gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Malassezia Fungi Are Specialized to Live on Skin and Associated with Dandruff, Eczema, and Other Skin Diseases (2012)

Malassezia is a monophyletic genus of fungi found on the skin of 7 billion humans and associated with a variety of conditions, including dandruff, atopic eczema (AE)/dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, and folliculitis ([1], [2]; Figure 1). In immunocompromised hosts Malassezia can also cause systemic infections. There are 14 currently recognized species of Malassezia, eight of which have been associated with humans, four of these commonly [3]. Malassezia spp. are Basidiomycetous fungi, as are most species of fungi readily seen on a walk through the forest. Among the Basidiomycota, only Malassezia and Cryptococcus are frequent human pathogens. However, their adaptations to humans are presumed to be independent: Malassezia's closest relatives are plant pathogens: the smuts and rusts, whereas the closest relatives for Cryptococcus pathogenic species are fungal saprotrophs associated with trees and insects. We summarize here a cellular and molecular description of some interactions of Malassezia with humans and speculate on properties (release of allergen-containing nanovesicles, mating) that may be critical to Malassezia virulence.



Figure 1

Malassezia phylogeny, impact on human skin, and mating type (MAT) locus.




What Is Known about the Gene Content of Malassezia?
A genome sequence of Malassezia globosa reveals as small a genome size as any free-living fungus, with only 4,285 genes and spanning just ∼9 Mb [4]. This small genome size may reflect adaptation to the organisms' limited niche, the skin of warm-blooded vertebrates [5]. While many of the genes for biosynthetic enzymes are present, M. globosa is the only free-living fungus known to lack a fatty acid synthase gene [4]. With a plethora of lipase genes, M. globosa likely satisfies its lipid requirement by hydrolysis of sebum triglycerides. Within the genus, only Malassezia pachydermatis, isolated from dogs and other non-human animals [5], is known to grow in the absence of exogenous lipid [1]. It will be interesting to learn whether this atypical species contains a fatty acid synthase gene similar to that found in the close relative Ustilago maydis and whether the habitat requirements of M. pachydermatis are, as a consequence, less stringent by relieving the requirement for exogenous lipids. While it is possible to culture Malassezia species axenically under laboratory conditions by providing exogenous lipids that mimic those available on human skin, some species are still quite fastidious, suggesting in vitro culture conditions may not be optimized.
Multiple instance learning with generalized support vector machines (2002)

In pattern classification it is usually assumed that a training set of labeled patterns is available. Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) generalizes this problem setting by making weaker assumptions about the labeling information. While each pattern is still believed to possess a true label, training labels are associated with sets or bags of patterns rather than individual patterns. More formally, given is a set of patterns x1, ...,xn grouped into bags X1, ..., Xm, with Xj = {xi : i ∈ Ij} and Ij ⊆ {1, ..., n}. With each bag Xj is associated a label Yj ∈ {−1, 1}. These labels are interpreted in the following way: if a bag has a negative label Yj = −1, all patterns in that bag inherit the negative label. If on the other hand, Yj = 1, then at least one pattern xi ∈ Xj is a positive example of the underlying concept. The MIL scenario has many interesting applications: One prominent application is the classification of molecules in the context of drug design (Dietterich, Lathrop, & LozanoPerez 1997). Here, each molecule is represented by a bag of possible conformations. Another application is in image retrieval where images can be viewed as bags of local image patches (Maron & Ratan 1998) or image regions. Algorithms for the MIL problem were first presented in (Dietterich, Lathrop, & Lozano-Perez 1997; Auer 1997; Long & Tan 1996). These methods (and analytical results) are based on hypothesis classes consisting of axisaligned rectangles. Similarly, methods developed subsequently (e.g., (Maron & Lozano-Perez 1998; Zhang & Goldman 2002)) have focused on specially tailored machine learning algorithms that do not compare favorably in the limiting case of bags of size 1 (the standard classification setting). A notable exception is (Ramon & Raedt 2000).
The development of erythropoietic agents in oncology (2005)

The erythropoietic agents have achieved a remarkable degree of success as products for the treatment of anaemia associated with cancer chemotherapy. Three agents, epoetin-alpha, epoetin-beta and darbepoetin-alpha, share this global market and have demonstrated similar efficacy and share similar shortcomings, primarily a lower magnitude of cost/benefit than is the case for the dialysis patient. The continued success of these agents will depend on their ability to address the issue of resistance to therapy in the cancer setting, with the most promising and practical initiatives including cotherapy with parenteral iron, and earlier initiation of therapy. Recently, safety issues have arisen with respect to these agents in the cancer setting, particularly focused on possible promotion of tumour progression. A large body of data suggests that these agents are safe when used in accordance with the package inserts. The data bearing upon these issues will be reviewed and three new agents entering clinical development will be described.
Precedence-based, preemptive, and power-constrained test scheduling for system-on-a-chip (2002)

Test scheduling is a major problem in system-on-a-chip (SOC) test automation. We present an integrated framework that addresses several important test scheduling problems. We first present efficient techniques to determine optimal SOC test schedules with precedence constraints, i.e., schedules that preserve desirable orderings among tests. We then present a new algorithm that uses preemption to obtain optimal test schedules in polynomial time. Finally, we present a new method for determining optimal power-constrained schedules. Experimental results for a representative SOC show that test schedules can be obtained in reasonable CPU time for all cases.
Pharmacological Modulators of Molecular Clock and their Therapeutic Potentials in Circadian Rhythm-Related Diseases (2016)

Circadian rhythms regulate a wide range of biological processes and play a fundamental role in mammalian behavior, physiology, and metabolism. The hierarchically organized circadian timing system in mammals, with a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subsidiary oscillators in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues, mediates periodicities in physiological processes. It has been well recognized that disruption or misalignment of the intrinsic rhythms leads to diverse pathological states. Since mammalian circadian clock genes were first identified in the 1990’s, genetic and biochemical approaches have uncovered the molecular bases of the cell-autonomous and self-sustainable rhythms that are generated by two interlocking feedback loops of clock proteins. With our understanding of key features underlying the overt circadian rhythm and physiological outputs, it has emerged that pharmacological control of the circadian clock may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to treat a variety of circadian rhythm-related human diseases such as neuropsychiatric, metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune/inflammatory diseases, and even cancer. Pharmaceutical approaches to circadian clock may involve either development of drugs to treat such circadian-related disorders or combinational uses with existing therapeutic strategies to improve their therapeutic efficacy via the intrinsic clock-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we will focus on recent progress in discovery of small molecule chemical compounds that can pharmacologically modulate molecular circadian clock and their potential to be developed into therapeutic drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of External Negative Charges on the Absorption Maxima of Symmetrical Cyanines. (1986)

Abstract The effect of a symmetrical distribution of negative charges along the polyene on the absorption maxima of symmetrical cyanines is examined, using the Compounds (1), (IIa), (IIb) (i.e.
Comparative Studies on the Crosslinking Reaction of Bis-Maleimides and Bis-Citraconimides in Squalene and Natural Rubber (1998)

Abstract A study has been made to differentiate between the crosslinking reaction of bis-maleimides and bis-citraconimides in squalene as well as in natural rubber. Bis-maleimides are found to participate in the crosslinking reaction in the absence of curatives such as accelerators and sulfur. Bis-citraconimides take part in the crosslinking reaction when polysulfidic crosslinks are under the process of degradation. Sulfur and accelerator are required for the formation of polysulfidic crosslinks and hence the presence of sulfur and accelerator are essential for bis-citraconimide crosslinking. The differences in the reactivity and the chemistry of crosslinking are studied and discussed. Some application data are provided in order to elaborate the differences.
A Phospholipase C-Dependent Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase Pathway Required for Efficient Messenger RNA Export (1999)

In order to identify additional factors required for nuclear export of messenger RNA, a genetic screen was conducted with a yeast mutant deficient in a factor Gle1p, which associates with the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The three genes identified encode phospholipase C and two potential inositol polyphosphate kinases. Together, these constitute a signaling pathway from phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate to inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). The common downstream effects of mutations in each component were deficiencies in IP6 synthesis and messenger RNA export, indicating a role for IP6 in GLE1 function and messenger RNA export.
A brave new world: The problems and opportunities presented by new media technologies in prisons (2016)

This article discusses the digital inequalities experienced by prisoners and the potential opportunities that providing ‘new’ media in prisons offer for offender rehabilitation and resettlement. Currently denied access to online and social media that most of us take for granted, and unable to communicate in ways that have become ‘ordinary’ in the wider community, it is argued that prisoners experience profound social isolation and constitute one of the most impoverished groups in the digital age. In prisons which provide selected prisoners some access to information and communication technologies, their high socio-cultural status and consequent construction as a ‘privilege’ frequently results in them being used in the exercise of ‘soft’ power by prison officer gatekeepers. Moreover, when prisoners come to the end of their sentences, they not only are faced with prejudice and poor job prospects due to their criminal record, but their digital exclusion during a period of incarceration may have compound effects and lead to long-term and deep social exclusion.
A location-aware rogue AP detection system based on wireless packet sniffing of sensor APs (2011)

For easy installation and increasing the use of wireless LAN access points (AP), an unauthorized AP can be quickly plugged into the LANs of most organizations. Unauthorized APs are also termed rogue APs, and can seriously threaten network security. Detecting the existence of rogue APs has become an important research topic. A rogue AP should work by broadcasting wireless packets. This paper proposes a rogue AP detection system based on sensing the existence of AP packets. Once the MAC address of the AP packets is not on a white list, the system will find the location of the suspected AP. If the location of the suspected AP is outside the managed area, this AP will be classified into be a neighbor AP. Conversely, the suspected AP will be deemed a rogue AP. The proposed system adopts the AP with an open source firmware, OpenWrt, and an open source MAC layer sniffing application, kismet, to monitor wireless packets. The research demonstrated efficient detection of rogue APs and can further strengthen the security of wireless networks.
Effect of Xylitol in an Enzyme-Containing Dentifrice without Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on Mutans Streptococci in Vivo (1997)

The aim of this investigation was to compare the effect of an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate but with addition of xylitol (Zendium Dentine) on mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva and dental plaque with that of the same dentifrice without xylitol. The subjects were divided into a test group, using a dentifrice with 10% xylitol (part A) or 5% xylitol (part B), and a control group, using a dentifrice without xylitol, for 3 months. In part A the MS counts in saliva and plaque were significantly lower in the xylitol group (n = 50) than in the control group (n = 57) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In part B (n = 89 + 91), evaluating MS counts in saliva only, no significant difference was found. Thus, this study demonstrated I) that addition of 10% xylitol to an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate has an inhibitory effect on MS counts in saliva and dental plaque, and 2) that the inhibitory effect seems to be dose-dependent.
Effect of strong acids on the oxidation of alkylarenes by manganic and cobaltic acetates in acetic acid (1973)

The oxidation of alkylarenes by both manganic and cobaltic acetates in acetic acid is so enhanced by strong acids that extensive transformations can be achieved at room temperature. Under these conditions, only products from side-chain oxidation are obtained and the formation of nuclear adducts reported in previous studies with manganic acetate has not been observed. The products obtained are different according to whether oxygen is present or not. Under nitrogen, benzylic acetates predominate whereas carbonyl compounds are favoured when oxygen is present. The activating effect of strong acids on the oxidizing properties of manganic and cobaltic acetates seems to be primarily related to their ability to release protons. In the case of cobaltic acetate, this effect appears to be partly the result of a modification in the association state of cobalt atoms. In concentrated systems, CoIII and CoII are apparently associated in dimeric structures and the effect of strong acids may be to dissociate such dimers with liberation of reactive cobaltic species. The mechanism of attack of alkylarenes is discussed.
<i>C</i><sub>3</sub>-Symmetric Ti(IV) Triphenolate Amino Complexes as Sulfoxidation Catalysts with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide (2006)

The Ti(IV) complex 2c bearing a C3-symmetric triphenolate amine ligand is an air and moisture tolerant complex that efficiently catalyzes sulfoxidation reactions at room temperature without previous activation (catalyst loading down to 0.01%, TONs up to 8000, TOFs up to 1700 h-1, quantitative yields). Reactions were performed with aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, which adds value to the methodology from the environmental viewpoint.
Histological response to injected Polytef and Bioplastique in a rat model (1994)

Objective To study, using a rat model, the tissue reaction in response to the migration of particulate plastics injected into the lungs and subcutaneous sites. Materials and methods A total of 50 rats were included in the study. Histological examination of 30 rats was carried out up to 6 months after the subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of either Polytef or Bioplastique. Specimens from a further 18 rats underwent histologi‐ cal examination up to 3 months after the intravenous injection of 0.01 ml of either Polytef or Bioplastique. Two rats were injected with normal saline to act as controls. Representative sections of multiple organs were taken from each animal. Results No systemic migration from the site of initial implantation was detected. This may have been due either to the animal used or to the limited number of sections taken. However, the intravenously injected plastics were found adjacent to the pulmonary arterioles 3 months after injection. The histological reaction at the local injection and lung sites was similar, with the giant cells being larger and the degree of fibrosis greater for Bioplastique than for Polytef. Conclusion The histological reaction to Polytef and Bioplastique was similar in both the subcutaneous and lung sites. No migration or malignant change was seen.
Demonstration of amelogenin in the enamel‐free cusps of rat molar tooth germs: Immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic studies (1992)

The enamel-free cusps of 1-4 day-old rat mandibular first molars were investigated using the monoclonal antibody En3 against rat amelogenin at light and electron microscopic levels in order to clarify whether the enamel-free cusp is virtually devoid of enamel. At 1 day after birth, there were presecretory ameloblast-like cells (PALCs), which were short and were not polarized, at the cusp tips. They were close to the outer enamel epithelium. Hematoxylin positive enamel matrix was not distinctly observed in the enamel-free cusp by light microscopy, but almost continuous immunofluorescence for amelogenin was detected at the interface between PALCs and dentin. The penetration of immunopositive material toward the dental pulp was also observed in the enamel-free cusp. At 4 day after birth, both in the frontal section and in the horizontal section, almost continuous immunofluorescence was recognized at the interface between PALCs and dentin in the enamel-free cusp. The penetration of amelogenin toward the dental pulp was not seen in the enamel-free cusp. By immunoelectron microscopy, immunolabelling was recognized in the Golgi apparatus of PALCs, in a layer of amorphous material at the interface between PALCs and dentin, and in stippled material-like substance in the intercellular space between PALCs. Although no basement membrane was observed beneath PALCs, they did not have Tomes' processes. These investigations suggest that PALCs in the enamel-free cusp differentiate into the secretory cells and that they can synthesize and secrete the amorphous material containing amelogenin at the interface between PALCs and dentin. The penetration of amelogenin toward the dental pulp might play a role in the interaction between PALCs and odontoblasts in the enamel-free cusp and/or the initiation of mineralization of predentin.
Experimental study of nonlinear switching characteristics of conventional 2×2 fused tapered couplers (2005)

The nonlinear switching characteristics of fused fiber directional couplers were studied experimentally. By using femtosecond laser pulses with pulse width of 100 fs and wavelength of about 1550 nm from a system of Ti:sapphire laser and optical parametric amplifier (OPA), the nonlinear switching properties of a null coupler and a 100% coupler were measured. The experimental results were coincident with the simulations based on nonlinear propagation equations in fiber by using super-mode theory. Nonlinear loss in fiber was also measured to get the injected power at the coupler. After deducting the nonlinear loss and input efficiency, the nonlinear switching critical peak powers for a 100% and a null fused couplers were calculated to be 9410 and 9440 W, respectively. The nonlinear loss parameter P_(N) in an expression of α_(NL)=αP/P_(N) was obtained to be P_(N)=0.23 W.
Analysis of the complexity of the multimeric structure of factor VIII related antigen/von Willebrand protein using a modified electrophoretic technique. (1983)

A method for multimeric analysis of factor VIII related antigen/von Willebrand protein is described. By modifying an existing method the technique has been simplified and optimised so that the different molecular forms of factor VIII related antigen and their triplet structure can be visualised. Clear differences can be seen between patterns in normals and type IIA von Willebrand's disease variants in that the latter lack high and intermediate multimers and also have a different configuration to the triplet pattern in the lower molecular weight multimers. Differences in triplet pattern can also be seen in different type IIA patients. The advantages and further application of this method for investigating the molecular defect in von Willebrand's disease are discussed.
Stitched pole-tip design with enhanced head field for perpendicular recording (2003)

A perpendicular write head with a stitched pole tip and side yoke recessed from the air-bearing surface is proposed and investigated using three-dimensional micromagnetic modeling. The design yields an increase of head field magnitude by 30% over the conventional single pole head. It is found that the optimal flare angle at the bottom of the yoke is 45°, for maximizing the on-track field magnitude and getting the minimum off-track field at the same time. Reducing the throat height significantly increases on-track field, while the off-track field increases as well. Lamination of the pole tip is necessary for producing robust zero remanent field for deep-submicron track widths. Introducing adequate transverse anisotropy in the head will significantly shorten the relaxation time of the magnetic moments after writing with little degradation on write efficiency.
MAXIM: Mixed-reality Automotive Driving XIMulation (2019)

In-lab driving simulators have been favored by human-vehicle interaction researchers and interface designers due to their capabilities in unfettered construction of surrounding environments. On-road driving simulators, meanwhile, were developed for experiments in a real-world context. We introduce new methods and tools for simulating driving via virtual vehicle in real-world environments. The proposed system fully exploits the benefits of vivid sensory information in real road environments without sacrificing the unlimited potential of environment construction for it. In this paper, we explain the system design of the platform, and we verify its capabilities as a driving simulator through a pilot study (N=10). The proposed platform is perceived as highly realistic and can easily be augmented to test new urban landscapes and futuristic interfaces before occupancies.