gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Renal transplantation relieves the symptoms but does not reverse beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis. (1996)

Renal transplantation is considered to be the treatment of choice of dialysis-related beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis (DRA), as it provides near-normal serum levels of beta 2-microglobulin and obviates the need for dialysis. However, the long-term outcome of DRA after transplantation has not been fully assessed, and its evolution after transplant failure has not been reported. This study examined 17 patients with histologically confirmed DRA who underwent kidney transplantation and had a dialysis-free follow-up period in excess of 1 yr. Immunosuppressive treatment included low-dose prednisolone, cyclosporine, and/or azathioprine. Symptoms related to DRA were sought at every outpatient visit, and bone x-rays were performed at time of transplantation and annually thereafter. The number and size of the bone cysts were determined. Most of the DRA symptoms, and particularly shoulder stiffness, disappeared within the first wk after transplantation and this persisted throughout the transplant follow-up period (58.5 +/- 9 months). However, the number of bone cysts remained remarkably constant even in those patients with still-functioning grafts (12 +/- 7.5 and 12.1 +/- 7.7, before and at last transplantation follow-up examination, respectively). Beta 2-microglobulin amyloid was found to be present in one patient operated on for hip fracture 2 yr after receiving a well-functioning transplant. Seven patients experienced graft failure and returned to dialysis after 47 +/- 39 months of transplantation. Severe DRA symptoms reappeared strikingly early after resuming hemodialysis, and five out of the seven patients required surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome, three of them within the first yr (mean, 17 +/- 12 months). The number of cysts significantly increased from 17 +/- 11 to 21 +/- 11 during the second dialysis period. These findings provide further evidence suggesting that although the clinical expression of DRA is arrested during transplantation, the anatomical lesions and the pathological processes underlying it are unlikely to be reversed.
Software complexity metric with the critical value (2002)

There are hundreds of software metrics, but the majority of them are unsuccessful. There are also various software metric validation methods, which are even less successful. In this paper, we present a metric with some useful properties, like clearly defined critical, minimal and maximal values, and which are independent of the stage of the software product and the language in which it is written. It is hypothesized that a metric of this kind will be successful and, according to its features, easy to validate.
Influence of Stoichiometry on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Chemical Vapor Deposition Derived MoS<sub>2</sub> (2014)

Ultrathin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) of Mo and W show great potential for digital electronics and optoelectronic applications. Whereas early studies were limited to mechanically exfoliated flakes, the large-area synthesis of 2D TMDCs has now been realized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based on a sulfurization reaction. The optoelectronic properties of CVD grown monolayer MoS2 have been intensively investigated, but the influence of stoichiometry on the electrical and optical properties has been largely overlooked. Here we systematically vary the stoichiometry of monolayer MoS2 during CVD via controlled sulfurization and investigate the associated changes in photoluminescence and electrical properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to measure relative variations in stoichiometry and the persistence of MoOx species. As MoS2-δ is reduced (increasing δ), the field-effect mobility of monolayer transistors increases while the photoluminescence yield becomes nonuniform. Devices fabricated from monolayers with the lowest sulfur content have negligible hysteresis and a threshold voltage of ∼ 0 V. We conclude that the electrical and optical properties of monolayer MoS2 crystals can be tuned via stoichiometry engineering to meet the requirements of various applications.
Current limitations in native mass spectrometry based structural biology (2010)

Nowadays, mass spectrometry plays an important role in structural biology. At one end it can be used to investigate intact protein complexes, providing details about the complex composition, topology, stability, and dynamics, whereas at the other end the protein's identity and possible modifications can be visualized using proteomics approaches. Combining all this information allows the generation of detailed models for functional biological assemblies. Here, a perspective on the application of native mass spectrometry in structural biology is presented. The potential of this technique and some important current limitations are discussed. This includes issues regarding the quality/homogeneity of the sample, the dissociation efficiency of protein complexes during tandem mass spectrometric analysis, and some boundaries of ion mobility mass spectrometry.
Conserved Charged Amino Acids within Sendai Virus C Protein Play Multiple Roles in the Evasion of Innate Immune Responses (2010)

One of the accessory proteins of Sendai virus (SeV), C, translated from an alternate reading frame of P/V mRNA has been shown to function at multiple stages of infection in cell cultures as well as in mice. C protein has been reported to counteract signal transduction by interferon (IFN), inhibit apoptosis induced by the infection, enhance the efficiency of budding of viral particles, and regulate the polarity of viral genome-length RNA synthesis to maximize production of infectious particles. In this study, we have generated a series of SeV recombinants containing substitutions of highly conserved, charged residues within the C protein, and characterized them together with previously-reported C'/C(-), 4C(-), and F170S recombinant viruses in infected cell cultures in terms of viral replication, cytopathogenicity, and antagonizing effects on host innate immunity. Unexpectedly, the amino acid substitutions had no or minimal effect on viral growth and viral RNA synthesis. However, all the substitutions of charged amino acids resulted in the loss of a counteracting effect against the establishment of an IFN-alpha-mediated anti-viral state. Infection by the virus (Cm2') containing mutations at K77 and D80 induced significant IFN-beta production, severe cytopathic effects, and detectable amounts of viral dsRNA production. In addition to the Cm2' virus, the virus containing mutations at E114 and E115 did not inhibit the poly(I:C)-triggered translocation of cellular IRF-3 to the nucleus. These results suggest that the C protein play important roles in viral escape from induction of IFN-beta and cell death triggered by infection by means of counteracting the pathway leading to activation of IRF-3 as well as of minimizing viral dsRNA production.
Optimization and Design of a Multipass Branching Microchannel Heat Sink for Electronics Cooling (2012)

This article is focused on the optimization and design of a multipass branching microchannel heat sink for high heat flux electronics cooling applications. A multiphysics topology optimization method is used to arrive at two different branching channel solutions for the cooling of a heated plate. These optimization results are combined and synthesized into a unique multipass manifold microchannel heat sink design that has both jet and channel based characteristics. Numerical experiments for a representative electronics package were completed to evaluate the heat sink thermal and fluid performance. It is found that the derived cold plate exhibits favorable heat transfer with low pressure drop due to multiple passes through the branching microchannels. In addition to numerical results, ongoing prototype development for concept validation is described.
Roles of ribosomal binding, membrane potential, and electron transport in bacterial uptake of streptomycin and gentamicin (1983)

The effects of a set of conditions on aminoglycoside uptake were determined. Membrane vesicles either with a membrane potential (delta psi) of -125 mV (adequate to drive lysine uptake) or with succinate, lactate, or phenazine methosulfate did not accumulate gentamicin unless components of protein synthesis were included. Ribosomally resistant (rpsL) Escherichia coli cells demonstrated energy-dependent phase II uptake similar to that of a streptomycin-susceptible strain of E. coli when treated with 100 micrograms of puromycin per ml. Puromycin (100 micrograms/ml) also increased the uptake of the cationic compounds polyamine and arginine. These studies support a role of protein synthesis in aminoglycoside uptake and in the development of energy-dependent phase II. delta psi of cells did not increase either at the initiation of or during energy-dependent phase II, showing that energy-dependent phase II is not due to an elevation of delta psi. In a Bacillus subtilis system, significant streptomycin uptake requires a threshold value of delta psi which varies depending upon the concentration of streptomycin used. At 25 micrograms/ml, the uptake of streptomycin reached maximal levels after exceeding the threshold value, whereas at 100 micrograms/ml there was a gradual increase of the uptake to the maximal after the threshold value was exceeded. Several studies supported the view that electron transport has a specific role other than its requirement to produce the cellular delta psi. The uptake of gentamicin was stimulated to a greater extent by phenazine methosulfate-ascorbate than by the ionophore nigericin in strains of E. coli, although nigericin stimulated delta psi to a greater degree. Cells with 25% of the normal quinone concentration had delta psi values identical to cells with the normal quinone concentration, but the quinone-deficient cells had a significantly lower rate of gentamicin uptake. KCN prevented gentamicin uptake but did not prevent the development of delta psi. The effects of ubiquinone depletion in an E. coli strain were more evident on gentamicin uptake than on ATP-driven glutamine transport or proton motive force-driven proline transport, consistent with a specific requirement for quinones in aminoglycoside uptake. A detailed explanation of the mechanism of accumulation of streptomycin and gentamicin and a proposed mechanism for killing bacterial cells by these agents have been provided.
Improvement of MRI image quality by a directional adaptive filter (1997)

In this paper, an image processing method for improving the quality of MRI images is proposed. The directions of various structural elements such as edges are extracted, and a directional adaptive filter is proposed as a one-dimensional smoothing process in the detected directions. The result of applying directional adaptive filtering to MRI images, along with reducing the noise while minimizing structural element degradations, is that the contrast of soft tissue regions can be improved. MRI images have the characteristic of providing high contrast for soft tissue regions, but do not provide very high resolution. Directional adaptive filters are investigated and are shown to be particularly effective for images that possess these qualities, and the MRI performance level is compared to that obtained on X-ray CT images. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 28(10): 69–76, 1997
Association of baseline levels of urinary glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline and type II collagen C-telopeptide with progression of joint destruction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (2002)

High baseline levels of Glc-Gal-PYD, CTX-II, and MMP-3 are associated with increased risk of progression of joint destruction over 1 year in early RA. The association between baseline levels of urinary Glc-Gal-PYD and progression of joint erosion was independent of the severity of radiologic damage and inflammation at baseline. Combining the measurements of these molecular markers with radiologic assessment of joint damage may be useful for identifying patients with RA who are at high risk of rapid progression and for whom early aggressive treatment would be beneficial.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Assisted Simple Clean-Up of 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole and Ethylphenols from Aged Red Wines (2008)

Some compounds lend positive aromas to wine, while others give unpleasant odors. Among the latter, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 4-ethylphenol, and 4-ethylguaiacol are compounds associated with the detrimental aspects of wine quality. Molecularly imprinted polymers are synthetic materials with artificially generated recognition sites able to specifically rebind a target molecule. The aim of this study was to determine how the application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) and nonimprinted polymers (NIP) could eliminate TCA and ethylphenols from aged red wines. Results show that no significant differences were observed when TCA was retained within the NIP or MIP, whereas 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol were retained more with MIP at 92.3% and 89.4%, respectively. The behavior of other volatile wine compounds, such as oak lactones, eugenol, and 2-phenylethanol, was also examined, and MIP consistently showed the highest retention values.
Fast and Flexible Selection with a Single Switch (2009)

Selection methods that require only a single-switch input, such as a button click or blink, are potentially useful for individuals with motor impairments, mobile technology users, and individuals wishing to transmit information securely. We present a single-switch selection method, "Nomon," that is general and efficient. Existing single-switch selection methods require selectable options to be arranged in ways that limit potential applications. By contrast, traditional operating systems, web browsers, and free-form applications (such as drawing) place options at arbitrary points on the screen. Nomon, however, has the flexibility to select any point on a screen. Nomon adapts automatically to an individual's clicking ability; it allows a person who clicks precisely to make a selection quickly and allows a person who clicks imprecisely more time to make a selection without error. Nomon reaps gains in information rate by allowing the specification of beliefs (priors) about option selection probabilities and by avoiding tree-based selection schemes in favor of direct (posterior) inference. We have developed both a Nomon-based writing application and a drawing application. To evaluate Nomon's performance, we compared the writing application with a popular existing method for single-switch writing (row-column scanning). Novice users wrote 35% faster with the Nomon interface than with the scanning interface. An experienced user (author TB, with 10 hours practice) wrote at speeds of 9.3 words per minute with Nomon, using 1.2 clicks per character and making no errors in the final text.
Evaluating the impact of process changes on cluster tool performance (2000)

Cluster tools are highly integrated machines that can perform a sequence of semiconductor manufacturing processes. Their integrated nature can complicate analysis when evaluating how process changes affect the overall tool performance. This paper presents two integrated models for understanding the behavior of a simple, single loadlock cluster tool. The first model is a network model that evaluates the total lot processing time for a given sequence of activities. By including a manufacturing process model (in the form of a response surface model, or RSM), the model calculates the lot makespan, the total time to process a lot of wafers, as a function of the process parameter values and other operation times. This model allows us to quantify the sensitivity of total lot processing time with respect to process parameters and times. In addition, we present an integrated simulation model that includes a process model. For a given scheduling rule that the cluster tool uses to sequence wafer movements, we can use the simulation to evaluate the impact of process changes, including changes to product characteristics and changes to process parameter values. In addition, we can construct an integrated network model to quantify the sensitivity of total lot processing time with respect to process times and process parameters in a specific scenario. We also present an evaluation of the effectiveness of two different scheduling rules, push and pull. The examples presented here illustrate the types of insights that we can gain from using such methods. Namely, the lot makespan is a function not simply of each operation's process time, but specifically of the chosen process parameter values. Modifying the process parameter values may also have significant impacts on the manufacturing system performance, a consequence of importance that is not readily obvious to a process engineer when tuning a process. This result can be seen either with the decrease of raw process time causing little change to the makespan, or the extreme example in which this could cause an increase in makespan because of an inefficient scheduling rule. Additionally, because the cluster tool's maximum throughput, which is the inverse of the lot makespan, depends on the process parameters, the tradeoffs between process performance and throughput should be considered when evaluating potential process changes and their manufacturing impact.
Step load response of a current-mode-controlled DC-to-DC converter (1997)

This paper analyzes the step load response of a current-mode-controlled pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter and also presents design guidelines for obtaining a good step load response. Analytical expressions for the step load response are derived in terms of the power stage and feedback compensation parameters. Control design to minimize the overshoot and settling time of the output voltage is presented. Analysis results are verified by large-signal simulations.
THE EFFECT OF THE HYPERMOBILITY SYNDROME ON KNEE JOINT PROPRIOCEPTION (1995)

Proprioceptive sensory feedback is utilized by the central nervous system for conscious appreciation of the position and movement of the body and limbs. In patients with the hypermobility syndrome (HMS), it has been suggested that there is alteration of proprioceptive acuity. Proprioceptive performance of the knee joint was investigated in 10 female subjects who suffered from HMS using a threshold detection paradigm (accurate determination of the onset and direction of knee joint displacement at constant angular velocity). Compared to age- and sex-matched controls, HMS subjects showed significantly higher detection levels at starting knee flexion angles of 30 degrees P < 0.001) and 5 degrees (P < 0.001). Control subjects showed no significant difference in threshold acuity between the sexes (at 5 degrees P = 0.63, at 30 degrees P = 0.48). The increased acuity in proprioception observed towards full extension in the control population (P < 0.001) was absent in the HMS subjects (P = 0.596). Findings reported here suggest that HMS subjects have poorer proprioceptive feedback than controls. Reduced sensory feedback may lead to biomechanically unsound limb positions being adopted. Such a mechanism may allow acceleration of degenerative joint conditions, and may account for the increased prevalence of such conditions seen with HMS subjects.
Learning From Synthetic Images via Active Pseudo-Labeling (2020)

Synthetic visual data refers to the data automatically rendered by the mature computer graphic algorithms. With the rapid development of these techniques, we can now collect photo-realistic synthetic images with accurate pixel-level annotations without much effort. However, due to the domain gaps between synthetic data and real data, in terms of not only visual appearance but also label distribution, directly applying models trained on synthetic images to real ones can hardly yield satisfactory performance. Since the collection of accurate labels for real images is very laborious and time-consuming, developing algorithms which can learn from synthetic images is of great significance. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, namely Active Pseudo-Labeling (APL), to reduce the domain gaps between synthetic images and real images. In APL framework, we first predict pseudo-labels for the unlabeled real images in the target domain by actively adapting the style of the real images to source domain. Specifically, the style of real images is adjusted via a novel task guided generative model, and then pseudo-labels are predicted for these actively adapted images. Lastly, we fine-tune the source-trained model in the pseudo-labeled target domain, which helps to fit the distribution of the real data. Experiments on both semantic segmentation and object detection tasks with several challenging benchmark data sets demonstrate the priority of our proposed method compared to the existing state-of-the-art approaches.
PERCUTANEOUS RENAL STONE EXTRACTION: IN VITRO STUDY OF RETRIEVAL DEVICES (2004)

The Cook Perc-NCircle facilitates a more expeditious approach to percutaneous stone removal with less risk of sheath withdrawal.
Selective Etching of Silicon Dioxide Using Reactive Ion Etching with  CF 4 ‐  H 2 (1979)

Highly selective etching of silicon dioxide relative to both silicon and resist has been obtained by reactive ion etching substrates which are loaded onto an rf cathode and exposed to a low pressure discharge of a etching gas mixture. Silicon dioxide‐to‐silicon etch rate ratios as high as 35 to 1 have been measured and silicon dioxide‐to‐resist etch rate ratios have been found to exceed 10 to 1. The use of reactive ion etching is important in achieving these high etch ratios; the low operating pressure of between 2.7 and 5.3 Pa and the exposure of substrates to bombardment by energetic ions tend to inhibit polymerization on the substrates. As a result, it is possible to use the greater concentrations which are required for high etch rate ratios.
Emitter-collector shorts in bipolar devices (1975)

A number of processing defects may produce emitter-to-collector shorts in double-diffused bipolar transistors. Photolithography errors may cause lateral shorting of adjacent emitter and collector regions; or a localized masking during base diffusion can result in the absence of a base region between emitter and collector (in a vertical direction). Surface inversion of the base region may also give rise to an electrical path between emitter and collector, although this would certainly be a rare phenomenon with the relatively high surface concentration of dopants in bipolar devices and with modern processing methods to control surface charge. Particulate contamination, especially if it contains phosphorus, can also result in localized emitter-collector shorts by overdoping the p-type base region (1). However, by far the most interesting, and the most troublesome, incidence of emitter-collector shorts is that due to "pipes."
Cadence-based simulation of floating-gate circuits using the EKV model (2003)

A simplified version of the transistor model proposed by Enz, Krummacher, and Vittoz to model FET behavior has been implemented in the popular, commercially available Cadence software package. We have expanded this model to include the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect. Several simulation experiments were performed on basic transistor circuits and compared with measured data to check the accuracy of our implementation and to explore the limitations of this modified model. We have also included some simulations of floating-gate circuits. The results of this comparison are presented in this paper and show good agreement between simulation and experimental behavior despite the simplicity of the model.