gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic NO. 6016, a polyether an tibiotic. (1980)

A new polyether antibiotic, No. 6016, was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces albus strain No. 6016. The antibiotic was obtained as colorless prisms having a molecular formula of C46H77O16Na, m.p. 192 approximately 195 degrees C (dec.), and has only end absorption in ultraviolet region. The infrared and NMR spectra of the antibiotic suggest the presence of carbonyl and methoxyl groups. The antibiotic No. 6016 exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria including mycobacteria and is effective in the treatment of coccidiosis of fowl.
Recent insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics of pulmonary hypertension (2002)

The normal adult pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure, high-capacity circuit. Pulmonary vascular resistance is regulated by alveolar oxygen tension, potassium channels and a variety of locally produced and circulating vasoactive factors. Perturbations of these systems may contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Recently, mutations in BMPR2 and ALK-1, genes that encode members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor superfamily, have been found in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. These observations provide a novel insight into the pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension, and emphasize the importance of the integrity of the TGF-β receptor family in the maintenance of normal pulmonary vascular structure and function. This review discusses the latest developments in the field of pulmonary vascular biology and the prospects for improving the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Characterization of Small Protein Aggregates and Oligomers Using Size Exclusion Chromatography with Online Detection by Native Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2014)

Self-association of proteins is important in a variety of processes ranging from acquisition of native quaternary structure (where the association is tightly controlled and proceeds in a highly ordered fashion) to aggregation and amyloidosis. The latter is frequently accompanied (or indeed triggered) by the loss of the native structure, but a clear understanding of the complex relationship between conformational changes and protein self-association/aggregation remains elusive due to the great difficulty in characterizing these complex and frequently heterogeneous species. In this study, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used in combination with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) to characterize a commercial protein sample (serum albumin) that forms small aggregates. Although noncovalent dimers and trimers of this protein are readily detected by native ESI MS alone, combination of SEC and ESI MS allows a distinction to be made between the oligomers present in solution and those formed during the ESI process (artifacts of ESI MS). Additionally, native ESI MS detection allows a partial loss of conformation integrity to be detected across all albumin species present in solution. Finally, ESI MS detection allows these analyses to be carried out readily even in the presence of other abundant proteins coeluting with albumin. Native ESI MS as an online detection method for SEC also enables meaningful characterization of species representing different quaternary organization of a recombinant glycoprotein human arylsulfatase A even when their rapid interconversion prevents their separation on the SEC time scale.
Optimization of sigma amplitude threshold in sleep spindle detection (2000)

Sleep spindles are transient EEG waveforms of non-rapid eye movement sleep. There is considerable intersubject variability in spindle amplitudes. The problem in automatic spindle detection has been that, despite this fact, a fixed amplitude threshold has been used. Selection of the spindle detection threshold value is critical with respect to the sensitivity of spindle detection. In this study a method was developed to estimate the optimal recording-specific threshold value for each all-night recording without any visual scorings. The performance of the proposed method was validated using four test recordings each having a very different number of visually scored spindles. The optimal threshold values for the test recordings could be estimated well. The presented method seems very promising in providing information about sleep spindle amplitudes of individual all-night recordings.
Fragment‐based discovery of novel thymidylate synthase leads by NMR screening and group epitope mapping (2010)

Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a versatile tool for the study of binding interactions between small molecules and macromolecular targets. We applied ligand-based NMR techniques to the study of human thymidylate synthase (hTS) using known nanomolar inhibitors and a library of small molecule fragments. Screening by NMR led to the rapid identification of ligand pairs that bind in proximal sites within the cofactor-binding pocket of hTS. Screening hits were used as search criteria within commercially available sources, and a subset of catalog analogs were tested for potency by in vitro assay and binding affinity by quantitative saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR titration. Two compounds identified by this approach possess low micromolar affinity and potency, as well as excellent binding efficiency against hTS. Relative binding orientations for both leads were modeled using AutoDock, and the most likely bound conformations were validated using experimentally derived STD-NMR binding epitope data. These ligands represent novel starting points for fragment-based drug design of non-canonical TS inhibitors, and their binding epitopes highlight important and previously unexploited interactions with conserved residues in the cofactor-binding site.
In vivo monitoring system for structure-function relationship analysis of the antibacterial peptide apidaecin (1994)

A unique antibacterial peptide derivative found in immune honeybee lymph, apidaecin 1b (AP1), was randomly mutagenized and characterized by a newly established system to analyze in vivo its structure-function relationship. Initially, a high-level expression host-vector system for AP1 in Escherichia coli was constructed by creating a fusion protein with the highly stable Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI) molecule. Expression of the SSI-AP1 fusion protein was found to depend on the concentration of the transcriptional inducer isopropyl-beta-D-thio-galactopyranoside (IPTG) and to parallel the degree of growth inhibition of the transformant cells. Subsequently, apidaecin derivatives produced by localized random mutagenesis were screened with this IPTG concentration-controlled in vivo system by monitoring the growth inhibition patterns of the transformant cells. One mutant apidaecin (P9L) that had reduced activity was purified and isolated from the periplasmic fraction of an E. coli transformant. Its antibacterial activity was reduced to one-third of that of wild-type apidaecin. When considered together with the other mutations, it was concluded that several Pro residues, including that at the ninth position, are responsible for expression of the antibacterial action of apidaecin.
Enhanced Faraday rotation in all-garnet magneto-optical photonic crystal (2004)

Research on magneto-optical photonic crystals has so far been focused on theoretical investigations, because suitable multilayers of iron garnet, the most promising material, have not been readily available. We report the preparation and characterization of a one-dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystal composed of 17 heteroepitaxial layers of bismuth iron garnet and yttrium iron garnet. The magneto-optical Faraday rotation was increased by 140% while transmission decreased by just 16% at the design wavelength of 750 nm as compared with a single-layer bismuth iron garnet film of equivalent thickness. The sample is free of cracks, and good agreement of simulated and experimental spectra of optical transmission and Faraday rotation indicate high quality of the sample and robustness of the preparation technique.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES WITH NITRILES. LXX: CONDENSATION PRODUCTS OF DIMERIC MALONONITRILE DERIVATIVES WITH 2,4‐DIKETONES AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED 1,6‐NAPHTHYRIDINES (1984)

Abstract Die Umsetzung der β‐Diketone (I) mit den Enaminonitrilen (II) führt zu den Pyridin‐Derivaten (III), die zu den Lö‐Naphthyridinen (IV) cyclisiert werden.
SharpView: Improved clarity of defocussed content on optical see-through head-mounted displays (2016)

A common factor among current generation optical see-through augmented reality systems is fixed focal distance to virtual content. In this work, we investigate the issue of focus blur, in particular, the blurring caused by simultaneously viewing virtual content and physical objects in the environment at differing focal distances. We examine the application of dynamic sharpening filters as a straight forward, system independent, means for mitigating this effect improving the clarity of defocused AR content. We assess the utility of this method, termed SharpView, by employing an adjustment experiment in which users actively apply varying amounts of sharpening to reduce the perception of blur in AR content. Our experimental results validate the ability of our SharpView model to improve the visual clarity of focus blurred content, with optimal performance at focal differences well suited for near field AR applications.
88. Studies in pyrolysis. Part I. The pyrolysis of derivatives of α-acetoxypropionic acid, and related substances (1935)

R. Burns, D. T. Jones and P. D. Ritchie, J. Chem. Soc., 1935, 400 DOI: 10.1039/JR9350000400
Detectability of Hypervascular Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Arterial Phase Images of MR and Spiral CT (1995)

The ability of arterial phase images of breath-hold MR imaging and spiral CT to detect hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) was evaluated. Prior to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with iodized oil, MR images and spiral CT during i.v. bolus injection of contrast medium (IV-MR imaging and IV-spiral CT) and spiral CT during intraarterial injection of contrast media through catheter (IA-spiral CT) of the entire liver were obtained in 24 consecutive patients with 93 HCCs. In the detection of HCCs less than 1 cm in diameter, IA-spiral CT (87.3%) was superior to IV-MR imaging (63.5%) and IV-spiral CT (54.0%) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in detectability in any tumor size between IV-MR imaging and IV-spiral CT. IA-spiral CT was the best for detecting hypervascular HCCs, and there was no significant difference between IV-MR imaging and IV-spiral CT.
Occurrence of Nitrous Oxide in the Central High Plains Aquifer, 1999 (2000)

Nitrogen-enriched groundwater has been proposed as an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), yet few measurements of N2O in large aquifer systems have been made. Concentrations of N2O in water samples collected from the 124 000 km2 central High Plains aquifer in 1999 ranged from < 1 to 940 nM, with a median concentration of 29 nM (n = 123). Eighty percent of the N2O concentrations exceeded the aqueous concentration expected from equilibration with atmospheric N2O. Measurements of N2O, NO3-, and 3H in unsaturated-zone sediments, recently recharged groundwater, and older groundwater indicate that concentrations of N2O in groundwater increased over time and will likely continue to increase in the future as N-enriched water recharges the aquifer. Large concentrations of O2 and NO3- and small concentrations of NH4+ and dissolved organic carbon in the aquifer indicate that N2O in the central High Plains aquifer was produced primarily by nitrification. Calculations indicate that the flux of N2O from the central High Plains aquifer to the atmosphere from well pumping and groundwater discharge to streams was not a significant source of atmospheric N2O.
Quality Performance Optimization Tools for the Fabrication of Hmw-Hdpe Blown Film (1991)

Film used in the merchandise bag and grocery sack markets is often made of High Molecular Weight High Density Polyethylene (HMW- HDPE) resin. It allows blown film to be fabricated at relatively thin gauges while maintaining required strength properties. An extruder with a decom pression screw and cooled grooved feed throat is typically used to process molten polymer at high rates. An internal bubble cooling (IBC) system and in ternal bubble stabilizer (IBS) overcome destabilizing effects and control the gauge at high outputs. Post-die orientation is induced via a high stalk con figuration to obtain the desired performance properties. This paper deals with the control aspects of extrusion and orientation to obtain a uniform gauge and a good distribution of the properties. It describes how film performance can be altered using fabrication laboratory equipment to simulate the film making process of the bag making industry.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Monomeric and Polymeric Dispersed Dyes based on Thiophene Derivatives. (2001)

A series of novel monomeric dyes has been prepared by diazotization of 2-amino-3-carbethoxy-4, 5-dimethylthiophene and coupled with various N-arylmaleimides. The polymeric dyes were prepared by free radical polymerization of monomeric dyes. The resultant polymeric dyes were characterized by IR spectra, intrinsic viscosity, elemental analysis, number average molecular weight by VPO and thermogravimetry analysis. The monomeric dyes have been also characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The purity of all the dyes were checked by thin layer chromatography and they have been applied on cellulose triacetate fibre as a disperse dye. Colour and dyeability of the polymeric dyes are discussed by comparing them with those of the corresponding monomeric dyes. The dyed fiber showed various colour shades with good to very good depth and levelness. The percentage dyebath exhaustion and fixation of the dyes on the fibre have been found to be good to very good. The light, washing, perspiration, sublimation and solvent fastness properties of the dyed fibre has been found to be very good to excellent.
A Stochastic Gradient Method with an Exponential Convergence Rate for Strongly-Convex Optimization with Finite Training Sets (2012)

We propose a new stochastic gradient method for optimizing the sum of a finite set of smooth functions, where the sum is strongly convex. While standard stochastic gradient meth-ods converge at sublinear rates for this problem, the proposed method incorporates a memory of previous gradient values in order to achieve a linear convergence rate. Numerical experiments indicate that the new algorithm can dramatically outperform standard algorithms. 1
über die Inhaltsstoffe des grünen Knollenblätterpilzes, LVIII. Einige vom Ketophalloidin abgeleitete, in der biochemischen Forschung anwendbare Dithiolane (1980)

Abstract Ketophalloidin, [Cyclo(L‐alanyl‐D‐threonyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐4‐ allo ‐hydroxy‐L‐prolyl‐L‐alanyl‐2‐mercapto‐L‐tryptophyl‐4‐oxo‐L‐norvalyl)‐cyclo(3→6)sulfid] ( 2 ), aus Phalloidin ( 1 ) durch Periodatoxidation erhalten, wurde mit 2,3‐Dimercaptopropionsäure zur Dithiolancarbonsäure 3 oder mit 3‐Amino‐1,2‐propandithiol zum (Aminomethyl)dithiolan 4 umgesetzt. Verbindung 4 diente als Ausgangssubstanz für weitere Derivate: Mit Bernsteinsäureanhydrid entstand die N ‐(3‐Carboxypropionyl)verbindung 5 , mit N ‐(Iodacetoxy)succinimid die N ‐Iodacetylverbindung 6 und aus ihr durch nucleophile Substitution des Iods durch Azidionen die Azidoacetylverbindung 8 . Mit Fluorescein‐isothiocyanat wurde aus 4 das fluorescierende Phallotoxin 7 erhalten, das sich spezifisch — wie alle hier beschriebenen Phalloidinderivate — an den Rezeptor Aktin bindet. Die Derivate 6 und 7 können für eine kovalente Bindung an Aktin Verwendung finden (Affinitätsmarkierung), die funktionellen Derivate 3, 4 und 5 wurden mittels eines wasserlöslichen Carbodiimids mit Rinderserumalbumin verbunden; das Amin 4 wurde auch mit aktivierter Sepharose zu einem Adsorbens für die Affinitätschromatographie verknüpft.
Extrapyramidal Syndrome and Depression Induced by Flunarizine (1988)

Apathy, mood depression and extrapyramidal signs consisting of akinesia, amimia, gait apraxia, slight rigidity and tremor were induced in 10 patients by long-term treatment with flunarizine for trivial complaints. These symptoms suggest a mild antidopaminergic activity of flunarizine. Long-term administration of flunarizine should be avoided particularly in the elderly and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders.
Composition is the Core Driver of the Language-selective Network (2020)

The frontotemporal language network responds robustly and selectively to sentences. But the features of linguistic input that drive this response and the computations that these language areas support remain debated. Two key features of sentences are typically confounded in natural linguistic input: words in sentences (a) are semantically and syntactically combinable into phrase- and clause-level meanings, and (b) occur in an order licensed by the language's grammar. Inspired by recent psycholinguistic work establishing that language processing is robust to word order violations, we hypothesized that the core linguistic computation is composition, and, thus, can take place even when the word order violates the grammatical constraints of the language. This hypothesis predicts that a linguistic string should elicit a sentence-level response in the language network provided that the words in that string can enter into dependency relationships as in typical sentences. We tested this prediction across two fMRI experiments (total <i>N</i> = 47) by introducing a varying number of local word swaps into naturalistic sentences, leading to progressively less syntactically well-formed strings. Critically, local dependency relationships were preserved because combinable words remained close to each other. As predicted, word order degradation did not decrease the magnitude of the blood oxygen level-dependent response in the language network, except when combinable words were so far apart that composition among nearby words was highly unlikely. This finding demonstrates that composition is robust to word order violations, and that the language regions respond as strongly as they do to naturalistic linguistic input, providing that composition can take place.
Vaccine development for protecting swine against influenza virus (2012)

Influenza virus infects a wide variety of species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds. Weight loss caused by influenza infection and/or co-infection with other infectious agents results in significant financial loss in swine herds. The emergence of pandemic H1N1 (A/CA/04/2009/H1N1) and H3N2 variant (H3N2v) viruses, which cause disease in both humans and livestock constitutes a concerning public health threat. Influenza virus contains eight single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome segments. This genetic structure allows the virus to evolve rapidly by antigenic drift and shift. Antigen-specific antibodies induced by current vaccines provide limited cross protection to heterologous challenge. In pigs, this presents a major obstacle for vaccine development. Different strategies are under development to produce vaccines that provide better cross-protection for swine. Moreover, overriding interfering maternal antibodies is another goal for influenza vaccines in order to permit effective immunization of piglets at an early age. Herein, we present a review of influenza virus infection in swine, including a discussion of current vaccine approaches and techniques used for novel vaccine development.
cAMP Accumulation Assays Using the AlphaScreen&#174; Kit (PerkinElmer) (2013)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an intracellular signaling messenger derived from the catalytic conversion of ATP, and is a major product of activated Gs protein-coupled receptors. Conversely, formation of cAMP is inhibited by Gi protein-coupled receptors. This protocol has been optimized for the detection of ligand-mediated cAMP accumulation in adherent immortal cell lines expressing Gs-coupled receptors., 环腺苷一磷酸（cAMP）是来源于ATP的催化转化的细胞内信号传导信号，并且是活化的G蛋白偶联受体的主要产物。 相反，cAMP的形成受G 1 i蛋白偶联受体抑制。 该方案已经被优化用于检测表达G s - 偶联受体的贴壁无限增殖细胞系中配体介导的cAMP积累。
Bloggers Beware: A Cautionary Tale of Blogging and the Doctrine of At-Will Employment (2007)

his personal computer posting on the World Wide Web his best product to inform whoever happens to browse his way.
A Thorough QT Study To Evaluate the Effects of Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses of Delafloxacin on Cardiac Repolarization (2015)

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-period crossover study was conducted in 52 healthy adults to assess the effect of delafloxacin on the corrected QT (QTc) interval. The QT interval, corrected for heart rate using Fridericia's formula (QTcF), was determined predose and at 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after dosing with delafloxacin at 300 mg intravenously (i.v.; therapeutic), delafloxacin at 900 mg i.v. (supratherapeutic), moxifloxacin at 400 mg orally (p.o.; positive control), and placebo. The pharmacokinetic profile of delafloxacin was also evaluated. At each time point after delafloxacin administration, the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the placebo-corrected change from the predose baseline in QTcF (ΔΔQTcF) was less than 10 ms (maximum, 3.9 ms at 18 h after dosing), indicating an absence of a clinically meaningful increase in the QTc interval. The lower limit of the 90% CI of ΔΔQTcF for moxifloxacin versus placebo was longer than 5 ms at all 5 time points selected for assay sensitivity analysis, demonstrating that the study was adequately sensitive to assess QTc prolongation. There was no positive relationship between delafloxacin plasma concentrations and ΔΔQTcF. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were more frequent among subjects receiving a single supratherapeutic dose of 900 mg delafloxacin. There were no deaths, serious AEs, or AEs leading to study discontinuation and no clinically meaningful abnormalities in laboratory values or vital signs observed at any time point after any dose of the study drug.
Facile Preparative Route to Alkanethiolate-Coated Au<sub>38</sub> Nanoparticles:  Postsynthesis Core Size Evolution (2007)

A facile preparative route to alkanethiolate (Cn) Au38 nanoparticles, where n = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, is described. Subnanometer-sized nanoparticles are initially produced by a modified Brust synthesis, which undergo core-size evolution upon removal of reaction impurities that have served as additional protecting layers. C4-C12 Au38 nanoparticles are prepared in approximately 300 mg quantities by the selective removal of reaction impurities with dimethyl sulfoxide. The prepared nanoparticles are 1.1-1.2 nm in core size, and all exhibit optical and electrochemical characteristics of Au38 nanoparticles. Voltammetry of these Au38 nanoparticles reveals that the energy gap between the first one-electron oxidation and the first reduction is rather insensitive to the ligand employed. By contrast, the energy gaps between the first and second oxidations and between the second and third oxidations are ligand-dependent; both substantially increase with ligand thickness. The charging energetics of alkanethiolate-coated Au38 nanoparticles can thus be described as a sum of electron addition energies and the discrete electronic energy levels of the Au38 core.
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Using Flow Cytometry (2010)

Flow cytometry has found wide applications in areas like haematology and immunology, but also presents great potential in microbiology. The susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida and Cryptococcus to antifungal compounds can be assayed by flow cytometry using fluorescent probes like FUN-1, propidium iodide and JC-1, with several advantages. Following 1 or 2 h of incubation, depending on the antifungal compound, versus 48 h of the classical methods, it is possible to establish the different susceptibility profiles. Additionally, it provides information regarding the mechanisms of action and might infer about resistance mechanisms.