gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induced Follicular Atresia in Rhesus Monkeys: Strength-Duration Relationships of the Estrogen Stimulus* (1985)

We have demonstrated that 17 beta-estradiol (E2) administered to monkeys for 24 or 48 h from day 6 of the menstrual cycle results consistently in degeneration of the preovulatory follicle. The present experiments were conducted to determine the strength-duration characteristics of this effect and to evaluate the occurrence of partial atresia together with subsequent effects on luteal function. Square wave increments in circulating amounts of estrogen were achieved by varying the number and size of Silastic capsules containing E2. Treatments included 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 10 capsules placed sc for 6, 12, or 24 h. Forty-six menstrual cycles were studied in 33 animals. Increments in serum concentrations of estrogen approximating 300-400 pg/ml and sustained for 24 h or those greater than 600 pg/ml for only 6 h were maximally effective, while 300-400 pg/ml for 12 h or 100 pg/ml for 24 h were almost as effective. Increments less than about 60 pg/ml were essentially ineffective in inducing atresia. After induced atresia, follicular phases were extended by about 8 days, permitting a substitute follicle to develop. Partial atresia, represented by delayed ovulation of the original follicle, was noted in only three cycles. However, another apparent effect of estrogen on follicular development was evident in the form of luteal phase defects which occurred with high incidence in all groups, whether the corpus luteum resulted from the original or substitute follicle. Thus, full atresia induced by estrogen is largely an all or none phenomenon, but lesser effects may be manifested as deficient luteal function. This atretogenic effect of estrogen may be exerted at the ovarian level or may be mediated by the transient suppression of FSH. On the other hand, increases in FSH after treatment may stimulate development of a substitute follicle or maintain follicles not undergoing full atresia.
Therapeutic value of glycosaminoglycans in cancer (2006)

Glycosaminoglycans are unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating units of alternating uronic acids and amino sugars. Most glycosaminoglycans are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. Posttranslational modifications result in specific motifs that bind to a large variety of ligands, thus regulating growth factor signaling, cellular behavior, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the proteolytic environment. Dysregulated expression of glycosaminoglycans is present in cancer and reported to correlate with clinical prognosis in several malignant neoplasms. Recent knowledge on the biological roles of these molecules in cancer biology, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis has promoted the development of drugs targeting them. Pharmaceutical approaches include the use of chemically modified heparins and glycosaminoglycans with defined structures, combination of inhibitors of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and polyamine depletion, and biologically active glycosaminoglycan-binding peptides. In addition, glycosaminoglycans are used as tumor-specific delivery and targeting vehicles for toxins and chemotherapeutics. Encouraging results in animal studies and clinical trials show the clinical relevance of glycosaminoglycan-based drugs and the use of glycosaminoglycans as therapeutic targets.
Weitere Versuche zur Darstellung von Kaliumcobaltat (V) (1963)

Abstract Durch Erhitzen von Gemischen von Kalium‐ und Kobaltoxid im Verhältnis 3 K:1 Co auf 460–550°C in O 2 ‐Atmosphäre werden beim Abschrecken Präparate erhalten, bei denen die Analyse, der Oxydationswert, die Mischkristallbildung mit K 3 PO 4 und das magnetische Verhalten für das Vorliegen von K 3 CoO 4 sprechen.
Serum Metabolomic Profiling and Incident CKD among African Americans (2014)

These data identify a large number of metabolites associated with kidney function as well as two metabolites that are candidate risk factors for CKD and may provide new insights into CKD biomarker identification.
Detecting pM concentrations of prostaglandins in cell culture supernatants by capillary SCX‐LC‐MS/MS (2008)

A highly sensitive, improved online strong cation exchange (SCX)--RP capillary liquid chromatographic (cLC) method with IT mass spectrometric (IT-MS/MS) detection for the simultaneous determination of prostaglandin (PG)A(1), PGD(2), PGE(1), PGE(2), PGF(2alpha), 8-iso-(8i)PGF(2alpha), 6-keto-(6k)PGF(1alpha), and 15-Delta(12, 14)-deoxy-PGJ(2) (15dPGJ(2)) in cell culture supernatants was developed and validated. Pretreatment of the cell culture supernatants included only dilution and filtration, and the analysis time including all sample preparation steps was 60 min per sample. Peptides/proteins contained in the matrix were removed by the SCX column. LODs in the range of 8-44 pg/mL (25-120 pM) cell culture supernatant were obtained. Excellent linearity (R(2) > 0.99) and satisfactory recoveries and within- and between-day precisions were obtained. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) or TNFalpha/IL-17, and PG production was analyzed using the developed method. The four PGs, 6kPGF(1a), PGF(1a), PGE(2), and PGE(1 )were detected both in nonstimulated and stimulated cells. The amount of PG produced by the cell increased when the cell was stimulated.
A simple technique to increase the linearity and field-of-view in position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (1997)

Crossed anode wire position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PS-PMTs) detect the location of a light source and provide the X and Y axis coordinates of the event. These coordinates are typically generated using Anger logic, where a resistor chain divides the current flow into two signals for each coordinate (X/sup +/, X/sup -/ and Y/sup +/, Y/sup -/). In the standard readout, identical resistor values are used across the entire resistor chain. While this arrangement provides a linear readout in the central portion of the photomultiplier face, the readout is non-linear and sometimes even double valued near the edges of the PS-PMT due to the truncation of the charge beyond the last anode wire. To counter this effect, we have increased the value of the resistance near the ends of each resistor chain in order to compensate for the charge lost beyond the anode wires. Measurements were made using a Hamamatsu R-3941 PS-PMT coupled to a pixellated BGO matrix of cut crystals with a 2 mm pitch in each direction. After changing the end resistors, the usable field-of-view increased by 39%. This simple modification should enhance the operation of PS-PMTs in applications such as positron emission mammography, and small animal PET imaging.
Functions of MAP Kinases: Insights from Gene-Targeting Studies (2004)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a family of well-conserved serine/threonine kinases that control a vast array of physiological functions in a number of organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Recently gene-targeting experiments have shed light on in vivo functions of MAPKs. In particular, embryos deficient in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 lack mesoderm differentiation and placental angiogenesis. Knockout mice for c-Jun amino-terminal kinases have revealed roles for these kinases in neural apoptosis and activation/differentiation of T cells. Deletion of p38alpha MAPK results in angiogenic defects in the placenta and peripheral vessels. ERK5-deficient embryos are embryonic lethal due to defects in angiogenesis and cardiovascular development. Although these results have provided new insights for MAPK research, development and analysis of conditional knockout mice are required in order to investigate roles of MAPKs, especially, in other biological processes such as disease pathogenesis.
Antibody Fragments Directed against Different Portions of the Human Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Act as Inhibitors or Activators of L1 Function (2012)

The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 plays important roles in neuronal migration and survival, neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis. L1 has also been found in tumors of different origins, with levels of L1 expression correlating positively with the metastatic potential of tumors. To select antibodies targeting the varied functions of L1, we screened the Tomlinson library of recombinant human antibody fragments to identify antibodies binding to recombinant human L1 protein comprising the entire extracellular domain of human L1. We obtained four L1 binding single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs), named I4, I6, I13, and I27 and showed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that scFvs I4 and I6 have high affinity to the immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains 1-4 of L1, while scFvs I13 and I27 bind strongly to the fibronectin type III homologous (Fn) domains 1-3 of L1. Application of scFvs I4 and I6 to human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells reduced proliferation and transmigration of these cells. Treatment of SK-N-SH cells with scFvs I13 and I27 enhanced cell proliferation and migration, neurite outgrowth, and protected against the toxic effects of H(2)O(2) by increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. In addition, scFvs I4 and I6 inhibited and scFvs I13 and I27 promoted phosphorylation of src and Erk. Our findings indicate that scFvs reacting with the immunoglobulin-like domains 1-4 inhibit L1 functions, whereas scFvs interacting with the fibronectin type III domains 1-3 trigger L1 functions of cultured neuroblastoma cells.
7‐Substituted 7‐Deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosines: Regioselective Halogenation of Pyrrolo[2,3‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Nucleosides (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of 7‐chloro‐, 7‐bromo‐, and 7‐iodo‐substituted 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine derivatives 2b – d is described. The regioselective 7‐halogenation with N ‐halogenosuccinimides was accomplished using 7‐[2‐deoxy‐3,5‐ O ‐di(2‐methylpropanoyl)‐β‐ D ‐ erythro ‐ pentofuranosyl]‐2‐(formylamino)‐4‐methoxy‐7 H ‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ]‐ pyrimidine ( 4 ) as the common precursor. A one‐pot reaction (2 N aq. NaOH) of the halogenated intermediates 5a – c furnished the desired compounds. Also the 7‐hexynyl derivative 2e of 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine is described.
Jet lag and shift work sleep disorders: How to help reset the internal clock (2011)

Jet lag sleep disorder and shift work sleep disorder are the result of dyssynchrony between the internal clock and the external light-dark cycle, brought on by rapid travel across time zones or by working a nonstandard schedule. Symptoms can be minimized by optimizing the sleep environment, by strategic avoidance of and exposure to light, and also with drug and behavioral therapies.
Intracellular pH transients in squid giant axons caused by CO2, NH3, and metabolic inhibitors. (1976)

The intracellular pH (pHi) of squid giant axons has been measured using glass pH microelectrodes. Resting pHi in artificial seawater (ASW) (pH 7.6-7.8) at 23 degrees C was 7.32 +/- 0.02 (7.28 if corrected for liquid junction potential). Exposure of the axon to 5% CO2 at constant external pH caused a sharp decrease in pHi, while the subsequent removal of the gas caused pHi to overshoot its initial value. If the exposure to CO2 was prolonged, two additional effects were noted: (a) during the exposure, the rapid initial fall in pHi was followed by a slow rise, and (b) after the exposure, the overshoot was greatly exaggerated. Application of external NH4Cl caused pHi to rise sharply; return to normal ASW caused pHi to return to a value below its initial one. If the exposure to NH4Cl was prolonged, two additional effects were noted: (a) during the exposure, the rapid initial rise in pHi was followed by a slow fall, and (b) after the exposure, the undershoot was greatly exaggerated. Exposure to several weak acid metabolic inhibitors caused a fall in pHi whose reversibility depended upon length of exposure. Inverting the electrochemical gradient for H+ with 100 mM K-ASW had no effect on pHi changes resulting from short-term exposure to azide. A mathematical model explains the pHi changes caused by NH4Cl on the basis of passive movements of both NH3 and NH4+. The simultaneous passive movements of CO2 and HCO3-cannot explain the results of the CO2 experiments; these data require the postulation of an active proton extrusion and/or sequestration mechanism.
High Current DC Ion Beams (1983)

Development of high-current cw accelerators such as ZEBRA and FMIT, use of high current dc ion beams in industry for sputtering and material treatment, and scientific applications such as heavy-ion fusion and plasma physics diagnostics have provided the impetus for ion source development programs at many laboratories. At Chalk River, development of efficient plasma generators and reliable extraction columns to provide high quality beams of hydrogen, nitrogen, argon and xenon is underway. DC beams of up to 850 mA (limited by available power supplies) of hydrogen, 200 mA of nitrogen, 155 mA of argon and 100 mA of xenon have been produced with good reliability. Duo-PIGatrons, with and without magnetic cusps, are used to generate a high density, reasonably quiescent plasma. Multi-aperture accel-decel columns are used for extraction with shaped apertures and beamlet steering to improve beam quality. This paper describes the performance of these sources and identifies some of the remaining problems. Guidelines for extraction column design, and experience with transporting high current beams are also presented.
Sociology of Professions: Towards International Context-Sensitive Approaches (2013)

ABSTRACT The transformations of many societies into service economies have created a new importance of the sociology of professions across the globe. Yet the contemporary developments call for a critical revision of existing theoretical approaches for two reasons: first, the neoliberal turn in the western world has fundamentally changed the concepts of welfare state and the governance of professions, and the economic breakdown has furthermore fuelled the transformations; and second, little is known on how the dynamics of globalisation and local/national transformations in societies play out in the global South, and how this, in turn, may impact in, and alter the very concept of professions. This article argues the need for international context-sensitive approaches that take into account the intersecting dynamics of different sets of governance in global, local and transnational perspectives and the various ways professions – as ‘citizen professionals’ – are nested in institutional and social contexts. The blind spots of existing theories that heavily draw on Western/Northern approaches, and that are shaped by the conditions of welfare states, are discussed as well as the major challenges of an international context-sensitive perspective.
Business Rule Learning with Interactive Selection of Association Rules (2014)

This paper presents the implementation of a classification system based on learning of association rules in conjunction with Drools rule engine. The rules are interactively discovered with a web-based data mining system EasyMiner.eu. The rules are approved and edited by the domain expert before they are deployed for classification.
Increased serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 and "flipped" LD-1/LD-2 ratio in myopathy associated with partial carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency. (1987)

We describe a case of a limb-girdle myopathy presenting with myoglobinuria. A partial deficiency of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) may also have been present. All "muscle-type" serum enzymes were markedly increased (to between 30- and 400-fold their respective upper reference limits) and creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme 2 (CK-MB) was increased 130-fold but was still less than 2% of the total creatine kinase activity. The isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in serum was "anodic," with isoenzyme 1 greater than isoenzyme 2--an unusual pattern for myopathies. The possible physiological basis for such a finding is discussed.
Quantum tunneling Sb-heterostructure millimeter-wave diodes (2002)

We have developed a new zero bias millimeter wave diode based on quantum tunneling in an InAs/AlSb/GaSb nanostructure. It is ideal for square law radiometry and passive millimeter wave imaging. Excellent sensitivity has been demonstrated at present up to 110 GHz, with higher bandwidth predicted for smaller area diodes.
Data-driven Mobile App Design (2016)

Design is becoming a key differentiating factor for successful apps in today's crowded app marketplaces. This thesis describes how data-driven approaches can enable useful tools for mobile app design. It presents interaction mining -- capturing both static (UI layouts, visual details) and dynamic (user flows, motion details) components of an app's design. It develops two approaches for interaction mining existing Android apps and presents three applications enabled by the resultant data: a search engine for user flows, lightweight usability testing at scale, and automated generation of mobile UIs.
Citramalic acid and salicylic acid in sugar beet root exudates solubilize soil phosphorus (2011)

Root exudates of sugar beet contain salicylic acid and citramalic acid, the latter of which has rarely been detected in plants so far. Both metabolites solubilize soil P and their exudation by roots is stimulated by P deficiency. These results provide the first assignment of a biological function to citramalic acid of plant origin.
Intraoperative muscle measurements reveal a relationship between contracture formation and muscle remodeling (2007)

Children with cerebral palsy often have spasticity of both the extensors and flexors, but how and why a flexion contracture of the wrist will develop during growth is not thoroughly understood. In order to understand the muscle adaptations that occur during contracture formation, the relationship between intraoperative sarcomere length and the extent of contracture was measured in 23 children (average age, 14.3 +/- 2.9 years) undergoing tendon transfers involving the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) or extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscles. For both ECRB and FCU, sarcomere lengths measured intraoperatively were longer compared to sarcomere lengths predicted from a regression relationship obtained from "control" patients with radial nerve injury (P < 0.001). The most interesting aspect of the long FCU sarcomere lengths measured was that there was a highly significant correlation between the degree of contracture formation and intraoperative sarcomere length (r2 = 0.5, P < 0.005). These data clearly show that greater contracture severity is associated with longer intraoperative FCU sarcomere length. No such correlation was observed for the ECRB. The data suggest that the clinical presentation of the contracture is related to degree of FCU, but not ECRB adaptation, to the central nervous system lesion.
Quartz crystal microbalance humidity sensor with porous electrodes (2002)

This short paper describes a new idea for humidity measurement using QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) devices. It is based on an etching approach which produces micropores into the electrodes of a QCM, instead of the common approach of coating the electrodes with hygroscopic materials. The electrodes are etched wet-chemically using buffered king water (NHO/sub 3/:HCl=1:3). The electrode surface becomes rough, resulting in a large surface area for water adsorption. Photolithographic etching using a plasma will be the next research stage, this will eliminate the generation of a randomly dented surface, hence providing a uniform porous structure. Fabrication and results of preliminary measurement are described in this paper.
Induction of RNase H Activity by Arabinose−Peptide Nucleic Acid Chimeras (2007)

We report the syntheses of chimeras of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) with DNA and 2'-deoxy 2'-fluoroarabinonucleic acid (2'-FANA). Chimeric oligomers possessing a single central PNA insert were capable of forming hybrid duplexes with complementary RNA, although with diminished thermal stability in comparison to the unmodified oligomers. We subsequently determined the ability of the DNA and 2'-FANA oligomers of mixed-base composition to elicit human RNase H1 degradation of complementary RNA that was either unstructured or as a hairpin. In the case of the more rigid FANA strand, a PNA insert led to a higher ability of the chimera to direct the degradation of both types of RNA targets. Generally, the enhancement observed was greater for a butanediol linker than for a more rigid PNA linker. Along with previous work, these studies suggest that the general flexibility associated with an acyclic insert (e.g., butyl vs PNA)--and not necessarily the presence of local structural imperfections in the heteroduplex--is beneficial for RNase H1 activity. As well, there are implications to the charge nature of non-nucleotide inserts (neutral vs negative) and their ability to maintain RNase H activity that may serve to direct further design considerations. Together, these studies support the notion that flexibility of antisense oligonucleotide (AON)/RNA hybrids is essential for high RNase H catalysis, in which an enzyme-induced altered trajectory of the bound AON/RNA substrate could facilitate optimal interaction with the catalytic site of RNase H.
Control and Application of Beam Microbunching in High Brightness Linac-driven Free Electron Lasers (2014)

The remarkable properties of coherent radiation from free-electron lasers (FELs) are due to the current modulation in the beam with the modulation period equal to the radiation wavelength. This modulation is developed as a result of a beam instability when the beam propagates in a long FEL undulator, and requires a beam with a high-peak current, small emittance and a small energy spread. Unfortunately the same beam qualities make it a subject to a so-called microbunching instability at a much longer scale than the radiation wavelength. It is driven by the space charge and CSR impedances in the machine and develops during the beam acceleration in the linac, compression, and transport to the undulator. If not controlled, the microbunching instability influences dramatically the FEL performance and in the worst case can even ruin the lasing. In the presentation we will review the mechanism behind the microbunching instability, the suppression methods used in existing facilities as well as possible future developments and concepts.
Field-aligned electron density irregularities near 500 km. Equator to polar cap topside sounder Z mode observations (1984)

In addition to spread F, evidence for field-aligned electron density irregularities is commonly observed on Alouette 2 topside sounder ionograms recorded near perigee (500 km). This evidence is provided by distinctive signal returns from sounder-generated Z mode waves. At low latitudes these waves become guided in wave ducts caused by field-aligned electron density irregularities and give rise to strong long-duration echoes. At high latitudes, extending well into the polar cap, these Z mode waves (and stimulated electrostatic waves at the plasma frequency) produce a series of vertical bars on the ionogram display as the satellite traverses discrete field-aligned density structures. The radio frequency (RF) noise environment to be expected in the 400 to 500 km altitude region from low to high latitudes was examined by analyzing perigee Alouette 2 topside sounder data. All observed noise bands were scaled on nearly 200 topside sounder ionograms recorded near perigee at low, mid, and high latitude telemetry stations. The minimum and maximum frequencies of each noise band were entered into a data base or compuer analysis. The signals of primary interest in the perigee study were found to be sounder-generated.