gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fracturing With Foam (1976)

Abstract Foam has been successfully applied as a circulating fluid for workovers and drilling for several years. Now a new oilfield application has been developed for foam: formation stimulation by fracturing. Over 150 wells have been treated to date in Canada using foam as the fracturing fluid, with a high degree of success. Unique 'rheological properties of foam make it well suited to this application: high sand carrying capacity, low fluid loss coefficient, low fluid friction loss, quick load fluid recovery low formation damage, and little or no reduction of fracture conductivity due to residual fluid saturation. The cost of the treatment is competitive with that of conventional systems. Introduction Fracturing of oil and gas wells involves the injection of a fluid into a well at a sufficient rate and pressure to physically rupture the rock down hole. A crack, or fracture, is developed and extended deep into the reservoir with continued fluid injection. Sand is carried in the fracturing fluid to prop the crack open when pumping is stopped, leaving a new, more permeable route for oil and gas to flow into the wellbore. Foam has recently been successfully used in place of conventional fracturing fluids, such as oil or water, for this process. The type of foam normally used is comprised of water, surfactants and a discontinuous gaseous phase of nitrogen. The volumetric gas content, referred to as "foam quality", is generally in the range of 65% to 95% under calculated downhole treating conditions: Equation (1) Available In Full Paper. Field Operations During a Foam Frac ™ treatment, water from a tank is continuously mixed with sand in a blender, at sand-water ratios progressively increasing to as high as 8 lbs/gallon. A surfactant, or foaming agent, is then proportioned into this slurry at a ratio of .2%; to 1.0%, and the resultant fluid blend is transferred to a high-pressure triplex pumper. High-pressure nitrogen gas is manifolded into the discharge line of the triplex, and it is at this point that the foam is developed. KCl, gellants or other chemical treating agents may be added to the base water if required to improve its compatibility with the reservoir rock or fluids. Figure 1 schematically shows this process. The blender and high-pressure pumper are conventional oilfield service equipment, modified to accurately proportion the high sand ratios pumped at slow discharge rates. The high-pressure N2 gas is also available from conventional oilfield N2 service units. Figure 2 illustrates an actual job in progress. The foam injection rates and volumes are in the order of 4 to 5 times those of the liquid pump rates and volumes at the blender because of the expansion by introduction of N2. These total volumes and rates are increased by a factor F, as follows: Equation (2) Available In Full Paper. For example, using a 75% foam quality, the foam injection rate will be 4 times the fluid pump rate at the blender.
Bipolaron:  The Stable Charged Species in <i>n</i>-Doped <i>p</i>-Sexiphenyl (2000)

The change in the valence electronic structure of thin films of the electroluminescent material p-sexiphenyl (6P) has been investigated as a function of the deposition of an alkaline earth metal under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. This was done by in situ evaporation of increasing amounts of calcium onto the 6P film and recording the photoemission spectra. Two different substrates for the 6P films were used, namely Au and Ca. New emissions within the formerly empty energy gap of the pristine organic material were observed upon the metal deposition for both substrates. For 6P/Au this was accompanied by a significant shift of the Fermi level (EF) toward lower binding energy for increasing amounts of Ca. For low metal coverage the density of occupied valence states (DOVS) of the intragap emission was observed at EF, whereas for higher amounts of Ca coverage no DOVS are observed at EF. Commonly, this would be interpreted that first polarons (radical anions) are formed, and later on bipolarons (dianions) for higher Ca concentration. In contrast, on the basis of the different experimental findings when Ca was used as substrate and a line shape analysis of the intragap emission, we conclude that in 6P bipolarons are formed throughout all doping levels.
Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap (2016)

Plasma-liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on non-equilibrium plasmas.
EXPERIMENTAL FRICTION BLISTERS. (1955)

Journal Article EXPERIMENTAL FRICTION BLISTERS. Get access P. F. D. NAYLOR, M.A., M.D. P. F. D. NAYLOR, M.A., M.D. Research Fellow, the Institute of Dermatology, British Postgraduate Medical Federation, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 67, Issue 10, 1 October 1955, Pages 327–342, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1955.tb12657.x Published: 01 October 1955
Analysis and comparison of control techniquesfor AC–AC matrix converters (1998)

The authors contrast two control strategies for direct AC–AC matrix converters: namely, the Venturini method and the space vector modulation (SVM) method. Comparison of the relative performances is made with regard to operation under unbalanced/distorted supply voltage, output voltage and input current harmonics, and converter losses. Measured results are given using a converter for which each bidirectional switch consists of two IGBTs and two diodes in a common collector configuration. The SVM method uses a simpler method to control the input power factor and involves lower switching losses. The Venturini method can compensate input voltage unbalance and/or distortion and gives slightly superior performance in terms of input current and output voltage harmonics.
Excessive Adipose Tissue Infiltration in Skeletal Muscle in Individuals With Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Peripheral Neuropathy: Association With Performance and Function (2008)

The data indicate that excess fat infiltration in leg skeletal muscles is associated with low calf muscle strength, low calf muscle power, and impaired physical function in individuals who are obese with DM and PN.
Electrophoretic Detection of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (2000)

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most prevalent class of genetic markers available for linkage disequilibrium or cladistic analyses. PCR primers may be labeled with fluorescent dyes and used to rapidly and accurately differentiate among alleles that are defined by a single-nucleotide differences. Here, we describe the primer-mediated detection of SNPs based on primer mismatch during allele-specific amplification of preamplified target sequences. Primers are labeled with different fluors at their 5' nucleotides, with their 3' termini at the transition mutation that defines allelic variation at the target locus. Each primer perfectly matches one of the two available alleles for each locus. Electrophoretic detection permits characterization of the product both by size and fluor. This report demonstrates some of the capabilities of this assay, including heterozygote determination and multiplexed analysis.
Ubiquitous Expression of the Forkhead Box M1B Transgene Accelerates Proliferation of Distinct Pulmonary Cell Types following Lung Injury (2003)

The delayed early transcription factor Forkhead Box M1B (FoxM1B) is expressed in proliferating cells, but its expression is extinguished in cells undergoing terminal differentiation. Liver regeneration studies with genetically altered mice that either prematurely expressed FoxM1B in hepatocytes or contained a hepatocyte-specific deletion of the Foxm1b allele demonstrated that FoxM1B is critical for regulating the expression of cell cycle genes required for hepatocyte proliferation. Furthermore, preventing the decline in hepatocyte FoxM1B levels during aging was sufficient to increase regenerating hepatocyte proliferation and expression of cell cycle genes to levels found in young regenerating mouse liver. Although these liver regeneration studies demonstrated that FoxM1B is required for hepatocyte proliferation, whether FoxM1B regulates proliferation of cell types other than hepatocytes remains to be determined. Here, we developed a new TG mouse line in which the -800-base pair Rosa26 promoter was used to drive expression of the FoxM1B transgene in all mouse tissues and found that Rosa26-FoxM1B TG mice were healthy, displaying no developmental defects. We used butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) lung injury to demonstrate that premature expression of the FoxM1B transgene protein accelerated proliferation of different lung cell types, including alveolar type II epithelial cells, bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries and arteries. This was associated with the earlier expression of the cell cycle promoting cyclin A2, cyclin E, cyclin B1, cyclin F, and cyclin dependent kinase-1 (Cdk1) genes and diminished protein levels of Cdk inhibitor p21Cip1. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing FoxM1B levels is an effective means to stimulate cellular proliferation during aging and in lung diseases such as emphysema.
The glpP and glpF genes of the glycerol regulon in Bacillus subtilis (1993)

The Bacillus subtilis glpPFKD region contains genes essential for growth on glycerol or glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). The nucleotide sequence of glpP encoding a regulatory protein and the previously unidentified glpF encoding the glycerol uptake facilitator was determined. glpF is located immediately upstream of glpK and the two genes were shown to constitute one operon which is transcribed separately from glpP. A sigma A-type promoter and the transcriptional start point for glpFK were identified. In the 5' untranslated leader sequence (UTL) of glpFK mRNA a conserved inverted repeat is found. The repeat is believed to be involved in the control of expression of glpFK by termination/antitermination of transcription, a control mechanism previously suggested for the regulation of glpD encoding G3P dehydrogenase. Expression of glpFK and glpD requires the inducer G3P and the glpP gene product. A 2.9 kb B. subtilis chromosomal DNA fragment containing the glpP open reading frame was cloned to give plasmid pLUM7. pLUM7 contains a functional glpP gene as shown by its ability to complement various glpP mutants. Immediately upstream of glpP an open reading frame is found (ORF1). Disrupting ORF1 by plasmid integration in the B. subtilis chromosome does not affect the ability to grow on glycerol as sole carbon and energy source. With the present report all B. subtilis glp genes located at 75 degrees on the chromosomal map have been identified.
Analysis and Design of a Synthetic Aperture Radar System (2008)

A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is used for all-weather and all-time high resolution aerial and space based imaging of terrain.Being independent of light and weather conditions, SAR imaging has an advantage over optical imaging.Some of the SAR applications include Surveillance, Targeting, 3D Imaging, Navigation & Guidance, Moving Target Indication, and Environmental Monitoring.This project aimed at the System-Level Design, Modeling and Simulation of a Synthetic Aperture Radar System and the Implementation of the signal processor for SAR using a TI C6416 DSP.The system parameters have been specified in view of all the constraints and practical limitations.The performance metrics of the system such as range resolution and cross-range resolution, etc have been worked out and the system level specification has been worked out keeping in view the desired performance.Using MATLAB a as major tool, the specified system parameters have been tested for their accuracy and correctness.A simulation of Pulse Doppler radar is completed which includes waveform design, target modeling, LFM pulse compression, side lobe control and threshold detection.A SAR image formation algorithm(Doppler Beam Sharpening) have been implemented in MATLAB.
Different ploidy levels of megakaryocytes generated from peripheral or cord blood CD34+ cells are correlated with different levels of platelet release (2002)

Ploidy could be the key to understanding megakaryocyte (MK) biology and platelet production. Human CD34+ cells purified from umbilical cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) were investigated on their capability to give rise, in a serum-free medium containing thrombopoietin, to MKs and platelets. CB-MKs showed reduced polyploidization and platelet number compared with PB-MKs, but a similar membrane phenotype. Most CB-MKs showed a 2N content of DNA (approximately 80%) and only 2.6% had 8N, whereas 40% of the PB cells had 8N or more. Platelets were substantially released in PB culture from day 12; at day 14 the CB-derived MKs were able to release platelets although at a reduced level (approximately 35%), correlating with their reduced size. A direct correlation was demonstrated by sorting polyploid cells from PB-MKs and evaluating the platelets released in the supernatant. Furthermore, the study analyzed the expression and distribution of cyclin D3 and cyclin B1. Cyclin D3 protein was increased in PB in comparison to CB-MKs; in PB culture most cells rapidly became positive, whereas in CB-derived cells cyclin D3 expression was evident only from day 9 and in a reduced percentage. Cyclin B1 was essentially localized at the nuclear level in the CB and was expressed during the whole culture. In PB-MKs, at day 9, a reduction was observed, correlating with an advanced ploidy state. The data indicate the inability of the CB-MKs to progress in the endomitotic process and a direct correlation between DNA content and platelet production.
Fuzzy Neural Network for Malware Detect (2010)

The current commercial anti-virus software detects a virus only after the virus has appeared and caused damage. Motivated by the inference technique for detecting viruses, and a recent successful classification method, we explore a system (Radux: Reverse Analysis for Detecting Unsafe eXecutables) for automatically detecting malicious code using the collected dataset of the benign and malicious code. Our system rests on fuzzy inference based on behavior hidden in malicious code. Decompile technique is applied to characterize behavioral and structural properties of binary code, which creates more abstract descriptions of malware. The proposed method can acquire the fuzzy subsets and its membership function in an automatic way with the GD-FNN learning algorithm. The experimental data give support to the validity of this method. Moreover, our system is resilient to common obfuscations used by hackers.
The<i>Escherichia coli</i>metal-binding chaperone SlyD interacts with the large subunit of [NiFe]-hydrogenase 3 (2010)

The multi-step biosynthesis of the [NiFe]-hydrogenase enzyme involves a variety of accessory proteins. To further understand this process, a Strep-tag II variant of the large subunit of Escherichia coli hydrogenase 3, HycE, was constructed to enable isolation of protein complexes. A complex with SlyD, a chaperone protein implicated in hydrogenase production through association with the nickel-binding accessory protein HypB, was observed. A SlyD-HycE interaction preceding both iron and nickel insertion to the enzyme was detected, mediated by the chaperone domain of SlyD, and independent of HypB. These results support a model of several roles for SlyD during hydrogenase maturation.
Primary structure of the uracil transport protein of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1988)

We present in this paper the nucleotidic sequence of the FUR4 gene encoding the uracil permease in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The deduced amino acid sequence of the permease has 633 residues; it consists of many hydrophobic stretches, only the N-terminal and C-terminal ends of the protein (about 100 and 50 amino acids respectively) being mostly hydrophilic. No N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide is present, although it is shown in this work that the biosynthesis of the uracil permease goes through the secretion/glycosylation pathway. Using the results of three different methods, allowing the prediction of transmembrane alpha helices in proteic sequences, we drew a model of folding of the permease in the membrane.
Immunologic response of patients with legionellosis against major protein-containing antigens of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 as shown by immunoblot analysis (1986)

Major protein-containing antigens of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis with rabbit antisera to 14 different Legionella species or serogroups. Fourteen bands were observed in immunoelectropherograms of whole-cell, sonicated cell, and heated cell preparations, seven of which appeared in the supernatant fluid from the heated cells and three of which were shown in an outer membrane fraction. Immunoblots of whole-cell antigen preparations of 14 Legionella species or serogroups revealed seven major Legionella proteins: antigens with molecular weights of 58,000, 79,000, and 154,000 were present in all Legionella sp. strains, antigens with molecular weights of 44,000 and 97,000 occurred in multiple species, and antigens with molecular weights of 14,000 and 25,000 were present only in L. pneumophila strains. All sera from 15 patients with culture-confirmed L. pneumophila serogroup 1 disease and 14 of 18 (78%) sera from serologically diagnosed patients reacted with the 58-kilodalton (kDa) common antigen. In contrast, less than one-half of the sera reacted with the L. pneumophila-specific proteins (14 and 25 kDa). Absorption of sera with Escherichia coli cells had no effect on their reactivity with the 58-kDa antigen, whereas absorption with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 cells removed reactivity. These data suggest that the 58-kDa antigen may prove useful in serodiagnostic tests for legionellosis.
Authenticated Public-key Encryption Based on Elliptic Curve (2006)

An efficient scheme so called authenticated public key encryption that performs signature and encryption simultaneously is designed. The scheme is the first scheme that based on the standardized signature algorithm ECDSA and achieves both privacy and authenticity in the method of ECDLP which is the most practical cryptographic primitive in the future. The scheme saves 78%-82% computation costs in all. It also saves 14% storage costs for current security parameters and 9% storage costs for high level security in average. The saving is significant potentially, especially in power restricted applications such as embedded systems and mobile computing. Arguments show that the scheme is secure at present. Compared with RFC1421 and existed results, the scheme for multiple users also discussed.
A microwave applicator for uniform irradiation by circularly polarized waves in an anechoic chamber (2014)

Microwave applicators are widely employed for materials heating in scientific research and industrial applications, such as food processing, wood drying, ceramic sintering, chemical synthesis, waste treatment, and insect control. For the majority of microwave applicators, materials are heated in the standing waves of a resonant cavity, which can be highly efficient in energy consumption, but often lacks the field uniformity and controllability required for a scientific study. Here, we report a microwave applicator for rapid heating of small samples by highly uniform irradiation. It features an anechoic chamber, a 24-GHz microwave source, and a linear-to-circular polarization converter. With a rather low energy efficiency, such an applicator functions mainly as a research tool. This paper discusses the significance of its special features and describes the structure, in situ diagnostic tools, calculated and measured field patterns, and a preliminary heating test of the overall system.
Crystal structure of wild‐type human procathepsin K (1999)

Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease belonging to the papain superfamily. It has been implicated as a major mediator of osteoclastic bone resorption. Wild-type human procathepsin K has been crystallized in a glycosylated and a deglycosylated form. The latter crystals diffract better, to 3.2 A resolution, and contain four molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure was solved by molecular replacement and refined to an R-factor of 0.194. The N-terminal fragment of the proregion forms a globular domain while the C-terminal segment is extended and shows substantial flexibility. The proregion interacts with the enzyme along the substrate binding groove and along the proregion binding loop (residues Ser138-Asn156). It binds to the active site in the opposite direction to that of natural substrates. The overall binding mode of the proregion to cathepsin K is similar to that observed in cathepsin L, caricain, and cathepsin B, but there are local differences that likely contribute to the specificity of these proregions for their cognate enzymes. The main observed difference is in the position of the short helix alpha3p (67p-75p), which occupies the S' subsites. As in the other proenzymes, the proregion utilizes the S2 subsite for anchoring by placing a leucine side chain there, according to the specificity of cathepsin K toward its substrate.
Anti-sense inhibition of small-heat-shock-protein (HSP27) expression in MCF-7 mammary-carcinoma cells induces their spontaneous acquisition of a secretory phenotype (1999)

This work was aimed at testing the hypothesis (hitherto supported only by indirect evidence) that, besides contributing to resistance to stress, the small heat-shock-protein HSP27 might be involved in the control of growth and differentiation in mammary-tumour cells, where it is known to be oestrogen-regulated. Therefore, MCF-7 cells were transfected with a modulatable human hsp27 anti-sense cDNA. Clones of transfectants (designated alphahsp27) were selected which, upon expression of the anti-sense, exhibited a decline in HSP27 accumulation, associated with a decrease in resistance to heat shock and in proliferation rate, the degree of the latter reflecting their respective reduction in HSP27 content. The effects of anti-sense inhibition of HSP27 production were similar to those exerted on parental cells by phorbol myristate (TPA). Both resulted in growth inhibition, accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, formation of secretory microvesicles with internal microvilli and increased release of several proteins, including the isoforms of a 52-kDa protein, which we identified as the oestrogen-regulated protein cathepsin D, all this without noticeable change in actin organization. These data constitute the first direct support for the hypothesis that, at least in some cell types, HSP27 might play a modulatory role in cell differentiation and (perhaps by this) in proliferation. While allowing dissociation of this role from the known action of HSP27 on actin polymerization, they suggest similar modulation of the function of some protein(s) implicated in the acquisition of the secretory phenotype by MCF-7 cells, with HSP27 also exerting an inhibitory action that can be alleviated either by its phosphorylation (as occurs with TPA) or by inhibition of its production.