − resulted in the formation of 3,5‐ O ‐benzylidene‐6‐deoxy‐6‐[ 18 F]‐fluoro‐1,2‐ O ‐isopropylidene‐ α ‐ D ‐glucofuranose in high yield. Subsequent hydrolysis resulted in the production of [ 18 F]6FDG. Under optimal conditions, [ 18 F]6FDG is produced 60–70 min after end of bombardment (EOB) in 71 ± 12% yield (decay corrected, based upon fluoride) with a radiochemical purity of ⩾96%. Preliminary experiments have indicated that [ 18 F]6FDG may be a more representative in vivo tracer for the glucose transporter than 2FDG. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal Partitioning in Ilmenite- and Barite-Based Drill Cuttings on Seabed Sections in a Mesocosm Laboratory (2011)

Summary Ilmenite and barite minerals are alternative weight materials frequently used in drilling muds and are discharged to the marine environment. These minerals contain heavy metals that may become remobilized and available for uptake in biota after deposition in sediment. Several oil companies have jointly developed a model to predict the environmental risks associated with discharges of drill cuttings and mud to sea (DREAM). This model applies partition coefficients (Kd) for estimating heavy-metal concentrations in sediment and interstitial waters from which toxic impacts are derived. Kd depend on properties of both the particulate phase and the solute and consequently on local environmental conditions such as redox potential and pH. The literature displays Kd values ranging over several orders of magnitude, and it is a challenge and a major environmental issue to determine the most representative Kd values for drilling discharges in marine offshore areas. An experiment was performed in box-core samples transferred from a fjord location to a marine soft-bottom mesocosm. Weight minerals and cuttings sampled from offshore drilling operations were added in thin layers on top of the fjord sediment in each box. During the next 3 months, the added layers were reworked by the naturally occurring benthic fauna. Environmental parameters such as dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and redox potentials were determined as well as metals in added solids, sediments, interstitial water, and fluxes across the sediment/ water interface. Kd values were obtained for seven metals. To the extent that the experimental environment was able to mimic the offshore environment with respect to bioturbation and physicochemical gradients within the sediment surface, the Kd values obtained are considered relevant for modeling interstitial-water concentrations and toxicity in offshore cuttings deposits.
10-GHz-spaced 1010-channel tandem AWG filter consisting of one primary and ten secondary AWGs (2001)

A very large channel-count arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) filter with more than 1000 channels is described. It was achieved by cascading a 1-THz-spaced flat-top 1/spl times/10 AWG as a primary filter and ten 10-GHz-spaced 1/spl times/160 AWGs as secondary filters in a tandem configuration. We achieved good adjacent and accumulated channel crosstalk values ranging from -32 to -25 dB and from -24 and -18 dB, respectively.
Oximetry of retinal vessels by dual-wavelength imaging: calibration and influence of pigmentation (1999)

A method for noninvasive measurement of Hb O2 saturation (SO2) in retinal blood vessels by digital imaging was developed and tested. Images of vessels were recorded at O2-sensitive and O2-insensitive wavelengths (600 and 569 nm, respectively) by using a modified fundus camera with an image splitter coupled to an 18-bit digital camera. Retinal arterial SO2 was varied experimentally by having subjects breathe mixtures of O2 and N2 while systemic arterial SO2 was monitored with a pulse oximeter. Optical densities (ODs) of vascular segments were determined using a computer algorithm to track the path of reflected light intensity along vessels. During graded hypoxia the OD ratio (ODR = OD600/OD569) bore an inverse linear relationship to systemic SO2. Compensation for the influence of choroidal pigmentation significantly reduced variation in the arterial SO2 measurements among subjects. An O2 sensitivity of 0.00504 +/- 0.00029 (SE) ODR units/%SO2 was determined. Retinal venous SO2 at normoxia was 55 +/- 3.38% (SE). Breathing 100% O2 increased venous SO2 by 19.2 +/- 2.9%. This technique, when combined with blood flow studies in human subjects, will enable the study of retinal O2 utilization under experimental and various disease conditions.