gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Automotive Catalyst Washcoat Loading Parameters by Microscopy Techniques (1999)

: Washcoat loading on automotive exhaust catalysts is normally determined, in production, by a weight gain procedure, which gives an accurate measure of washcoat weight present on an individual catalyst but does not address such parameters as uniformity of washcoat loading and geometric surface area within the monolith. Both issues are important factors that affect the catalytic activity (especially during catalyst lightoff) and catalyst cost (due to a thick, less functional washcoat) in an automotive exhaust system. Washcoat loading also plays a role in post-use analysis to determine possible reasons for changes (i.e., loss) in catalytic activity. For the post-use examinations weighing techniques are not useful since the washcoat cannot be preferentially removed and part of the weight gain is due to contamination from the combustion process. In the present work a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray mapping, light microscopy, and digital image processing was used. Two methods have been demonstrated for the determination of the density of calcined alumina washcoats. Additionally, a method has been developed to determine catalyst washcoat loading, either on a sampling basis after manufacture or in studies of catalysts after use. Methods also have been developed to determine other important parameters such as monolith wall thickness, percent open area in a catalyst monolith, geometric surface area, and hydraulic diameter. A linear correlation has been shown between hydrocarbon conversion efficiency and measured geometric surface area, with a coefficient of determination (r(2)) of 0.84.
An event-driven optimization framework for dynamic vehicle routing (2011)

The real-time operation of a fleet of vehicles introduces challenging optimization problems researches in a wide range of applications, thus, it is appealing to both academia and practitioners in industry. In this work we focus on dynamic vehicle routing problems and present an event-driven framework that can anticipate unknown changes in the problem information. The proposed framework is intrinsically parallelized to take advantage of modern multi-core and multi-threaded computing architectures. It is also designed to be easily embeddable in decision support systems that cope with a wide range of contexts and side constraints. We illustrate the flexibility of the framework by showing how it can be adapted to tackle the dynamic vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands. Computational results show that while our approach is competitive against state-of-the art algorithms, it still ensures greater reactivity and requires less assumptions (e.g., demand distributions).
The State of the Art of the Control Strategies for Single-Phase Electric Springs (2018)

The concept of electric springs (ESs) has been proposed as a new solution for stabilizing power grid fed by intermittent renewable energy sources. With a battery or active power source (DC, on the inside), the ESs can provide both active and reactive power compensations. So far, three typical topologies of single-phase ESs have been reported. Unlike traditional devices where power generation follows the load demand, the ESs are associated with non-critical loads form the so-called smart loads that transfer the fluctuated power to the non-critical loads, adaptively, according to the intermittent nature of power generation. After reviewing the main control strategies of single-phase ESs, the paper analyzes their advantages and disadvantages as well as their suitable applications. Comparisons among different control strategies on a specific topology version are implemented. Finally, conclusions and possible future trends are pointed out.
Effects of mutations in poliovirus 3Dpol on RNA polymerase activity and on polyprotein cleavage (1989)

A series of short insertion mutations was introduced into the poliovirus gene for 3Dpol at a number of different locations. When substituted for wild-type sequences in a full-length, infectious cDNA and tested for infectivity, all 3D mutants were nonviable. The mutant cDNAs were introduced into a bacterial plasmid designed to direct the expression of poliovirus 3CD, a viral protein composed of contiguous protease and RNA polymerase sequences. Bacteria transformed with these plasmids all expressed similar amounts of 3CD, and all mutant proteins cleaved themselves to generate wild-type 3Cpro and mutant 3Dpol polypeptides with approximately the same efficiency as wild-type 3CD. The released mutant 3Dpol proteins were all defective in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in vitro. Uncleaved 3CD is a protease required for processing the viral capsid protein precursor, P1. In an in vitro assay of P1 cleavage activity, some of the mutant 3CD proteins expressed in Escherichia coli showed normal activity, while others were clearly inactive. Thus, alterations in the sequence and/or folding of different regions of the 3D protein have differential effects on its various activities.
New trends and applications in carboxylation for isotope chemistry (2018)

Carboxylations are an important method for the incorporation of isotopically labeled <sup>14</sup> CO<sub>2</sub> into molecules. This manuscript will review labeled carboxylations since 2010 and will present a perspective on the potential of recent unlabeled methodology for labeled carboxylations. The perspective portion of the manuscript is broken into 3 major sections based on product type, arylcarboxylic acids, benzylcarboxylic acids, and alkyl carboxylic acids, and each of those sections is further subdivided by substrate.
Network RTK Versus Single Base RTK - Understanding the Error Characteristics (2002)

The use of reference station networks has become the ubiquitous solution for high precision satellite positioning applications. The main systematic errors affecting the RTK rover performance are multipath, atmospheric and ephemeris errors. Whereas single base RTK is limited with respect to the distance between reference and rover the network RTK approach offers the possibility to increase the coverage area. It ideally leads to a situation in which the positioning error is independent of the rover position in the area of the network. One technique proven in production systems for network RTK is the Virtual Reference Station paradigm, simulating a local reference station for the user. Ideally, this provides a data quality equivalent to a very close reference station. This paper gives a quantitative assessment of the data characteristics leading to the known rover performance improvements using data from different RTK/VRS networks from Asia, Europe, Australia and the U.S.A. One major effect from the application of VRS can be seen as a significant reduction of the temporal correlation of the ionospheric residual errors. Autocorrelation functions respective the autocorrelation time constants show this clearly. Improvements for multipath, tropospheric delay and ephemeris errors are achieved by VRS techniques, too. Detailed analyses explain the reduction of initialization times, improvement in position accuracy and increase in reliability seen in network RTK systems. This is not only due to the mitigation of systematic errors. It is demonstrated that network RTK does not only reduce the errors but also changes the error characteristics which lead to an additional performance increase in RTK positioning.
The development of narrative ability in English-Chinese bilingual primary school students in Singapore (2017)

This study reports the comparative narrative ability of bilingual English- and Chinese-speaking primary school students in Singapore from a developmental perspective, an area attracting little research in the past. A total of 36 primary one, three and five students from mainstream schools narrated in Mandarin and in English whilst being shown accompanying pictures. The students' narrative ability was then measured in terms of their grasp of narrative structure, temporality and the evaluative expressions. Analyses showed that the students' English stories were more advanced than were their Chinese stories. Although similar developmental patterns were found in the children's English and Chinese, there were many more connectives and evaluative expressions in their English than in their Chinese stories. The evidence suggests that the English and Chinese competence of the bilingual learners in Singapore schools do not develop in close parallel. The implications for bilingual teaching in Singapore schools are discussed, especially the finding that the children's English ability was better than their Chinese language ability.
Systematic Investigation of the Thermodynamics of HSA Adsorption to <i>N</i>-<i>iso-</i>Propylacrylamide/<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-Butylacrylamide Copolymer Nanoparticles. Effects of Particle Size and Hydrophobicity (2007)

Nanoparticles in biological fluids almost invariably become coated with proteins that may confer nanomedical and nanotoxicological effects. Understanding these effects requires quantitative measurements using simple systems. Adsorption of HSA to copolymer nanoparticles of varying hydrophobicity and curvature was studied using ITC, yielding stoichiometry, affinity, and enthalpy changes upon binding. The hydrophobicity was controlled via the co-monomer ratio, N-iso-propylacrylamide/N-tert-butylacrylamide. The most hydrophobic particles become fully covered with a single layer of protein, except at high curvature.
Molecular biology of the female reproductive system (1994)

Contributors. Preface. Hormonal Control of Folliculogenesis and Luteiniation, S.G. Hillier. Control Systems of Theca-Interstitial Cells, D.A. Magoffin and G.F. Erickson. Growth Factor-Mediated Cell-Cell Interactions in the Ovary, M.K. Skinner and J.A. Parrott. Potential Relevance of Cytokines to Ovarian Physiology, E.Y. Adashi, E. Kokia and A. Hurwitz. Role of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) and IGF Binding Proteins in Folliculogenesis, G.F. Erickson, A. Nakatani, X.-J. Liu, S. Shimasaki and N. Ling. Expression of Genes Encoding Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Ovary, M.M. Hinshelwood, M. Demeter-Arlotto, G.D. Means and E.R. Simpson. Molecular Biology of Endocrine Receptors in the Ovary, O.-K. Park-Sarge and K.E. Mayo. Molecular Mechanisms in Ovulation, A. Tsafriri and N. Dekel. Hormonal Control of Luteal Function, T.D. Braden, C.J. Belfiore and G.D. Niswender. Cell Biology of the Oviduct and Endometrium, L.A. Salamonsen and C.D. Nancarrow. Cell Biology of Migratory Cells in the Endometrium, D.A. Clark and E. Muzikova. Growth Factor and Cytokine Expression in the Endometrium, L.J. Murphy and G. Ballejo. Paracrine Interactions in Endometrial Function, M. Seppala and E.-M. Rutanen,. Molecular Biology of Trophectoderm and Placental Hormones, R.M. Roberts and R.V. Anthony. Index.
High prevalence of ATTR amyloidosis in endomyocardial biopsy-proven cardiac amyloidosis patients (2013)

ATTR amyloidosis, especially SSA, might be much more common than previously thought. With the development of new drugs targeting the ATTR amyloidosis, major efforts should be made to increase awareness of senile systemic amyloidosis among cardiologists.
HIV-1 wild type protease with GRL-04315A, a tetrahydronaphthalene carboxamide with (R)-Boc-amine and (S)-hydroxyl functionalities as the P2 ligand (2018)

We describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors with carboxamide derivatives as the P2 ligands. We have specifically designed aminothiochromane and aminotetrahydronaphthalene-based carboxamide ligands to promote hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions in the active site of HIV-1 protease. Inhibitors 4e and 4j have shown potent enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activity. High resolution X-ray crystal structures of 4d- and 4k-bound HIV-1 protease revealed molecular insights into the ligand-binding site interactions.
Identification of Molecular Markers for Selected Wood Properties of Norway Spruce Picea abies L. (Karst.) I. Wood Density (2004)

Abstract The identification of AFLP markers and their subsequent conversion to SCAR-markers linked to wood density of Norway Spruce (Picea abies L [Karst.]) is described for the first time. In AFLP-analyses, 102 different primer enzyme combinations were screened in a bulked segregant approach comparing individuals with high and low wood density. A total of 107 polymorphic AFLP fragments were obtained between the DNA-pools. Twenty-three markers were selected for further analyses to verify their linkage to wood density based on individuals used for pool constitution and additional unrelated clonal material. For 15 markers, a significant linkage to wood density was confirmed by a two-sided Fisher’s-exact test. Four markers were converted into SCAR markers and validated for plant material assayed for wood density by X-ray microdensitometry. For each marker a monomorphic band was obtained using sets of nested primers or restriction site-specific primers (RSS), which include the AFLP-restriction recognition sites. For two markers that are linked to high wood density, a separation from unlinked size homologous marker-alleles was realized by a PCR-restriction approach. Validation of these markers in different full-sib families confirmed their usability to separate the classes for low and high wood density of Picea abies.
Regulation of gelatinase B (MMP‐9) in leukocytes by plant lectins (1998)

The stimulatory or inhibitory effects of plant lectins on the production of gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) by mononuclear white blood cells was investigated by substrate zymography. Leukocyte cultures from 24-h old buffy coats were spontaneously activated and produced high levels of gelatinase B. Using such cultures the suppressing activity of the Datura stramonium, Viscum album, Bauhinia purpurea, Triticum aestivum and Maackia amurensis lectins on gelatinase B induction were demonstrated. When fresh leukocyte preparations from single blood donors were used, low levels of gelatinase B were produced. The induction of gelatinase B was confirmed for concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-L4). In addition, the Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium, Convolvulus arvensis and Colchicum autumnale lectins were documented as novel and potent inducers of gelatinase B. Since high circulating gelatinase B levels are associated with specific pathologies, including shock syndromes, the acute toxicity of many lectins might be partially mediated or influenced by gelatinase induction.
BreastMark: An Integrated Approach to Mining Publicly Available Transcriptomic Datasets Relating to Breast Cancer Outcome (2013)

BreastMark is a powerful tool for examining putative gene/miRNA prognostic markers in breast cancer. The value of this tool will be in the preliminary assessment of putative biomarkers in breast cancer. It will be of particular use to research groups with limited bioinformatics facilities.
CD3‐ζchain expression of intratumoral lymphocytes is closely related to survival in gastric carcinoma patients (2002)

Reduced CD3-zeta expression in TILs was strongly correlated with progressive disease in gastric carcinomas. CD3-zeta expression in TILs is considered an immunologic, independent prognostic marker in gastric carcinoma patients. CD3-zeta normalization with cytokine treatment may lead to prolonged survival in advanced gastric carcinoma patients.
[An exploratory study of preoperative analysis on histocompatibility in porcine allo-kidney transplantation]. (2005)

Human tissue typing methods were employed in developing a porcine allotransplantation model. 23 Chinese Sichuan White Pigs(2-3 months old, 17.5+/-4.6kg, with clear family background) were selected for tissue typing, ABO blood type cross reaction, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) cross reaction and one way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). 6 pairs of swine that showed better matching results were selected as donors and recipients. Single-kidney orthotopic transplantation was conducted after removing both kidneys of the recipient. Five recipients showed low matching results (MLR ranging from 2175 to 3560, CDC from 1 to 4); of them, 2 died of operation, 2 died of acute renal tubular necrosis and accelerating rejection 4 days after operation respectively, and 1 died of acute renal tubular necrosis 4 days after operation. 6 recipients showed high matching results (MLR ranging from 982 to 1916, CDC from 2 to 4); of them, 1 died of anaesthesia during operation, 3 died of accelerating rejection and acute rejection 2 weeks after operation respectively, 1 had good kidney function, and 1 presented weak rejection 1 week after operation but the kidney function came back to normal afterwards. Human tissue typing methods could be adopted in developing the porcine model. Hyperacute rejection could be avoided by screening ABO blood type, CDC and MLR tests. However, based on these primary data, it was hard to evaluate the predictive values of CDC and one-way MLR for accelerating rejection, acute rejection and graft chronic dysfunction. Further research by expanding experiments in these aspects is still going on.
The Anemone and the Balance (2003)

Abstract: This article is a brief philosophical, historical and scientific perspective on the remarkable relationships between the anemone and the balance that reveal surprising connections between Weber&apos;s law, sensory desensitization, receptor desensitization, pharmacology, and the underlying biological, chemical and physical equilibria. Please use CPS: chemistry/0302001 in any reference to this article Watching sea anemones as they extend and contract their tentacles in the rhythmic currents of the ocean one is reminded of the ancient Greek myth about the wind flower that blossoms and dies upon the wind (anemone Gk: lit. daughter of the wind). Curiously, there is much more to this beautiful story of the anemone than this description from ancient Greek myth. When small amounts of protein are present in the water, the anemone senses the protein and extends its tentacles to feed. However, when the amount of protein in the water is large, the anemone doesn&apos;t extend its tentacles. This is an example of what pharmacologists and physiologists call desensitization 1-12. Very much like the wind flower, desensitization is the decay of the response even in the presence of continuous stimulation. Today we know that these behaviors arise from the signals sent by exogenous molecules to a set of surface molecules called receptors. However, it remains a mystery how the chemical perturbation of receptor equilibrium can produce these opposing responses often within an extremely short time 2,4,7,10-12. Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC), discovered the predictable behavior of several physical systems including the simple balance. Since at least one of his notebooks may
Rat ovulation, implantation and decidualization are severely compromised by COX-2 inhibitors (2007)

Although Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is essential for mouse ovulation, fertilization, implantation and decidualization, the regulation and function of COX-2 in rat reproduction are still unknown. This study was designed to examine the action of COX-2 in rat ovulation, implantation and decidualization by using two specific inhibitors of COX-2 (nimesulide and niflumic acid). Compared to control, either nimesulide or niflumic acid significantly inhibited the ovulation in the superovulated rats. Although nimesulide had no obvious effects on the number of implantation sites and the vascular permeability, the expression of PPARdelta, HB-EGF and vimentin proteins was down-regulated in the nimesulide-treated groups. COX-1 protein was upregulated by nimesulide treatment. Nimesulide also had an inhibitory effect on decidualization during early pregnancy and under artificial decidualization. Moreover, nimesulide caused the increase of the gestation period and the reduction of litter size and birth weight compared to controls. Based on our data, rat implantation and decidualization were delayed by nimesulide treatment, resulting in the reduction of litter size and birth weight and the prolongation of gestational length, suggesting that COX-2 plays an important role in implantation and decidualization.
Galanin acts as a neuroprotective factor to the hippocampus (2004)

The expression of the neuropeptide galanin is markedly up-regulated in many areas of the central and peripheral nervous system after injury. We have recently demonstrated that peripheral sensory neurons depend on galanin for neurite extension after injury, mediated by activation of the second galanin receptor subtype (GALR2). We therefore hypothesized that galanin might also act in a similar manner in the CNS, reducing cell death in hippocampal models of excitotoxicity. Here we report that galanin acts an endogenous neuroprotective factor to the hippocampus in a number of in vivo and in vitro models of injury. Kainate-induced hippocampal cell death was greater in both the CA1 and CA3 regions of galanin knockout animals than in WT controls. Similarly, exposure to glutamate or staurosporine induced significantly more neuronal cell death in galanin knockout organotypic and dispersed primary hippocampal cultures than in WT controls. Conversely, less cell death was observed in the hippocampus of galanin overexpressing transgenic animals after kainate injection and in organotypic cultures after exposure to staurosporine. Further, exogenous galanin or the previously described high-affinity GALR2 agonist, both reduced cell death when coadministered with glutamate or staurosporine in WT cultures. These results demonstrate that galanin acts an endogenous neuroprotective factor to the hippocampus and imply that a galanin agonist might have therapeutic uses in some forms of brain injury.
Modeling CMOS tunneling currents through ultrathin gate oxide due to conduction- and valence-band electron and hole tunneling (2001)

A semi-empirical model is proposed to quantify the tunneling currents through ultrathin gate oxides (1-3.6 nm). As a multiplier to a simple analytical model, a correction function is introduced to achieve universal applicability to all different combinations of bias polarities (inversion and accumulation), gate materials (N/sup +/, P/sup +/, Si, SiGe) and tunneling processes. Each coefficient of the correction function is given a physical meaning and determined by empirical fitting. This new model can accurately predict all the current components that can be observed: electron tunneling from the conduction band (ECB), electron tunneling from the valence band (EVB), and hole tunneling from the valence hand (HVB) in dual-gate poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-gated (x=0 or 0.25) CMOS devices for various gate oxide thicknesses. In addition, this model ran also be employed to determine the physical oxide thickness from I-V data with high sensitivity. It is particularly sensitive in the very-thin-oxide regime, where C-V extraction happens to be difficult or impossible (because of the presence of the large tunneling current).