gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Properties of Polyethylene Oxide ‐ Li [  (  CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N  ]  ‐ Gamma ‐ LiAlO2 Composite Polymer Electrolytes (1995)

The electrochemical properties of polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and , with and without the addition of dispersed powder, are reported. The results clearly indicate that the use of the ceramic filler combined with the salt greatly reduces the crystallization rate and enhances the lithium/electrolyte interface stability.
Ionization and pH Stability of Multilayers Formed by Self-Assembly of Weak Polyelectrolytes (2003)

The formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers using the layer-by-layer sequential self-assembly of a weak polybase and polyacid onto a surface of Si crystal and their stability under acidic conditions were studied. The system was 12%, 20%, 25%, 37%, 90%, or 98% quaternized poly-4-vinylpyridine (Q12, Q20, Q25, Q37, Q90, or Q98) as polybases (generally abbreviated as QPVP) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) as a polyacid in buffered D2O. The adsorption and ionization of pyridine rings and carboxylic groups were quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode. At pH = 5, film growth was primarily controlled by electrostatic interactions. When QPVP was included into the top layer, ionization of carboxylic groups was increased compared to its value in solution. The amount of the induced charge increased linearly with the total charge density of the polybase (calculated as a sum of ethylated pyridinium and protonated pyridinium groups), suggesting the formation of both types of electrostatic pairs (COO-−NR+ and COO-−NH+). The degree of ionization of both pyridine groups and carboxylic groups within the film responded to the charge of the polymer included in the top layer and oscillated as a function of layer number. The average ionization of the carboxylic groups within the multilayer was suppressed when the multilayer was topped with PMAA, and it was enhanced when the top layer was the polybase. The effect was rather long-ranged and persisted through over three polymer layers with a decay length of about 100 Å. When the pH of the buffer solution was lowered below pH 2, multilayers dissolved due to protonation of carboxylic groups and disruption of polymer/polymer ionic contacts. The multilayer stability under acidic conditions was dependent on the alkylation degree of QPVP. With the exception of the largest alkylation degrees, the stability of the film increased with the alkylation degree of QPVP. The multilayer destruction correlated with the protonation of the small (<5%) residual fraction of carboxylic groups that was included into polymer/polymer ionic pairs and with the number of ionic polymer/polymer contacts per QPVP chain, suggesting that the number of polymer/polymer contacts during self-assembly was a critical parameter in multilayer stability. The results show the effect of the QPVP charge density on the ionization of self-assembled PMAA and on the pH stability of polyelectrolyte multilayers.
Detail-revealing Deep Video Super-resolution (2017)

Previous CNN-based video super-resolution approaches need to align multiple frames to the reference. In this paper, we show that proper frame alignment and motion compensation is crucial for achieving high quality results. We accordingly propose a `sub-pixel motion compensation' (SPMC) layer in a CNN framework. Analysis and experiments show the suitability of this layer in video SR. The final end-to-end, scalable CNN framework effectively incorporates the SPMC layer and fuses multiple frames to reveal image details. Our implementation can generate visually and quantitatively high-quality results, superior to current state-of-the-arts, without the need of parameter tuning.
Screening the Effect of Water Vapour on Gas Adsorption Performance: Application to CO<sub>2</sub> Capture from Flue Gas in Metal–Organic Frameworks (2017)

A simple laboratory-scale protocol that enables the evaluation of the effect of adsorbed water on CO<sub>2</sub> uptake is proposed. 45 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were compared against reference zeolites and active carbons. It is possible to classify materials with different trends in CO<sub>2</sub> uptake with varying amounts of pre-adsorbed water, including cases in which an increase in CO<sub>2</sub> uptake is observed for samples with a given amount of pre-adsorbed water. Comparing loss in CO<sub>2</sub> uptake between "wet" and "dry" samples with the Henry constant calculated from the water adsorption isotherm results in a semi-logarithmic trend for the majority of samples allowing predictions to be made. Outliers from this trend may be of particular interest and an explanation for the behaviour for each of the outliers is proposed. This thus leads to propositions for designing or choosing MOFs for CO<sub>2</sub> capture in applications where humidity is present.
Introduction (1977)

This book is about international monetary relations. Specifically, it is about the international monetary order-the framework of rules, regulations, conventions, and norms governing the foreign financial conduct of nations. The focus of the book is on the problem of how to organize the international monetary order.KeywordsEconomic WelfareFinancial ConductInternational Monetary SystemBretton Wood SystemLiquidity CreationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The World Bank research observer 18 (2) (1987)

Market behavior of grains exporters. Macroeconomic adjustment in developing countries: a policy perspective. Some theoretical aspects of agricultural policies. Macroeconomic policy and trade liberalization: some guidelines. Management of public industrial enterprises.
Localization of a gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy to chromosome 21q22. (1991)

Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Univerricht-Lundborg type is a clinically defined entity among the progressive myoclonus epilepsies. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. The underlying biochemical defect is unknown. We used linkage analysis to localize the gene in 12 families with the aid of polymorphic DNA markers. Close linkage was detected with three markers on distal chromosome 21. The loci BCEI and D21S154 gave the highest positive logarithm-of-odds (lod) scores of 5.49 and 4.25, respectively, at zero recombination. The third locus, D21S112, gave a lod score of 6.91 at a recombination fraction of 0.034. There was no evidence of heterogeneity. Multipoint lod scores calculated against a fixed map of the three marker loci gave a maximum four-point lod score of 10.08 at a location of the disease gene at 6.0 centimorgans distal to locus BCEI and 0.8 centimorgan proximal to locus D21S154. As markers BCEI and D21S154 have previously been localized to 21q22.3 by physical methods, our findings place the EMP1 gene locus (for progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type) in chromosome 21 band q22.3. This finding provides an opportunity to test several other epilepsy phenotypes, particularly the so-called Ramsay Hunt syndrome, for linkage to the same locus. It also is a starting point toward isolating and characterizing the gene and its protein product.
EFG silicon ribbon solar cells (1975)

The growth and characteristics of edge defined, film fed grown (EFG) silicon ribbons are discussed. Factors involved in the growth of continuous lengths of 1 in. wide ribbons are examined. The structural and electrical characteristics of the ribbons have been studied and the results are presented. Solar cells have been fabricated using the ribbon crystals and typical AMO efficiencies of 6 to 10% have been realized.
The role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance in local drug delivery (2008)

Local drug delivery has recently attracted much attention since it represents a strategy to increase the drug concentration at the target location and decrease systemic toxicity effects. Ultrasound can be used in different ways to trigger regional drug delivery. It can cause the local drug release from a carrier vehicle and the local increase of cell membrane permeability either by a mechanical action or by a temperature increase. Ultrasound contrast agents may enhance these effects by means of cavitation. Ultrasound can be focused deep inside the body into a small region with dimensions on the order of 1 mm. Several types of drug microcarriers have been proposed, from nano- to micrometer sized particles. The objective of real-time imaging of local drug delivery is to assure that the delivery takes place in the target region, that the drug concentration and the resulting physiological reaction are sufficient, and to intervene if necessary. Ultrasound and nuclear imaging techniques play an important role. MRI is rather insensitive but allows precise targeting of (focused) ultrasound, can provide real-time temperature maps, and gives access to a variety of imaging biomarkers that may be used to assess drug action. Examples from recent articles illustrate the potential of the principles of ultrasound-triggered local drug delivery.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Stroke Referrals From Primary Care, Emergency Room Physicians, and Ambulance Staff Using the Face Arm Speech Test (2003)

Misdiagnosis of stroke is common in the ER and by PCDs. Paramedics using the Face Arm Speech Test achieved high levels of detection and diagnostic accuracy of stroke.
Analysis and complexity reduction of multiple reference frames motion estimation in H.264/AVC (2006)

In the new video coding standard H.264/AVC, motion estimation (ME) is allowed to search multiple reference frames. Therefore, the required computation is highly increased, and it is in proportion to the number of searched reference frames. However, the reduction in prediction residues is mostly dependent on the nature of sequences, not on the number of searched frames. Sometimes the prediction residues can be greatly reduced, but frequently a lot of computation is wasted without achieving any better coding performance. In this paper, we propose a context-based adaptive method to speed up the multiple reference frames ME. Statistical analysis is first applied to the available information for each macroblock (MB) after intra-prediction and inter-prediction from the previous frame. Context-based adaptive criteria are then derived to determine whether it is necessary to search more reference frames. The reference frame selection criteria are related to selected MB modes, inter-prediction residues, intra-prediction residues, motion vectors of subpartitioned blocks, and quantization parameters. Many available standard video sequences are tested as examples. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can maintain competitively the same video quality as exhaustive search of multiple reference frames. Meanwhile, 76 %-96 % of computation for searching unnecessary reference frames can be avoided. Moreover, our fast reference frame selection is orthogonal to conventional fast block matching algorithms, and they can be easily combined to achieve further efficient implementations.
Interobserver-Variabilität von Dialyseshuntflußmessungen mit der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie (1993)

A prospective study extending over 4 months was carried out in which 142 shunt volume flow measurements were performed on 43 patients; two up to four operators with varying degrees of experience took part. Flow volumes varied between 51 and 2409 ml/min with an average blood flow volume of 521 ml/min. Comparison of measurements of individual operators showed errors of between 0.5 and 19.8%. Average error was calculated as 11.3%. Shunt flow measurements by colour Doppler sonography provide an easily appreciated and reproducible method for quantifying changes in shunt flow.
Extended application of a chiral stationary phase based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid to the resolution of <i>N</i>‐(substituted benzoyl)‐α‐amino acid amides (2006)

A chiral stationary phase (CSP 1) based on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid was applied to the resolution of N-(substituted benzoyl)-alpha-amino acid amides and esters. N-(Substituted benzoyl)-alpha-amino acid amides were well resolved using a mixture of acetic acid-triethylamine-acetonitrile (0.01:0.05:100, v/v/v) as an optimum mobile phase while N-(substituted benzoyl)-alpha-amino acid esters were not resolved at all. In contrast, both N-(substituted benzoyl)-alpha-amino acid amides and esters were not resolved at all or resolved very poorly on another CSP (CSP 2), which lacks the two N-H hydrogens of the amide tethers of CSP 1. Among the substituents on the benzoyl group of analytes, the nitro group was the best for good resolution of analytes on CSP 1. From these results, the two N-H hydrogens of the amide tethers of CSP 1, the carbonyl oxygen of the amide group of analytes, and the nitro group on the benzoyl group of analytes were concluded to play significant roles in chiral recognition. In addition, various N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine amides with different lengths of N-alkylamide chains were resolved on CSP 1 and N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) leucine N-propylamide was found to show the best chiral recognition in terms of the separation (alpha = 1.30) and the resolution factor (Rs= 3.17).
Constructing Chemical Interface Layers by Using Ionic Liquid in Graphene Oxide/Rubber Composites to Achieve High-Wear Resistance in Environmental-Friendly Green Tires (2022)

The harm caused by small rubber particles generated from tire abrasion to the atmosphere is receiving a continuing concern. For developing environmental-friendly tire tread materials with high wear resistance, building the strong interface between nano-fillers and rubber matrix is the primary challenge. Herein, ionic liquid (IL, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazole chloride) was used to modify graphene oxide (GO) by π-cation interaction and hydrogen bonding between IL and GO. Furthermore, an IL-GO/natural rubber (NR) masterbatch possessing fine dispersion of GO was prepared by the emulsion compounding method, and thereafter, a further compound with solution polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) was fabricated for the tread rubber composite. Results showed that the double bond in the IL enhanced the cross-linking reaction during the vulcanization of rubber composites occurred at high temperature, leading to an elevated interfacial interaction between the IL-modified GO and the rubber macromolecules. Compared with silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>)-filled NR/SSBR composites, the cross-link density, 300% modulus, and tear strength of the IL-GO/SiO<sub>2</sub>/NR/SSBR composites were increased by 10.2, 42.6, and 20.2%, respectively. Importantly, the wear resistance of the IL-GO/SiO<sub>2</sub>/NR/SSBR composites was improved by 17.3%, ascribing to the strong interface between IL-GO and rubber macromolecules.
Modular, scriptable and automated analysis tools for high-throughput peptide mass fingerprinting (2004)

Details of the algorithms are described in supporting information available from the Halmstad University website www.hh.se/staff/bioinf/
BioStar 2006 2nd International Congress on Regenerative Biology and ICBN 2006 2nd International Congress on Bio-Nano-Interface (2007)

Peer reviewed: No
Photodesorption and Trapping of Molecular Oxygen at the TiO<sub>2</sub>(110)−Water Ice Interface (2001)

By means of temperature programmed desorption (TPD), static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we have investigated further the states of oxygen adsorbed on rutile TiO2. Previous work has shown that annealing the (110) surface in a vacuum produces isolated bridging oxygen vacancies, and that these vacancies are intimately connected with molecular and dissociative oxygen adsorption channels. We find that at 115 K illumination of the oxygen-exposed surface with 4.1 eV photons results in photodesorption of the oxygen associated with a TPD state centered on 410 K, in contrast to the remaining oxygen destined for a dissociative channel. An unusual effect of water overlayers on the photochemical properties of the O/TiO2(110) system is explored. For thick overlayers, it is possible to generate via UV irradiation a previously unobserved oxygen TPD state. Evidence is presented for this new O2 TPD state originating from the photolysis of an O2−water adduct.
How Do Household Portfolio Shares Vary with Age (2000)

Using pooled cross-sectional data from the Surveys of Consumer Finances, and new panel data from TIAA-CREF, we examine the empirical relationship between age and portfolio choice, focusing on the observed relationship between age and the fraction of wealth held in the stock market. We illustrate and discuss the importance of the well-known identification problem that prevents unrestricted estimation of age, time and cohort effects in longitudinal data. We also document three important features of household portfolio behavior: significant non-stockownership, wide-ranging heterogeneity in allocation choices, and the infrequency of active portfolio allocation changes. Based on a specification including age effects and time effects (excluding cohort effects) we find that equity ownership has a hump-shape pattern with age, while equity shares conditional on ownership are nearly constant across age groups. Based on a specification that includes age effects and cohort effects (excluding time effects), we find that equity portfolio shares increase strongly with age. Following the same individuals over time, we find that almost half of the sample members made no active changes to their portfolio allocations over our nine-year sample period, while the vast majority of those who did make changes increased their allocations to equity as they aged.
The critical thinking debate: how general are general thinking skills? (2004)

This paper takes up the issue of whether the skill of critical thinking in university education is best thought of as a broad universal generic skill or rather as only a loose category taking in a variety of modes of thought. Through the linguistic analysis of some sample texts, I argue that the discourse of general thinking programs should not be thought of as a generalist discourse at all, but in fact a quite specific one. The implications both for the teaching and testing of critical thinking are considered in the light of this position.
Vitrification of in vitro matured oocytes of Mangalica and Large White pigs (2008)

The breeding of Mangalica, a native pig breed in Hungary, had been started in 1833, but this pig breed almost became extinct in Hungary in the past decades. In 1991, the number of sows was only 200. Although in these days the existing Mangalica population consists of more than 6000 animals representing different colour variations, the preservation of this traditional pig breed is still very important. Vitrification is a potential tool for the preservation of gametes and embryos of these animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitrification on the developmental competence of Mangalica (M) and Large White (LW) oocytes following fertilisation. The oocytes were vitrified by the Open Pulled Straw (OPS) method using different concentrations of ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotectants. After rehydration the oocytes underwent in vitro fertilisation; the resultant zygotes were then cultured in vitro for four days to assess embryonic development. In the first experiment, in vitro maturation of M and LW oocytes was compared. No significant difference was observed in the nuclear maturation rate of LW and M oocytes. In the second experiment, the sensitivity of oocytes to vitrification was examined by evaluating oocyte morphology after thawing. A higher percentage of LW oocytes showed normal morphology compared to M oocytes, indicating that Mangalica oocytes are more sensitive to cryoprotectants than Large White oocytes. After warming and in vitro fertilisation, more than 50% of the oocytes started embryonic development and by the end of the incubation period morula stage embryos had developed in both groups. The results show that the OPS vitrification technique is well suited to preserve Mangalica oocytes and from these oocytes morula embryos can be produced.
Modulators of prostate cancer cell proliferation and viability identified by short-hairpin RNA library screening (2021)

There is significant need to identify novel prostate cancer drug targets because current hormone therapies eventually fail, leading to a drug-resistant and fatal disease termed castration-resistant prostate cancer. To functionally identify genes that, when silenced, decrease prostate cancer cell proliferation or induce cell death in combination with antiandrogens, we employed an RNA interference-based short hairpin RNA barcode screen in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. We identified and validated four candidate genes (AKT1, PSMC1, STRADA, and TTK) that impaired growth when silenced in androgen receptor positive prostate cancer cells and enhanced the antiproliferative effects of antiandrogens. Inhibition of AKT with a pharmacologic inhibitor also induced apoptosis when combined with antiandrogens, consistent with recent evidence for PI3K and AR pathway crosstalk in prostate cancer cells. Recovery of hairpins targeting a known prostate cancer pathway validates the utility of shRNA library screening in prostate cancer as a broad strategy to identify new candidate drug targets.
The Role of the Hinge Region of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor in Hormone Interaction and Signal Generation (2001)

Luteinizing hormone receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, consists of two halves, the N-terminal extracellular hormone binding domain (exodomain) and the C-terminal membrane-associated, signal-generating domain (endodomain). The exodomain has seven to nine Leu-rich repeats, which are generally thought to form a 1/3 donut-like structure and interact with human choriogonadotropin (hCG). The resulting hCG-exodomain complex adjusts the structure and its association with the endodomain, which results in signal generation in the endodomain. It is unclear whether the rigid 1/3 donut structure could provide the agility and versatility of this dynamic action. In addition, there is no clue as to where the endodomain contact point (the signal modulator) in the exodomain is. To address these issues, the exodomain was examined by Ala scan and multiple substitutions, while receptor peptides were used for photoaffinity labeling and affinity cross-linking. Our results show that the C-flanking sequence (hinge region), Thr(250)-Gln(268), of the Leu-rich repeats (LRRs) specifically interacts with hCG, preferentially hCGalpha. This interaction is inhibited by exoloop 2 of the endodomain but not by exoloops 1 and 3, suggesting an intimate relationship between Thr(250)-Gln(268), exoloop 2, and hCG. Taken together, our observations in this article suggest a new paradigm that the LRRs contact the front of hCG, while both flanking regions of the LRRs interact with the sides of hCG. This would trap hCG in the 1/3 donut structure of the LRRs and enhance the binding affinity. In addition, mutations of conserved Ser(255) in the sequence can constitutively activate the receptor. This provides a clue for the signal modulator in the exodomain. In contrast, a phenyl or phenolic group is necessary at conserved Tyr(253) for targeting the receptor to the surface.