gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Tale Of Two Luciferins: Fungal and Earthworm New Bioluminescent Systems (2016)

Bioluminescence, the ability of a living organism to produce light through a chemical reaction, is one of Nature's most amazing phenomena widely spread among marine and terrestrial species. There are various different mechanisms underlying the emission of "cold light", but all involve a small molecule, luciferin, that provides energy for light-generation upon oxidation, and a protein, luciferase, that catalyzes the reaction. Different species often use different proteins and substrates in the process, which suggests that the ability to produce light evolved independently several times throughout evolution. Currently, it is estimated that there are more than 30 different mechanisms of bioluminescence. Even though the chemical foundation underlying the bioluminescence phenomenon is by now generally understood, only a handful of luciferins have been isolated and characterized. Today, the known bioluminescence reactions are used as indispensable analytical tools in various fields of science and technology. A pressing need for new bioluminescent analytical techniques with a wider range of practical applications stimulates the search and chemical studies of new bioluminescent systems. In the past few years two such systems were unraveled: those of the earthworms Fridericia heliota and the higher fungi. The luciferins of these two systems do not share structural similarity with the previously known ones. This Account will survey structure elucidation of the novel luciferins and identification of their mechanisms of action. Fridericia luciferin is a key component of a novel ATP-dependent bioluminescence system. Structural studies were performed on 0.005 mg of natural substance and revealed its unusual extensively modified peptidic nature. Elucidation of Fridericia oxyluciferin revealed that oxidative decarboxylation of a lysine fragment of luciferin supplies energy for light generation, while a fluorescent CompX moiety remains intact and serves as a light emitter. Along with luciferin, a number of its natural analogs were found in the extracts of worm biomass. They occurred to be highly unusual modified peptides comprising a set of amino acids, including threonine, aminobutyric acid, homoarginine, unsymmetrical N,N-dimethylarginine and extensively modified tyrosine. These natural compounds represent a unique peptide chemistry found in terrestrial animals and raise novel questions concerning their biosynthetic origin. Also in this Account we discuss identification of the luciferin of higher fungi 3-hydroxyhispidin which is biosynthesized by oxidation of the precursor hispidin, a known fungal and plant secondary metabolite. Furthermore, it was shown that 3-hydroxyhispidin leads to bioluminescence in extracts from four diverse genera of luminous fungi, thus suggesting a common biochemical mechanism for fungal bioluminescence.
Scene detection methods for MPEG-encoded video signals (2005)

This paper evaluates the performance of three scene cut detection algorithms for MPEG-coded video data. A large amount of data taken from actual video sequences is presented to evaluate the scene results. For each method, the percentage of false, as well as failed, scene detection is used as an indication of the performance of the method. The effect of the selected MPEG bit rate and resolution on the performance of the methods are further investigated, to evaluate the methods' robustness, especially in low bit rate applications. Conclusions on the appropriateness of the methodologies used in the framework of the targeted applications are finally derived.
Enhanced Light Trapping in Multiple Quantum Wells by Thin-Film Structure and Backside Grooves With Dielectric Interface (2015)

Insertion of multiple quantum wells (MQWs) into the i-region of GaAs p-i-n solar cells can shift the effective bandgap to the optimal value for single-junction solar cells under high sunlight concentration. The quantum efficiency corresponding to the absorption by MQWs must be sufficiently high for achieving high-efficiency single-junction MQW solar cells. Here, we report light-trapping thin-film MQW solar cells for increasing photoabsorption in MQWs. In order to suppress the free-carrier absorption loss and enhance the light trapping, only the active layers including MQWs were processed to a cell by flip-chip bonding and dissolution of a conductive GaAs substrate. The periodic grooves formed on the back side of the cell scattered photons in the subbandgap range and trapped light inside the cell. For absorption loss reduction in a back contact metal, a dielectric interlayer was introduced between the metal and GaAs. The light-trapping structure resulted in a fivefold increase in effective optical path length compared with the physical thickness of MQWs. External quantum efficiency at wavelengths longer than the GaAs edge exceeded 50% with only 20-period MQWs. As a result, we achieved thin-film light-trapping MQW solar cells with 20% conversion efficiency.
Study of Locomotion Control Characteristics for Six Wheels Driven In-Pipe Robot (2005)

An articulated multi-unit in-pipe wireless robot inspection system was developed for inspecting the inner surface of pipelines using MFL (magnetic flux leakage), which consists of six modules, moves in a pipe 195 mm in diameter, and can be controlled by commands from an intelligent control center through a CAN bus. The proposed robot has six wheeled driving arms fixed circumferentially 60deg apart on the robot body frame, and driving wheels, which can stretch against the pipe wall, are mounted directly on the ends of driving arms and can be driven by a single DC servo motor, respectively, to form the six active wheel driven mode. Due to the power consumption of the robot and the capacity of batteries which contradicts the creation of great traction forces with low power consumption, we have developed a new type of compact robot control mode, namely, main-subordinate control mode. The locomotion control characteristics were tested in the laboratory, and the results proved that the modular structures of the robot driving arms and its multi-motor main-subordinate control mode have advantages of great traction force and low power consumption
The Kinetics of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Gold in Alkaline Solution (1978)

The kinetics of the cathode have been examined on Au in alkaline electrolytes using the rotating ring‐disk method. Only the series mechanism is operative. The cathodic and anodic kinetic data for the couple support the mechanism
Victory in the Air? (1943)

Essay| July 01 1943 Victory in the Air? Donald W. Mitchell Donald W. Mitchell Professor of Political Science and writer for military Journals Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1943) 4 (23): 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1943.4.23.301 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Donald W. Mitchell; Victory in the Air?. Current History 1 July 1943; 4 (23): 301–305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1943.4.23.301 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1943 by The Regents of the University of California1943 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Practical reflector design and calculation for general illumination (2005)

A reflector design method that follows the standard reflector design principle but uses equations to match incident angles and reflected angles is presented. Using this method, errors introduced by traditional graphic approach are minimized if not eliminated in many cases. The resolution of the reflector profile is no longer limited. A calculation method that is capable of generating reflector profiles in (x,y) form is also presented. The methods and all results are presented for symmetric reflector configurations.
Nonparametric Subspace Analysis for Face Recognition (2005)

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a popular face recognition technique. However, an inherent problem with this technique stems from the parametric nature of the scatter matrix, in which the sample distribution in each class is assumed to be normal distribution. So it tends to suffer in the case of non-normal distribution. In this paper a nonparametric scatter matrix is defined to replace the traditional parametric scatter matrix in order to overcome this problem. Two kinds of nonparametric subspace analysis (NSA): PNSA and NNSA are proposed for face recognition. The former is based on the principal space of intra-personal scatter matrix, while the latter is based on the null space. In addition, based on the complementary nature of PNSA and NNSA, we further develop a dual NSA-based classifier framework using Gabor images to further improve the recognition performance. Experiments achieve near perfect recognition accuracy (99.7%) on the XM2VTS database.
Is it feasible for women to perform their own Pap smears? A research question in progress. (2000)

Yet another patient crosses her legs and firmly says, No. The unspoken reasons for her refusal to have a Pap smear may be numerous: past sexual abuse, childhood trauma or a fear of invasive medical interventions. If it were possible to perform your own Pap smear, would you like to learn how to do
Multiport DC/DC Converters for the More Electric Aircraft (2018)

The electrification of the transportation has shown a steady growth in the past decades. The unmistakable advantages of the electronics in terms of control capabilities, precision and the potential to reduce the pollutant emissions have been fueling this trend. The air transportation is now facing an unprecedented electrification push in the attempt to increase the aircrafts efficiency and reliability. Commercial aircrafts like the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A380 already show an overall electrical power in the MW range. In the meantime, concepts like hybrid propulsion aircrafts started to become a research reality. In this framework, the power electronics is of paramount importance to ensure an efficient and reliable power distribution and utilization. This manuscript reviews the power electronics solutions for the electrical power distribution systems. Particular attention is given to the promising technology of multiport DC/DC power converters, whose functionality is shown with a converter prototype.
Reinforcement-Learning-Based Dual-Control Methodology for Complex Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Application to Spark Engine EGR Operation (2008)

A novel reinforcement-learning-based dual-control methodology adaptive neural network (NN) controller is developed to deliver a desired tracking performance for a class of complex feedback nonlinear discrete-time systems, which consists of a second-order nonlinear discrete-time system in nonstrict feedback form and an affine nonlinear discrete-time system, in the presence of bounded and unknown disturbances. For example, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) operation of a spark ignition (SI) engine is modeled by using such a complex nonlinear discrete-time system. A dual-controller approach is undertaken where primary adaptive critic NN controller is designed for the nonstrict feedback nonlinear discrete-time system whereas the secondary one for the affine nonlinear discrete-time system but the controllers together offer the desired performance. The primary adaptive critic NN controller includes an NN observer for estimating the states and output, an NN critic, and two action NNs for generating virtual control and actual control inputs for the nonstrict feedback nonlinear discrete-time system, whereas an additional critic NN and an action NN are included for the affine nonlinear discrete-time system by assuming the state availability. All NN weights adapt online towards minimization of a certain performance index, utilizing gradient-descent-based rule. Using Lyapunov theory, the uniformly ultimate boundedness (UUB) of the closed-loop tracking error, weight estimates, and observer estimates are shown. The adaptive critic NN controller performance is evaluated on an SI engine operating with high EGR levels where the controller objective is to reduce cyclic dispersion in heat release while minimizing fuel intake. Simulation and experimental results indicate that engine out emissions drop significantly at 20% EGR due to reduction in dispersion in heat release thus verifying the dual-control approach.
Research on Preparation and Magnetic Performance of Mn-Zn Ferrites (2010)

# ,Zhongyuan zhong Rd. Zhengzhou,450007 Abstract: Mn-Zn ferrite precursor powder was prepared by co-precipitation method. The Mn-Zn ferrite was obtained by sintering after being pressed. XRD and magnetic properties of the Mn-Zn ferrite were analyzed. The results show that it is in a single phase of Mn-Zn ferrite spinel after sintering. The Mn-Zn Ferrite pos- sessed high magnetic susceptibility, the standard hysteresis loop. The magnetic susceptibility and curie tem- perature of ferrite increased gradually with the zinc volume reducing and the iron content increasing.
Nucleation and growth of InN by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition: Optical monitoring (2005)

The growth of high quality, stoichiometric InN presents a challenge because of the volatility of atomic nitrogen. To overcome the associated difficulties, a high-pressure chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) system has been developed, which has opened the avenue for achieving stoichiometric single-phase surface compositions for materials such as InN for which thermal decomposition pressures are large at optimum processing temperatures. We report results obtained during InN growth in the pressure range of 2–15bar to achieve the earlier objectives and to obtain insights into the InN nucleation and growth process. Using real-time optical ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, we characterized the chemistry of the gas-phase precursors as functions of flow, pressure, and temperature. Highly surface sensitive probing on InN nucleation and steady state growth is achieved by principal-angle-reflectance spectroscopy, allowing the characterization of surface chemistry at a submonolayer level. The InN layers grown at lower temperatures exhibit an absorption edge at 1.85eV, which is shifted towards lower energies as the growth temperatures increase. Absorption edges as low as 0.7eV are observed, values reported for molecular beam epitaxy-grown InN material. The real-time optical monitoring techniques employed demonstrated their superiority in optimizing and controlling the growth process, as well as in gaining insight in gas phase and surface chemistry processes during HPCVD.
Genetics of Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma in Korean Patients (2016)

The present study demonstrated the high prevalence of somatic KCNJ5 mutations in Korean patients with APA. Carriers of somatic KCNJ5 mutations were more likely to be female. Early diagnosis and better therapeutic outcomes were associated with somatic KCNJ5 mutations in APA.
Cultured thymus tissue implementation promotes donor-specific tolerance to allogeneic heart transplants (2020)

Eighty-six infants born without a thymus have been treated with allogeneic cultured thymus tissue implantation (CTTI). These infants, who lack T cells and are profoundly immunodeficient at birth, after CTTI from an unmatched donor develop T cells similar to those of recipient that are tolerant to both their own major histocompatibility antigens and those of the donor. We tested use of CTTI with the goal of inducing tolerance to unmatched heart transplants in immunocompetent rats. We thymectomized and T cell-depleted Lewis rats. The rats were then given cultured thymus tissue from F1 (Lewis × Dark Agouti ) under the kidney capsule and vascularized Dark Agouti (DA) heart transplants in the abdomen. Cyclosporine was administered for 4 months. The control group did not receive CTTI. Recipients with CTTI showed repopulation of naive and recent thymic emigrant CD4 T cells; controls had none. Recipients of CTTI did not reject DA cardiac allografts. Control animals did not reject DA grafts, due to lack of functional T cells. To confirm donor-specific unresponsiveness, MHC-mismatched Brown Norway (BN) hearts were transplanted 6 months after the initial DA heart transplant. LW rats with LWxDA CTTI rejected the third-party BN hearts (mean survival time 10 days); controls did not. CTTI recipients produced antibody against third-party BN donor but not against the DA thymus donor, demonstrating humoral donor-specific tolerance. Taken together, F1(LWxDA) CTTI given to Lewis rats resulted in specific tolerance to the allogeneic DA MHC expressed in the donor thymus, with resulting long-term survival of DA heart transplants after withdrawal of all immunosuppression.
Magneto-optical enhancement in sputtered epitaxial films of praseodymium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (1997)

Faraday rotation and ellipticity were measured at room temperature in the photon energy range of 1.5–4.2 eV on Y3−xPrxFe5O12 (x=0–2.0) epitaxial films grown by rf sputtering. The Pr3+ substitution induced negative rotation and ellipticity which satisfy a paramagnetic dispersion relation caused by an electronic transition centered at 3.0 eV. The maximum value of the Pr3+ contribution was −2.5×104 deg/cm in rotation and −4.1×104 deg/cm in ellipticity for x=2.0. Optical absorption measurements showed that this is a new transition induced by the coexistence of Pr3+ and Fe3+, and it is neither 4f–5d intra-atomic transition nor 4f–4f transition originating from Pr ions as previously supposed.
Experimental study and computer simulation of the effect of spider shape on the weld‐lines in extruded plastic pipe (1998)

Abstract Weld‐lines, also referred to as spider‐lines or knit‐lines, are regions in the wall of an extruded plastic pipe, running the whole length of the pipe, at which there is a change in dimension and a possible reduction in mechanical properties. Weld‐lines result from the flow of the polymer melt around the supports (spiders) that hold the metal core to the outer die assembly in an in‐line annular die. This work examines the fatigue life and the tensile strength of weld‐lines created by a conventionally shaped “torpedo” spider and four modified spider shapes. It is demonstrated that the shape of the spiders has a dramatic effect on the fatigue life of weld‐lines while having a minimal effect on the tensile strength in static loading. The experimental results show that the fatigue life of the weld‐line produced by one of the four new shaped spiders is significantly higher than that of a conventionally shaped spider. Numerical simulations of the flow field around this new and conventional spiders were carried out using the package FIDAP® based on the finite element method (FEM). The simulation results provide a good explanation for the experimental observations and show that the newly designed shape of spider can give rise to a higher relative fatigue life of the weld‐line when compared with that of the bulk material than does the conventional spider.
Construction of linguistic variables based on rule induction and concept hierarchy (2016)

Application of attribute-oriented generalization to an informatation often lead to inconsistent results of rule induction, which can be viewed as generation of fuziness with partialization of attribute information. This paper focuses on fuzzy linguistic variables and proposes a solution for inconsistencies. The results show that domain ontology may play an important role in construction of linguistic variables.
Diversity From a Monoculture: Effects of Mutation-On-Copy in a String-Based Artificial Chemistry (2010)

We have developed an artificial chemistry that allows selfmaintaining molecular systems to mutate and exhibit innovative behaviour. The molecular species in the chemistry are defined by strings of symbols that specify both the binding affinity and the reaction. We define a replicase molecule that can copy any other molecule that binds at a particular region on the replicase. Molecules are copied on a symbolby-symbol basis. Occasional mis-copying of an individual symbol forms our mutation scheme. This paper describes the characteristics of the resulting evolutionary system. We ran 1,000 open-ended trials and observed an unexpectedly wide range of emergent phenomena, with many parallels to biological systems. We report these phenomena in qualitative terms, and give details of one of the most interesting among them: the emergence of co-dependent replicase hypercycles.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands and Iron: An Effective Association for Catalysis (2013)

Abstract Although iron has been known and widely used in coordination and organometallic chemistry for decades and N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have also been used for about half a century, their combination surprisingly did not become a hot topic in chemistry until this last decade. This review presents several recent and stimulating developments in homogeneous catalysis done mainly using iron/NHC‐based catalysts. Of particular interest are the roles of iron/NHC complexes in cross‐coupling Kochi reactions, CC bond formation reactions and hydrofunctionalization, and more particularly in hydrosilylation. Our review summarizes the key developments in these fields.
Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression: potential mechanisms of action. (2005)

"Conventional" antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), bupropion, or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, are not recommended as monotherapy for bipolar depression. Although they are likely to provide effective symptom relief in combination with mood stabilizers, the risk of precipitating a switch to mania often complicates their use even as combination therapy. Recently, 2 psychotropic medications approved for treating acute mania, olanzapine and quetiapine, have also been shown to possess antidepressant activity without destabilizing mood and, as such, are potential mood stabilizers. This article aims to review the mechanism of action of conventional antidepressants and newer agents that are effective in the treatment of bipolar depression. A number of mechanisms have been postulated to play a role in the effective treatment of bipolar depression, including targets as diverse as serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and various second messenger signaling pathways. A review of the data reveals an important point of commonality among the antidepressant treatments, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Antidepressant treatments, such as norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, and electroconvulsive therapy, induce a reduction of 5-HT(2A) receptors. Both olanzapine and quetiapine not only are antagonists at this receptor but also induce downregulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. It is possible that the antidepressant efficacy of these agents is mediated by this receptor, while the additional benefit of olanzapine and quetiapine over unimodal antidepressant treatments, in terms of stabilizing mood, may be provided by their concomitant dopamine D(2) antagonism. Further studies should be conducted to examine these hypotheses.