gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2011)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease that carries a poor prognosis and for which there are no effective therapies. Although the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, combined with evidence of recurrent injury to the alveolar epithelium, are well-described there is a pressing need to understand these processes better at a molecular level and thus to identify potential therapeutic targets in this intractable disease. This review considers some recent advances published in Thorax and elsewhere that have improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, using data both from human cells and tissue and from animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. The studies particularly address the fate of the alveolar epithelial cell and mechanisms of fibrogenesis, and identify mechanistic pathways shared with co-existing conditions such as lung cancer and pulmonary hypertension. The concepts of physiological biomarkers of disease progression and prognosis are also discussed.
Polypropylene Copolymer Containing Cross-Linkable Antioxidant Moieties with Long-Term Stability under Elevated Temperature Conditions (2017)

Despite its commercial success, isotactic polypropylene (PP) is not suitable for the applications that require long-term exposure to high-energy conditions, such as elevated temperatures, UV radiation, or high electric fields, due to the combination of polymer chain oxidative degradation, incompatibility with polar additives (antioxidants, stabilizers, etc.), and low material softening temperature. This paper presents a new solution that can simultaneously address both chemical and physical limitations. The idea is to develop a new PP-HP copolymer that contains some specific hindered phenol (HP) groups, homogeneously distributed along the polymer chain. These PP-bound HP pendant groups can not only effectively protect PP chains from the oxidative degradation but also engage in a facile cross-linking reaction to form a 3-D network structure during the oxidation reaction. One accelerated oxidation test in air at 190–210 °C shows this distinctive advantage. While a commercial PP polymer (containing common antioxidants and stabilizers) degrades within 1 h, a PP-HP copolymer with about 1 mol % (9 wt %) HP groups shows almost no detectable weight loss after 1000 min. In an ASTM endurance test under a targeted application temperature (140 °C in air), the commercial PP shows 1% weight loss within about 10 days. On the other hand, this new PP-HP lasts for 105 days (4 order increase) under the same condition. In the strain–stress curve measurement, the PP-HP film also shows no detectable change in tensile strength and modulus after constant heating the polymer film at 140 °C in air for 1 week. Overall, the experiment results present the potential of expanding PP applications into a much higher temperature range (>140 °C) under oxygen oxidative environments.
Phytochrome A, phytochrome B and other phytochrome(s) regulate <i>ATHB‐2</i> gene expression in etiolated and green Arabidopsis plants (1997)

ABSTRACT The expression of the Arabidopsis ATHB‐2 gene is light‐regulated both in seedlings and in adult plants. The gene is expressed at high levels in rapidly elongating etiolated seedlings and is down‐regulated by a pulse of red light (R) through the action of a phytochrome other than phytochrome A or B, or by a pulse of far‐red light (FR) through the action of phytochrome A. In green plants, the expression of the ATHB‐2 gene is rapidly and strongly enhanced by lowering the R:FR ratio perceived by a phytochrome other than A or B. Returning the plant to a high R:FR ratio results in an equally rapid decrease of the ATHB‐2 mRNA. Consistently, plants overproducing ATHB‐2 show developmental phenotypes characteristic of plants grown in low R:FR: elongated petioles, reduced leaf area, early flowering, and reduced number of rosette leaves. Taken together, the data strongly suggest a direct involvement of ATHB‐2 in light‐regulated growth phenomena throughout Arabidopsis development.
Indium Tin Oxide Coated Two-Mode Fiber for Enhanced SPR Sensor in Near-Infrared Region (2017)

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on side-polished two-mode fiber (TMF) coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) film is proposed. ITO enables tuning of resonance wavelength of the sensor through changing its carrier concentration. The advantages of the TMF and ITO are combined in the sensor, which can achieve high sensitivity and plasma frequencies in the near-infrared region. The impact of ITO film thickness and residual fiber thickness on the sensing performance are numerically investigated with LP01 and LP11a modes coupled to specific surface plasmon modes. The results show that the resonance wavelength locates in 1500-2200 nm and an average sensitivity of ~10149 and ~10400 nm/RIU can be achieved for LP01 and LP11a modes, respectively, when the environmental refractive index varies between 1.33 and 1.39. The penetration depths of evanescent wave for the LP01 and LP11a modes are 460 and 502 nm, respectively. Both the sensitivity and penetration depth of the sensor are larger than those of single-mode fiber and multimode fiber based SPR sensors. The proposed sensor can play an important role in various applications, including environment, medicine, and security.
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis of Peripheral Arterial Occlusions and Deep Vein Thrombosis (1999)

Introduction This chapter describes the current status of catheter-directed lytic therapy for occlusive thrombi of arteries and veins. A recent international consensus document, concerning the use of lytic therapy for symptomatic lower extremity arterial thrombi, has been endorsed by several international societies.1 A review of this document will serve to summarize current opinion on this topic. The present chapter addresses issues such as patient selection, techniques, and therapeutic efficacy. The techniques of arterial thrombolysis are being adapted to treat venous thrombi. Early results in the venous system are encouraging, but the long-term efficacy is yet to be established.
Thermally stimulated current measurements of SiO2 defect density and energy in irradiated metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (1992)

A modular system is described to measure thermally stimulated current (TSC) in irradiated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. Custom capacitor mounting allows accurate and convenient measurement of TSC with less than ∼0.1 pA error at temperatures up to ∼300 °C. These measurements are used to estimate the densities and energy levels of defects in the 1SiO2 layer of irradiated MOS capacitors with 45, 98, and 350 nm oxides. For capacitors irradiated under positive bias, TSC measurements provide accurate estimates of radiation-induced trapped-positive-charge density only if performed under negative bias. It is shown that space-charge effects and capacitance changes during TSC measurement can lead to incorrect estimates of the radiation-induced trapped-charge density. We demonstrate that, for n-substrate capacitors, these effects can be minimized if the bias applied during TSC measurement is more negative than the inversion-point voltage on a post-irradiation capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve. This improves prior practice in the literature. Improved estimates are provided for trapped hole energies in SiO2. Further, TSC measurements under proper bias conditions can be combined with conventional high-frequency C-V measurements to estimate hole- and electron-trap densities near the Si/SiO2 interface of irradiated MOS capacitors. To our knowledge, no other method can be used to quantitatively separate the effects of positive and negative oxide-trap charge on the radiation response of MOS devices. Finally, we show that irradiation with ∼10 keV x rays or ∼1.25 MeV Co-60 gamma rays leads to similar trapped-hole densities and energies in MOS capacitors with 350 nm nonradiation-hardened oxides.
Automatic blood glucose prediction with confidence using recurrent neural networks (2018)

Low-cost sensors continuously measuring blood glucose levels in intervals of a few minutes and mobile platforms combined with machine-learning (ML) solutions enable personalized precision health and disease management. ML solutions must be adapted to different sensor technologies, analysis tasks and individuals. This raises the issue of scale for creating such adapted ML solutions. We present an approach for predicting blood glucose levels for diabetics up to one hour into the future. The approach is based on recurrent neural networks trained in an end-to-end fashion, requiring nothing but the glucose level history for the patient. The model outputs the prediction along with an estimate of its certainty, helping users to interpret the predicted levels. The approach needs no feature engineering or data pre-processing, and is computationally inexpensive.
Initial Access, RRC and Mobility (2018)

In the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP), the control plane (CP) functions related to radio-specific functionality are standardized in the form of the radio resource control (RRC) protocol. This chapter covers the CP procedures for the access of a user equipment (UE) to the network. It covers the initial access, including the transmission of system information, optimized Random Access CHannel (RACH) access, and various enablers for initial access in the context of beam-based connectivity. It then describes the fundamentals of user equipment (UE) state handling and why 5th generation (5G) requires a new state to support better battery savings and faster setup for data transmissions. The chapter also covers mobility, discussing both normal handover (HO) with enhancements, and mobility in the context of multi-connectivity. It explores how to handle beamforming and mobility.
The Silent Revolution in Methods of Advocacy in English Courts (2016)

George Keeton wrote, in 1943, about “a silent revolution in methods of advocacy as practiced by the English Bar over the last fifty years” . Changed standards of etiquette, professional rules and greater control exerted by judges over these years led to a vast increase in courtesy in interactions with judges and between counsel. The conduct of prosecutions had also improved. They were generally no longer carried out in a sneering hectoring manner with witnesses mercilessly browbeaten or bullied. Dramatic types of 19th Century advocacy, in which counsel was prepared to use mannerisms, tricks of speech and gestures to heighten the effects of their pleas to juries, was replaced by a conversational and matter of fact tone. The idea that to cross-examine meant to examine crossly had almost vanished. Appeals to juries were now to reason combined with a controlled, subtle and focused appeal to emotion. Jury trials in civil cases had continued to decline. Advocacy before judges was concerned with facts and the law, not oratorical flourishes. Fewer criminal trials before juries took place as the jurisdiction of the magistrates had widened further. The more restrained and conversational style of advocacy before criminal juries may have been to some extent influenced by that of the civil courts, where the leaders of the bar appeared more often and increasingly without juries. Two dominant members of the bar during the first half of the 20th Century were Patrick Hastings and Norman Birkett. Their styles, because of triumphs linked with them, were influential on those of other barristers. Hastings was a master of direct forcible speech without any embellishments or ornamentation and prized brevity. Unlike Hastings, Norman Birkett believed that the advocate ought to use the full range of English speech. Other factors lay behind the mainly conversational and matter of fact advocacy that had become established. These include a widely held suspicion of rhetoric and, very importantly, better informed and greater educated juries. Jurors were less susceptible than their predecessors to theatrical gestures and melodrama, which had largely been replaced in literature and on the stage by introspection and realism, references to God and the Bible, elegant and flowery, but empty, speech and appeals to strong emotion and prejudice. In a more scientific age jurors expected more of an appeal to reason. The success of barristers such as Hardinge Giffard, John Holker, Charles Russell and Edward Clarke, during the closing decades of the previous century, may have been because they appreciated early on the changes that were occurring to juries. Attempting to catch the eye of the press to help create a reputation, useful to generate work, was an important factor behind the emotive, vividly worded and aggressive advocacy of the early Victorian period and afterwards. The later decline of court reporting in the newspapers, removing much of the gallery from the stage, may well have contributed to the more subdued form of speech.
Evidence for Watson−Crick and Not Hoogsteen or Wobble Base Pairing in the Selection of Nucleotides for Insertion Opposite Pyrimidines and a Thymine Dimer by Yeast DNA Pol η (2005)

We have recently reported that pyrene nucleotide is preferentially inserted opposite an abasic site, the 3'-T of a thymine dimer, and most undamaged bases by yeast DNA polymerase eta (pol eta). Because pyrene is a nonpolar molecule with no H-bonding ability, the unusually high efficiencies of dPMP insertion are ascribed to its superior base stacking ability, and underscore the importance of base stacking in the selection of nucleotides by pol eta. To investigate the role of H-bonding and base pair geometry in the selection of nucleotides by pol eta, we determined the insertion efficiencies of the base-modified nucleotides 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-aminopurine, 6-chloropurine, and inosine which would make a different number of H-bonds with the template base depending on base pair geometry. Watson-Crick base pairing appears to play an important role in the selection of nucleotide analogues for insertion opposite C and T as evidenced by the decrease in the relative insertion efficiencies with a decrease in the number of Watson-Crick H-bonds and an increase in the number of donor-donor and acceptor-acceptor interactions. The selectivity of nucleotide insertion is greater opposite the 5'-T than the 3'-T of the thymine dimer, in accord with previous work suggesting that the 5'-T is held more rigidly than the 3'-T. Furthermore, insertion of A opposite both Ts of the dimer appears to be mediated by Watson-Crick base pairing and not by Hoogsteen base pairing based on the almost identical insertion efficiencies of A and 7-deaza-A, the latter of which lacks H-bonding capability at N7. The relative efficiencies for insertion of nucleotides that can form Watson-Crick base pairs parallel those for the Klenow fragment, whereas the Klenow fragment more strongly discriminates against mismatches, in accord with its greater shape selectivity. These results underscore the importance of H-bonding and Watson-Crick base pair geometry in the selection of nucleotides by both pol eta and the Klenow fragment, and the lesser role of shape selection in insertion by pol eta due to its more open and less constrained active site.
Ultralow-threshold (50 A/cm2) strained single-quantum-well GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb lasers emitting at 2.05 μm (1998)

Strained single-quantum-well, broadened-waveguide GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb diode lasers have exhibited room-temperature threshold current densities as low as 50 A/cm2, one of the lowest values reported for diode lasers at room temperature. These lasers, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, have emission wavelengths of ∼2.05 μm, characteristic temperature of 65 K, internal quantum efficiency of 95%, and internal loss coefficient of 7 cm−1. Single-ended cw power of 1 W is obtained for a 100-μm aperture.
Longitudinal measures of RNA expression and disease activity in FSHD muscle biopsies (2020)

Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) have led to the discovery of candidate therapeutics, and it is important to identify markers of disease activity to inform clinical trial design. For drugs that inhibit DUX4 expression, measuring DUX4 or DUX4-target gene expression might be an interim measure of drug activity; however, only a subset of FHSD muscle biopsies shows evidence of DUX4 expression. Our prior study showed that MRI T2-STIR-positive muscles had a higher probability of showing DUX4 expression than muscles with normal MRI characteristics. In the current study, we performed a 1-year follow-up assessment of the same muscle with repeat MRI and muscle biopsy. There was little change in MRI characteristics over the 1-year period and, similar to the initial evaluation, MRI T2-STIR-postive muscles had a higher expression of DUX4-regulated genes, as well as genes associated with inflammation, extracellular matrix and cell cycle. Compared to the initial evaluation, overall the level of expression in these gene categories remained stable over the 1-year period; however, there was some variability for each individual muscle biopsied. The pooled data from both the initial and 1-year follow-up evaluations identified several FSHD subgroups based on gene expression, as well as a set of genes-composed of DUX4-target genes, inflammatory and immune genes and cell cycle control genes-that distinguished all of the FSHD samples from the controls. These candidate markers of disease activity need to be replicated in independent datasets and, if validated, may provide useful measures of disease progression and response to therapy.
Ligand-elaboration as a strategy for engendering structural diversity in porous metal–organic framework compounds (2008)

A series of 4,4'-ethynylenedibenzoic acids were synthesized and used in the construction of Zn-based, mixed-ligand metal-organic frameworks; through variation of functionality in the 3- and 3'-positions of these linkers, a collection of MOFs with differing connectivities and varying levels of interpenetration was obtained.
Detection of photoinduced electronic, thermal, and acoustic dynamics of gold film using a transient reflecting grating method under three types of surface plasmon resonance conditions (1998)

Mechanisms of unusual signal enhancement observed for transient reflecting grating (TRG) experiments are investigated under three types of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions, where two pump beams only, a probe beam only, or two pump beams and a probe beam, excite surface plasmon. A gold thin film deposited on a glass prism is measured in the Kretschmann configuration with a temporal resolution of tens of picoseconds. The signal under each SPR condition exhibits different characteristic features in signal intensity and transient behavior unlike the usual non-SPR TRG experiments. Under SPR with pump beams, high conversion efficiency from light to heat allows detection of a TRG signal 11 times larger in magnitude and much lower in background level than under a non-SPR with them. Under SPR with the probe beam, diffraction caused by heat-induced spatial modulation as described by complex reflection Fresnel coefficients is theoretically proved to enhance the TRG signal and to change transient behavior, which provides a way to get selective observation of heat diffusion near the surface. When both pump and probe beams excite surface plasmons, an additional signal is observed, almost at the same time as the optical pulse, having 100 times larger intensity than the other signals, which is due to electrons excited at the gold surface.
[Study of the pharmacodynamic activity of daflon 500 mg]. (1998)

Daflon 500 mg, micronized purified flavonoid fraction, composed of 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin, possesses venotonic and vasculoprotective pharmacological properties, it reinforces venous tone by prolonging the activity of parietal norepinephrine. The pharmacodynamic properties of Daflon 500 mg were demonstrated by mercury stress gauge venous occlusion plethysmography during a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 10 women not presenting any venous disease. Venous tone was significantly reinforced by the 1st hour after a single dose of 2 tablets of Daflon 500 mg. This effect persisted for 4 to 24 hours according to the mode of administration. The rapid action of Daflon 500 mg is due to micronization of its active ingredient into particles less than 2 microns, thereby considerably increasing its absorption.
Morphological investigations of ordered gel formation in polyelectrolytes (1972)

Abstract The diffusion of certain counter ions, such as T1, Ni, Cd or Zn ions, into the anionic polyelectrolyte Na‐cellulose xanthate results in ionotropic formation of ordered gels. These gels show birefringence, swelling anisotropy, ion exchange capability, and, under certain condition, capillary structure. The gel structure depends on the ion species. The factors affecting the capillary structure can advantageously be investigated with Zn‐and Tl‐cellulose xanthate gels. The gels formed under various geometrical arrangements have been investigated by optical, polarization and electron microscopy. The concept of the formation of ordered gels and capillaries is discussed. The gel properties (birefringence, coherent network structure, membrane and capillary structure) are maintained after splitting off the‐CSSH groups of the unstable metal cellulose xanthate gels. This offers the possibility of controlling the formation of supermolecular structure in cellulose by synthesis of ionotropic polyelectrolyte gels.
Trends and opportunities for integrated real time neonatal clinical decision support (2012)

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit maintain and support life during the critical period of premature development. This research presents the challenges, trends and opportunities for integrated real time neonatal clinical decision support. We demonstrated this potential using environment known as Artemis, a clinical decision support system. A review of the current devices in the intensive care unit and neonatal practice shows the current environment and our perspective for the future of the neonatal clinical decision support. The study demonstrates that Artemis will be able to incorporate new data streams from infusion pumps, EEG monitors and cerebral oxygenation monitors innovating the practice and improving the clinical support.
Detection of Early Human Papillomavirus–Associated Cancers by Liquid Biopsy (2019)

With an updated understanding of HPV subtypes and sequence variation, HPV ctDNA by ddPCR is highly sensitive and specific, identifying HPV16 and HPV33 subtypes in a similar distribution as reported in major genomic profiling studies. The detection of small tumors indicates that HPV16 and HPV33 ctDNA ddPCR could be readily used in early detection screening trials and in disease response monitoring, analogous to Epstein-Barr virus DNA.