gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Clinical Decision Support System to Prevent Adverse Drug Events (2000)

Adverse drug events are known to be a major health problem worldwide. It is estimated that the annual costs related to these events in the United States are greater than the total costs with cardiovascular disease care. Decision support systems that assist drug ordering have demonstrated to be a powerful tool to prevent prescription errors and adverse drug events. On the other hand, some issues related to the development, implementation, configuration, and evaluation of these decision support systems still need further research. This paper presents the development and evaluation of a decision support system prototype that helps with the prevention of adverse drug events by detecting drug-drug interactions in drug orders. The structure of the system tries to solve some of the problems described by the literature, such as integration with hospital information systems, adaptability to local needs, and knowledge base maintenance. The proposed model has shown to be an effective method for representing drug-drug interactions. The prototype was evaluated by a retrospective study using a dataset with 37.237 prescriptions. The system was able to detect 10.044 (27.0%) orders containing one or more drug-drug interactions. Among these interactions, 6.4% had high severity. In a future study, it is intended to apply the developed system in a real-time on-line environment, evaluating the benefits achieved in terms of improvement in medical practice and patient outcomes.
Double‐tuned <sup>31</sup>P/<sup>1</sup>H human head array with high performance at both frequencies for spectroscopic imaging at 9.4T (2020)

We developed a novel <sup>31</sup> P/<sup>1</sup> H double-tuned array for MR spectroscopic imaging of a human brain at 9.4T. Placing both <sup>31</sup> P and <sup>1</sup> H loops in a single layer provides for high transmit efficiency at both frequencies without compromising SNR near the brain center at the <sup>31</sup> P-frequency. Addition of the cross-loops at the superior location improves the brain coverage.
Salinity Effects on Asparagus Yield and Vegetative Growth (1987)

Abstract The effect of salinity on germination, first-year growth, and spear and fern yield of asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) was determined in germination dishes, crocks, and field plots, respectively. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigating with water that contained equal weights of NaCl and CaCl 2 . Spear yield was reduced 2.0% for each unit increase in salinity above 4.1 d S · m −1 . Yield reduction was attributed primarily to a reduction in individual spear weight. Mature asparagus plants would be considered the most salt-tolerant crop commercially available. Asparagus possessed nearly the same salt tolerance for germination and spear production with soil salinities <7.2 d S·m −1 . Above 7.2 dS·m −1 , germination was less salt-tolerant. First-year growth was significantly more salt-sensitive than growth in subsequent years.
Gene Therapy for Arthritis (1994)

Arthritis is the most frequently reported chronic condition among American females, and the second most frequently reported overall (Praemer et al., 1992; Yelin, 1992). Although arthritis rarely kills, chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with lower life expectancy (Pincus and Callahan, 1992) and a dramatically impaired quality of life. Over 30 million Americans suffer from this disease, a number which will increase as the greying of society continues. Approximately 50% of those over the age of 65 years have arthritis; according to the National Center for Health Statistics (1987), arthritis is more common than hypertension, hearing impairment and heart conditions among this age group.
Additional Use of Well Test Analytical Solutions for Production Prediction (1996)

Abstract One easy way to perform multi-well production prediction is to use empirical decline-curves. These have little theoretical justification, other than in very simple cases. The other alternative is to run full-field gridded simulators, which give accurate results, but which need both complicated algorithms, and numerical know-how to be used. Ref. 1 developed a new, intermediate approach, as it described an analytical method to predict production, in a more rigorous manner than decline-curve analysis, but simpler than with a numerical simulator. It generalized for this purpose the theory of the Laplace transform to multi-well problems, accounting for their interferences. It allowed a prescribed flowing pressure or flowrate history for each well, and used the assumptions of slightly compressible fluid flow. This paper extends the existing theory to more general constraints than just p or q for each well. It also adapts the above theory to non-linear problems such as single-phase gas flow, using pseudo-pressure to account for changes in volume factor and viscosity, and a material balance correction to account for changes in compressibility. Turbulence can be treated as a rate-dependent skin. Some implementation choices, which enable to treat complicated constraints or geometries, are shown as well. Three examples are shown, two of which are field cases. New type-curves for multi-layer or laterally heterogeneous reservoirs are shown, and compared either with known solutions or with numerical simulations. Extensions of existing theory Basically, the relation which links pressure and flowrate for a single-well reservoir, as sketched in the Figure below, has been generalized for n wells. If the number of wells n in the reservoir is larger than 1, the solution requires a matrix inversion, as detailed in Ref. 1. The reservoir can then be considered as a linear system with n entries and n outputs. We develop here a way to extend the capabilities of our analytical approach of production prediction to complicated constraints, or to single-phase gas flow. We also verify that our approach degenerates to known solutions is symetric cases (App. C). Drawdown vs. flowing pressure constraint In most operated fields, the regulation is performed on pressure rather than on flowrate. Thus it makes sense to predict the flowrate for a given bottom hole flowing pressure pwf. But in low-permeability and/or closed reservoirs, this flowing pressure will decline with time, and the decline in flowing pressure is usually not known in advance. Moreover, a constant pwf constraint will often result in very high early time flowrates, which are not physical, because the tubing would not allow for such high flowrates. Thus it can be interesting to apply constraints other than just q(t) or pwf(t). Considering that during the plateau rate, the well flowing pressure and the average reservoir pressure will decline together, it makes sense to predict the reservoir flowrate if the wells are operated such that Pa = pavg(t) - pwf(t), which I will call drawdown, is kept constant.
Bubble Formation and Modification in the Sea and its Meteorological Significance (1957)

It is believed that the vast majority of the airborne salt nuclei arise from bursting bubbles at the air—sea water interface. Four natural mechanisms for the production of these bubbles have been studied. These are whitecaps, rain, snow and supersaturation of the surface waters of the sea due to spring warming. The bubble spectra from whitecaps and snowflakes have been measured and semi-quantitative and qualitative observations have been made on the bubble spectrum produced by raindrops. No evidence of bubble production by spring warming has been obtained. All of the measurements show that a majority of the bubbles are < 200 microns diameter and, in the case of bubbles from snowflakes, < 50 microns. In the vicinity of a breaking wave the bubble production rate is about 30 cm−2 sec−1. Due to the effects of surface tension in increasing the bubble internal pressure all bubbles < 300 microns will go into solution even at sea water air saturations of 102 percent. Bubbles < 20 microns will go into solution at saturations up to 115 percent! The solution time for small bubbles of about 10 microns is about 10 sec and is not markedly affected by the water saturation percentage. It is concluded that the effects of the rate of solution of bubbles in sea water can, under some conditions, play a significant role in modifying the initial bubble spectrum. This, in turn, should influence the spectrum of airborne nuclei.
Sensors and Actuators (2017)

Microsensors have become an essential element in many measurement systems, finding countless applications in industrial monitoring, factory automation, the automotive industry, transportation, telecommunications, computers and robotics, environmental monitoring, health care, and biotechnology. A substantial driving force behind this progress comes from developments in semiconductor fabrication technology and in electronic signal processing. With the development of microprocessors and application-specific integrated circuits, signal processing has become cheap, accurate, and reliable. Sensors continue to lag behind electronics in terms of cost/performance ratios, however, due largely to the lack of general-purpose sensor elements that can be manufactured and packaged in the same way as electronic components. There are many commercial opportunities in the sensor area, and many new sensor technologies and devices are being developed. New products and companies are emerging from this effort, stimulating further investment in this area. Application of sensors brings new dimensions to products in the form of performance, convenience, cost savings, and increased safety.
Canavan disease: A white matter disorder (2006)

Breakdown of oligodendrocyte-neuron interactions in white matter (WM), such as the loss of myelin, results in axonal dysfunction and hence a disruption of information processing between brain regions. The major feature of leukodystrophies is the lack of proper myelin formation during early development or the onset of myelin loss late in life. These early childhood WM diseases are described as hypomyelination or dysmyelination arising from a primary block in normal myelin synthesis because of a genetic mutation expressed in oligodendrocytes, or failure in myelination secondary to neuronal or astroglial dysfunctions (van der Knaap 2001 Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 43:705-712). Here, we describe the pathophysiological parameters of Canavan disease (CD), caused by genetic mutations of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, a metabolic enzyme restricted in the central nervous system (CNS) to oligodendrocytes. CD presents pathophysiological dysfunctions similar to diseases caused by myelin gene mutations, such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and several animal models, such as myelin deficient rat (md), jimpy (jp), shiverer (sh), and quaking (qk viable) mutant mice. These single gene mutations have pleiotropic effects, whereby the alteration of one myelin gene expression disrupts functional expression of other oligodendrocyte genes with an outcome of hypomyelination/dysmyelination. Among all of the known leukodystrophies, CD is the first disorder, which was approved and tested for the adeno-associated virus vector (AAV)-ASPA gene therapy (Leone et al. 2000 Ann. Neurol. 48:27-38; Janson et al. 2001 Trends Neurosci. 24:706-712) without much success following the first two attempts. ASPA gene delivery attempts in animal models have shown a lowering of N-acetyl L-aspartate and a change in motor functions, while sponginess of the WM, a characteristic of CD remained unchanged (Matalon et al. 2003 Mol. Ther. 7 (5, Part 1):580-587; McPhee et al. 2005 Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 135:112-121) even with better viral serotype and delivery of the gene during early phase of development (Klugmann et al. 2005 Mol. Ther. 11:745-753). While different approaches are being sought for the success of gene therapy, there are pivotal developmental questions to address regarding the specific regions of the CNS and cell lineages that become the target for the onset and progression of CD symptoms from early to late stages of development.
Detection of point mutations in the K-ras oncogene at codon 12 in pure pancreatic juice for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma (1994)

Detection of K-ras mutation at codon 12 in pancreatic juice is highly specific for diagnosing pancreatic duct cell carcinoma and may be a valuable diagnostic modality for pancreatic carcinoma and for differentiating chronic pancreatitis from carcinoma.
ChemInform Abstract: KNI‐272, a Highly Selective and Potent Peptidic HIV Protease Inhibitor (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Optical spatial modulation OFDM using micro LEDs (2014)

This paper investigates the performance of optical spatial modulation (OSM) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) based visible light communication (VLC) system. Gallium nitride micro light emitting diodes (μLEDs) are used as transmitters. The performance of the OSM-OFDM system is analyzed as a function of the spatial separation, d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> and the half-power semi-angle, φ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sub> of the transmitter μLEDs. OSM-OFDM is compared with a standard optical spatial multiplexing (OSMX) OFDM system. The achievable data rate and the computational complexity are considered as performance metrics. The simulation results show that OSMX-OFDM can achieve higher data rates than OSM-OFDM. At the same time, however, OSM-OFDM attains a significantly lower BER and computational complexity than OSMX-OFDM.
3D Collagen Orientation Study of the Human Cornea Using X-ray Diffraction and Femtosecond Laser Technology (2009)

In the posterior two thirds of the human cornea, collagen lies predominantly in the vertical and horizontal meridians (directed toward the four major rectus muscles), whereas collagen in the anterior third of the cornea is more isotropic. The predominantly orthogonal arrangement of collagen in the mid and posterior stroma may help to distribute strain in the cornea by allowing it to withstand the pull of the extraocular muscles, whereas the more isotropic arrangement in the anterior cornea may play an important role in the biomechanics of the cornea by resisting intraocular pressure while at the same time maintaining corneal curvature.
Detection of Multiple Heartbeats Using Doppler Radar (2006)

Doppler radar life sensing has shown promise in medical and security applications. The current paper considers the problem of determining the number of persons in a given area (e.g., a room) using the Doppler shift due to heartbeat. The signal is weak and time-varying, and therefore poses a complicated signal processing problem. We develop a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) based on a model of the heartbeat, and show that this can be used to distinguish between the presence of 2, 1, or 0 subjects, even with a single antenna. We further extend this to N antennas. The results show that one can expect to detect up to 2N-1 subjects using this technique
Triple product wavelet integrals for all-frequency relighting (2004)

This paper focuses on efficient rendering based on pre-computed light transport, with realistic materials and shadows under all-frequency direct lighting such an environment maps. The basic difficulty is representation and computation in the 6D space of light direction, view direction, and surface position. While image-based and synthetic methods for real-time rendering have been proposed, they do not scale to high sampling rates with variation of both lighting and viewpoint. Current approaches are therefore limited to lower dimensionality (only lighting or viewpoint variation, not both) or lower sampling rates (low frequency lighting and materials). We propose a new mathematical and computational analysis of pre-computed light transport. We use factored forms, separately pre-computing and representing visibility and material properties. Rendering then requires computing triple product integrals at each vertex, involving the lighting, visibility and BRDF. Our main contribution is a general analysis of these triple product integrals, which are likely to have broad applicability in computer graphics and numerical analysis. We first determine the computational complexity in a number of bases like point samples, spherical harmonics and wavelets. We then give efficient linear and sublinear-time algorithms for Haar wavelets, incorporating non-linear wavelet approximation of lighting and BRDFs. Practically, we demonstrate rendering of images under new lighting and viewing conditions in a few seconds, significantly faster than previous techniques.
Effects of cyclic AMP and gibberellic acid on lettuce hypocotyl elongation and mechanical properties of its cell wall (1972)

Journal Article Effects of cyclic AMP and gibberellic acid on lettuce hypocotyl elongation and mechanical properties of its cell wall Get access Seiichiro Kamisaka, Seiichiro Kamisaka 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-kuOsaka 558, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hiroshi Sano, Hiroshi Sano 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai 980 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masayuki Katsumi, Masayuki Katsumi 3Department of Biology, International Christian UniversityMitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yoshio Masuda Yoshio Masuda 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-kuOsaka 558, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 13, Issue 1, February 1972, Pages 167–173, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a074715 Published: 01 February 1972 Article history Received: 30 September 1971 Published: 01 February 1972
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Histopathological and clinical evaluation of Kombucha tea and Nitrofurazone on cutaneous full-thickness wounds healing in rats: an experimental study (2013)

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1107407136102196.
Brain microbleeds and Alzheimer’s disease: innocent observation or key player? (2011)

Brain microbleeds are small dot-like lesions appearing as hyposignals on gradient echo magnetic resonance sequences. In Alzheimer's disease, brain microbleeds are of special interest as they may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology. They may be a missing link between two important theories on the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease-the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the vascular hypothesis. Moreover, they may affect the clinical course of the disease and may have therapeutic consequences. The aim of this article is to review available data to understand the meaning of brain microbleeds in clinical terms and underlying pathology in the context of Alzheimer's disease. We also review the available evidence and highlight the pitfalls of our current knowledge on brain microbleeds in the setting of clinical trials design.
Preheating of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties (2016)

Ti6Al4V parts produced by Selective Laser Melting need to undergo post process heat treatments for two reasons. The first is to relieve the residual stresses and the second is to transform the martensitic α’ microstructure to a more ductile mixture of α+β. The extra process step increases the price and lead time, while the latter is one of the benefits of producing parts with Additive Manufacturing. This research shows that preheating the base plate up to 400°C reduces residual stress by 50% and induces the presence of β phase in the final microstructure. However, excessive pickup of oxygen and nitrogen at high preheating temperatures reduced rather than increased the ductility. With the necessary hardware adaptations, preheating can be a useful tool to eliminate the need for post process heat treatments.
Packet phone (1998)

Why would anyone want to transmit voice over the creaky, packet-based Internet? In this paper, the author looks for some answers to the great conundrum of modern communications.
The Interaction of Caffeine with Several Aliphatic Organic Dibasic Acids in Solid State (1980)

The formation of solid complex of caffeine and aliphatic organic dibasic acid was tried in aqueous solution. Consequently, solid complexes were formed out of caffeine with oxalic acid, maleic acid and malonic acid at a molar ratio of 2 : 1, and with glutamic acid at a ratio of 1 : 1. However, no solid complexes with succinic acid and adipic acid were formed. The smaller the pKa of organic dibasic acids, the easier the formation of solid complexes was. Although the pK2 of glutamic acid was larger than that of succinic acid, the attempt to form solid complex with succinic acid was successful, probably because of the fact that the solubility of glutamic acid against water was much larger than that of succinic acid. The type of bonding of caffeine with organic dibasic acid was considered to be an intermolecular hydrogen bond between-COOH of organic acid and nitrogen at the 9-position of caffeine. With a decrease in pK2, organic acid had a tendency to be stabilized thermally by the formation of its solid complex and its heat of reaction to form solid complex from crystals of its component also increased.
Gastric Acid Secretion and Serum Gastrin Levels in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure on Regular Hemodialysis (1980)

Previous studies of gastric secretory function and serum gastrin levels in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) have yielded conflicting results. In a study of 30 patients on regular hemodialysis, serum gastrin levels were higher than normal (p less than 0.05), and the gastric secretory response to pentagastrin was normal for the group as a whole. There were, however, 8 patients who were hypochlorhydric (4 achlorhydric) and 7 who were hyperchlorhydric. The patients with gastric hyposecretion were older, predominantly male and this group was associated with the highest gastrin levels as well as the highest incidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Chronic gastritis is thus more common in CRF than generally believed and may be responsible for much of the morbidity from gastrointestinal complications during hemodialysis.
The effects of linearly increasing flip angles on 3D inflow MR angiography (1994)

As recently demonstrated, spin saturation effects in 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography (MRA) can be reduced by using RF pulses with linearly increasing flip angles (ramp pulses) in the main direction of flow. We developed a model for calculating the signal distribution of proton flow within the excitation volume (slab) for different ramp slopes and compared the results with the measured distribution for the lower-leg arteries. The ramp pulses were generated using the Fourier transformation of the desired excitation profiles. With a bandwidth of 6 kHz and a pulse length of 2.56 ms satisfactory ramps with variable slopes were generated and applied in a standard flow-compensated 3D FISP sequence. The effects on the signal distribution in the resulting angiograms of the lower limbs revealed a considerable reduction of saturation losses in agreement with the calculations. Calculated optimal ramp slopes are provided for flow velocities ranging from 5 to 50 cm/s and excitation volumes ranging from 5 to 25 cm.