gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Square or Sine: Finding a Waveform with High Success Rate of Eliciting SSVEP (2011)

Steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is the brain's natural electrical potential response for visual stimuli at specific frequencies. Using a visual stimulus flashing at some given frequency will entrain the SSVEP at the same frequency, thereby allowing determination of the subject's visual focus. The faster an SSVEP is identified, the higher information transmission rate the system achieves. Thus, an effective stimulus, defined as one with high success rate of eliciting SSVEP and high signal-noise ratio, is desired. Also, researchers observed that harmonic frequencies often appear in the SSVEP at a reduced magnitude. Are the harmonics in the SSVEP elicited by the fundamental stimulating frequency or by the artifacts of the stimuli? In this paper, we compare the SSVEP responses of three periodic stimuli: square wave (with different duty cycles), triangle wave, and sine wave to find an effective stimulus. We also demonstrate the connection between the strength of the harmonics in SSVEP and the type of stimulus.
Interactive Exploration of Extra- and Intracranial Blood Vessels (1999)

Abstract. We present a system for interactive explorations of extraand intracranial blood vessels. Starting with a stack of images from 3D angiography, we use virtual clips to limit the segmentation of the vessel tree to the parts the neuroradiologists are interested in. Furthermore, methods of interactive virtual endoscopy are applied in order to provide an interior view of the blood vessels. CCS Categories: I.3.8 [Application]: Virtual Medicine; I.3.7 [Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism]: Virtual Reality; Keywords: Virtual Environments, 3D Angiography, Virtual Angioscopy, Interventional Neuroradiology, Selective Segmentation, Computer Assisted Diagnosis. 1 Introduction A common procedure in neuroradiology is the examination of extra- and intracranial blood vessels. After the injection of a contrast agent via an endovascular catheter, X-rays are used to acquire 2D projection images of vessels. These images are of high resolution but lack spatial information due to the projecti...
High efficient photovoltaics in nanoscaled ferroelectric thin films (2008)

Photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric thin films with thickness below 100nm was investigated through both theoretical and experimental approaches. Unprecedented high photovoltaic power conversion efficiency around ∼0.28% was achieved with epitaxial (Pb0.97La0.03)(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectric thin films, which is about 2 orders of magnitude higher than the reported in literature for ferroelectrics. Theoretical analysis indicated that efficiency can be further significantly improved by reducing the thickness in nanoscale. Extremely high efficient bulk photovoltaic effect is predicted in high quality ferroelectric ultrathin films.
Text/graphics separation using agent-based pyramid operations (1999)

This paper describes a document image analysis system using multiple agents working on a pyramid structure to separate text from graphics in the image. Text strings appear as different groupings of connected components at different image resolutions. As such, the pyramid structure, which is a multi-resolution image representation, provides a natural means of identifying and grouping of character strings in the document at different levels of resolution. The pyramid structure is also amenable to parallel processing, where multiple agents in the system can individually and concurrently look for groups of connected components at appropriate levels. The agent-based pyramid operations do not require expensive feature analysis among different connected components to detect text strings as found in other existing works.
BGP Anomaly Detection Techniques: A Survey (2016)

The border gateway protocol (BGP) is the Internet's default inter-domain routing protocol that manages connectivity among autonomous systems (ASes). Over the past two decades many anomalies of BGP have been identified that threaten its stability and reliability. This survey discusses and classifies these anomalies and discusses the 20 most significant techniques used to identify them. Our classification is based on the broad category of approach, BGP features used to identify the anomaly, effectiveness in identifying the anomaly and effectiveness in identifying which AS was the location of the event that caused the anomaly. We also discuss a number of key requirements for the next generation of BGP anomaly detection techniques.
VISCOSITIES OF DISPERSIONS OF SUPERCRITICAL CO<sub>2</sub>IN SURFACTANT/CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O/NaCl SYSTEMS (1988)

Abstract Viscosities have been measured with a capillary viscometer for dispersions (“emulsions”) in surfactant/carbon dioxide/water and surfactant/carbon dioxide/water/NaCl systems at 38°C and at a super-critical pressure (2,000 psi, 13.8 MPa) for CO2. The effects of shear rate, surfactant structure, and concentrations of the three (or four) components were investigated. Two nonionic, one cationic, and two anionic surfactants were studied The viscosities were non-Newtonian and exhibited a power-law dependence on the shear rate with the value m = 0.4 for the exponent. Viscosities as large as 500 centipoise (7,000 times the viscosity of CO2 at 2,000 psi, 38°C) were observed. Viscosities increased exponentially with CO2 concentration, but with increasing salinity the viscosity passed through a pronounced maximum. Viscosities increased exponentially with surfactant concentration at surfactant/water ratios greater than 0.05, but exhibited more complex behavior at lower surfactant concentrations The exponential increase of viscosity with CO2 concentration appears to be a very favorable property for the use of surfactants to control CO2 mobility in enhanced oil recovery.
Characterization of a 67Ga/68Ga radiopharmaceutical for SPECT and PET of MDR1 P-glycoprotein transport activity in vivo: validation in multidrug-resistant tumors and at the blood-brain barrier. (2005)

Molecular imaging of the functional transport activity of MDR1 Pgp with ((67/68)Ga-[3-ethoxy-ENBDMPI])(+) may enable noninvasive SPECT/PET monitoring of the blood-brain barrier, chemotherapeutic regimens, and MDR1 gene therapy protocols in vivo. These Pgp-directed properties of the radiopharmaceutical may also translate favorably to myocardial perfusion imaging.
Making Molehills Out of Molehills: Reply to Lawrence Stedman's Review of The Manufactured Crisis (1996)

Unfortunately, Lawrence Stedman (1996) does not honor such laudable tenets in his so-called "review" of our book, THE MANUFACTURED CRISIS, appearing in Education Policy Analysis Archives, 4(1). …
Expression of the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor, S1P1, on T-cells Controls Thymic Emigration (2004)

S1P(1) is a widely distributed G protein-coupled receptor whose ligand, sphingosine 1-phosphate, is present in high concentrations in the blood. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-signaling pathway is believed to have potent effects on cell trafficking in the immune system. To determine the precise role of the S1P(1) receptor on T-cells, we established a T-cell-specific S1P(1) knock-out mouse. The mutant mice showed a block in the egress of mature T-cells into the periphery. The expression of the S1P(1) receptor was up-regulated in mature thymocytes, and its deletion altered the chemotactic responses of thymocytes to sphingosine 1-phosphate. The results indicated that the expression of the S1P(1) receptor on T-cells controls their exit from the thymus and entry into the blood and, thus, has a central role in regulating the numbers of peripheral T-cells.
In vivo therapeutic silencing of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) using single-walled carbon nanotubes noncovalently coated with siRNA (2009)

A new approach is described for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cancer cells by noncovalently complexing unmodified siRNA with pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The complexes were prepared by simple sonication of pristine SWCNTs in a solution of siRNA, which then served both as the cargo and as the suspending agent for the SWCNTs. When complexes containing siRNA targeted to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) were added to cells growing in serum containing culture media, there was strong specific inhibition of cellular HIF-1α activity. The ability to obtain a biological response to SWCNT/siRNA complexes was seen in a wide variety of cancer cell types. Moreover, intratumoral administration of SWCNT-HIF-1α siRNA complexes in mice bearing MiaPaCa-2/HRE tumors significantly inhibited the activity of tumor HIF-1α. As elevated levels of HIF-1α are found in many human cancers and are associated with resistance to therapy and decreased patient survival, these results imply that SWCNT/siRNA complexes may have value as therapeutic agents.
Novel 6-5 Fused Ring Heterocycle Antifolates with Potent Antitumor Activity: Bridge Modifications and Heterocyclic Benzoyl Isosters of 2,4-Diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta(d)pyrimidine Antifolate. (1995)

Structural modifications of an extremely potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity and tumor cell growth, N-[4-[3-(2,4-diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-5- yl)propyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1), have led to the synthesis of new cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-based antifolates, including those with low alkyl substituted trimethylene bridges (2a, b) and isosterically modified bridges (ethyleneoxa, 2c; ethyleneamino, 2d; the N-methyl- and N-ethyl derivatives of 2d, 2e, f) and those in which the benzene ring of 1 has been replaced by heterocyclic isosters (indole, 2g; indoline, 2h; thiophene, 2i). These new analogs are highly potent as DHFR and cell growth inhibitors, and most of them are more potent than methotrexate (MTX) and 10-ethyl-10-deazapterin (10-EDAM) in inhibiting tumor cell growth (P388 MTX-sensitive and MTX-resistant, colon 26 and KB) on 72 h drug exposure. Among them, 2a (the 10-methyl derivative of 1) and 2i were most potent, being 2- to 3-fold more potent than 10-EDAM. On 4 h drug exposure, the growth-inhibitory activity of these analogs was radically influenced by even minor structural changes. Compounds 1, 2a--e, g--i were much more cytotoxic in colon 26 cell line than were MTX and 10-EDAM, with 2d and 2i being most potent, followed by 2a. Structure-activity relationships and their possible significance are discussed.
An integrated DC SQUID cascade (1983)

An integrated tunnel junction dc SQUID cascade has been built and some of its operating characteristics measured. It is shown for the first time that good modulation can be achieved with a remote termination for the tunnel junction shunts. Response time of one of the SQUID's in the cascade was measured to be better than 5 nanoseconds. Maintenance of this high speed is an advantage of the cascade arrangement over other schemes for matching and reading-out dc tunnel junction SQUID's. True cascade operation was not obtained, due to coupling of Josephson oscillations from the first Stage of the cascade to the second.
Efficient Recursive Subtyping (1992)

<p>Subtyping in the presence of recursive types for the lambda-calculus was studied by Amadio and Cardelli in 1991. They showed that the problem of deciding whether one recursive type is a subtype of another is decidable in exponential time.</p><p>In this paper we give an O(n^2) algorithm. Our algorithm is based on a simplification of the definition of the subtype relation, which allows us to reduce the problem to the emptiness problem for a certain finite automaton with quadratically many states.</p><p>It is known that equality of recursive types and the covariant Böhm order can be decided efficiently by means of finite automata. Our results extend the automata-theoretic approach to handle orderings based on contravariance.</p>
A Variation in the Ghrelin Gene Increases Weight and Decreases Insulin Secretion in Tall, Obese Children (2002)

Ghrelin is a recently recognized gut-brain peptide originally derived from the gastric mucosa. It stimulates growth hormone release, increases appetite and facilitates fat storage, and may interact with glucose metabolism. We studied the ghrelin gene in a group of 70 tall and obese children (mean age 9.4 year, Z body mass index [BMI] and Z height >3 and/or BMI percentile >99%). We found 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms. One common polymorphism of the ghrelin gene, which corresponds to an amino acid change in the tail of the prepro-ghrelin molecule, was significantly associated with children with a higher BMI (P = 0.001), and with lower insulin secretion during the first part of an oral glucose tolerance test (P = 0.05) although no difference in glucose levels was noted. This might suggest increased insulin sensitivity, although this is not supported by the lack of difference in fasting and 2 hour insulin levels; alternatively, this may be indicative of impaired first phase insulin secretion. These data suggest that variations in the ghrelin gene contribute to obesity in children and may modulate glucose-induced insulin secretion.
THE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF FAT IN LAMELLIBRANCHS (1952)

Emulsions of olive oil and peanut oil stained with Sudan stains were fed to oysters and mussels and mixed with mince of crystalline styles and other structures. Samples of the experimental material were subsequently examined to determine if the fat was absorbed and how, and counterstained with Nile blue sulphate to determine if the neutral fat had been split to fatty acid and glycerine. The following observations and conclusions resulted: 1. Free droplets of neutral fat are hydrolyzed in the stomach. 2. Droplets of the stained fat in the form of fatty acid appeared in large numbers in the ciliated epithelium of the stomach and ducts of the digestive gland. None was found in the non-ciliated epithelium of the alveoli of the digestive gland. 3. Droplets of the emulsion were ingested by leucocytes in the lumen of the gut. Neutral fat in leucocytes was hydrolyzed. There was no certain evidence of the passage of any leucocytes with ingested fat back into the blood spaces or tissues. 4. Emulsion injected into the cavity of the heart or mixed in hanging drops of blood was ingested by leucocytes. Hydrolysis occurred within blood cells. No evidence was found for the hydrolysis of neutral fat by the plasma. 5. Tests of stained emulsion subjected to the influence of minced styles showed hydrolysis of neutral fat in all cases. 6. Emulsion subjected to the influence of minced digestive gland was positive for the hydrolysis of neutral fat in some species, but not in others. 7. No evidence for deposition of stained fat in the tissues was found. Possible explanations are suggested.
Thymosin α 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling (2004)

Dendritic cells (DCs) show a remarkable functional plasticity in the recognition of Aspergillus fumigatus and orchestrate the antifungal immune resistance in the lungs. Here, we show that thymosin alpha 1, a naturally occurring thymic peptide, induces functional maturation and interleukin-12 production by fungus-pulsed DCs through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent pathway. This occurs by signaling through the myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent pathway, involving distinct Toll-like receptors. In vivo, the synthetic peptide activates T-helper (Th) cell 1-dependent antifungal immunity, accelerates myeloid cell recovery, and protects highly susceptible mice that received hematopoietic transplants from aspergillosis. By revealing the unexpected activity of an old molecule, our finding provides the rationale for its therapeutic utility and qualify the synthetic peptide as a candidate adjuvant promoting the coordinated activation of the innate and adaptive Th immunity to the fungus.
Short interfering RNAs specific for potato spindle tuber viroid are found in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus (2004)

Short interfering (si) and micro (mi) RNAs influence gene expression at post-transcriptional level. In plants, different classes of DICER-LIKE (DCL) enzymes are responsible for the generation of these small regulatory RNAs from different precursors. To characterize the cellular site of their generation and accumulation, we purified nuclei from tomato plants infected with potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) RNA, which is known to replicate in the nucleus via double-stranded (ds) RNA intermediates. We could detect PSTVd-specific siRNAs in the cytoplasmic fraction, but not in the nuclear fraction. To correlate the localization of the PSTVd-specific siRNAs with that of similarly sized small RNAs, we studied the compartmentalization of a naturally occurring miRNA. We could detect the precursor of miR167 in the nucleus, but the mature miRNA was found only in the cytoplasmic fraction. We discuss the consequences of this finding for the model of viroid replication and heterochromatin formation.
The AstroEdge solar array for the NASA Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative "Clark" satellite (1996)

The AstroEdge flight solar array wings for the Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) "Clark" satellite are now in the final stages of assembly and testing. The primary and secondary wing assemblies will be delivered shortly to CTA Incorporated for spacecraft integration and test. Vehicle launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on the Lockheed launch vehicle is set for 31 August 1996. The SSTI spacecraft is a polar orbit mapping spacecraft used to support various sensor experiments. The array is a concentrator solar array that uses planar mirrors to enhance the level of illumination to the cells to approximately 1.5 suns. The reflectors are arranged to provide a stiff deployed structure and provide cushioning for the GaAs solar cells when stowed during launch. The array is lightweight-the primary wing weight was measured at 6.37 kg and generates 335 watts worst-case EOL for a specific power density of 52.6 W/kg at EOL or 77 W/kg at BOL.
Biochemical aspects of intravenous alimentation. (1971)

Biochemical aspects of total parenteral alimentation in 10 patients (two low birth weight newborn infants and eight infants) for periods of 5 to 24 days were studied by: A. Determination of concentration of amino acids and ammonia of two commercially available protein hydrolysates. B. Analyses of blood and urine obtained before, during, and after parenteral alimentation for various biochemical parameters including amino acids, urea nitrogen, glucose, and osmolality. The results showed that the protein hydrolysates contained a very high concentration of ammonia. This inordinate amount of ammonia taxes the Krebs urea cycle and in premature infants enhances acidosis and respiratory distress syndrome. It also explains the abnormal liver function tests and hyperammonemia found concomitantly with infusion of protein hydrolysate. Another effect of infusion of protein hydrolysate, in conventional amount, is persistent hyperaminoacidemia.
Power conversion PWM amplifier with two paralleled four quadrant chopper for MRI gradient coil magnetic field current tracking implementation (2003)

This paper presents a two-paralleled PWM amplifier using switch-mode power current tracking technique in order to generate a gradient magnetic field in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. This circuit has 8-IGBTs at their inputs/outputs so as to realize further high-power density. A digital control scheme is adopted to minimize the current ripple and improve its control response in the gradient coils (GCs). It is proved that the proposed technique will highly enlarge the diagnostic target and improve the image quality of MRI.
The design of VIP-FS (1995)

In the past couple of years, significant progress has been made in the development of message-passing libraries for parallel and distributed computing, and in the area of high-speed networking. Both technologies have evolved to the point where programmers and scientists are now porting many applications previously executed exclusively on parallel machines into distributed programs for execution on more readily available networks of workstations. Such advances in computing technology have also led to a tremendous increase in the amount of data being manipulated and produced by scientific and commercial application programs. Despite their popularity, message-passing libraries only provide part of the support necessary for most high performance distributed computing applications --- support for high speed parallel I/O is still lacking.In this paper, we provide an overview of the conceptual design of a parallel and distributed I/O file system, the Virtual Parallel File System (VIP-FS), and describe its implementation. VIP-FS makes use of message-passing libraries to provide a parallel and distributed file system which can execute over multiprocessor machines or heterogeneous network environments.
Identification of Uronic‐Acid‐Rich Protein as Urinary Bikunin, the Light Chain of Inter‐α‐Inhibitor (1996)

Uronic-acid-rich protein (UAP) is a urinary glycoprotein that inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. It shows a structural similarity to bikunin, a component of inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI) known for its inhibition of the action of many serine proteinases like trypsin and chymotrypsin. To clarify the relationship between these macromolecules, UAP, IalphaI, urinary bikunin, and plasma bikunin were purified and studied. Their calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitory activity was assayed before and after treatment with chondroitinase AC and pronase. Their molecular mass was determined by using SDS/PAGE before and after these treatments. Polyclonal bikunin antibody was used on Western blots for immunological identification. The partial amino acid sequence of UAP before and after chondroitinase treatment was determined. Also, the antitryptic activity of UAP was measured and compared to that of bikunin, which is responsible for the antiprotease activity of IalphaI. UAP exhibited a strong calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitory activity. IalphaI and both bikunins were less inhibitory. Chondroitinase AC had no effect on inhibitory activity of these proteins even when their molecular mass changed. However, after pronase treatment, the inhibitory activity of both bikunins and UAP was completely destroyed. The antitryptic activity of UAP was found to be 0.78 U/mg which is lower than that of bikunin which is about 1.9 U/mg. On Western blotting, bikunin antibody immunoreacted with UAP and both urinary and plasma bikunins. Partial amino acid sequence confirmed the identity of UAP as urinary bikunin.
Hemodynamic-Phonocardiographic Correlations of the Fourth Heart Sound in Aortic Stenosis (1962)

The hemodynamic findings obtained at left heart catheterization in 46 patients with aortic stenosis of varying severity were correlated with the presence of a fourth heart sound determined phonocardiographically. From this correlation it may be concluded that, when a fourth heart sound is detectable in an adult patient with aortic stenosis, it usually indicates that the obstruction is severe (gradient exceeding 70 mm. Hg, left ventricular systolic pressure above 160 mm. Hg), that the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is elevated (12 mm. Hg or above), and that the "a" wave in the left atrial pressure pulse is tall (14 mm. Hg or higher). The sound probably results from a forceful atrial contraction that forces a large volume of blood into a ventricle, the walls of which have been rendered less compliant than normal by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. The presence of this sound is easily detectable at the bedside by auscultation, and its presence may be confirmed by phonocardiography. The potential clinical usefulness of this physical finding, the presence of which is capable of separating patients with moderate or severe obstruction from those with mild obstruction, is self-evident.