gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of Methane (1991)

The attempts to functionalize the alkanes was once dubbed the “search for the chemist's Holy Grail” by D. H. R. Barton. The controlled transformation of methane into “more valuable” products is of extreme economic importance and a scientific challenge, since not even today are all aspects of the activation of methane understood. Trikura and Beauchamp recently observed that slow ligand condensation follows the dehydrogenation of methane by some metals, leading to the coupling of several CH 2 units [Eq. (a)], that is, only one metal atom need be involved. equation image
Electron Emission from Ferroelectric Cathodes Excited by Pulsed Voltage (1999)

Effect of spontaneous polarization on the ferroelectric electron emission (FEE) is investigated by using ferroelectric materials having different value of Ps. Ferroelectric materials, namely, PZT ceramics and BaTiO3 ceramics as an emitting cathode. The values of spontaneous polarization are Ps=28C/cm2, and Ps=0.8C/cm2, respectively.
Cell Cycle Analysis and Synchronization of Pluripotent Hematopoietic Progenitor Stem Cells (1997)

Hematopoietic stem cells purified from mouse bone marrow are quiescent with less than 2% of Lin- Hoechst(low)/Rhodamine(low) (Lin- Ho(low)/Rho(low)) and 10% to 15% of Lin-/Sca+ cells in S phase. These cells enter proliferative cycle and progress through G1 and into S phase in the presence of cytokines and 5% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (HI-FCS). Cytokine-stimulated Lin- Ho(low)/Rho(low) cells took 36 to 40 hours to complete first division and only 12 hours to complete each of 5 subsequent divisions. These cells require 16 to 18 hours to transit through G0/G1 period and 28 to 30 hours to enter into mid-S phase during the first cycle. Up to 56% of Lin- Rho(low)/Ho(low) cells are high-proliferative potential (7 factor-responsive) colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC). At isolation, HPP-CFC are quiescent, but after 28 to 30 hours of culture, greater than 60% are in S phase. Isoleucine-deprivation of Lin- Ho(low)/Rho(low) cells in S phase of first cycle reversibly blocked them from entering into second cycle. After the release from isoleucine-block, these cells exhibited a G1 period of less than 2 hours and entered into mid-S phase by 12 hours. Thus, the duration of G1 phase of the cells in second cycle is 4 to 5 times shorter than that observed in their first cycle. Similar cell cycle kinetics are observed with Lin-/Sca+ population of bone marrow cells. Stem cell factor (SCF) alone, in the presence of HI-FCS, is as effective as a cocktail of 2 to 7 cytokines in inducing quiescent Lin-/Sca+ cells to enter into proliferative cycle. Aphidicolin treatment reversibly blocked cytokine-stimulated Lin-/Sca+ cells at G1/S boundary, allowing their tight synchrony as they progress through first S phase and enter into second G1. For these cells also, SCF alone is sufficient for their progression through S phase. These studies indicate a very short G1 phase for stem cells induced to proliferate and offer experimental approaches to synchronize murine hematopoietic stem cells.
Voltage-Driven Translocation of DNA through a High Throughput Conical Solid-State Nanopore (2012)

Nanopores have become an important tool for molecule detection at single molecular level. With the development of fabrication technology, synthesized solid-state membranes are promising candidate substrates in respect of their exceptional robustness and controllable size and shape. Here, a 30-60 (tip-base) nm conical nanopore fabricated in 100 nm thick silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4)) membrane by focused ion beam (FIB) has been employed for the analysis of λ-DNA translocations at different voltage biases from 200 to 450 mV. The distributions of translocation time and current blockage, as well as the events frequencies as a function of voltage are investigated. Similar to previously published work, the presence and configurations of λ-DNA molecules are characterized, also, we find that greater applied voltages markedly increase the events rate, and stretch the coiled λ-DNA molecules into linear form. However, compared to 6-30 nm ultrathin solid-state nanopores, a threshold voltage of 181 mV is found to be necessary to drive DNA molecules through the nanopore due to conical shape and length of the pore. The speed is slowed down ∼5 times, while the capture radius is ∼2 fold larger. The results show that the large nanopore in thick membrane with an improved stability and throughput also has the ability to detect the molecules at a single molecular level, as well as slows down the velocity of molecules passing through the pore. This work will provide more motivations for the development of nanopores as a Multi-functional sensor for a wide range of biopolymers and nano materials.
Engineering Boronsubphthalocyanine for Organic Electronic Applications (2013)

Boronsubphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) are a class of organic semiconducting materials which are relatively underdeveloped in their synthetic methods and organic semiconducting applications. A comprehensive investigation of these materials is explored in a rigorous and strategic manner progressing through each stage of the materials development cycle: materials selection from computational screening, organic/organometallic synthesis of target materials using known methods or by the development of new synthetic methods, physical and chemical analysis of new materials, and device implementation in organic light emitting diodes and organic photovoltaic cells. The result is the formation of new compositions of BsubPc specifically engineered for application as organic semiconductors in devices. \n\tSpecifically, phenoxy-boronsubphthalocyanine derivatives are investigated starting with a computational study of their molecular orbitals – a property that dictates their function (donor or acceptor behaviour) in organic electronic devices. The nature of the axial phenoxylate is found to vary the energy level of the frontier molecular orbitals minimally, by up to ~0.4 eV while the nature of the BsubPc periphery can shift the energy levels of the frontier molecular orbitals by >1 eV. The differential sensitivity of the axial phenoxylate and the BsubPc periphery becomes a key design element allowing controlled adjustments of the frontier molecular orbitals by peripheral modification and isolating the design physical chemical properties essential to device fabrication to the axial phenoxylate. Subsequently, an investigation into the solubility and sublimability of these materials is performed, which leads to their investigation in OLED and OPV devices. \nThe success from the phenoxy-BsubPcs study has led to the exploration of new chemistry to expand the available axial nucleophiles beyond phenoxylates. Previously unattainable sulphur and nitrogen nucleophiles are synthesised using two methods (1) the condensation of Cl-BsubPc with phthalimides and (2) the activation of Cl-BsubPc using aluminum chloride to access thiols and anilines. The phthalimido-BsubPcs synthesized from this method are incorporated in OLEDs.
Comparative Anticonvulsant Activity and Neurotoxicity of 4–Amino‐<i>N</i>‐(2,6‐Dimethylphenyl)Phthalimide and Prototype Antiepileptic Drugs in Mice and Rats (1995)

We compared the anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide (ADD 213063) with those of phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), ethosuximide (ESM), valproate (VPA), and felbamate (FBM). Evaluation of anticonvulsant properties performed according to well-established procedures in rats and mice showed that ADD 213063 is most effective in protecting animals against maximal electroshock seizures (MES). This anti-MES activity is achieved with nontoxic doses, with the optimal effect recorded in rats dosed orally with anti-MES ED50 and protective index (PI) values of 25.2 mumol/kg and > 75, respectively. ADD 213063 protects to a lesser extent against seizures induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) picrotoxin and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice dosed intraperitoneally and orally, respectively. The profile of anticonvulsant action of ADD 213063 closely parallels that of CBZ.
Automobile climate control using sliding mode (2002)

Due to customer demands toward better driving comfort, the automatic climate (temperature) control becomes one of the most important issues for automobile engineers. The system is of high order and operated in the presence of several disturbances. The control algorithm should be able to control the evaporator outlet temperature with acceptable control action. In this work, the sliding mode control is adopted for its advantage of dealing with a high order system. Besides, several linear and nonlinear observers are proposed such that the controller may be implemented under the constraint of limited sensor sets.
Detection and quantitation of Anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle by using a nucleic acid probe (1989)

Cattle which have recovered from acute infection with Anaplasma marginale, a rickettsial hemoparasite of cattle, frequently remain persistently infected with a low-level parasitemia and serve as reservoirs for disease transmission. To fully understand the role of these carriers in disease prevalence and transmission, it is essential that low levels of parasitemia can be accurately detected and quantitated. We have developed a nucleic acid probe, derived from a portion of a gene encoding a 105,000-molecular-weight surface protein, that can detect A. marginale-infected erythrocytes. The probe is specific for A. marginale and can detect 0.01 ng of genomic DNA and 500 to 1,000 infected erythrocytes in 0.5 ml of blood, which is equivalent to a parasitemia of 0.000025%. This makes the probe at least 4,000 times more sensitive than light microscopy. Hybridization of the probe with treated blood from animals proven to be carriers of anaplasmosis showed that parasitemia levels were highly variable among carriers, ranging from greater than 0.0025 to less than 0.000025%. Parasitemia levels of individual animals on different dates were also variable. These results imply that, at any given time, individuals within a group of cattle may differ significantly in their abilities to transmit disease.
Enhanced antireflecting properties of micro-structured top-flat pyramids (2008)

This paper aims at modeling bi-periodic micro-structured silicon surfaces exhibiting broadband antireflection properties in the infrared range using Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA). These structures of pyramidal shape, which typical dimensions are smaller than the wavelength, are not in the Effective Medium Theory (EMT) validity domain. The influence of various opto-geometrical parameters such as period, depth, shape of the pattern is examined. The antireflective properties of such bi-periodic patterned surfaces are then discussed using the photonic crystal theory and photonic band diagrams description. Correlations between the density of Bloch modes, their localizations with respect to the incident medium light line and the surface reflectance are presented.
Fast fabrication method for thick and highly multimode optical waveguides (1977)

A eutectic melt of lithium and potassium sulphates was used to fabricate thick, low-loss and highly multimode waveguides by ion exchange in glass.
Temporal lobe surface area measurements on MRI in normal and dyslexic readers (1993)

In a neuroanatomical study of dyslexia, measurements were made of the superior surface of the temporal lobe (SSTL) on MRI scans in a sample of 17 dyslexics and 21 non-dyslexic subjects. Both anterior and posterior halves of the SSTL area showed significant leftward asymmetry in non-dyslexics, but showed symmetry in dyslexics. The total SSTL area showed greater leftward asymmetry in non-dyslexics than in dyslexics. The dyslexics also revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.69, P = 0.005) between Woodcock-Johnson Passage Comprehension scores and posterior SSTL asymmetry, such that those with higher scores had more leftward asymmetry. This suggests that among dyslexics the direction of SSTL asymmetry may serve as a risk factor and/or a marker for the severity of reading comprehension problems.
Evidence for Enhanced Thy-1 (CD90) Expression in Orbital Fibroblasts of Patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy (2008)

Increased Thy-1 expression in GO orbital tissues and cultures is likely a consequence of the orbital disease process, reflecting both the presence of increased numbers of Thy-1-positive cells and higher expression on those cells. Adipogenesis itself does not appear to impact Thy-1 expression. Increased expression of this protein in GO could represent an adaptive response to cell injury, in effect limiting disease progression within the orbital adipose/connective tissues.
Moving Object Segmentation and Dynamic Scene Reconstruction Using Two Frames (2006)

In this paper, a two-frame approach is presented for segmentation of independent moving objects in video along with estimation of ego-motion, independent object motion and reconstruction of the dynamic scene using intensity images. The proposed method utilizes the least median of squares in estimating ego-motion and parallax constraints for segmenting independently moving objects. A 3D structure for the static scene is also estimated using surface parallax. The motion of moving objects is estimated by first fitting a parametric flow model followed by subspace analysis. The algorithm works well for unconstrained translational motion of moving objects.
Spectral envelope analysis in snoring signals from simple snorers and patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2004)

Several studies have shown a relationship between snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Beyond conventional sound intensity analysis, some spectral differences have been found between snores from simple snores and post-apneic snores from OSAS patients. Snoring spectrum has two components, a fundamental frequency and a spectral envelope. Spectral density studies analyze them altogether. In this work we approach the estimation of the spectral envelope alone, which is closely related to the mechanism of snoring production. Linear prediction autoregressive (AR) modeling with a low order is used for spectral envelope estimation. Two methods are proposed for automatic order estimation. Formant frequencies of the spectral envelope are calculated. A total of 447 snores from 8 simple snorers, and 236 normal and 429 post-apneic snores from 8 OSAS patients are analyzed. Significant differences are found (p<0.005) in formant frequencies variability between simple snorers and OSAS patients, even when non postapneic snores are considered.
A protocol for automatic sensor detection and identification in a wireless biodevice network (2002)

As transducer devices continue to shrink in size, they become increasingly suitable for implantation, enabling the creation of an exciting new class of wireless biodevice networks. A biodevice consists of sensor(s), actuator(s) and microcontroller(s) used to monitor and control biological processes. A wireless biodevice uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to receive power and data communications from an external interrogator. Multiple wireless biodevices and interrogator devices may be organized into a wireless instrumentation network (WIN). This paper starts by examining the motivations for WIN design, followed by a description of the proposed WIN architecture for subcutaneously implanted biodevices. Next, the design of a data-link layer protocol for the automatic detection and identification of implanted biodevices is described and analyzed. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the network and protocol are discussed.
Transcriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Mouse Skin Carcinoma Cells (1998)

Many studies have suggested that overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) contributes to the development of tumors in several tissues. COX-2 expression tends to be up-regulated in various types of tumors and transformed cell lines, and the overexpression of COX-2 is caused by enhanced transcription of the gene. In an attempt to characterize the signaling pathway leading to the overexpression of COX-2 in the mouse skin carcinoma cell line JWF2, we investigated cis- and trans-acting factors required for COX-2 expression and demonstrated a molecular mechanism by which COX-2 is expressed differentially in normal and neoplastic tissues. Two regions of the COX-2 promoter containing an E-box and nuclear factor IL6 site were identified as the positive regulatory elements through transient transfections with luciferase reporter vectors containing the various 5'-flanking regions of the promoter. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and cotransfection experiments showed that upstream stimulatory factors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) bind to the E-box and nuclear factor IL6 site, respectively, and functionally transactivate the COX-2 promoter. We also found that C/EBP isoforms are expressed differentially during mouse skin carcinogenesis, suggesting that overexpression of COX-2 in tumors may be caused by a change in C/EBP expression levels.
A PORTABLE TILLAGE PROFILER FOR MEASURING SUBSOILING DISRUPTION (2004)

A portable tillage profiler (PTP) was constructed using a laser distance sensor, a linear actuator, a portable PC,and a lightweight aluminum frame that can quickly and accurately measure aboveground and belowground soil disruptioncaused by tillage. A laboratory experiment was conducted that determined that soil color did not detrimentally affect the PTP,with expected vertical errors of 2.3 mm and horizontal errors of 0.6 mm being found. However, when pure white and blackobjects were examined, the errors increased to 4.2 mm vertically and 11 mm horizontally. This maximum error was establishedwhen attempting to measure the height and width of a wedge, which had a sharpened edge pointing vertically upward. ThePTP was used in the National Soil Dynamics Laboratory soil bins to measure both aboveground and belowground soildisruption caused by two subsoiler shanks. The PTP gave results that enabled differences between the abovegrounddisruptions caused by each subsoiler to be statistically established.
Growth of <i>Azospirillum irakense</i> KBC1 on the Aryl β-Glucoside Salicin Requires either <i>salA</i> or <i>salB</i> (1999)

The rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum irakense KBC1 is able to grow on pectin and beta-glucosides such as cellobiose, arbutin, and salicin. Two adjacent genes, salA and salB, conferring beta-glucosidase activity to Escherichia coli, have been identified in a cosmid library of A. irakense DNA. The SalA and SalB enzymes preferentially hydrolyzed aryl beta-glucosides. A Delta(salA-salB) A. irakense mutant was not able to grow on salicin but could still utilize arbutin, cellobiose, and glucose for growth. This mutant could be complemented by either salA or salB, suggesting functional redundancy of these genes in salicin utilization. In contrast to this functional homology, the SalA and SalB proteins, members of family 3 of the glycosyl hydrolases, show a low degree of amino acid similarity. Unlike SalA, the SalB protein exhibits an atypical truncated C-terminal region. We propose that SalA and SalB are representatives of the AB and AB' subfamilies, respectively, in glycosyl hydrolase family 3. This is the first genetic implication of this beta-glucosidase family in the utilization of beta-glucosides for microbial growth.
A Numerical Study on Jet-Stream Propulsion of Oscillating Bodies (1995)

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study on the jet-stream propulsion of rigidly oscillating and undulating bodies has been undertaken, by the unsteady solutions to the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in conservative form, which are discretized with the finite volume method, using the pseudo-compressibility technique. Computational validation confirmed that the present method was capable to reasonably predict highly unsteady flows of biological problems. Numerical study on an oscillating hydrofoil (NACA 0012) reveals that there exists a problem of optimal propeller efficiency in generating the jet-stream in wake, but within a narrow region of the Strouhal numbers. Further analysis on a tadpole-shaped object and a fish-like body swimming in realistic kinematics, shows that the kinematics effectively produces a jet-stream propulsion with much higher propulsive efficiency than that of achieved by the oscillating hydrofoil. Investigation of Reynolds number effect for the undulatory swimming indicates that the propeller efficiency increases with increasing Reynolds number with no Re ceiling in generating the jet-stream.
Comments on "Hash-based and index-based join algorithms for cube and ring connected multicomputers" by E.R. Omiecinski and E.T. Lin (1991)

The cost distributions of both the parallel hybrid-hash join and the parallel join-index join algorithms proposed in the above-named work (ibid., vol.1, p.329-43, Sept. 1989) are presented in more detail. The result shows that almost the entire relation may need to be retrieved from disk, though the join selectivity is low. A table of semi-join selectives and cube sizes is given to show the condition that the join-index method performs better than the hybrid-hash method, i.e., the really low selectivity for the join-index method. An error in one of the cost formulas is corrected, and a more efficient method on the final join in the join-index method is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Arabidopsis Sphingosine Kinase and the Effects of Phytosphingosine-1-Phosphate on Stomatal Aperture  (2005)

Sphingolipids are a major component of membrane lipids and their metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lipid mediator in animal cells. Recently, we have shown that the enzyme responsible for S1P production, sphingosine kinase (SphK), is stimulated by the phytohormone abscisic acid in guard cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and that S1P is effective in regulating guard cell turgor. We have now characterized SphK from Arabidopsis leaves. SphK activity was mainly associated with the membrane fraction and phosphorylated predominantly the Delta4-unsaturated long-chain sphingoid bases sphingosine (Sph) and 4,8-sphingadienine, and to a lesser extent, the saturated long-chain sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine (Phyto-Sph). 4-Hydroxy-8-sphingenine, which is a major sphingoid base in complex glycosphingolipids from Arabidopsis leaves, was a relatively poor substrate compared with the corresponding saturated Phyto-Sph. In contrast, mammalian SphK1 efficiently phosphorylated Sph, dihydrosphingosine, and 4,8-sphingadienine, but not the 4-hydroxylated long-chain bases Phyto-Sph and 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine. Surface dilution kinetic analysis of Arabidopsis SphK with Sph presented in mixed Triton X-100 micelles indicated that SphK associates with the micellar surface and then with the substrate presented on the surface. In addition, measurements of SphK activity under different assay conditions combined with phylogenetic analysis suggest that multiple isoforms of SphK may be expressed in Arabidopsis. Importantly, we found that phytosphingosine-1-phosphate, similar to S1P, regulates stomatal apertures and that its action is impaired in guard cells of Arabidopsis plants harboring T-DNA null mutations in the sole prototypical G-protein alpha-subunit gene, GPA1.