gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Treatment Planning for Advanced Radiotherapy (2012)

This Ph.d. project describes the development of a workflow for Monte Carlo Treatment Planning for clinical radiotherapy plans. The workflow may be utilized to perform an independent dose verification of treatment plans. Modern radiotherapy treatment delivery is often conducted by dynamically modulating the intensity of the field during the irradiation. The workflow described has the potential to fully model the dynamic delivery, including gantry rotation during irradiation, of modern radiotherapy. Three corner stones of Monte Carlo Treatment Planning are identified: Building, commissioning and validation of a Monte Carlo model of a medical linear accelerator (i), converting a CT scan of a patient to a Monte Carlo compliant phantom (ii) and translating the treatment plan parameters (including beam energy, angles of incidence, collimator settings etc) to a Monte Carlo input file (iii). A protocol for commissioning of a Monte Carlo model of a medical linear accelerator, ensuring agreement with measurements within 1% for a range of situations, is presented. The resulting Monte Carlo model was validated against measurements for a wider range of situations, including small field output factors, and agreement with measurements within 1–2% was found. Although the protocol was applied to a specific accelerator type it can be applied to any medical linear accelerator with similair design. A new algorithm for converting CT scan of a patient to a Monte Carlo compliant phantom is presented. It is more sophisticated than previous algorithms since it uses delineations of structures in order to include and/or exclude certain media in various anatomical regions. This method has the potential to reduce anatomically irrelevant media assignment. In house MATLAB scripts translating the treatment plan parameters to Monte Carlo input files were written. The scripts are tested and validated for modern treatment delivery including multi leaf collimator movement and gantry rotation during irradiation. Moreover, a workflow binding the elements together and thus enabling Monte Carlo Treatment Planning is presented. Comparison between dose distribution for clinical treatment plans generated by a commercial Treatment Planning System and by the implemented Monte Carlo Treatment Planning workflow were conducted. Good agreement was generally found, but for regions involving large density gradients differences of 6% were observed.
Synergistic sorbent separation for one-step ethylene purification from a four-component mixture (2019)

Purification of ethylene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>), the largest-volume product of the chemical industry, currently involves energy-intensive processes such as chemisorption (CO<sub>2</sub> removal), catalytic hydrogenation (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> conversion), and cryogenic distillation (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> separation). Although advanced physisorbent or membrane separation could lower the energy input, one-step removal of multiple impurities, especially trace impurities, has not been feasible. We introduce a synergistic sorbent separation method for the one-step production of polymer-grade C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> from ternary (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) or quaternary (CO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) gas mixtures with a series of physisorbents in a packed-bed geometry. We synthesized ultraselective microporous metal-organic materials that were readily regenerated, including one that was selective for C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> over CO<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>.
Microstrip directional coupler with flat coupling and high isolation (2007)

Based on the open-circuited slotline to realise capacitive compensation, a microstrip directional coupler with high isolation is investigated. Meanwhile, by adding external matching networks at the input/output ports, bandwidth is enhanced and a flat coupling is obtained. Centred at 2.4 GHz, a 3 dB directional coupler is designed, fabricated and examined. Both simulated results and measured data are presented, and good agreement between them is observed.
The Analysis and Diagnosis of Unstable Behavior of the Blood Vessel Wall with an Aneurysm Based on Noise Science (2006)

Previously, one of the authors developed a noninvasive measurement method of acceleration and deceleration during the expansion process of the blood vessel wall under pulsatile pressure flow by measuring the strain rate of the blood vessel wall using a supersonic Doppler effect sensor aided by computer analysis (DPC method). In this paper, on the basis of the analysis of chaos theory, that is, the complexity of science, the unstable behavior of the blood vessel wall with an aneurysm was investigated by identifying the characteristic DPC wave forms induced by the onset and progression of aneurysm. These results showed that unstable dynamic behavior of the blood vessel wall occurs due to the progression of the aneurysm. Furthermore, using the theoretical analysis of chaos, this unstable behavior of the blood vessel wall was quantified and the fundamental principle of a noninvasive diagnostic method of the progressive degree of aneurysm was proposed.
Threshold Voltage Modulation Technique using Fluorine Treatment through Atomic Layer Deposition TiN Suitable for Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Devices (2008)

We propose a fluorine (F) treatment technique that is suitable for threshold voltage (Vth) modulation in p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (PMOSFETs) with the atomic layer deposition (ALD) TiN/HfO2 gate structure. A work function near the band edge is achieved using the F treatment technique without the degradation of hole mobility in PMOSFETs. Vth shift value is almost the same regardless of gate length. The barrier height shift attributable to the F treatment corresponds closely to the Vth shift. It is found that the F treatment technique modulates the effective work function. No Vth shift in n-channel MOSFET (NMOSFETs), namely, the ALD-TiN/HfSix/HfO2 gate stack structure, is observed with F treatment. It is confirmed that F treatment is a suitable technique for complementary MOSFET (CMOSFETs) due to the confinement of Vth shift only to PMOSFETs.
The biological activity of human monoclonal IgG anti-D is reduced by β-galactosidase treatment (1995)

The contribution to IgG effector function of exposed galactose residues on the oligosaccharide chains in IgG has been tested experimentally. We studied a human monoclonal antibody (BRAD-5) to the Rh D blood group antigen. The preparation used contained a very low percentage of agalactosyl IgG (3.6% ). After digestion with β-galactosidase there was an increase in terminal GlcN Ac indicating an increase in % agalactosyl IgG to approximately 30%. Comparison was made of the Fc receptor-(FcγR)-mediated functional interactions of the two glycoforms of BRAD-5 in assays which measured the recognition and destruction of sensitised erythrocytes by various effector cells. After β-galactosidase treatment, there was a slight reduction in FcγRI-mediated adherence of erythrocytes to U937 cells and phagocytosis of erythrocytes by monocytes. FcγRII-mediated binding of erythrocytes to K562 cells was also reduced. However there was little difference in adherence of erythrocytes to either Daudi cells (via FcγRII) or NK cells (via FcγRIII). There was a consistent reduction in lysis of erythrocytes mediated through FcγRIII on K cells with the γ-galactosidase treated anti-D. Overall the results showed that reduced levels of galactose on IgG anti-D were associated with reduced biological activity in these assays, but the experiments failed to cast light on the physiological role of the agalactosyl glycoform of IgG.
Chemically induced sarcomas from nude mice are more immunogenic than similar sarcomas from congenic normal mice (1996)

To detect possible differences in immunogenicity between tumors induced in T cell-deficient mice and phenotypically normal congenic mice, 16 sarcomas, 8 having developed in nude BALB/c mice and 8 having developed in congenic normal (nu/+) mice, were transplanted to normal BALB/c recipients and the rates of rejection or acceptance were registered. The 16 tumors were chosen randomly from a panel of 39 sarcomas induced with 0.5% or 0.1% 3-methylcholanthrene and maintained as cell lines in culture. Out of the tumors originating from nude mice, 66% were rejected by the normal BALB/c recipients, while only 30% of the tumors originating from normal mice were rejected. Tumors with short induction times from normal mice were more readily accepted than tumors with long induction times. Tumors originating from nude mice had significantly longer mean latency times after transplantation to both normal and nude recipients than tumors originating from normal mice. Contrary to what has been reported by others, there was no correlation between the rejection rates of the individual tumors and their Kd, Dd or Ld major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I surface expression as measured by flow cytometric analysis of cultured tumor cells. The Kd, Dd and Ld proteins of the transplanted tumor lines were analyzed by isoelectric focusing for the occurrence of mutations resulting in altered charge of the MHC protein. No such mutations were found, ruling out MHC mutations of that kind as the source of immunogenicity in the cell lines used in these experiments. Our results suggest the existence of a T cell-mediated selection in the original tumor cell mass of tumors induced in normal mice, adapting the tumor to growth in a host with a functional T cell system, but apparently there is no connection between this loss of immunogenicity and loss of MHC class I expression.
Contribution of cysteine residues in the extracellular domain of the F protein of human respiratory syncytial virus to its function (2006)

The mature F protein of all known isolates of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) contains fifteen absolutely conserved cysteine (C) residues that are highly conserved among the F proteins of other pneumoviruses as well as the paramyxoviruses. To explore the contribution of the cysteines in the extracellular domain to the fusion activity of HRSV F protein, each cysteine was changed to serine. Mutation of cysteines 37, 313, 322, 333, 343, 358, 367, 393, 416, and 439 abolished or greatly reduced cell surface expression suggesting these residues are critical for proper protein folding and transport to the cell surface. As expected, the fusion activity of these mutations was greatly reduced or abolished. Mutation of cysteine residues 212, 382, and 422 had little to no effect upon cell surface expression or fusion activity at 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C, or 39.5 degrees C. Mutation of C37 and C69 in the F2 subunit either abolished or reduced cell surface expression by 75% respectively. None of the mutations displayed a temperature sensitive phenotype.
IGF-1 and APAF-1 LPT99 inhibitor promote survival of HEI-OC1 auditory cells (2017)

Resumen del póster presentado al 40th MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology (ARO), celebrado en Baltimore (USA) del 11 al 15 de febrero de 2017.
Diffusion of Reagents in Macrobeads (2001)

A simple and effective method of measuring diffusion rates of various acylating reagents in macro beads (in this work diameters greater than 570 microm) of amino-functionalized resins is presented. The extent of diffusion at various points of time was determined by treating beads with a staining reagent ("chloranil", 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone) that colored the regions of the beads that had not yet been permeated by reagent (the central part of the beads). The volume of unstained resin (permeated part) was compared with the volume of the stained part, and diffusion rate constants were calculated. Factors influencing diffusion such as reagent concentration, solvent, temperature, resin type, and mechanical effects were investigated. The results showed that diffusion was promoted by increased temperature, good swelling of the resin, small reagents, and high concentrations but not by sonication or mechanical agitation.
Facile synthesis of (±)‐, (+)‐, and (‐)‐galanthamine (1995)

Abstract The Amarylidacea alkaloid galanthamine ( 1a ) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been evaluated as a potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We report a very efficent synthesis of (±)‐galanthamine [(±)‐ 1a ] from readily available isovanillin and tyramine. We have separated racemic galanthamine into its diastereoisomeric (1 S )‐camphanate esters and obtained both natural (‐)‐ and unnatural (+)‐galanthamine by lithium aluminum hydride removal of the acyl group.
Minimum error tool path generation method and an interpolator design technique for ultra-precision multi-axis CNC machining (1999)

This thesis investigates an ultra-precision multi-axis CNC machining problem encountered in machining sculptured surfaces. Conventional multi-axis CNC machining uses straight line segments to connect consecutive data points, and uses linear interpolation technique to generate the command signals for positions between machining data points. However, due to the multi-axis simultaneous and coupled translational and rotational movements, the actual machining motion trajectory is a non-linear curve. The non-linear curve segments deviate from the linearly interpolated straight line segments, resulting in non-linearity errors, which in turn cause obstacles to ensuring high precision machining. The problem in multi-axis CNC machining is that non-linearity errors result in total machining error which is beyond the range of the machining tolerance. The problem arises from the fact that the linear interpolation technique generates commands for positions along a straight line segment, while rotational movements superimposed onto translational movements cause the cutting point moving along a curved machining motion trajectory. The machining motion trajectory depends on both multi-axis CNC machine tool configuration and the machining rotational movements. The machining rotational movements are kinematically related to cutter orientation variations. Thus, The factors causing the multi-axis CNC machining error problem are the spatially varying cutter orientations and the utilization of linear interpolation method. A novel off-line tool path generation methodology for is developed and reported in this thesis in order to solve the non-linearity error problem in ultra-precision multi-axis CNC machining. The new off-line tool path generation method reduces non-linearity errors by modifying cutter orientation changes based on machine kinematics and machining motion trajectory. A software routine for implementing the new tool path generation methodology is developed. A simulation of the process for machining a sculptured surface by applying the novel methodology illustrates that it increases machining precision considerably. A novel interpolator design technique for solving the non-linearity error problem in ultra-precision multi-axis CNC machining is also presented. A 3D circular interpolation principle is developed which is capable of tracking spherical curves with low position errors and uniform feedrates. On the basis of this (3D circular) interpolator, a combined 3D linear and circular (L&C) interpolator is proposed for five-axis CNC machining. The proposed 3D L&C interpolator is able to drive the pivot of rotational movements along a predesigned 3D curve and conduct the cutting point along a linear spatial path, so that the elimination of non-linearity errors in five-axis CNC machining is achieved. A software interpolation routine of the 3D L&C interpolator is developed, and a computer simulation illustrating the machining of a sculptured surface validates the novel technique
Adaptive management: where are we now? (2012)

SUMMARY Adaptive management (AM) emerged in the literature in the mid-1970s in response both to a realization of the extent of uncertainty involved in management, and a frustration with attempts to use modelling to integrate knowledge and make predictions. The term has since become increasingly widely used in scientific articles, policy documents and management plans, but both understanding and application of the concept is mixed. This paper reviews recent literature from conservation and natural resource management journals to assess diversity in how the term is used, highlight ambiguities and consider how the concept might be further assessed. AM is currently being used to describe many different management contexts, scales and locations. Few authors define the term explicitly or describe how it offers a means to improve management outcomes in their specific management context. Many do not adhere to the idea as it was originally conceived, despite citing seminal work. Significant confusion exists over the distinction between active and passive approaches. Over half of the studies reporting to implement AM claimed to have done so successfully, yet none quantified specific benefits, or costs, in relation to possible alternatives. Similarly those studies reporting to assess the approach did so only in relation to specific models and their parameterizations; none assessed the benefits or costs of AM in the field. AM is regarded by some as an effective and well-established framework to support the management of natural resources, yet by others as a concept difficult to realize and fraught with implementation challenges; neither of these observations is wholly accurate. From a scientific and technical perspective many practical questions remain; in particular real-world assessments of the value of experimentation within a management framework, as well as of identified challenges and pathologies, are needed. Further discussion and systematic assessment of the approach is required, together with greater attention to its definition and description, enabling the assessment of new approaches to managing uncertainty, and AM itself.
A CMOS monolithic 5-MHz, 5-V, 250-mA, 56% efficiency DC/DC switch-mode boost converter with dynamic PWM for embedded power management (2002)

Results of a 5 MHz, 5 V, 250 mA monolithic CMOS DC/DC boost converter are presented. It utilizes a dynamic PWM control of the duty cycle to respond to rapid load transients. The converter achieved a power conversion efficiency of 56% and an output ripple under 6% when supplying 100 mA DC load current. The Q of the monolithic inductor was under 1 at the 5 MHz switching rate, suggesting that much higher efficiencies will result from low-resistance magnetic components. The circuit was implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS in a die area less than 1.5/spl times/1.5 mm/sup 2/.
Anodic Oxidation of GaAs in Mixed Solutions of Glycol and Water (1976)

A native oxidation of by anodization in mixed solutions of glycol and water (AGW) is described. A detailed comparison between the AGW process and anodization in aqueous solutions (AAS) shows the basic importance of (i) the simultaneous oxide dissolution during growth and (ii) the initial electrochemical active‐passive transition of the anode. The results demonstrate the substantial superiority of the AGW process over various AAS processes. Factors relevant for uniform, stable, and reproducible oxidation are studied which include the effects of illumination, sample edges, and stirring. The dependence of the thickness‐voltage rate constant on the current density is established. The AGW process exhibits a high current efficiency.
Profile of gene expression induced by the tumour promotor TPA in murine epithelial cells (2003)

Malignant transformation of mouse skin by chemical carcinogens and tumour promoters, such as the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), is a multistage process that leads to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) formation. In an effort to identify tumour-associated genes, we studied the influence of short-term TPA-treatment on the gene expression profile of murine skin. A comprehensive microarray with some 5,000 murine gene specific cDNA fragments was established and hybridised with pooled RNA derived from control and TPA-treated dorsal skin samples. Of these genes, 54 were up- and 35 were down-regulated upon TPA application. Additionally, we performed suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) with respective RNA pools to generate and analyse a cDNA library enriched for TPA-inducible genes. Expression data of selected genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis. Comparison of microarray and SSH data revealed that 26% of up-regulated genes identified by expression profiling matched with those present in the SSH library. Besides numerous known genes, we identified a large set of unknown cDNAs that represent previously unrecognised TPA-regulated genes in murine skin with potential function in tumour promotion. Additionally, some TPA-induced genes, such as Sprr1A, Saa3, JunB, Il4ralpha, Gp38, RalGDS and Slpi exhibit high basal level in advanced stages of skin carcinogenesis, suggesting that at least a subgroup of the identified TPA-regulated genes may contribute to tumour progression and metastasis.
High Serum Retinyl Esters Are Not Associated with Reduced Bone Mineral Density in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (2001)

Hypervitaminosis A is sometimes associated with abnormalities of calcium metabolism and bone mineral status. A recent study found a negative association between reported dietary vitamin A intake and bone mineral density (BMD). Some segments of the U.S. population have high fasting serum retinyl ester concentrations, a physiological marker that may reflect high and possibly excessive vitamin A intake. We examined the association between fasting serum retinyl esters and BMD in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 (NHANES III), a large, nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. BMD was measured for the femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, and total hip on all nonpregnant participants aged > or = 20 years; 5,790 participants also had complete data on fasting serum retinyl esters and covariates including age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary supplement use, diabetes, physical activity, and, among women, parity, menopausal status, and the use of oral contraceptives or estrogen-replacement therapy. The sample included non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American men and women. We examined the association between fasting serum retinyl esters and BMD at each site, controlling for covariates with multiple linear regression. We examined the association with osteopenia and osteoporosis with multiple logistic regression. Although the prevalences of high fasting serum retinyl esters concentration and low BMD were both substantial in this sample, there were no significant associations between fasting serum retinyl esters and any measure of bone mineral status.
"At Home" In Georgia: The Hidden Danger of Registering to do Business in Georgia (2019)

Georgia law prohibits any foreign corporation—a corporation with an originating registration initiated in a state other than Georgia—from transacting business in the state until it obtains a certificate of authority from the Georgia Secretary of State. Attorneys advise foreign corporations to register as a matter of course, and business owners readily comply. Georgia is not unique in its registration requirement. Every state in the union has enacted such a statute. But very few states require a foreign corporation to forfeit the guarantees of due process as a condition for transacting business in the state. Georgia is one of them. In this article, the authors discuss the pitfalls of the current state of Georgia law, noting that it likely violates federal law.