gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquidity Risk and Contagion (2005)

This paper explores liquidity risk in a system of interconnected financial institutions when these institutions are subject to regulatory solvency constraints and mark their assets to market. When the market's demand for illiquid assets is less than perfectly elastic, sales by distressed institutions depress the market prices of such assets. Marking to market of the asset book can induce a further round of endogenously generated sales of assets, depressing prices further and inducing further sales. Contagious failures can result from small shocks. We investigate the theoretical basis for contagious failures and quantify them through simulation exercises. Liquidity requirements on institutions can be as effective as capital requirements in forestalling contagious failures.
The Effects of Oxidative Stress in Urinary Tract Infection (2005)

We aimed to determine the effects of oxidative stress in urinary tract infection (UTI). One hundred sixty-four urine samples obtained from patients with the prediagnosis of acute UTI admitted to the Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, were included in this study. Urine cultures were performed according to standard techniques. Urinary isolates were identified by using API ID 32E. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and the lipid peroxidation levels known as oxidative stress markers were measured in all urine samples. Thirty-six pathogen microorganisms were identified in positive urine cultures. These microorganisms were as follows: 23 (63.8%) E coli, 5 (13.8%) P mirabilis, 4 (11.1%) K pneumoniae, 2 (5.5%) Candida spp, 1 (2.7%) S saprophyticus, and 1 (2.7%) P aeruginosa. It was observed that lipid peroxidation levels were increased while catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were decreased in positive urine cultures, compared to negative cultures. We conclude that urinary tract infection causes oxidative stress, increases lipid peroxidation level, and leads to insufficiency of antioxidant enzymes.
Automated minimax design of networks (1975)

A new gradient algorithm for the solution of nonlinear minimax problems has been developed. The algorithm is well suited for automated minimax design of networks and it is very simple to use. It compares favorably with recent minimax and least <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> th algorithms. General convergence problems related to minimax design of networks are discussed. Finally, minimax design of equalization networks for reflectiontype microwave amplifiers is carried out by means of the proposed algorithm.
Development of HDTV Receiving Equipment Based on Band Compression Technique (MUSE) (1986)

It is about sixteen years since the Investigation of High-definition television (HDTV) system was started by NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), and its outstanding picture quality has already demonstrated on various occasions.(1)
Properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:macrocin O-methyltransferase in extracts of Streptomyces fradiae strains which produce normal or elevated levels of tylosin and in mutants blocked in specific O-methylations (1981)

An efficient assay for S-adenosyl-L-methionine:macrocin O-methyltransferase, the enzyme which carries out the terminal step in tylosin biosynthesis, is described. Macrocin O-methyltransferase requires Mg2+ and S-adenosyl-L-methionine for activity, has a temperature optimum of about 31 degrees C, and has a pH optimum of 7.5 to 8.2. Macrocin O-methyltransferase specifically converts macrocin to tylosin by O-methylation of the 3" ' position of macrocin. In vitro methylation studies with extracts from a tylosin-producing Streptomyces fradiae strain and from mutant strains blocked in 2" '- or 3" '-O-methylations indicated that: (i) the 2" '- and 3" '-O-methylations occur after 6-deoxy-D-allose is attached to the macrolide ring; (ii) the 2" '- and 3" '-O-methylations are carried out by separate enzymes; and (iii) the 2" '-O-methylation precedes the 3" '-O-methylation. Macrocin O-methyltransferase was inhibited by high levels of its substrate, macrocin, by its product, tylosin, and by other tylosin analogs which contained mycinose or demethyl analogs of mycinose. Macrocin O-methyltransferase was produced early in the tylosin fermentation cycle by S. fradiae and preceded the onset of rapid tylosin biosynthesis by about 24 h. The enzyme specific activity reached maximum at about 72 h and then slowly declined. A mutant strain of S. fradiae selected for increased tylosin production synthesized macrocin O-methyltransferase more rapidly and accumulated a higher enzyme specific activity than a wild-type strain.
Spinel and Perovskite Protection Layers Between Crofer22APU and La[sub 0.8]Sr[sub 0.2]FeO[sub 3] Cathode Materials for SOFC Interconnects (2008)

The interaction of the metallic interconnects with the cathode and the resulting time-dependent resistance of these material combinations is a major problem in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this study, different conductive oxide coatings were used as protective layers to improve surface stability and electrical performance, as well as to mitigate or prevent chromium poisoning of the cells. Dense layers were obtained on the steel by electron-beam physical vapor deposition, by screen printing and by electroplating. The degradation of the interface between the coated Crofer22APU alloy and the (LSF) cathode was studied by resistance measurements in air at up to and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and secondary ion mass spectrometry after exposure. measured the lowest resistance between the tested coatings. The highest resistance was found for , which also showed low protection against formation. exhibited the lowest resistance increase; however, this coating was not protective enough to prevent the formation of , especially during cyclic operation. Among the Mn–Co–Fe spinel compositions tested, the lowest resistivity values and the highest Cr retention were obtained with the spinel.
GaAs Light Emitting Diodes Fabricated on SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si Wafers (1983)

GaAs LEDs have been successfully realized on thermally oxidized Si wafers. Ge layers were recrystallized on tungsten coated SiO 2 /Si wafers and used as substrates for GaAs epitaxial growth. Light emission of around 9000 Å was observed at room temperature.
Coupled B-snake grids and constrained thin-plate splines for analysis of 2-D tissue deformations from tagged MRI (1998)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in its ability to noninvasively and selectively alter tissue magnetization and create tagged patterns within a deforming body such as the heart muscle. The resulting patterns define a time-varying curvilinear coordinate system on the tissue, which we track with coupled B-snake grids. B-spline bases provide local control of shape, compact representation, and parametric continuity. Efficient spline warps are proposed which warp an area in the plane such that two embedded snake grids obtained from two tagged frames are brought into registration, interpolating a dense displacement vector field. The reconstructed vector field adheres to the known displacement information at the intersections, forces corresponding snakes to be warped into one another, and for all other points in the plane, where no information is available, a C1 continuous vector field is interpolated. The implementation proposed in this paper improves on our previous variational-based implementation and generalizes warp methods to include biologically relevant contiguous open curves, in addition to standard landmark points. The methods are validated with a cardiac motion simulator, in addition to in-vivo tagging data sets.
Improved video coding with residual prediction for extended spatial scalability (2008)

Annex G has been added to the H.264/AVC video coding standard to improve the scalability of coded video. In this annex, residual prediction is one of the main coding tools that provide efficient inter-layer prediction with moderate coding complexity. However, when residual prediction is used in an extended spatial scalability scenario, it is reported that certain visual artifacts can appear, which results in a perceived quality degradation. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the problem. Based on the analysis, a solution that involves a modified mode decision process is suggested. With the proposed method, the reported visual artifact may be completely prevented. Meanwhile, the proposed solution does not require any change to decoder and therefore does not incur any overhead to decoder complexity.
Picolinyl derivatives for the structural determination of fatty acids by mass spectrometry: Applications to polyenoic acids, hydroxy acids, di-acids and related compounds (1984)

A rapid, mild procedure is described for the synthesis of picolinyl esters of branched-chain, cyclic and unsaturated fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids and hydroxy acids by the reaction of the derived acid chloride with 3-pyridylcarbinol. The mass spectra of these derivatives contained abundant diagnostic ions resulting from radical-induced cleavage of the hydrocarbon chain following random hydrogen abstraction by the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring. Ions thus represented cleavage, without further rearrangement, at each carbon-carbon bond and enabled methyl groups and double bonds to be located. The spectra of the polyenoic acids were more complex than those of their monoenoic analogues, but major ions whose mass differences could be represented by the series —14, 26, 14, 26, 14— could be used to localize the double bonds. The position of the double bond most remote from the carboxylic ester group could be established by the position of an abundant ion produced by loss of an allylic radical containing the terminal carbon atoms of the chain. Derivatives of the hydroxy acids, although not prepared in quantitative yield, also gave diagnostic spectra. The spectra of the derivatives of the dicarboxylic acids contained abundant molecular ions and again showed diagnostic cleavages of the hydrocarbon chain.
Authorization and revocation in object-oriented databases (1997)

Few studies of object-oriented databases deal with their security, a fundamental aspect of systems with complex data structures. Most authorization systems give users who own resources only some basic control over them; here, we provide users with more direct control over their resources by associating with each grant propagation numbers. Propagation numbers govern the grantability and exercisability of the privileges. Of particular interest in our study of authorization in an OO environment is the combination of inheritance and granting of privileges. Diverse policies are discussed and implemented in a test-bed system.
<i>μ</i>‐Opioid receptor desensitization: Is morphine different? (2004)

Opioid tolerance and dependence are important phenomena. The contribution of acute mu-opioid receptor regulatory mechanisms to the development of analgesic tolerance or physical dependence are unknown, and even the mechanisms underlying relatively rapid receptor desensitization in single cells are unresolved. To a large degree, the uncertainty surrounding the mechanisms and consequences of short-term regulation of tau-opioid receptors in single cells arises from the limitations in the experimental design in many of the studies that have investigated these events. Receptor overexpression and use of assays in which regulatory mechanisms are likely to blunt control determinations have led to measurements of opioid receptor activity that are likely to be insensitive to receptor uncoupling. Together with uncertainties concerning molecular details of tau-opioid receptor interactions with potential regulatory molecules such as G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins, we are left with an incomplete picture crudely copied from the well-worked-out regulatory schema for beta(2)-adrenoceptors. As a consequence, suggestions that clinically relevant tau-opioid receptor agonists may have different propensities to produce tolerance and dependence that arise from their differential recruitment of regulatory mechanisms are premature, and have not yet been appropriately assessed, nor explained in the context of a thoroughly established regulatory scheme. In this commentary, we outline the experimental limitations that have given rise to conflicting ideas about how mu-opioid receptors are regulated, and identify the issues we feel still need to be addressed before we can understand why morphine promotes receptor trafficking differently to other opioids.
Inhibitors of Farnesyl Protein Transferase. 4-Amido, 4-Carbamoyl, and 4-Carboxamido Derivatives of 1-(8-Chloro-6,11-dihydro-5<i>H</i>-benzo[5,6]- cyclohepta[1,2-<i>b</i>]pyridin-11-yl)piperazine and 1-(3-Bromo-8-chloro-6,11- dihydro-5<i>H</i>-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-<i>b</i>]pyridin-11-yl)piperazine (1998)

The synthesis of a variety of novel 4-amido, 4-carbamoyl and 4-carboxamido derivatives of 1-(8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl) piperazine to explore the SAR of this series of FPT inhibitors is described. This resulted in the synthesis of the 4- and 3-pyridylacetyl analogues 45a and 50a, respectively, both of which were orally active but were found to be rapidly metabolized in vivo. Identification of the principal metabolites led to the synthesis of a variety of new compounds that would be less readily metabolized, the most interesting of which were the 3- and 4-pyridylacetyl N-oxides 80a and 83a. Novel replacements for the pyridylacetyl moiety were also sought, and this resulted in the discovery of the 4-N-methyl and 4-N-carboxamidopiperidinylacetyl derivatives 135a and 160a, respectively. All of these derivatives exhibited greatly improved pharmacokinetics. The synthesis of the corresponding 3-bromo analogues resulted in the discovery of the 4-pyridylacetyl N-oxides 83b (+/-) and 85b [11S(-)] and the 4-carboxamidopiperidinylacetamido derivative 160b (+/-), all of which exhibited potent FPT inhibition in vitro. All three showed excellent oral bioavailability in vivo in nude mice and cynomolgus monkeys and exhibited excellent antitumor efficacy against a series of tumor cell lines when dosed orally in nude mice.
Linear Machine Decision Trees (1991)

This article presents an algorithm for inducing multiclass decision trees with multivariate tests at internal decision nodes. Each test is constructed by training a linear machine and eliminating variables in a controlled manner. Empirical results demonstrate that the algorithm builds small accurate trees across a variety of tasks. 1 Introduction One of the fundamental research problems in machine learning is how to learn from examples. From a sequence or set of training examples, each labeled with its correct class name, a machine learns by forming or selecting a generalization of the training examples. This process, also known as supervised learning, is useful for real classification tasks, e.g. disease diagnosis, and for problem solving tasks in which control decisions depend on classification, e.g. rule applicability. The ability to generalize is fundamental to intelligence because it allows one to reason in accordance with predictions that are often correct. This article focuse...
Rough-cut capacity planning for remanufacturing firms (1997)

Capacity planning is a critical element of any successful production planning and control system. A method of rough-cut capacity planning is developed, based on the bill-of-resources approach, that can be used to plan for capacity required for firms in a remanufacturing (including overhaul/repair operations) environment. The modifed bill-of-resources approach developed takes into account two major stochastic elements inherent in this environment; probabilistic material replacement factors and probabilistic routing files. A detailed example from an actual repair/overhaul operation is presented to illustrate the technique. © 1997 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Investigation of the Structural Requirements of the Troponin C Central Helix for Function (1995)

The two globular Ca(2+)-binding domains of troponin C are connected by a three-turn, exposed central helix. The requirements of this helical linker for regulatory function are not fully understood. In the present work we investigated the structural requirement of the linker using a series of insertion mutations that differ in predicted flexibility. TnCinrc has a nine-residue flexible random coil insert, TnCinpp has a nine-residue rigid polyproline insert (three turns), and TnCin alpha h has a seven-residue insert with high potential of forming alpha-helix. TnCinrc and TnCinpp were defective in the activation of the regulated actomyosin ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ when compared to wild type or TnCin alpha h, suggesting that altering the flexibility of the central helix impairs the regulatory function of troponin C. TnCin alpha h, TnCinrc, and TnCinpp had 87% +/- 3, 62% +/- 3, and 58% +/- 2 of the wild type activity, respectively (n = 6). All insertions in the central helix resulted in elongation of molecule compared to wild type TnC as determined by Stokes' radius. The Ca(2+)-affinity, the Ca(2+)-dependence of the actomyosin ATPase, and the stability of the insertion mutants were similar to wild type. Deletions of up to two turns of the central helix have little effect on troponin C function [Dobrowolski, Z., Xu, G-Q., & Hitchcock-DeGregori, S. E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5703-5710]. In another mutant (TnCd11) the entire central helix, 87KEDAKGKSEEE97, was deleted. With TnCd11, activation of the actomyosin ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ was normal, but inhibition in the absence of Ca2+ was less effective. Interaction of TnCd11 with TnI was altered. There was a 2-fold excess of TnCd11 in reconstituted Tn complex, consistent with another report [Babu, A., Rao, V. G, Su, H., & Gulati, J. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19232-19238]. Our results suggest that the native length and structure of the central helix are optimal for normal regulatory function and that connectivity alone is insufficient for TnC function.
Underlay Control Signaling for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency IoT Communications (2018)

Future mobile networks not only envision enhancing the traditional link quality and data rates of mobile broad band (MBB) links, but also development of new control channels to meet the requirements of delay sensitive use cases. In particular, the need for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) for many internet of things (IoT) users is greatly emphasized. In this paper, we present a novel spread spectrum waveform design that we propose for transmission of control signals to establish URLLC communications. These control signals are transmitted over the spectral resources that belong to the MBB communications in the network, but at a level that minimally affects these data channels. The proposed waveform, although a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique, is designed to take advantage of symbol synchronization available to the OFDM broad band communications in the network. This allows simple synchronization with the rest of the network. The proposed DSSS method can transmit single and multiple bits within each OFDM time frame and can serve many user equipment (UE) nodes simultaneously.
Despite ubiquitous autoantigen expression, arthritogenic autoantibody response initiates in the local lymph node (2002)

K/BxN mice develop an inflammatory joint disease with many features characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. In this model, the KRN transgenic T cells and nontransgenic B cells both recognize the glycolytic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase (GPI) as an autoantigen. Here, we followed the anti-GPI B cell response that naturally arises in K/BxN mice. The anti-GPI B cell response was robust and arose at the same time as the development of serum anti-GPI autoantibody and joint inflammation. Surprisingly, although GPI was expressed systemically, the anti-GPI B cell response was focused to the lymph nodes (LN) draining the distal joints where arthritis was evident. In lymphotoxin-beta receptor-Ig-treated mice, which lack LNs, the development of arthritis was completely inhibited up to 5-6 weeks. At later times, some arthritis did develop, but at a significantly reduced level. Thus, in this spontaneous model of autoimmunity, the LNs draining the distal joints are essential for both the inhibition and amplification of the arthritogenic B cell response. These findings imply that the immune physiology of a joint is unique, resulting in a local immune response to a systemic autoantigen.
Continuously maintaining quantile summaries of the most recent N elements over a data stream (2004)

Statistics over the most recently observed data elements are often required in applications involving data streams, such as intrusion detection in network monitoring, stock price prediction in financial markets, Web log mining for access prediction, and user click stream mining for personalization. Among various statistics, computing quantile summary is probably most challenging because of its complexity. We study the problem of continuously maintaining quantile summary of the most recently observed N elements over a stream so that quantile queries can be answered with a guaranteed precision of /spl epsiv/N. We developed a space efficient algorithm for predefined N that requires only one scan of the input data stream and O(log(/spl epsiv//sup 2/N)//spl epsiv/+1//spl epsiv//sup 2/) space in the worst cases. We also developed an algorithm that maintains quantile summaries for most recent N elements so that quantile queries on any most recent n elements (n /spl les/ N) can be answered with a guaranteed precision of /spl epsiv/n. The worst case space requirement for this algorithm is only O(log/sup 2/(/spl epsiv/N)//spl epsiv//sup 2/). Our performance study indicated that not only the actual quantile estimation error is far below the guaranteed precision but the space requirement is also much less than the given theoretical bound.
Improvement of photoluminescence property of (GaAl)As double-heterostructure laser wafer with buffer layer (1980)

The effect of a buffer layer on a (GaAl)As double-heterostructure wafer is examined by a photoluminescence (PL) technique. It is found that a buffer layer improves the radiative efficiency and lasing characteristics. There exists a good correlation between the buffer-layer thickness, and the PL intensity of an active layer and the threshold current density.
Interface Fracture (2003)

▪ Abstract Interfacial adhesion plays a central role in a number of technologically important applications. Quantitatively measuring the adhesion of an interface and understanding the processes and controlling mechanisms of energy dissipation is not always a straightforward task, however. It is often not enough to know that an interface in a particular application is weak and prone to failure because it can be difficult to accurately recreate that interface with a bulk specimen and derive a meaningful adhesion value. Rather, a fundamental knowledge of the processes that actually contribute to the interfacial strength is important, so that, when bulk specimens are prepared, care can be taken to eliminate energy-absorbing processes that are not present in the actual application. Accordingly, this paper reviews some of the literature highlighting the contributing factors that control interfacial adhesion. The focus is on those models that describe the detailed mechanisms of the energy-absorbing processes and on some of the experimental data that illustrates those models.