gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gustatory response in the shimaisaki (tigerfish) Therapon oxyrhynchus. (1985)

The gustatory sensitivity of the shimaisaki (tigerfish) Therapon oxyrhynchus to a variety of extractive constituents of organisms was studied by recording the neural responses from the facial nerve innervating the anterior palate. The test stimulants included amino acids, peptides, sugars, organic acids and bases, nucleotides and their derivatives and nitrogenous excretory substances.The palatal receptors of the shimaisaki responded well to amino acids, peptides, glycinebetaine and nucleotides. Their sensitivity to some of them was high; the threshold for glycine, the most effective compound presently found, was as low as 10-10 to 10-9 M. Some other amino acids and glycinebetaine also had a fairly low threshold of 10-8-10-9 M.
Ultralow-crosstalk, strictly non-blocking microring-based optical switch (2019)

We report on the first monolithically integrated microring-based optical switch in the switch-and-select architecture. The switch fabric delivers strictly non-blocking connectivity while completely canceling the first-order crosstalk. The 4×4 switching circuit consists of eight silicon microring-based spatial (de-)multiplexers interconnected by a Si/SiN dual-layer crossing-free central shuffle. Analysis of the on-state and off-state power transfer functions reveals the extinction ratios of individual ring resonators exceeding 25 dB, leading to switch crosstalk suppression of up to over 50 dB in the switch-and-select topology. Optical paths are assessed, showing losses as low as 0.1 dB per off-resonance ring and 0.5 dB per on-resonance ring. Photonic switching is actuated with integrated micro-heaters to give an ∼24 GHz passband. The fully packaged device is flip-chip bonded onto a printed circuit board breakout board with a UV-curved fiber array.
Total Synthesis of (−)-CP<sub>2</sub>-Disorazole C<sub>1</sub> (2011)

The total synthesis of a bis-cyclopropane analog of the antimitotic natural product (-)-disorazole C(1) was accomplished in 23 steps and 1.1% overall yield. A vinyl cyclopropane cross-metathesis reaction generated a key (E)-alkene segment of the target molecule. IC(50) determinations of (-)-CP(2)-disorazole C(1) in human colon cancer cell lines indicated low nanomolar cytotoxic properties. Accordingly, this synthetic bioisostere represents the first biologically active disorazole analog not containing a conjugated diene or polyene substructure element.
WristUnlock: Secure and Usable Smartphone Unlocking with Wrist Wearables (2019)

We propose WristUnlock, a novel technique that uses a wrist wearable to unlock a smartphone in a secure and usable fashion. WristUnlock explores both the physical proximity and secure Bluetooth connection between the smartphone and wrist wearable. There are two modes in WristUnlock with different security and usability features. In the WristRaise mode, the user raises his smartphone in his natural way with the same arm carrying the wrist wearable; the smartphone gets unlocked if the acceleration data on the smartphone and wrist wearable satisfy an anticipated relationship specific to the user himself. In the WristTouch mode, the wrist wearable sends a random number to the smartphone through both the Bluetooth channel and a touch-based physical channel; the smartphone gets unlocked if the numbers received from both channels are equal. We thoroughly analyze the security of WristUnlock and confirm its high efficacy through detailed experiments.
Preservation of Periodically Poled Structures in Zn-Diffused LiNbO<sub> 3</sub> Waveguides (2000)

In this work, the formation of optical waveguides in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) substrates by Zn-diffusion from vapour phase is studied. It has been found that the diffusion of the Zn ions is homogeneous in the PPLN substrates and the optical waveguides can be fabricated with the same parameters used in single-domain lithium niobate. The periodic ferroelectric domain pattern initially present in the substrate is preserved in the waveguides.
An attractive, reshapable material (2019)

Jamming the nanoparticles of a ferrofluid on droplet surfaces creates a soft ferromagnet
Retinal detachment. (2014)

In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: corticosteroids, daunorubicin, fluorouracil plus low molecular weight heparin, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, short-acting or long-acting gas tamponade, silicone oil tamponade, and vitrectomy.
Effect of phenolic monomers on biomass and hydrolytic enzyme activities of an anaerobic fungus isolated from wild nil gai (<i>Baselophus tragocamelus</i>) (2003)

It is concluded that the anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. FNG5 is tolerant to phenolic monomers and has ability to degrade them. Therefore, such anaerobic fungi may play an important role in fibre degradation in the rumen.
A real-time radix-2-based median filtering algorithm (2002)

The author presents a real-time radix-2-based median filtering algorithm that computes the median bit by bit by successively using the majority rule and the previously computed bits. It determines the kth bit of the median by finding the Kth bit majority of the samples. In addition to the O(n) average computational complexity for n samples, the algorithm offers a simple real-time implementation using hardware that grows gradually with n. The radix-2-based median filter can be designed to find the approximate median with a maximum error of 2/sup k-q/-1 by determining only q most significant bits of the median. The approximate median filter has an increase of speed by a factor of 1-q/k, where k is the word length.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bone Marrow Transplantation Versus Prolonged Intensive Chemotherapy for Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and an Initial Bone Marrow Relapse Within 12 Months of the Completion of Primary Therapy: Children's Oncology Group Study CCG-1941 (2006)

More than one half of patients died, failed reinduction, or relapsed again before 3 months after CR2 (median time to BMT). Intent-to-treat pair-wise comparison of ABMT with CT, CT with CBMT, and CBMT with ABMT yields hazards of 1.2, 1.1, 0.8 with P values of .56, .80, and .36, respectively. Outcomes remain similar and poor for children with ALL and early marrow relapse. BMT is not a complete answer to the challenge of ALL and early marrow relapse.
Space charge, plasma potential and electric field distributions in HiPIMS discharges of varying configuration (2013)

An electron-emitting (emissive) probe has been used to study the temporal and spatial distribution of the plasma potential during high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharges with various substrate and magnetic field configurations. The average power was 700 W, with a repetition frequency of 100 Hz and pulse duration of 100 µs. Strongly negative plasma potentials exceeding −300 V and electric fields up to 10 kV m−1, caused by strong separation of charges with net charge carrier densities Δn of about 1014 m−3, were observed during the ignition of the discharge. The spatial distribution of the plasma potential in the stable stage of the discharge showed values consistently 5 V more negative for a floating substrate compared with a grounded one, so enhancing electron transport around the insulated substrate to grounded walls. However, this change in the electrical configuration of the plasma does not alter significantly the fraction of ionized sputtered particles (of about 30%) that can potentially reach the substrate. By changing the degree of unbalance of the sputtering source, we find a strong correlation between the electric field strength in the magnetic trap (created through charge separation) and the absolute value (and shape) of the magnetic field. For the more unbalanced magnetron, a flattening of the plasma potential structure (decrease in the axial electric field) was observed close to the target. Our findings show in principle that manipulation of the potential barrier close to the target through changing the magnetic field can regulate the proportion of sputtered and ionized species reaching the substrate.
Une approche statistique pour l'optimisation du MPEG-2/4 AAC (Advanced Audio Coder) en mode stéréophonique matricé (MS stéréo) (2003)

The MS stereo mode improves the efficiency of a MPEG Advanced Audio Coder when Left and Right channels are highly correlated. Yet, the optimization procedure is more complex, as since the perceptual criteria does not depend on the quantized channels. We propose a new optimization method based on a statistical model for the quantization. Compared to the standard algorithm, this new method improves the audio quality.
Destination buffering for low-bandwidth audio transmissions using redundancy-based error control (2002)

Digital audio is becoming increasingly prevalent with the advent of software for Internet telephony and real-time audio playback for World Wide Web browsers. Since audio quality depends on timely delivery of the packet stream, protocol mechanisms must address the control of delays and packet losses in an integrated fashion. Two critical mechanisms for high-quality audio delivery are the receiver buffering strategy and error control. Buffering at the audio receiver is required for continuous playback in the presence of network delay variations (jitter), and a number of algorithms have been proposed. Timely recovery of packet loss protects audio quality against network errors. Recent work has suggested the effectiveness of an approach that sends multiple copies of the audio data in consecutive packets so that small burst losses in the network are overcome. Packet-level traces of Internet audioconferencing software were collected over a network path including LANs and a 28.8 kbits/s dial-up connection. Using these traces in simulations, receiver buffering strategies for controlling packet jitter and for supporting redundancy-based error control are examined. The study determines that jitter control algorithms will not generally provide adequate buffering when the requirements of error control are included. This observation leads to a proposed modification for one popular jitter control algorithm, and the performance trade-offs are explored.
Subjective assessment of computer-simulated telephone calling signals (1970)

An experimental family of tones intended as telephone calling signals was generated by computer simulation. The synthesis technique allowed systematic manipulation of the parameters of the tones. Selected results of the computations were submitted to listeners for evaluative judgments. The evaluative data were analyzed by a multidimensional method that reveals the perceptual dimensions on which listeners' opinions differ. The dimensions thus defined were interpreted in terms of the parameters of the synthesis.
Demonstration of thermal emission control (2010)

In this paper, we describe our efforts to control the thermal emission from a surface utilizing structured surfaces with metal/dielectric interfaces. The goal was not to eliminate the emission, but to control the output direction and spectrum. We focus on methods that lead to high emissivity at grazing angles, with low emission near normal. We describe the fabrication and measurement of large passive devices (15×15 mm) and arrays of smaller chips for thermal emission control in the longwave infrared (8 to 12 micron) spectral region. All the devices consist of a metal base layer covered with dielectric/metal posts or lines, 0.5 microns tall. The posts (0.9×0.9 micron) and lines (0.3 micron wide) are subwavelength. One-dimensional and two-dimensional devices with a 3 micron pitch will be shown. The devices are measured with both a hemispherical directional reflectometer and a variable angle directional emissometer. Both simulated and experimental results show the thermal emission effectively limited to a small spectral region and grazing angles from the surface (≥ 80°) in stark contrast to the typical Lambertian radiation seen from unstructured material. Finally, the effect of this thermal emission control is illustrated using an infrared camera.
Enzymes for the feed industry: past, present and future (2006)

AbstractThe commercial application of enzymes as a feed additive has a history of less than 20 years. During this period, the feed enzyme industry came into existence and it has gone through several phases of development. The first phase was the use of enzymes to enhance nutrient digestibility, focusing primarily on removing the anti-nutritive effects of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), such as arabinoxylans and β-glucans, from broiler diets based on viscous grains like wheat, rye, barley or triticale. During the early 1990s, the scope of enzyme application expanded to consider nutrients other than NSP and benefits other than digestibility enhancement. Phytase is a prime example, where not only was it used to increase the utilisation of phytate P, but also to alleviate environmental burdens by reducing P excretion in the excreta. The industry then started to advocate enzyme addition to poultry diets based on non-viscous grains, such as sorghum and corn. Although such a use is not uncommon in some parts of the world, the industry is still in search for highly efficacious enzymes for non-viscous cereal grains. The next phase is the application of enzymes to non-cereal grain components of the diet. These vegetable protein sources are often high in NSP, which are poorly characterised in regard to their molecular structures. Significant progress has been made on characterisation of the NSP in soybean, but the industry has not been able to produce commercially viable products that consistently improve the digestibility of vegetable proteins. The enzyme industry today is constantly searching for new areas of application. Some recent data demonstrate the role of glycanases (charbohydrate degrading enzymes) as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics. It is possible to produce enzymes tailored for (a) the generation of specific low molecular weight carbohydrates in vivo, which, in turn, produce specific health outcomes in birds; (b) de-activation of anti-nutrients other than NSP and phytate, and (c) degrading of non-conventional feed resources to yield ME. The development of enzyme technology needs to go hand in hand with better characterisation of substrate structures, the gut microflora, and the immune system.Keywords:: enzymesNSPpoultrymicroflora
[Frequency of MDR-TB/XDR-TB strains isolated from chronic pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Japan]. (2007)

We performed drug susceptibility testing for 434 clinical isolates which were culture-positive at shortest 2 years after registration. No. of MDR-TB patients was 321 and that of XDR-TB patients was 180. The treatment outcome of these patients have to be followed up carefully at Health Centers. The frequency of amikacin resistance was relatively high. This may be due to either common use of amikacin or cross-resistance against streptomycin and kanamycin.
Production of hybrid phage displaying secreted aspartyl proteinase epitope of <i>Candida albicans</i> and its application for the diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis (2007)

The secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) of Candida albicans have been implicated as immunodominant antigens and virulence factors associated with adherence and tissue invasion. A hybrid phage displaying the Sap epitope VKYTS was constructed by cloning the corresponding DNA fragments into the pfd88 vector. Similar to native Sap, the phage-displayed epitope showed reactivity to sera from mice and patients with systemic C. albicans infection but not from those with oropharyngeal candidiasis and healthy individuals on Western blot. Furthermore, a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect the anti-Sap antibody with hybrid phage displaying Sap epitope VKYTS that can be recognised by anti-Sap antibodies. Sequential sera were tested from patients and mice with systemic candidiasis and oropharyngeal candidiasis, and serum samples from healthy individuals were also included. The sensitivity and specificity were 77% and 88.3% for experimental mice, respectively. These values reached 60% and 85%, respectively, for human patients. These data indicate this phage-displayed epitope as an effective and less expensive reagent would be a valuable probe for the detection of specific Sap antibody in the sera of patients and mice with systemic C. albicans infection.
Attitudes of young adults to prenatal screening and genetic correction for human attributes and psychiatric conditions (1998)

With recent advances in DNA technology, questions have arisen as to how this technology should be appropriately used. In this article, results obtained from a survey designed to elicit attitudes of college students to prenatal testing and gene therapy for human attributes and psychiatric conditions are reported. The eleven hypothetical disease phenotypes included schizophrenia, alcoholism, tendency toward violent behavior, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression requiring medical treatment, obesity, involvement in "dangerous" sports activities, homosexuality, borderline normal IQ (80-100), proportional short stature, and inability to detect perfect pitch. Most students supported prenatal genetic testing for psychiatric disorders and behavior that might result in harm to others (i.e., tendency towards violent behavior) and found prenatal genetic testing for human attributes less desirable. However, the lack of unilateral agreement or disagreement toward any one condition or attribute suggests the potential difficulties ahead in the quest for guidelines for the application of new technologies available to manipulate the human genome.
Correction of Hyperviscosity by Apheresis (2003)

Therapeutic apheresis is an extracorporeal blood purification technique designed for the removal of either plasma (plasmapheresis) or cellular blood components (cytapheresis). One of the main indications for the use of apheresis is in the treatment of the hyperviscosity syndromes that can result from either the presence of abnormal plasma components, such as antibodies, immune complexes, paraproteins, and cryoglobulins, or the excessive increase in blood cells as seen in polycythemia, leukemias, and myeloproliferative diseases. Apheresis involves withdrawal of anticoagulated blood via a vascular catheter, separation of different blood components by either centrifugation or membrane filtration, removal of the undesired component, and reinfusion of the remaining components with replacement fluid into the patient. The centrifugal method can be intermittent or continuous, the latter being faster and fully automated, and is principally used in North America. The membrane filtration technique, mainly used in Europe and Japan, involves the filtration of blood by filters of different pore sizes. These are used sequentially in a process called double or cascade filtration, enabling removal of specific plasma pathogens without need for replacement fluids. In paraproteinemias, hyperviscosity syndrome is most commonly seen with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, followed by immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG (3) multiple myeloma. Single plasmapheresis with one plasma volume replacement (about 3 L) usually results in a dramatic improvement in patients with macrogobulinemia because of its predominant intravascular distribution, whereas repeated plasmapheresis is necessary with other types of paraproteins. Cryofiltration apheresis using a high-capacity cryofilter is specific for the removal of cryoglobulins. In leukemias with hyperleukocytosis, there are no evidence-based guidelines for use of leukapheresis, but it is commonly initiated when white blood cells (WBC) are > 100,000/microL or even with lower counts if leukostasis symptoms are present, especially in acute myeloid leukemia. Erythrocytapheresis and plateletpheresis are mostly used in the acute management of symptomatic patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis, and sickle cell disease.
Structural determinants of growth factor binding and specificity by VEGF receptor 2 (2010)

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) regulate blood and lymph vessel formation through activation of three receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR-1, -2, and -3. The extracellular domain of VEGF receptors consists of seven immunoglobulin homology domains, which, upon ligand binding, promote receptor dimerization. Dimerization initiates transmembrane signaling, which activates the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor. VEGF-C stimulates lymphangiogenesis and contributes to pathological angiogenesis via VEGFR-3. However, proteolytically processed VEGF-C also stimulates VEGFR-2, the predominant transducer of signals required for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Here we present the crystal structure of VEGF-C bound to the VEGFR-2 high-affinity-binding site, which consists of immunoglobulin homology domains D2 and D3. This structure reveals a symmetrical 22 complex, in which left-handed twisted receptor domains wrap around the 2-fold axis of VEGF-C. In the VEGFs, receptor specificity is determined by an N-terminal alpha helix and three peptide loops. Our structure shows that two of these loops in VEGF-C bind to VEGFR-2 subdomains D2 and D3, while one interacts primarily with D3. Additionally, the N-terminal helix of VEGF-C interacts with D2, and the groove separating the two VEGF-C monomers binds to the D2/D3 linker. VEGF-C, unlike VEGF-A, does not bind VEGFR-1. We therefore created VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 chimeric proteins to further study receptor specificity. This biochemical analysis, together with our structural data, defined VEGFR-2 residues critical for the binding of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Our results provide significant insights into the structural features that determine the high affinity and specificity of VEGF/VEGFR interactions.
Assisted Monitoring of Blood Glucose: Special Safety Needs for a New Paradigm in Testing Glucose (2010)

Keywords assisted monitoring of blood glucose, bloodborne infection, diabetes, glucose, hepatitis, monitor, self monitoring of blood glucose
TriPleX-Based Integrated Optical Ring Resonators for Lab-on-a-Chip and Environmental Detection (2012)

In this paper, we report experimental results of integrated optics ring resonators (RRs) based on TriPleX waveguide technology. The RRs operate in the near infrared enabling the use of very cost effective VCSELs as a light source. The experimentally obtained response of the ring resontors is in good agreement with theory, while the measured through and drop responses show very low on-chip losses. The chips show good coupling efficiencies to external fibers due to integrated spotsize convertors. The corresponding signal-to-noise ratio enables for measurements of changes in refractive index (RI) smaller than 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> RIU. The RRs are combined with an 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as a light source and prototype electronic equipment for signal processing. Several applications are described here, such as RI measurements in fluidic channels, label-free biochemical surface reactions, and gas detection in ambient atmosphere.