gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perkin communications. Heterocyclic [4++ 2] cycloadditions: the reactivity of pyridinium salts with electron-rich olefins (1990)

The N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) salts of N,N-diethylnicotinamide and ethyl nicotinate undergo [4++ 2] cycloaddition with enol ethers at room temperature, providing the first examples of Bradsher cyclization by monocyclic quaternary aza-aromatics; other derivatives and salts of pyridine are inert under these conditions.
A neural-counting model incorporating refractoriness and spread of excitation. II. Application to loudness estimation (1981)

In previous paper [Teich and Lachs, J. Acoust. Soc. Am 66, 1738--1749 (1979)] we demonstrated that an energy-based neural counting model incorporating refractoriness and spread of excitation satisfactorily described the results of pure-tone intensity discrimination experiments. In this paper, we show that the identical linear filter refractoriness model (LFRM) also provides proper results for pure-tone loudness estimation experiments at all stimulus levels. In particular, as the stimulus intensity increases from very low to moderate values, the model predicts that the slope of the intensity discrimination curve will climb from 1/2 toward 1, whereas the slope of the loudness function will gradually decline below 1 in this same region. For sufficiently high values of the stimulus intensity, the slopes calculated from a simplified (crude saturation) version of the model are found to be 1--1/4N for the intensity discrimination curve and 1/2N for the loudness function. The quantity N is the number of poles associated with the tuned-filter characteristic of the individual neural channels; it is the only important free parameter in the model. Appropriate values for N appear to lie between 2 and 4, providing an asymptotic slope for the intensity discrimination curve bounded by 7/8 and 15/16 (the near miss to Weber's Law), and an asymptotic slope for the loudness function bounded by 1/4 and 1/8. The results follow from the assumption that the neural concomitant of loudness is the number of impulses observed on a collection of parallel neural channels during a fixed observation time. Our calculations are supported by Hellman and Zwislocki's [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 687--694 (1961)] observation of unit slope for the loudness function at low intensities and provide a theoretical foundation, based on spread of excitation, for Stevens' power law at high intensities.
Dynamic Circuitry for Updating Spatial Representations. I. Behavioral Evidence for Interhemispheric Transfer in the Split-Brain Macaque (2005)

Internal representations of the sensory world must be constantly adjusted to take movements into account. In the visual system, spatial updating provides a mechanism for maintaining a coherent map of salient locations as the eyes move. Little is known, however, about the pathways that produce updated spatial representations. In the present study, we asked whether direct cortico-cortical links are required for spatial updating. We addressed this question by investigating whether the forebrain commissures-the direct path between the two cortical hemispheres-are necessary for updating visual representations from one hemifield to the other. We assessed spatial updating in two split-brain monkeys using the double-step task, which involves saccades to two sequentially appearing targets. Accurate performance requires that the representation of the second target be updated to take the first saccade into account. We made two central discoveries regarding the pathways that underlie spatial updating. First, we found that split-brain monkeys exhibited a selective initial impairment on double-step sequences that required updating across visual hemifields. Second, and most surprisingly, these impairments were neither universal nor permanent: the monkeys were ultimately able to perform the across-hemifield sequences and, in some cases, this ability emerged rapidly. These findings indicate that direct cortical links provide the main substrate for updating visual representations, but they are not the sole substrate. Rather, a unified and stable representation of visual space is supported by a redundant cortico-subcortical network with a striking capacity for reorganization.
Airborne multispectral detecting system for marine mammals survey (2010)

This work presents an electro-optical multispectral capability that detects and monitors marine mammals. It is a continuance of Whale Search Radar SBIR program funded by PMA-264 through NAVAIR. A lightweight, multispectral, turreted imaging system is designed for airborne and ship based platforms to detect and monitor marine mammals. The system tests were conducted over the Humpback whale breeding and calving area in Maui, Hawaii. The results of the tests and the system description are presented. The development of an automatic whale detection algorithm is discussed as well as methodology used to turn raw survey data into quantifiable data products.
Purification and characterization of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase from Corynebacterium sp. (1987)

2,5-Diketo-D-gluconate reductase, a novel enzyme that catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate to 2-keto-L-gulonate, has been purified to homogeneity by sequential anion exchange, Cibacron blue F3GA affinity, and gel permeation chromatography from Corynebacterium sp. ATCC 31090. Molecular weight of the native form, determined by gel permeation chromatography, is 35,000 +/- 2,000. The subunit molecular weight, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 34,000; thus, the enzyme is active as a monomer. A pI value of 4.4 is measured for the enzyme. Amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences are consistent with that predicted by the DNA sequence of the reductase gene. At 25 degrees C, pH 6.4, the turnover number is 500 min-1, and the apparent Km values for 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate and NADPH are 26 mM and 10 microM, respectively. The enzyme is specific for NADPH, but the sugar binding site will also accept 5-keto-D-fructose and dihydroxyacetone as substrates. The enzyme is active over a broad pH range (pH 5-8) for the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate; a sharp optimum at pH 9.2 is observed for the oxidation of 2-keto-L-gulonate. A Keq value of 5.6 X 10(-13) M indicates that reduction of substrate by NADPH is highly preferred. An activation energy of 12.3 kcal mol-1 is measured. Enzyme turnover is slow relative to dehydration of the gem-diol at C-5 of the substrate.
Cutting Edge: CTLA-4 (CD152) Differentially Regulates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase) in CD4+ T Cells from Receptor/Ligand-Deficient Mice (2002)

Although CTLA-4 (CD152) has potent inhibitory effects on T cell function, the signaling events affected by this coreceptor remain to be fully defined. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) act as crucial regulators of multiple aspects of cell function. Ab ligation studies have reported an inhibitory effect of CTLA-4 on TCR-induced ERK and JNK activation. In this study, we have re-examined the specificity of CTLA-4 inhibition of MAPKs by using natural ligand with ex vivo-purified CD4(+) T cells deficient in CD80 and CD86 (double knockout), or CTLA-4, CD80, and CD86 (triple knockout). Under these conditions, CTLA-4 ligation was found to up-regulate and sustain JNK activation, while inhibiting ERK activity. At the same time, JNK activation could not account for CTLA-4 induction of TGF-beta production. Our findings demonstrate that CTLA-4 cosignaling is more complex than previously appreciated, with an ability to differentially regulate members of the MAPK family in T cells.
Thermal denaturation profiles and gel mobility shift analysis of oligodeoxynucleotide triplexes (1990)

Oligodeoxypurine- and oligodeoxypyrimidine-containing strands were mixed under conditions conducive to the formation of triple stranded assemblies. The mixtures were characterized both by their UV absorbance change with increasing temperature and by their mobility in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Duplexes 34 bp long containing 15 central purines on one strand and 15 complementary pyrimidines on the other strand yielded new melting transitions and showed different gel mobilities upon combination with oligopyrimidine 15-mers. The dependence of the thermal denaturation profiles on pH, salt concentration, GC content, strand orientation, base mismatches, and strand length was investigated.
Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred Racehorses: Effect of Diet and Exercise Intensity (1999)

Diets high in soluble carbohydrate and exercise below racing speeds are associated with rhabdomyoly-sis in Thoroughbred racehorses, but rhabdomyolysis is not related to lactic acidosis. Energy sources containing fat or adequate but not excessive amounts of carbohydrate as well as exercise programs tailored for each horse that would minimize stress and excitability should be effective in reducing the
Involvement of Histidine 190 on the D1 Protein in Electron/Proton Transfer Reactions on the Donor Side of Photosystem II (1998)

Flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics from photosystem II in thylakoids from the dark-grown wild type and two site-directed mutants of the D1 protein His190 residue (D1-H190) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been characterized. Induction of the chlorophyll fluorescence on the first flash, reflecting electron transport from YZ to P680(+), exhibited a strong pH dependence with a pK of 7.6 in the dark-grown wild type which lacks the Mn cluster. The chlorophyll fluorescence decay, measured in the presence of DCMU, which reflects recombination between QA- and YZox, was also pH-dependent with a similar pK of 7.5. These results indicate participation by the same base, which is suggested to be D1-H190, in oxidation and reduction of YZ in forward electron transfer and recombination pathways, respectively. This hypothesis was tested in the D1-H190 mutants. Induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in these H190 mutants has been observed to be inefficient due to slow electron transfer from YZ to P680(+) [Roffey, R. A., et al. (1994) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1185, 257-270]. We show that this reaction is pH-dependent, with a pK of 8. 1, and at pH >/=9, the fluorescence induction is efficient in the H190 mutants, suggesting direct titration of YZ. The efficient oxidation of YZ ( approximately 70% at pH 9.0) at high pH was confirmed by kinetic EPR measurements. In contrast to the wild type, the H190 mutants show little or no observable fluorescence decay. Our data suggest that H190 is an essential component in the electron transfer reactions in photosystem II and acts as a proton acceptor upon YZ oxidation. In the H190 mutants, this reaction is inefficient and YZ oxidation only occurs at elevated pHs when YZ itself probably is deprotonated. We also propose that H190 is able to return a proton to YZox during electron recombination from QA- in a reaction which does not take place in the D1-H190 mutants.
Acetate transport in the S3 segment of the rabbit proximal tubule and its effect on intracellular pH. (1988)

We monitored intracellular pH (pHi) in isolated perfused S3 segments of the rabbit proximal tubule, and studied the effect of acetate (Ac-) transport on pHi. pHi was calculated from the absorbance spectrum of 4',5'-dimethyl-5-(and 6) carboxyfluorescein trapped intracellularly. All solutions were nominally HCO3(-)-free. Removal of 10 mM Ac- from bath and lumen caused pHi to rapidly rise by approximately 0.2, and then to decline more slowly to a value approximately 0.35 below the initial one. Removal of only luminal Ac- caused pHi changes very similar to those resulting from bilateral removal of Ac-. When Ac- was removed from bath only, pHi rose rapidly at first, and then continued to rise more slowly. Readdition of Ac- to bath caused pHi to rapidly fall to a value slightly higher than the one prevailing before the removal of Ac- from the bath. In experiments in which Ac- was first removed from both bath and lumen, readdition of 10 mM Ac- to only lumen caused a rapid but small acidification, followed by a slower alkalinization that brought the pHi near the value that prevailed before the bilateral removal of Ac-. The alkalinizing effects caused by the readdition of 10 or 0.5 mM Ac- were indistinguishable. When Ac- was returned to only lumen in the absence of luminal Na+, there was a small and rapid pHi decrease, but no pHi recovery. Removal of Na+ from bath did not affect the pHi transients caused by the addition of Ac- to lumen. In experiments in which Ac- was first removed bilaterally, readdition of Ac- to only bath caused a large and sustained drop in pHi, whereas the subsequent removal of Ac- from the bath caused a slight alkalinization. These pHi changes caused by readdition or removal of Ac- from baths were unaffected by the absence of external Na+. We conclude that there is a Na+/Ac- cotransporter at the luminal membrane, and pathways for acetic acid transport at both luminal and basolateral membranes. The net effect of Ac- transport on pHi is to alkalinize the cell as a result of the luminal entry of Na+/Ac-, which is followed by the luminal and basolateral exit of acetic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendritic Glycopolymers Based on Dendritic Polyamine Scaffolds: View on Their Synthetic Approaches, Characteristics and Potential for Biomedical Applications (2015)

Abstract Review: 274 refs.
Bleeding during Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management (1989)

Hemorrhage is the major adverse effect of thrombolytic therapy, but its incidence can be reduced by careful selection of patients and avoidance of unnecessary invasive procedures. More than 70% of bleeding episodes occur at vascular puncture sites. Hypofibrinogenemia and elevation of fibrinogen degradation products have been weakly correlated with the risk of hemorrhage. Although depletion of factors V and VIII may occur, the role of such depletion in bleeding is unknown. Several in-vitro studies have shown plasmin-induced platelet dysfunction, but clinical data are limited. Nevertheless, the role of platelet inhibition should be considered because many patients are treated with antiplatelet agents. Most patients who have bleeding can be managed by interruption of thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy, volume replacement, and manual pressure applied to an incompetent vessel. Protamine should be considered if heparin has been administered within 4 hours of the onset of bleeding. In the few patients who fail to respond to these conservative measures, judicious use of transfusion products may be indicated. Transfusion of cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets should be considered with clinical and laboratory reassessment after each administration. A target fibrinogen level of 1 g/L is desirable with cryoprecipitate infusion. Antifibrinolytic agents are available as a last alternative. We have developed an algorithm for using these products.
Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of new clusters that contain the [MFe3S4]0 core, M = molybdenum, tungsten. A weakly perturbed [MFe3S4]0 unit structurally and electronically analogous to the reduced three-ion centers in ferredoxins (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis, characterization, and reactivity of new clusters that contain the [MFe3S4]0 core, M = molybdenum, tungsten. A weakly perturbed [MFe3S4]0 unit structurally and electronically analogous to the reduced three-ion centers in ferredoxinsD. Coucouvanis, Saleem A. Al-Ahmad, A. Salifoglou, V. Papaefthymiou, A. Kostikas, and A. SimopoulosCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 7, 2472–2482Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00033a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00033a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Thermoelectric power enhancement of PEDOT:PSS in high-humidity conditions (2014)

We report an increase in the thermoelectric power factor of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) from 23 ± 5 to 225 ± 130 µW/(m·K2) in high-humidity conditions. This enhancement was caused mainly by an increase in the apparent Seebeck coefficient, which could be related to morphological change after water absorption or electrochemical reaction of PEDOT in air. Our results demonstrate a positive effect of water in the PEDOT:PSS system and indicate the need for well-controlled measurement conditions, particularly humidity, in evaluating the performance of conducting organic materials.
Acupressure Versus Intravenous Metoclopramide to Prevent Nausea and Vomiting During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section (1997)

Nausea and vomiting occur frequently during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.Metoclopramide reduces intraoperative nausea and vomiting, but not without potential side effects. Acupressure, a noninvasive variation of acupuncture that involves constant pressure on the wrist, has been suggested as an alternative method to prevent nausea and vomiting. The aim of this study was to compare acupressure and intravenous (IV) metoclopramide for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Seventy-five patients were studied in a randomized, prospective, double-blind comparative trial. Group I patients received acupressure bands + 2 mL IV saline, Group II patients received placebo wrist bands + 10 mg IV metoclopramide, and Group III patients received placebo wrist bands + 2 mL IV saline. Patients who received either acupressure or metoclopramide prior to initiation of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section had much less nausea than patients in the placebo group. Acupressure is an effective, nonpharmacologic method to reduce intraoperative nausea during elective cesarean section in the awake patient. (Anesth Analg 1997;84:342-5)
Proposal of Framework for Concept Design in a Team: Results of Application to 43 Teams (2017)

This paper is intended to identify issues of concept design in a team, and in order to address the issues,proposing a framework for concept design in a team (FCDT). Teams inexperienced in concept design are often unable to design a quality concept within a relatively short time and through a visualized process. There is however a dearth of literature on such issues.This study started with identifying and categorizing issues of concept design, based on the literature survey and As-Is analysis. The issues included that 1) Team members inexperienced in concept design are not aware of the to-dos in concept design; 2) Team members inexperienced in concept design are not aware of how to consider the to-dos; 3) Team members inexperienced in concept design are not aware of the tools they could use for how to consider the todos identified in 2); 4) Team members inexperienced in concept design are unable to improve the quality of their Concept. A Concept is defined as the output of concept design.In order to address the issues, this study developed FCDT by creating a use case description based on context analysis and Checklands Soft Systems Methodology.Subsequently, this study evaluated, in 10 FCDT-based workshops and questionnaires to the participants after the workshop, the effectiveness of FCDT to address the aforementioned issues. One-day workshop was developed to help the inexperienced team members design a new business concept in a team. 43 teams of 223 employees from eight Japanese conglomerates in total participated in the workshops.The results suggested that FCDT was effective, in descriptive study, for addressing four issues in concept design in a team. This paper concludes with principal issues and areas of future research.
Surface‐treatment effects of a sapphire substrate by He<sup>+</sup>‐, Ar<sup>+</sup>‐, and Xe<sup>+</sup>‐ion implantations for GaN epitaxial layers (2008)

Abstract— The structural, electrical, and optical properties of GaN epilayers grown on various ion‐implanted sapphire(0001) substrates by MOCVD were investigated. GaN or AlN buffer layers and pre‐treatment were indispensably introduced before GaN‐epilayer growth. The ion‐implanted substrate's surface had decreased internal free energies during the growth of the ion‐implanted sapphire(0001) substrates. The crystal and optical properties of the GaN epilayers grown in ion‐implanted sapphire(0001) substrates were improved. Also, an excessively roughened and modified surface caused by ions degraded the GaN epilayers. Not only the ionic radius but also the chemical species of implanted sapphire(0001) substrates improved the properties of the GaN epilayers grown by MOCVD. It is obvious that the ion‐implanted pre‐treatment of sapphire(0001) substrates can be an alternative pre‐treatment procedure for GaN deposition and has the potential to improve the properties of the GaN epilayers on sapphire(0001) substrates.
Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Conjugated Diblock Copolymers into One-Dimensional Nanoribbons (2013)

The colloidal self-assembly of a new conjugated diblock copolymer of a polythiophene derivative, poly[3-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxatridecanyl)thiophene]-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PTOTT-b-PEG), led to various well-defined assembly structures such as vesicles, sheets, and nanoribbons. A unique and technologically relevant nanoribbon structure with a dimension reaching tens of micrometers was formed in water when polar protic solvents were used as initial cosolvents. Self-assembly of PTOTT-b-PEG in various solvent compositions and polymer concentrations indicated that the hydrogen bonding between the diblock copolymer and the self-assembly medium plays an important role in determining the self-assembly structure and that the final assembly structure should be the result of a delicate interplay between hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. This study demonstrates that the addition of hydrogen bonding capability and amphiphilicity in the self-assembly of conjugated polymers can lead to many interesting well-defined assembly structures that are not typically found in conjugated polymers.