gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Olfactory Receptors and Odor Coding in Mammals (2004)

Humans and other mammals perceive a vast number of volatile chemicals as having distinct odors. This ability derives from the existence of a large family of olfactory receptors that number about 350 in man and 1000 in mice. Individual odorants activate distinct combinations of olfactory receptors, generating an immense array of combinatorial receptor codes that define odorant identities. Sensory neurons in the nose express only one receptor type each and connect to the olfactory bulb in a spatially organized manner that yields a stereotyped sensory map. A secondary projection from the bulb to the cortex transforms receptor inputs, generating another, different stereotyped map that may permit the integration of inputs from combinations of receptors. Another olfactory structure in the nasal septum of animals, the vomeronasal organ, has two additional receptor families that detect pheromones and induce hormonal and behavioral responses through a different projection to the brain.
Position-dependent variegation of a CD4 minigene with targeted expression to mature CD4+ T cells (1997)

The CD4 gene follows a complex and highly regulated pattern of expression throughout T cell development. This expression is governed by different regulatory elements that have been partly identified, including a promoter, a proximal enhancer, and a silencer. Here we show that a CD4 minigene comprising a combination of these elements is specifically expressed in mature CD4+ T cells of transgenic mice, but not in CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes. The proportion of transgene-expressing CD4+ T cells was constant within a given transgenic line, but varied greatly from one line to another. We demonstrate that this pattern of expression is due to integration of the transgene within or in the vicinity of centromeric heterochromatin. This position-effect variegation demonstrated with a short CD4 transgene has not been observed with larger ones containing additional regulatory sequences, suggesting that the CD4 gene contains a locus control region. Such position-dependent effects must be taken into consideration when developing transgenic models or gene transfer vectors because they can result in the absence of transgene expression in a subpopulation of target cells. Finally, the combination of the CD4 gene silencer, proximal enhancer, and promoter provides an interesting tool to selectively express genes of interest in mature CD4+ T cells of transgenic mice and for the development of gene therapy vectors.
Evidence for glycosylation sites on the 45-kilodalton glycoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1995)

The occurrence of glycosylated proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been widely reported. However, unequivocal proof for the presence of true glycosylated amino acids within these proteins has not been demonstrated, and such evidence is essential because of the predominance of soluble lipoglycans and glycolipids in all mycobacterial extracts. We have confirmed the presence of several putative glycoproteins in subcellular fractions of M. tuberculosis by reaction with the lectin concanavalin A. One such product, with a molecular mass of 45 kDa, was purified from the culture filtrate. Compositional analysis demonstrated that the protein was rich in proline and that mannose, galactose, glucose, and arabinose together represented about 4% of the total mass. The 45-kDa glycoprotein was subjected to proteolytic digestion with either the Asp-N or the Glu-C endopeptidase or subtilisin, peptides were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and glycopeptides were identified by reaction with concanavalin A. Peptides were further separated, and when they were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry for neutral losses of hexoses (162 mass units), four peptides were identified, indicating that these were glycosylated with hexose residues. One peptide, with an average molecular mass of 1,516 atomic mass units (AMU), exhibited a loss of two hexose units. The N-terminal sequence of the 1,516-AMU glycopeptide was determined to be DPEPAPPVP, which was identical to the sequence of the amino terminus of the mature protein, DPEPAP PVPXTA. Furthermore, analysis of the glycopeptide by secondary ion mass spectrometry demonstrated that the complete sequence of the glycopeptide was DPEPAPPVPTTA. From this, it was determined that the 10th amino acid, threonine, was O-glycosidically linked to a disaccharide composed of two hexose residues, probably mannose. This report establishes that true, O-glycosylated proteins exist in mycobacteria.
Sister-chromatid cohesion mediated by the alternative RF-CCtf18/Dcc1/Ctf8, the helicase Chl1 and the polymerase-α-associated protein Ctf4 is essential for chromatid disjunction during meiosis II (2004)

Cohesion between sister chromatids mediated by a multisubunit complex called cohesin is established during DNA replication and is essential for the orderly segregation of chromatids during anaphase. In budding yeast, a specialized replication factor C called RF-C(Ctf18/Dcc1/Ctf8) and the DNA-polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 are required to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion in cells arrested for long periods in mitosis. We show here that CTF8, CTF4 and a helicase encoded by CHL1 are required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion in unperturbed mitotic cells, and provide evidence that Chl1 functions during S-phase. We also show that, in contrast to mitosis, RF-C(Ctf18/Dcc1/Cft8), Ctf4 and Chl1 are essential for chromosome segregation during meiosis and for the viability of meiotic products. Our finding that cells deleted for CTF8, CTF4 or CHL1 undergo massive meiosis II non-disjunction suggests that the second meiotic division is particularly sensitive to cohesion defects. Using a functional as well as a cytological assay, we demonstrate that CTF8, CHL1 and CTF4 are essential for cohesion between sister centromeres during meiosis but dispensable for cohesin's association with centromeric DNA. Our finding that mutants in fission yeast ctf18 and dcc1 have similar defects suggests that the involvement of the alternative RF-C(Ctf18/Dcc1/Ctf8) complex in sister chromatid cohesion might be highly conserved.
Schooling in India: Effects of Gender and Caste (2007)

Despite India’s free and compulsory education plan for all children up to the age of 14, a signifi cant percentage of rural Indian children do not complete school. A great majority of these unschooled children are girls. Th is article explores possible political, social, and economic explanations for the Asian Indian girl-child’s non-participation in formal schooling through immigrants’ narratives, educational reports, and fi rsthand observation in an Indian rural primary school. Analysis of data indicates class, caste, and gender socialization each contribute to the issue explored. Th e authors compare schooling issues faced by Asian Indian females to those experienced by American females, and suggest Asian Indian females may benefi t from access to privately sponsored schools designed with needs of the local population in mind.
Effect of alloying behavior on the electrical characteristics of <i>n</i>-GaAs Schottky diodes metallized with W, Au, and Pt (1973)

Electrical studies of W/n-GaAs Schottky diodes have shown that aging at 350 or 500 °C does not significantly change the forward I-V characteristics of the diodes. Using 4He+ backscattering analysis, it is shown that the W/GaAs interface of simulated diodes does not exhibit any evidence of interdiffusion or reaction. By contrast, considerable alloying occurs in both Au/GaAs and Pt/GaAs systems. In the former, Ga outdiffuses to the surface of Au and Au diffuses into GaAs upon aging at 250 or 350 °C; this has the effect of decreasing the barrier height φB from 0.9 to [inverted lazy s] 0.6 V and increasing the ideality parameter n from 1.0 to [inverted lazy s] 1.2. Interdiffusion in the Pt/GaAs couples, aged at 500 °C, results in the formation of a layered arrangement of type PtGa/PtAs2/GaAs. The PtAs2/n-GaAs interface is associated with a slightly higher φB ([inverted lazy s] 0.89 V) than that found for the Pt/n-GaAs interface (φB [inverted lazy s] 0.84 V).
The colpitts oscillator family (2008)

AbstractA tutorial study of the Colpitts family deﬂned as all oscillators based on a nonlinearampliﬂer and a three-terminal linear resonance circuit with one coil and two capacitors. The originalpatents are investigated. The eigenvalues of the linearized Jacobian for oscillators based on singletransistors or operational ampliﬂers are studied.IntroductionAn electronic is a nonlinear circuit with at least two memory components (charge,°ux or hysteresis based). When excited with a dc source an responds with a steadystate signal which may be chaotic of nature in case of more than two memory components. TheColpitts is one of the most used oscillators especially for high frequencies. The aim of thistutorial is to study Colpitts oscillators deﬂned as any made from a nonlinear ampliﬂerand a three-terminal linear resonance circuit with one coil and two capacitors called the Colpittsresonator.Electronic oscillators may be classiﬂed in families according to the kind and number of memoryelements used e.g. the common multi-vibrator family with one capacitor or one coil in connectionwith a nonlinear ampliﬂer [1], the Wien Bridge family where one RC-series and one RC-parallelcircuit occur [2], the negative resistance family where one simple LC resonance circuit occur [3],the Colpitts family where a resonance circuit with two capacitors and one coil occur or the Hartleyfamily where a resonance circuit with two coils and one capacitor occur.Many years ago when the words oscillator and electronics were not invented in connectionwith electrical circuits and systems an
Increased arginase II and decreased NO synthesis in endothelial cells of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (2004)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a fatal disease of unknown etiology characterized by impaired regulation of pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular growth, is associated with low levels of pulmonary nitric oxide (NO). Based upon its critical role in mediating vasodilation and cell growth, decrease of NO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH. We evaluated mechanisms for low NO and pulmonary hypertension, including NO synthases (NOS) and factors regulating NOS activity, i.e. the substrate arginine, arginase expression and activity, and endogenous inhibitors of NOS in patients with PAH and healthy controls. PAH lungs had normal NOS I-III expression, but substrate arginine levels were inversely related to pulmonary artery pressures. Activity of arginase, an enzyme that regulates NO biosynthesis through effects on arginine, was higher in PAH serum than in controls, with high-level arginase expression localized by immunostaining to pulmonary endothelial cells. Further, pulmonary artery endothelial cells derived from PAH lung had higher arginase II expression and produced lower NO than control cells in vitro. Thus, substrate availability affects NOS activity and vasodilation, implicating arginase II and alterations in arginine metabolic pathways in the pathophysiology of PAH.
The role of thyroid hormone in fetal and neonatal brain development (2005)

Purpose of review To understand how thyroid hormone regulates brain development it is important to identify thyroid hormone-responsive brain genes; determine how regulated expression of these genes affects brain cell development, physiology, and function; and determine how these physiologic changes affect brain function. The authors summarize recent studies contributing to the understanding of these processes and discuss important new studies that assess thyroid hormone metabolism in the developing brain. Recent findings Specific thyroid hormone transporters are expressed in the developing brain. Recent data suggest that regulated expression of these transporters may control brain thyroid hormone influx and efflux. Additional data support a role for deiodinases in controlling local iodothyronine concentrations in the developing brain. A series of recent reports assesses the role of thyroid hormone in oligodendrocyte development and axonal myelination. These data provide a cellular and molecular explanation for the hypomyelination observed in neonates that have developed in a hypothyroid state. The cerebellar Purkinje cell is another well-described target of thyroid hormone in the developing brain. A recent study provides evidence that thyroid hormone acts directly on the Purkinje cell to regulate dendritic arborization. Finally, important new data provide insight regarding the functional effects of thyroid hormone deficiency on neuronal activity. Summary Recent work has provided exciting new insights regarding the mechanisms controlling thyroid hormone action in the developing brain. It seems likely that regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism and transport during brain development is a critically important mechanism of control. Additionally, important new findings have furthered our understanding of the structural and physiologic effects of thyroid hormone deficiency and excess on brain cell function.
Noise suppression by the radial amplitude-slope rejection method (1986)

Abstract Raw geophysical data generally contain spurious noise values which, if not removed, can seriously degrade any results obtained when the data are processed. Such spurious values may be caused by "environmental" noise generated externally to the data-gathering equipment; introduced by the data-gathering equipment; or introduced during preliminary data-handling (tape copying, etc.) processes. Data-manipulation steps, such as the conversion of raw stacking velocities to interval velocities, can also generate noise components which must be removed before the results can be utilized reliably.
Defossiling Fuel: How Synthetic Biology Can Transform Biofuel Production (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVIn FocusNEXTDefossiling Fuel: How Synthetic Biology Can Transform Biofuel ProductionDavid F. Savage†, Jeffrey Way‡, and Pamela A. Silver†*View Author Information† Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115‡ EMD Serono Lexigen Research Center, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821* Corresponding author, [email protected]Cite this: ACS Chem. Biol. 2008, 3, 1, 13–16Publication Date (Web):January 18, 2008Publication History Received18 December 2007Accepted18 December 2007Published online18 January 2008Published inissue 1 January 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cb700259jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cb700259jnewsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4147Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Bioethanol,Biofuels,Energy,Hydrogen,Lipids Get e-Alerts
The Origin and Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses (2005)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) are divided into North American and European types, which show about 40% difference in their amino acid sequences. The divergence time of these two types has been estimated to be about 1980 from epidemiological data. This suggested that PRRSV have evolved at a higher evolutionary rate (order of 10(-2)/site/year) compared with other RNA viruses of 10(-3) to 10(-5)/site/year. Here, to test the evolutionary history of PRRSV speculated by the epidemiological background, we estimated the divergence time and evolutionary rate of PRRSV with molecular evolutionary analysis. Estimated divergence time (1972-1988) corresponded well to that estimated by the epidemiological data, and the evolutionary rate (4.71-9.8) x 10(-2) of PRRSV was indeed the highest among RNA viruses so far reported. Furthermore, we inferred important sites for the adaptation in order to examine how PRRSV have adapted to swine since they emerged. The adaptive sites were located not only in the epitopes related to immunity but also in the transmembrane regions including a signal peptide. In particular, the adaptive sites in the transmembrane regions were considered to affect compatibility to the host cell membrane. We conclude that PRRSV were transmitted from another host species to swine in about 1980 and have adapted to swine by altering the transmembrane regions.
Classification for Pathological Prostate Images Based on Fractal Analysis (2008)

This paper presents a new method to automatically grade pathological prostate images according to Gleason grading system. Two feature extraction methods were proposed based on fractal dimension to analyze the variations of intensity and texture complexity in images. Each image can be classified into appropriate grade by using Bayes classifier and k-Nearest-Neighbor (k-NN) classifier, respectively. Leaving-One-Out approach was used to estimate the correct classification rates. Experimental results showed that 92.86% of accuracy can be achieved by using Bayes classifier and 89.01% of accuracy can be achieved by using k-NN classifier for a set of 182 pathological prostate images.
Dynamic management of multimedia applications and multilevel QOS specification (1997)

Offering to multimedia applications an acceptable level of quality of service (QOS) is a challenging problem that need high performance mechanisms both in the network and the end systems. To provide the network with the level of service requested, QOS specification is a crucial phase. This phase is used not only for negotiations with the end system(s) but also indicating the way different media are associated, or split up, before being transmitted as a single bit stream. The use of a multilevel QOS model is discussed, as a support for QOS specification, call admission optimization and dynamic resource and connection management.
Highlights of the DNA cutters: a short history of the restriction enzymes (2013)

In the early 1950's, 'host-controlled variation in bacterial viruses' was reported as a non-hereditary phenomenon: one cycle of viral growth on certain bacterial hosts affected the ability of progeny virus to grow on other hosts by either restricting or enlarging their host range. Unlike mutation, this change was reversible, and one cycle of growth in the previous host returned the virus to its original form. These simple observations heralded the discovery of the endonuclease and methyltransferase activities of what are now termed Type I, II, III and IV DNA restriction-modification systems. The Type II restriction enzymes (e.g. EcoRI) gave rise to recombinant DNA technology that has transformed molecular biology and medicine. This review traces the discovery of restriction enzymes and their continuing impact on molecular biology and medicine.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of carbonium ion intermediates. Part II. Exchange reactions in chloro-iminium salts (Vilsmeier–Haack reagents) (1974)

Different kinds of coalescence phenomena have been observed for solutions of chloro-iminium salts. The rate of the exchange mechanism is concentration dependent. An acid–base equilibrium between the Vilsmeier complex (Me2NCHCl)+B– and the dimethylformamide is evident. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters have been calculated for different solvents and different anions B– by total line shape analysis of continuous wave and Fourier transform spectra.
[The choice of drugs and dosage for angina pectoris]. (1984)

Nitrates, betablockers an calcium antagonists are the major drugs for treating angina pectoris. Therapeutic efficacy and incidence of unwanted reactions depend on the proper choice and dosage of these agents. The type of ischemic symptoms, cardiac function, presence of sinoatrial or atrioventricular conduction anomalies, and coexistent non-cardiac disorders should be taken into account when a particular drug is selected. In patients with angina at rest a calcium antagonist is indicated in the first place, while in exercise-induced ischemia betablockers and calcium antagonists are equally effective. With regard to antianginal efficacy there are no important differences between various representatives of these drug groups, but their tolerance may markedly vary in individual patients. Combination of betablockers, calcium antagonists and/or nitrates is often required in cases with severe limitation of exercise capacity. Therapeutic guidelines for patient groups with and without congestive heart failure are suggested.
Deep brain stimulation for trauma: Patient selection and evaluation (2002)

The selection of patients with movement disorders for deep brain stimulation is becoming a common neurological and neurosurgical task. Deep brain stimulation is suitable for different forms of tremor, which can often not be treated with medication. This suitability applies for essential tremor, monosymptomatic tremor at rest, cerebellar or multiple sclerosis tremor, Holmes' tremor, primary writing tremor or tremor in neuropathies. The appropriate selection of patients is critical for the outcome of surgical relief of tremors. Considering the risks of any stereotactic intervention, the following must apply: (1) motor symptoms lead to a relevant disability in activities of daily living, despite optimal medical treatment; (2) biological age of the patient; (3) neurosurgical contraindications; (4) the patient is neither demented nor severely depressed. If these conditions are fulfilled, the individual chances of improvement of the target symptoms need to be checked, based on the following guidelines: (1) the kind of tremor, (2) the natural course of the tremor, (3) the chances for medical treatment in a particular patient, (4) the outcome of surgery in a specific condition, (5) the individual risks for a patient to suffer from complications. The outcome of surgery for tremor depends on the clinical type and distribution. Distal limb tremors are easier to treat than proximal limb tremors. Intention tremor is more difficult to treat than rest or postural tremor. The indication for surgical treatment depends on the analysis of the individual risk-benefit ratio, which also has to take into account the patients' social, professional, and familial background. The patient needs to be well informed about his individual risk-benefit ratio and of alternative treatments, before undergoing stereotactic surgery.