gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Empty and Water-Filled Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (2011)

The separation of empty and water-filled laser ablation and electric arc synthesized nanotubes is reported. Centrifugation of these large-diameter nanotubes dispersed with sodium deoxycholate using specific conditions produces isolated bands of empty and water-filled nanotubes without significant diameter selection. This separation is shown to be consistent across multiple nanotube populations dispersed from different source soots. Detailed spectroscopic characterization of the resulting empty and filled fractions reveals that water filling leads to systematic changes to the optical and vibrational properties. Furthermore, sequential separation of the resolved fractions using cosurfactants and density gradient ultracentrifugation reveals that water filling strongly influences the optimal conditions for metallic and semiconducting separation.
Problems of Prioritisation and Our Duty to Care (1991)

Limited resources must be invested wisely. Society′s humanitarian duty to care must be satisfied as well as the economic imperative to use resources rationally. This cannot properly be achieved by reduction of all considerations to a single number which represents a ratio of health gain to resource cost.
A noise-robust echo canceller on V830 multimedia RISC processor integrated into a car navigation system (2002)

This paper presents a noise-robust, fast-convergence echo canceller and its implementation on a multimedia RISC (reduced instruction set computer). Faster convergence is achieved by introducing an improved noise power estimator for step-size control. This echo canceller has been implemented on V830 multimedia embedded RISC and has been integrated into a car navigation system. The V830 provides a performance comparable to a digital signal processor (DSP) and extended flexibility while the power consumption is lower than that of a DSP. Computer simulations and measurements using a V830 board show fast convergence and robustness against disturbance such as a noise and double-talk without double-talk detection.
Oestrogen plus progestin was not effective for long term secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women (2003)

(2002) JAMA 288, 49; Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. . , for the HERS Research Group. . Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). . ; . : . –57. . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease (CHD), does oestrogen plus progestin reduce the risks of CHD events after 6.8 years of follow up? Randomised (allocation concealed*), placebo controlled trial. The study was blinded (patients, investigators, and outcome assessors)* for the initial mean 4.1 years of follow up and unblinded* for the subsequent mean 2.7 years of follow up (the latter 2.7 years was the HERS II study). 20 US outpatient and community centres. 2763 postmenopausal women <80 years of age (mean age 67 y) with established CHD who had not had a hysterectomy. Of those alive at 4.1 years (n=2510), follow up was 84% at 6.8 years. Women were allocated to conjugated oestrogen, 0.625 mg/day, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg/day (n=1380), or placebo (n=1383) for 4.1 years. In the subsequent 2.7 years (during HERS II), 1156 women in the oestrogen plus progestin group and 1165 women in the placebo group continued follow … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DGrady%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%26rft.volume%253D288%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D49%26rft.epage%253D57%26rft.atitle%253DCardiovascular%2BDisease%2BOutcomes%2BDuring%2B6.8%2BYears%2Bof%2BHormone%2BTherapy%253A%2BHeart%2Band%2BEstrogen%252FProgestin%2BReplacement%2BStudy%2BFollow-up%2B%2528HERS%2BII%2529%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.288.1.49%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12090862%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.288.1.49&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12090862&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F8%2F1%2F12.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000176573400019&link_type=ISI
Luchas y movilizaciones artesanales en Bogotá (1909-1919) (2002)

This essay offers a different vision of what is known up to now concerning Artisan mobilizations at the beginning of the 20th century. In this article, the artisan is a central actor, defined as worker a term that replaced the term artisan and that allowed for identification among distinct sectors of workers, including industrial workers. This essay presents the first organizing efforts in bogota during the period form 1910-1919, and the socialist influences on the artisan sectors, with special reference to the masacre of march 1919.
Identification of Megalin/gp330 as a Receptor for Lipoprotein(a) In Vitro (1999)

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an atherogenic lipoprotein of unknown physiological function. The mechanism of Lp(a) atherogenicity as well as its catabolic pathways are only incompletely understood at present. In this report, we show that the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene family member megalin/glycoprotein (gp) 330 is capable of binding and mediating the cellular uptake and degradation of Lp(a) in vitro. A mouse embryonic yolk sac cell line with native expression of megalin/gp330 but genetically deficient in LDLR-related protein (LRP) and a control cell line carrying a double knockout for both LRP and megalin/gp330 were compared with regard to their ability to bind, internalize, and degrade dioctadecyltetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)-fluorescence-labeled Lp(a) as well as equimolar amounts of 125I-labeled Lp(a) and LDL. Uptake and degradation of radiolabeled Lp(a) by the megalin/gp330-expressing cells were, on average, 2-fold higher than that of control cells. This difference could be completely abolished by addition of the receptor-associated protein, an inhibitor of ligand binding to megalin/gp330. Mutual suppression of the uptake of 125I-Lp(a) and of 125I-LDL by both unlabeled Lp(a) and LDL suggested that Lp(a) uptake is mediated at least partially by apolipoprotein B100. Binding and uptake of DiI-Lp(a) resulted in strong signals on megalin/gp330-expressing cells versus background only on control cells. In addition, we show that purified megalin/gp330, immobilized on a sensor chip, directly binds Lp(a) in a Ca2+-dependent manner with an affinity similar to that for LDL. We conclude that megalin/gp330 binds Lp(a) in vitro and is capable of mediating its cellular uptake and degradation.
Are oral contraceptive-associated liver cell adenomas premalignant? (1992)

From January 1977 to June 1990, 1,670 patients with a liver mass or masses underwent transabdominal fine needle aspiration biopsy of the liver. Of those cases, 99 were diagnosed cytologically as "hepatocellular carcinoma" and 9 as "consistent with liver cell adenoma." Among the 99 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 3 were users of oral contraceptives. The nine patients with liver cell adenoma were all users of oral contraceptives. Of them, two developed foci or areas of liver cell dysplasia within the adenomas. The mean periods of oral contraceptive use among these three groups of patients were different. It appeared that patients started to develop liver cell adenoma after five years of oral contraceptive use (mean, 6.3 years). Foci or areas of liver cell dysplasia began to arise within liver cell adenomas after 8 years of oral contraceptive use (mean, 9 years), and the patients started to develop hepatocellular carcinoma after 10 years of contraceptive use (mean, 11 years). The cytologic features of liver cell dysplasia strikingly mimicked those of hepatocellular carcinoma. From this study, the foci or areas of liver cell dysplasia appear to be the missing link responsible for the transformation of liver cell adenoma to carcinoma. It is believed that liver cell adenomas are not premalignant and may undergo reversible change after withdrawal of causative agents, whereas foci or areas of liver cell dysplasia within the adenomas are irreversible, premalignant changes and may transform into hepatocellular carcinoma.
Fairness in a broadband packet switch (2003)

A Batcher-banyan interconnection network and a three-phase algorithm to resolve the output channel contention are discussed. For the implementation of the sorting network the author proposes two alternative solutions that aim at providing a fair access to the output channels independent of the specific switch input port requesting the transmission bandwidth. The first uses two complementary Batcher networks. The second adopts a preprocessing of the jobs entering the interconnection network, so that each input port is cyclically served first within the set of input ports requesting the same output channel with the same priority. The general architecture of the interconnection network is described, and implementation guidelines are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A communication protocol for a multi-level secure network (2002)

An implementation of the SNet multi-level secure distributed system is described in the context of the specifications and the security model for SNet. This implementation contains a communication protocol that satisfies the specification and thereby enforces the security policy. The location of the trusted security kernel software is explicitly identified relative to the protocol layers. An informal argument is given to show how the protocol satisfies the specification and the security model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Demand-driven register allocation (1996)

A new global register allocation technique, demand-driven register allocation , is described. Demand-driven register allocation quantifies the costs and benefits of allocating variables to registers over live ranges so that high-quality allocations can be made. Local allocation is done first, and then global allocation is done iteratively beginning in the most deeply nested loops. Because local allocation precedes global allocation, demand-driven allocation does not interfere with the use of well-known, high-quality local register allocation and instruction-scheduling techniques.
A correlated‐<i>k</i> distribution scheme for overlapping gases suitable for retrieval of atmospheric constituents from moderate resolution radiance measurements in the visible/near‐infrared spectral region (2000)

An accurate and fast radiative transfer scheme for the simulation of the spectral radiance measurements of a new generation of multichannel moderate resolution satellite spectrometers, such as GOME/ERS‐2 (240–790 nm) and SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT‐1 (240–2385 nm), has been developed. Representative absorption cross sections of the individual molecular line‐absorbers CH 4 , CO, CO 2 ; H 2 O, N 2 O, and O 2 for relatively narrow spectral intervals (≤0.2 nm) have been determined using a combined correlated‐ k ( c ‐ k ) distribution and exponential sum fitting of transmittances (ESFT) scheme. The speed of the c ‐ k calculations mainly depends on the channel‐dependent spectral resolution of the instruments. For the measurements to be made by SCIAMACHY, this may be up to 800 times faster than line‐by‐line calculations. The agreement between c ‐ k radiances and line‐by‐line reference radiances is in the range 1–2%. The dominant error (∼1%) is attributed to the correlation assumption made when applying the k distribution method to inhomogeneous atmospheres. As the commonly used c ‐ k methods for overlapping gases are shown to result in large radiance errors at SCIAMACHY spectral resolution or do not permit individual representative absorption cross sections to be defined for each absorber separately, a new and novel method for the accurate simulation of overlapping absorption has been developed, verified, and validated. This technique enables overlapping line absorption to be considered for arbitrary spectral correlation of the monochromatic absorption cross sections of the individual gases. The new c ‐ k scheme is based on a linear mixing of two radiance terms determined assuming correlation and anticorrelation of the monochromatic absorption cross sections of the overlapping gases.
Ultraviolet and green light cause different types of damage in rat retina. (1995)

Damage sensitivity in rat increases enormously from visible to ultraviolet wavelengths. Compelling evidence is presented that two morphologically distinct types of damage occur in the rat retina, depending on the wavelength. Because two types also have been described in monkey, a remarkable similarity seems to exist across species.
Acquired Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors Is Associated with a Manifestation of Stem Cell–like Properties in Cancer Cells (2013)

Acquired resistance to EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is a critical problem in the treatment of lung cancer. Although several mechanisms have been shown to be responsible for acquired resistance, all mechanisms have not been uncovered. In this study, we investigated the molecular and cellular profiles of the acquired resistant cells to EGFR-TKI in EGFR-mutant lung cancers. Four EGFR-mutant cell lines were exposed to gefitinib by stepwise escalation and high-concentration exposure methods, and resistant sublines to gefitinib were established. The molecular profiles and cellular phenotypes of these resistant sublines were characterized. Although previously reported, alterations including secondary EGFR T790M mutation, MET amplification, and appearance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) features were observed, these 2 drug-exposure methods revealed different resistance mechanisms. The resistant cells with EMT features exhibited downregulation of miRNA-200c by DNA methylation. Furthermore, the HCC827-derived subline characterized by the high-concentration exposure method exhibited not only EMT features but also stem cell-like properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH1A1) overexpression, increase of side-population, and self-renewal capability. Resistant sublines with stem cell-like properties were resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents but equally sensitive to histone deacetylase and proteasome inhibitors, compared with their parental cells. ALDH1A1 was upregulated in clinical samples with acquired resistance to gefitinib. In conclusion, our study indicates that the manner of EGFR-TKI exposure influences the mechanism of acquired resistance and the appearance of stem cell-like property with EGFR-TKI treatment.
‘Different and Distant’? the Falklands/Malvinas Dispute (1994)

'On 2 April 1982 in an act of unprovoked aggression against British sovereign territory and British people Argentine forces invaded the Falkland Islands.'
Swapout: Learning an ensemble of deep architectures (2016)

We describe Swapout, a new stochastic training method, that outperforms ResNets of identical network structure yielding impressive results on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100. Swapout samples from a rich set of architectures including dropout, stochastic depth and residual architectures as special cases. When viewed as a regularization method swapout not only inhibits co-adaptation of units in a layer, similar to dropout, but also across network layers. We conjecture that swapout achieves strong regularization by implicitly tying the parameters across layers. When viewed as an ensemble training method, it samples a much richer set of architectures than existing methods such as dropout or stochastic depth. We propose a parameterization that reveals connections to exiting architectures and suggests a much richer set of architectures to be explored. We show that our formulation suggests an efficient training method and validate our conclusions on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 matching state of the art accuracy. Remarkably, our 32 layer wider model performs similar to a 1001 layer ResNet model.
Translating within and between Languages (2011)

The imaginative work of translating a distant language such as Burmese differs from that of translating a close language such as French. Equally, translation can happen within what we think of as a single language because each language is internally divided into dialects and registers. So translation cannot be defined as a single operation that happens ‘between languages’: Umberto Eco is wrong to draw a strong distinction between ‘translation’ and ‘rewording’. Translation also affects how you define the linguistic material you are faced with: people can realize they need to translate what had at first not felt like a different language; I give examples from Oliver Twist. When this happens, a fissure opens up: this mattered to Dryden when he ‘translated’ Chaucer into the English of his own time; and to William Barnes when he ‘tranlsated’ his Dorset poems into ‘the dialect which is chosen as national speech’.
Hardware-in-the-Loop System for Testing Automotive Ecu Diagnostic Software (2009)

The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to testing ECU diagnostic software using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems at Jaguar Land Rover (JLR). The increasing complexity of embedded software for automotive electronic control units (ECUs) requires a convenient and flexible environment for system testing. On-board diagnostic software represents a significant proportion of ECU software and consequently, the effort, in terms of time and manpower required to determine the validity of ECU software is becoming excessive. The process for validating on-board diagnostic software is traditionally achieved using tests carried out with actual vehicles. Some tests are difficult and expensive to perform in vehicles. Automated testing offers an approach that can improve the validation process whilst providing the potential for cost saves. Since JLR utilises ECUs from different suppliers, the development of a generic approach to automated testing is vital.
Imaging of multicellular large-scale rhythmic calcium waves during zebrafish gastrulation (1999)

Oscillations of cytosolic free calcium levels have been shown to influence gene regulation and cell differentiation in a variety of model systems. Intercellular calcium waves thus present a plausible mechanism for coordinating cellular processes during embryogenesis. Herein we report use of aequorin and a photon imaging microscope to directly observe a rhythmic series of intercellular calcium waves that circumnavigate zebrafish embryos over a 10-h period during gastrulation and axial segmentation. These waves first appeared at about 65% epiboly and continued to arise every 5-10 min up to at least the 16-somite stage. The waves originated from loci of high calcium activity bordering the blastoderm margin. Several initiating loci were active early in the wave series, whereas later a dorsal marginal midline locus predominated. On completion of epiboly, the dorsal locus was incorporated into the developing tail bud and continued to generate calcium waves. The locations and timing at which calcium dynamics are most active appear to correspond closely to embryonic cellular and syncytial sites of known morphogenetic importance. The observations suggest that a panembryonic calcium signaling system operating in a clock-like fashion might play a role during vertebrate axial patterning.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement (2009)

se ha posicionado como un centro de referencia asistencial y académica, con la proyección de conformar clínicas o centros de excelencia.Para lograr este objetivo, es indispensable que realice y se ciña a sus propias guías de práctica clínica o estándares clínicos basados en la evidencia (ECBE), que permita una adecuada y estandarizada atención de pacientes aplicando la mejor evidencia médica disponible.La obesidad es una patología de alta prevalencia en la población general, siendo uno de los motivos de consulta más
Post-translational Processing and Renal Expression of Mouse Indian Hedgehog (1997)

The full-length mouse Indian hedgehog (Ihh) cDNA was cloned from an embryonic 17.5-day kidney library and was used to study the post-translational processing of the peptide and temporal and spatial expression of the transcript. Sequence analysis predicted two putative translation initiation sites. Ihh translation was initiated at both initiation sites when expressed in an in vitro transcription/translation system. Expression of an Ihh mutant demonstrated that the internal translation initiation site was sufficient to produce the mature forms of Ihh. Ihh post-translational processing proceeded in a fashion similar to Sonic and Drosophila hedgehog; the unprocessed form underwent signal peptide cleavage as well as internal proteolytic processing to form a 19-kDa amino-terminal peptide and a 26-kDa carboxyl-terminal peptide. This processing required His313 present in a conserved serine protease motif. Ihh transcript was detected by in situ RNA hybridization as early as 10 days postcoitum (dpc) in developing gut, as early as 14.5 dpc in the cartilage primordium, and in the developing urogenital sinus. In semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments, Indian hedgehog transcript was first detected in the mouse metanephros at 14.5 dpc; transcript abundance increased with gestational age, becoming maximal in adulthood. In adult kidney, Ihh transcript was detected only in the proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule.
Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated bicistronic knock-in <i>ins1-cre</i> driver mice (2016)

In the present study, we generated novel cre driver mice for gene manipulation in pancreatic β cells. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, stop codon sequences of Ins1 were targeted for insertion of cre, including 2A sequences. A founder of C57BL/6J-Ins1(em1 (cre) Utr) strain was produced from an oocyte injected with pX330 containing the sequences encoding gRNA and Cas9 and a DNA donor plasmid carrying 2A-cre. (R26GRR x C57BL/6J-Ins1(em1 (cre) Utr)) F1 mice were histologically characterized for cre-loxP recombination in the embryonic and adult stages; cre-loxP recombination was observed in all pancreatic islets examined in which almost all insulin-positive cells showed tdsRed fluorescence, suggesting β cell-specific recombination. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in results of glucose tolerance test among genotypes (homo/hetero/wild). Taken together, these observations indicated that C57BL/6J-Ins1(em1 (cre) Utr) is useful for studies of glucose metabolism and the strategy of bicistronic cre knock-in using the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be useful for production of cre driver mice.
Forensic Recovery of Fully Encrypted Volume (2014)

This paper is aimed at analyzing the efficiency of decrypting the bit locked volumes in PIN only mode.Based on the findings this paper considers the issue of decrypting the bit locked volumes in PIN only mode.The main drawback of the full volume encryption application is that it leaves several copies of the key used for encrypting the drive in the physical memory.This paper deals with the recovery of encryption key from the physical memory in case of live system.It also suggests offline methods for collecting the cryptographic keys required for decrypting the volume.