gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supervised Speech Separation Based on Deep Learning: An Overview (2018)

Speech separation is the task of separating target speech from background interference. Traditionally, speech separation is studied as a signal processing problem. A more recent approach formulates speech separation as a supervised learning problem, where the discriminative patterns of speech, speakers, and background noise are learned from training data. Over the past decade, many supervised separation algorithms have been put forward. In particular, the recent introduction of deep learning to supervised speech separation has dramatically accelerated progress and boosted separation performance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research on deep learning based supervised speech separation in the last several years. We first introduce the background of speech separation and the formulation of supervised separation. Then, we discuss three main components of supervised separation: learning machines, training targets, and acoustic features. Much of the overview is on separation algorithms where we review monaural methods, including speech enhancement (speech-nonspeech separation), speaker separation (multitalker separation), and speech dereverberation, as well as multimicrophone techniques. The important issue of generalization, unique to supervised learning, is discussed. This overview provides a historical perspective on how advances are made. In addition, we discuss a number of conceptual issues, including what constitutes the target source.
Prevention of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Hemodialysis Patients (2012)

An increasing proportion of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are seen in outpatient settings. Many of such infections are due to hemodialysis catheters (HD-CLABSIs). Such infections are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and excess healthcare costs. Patients who receive dialysis through a catheter are 2-3 times more likely to be hospitalized for infection and to die of septic complications than dialysis patients with grafts or fistulas. Prevention measures include minimizing the use of hemodialysis catheters, use of CLABSI prevention bundles for line insertion and maintenance, and application of antimicrobial ointment to the catheter exit site. Instillation into dialysis catheters of antimicrobial solutions that remain in the catheter lumen between dialyses (antimicrobial lock solutions) has been studied, but it is not yet standard practice in some dialysis units. At least 34 studies have evaluated the impact of antimicrobial lock solutions on HD-CLABSI rates. Thirty-two (94%) of the 34 studies demonstrated reductions in HD-CLABSI rates among patients treated with antimicrobial lock solutions. Recent multicenter randomized controlled trials demonstrated that the use of such solutions resulted in significantly lower HD-CLABSI rates, even though such rates were low in control groups. The available evidence supports more routine use of antimicrobial lock solutions as an HD-CLABSI prevention measure in hemodialysis units.
Colloidal Graphite-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization MS and MS<i><sup>n</sup></i> of Small Molecules. 2. Direct Profiling and MS Imaging of Small Metabolites from Fruits (2007)

Due to a high background in the low-mass region, conventional MALDI is not as useful for detecting small molecules (molecular masses <500 Da) as it is for large ones. Also, spatial inhomogeneity that is inherent to crystalline matrixes can degrade resolution in imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). In this study, colloidal graphite was investigated as an alternative matrix for laser desorption/ionization (GALDI) in IMS. We demonstrate its advantages over conventional MALDI in the detection of small molecules such as organic acids, flavonoids, and oligosaccharides. GALDI provides good sensitivity for such small molecules. The detection limit of fatty acids and flavonoids in the negative-ion mode are in the low-femtomole range. Molecules were detected directly and identified by comparing the MS and MS/MS spectra with those of standards. Various fruits were chosen to evaluate the practical utility of GALDI since many types of small molecules are present in them. Distribution of these small molecules in the fruit was investigated by using IMS and IMS/MS.
Topically Applied Minoxidil in Baldness (1985)

Peer Reviewed
An Epoxidation Approach to a Chiral Lactone:  Application of the Shi Epoxidation (2006)

The large-scale epoxidation of the alkene 7 with the organocatalyst, Epoxone (10), and Oxone as the oxidant is described. This is the first large-scale application of the Shi epoxidation methodology. The large-scale preparation of the catalyst 10 is also described. The potassium salt of the unsaturated acid precursor 7 was prepared by a Suzuki coupling from 3-fluorobenzyl chloride and the vinylborane 8 derived from 4-pentynoic acid.
Directed Assembly of Supramolecular Copolymers in Thin Films: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Advantages (2010)

Using computer simulation of a coarse-grained model for supramolecular polymers, we investigate the potential of quasiblock copolymers (QBCPs) assembled on chemically patterned substrates for creating device-oriented nanostructures. QBCPs are comprised of AB diblock copolymers and supramolecular B segments that can reversibly bond to any available B terminus, on either the copolymers or the B oligomers, creating a polydisperse blend of B homopolymers, and AB and ABA copolymers. We demonstrate the defect-free replication of patterns with perpendicularly crossing, A-preferential lines, where the same QBCP can simultaneously replicate patterns differing by up to 50% in their length scales. We demonstrate how the pattern affects the distribution of molecular architectures and the key role of supramolecular associations for replicating patterns with different length scales.
Dry etching of chrome for photomasks for 100-nm technology using chemically amplified resist (2002)

Photo mask etching for the 100nm technology node places new requirements on dry etching processes. As the minimum-size features on the mask, such as assist bars and optical proximity correction (OPC) patterns, shrink down to 100nm, it is necessary to produce etch CD biases of below 20nm in order to reproduce minimum resist features into chrome with good pattern fidelity. In addition, vertical profiles are necessary. In previous generations of photomask technology, footing and sidewall profile slope were tolerated, since this dry etch profile was an improvement from wet etching. However, as feature sizes shrink, it is extremely important to select etch processes which do not generate a foot, because this will affect etch linearity and also limit the smallest etched feature size. Chemically amplified resist (CAR) from TOK is patterned with a 50keV MEBES eXara e-beam writer, allowing for patterning of small features with vertical resist profiles. This resist is developed for raster scan 50 kV e-beam systems. It has high contrast, good coating characteristics, good dry etch selectivity, and high environmental stability. Chrome etch process development has been performed using Design of Experiments to optimize parameters such as sidewall profile, etch CD bias, etch CD linearity for varying sizes of line/space patterns, etch CD linearity for varying sizes of isolated lines and spaces, loading effects, and application to contact etching.
Steric acceleration by ortho substituents of the stannous chloride reduction of nitrobenzenes in aqueous ethanol (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSteric acceleration by ortho substituents of the stannous chloride reduction of nitrobenzenes in aqueous ethanolYoshiro Ogata and Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 18, 3577–3581Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00139a048https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00139a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1615Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reduction of Landing Gear Noise Using an Air Curtain (2009)

Acoustic and aerodynamic measurements were performed in NLR's Small Anechoic Wind Tunnel on the air curtain concept, which is intended for landing gear noise reduction. The idea of this concept is to apply an upstream blowing slot to deflect the flow around a landing gear (component), thus reducing the local flow speeds and therefore the aerodynamically generated noise. Prior to the wind tunnel tests, a design study was carried out to assess the possible benefit of an air curtain and to define the test set-up. For the subsequent proof-of-concepts tests, two-dimensional half-models were mounted on an endplate which was attached to the lower edge of the wind tunnel nozzle. Blowing was applied through a slot in the endplate, upstream of the model. Microphone array and PIV measurements were performed to characterize the acoustics and aerodynamics of the air curtain. Tests were done for different wind tunnel speeds, blowing speeds, slot geometries and model geometries. For the relatively quiet baseline half-models in the present tests, broadband noise reductions of 3-5 dB were obtained using an air curtain with normal blowing (i.e. perpendicular to the main flow). The noise reductions could be increased to 5-10 dB by oblique blowing (30° upstream) or by applying a small flow deflector directly before the blowing slot. For full models larger noise reductions are anticipated.
Development of a dual-arm mobile robot for high voltage power lines (2007)

This paper presents an inspection robot for high voltage power lines. The dual-arm mechanical configuration and control system of the robot are described in this paper. The robot is capable of navigating on the ground wires, surmounting the obstacles and inspecting the power lines automatically. An expert system is adopted to implement the automatic control. The robot can be monitored and teleoperated based on a human-machine interface in a ground system. The obstacle-surmounting strategy and navigation principle are proposed in this paper. The obstacle-surmounting and navigating tests of the robot have been performed and experiment results demonstrate that the robot can be applied to execute the navigation and inspection tasks.
AVA: Adjective-Verb-Adverb Combinations for Sentiment Analysis (2008)

Most research on determining the strength of subjective expressions in a sentence or document uses single, specific parts of speech such as adjectives, adverbs, or verbs. To date, almost no research covers the development of a single comprehensive framework in which we can analyze sentiment that takes all three into account. The authors propose the AVA (adjective verb adverb) framework for identifying opinions on any given topic. In AVA, a user can select any topic t of interest and any document d. AVA will return a score that d expresses topic t. The score is expressed on a –1 (maximally negative) to +1 (maximally positive) scale.
Phytoestrogens and prostate cancer: possible preventive role (1997)

Phytoestrogens are biologically active plant compounds with both oestrogenic and antioestrogenic actions, and communities whose diets are rich in phytoestrogens have a lower incidence of prostate cancer. A 66-year-old man took phytoestrogen 160 mg (4 x 40-mg tablets) daily for one week before radical prostatectomy for moderately high-grade adenocarcinoma. The resected specimen showed prominent apoptosis, typical of a response to high-dose oestrogen therapy and suggestive of tumour regression. There were no adverse side effects. Studies of the effects of phytoestrogens in prostate cancer may be warranted.
The Mitochondrial TOM Complex Is Required for tBid/Bax-induced Cytochrome c Release (2007)

Cytochrome c release from mitochondria is a key event in apoptosis signaling that is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins. Cleavage of the BH3-only protein Bid by multiple proteases leads to the formation of truncated Bid (tBid), which, in turn, promotes the oligomerization/insertion of Bax into the mitochondrial outer membrane and the resultant release of proteins residing in the intermembrane space. Bax, a monomeric protein in the cytosol, is targeted by a yet unknown mechanism to the mitochondria. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this targeting specificity. Using mitochondria isolated from different mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and recombinant proteins, we have now investigated components of the mitochondrial outer membrane that might be required for tBid/Bax-induced cytochrome c release. Here, we show that the protein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane is required for Bax insertion and cytochrome c release.
The human gene mutation database (1998)

The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) represents a comprehensive core collection of data on published germline mutations in nuclear genes underlying human inherited disease. By September 1997, the database contained nearly 12 000 different lesions in a total of 636 different genes, with new entries currently accumulating at a rate of over 2000 per annum. Although originally established for the scientific study of mutational mechanisms in human genes, HGMD has acquired a much broader utility to researchers, physicians and genetic counsellors so that it was made publicly available at http://uwcm.ac.uk/uwcm/mg/hgmd0.html in April 1996. Mutation data in HGMD are accessible on the basis of every gene being allocated one web page per mutation type, if data of that type are present. Meaningful integration with phenotypic, structural and mapping information has been accomplished through bi-directional links between HGMD and both the Genome Database (GDB) and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Baltimore, USA. Hypertext links have also been established to Medline abstracts through Entrez , and to a collection of 458 reference cDNA sequences also used for data checking. Being both comprehensive and fully integrated into the existing bioinformatics structures relevant to human genetics, HGMD has established itself as the central core database of inherited human gene mutations.
Equalisation of Spectral Non-Uniformities in Broad-Band Chirped Fibre Gratings (1997)

The use of chirped fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) in a dispersion compensating role has been shown to be a successful technology with great promise for future network upgrades [1,2]. A natural consequence of using FBGs in a negative dispersion sense is that although the structure is designed to phase-match forward- and backward-propagating LP 01 modes, the phase-matching condition for coupling from the forward propagating fundamental mode to a higher order cladding-mode is also met for wavelengths just below that of the fundamental Bragg reflection. Because propagation in cladding-modes is extremely lossy there is a significant out-coupling of this shorter wavelength light. The chirped nature of FBGs designed for broad-band (> 5 nm) dispersion compensation means that this cladding-mode loss is integrated along the length of the grating with the result that the reflection spectrum has a slope extending from the short wavelength edge of the useable bandwidth. In a practical transmission system this in-band variation of reflectivity is unacceptable. In this paper the authors present for the first time a demonstration of spectral equalisation of cladding-mode losses by exercising control over local apodisation along the length of a 8.5 nm 75 cm long continuously-written chirped FBG. No post-processing was used.
Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants over Flower-Like Bi2O2CO3 Dotted with Ag@AgBr (2016)

A facile and feasible oil-in-water self-assembly approach was developed to synthesize flower-like Ag@AgBr/Bi₂O₂CO₃ micro-composites. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated through methylene blue degradation under visible light irradiation. Compared to Bi₂O₂CO₃, flower-like Ag@AgBr/Bi₂O₂CO₃ micro-composites show enhanced photocatalytic activities. In addition, results indicate that both the physicochemical properties and associated photocatalytic activities of Ag@AgBr/Bi₂O₂CO₃ composites are shown to be dependent on the loading quantity of Ag@AgBr. The highest photocatalytic performance was achieved at 7 wt % Ag@AgBr, degrading 95.18% methylene blue (MB) after 20 min of irradiation, which is over 1.52 and 3.56 times more efficient than that of pure Ag@AgBr and pure Bi₂O₂CO₃, respectively. Bisphenol A (BPA) was also degraded to further demonstrate the degradation ability of Ag@AgBr/Bi₂O₂CO₃. A photocatalytic mechanism for the degradation of organic compounds over Ag@AgBr/Bi₂O₂CO₃ was proposed. Results from this study illustrate an entirely new approach to fabricate semiconductor composites containing Ag@AgX/bismuth (X = a halogen).
Purification and Partial Characterization of <i>Lactobacillus</i> Species SK007 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Catalyzing Phenylpyruvic Acid (PPA) Conversion into Phenyllactic Acid (PLA) (2008)

Phenyllactic acid (PLA) is a novel antimicrobial compound synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and its production from phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) is an effective approach. In this work, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the reduction of PPA to PLA, has been purified to homogeneity from a cell-free extract of Lactobacillus sp. SK007 by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme had a dimeric form with a molecular mass of 78 kDa (size exclusion chromatography) or 39 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The ratio of enzyme activity with PPA to that with pyruvate being almost invariable at every purification step indicated that, in Lactobacillus sp. SK007, LDH is responsible for the conversion of PPA into PLA. HPLC profiles of PPA transformation into PLA by growing cells, cell-free extract, and purified LDH of Lactobacillus sp. SK007 were also investigated. Results showed that the presence of NADH was found to be necessary for the enzymatic production of PLA from PPA. The purified LDH displayed optimal activity for PPA at pH 6.0 and 40 degrees C. The Km values of the enzyme for PPA and pyruvate were 1.69 and 0.32 mM, respectively. Moreover, because other screened LAB strains exhibiting relatively high LDH activity toward PPA produced also considerable amounts of PLA, LDH activity for PPA could be therefore used as a screening marker for PLA-producing LAB.
Comparison of L‐baclofen and racernic baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia (1987)

L-Baclofen was compared with racemic baclofen (Lioresal) in a double-blind crossover trial in 15 patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia. L-Baclofen was more effective than five times as much racemic baclofen in nine patients. Six of these nine patients have continued pain-free on L-baclofen for 4 to 17 months (mean, 10 months). L-Baclofen was much better tolerated than racemic baclofen. Our results suggest that L-baclofen represents a significant improvement over racemic baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, and support our laboratory observations indicating that D-baclofen antagonizes the action of L-baclofen.
Comparison of magnetocurrent and transfer ratio in magnetic tunnel transistors with spin-valve bases containing Cu and Au spacer layers (2003)

The magnetocurrent of magnetic tunnel transistors with spin-valve base structures is found to be nearly insensitive to whether the spacer layer material in the spin valve is Cu or Au. By contrast, the in-plane magnetoresistance of the same spin valves differs by almost a factor of two. Furthermore, the transfer ratio of the transistor structure is an order of magnitude lower for Au compared to Cu spacer layers. We attribute these different behaviors to the significant role of spin-dependent interface scattering for electrons near the Fermi energy but to much weaker such scattering for hot electrons in the energy range considered (∼1–2 eV).
Phase Behavior and Micelle Size of an Aqueous Microdispersion in Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> with a Novel Surfactant (2001)

The sodium salt of bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentyl)-2-sulfosuccinate (di-HCF4) was used as a surfactant to stabilize water-in-CO2 microemulsions under a range of conditions. The phase behavior of the surfactant/water/CO2 system was explored using cloud-point measurements for [di-HCF4] = 0.05−0.2 M, temperatures up to 55 °C, and pressures up to 35 bar, yielding the highest water and surfactant concentration ever achieved for water-in-CO2 microemulsion systems at comparable pressures. Stable microemulsions at [di-HCF4] = 0.1 M were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering over the range of water-to-surfactant molar ratio from 0.5 to 20. The micelles were observed to swell as water was added to the core.
Applications of a low-cost level III interactive videodisc system for engineering education (2003)

An overview is presented of a low-cost level III system (consisting of a computer-controlled videodisc player) for improving instructional delivery. This system provides the capability of superimposing computer and video displays and allows for transmitting the display to a room full of ordinary television monitors. Application software that allows easy preparation of video-enhanced lectures and videodisc-based interactive instructional materials is described. The level III system combines a one-megabyte, 32-bit computer (the Amiga 2000) with an industrial model videodisc player.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Scheduling algorithms for modern disk drives (1994)

Disk subsystem performance can be dramatically improved by dynamically ordering, or scheduling , pending requests. Via strongly validated simulation, we examine the impact of complex logical-to-physical mappings and large prefetching caches on scheduling effectiveness. Using both synthetic workloads and traces captured from six different user environments, we arrive at three main conclusions: (1) Incorporating complex mapping information into the scheduler provides only a marginal (less than 2%) decrease in response times for seek-reducing algorithms. (2) Algorithms which effectively utilize prefetching disk caches provide significant performance improvements for workloads with read sequentiality. The cyclical scan algorithm (C-LOOK), which always schedules requests in ascending logical order, achieves the highest performance among seek-reducing algorithms for such workloads. (3) Algorithms that reduce overall positioning delays produce the highest performance provided that they recognize and exploit a prefetching cache.