gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary testing supported by slicing and transformation (2003)

Evolutionary testing is a search based approach to the automated generation of systematic test data, in which the search is guided by the test data adequacy criterion. Two problems for evolutionary testing are the large size of the search space and structural impediments in the implementation of the program which inhibit the formulation of a suitable fitness function to guide the search. In this paper we claim that slicing can be used to narrow the search space and transformation can be applied to the problem of structural impediments. The paper presents examples of how these two techniques have been successfully employed to make evolutionary testing both more efficient and more effective.
[Cationic liposomes in gene delivery]. (1998)

Cationic liposomes have been extensively explored as gene delivery vector for several reasons. It is because disadvantages of viral vectors include risk of replication, possible immunogenicity, and the difficulty of obtaining a large quantity of viral vectors. Currently, a variety of cationic components for liposome formulations have been developed. The components are broadly divided into two classes based on the chemical structure of hydrophobic moieties: long aliphatic (saturated or unsaturated) hydrocarbons and cholesterol ring. A variety of hydrophilic moieties also include tertiary amines, ammonium salt and spermine. The role of liposomes is to condense DNA to form complexes with high affinity to cell surfaces where possible fusion or destabilization of the membrane and/or endocytosis are involved. However, at present, little structure-activity relationships are known. Some vectors are on clinical trials approved by NIH.
Impact of Surfactants for Wettability Alteration in Stimulation Fluids and the Potential for Surfactant EOR in Unconventional Liquid Reservoirs (2014)

Abstract Wettability alteration in shale formations can be an important factor in improving the performance of hydraulic fracturing treatments. The use of surfactants in the frac fluid, at proper concentrations, has shown to change wettability in Unconventional Liquid Reservoirs (ULR) favoring the process of imbibition. This study evaluates and compares the efficiency of anionic and nonionic surfactants in recovering hydrocarbons in carbonate and siliceous preserved side-wall core. The techniques developed also open the door for investigation of low concentration surfactants for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in ULR. Contact angle (CA) experiments were performed, using the captive bubble method, to measure the magnitude of wettability alteration on intermediate to oil-wet ULR core at reservoir temperature (165 °F). Different types of anionic and nonionic surfactants at field concentrations were used. The results showed that all surfactants lower the CA at the concentration tested. However, anionic surfactants showed better results as observed by lower contact angles. IFT measurements were also performed, using the pendant drop and spinning drop methods, at reservoir temperature using reservoir crude oil and anionic and nonionic surfactants at the same concentrations. The IFT reduction was similar for each type of surfactant compared to regular frac fluid without any surfactant, but anionic surfactant showed slightly better capability of reducing IFT than nonionic surfactants. Computed tomography (CT) scan methods were used to gauge the performance of these surfactants in improving oil recovery. The magnitude of penetration or imbibition into artificially-fractured ULR cores was studied for both anionic and nonionic surfactants. Frac fluids containing surfactants were mixed with a dopant salt to trace the movement of these fluids and measure the penetration numerically. Both, anionic and nonionic, surfactants have higher penetration magnitudes compared to slick water without surfactant. However, anionic surfactants displaced a higher observable amount of liquid hydrocarbon from the shale cores. This observation agrees qualitatively with the results observed in the CA experiments where anionic surfactants showed the lowest contact angles. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that anionic surfactants alter wettability in these ULR core, giving lower CA, better spontaneous imbibition and higher oil recovery than nonionic surfactants. These observed wettability changes induced by surfactants mixed in the frac fluids can improve matrix penetration with spontaneous imbibition which opens further discussions for EOR potential in shale formations.
Thermal aging of an insulation EPR-rubber compound (2003)

The stability of an EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber) compound, used as power cable insulation (138 kV) and for downhole pump (petroleum well) cables, was studied under various conditions of thermal stress. Samples were subjected to temperatures in the 50-300 degrees C range, for periods as long as 1000 h. After these treatments, electric and tensile strengths of the samples were determined, and the samples were also examined by spectroscopic (photoacoustic, infrared) methods. Gases evolved during rubber heating were analyzed by gas chromatography. It was found that: (1) electric strength is reduced: 17% of original value after 1 h at 300 degrees C and 40% after 1000 h at 200 degrees C, but no changes were found after 1000 h at 150 degrees C; (2) paraffin, used as a processing additive in the compound, exudes at temperatures as low as 50 degrees C; the exudate is more oxidized than the input material; (3) Pb/sub 3/O/sub 4/, which is also a constituent of the compound, is reduced to PbO at higher temperatures; and (4) methane is prevalent in the gaseous mixture released by the heated compound.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
EVIDENCE THAT THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF FK506 AND CYCLOSPORINE ARE IDENTICAL (1990)

The fungal metabolite FK506 was discovered because it shared an important property, the ability to inhibit production of IL-2, with another well-known immunosuppressive fungal metabolite, CsA. FK506 has, since its isolation, also been shown to share other immunosuppressive effects with CsA. This study was performed to further investigate the in vitro immunological properties of FK506, in comparison with and in combination with CsA, to evaluate the plausibility that their mechanisms of action were identical or similar, in spite of their different molecular structures. The ability to inhibit several responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogenic and alloantigenic stimulation was explored. Synergistic effects of the two drugs were extensively studied, since this would provide additional information regarding their mechanisms of action. Also, similar immunosuppressive properties would enable the use of the two drugs in combination. We found that FK506 and CsA had very similar mechanisms of action and additive effects were recorded.
Multiqubit controlled unitary gate by adiabatic passage with an optical cavity (2004)

A new implementation of quantum gates by adiabatic passage with an optical cavity is proposed. This implementation allows one to perform not only elementary gates, such as one-qubit gates and a controlled-NOT gate, but also multiqubit controlled unitary gates. Some quantum gates are numerically simulated. From the simulation results, it is concluded that this implementation of the three-qubit controlled gates is more efficient than decomposing into the elementary gates.
Optimum symbol timing estimation with various performance measures for OFDM systems (2005)

This paper presents blind symbol timing estimators in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Depending on the performance measure, different optimal estimators can be devised. The existing maximum likelihood estimator is optimal in the sense that it maximizes the probability that the symbol timing estimation error is zero, but it does not guarantee that the error will be small when the estimate is incorrect. When maintaining small error magnitude is critical, the minimum mean square error estimator can be developed with the objective of minimizing the mean square error. In some practical scenarios, the estimation error needs to be defined as the distance between the starting point of the fast-Fourier transform window and the region consisting of the cyclic prefix samples and the first useful sample. With this modified definition of the estimation error, the minimum failure probability estimator and the minimum modified mean square error estimator can be derived. The performance of the proposed estimators is compared with that of the maximum likelihood estimator using simulation.
Integrated optical device with second-harmonic generator, electrooptic lens, and electrooptic scanner in LiTaO/sub 3/ (1999)

This paper reports the first demonstration of an integrated optical device in z-cut LiTaO/sub 3/ that contains the following three functional parts: a quasiphase-matched second-harmonic generation (SHG) grating, an electrooptic (EO) lens, and an electrooptic scanner. The SHG device consists of channel waveguides passing through periodic domain-inverted gratings. The frequency of the input infrared (IR) light at 864 nm was doubled into blue light at 432 nm. A stack of EO lenses was used to collimate the light from the channel waveguide. The measured beam size at the output facet for various applied voltages to the lenses agreed with simulation. After collimation, light passes through an EO scanner that controls the angle of the output beam. A scanning sensitivity of 17 mrad/kV was measured for the scanner, compared to the calculated value of 15 mrad/kV.
Atomistic simulations of the vapor deposition of Ni/Cu/Ni multilayers: The effects of adatom incident energy (1998)

Vapor deposited multilayers consisting of a low electrical resistivity conductor sandwiched between ferromagnetic metals such as cobalt or nickel-iron alloys sometimes exhibit giant magnetoresistance (GMR). The GMR properties of these films are a sensitive function of structure and defects in the films and therefore depend upon the processing conditions used for their synthesis. A three-dimensional molecular dynamics method has been developed to simulate the [111] growth of model Ni/Cu/Ni multilayers and was used to investigate the role of vapor atom impact energy upon the film structure and defects. High incident atom energies were found to lower interfacial roughness but promoted intermixing by an atomic exchange mechanism. Low incident energies reduced intermixing, but resulted in films with rough, defective interfaces. The simulations identified an intermediate incident energy between 1 and 2 eV that resulted in both low roughness and intermixing, and an anticipated large GMR effect. The simulation methodology was extended to explore the benefits of a modulated incident atom energy deposition strategy. When a thermal energy was used to deposit the first few monolayers of each new metal layer, intermixing by the exchange mechanism during subsequent hyperthermal energy deposition could be eliminated, and films with almost no interfacial roughness or intermixing could be grown. The modulated energy deposition method can be simply implemented using ion beam deposition.
Cell division number regulates IgG1 and IgE switching of B cells following stimulation by CD40 ligand and IL-4 (1998)

CD40 ligand (CD40L) and IL-4 are sufficient to induce resting murine B cells to divide and switch isotypes from IgM and IgD to IgG1 and IgE. Tracking of cell division following (5- and 6) carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling revealed that B cells expressed IgG1 after three cell divisions, and IgE after five. The probability of isotype switching at each division was independent of both time after stimulation and of the dose of CD40L. IL-4 concentration regulated the number of divisions that preceded isotype switching. Loss of surface IgM and IgD was also related to cell division and appeared to be differentially regulated. B cell proliferation was typically asynchronous with the proportion of cells in consecutive divisions being markedly affected by the concentration of CD40L and IL-4. Simultaneous (5-bromo)-2'-deoxyuridine labeling and CFSE staining revealed that B cells in each division cycle were dividing at the same rate. Therefore, division cycle asynchrony resulted from dose-dependent variation in the time taken to enter the first division cycle. These results suggest that T-dependent B cell expansion is linked to predictable functional changes that may, in part, explain why IgE is produced in response to prolonged antigenic stimulation.
Hybrid Mode-Space–Real-Space Approximation for First-Principles Quantum Transport Simulation of Inhomogeneous Devices (2020)

We propose a robust strategy for transforming the Hamiltonian of a metallic structure expressed in a nonorthogonal density-functional-theory (DFT) basis into a low-dimensional space compatible with electron-transport simulations. This mode-space approximation is applied locally to inhomogeneous material stacks including amorphous phases and interfaces. The contacts and periodic parts of the device are transformed into the subspace created, while the active inhomogeneous regions remain represented in real space. The various regions are connected to each other through mode-space--real-space hybrid blocks of the Hamiltonian and overlap matrices. This approach allows harnessing of the full flexibility of DFT combined with the power of the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism at a moderate cost. In particular, for a realistic resistive random-access memory cell composed of 3390 atoms, a performance improvement by a factor of 136 compared with a pure real-space treatment is demonstrated, with an error of less than 2%.
Isolation of leukocyte‐free platelets from standard platelet concentrates by centrifugation (1986)

We evaluated centrifugation techniques to isolate leukocyte-free platelets from standard platelet concentrates. Among various settings of centrifugation force and time, we found the setting at 300 X g for 10 minutes or 370 X g for 5 minutes to be efficient and reproducible for recovering sufficient quantities of platelets free of leukocytes.
Short Bowel Syndrome (2009)

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a relatively common, often lethal, and highly costly medical problem in North America. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of SBS in the United States. An important fact to remember is that the length of the small bowel in a 28-week preterm infant is about 150 cm and in a term infant is about 250 cm. Twenty percent of this length is generally sufficient to allow dependence on parenteral nutrition (PN) via intestinal adaptation. This process is driven by significant increases in circulating trophic hormones, such as cholecystokinin, epidermal and keratinocyte growth factors, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and glucagon-like peptide-2. These hormones produce hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the villi, along with increases in specific brush border membrane absorption mechanisms, such as glucose-sodium cotransport (via SGLT-1) and peptide transport (via Pep-T1). Currently, the best clinical markers of intestinal adaptation are the calculated percentage of enteral versus parenteral calories in a growing infant who has SBS and the serum concentrations of citrulline, an amino acid synthesized by mature enterocytes that has been used as a measure of functional intestinal mass.
Authorship verification as a one-class classification problem (2004)

In the authorship verification problem, we are given examples of the writing of a single author and are asked to determine if given long texts were or were not written by this author. We present a new learning-based method for adducing the "depth of difference" between two example sets and offer evidence that this method solves the authorship verification problem with very high accuracy. The underlying idea is to test the rate of degradation of the accuracy of learned models as the best features are iteratively dropped from the learning process.
Excision of DNA segments introduced into cloning vectors by the poly(dA-dT) joining method. (1978)

A method is described for excising cloned DNA segments that have been inserted into their vectors by poly(dA-dT) joins. The recombinant DNA is cleaved within the vector DNA portion by one or more restriction endonucleases to generate a linear DNA molecule with the insert DNA sequence flanked by the poly(dA-dT) joins. After denaturation, the single strands "snap back" because of the intrastrand poly(dA) and poly(dT) sequences to form circular structures with "tails" of vector DNA. The vector portion of the DNA is then digested by Escherichia coli exonuclease VII, while the insert portion remains resistant to attack. The resistant strands are annealed and purified by electrophoresis in agarose. The insert DNA segment free of contaminating vector sequences can be used as a hybridization probe and for insertion into a new vector since suitable cohesive termini are generated from the retained poly(dA) and poly(dT) tails by an appropriate exonuclease.
Effect of Intravenous Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Pulmonary Dysfunction and Renal Function Following Burn Shock (2009)

Intravenous hANP seems to be effective for postresuscitative pulmonary dysfunction and renal function after burn shock in the vulnerable elderly, or patients with preexisting disease, suggesting that it could be valuable in facilitating fluid management in the acute phase in severely burned patients.
Generalized communicators in the message passing interface (2001)

We propose extensions to the message passing interface (MPI) that generalize the MPI communicator concept to allow multiple communication endpoints per process, dynamic creation of endpoints, and the transfer of endpoints between processes. The generalized communicator construct can be used to express a wide range of interesting communication structures, including collective communication operations involving multiple threads per process, communications between dynamically created threads or processes, and object-oriented applications in which communications are directed to specific objects. Furthermore, this enriched functionality can be provided in a manner that preserves backward compatibility with MPI. We describe the proposed extensions, illustrate their use with examples, and describe a prototype implementation in the popular MPI implementation MPICH.
Urine hepcidin has additive value in ruling out cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury: an observational cohort study (2011)

Our findings suggest that urine hepcidin is an early predictive biomarker of ruling out AKI after CPB, thereby contributing to early patient risk stratification.
<scp>R</scp> ichard <scp>II</scp> (2017)

Richard II ruled England from his coronation in 1377 to his deposition in 1399. His reign was characterized by conflict with the greater nobility of the realm due to his elevated ideas regarding the royal prerogative. His rule encompassed such tempestuous events as the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, the Merciless Parliament of 1388, and the Revenge Parliament of 1397. Chroniclers describe the king's actions toward the end of his reign as increasingly tyrannical. In 1399 Henry Bolingbroke, the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, invaded England to claim his inheritance of the Lancastrian estates of which Richard had deprived him. Henry removed Richard from the throne and was crowned Henry IV on October 13, 1399.
Web mining in soft computing framework: relevance, state of the art and future directions (2002)

The paper summarizes the different characteristics of Web data, the basic components of Web mining and its different types, and the current state of the art. The reason for considering Web mining, a separate field from data mining, is explained. The limitations of some of the existing Web mining methods and tools are enunciated, and the significance of soft computing (comprising fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GAs), and rough sets (RSs) are highlighted. A survey of the existing literature on "soft Web mining" is provided along with the commercially available systems. The prospective areas of Web mining where the application of soft computing needs immediate attention are outlined with justification. Scope for future research in developing "soft Web mining" systems is explained. An extensive bibliography is also provided.
Recent developments in the assessment of the immune response to malaria, especially as related to vaccination: Characterization of sporozoite surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence: detection of stage- and species-specific antimalarial antibodies (1979)

Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) was used to localize stage-specific antigen(s) on the surface of the sporozoite membrane. The authors examined the feasibility of using an IF assay to determine whether an antisporozoite response is developed by individuals living in endemic areas. The specificity and sensitivity of the IF assay were first defined by using hyperimmune sera of sporozoite-immunized hosts protected against rodent (P. berghei), simian (P. knowlesi), and human (P. falciparum, P. vivax) malarias. Species- and stage-specific antisporozoite antibodies were detected by this technique when viable or glutaralde-hyde-fixed sporozoites were used as antigen. The sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence was found to be 5-10 times greater than that of the circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) assay. Preliminary studies on sera obtained from individuals living in endemic areas showed that the IF assay can be used to detect species- and stage-specific antisporozoite antibodies in sera of naturally-infected human and simian hosts.
Beryllium Ion‐Implanted Junctions in GaAs with Submicron Lateral Diffusion (1985)

Beryllium ion implants in annealed at 900°C for 30 min with a encapsulant have been shown to form p‐n junctions with lateral diffusion between 0.5 and 1.0 μm, junction depth of 0.7 μm, and implant activation rate of ∼ 100%. and phosphosilicate glass encapsulants yield similar values of lateral diffusion, junction depth, and activation rate, but are shown to induce near‐surface degradation effects manifested by a reduced carrier concentration within 1.0 μm of the surface in unimplanted annealed material and to produce anomalously high breakdown voltages and high leakage currents in Be‐implanted junctions.
[Histological and histochemical study of the liver of rats exposed on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. (1978)

Liver samples of 12 rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and irradiated with a dose of 800 rad and of 12 rats from the synchronous experiment were examined histologically and histochemically. On the 2nd and 27th postexperimental days the following morphological changes were detected; nuclear polymorphism of hepatocytes, a significant increase in the number of binuclear cells, and lipid accumulation in central lobes. The changes were more expressed on the 2nd day. These changes were induced by prolonged irradiation in space flight and synchronous experiment: they were not detected in the untreated animals.
Applying data mining techniques in software development (2010)

Increasing complexity of software engineering and expansion of scope of application makes software credibility be greatly questioned. How to complete high-quality software production more efficiently is a new software development issue. Data mining has been applied widely in knowledge discovery; data mining technology being used in software development process can not only enhances the accuracy and comprehensiveness of software development but also enhances the credibility of the software.