gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Carbonic Anhydrases and Inhibitors in Acid–Base Physiology: Insights from Mathematical Modeling (2019)

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze a reaction fundamental for life: the bidirectional conversion of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O) into bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) and protons (H<sup>+</sup>). These enzymes impact numerous physiological processes that occur within and across the many compartments in the body. Within compartments, CAs promote rapid H<sup>+</sup> buffering and thus the stability of pH-sensitive processes. Between compartments, CAs promote movements of H<sup>+</sup>, CO<sub>2</sub>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and related species. This traffic is central to respiration, digestion, and whole-body/cellular pH regulation. Here, we focus on the role of mathematical modeling in understanding how CA enhances buffering as well as gradients that drive fluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> and other solutes (facilitated diffusion). We also examine urinary acid secretion and the carriage of CO<sub>2</sub> by the respiratory system. We propose that the broad physiological impact of CAs stem from three fundamental actions: promoting H<sup>+</sup> buffering, enhancing H<sup>+</sup> exchange between buffer systems, and facilitating diffusion. Mathematical modeling can be a powerful tool for: (1) clarifying the complex interdependencies among reaction, diffusion, and protein-mediated components of physiological processes; (2) formulating hypotheses and making predictions to be tested in wet-lab experiments; and (3) inferring data that are impossible to measure.
DP-FPGA: An FPGA Architecture Optimized for (1996)

required. This paper discusses the requirements of logic blocks and routing structures that can be used to implement typical circuits containing a number of regularly structured datapaths of various sizes, as well as a small number of irregularities. It proposes a specific set of logic block architectures and analyzes it empirically. Experimental results show that the block with the smallest estimated area contains the following features: a lookup table with four read ports, a dedicated carry chain using a bidirectional four-bit carry skip circuit, a four-bit register with enable and direct input capabilities, and four three-state buffers. Further estimates of implementation area predict that the area of a design’s datapath can be reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to a conventional FPGA through the use of programming bit sharing.
Biomechanical Analysis of Compression Screw Fixation Versus Standard In Situ Pinning in Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (2001)

A slipped capital femoral epiphysis was created in 12 matched pairs of immature bovine femora using an anterior-to-posterior–directed shear force. All soft tissues, with the exception of the perichondrial ring, were removed before testing. One specimen from each pair was fixed with a single cannulated screw in standard fashion, whereas the contralateral specimen was fixed with a single screw that compressed the physis. The amount of compression achieved was quantified using Fuji film. Standard fixation yielded 1.4 MPa of pressure across the physis; compression fixation yielded 3.2 MPa, a 2.3-fold difference (p = 0.0001). The compression fixation was 47% more stiff than standard technique (p = 0.030), yet the differences in ultimate strength (p = 0.180) and energy absorbed at failure (p = 0.910) were not statistically significant. The stiffness of the compressed specimens remained less than that of the intact femora. Single-screw compression fixation of in vitro bovine femora was significantly more stiff than the current, widely used noncompression fixation technique, yet does not compromise the ultimate strength, energy absorbed, or the technical ease of single-implant fixation.
A Channel Measurement Campaign for mmWave Communication in Industrial Settings (2020)

Industry 4.0 relies heavily on wireless technologies. Energy efficiency and device cost have played a significant role in the initial design of such wireless systems for industry automation. However, high reliability, high throughput, and low latency are also key for certain sectors such as the manufacturing industry. In this sense, existing wireless solutions for industrial settings are limited. Emerging technologies such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication are highly promising to address this bottleneck. Still, the propagation characteristics at such high frequencies in harsh industrial settings are not well understood. Related work in this area is limited to isolated measurements in specific scenarios. In this work, we carry out an extensive measurement campaign in highly representative industrial environments. Most importantly, we derive the statistical link-level distributions of the channel parameters of widely accepted mmWave channel model of IEEE 802.11 ad that fit these environments. This model can be beneficial to understand the performance of mmWave systems in typical industrial settings. Beyond analyzing and discussing the insights, with this article we also share our extensive dataset with the community.
Electrogram Polarity and Cavotricuspid Isthmus Block During Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter (2001)

Reversal of polarity in bipolar electrograms recorded just anterior to the line of isthmus block during coronary sinus pacing after ablation of atrial flutter is a simple, quick, and accurate indicator of complete isthmus block.
Higher-order Bessel-like beams for optimized ultrafast processing of transparent materials (2017)

The controlled energy deposition by nonlinear absorption of ultrashort laser pulses offers a variety of different processing strategies for the machining of wide-bandgap materials. Considering laser-glass cutting applications, efficient single pass processes with volume modifications along the entire substrate thickness become possible using adapted focal field distributions [1]. The required extreme aspect ratios of longitudinal (given by glass thickness) to transverse (diffraction limit) beam dimensions are met by the class of Bessel-like beams that can be generated efficiently using phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs) [2]. Simple multiplexing π-phase jumps or phase vortices ∝ exp (iℓθ) into the Fresnel-axicon-type phase mask [cf. Fig. 1(a)] enables to generate Bessel-like beams exhibiting ring- and petal-like transverse intensity distributions, respectively, while keeping the non- diffracting and self-healing beam properties [3]. By using pump-probe microscopy we proof that the resulting absorption distribution and, thus, the spatial energy deposition inside the material follows accurately the beam's simulated intensity profile.
MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM EFFECTS IN THE ZERO VOLTAGE STATE OF THE CURRENT BIASED JOSEPHSON JUNCTION (1986)

MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM EFFECTS IN THE ZERO VOLTAGE STATE OF THE CURRENT BIASED JOSEPHSON JUNCTION was published in SQUID '85 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices and their Applications on page 317.
Dynamics of the nuclear envelope and of nuclear pore complexes during mitosis in the Drosophila embryo. (1984)

Early embryonic development in Drosophila melanogaster is marked by a series of thirteen very rapid (10-15 min) and highly synchronous nuclear divisions, the last four of which occur just beneath the embryo surface. A total of some 6000 blastoderm nuclei result, which are subsequently enclosed by furrow membranes to form the cellular blastoderm. We have examined the fine structure of nuclear division in late syncytial embryos. The mitotic spindle forms adjacent to the nuclear envelope on the side facing the embryo surface. During prophase, astral microtubules deform the nuclear envelope which then ruptures at the poles at the onset of prometaphase. The nuclear envelope remains essentially intact elsewhere throughout mitosis. A second envelope begins to form around the nuclear envelope in prometaphase and is completed by metaphase; the entire double layered structure, referred to as the spindle envelope, persists through early in the ensuing interphase. Pole cell spindles are enclosed by identical spindle envelopes. Interphase and prophase nuclei contain nuclear pore complexes (PCs) of standard dimensions and morphology. In prometaphase PCs become much less electron-dense, although they retain their former size and shape. By metaphase, no semblance of PC structure remains, and instead, both layers of the spindle envelope are interrupted by numerous irregular fenestrae. PCs are presumably disassembled into their component parts during mitosis, and reassembled subsequently. Yolk nuclei remain among the central yolk mass when most nuclei migrate to the surface, cease to divide, yet become polyploid. These nuclei nonetheless lose and regain PCs in synchrony with the dividing blastoderm nuclei. In addition, they gain and lose a second fenestrated membrane layer with the same timing. Cytoplasmic membranes containing PCs (annulate lamellae) also lose and regain pores in synchrony with the two classes of nuclear envelopes. The factors that affect the integrity of PCs in dividing blastoderm nuclei appear to affect those in other membrane systems to an equivalent degree and with identical timing.
Stabilization of Ca <sup>2+</sup> -permeable AMPA receptors at perisynaptic sites by GluR1-S845 phosphorylation (2009)

AMPA receptor (AMPAR) channel properties and function are regulated by its subunit composition and phosphorylation. Certain types of neural activity can recruit Ca(2+)-permeable (CP) AMPARs, such as GluR1 homomers, to synapses likely via lateral diffusion from extrasynaptic sites. Here we show that GluR1-S845 phosphorylation can alter the subunit composition of perisynaptic AMPARs by providing stability to GluR1 homomers. Using mice specifically lacking phosphorylation of the GluR1-S845 site (GluR1-S845A mutants), we demonstrate that this site is necessary for maintaining CP-AMPARs. Specifically, in the GluR1-S845A mutants, CP-AMPARs were absent from perisynaptic locations mainly due to lysosomal degradation. This regulation was mimicked by acute desphosphorylation of the GluR1-S845 site in wild-type mice by NMDA application. Furthermore, long-term depression (LTD) was associated with a reduction in perisynaptic CP-AMPAR levels. Our findings suggest that GluR1-S845 is necessary for maintaining CP-AMPARs on the surface, especially at perisynaptic sites, and suggest that the regulation of these receptors is involved in synaptic plasticity.
Highly Thermostable and Insensitive Energetic Hybrid Coordination Polymers Based on Graphene Oxide–Cu(II) Complex (2016)

New highly energetic coordination polymers (ECPs), based on the graphene oxide (GO)-copper(II) complex, have been synthesized using 5,5′-azo-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (TEZ) and 4,4′-azo-1,2,4-triazole (ATRZ), as linking ligands between GO-Cu layers. The molecular structures, sensitivity, and detonation performances of these ECPs were determined. It was shown that these energetic nanomaterials are insensitive and highly thermostable, due to high heat and impact dissipation capacity of GO sheets. In particular, the GO-TEZ-Cu(II) ECP shows low sensitivity to impact and electrostatic discharge (Im = 21 J; ESD of 1995 mJ) and has a comparable detonation performance to RDX. Also, our novel GO/Cu(II)/ATRZ hybrid ECP GO-Cu(II)-ATRZ ECP exhibits high density (2.85 g·cm–3), remarkably high thermostability (Tp = 456 °C), and low sensitivity (Im > 98 J; ESD of 1000 mJ). The latter material has a calculated detonation velocity of 7082 m·s–1, which is slightly higher than that of energetic ATRZ-Cu(II) 3D MOF and higher than one of the top thermostable explosives HNS (Tp = 316 °C; 7000 m s–1).
Gasoline from Woody Biomass via Thermochemical Gasification, Methanol Synthesis, and Methanol-to-Gasoline Technologies: A Technoeconomic Analysis (2011)

This work describes a technoeconomic analysis of the feasibility of making gasoline using biomass-derived syngas that was completed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The process includes the following steps: (1) biomass gasification of woody residues, which produces a syngas rich in hydrogen and carbon monoxide; (2) syngas cleanup by means of tar reforming and scrubbing, followed by the removal of acid gases; (3) synthesis of methanol from clean syngas by passing it over a copper/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst; (4) conversion of methanol to gasoline using a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, first developed by Exxon Mobil as the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) technology; and (5) multiple gasoline separation and finishing processes. The process was modeled in Aspen Plus, and information taken from the Aspen Plus simulation was used to complete a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) analysis. The results of the DCFROR, using a poplar wood feedstock cost of $55.89/dry metric tonne ($50.70/dry U.S. ton), give an estimated plant gate price (PGP) of $15.73/GJ ($16.60/MMBtu) (2007 U.S. dollars) for gasoline and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The corresponding unit prices for gasoline and LPG are $0.52/L ($1.95/gal) and $0.40/L ($1.53/gal), respectively, with yields of 229.9 L of gasoline and 38.8 L of LPG per metric tonne of dry biomass (55.1 gal of gasoline and 9.3 gal of LPG per short ton of dry biomass). This report is a future look at the potential of the biomass-to-gasoline process, based on calculations for an nth plant and 2012 technology targets for clean syngas from biomass as established in the Multi-Year Program Plan of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of the Biomass Program.
Air plasma treatment of aluminium, steel and chromium surfaces (2011)

The aim of the work is to present cleaning and activation
effects occured on metal surfaces by the air plasma treatment.
There are similar effects of plasma treatment which is
described in the work.
<scp>mGluR<sub>5</sub></scp> and <scp>GABA<sub>A</sub></scp> receptor‐specific parametric <scp>PET</scp> atlas construction—<scp>PET</scp>/<scp>MR</scp> data processing pipeline, validation, and application (2022)

The glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid neuroreceptor subtypes mGluR<sub>5</sub> and GABA<sub>A</sub> are hypothesized to be involved in the development of a variety of psychiatric diseases. However, detailed information relating to their in vivo distribution is generally unavailable. Maps of such distributions could potentially aid clinical studies by providing a reference for the normal distribution of neuroreceptors and may also be useful as covariates in advanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (MR) studies. In this study, we propose a comprehensive processing pipeline for the construction of standard space, in vivo distributions of non-displaceable binding potential (BP<sub>ND</sub> ), and total distribution volume (V<sub>T</sub> ) based on simultaneously acquired bolus-infusion positron emission tomography (PET) and MR data. The pipeline was applied to [<sup>11</sup> C]ABP688-PET/MR (13 healthy male non-smokers, 26.6 ± 7.0 years) and [<sup>11</sup> C]Flumazenil-PET/MR (10 healthy males, 25.8 ± 3.0 years) data. Activity concentration templates, as well as V<sub>T</sub> and BP<sub>ND</sub> atlases of mGluR<sub>5</sub> and GABA<sub>A</sub> , were generated from these data. The maps were validated by assessing the percent error δ from warped space to native space in a selection of brain regions. We verified that the average δ<sub>ABP</sub> = 3.0 ± 1.0% and δ<sub>FMZ</sub> = 3.8 ± 1.4% were lower than the expected variabilities σ of the tracers (σ<sub>ABP</sub> = 4.0%-16.0%, σ<sub>FMZ</sub> = 3.9%-9.5%). An evaluation of PET-to-PET registrations based on the new maps showed higher registration accuracy compared to registrations based on the commonly used [<sup>15</sup> O]H<sub>2</sub> O-template distributed with SPM12. Thus, we conclude that the resulting maps can be used for further research and the proposed pipeline is a viable tool for the construction of standardized PET data distributions.
Roughness Perception of Haptically Displayed Fractal Surfaces (2000)

Abstract Surface profiles were generated by a fractal algorithm and haptically rendered on a force feedback joystick. Subjects were asked to use the joystick to explore pairs of surfaces and report to the experimenter which of the surfaces they felt was rougher. Surfaces were characterized by their root mean square (RMS) amplitude and their fractal dimension. The most important factor affecting the perceived roughness of the fractal surfaces was the RMS amplitude of the surface. When comparing surfaces of fractal dimension 1.2–1.35 it was found that the fractal dimension was negatively correlated with perceived roughness.
Tuning effects on the output characteristics of a picosecond N_2-laser-pumped dye laser (1986)

The output-pulse characteristics of a N2-laser-pumped dye laser were examined with a 2-psec-resolution streak camera. For a given dye solution the output-pulse duration showed a factor-of-3 increase as the wavelength was tuned from the blue toward the red. The relative intensity as a function of the output wavelength was also measured. Statistics on the fluctuations of both duration and relative intensity were determined. The influence of dye concentration and pumping intensity on the output characteristics was studied.
Burkitt lymphoma in children: The Israel Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology retrospective study (2009)

10051 Background: From 2000 to 2005, the Israel Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology studied the results of the FAB-LMB 96 protocol in children with B cell lymphoma. Methods: Eighty eight patients (pts) were eligible, 63 boys, 25 girls, median age was 8.9 years. Fifty patients (57%) were classified as burkitt lymphoma, 5 (5.7%) as burkitt-like lymphoma, 22 (25%) as diffuse large B cell (DLBC), 9 (10.2%) as burkitt leukemia. Initial disease sites included the abdomen in 43%, head and neck in 45%, mediastinum in 7%. Stage I: 9.1%, Stage II in 28.4%, stage III in 45.5%, stage IV in 17%. Five pts had bone marrow involvement (BM) alone, 5 pts CNS alone and 4 both CNS and BM. Five children were treated according to group A, 69 pts group B and 14 pts group C. Results: At a median follow up of 3 years, Kaplan Meier for EFS and OS for all pts was respectively 88.6%, 90.9%, group A, 100%,100%, group B: 90%, 93%, group C 79%, 79%. In group A: there were neither events nor deaths in this group, 6 patients relapsed in group B, among them 4 patients had died, tumor lysis syndrome in 3 patients, death of toxicity in 1 patient. In group C, 3 patients had relapsed and died, no death of toxicity. EFS for LDH less then twice was 96.4%, EFS for LDH more than twice was 73.3% (p = 0.002). OS according to primary site: bone and ovary (100%), head and neck (95%), abdomen (92%) and mediastinum (50%) (p = 0.003). All of the mediastinal tumors were of DLBC origin, but when comparing the DLBC to other histologies, no significant difference in outcome were found.(DLBC: 81.8%, other B line: 90.9%). The OS for Arab ethnic origin is 79.2%, OS for Jewish is 95.3% (p = 0.02). Conclusions: In nonresected mature B cell lymphoma of childhood and adolescence with no BM or CNS involvement, a 93% cure rate was achieved. Patients with primary DLBC mediastinal mass had a significantly reduced overall survival, indicating the need for a different therapeutic approach. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Differential Mechanisms of Tenofovir and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Cellular Transport and Implications for Topical Preexposure Prophylaxis (2015)

Intravaginal rings releasing tenofovir (TFV) or its prodrug, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), are being evaluated for HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) prevention. The current studies were designed to determine the mechanisms of drug accumulation in human vaginal and immune cells. The exposure of vaginal epithelial or T cells to equimolar concentrations of radiolabeled TDF resulted in over 10-fold higher intracellular drug levels than exposure to TFV. Permeability studies demonstrated that TDF, but not TFV, entered cells by passive diffusion. TDF uptake was energy independent but its accumulation followed nonlinear kinetics, and excess unlabeled TDF inhibited radiolabeled TDF uptake in competition studies. The carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-nitrophenyl phosphate reduced TDF uptake, suggesting saturability of intracellular carboxylesterases. In contrast, although TFV uptake was energy dependent, no competition between unlabeled and radiolabeled TFV was observed, and the previously identified transporters, organic anion transporters (OATs) 1 and 3, were not expressed in human vaginal or T cells. The intracellular accumulation of TFV was reduced by the addition of endocytosis inhibitors, and this resulted in the loss of TFV antiviral activity. Kinetics of drug transport and metabolism were monitored by quantifying the parent drugs and their metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results were consistent with the identified mechanisms of transport, and the exposure of vaginal epithelial cells to equimolar concentrations of TDF compared to TFV resulted in ∼40-fold higher levels of the active metabolite, tenofovir diphosphate. Together, these findings indicate that substantially lower concentrations of TDF than TFV are needed to protect cells from HIV and HSV-2.
CReST: A Class-Rebalancing Self-Training Framework for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learning (2021)

Semi-supervised learning on class-imbalanced data, although a realistic problem, has been under studied. While existing semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods are known to perform poorly on minority classes, we find that they still generate high precision pseudo-labels on minority classes. By exploiting this property, in this work, we propose Class-Rebalancing Self-Training (CReST), a simple yet effective framework to improve existing SSL methods on class-imbalanced data. CReST iteratively retrains a baseline SSL model with a labeled set expanded by adding pseudolabeled samples from an unlabeled set, where pseudolabeled samples from minority classes are selected more frequently according to an estimated class distribution. We also propose a progressive distribution alignment to adaptively adjust the rebalancing strength dubbed CReST+. We show that CReST and CReST+ improve state-of-the-art SSL algorithms on various class-imbalanced datasets and consistently outperform other popular rebalancing methods. Code has been made available at https://github.com/google-research/crest.
Abstract 14469: Optimal Use of Drug-Eluting Stents in PCI: Implications of Healthcare Policy in Real-World Practice (2011)

Background: To ensure efficient utilization of resources, several health organizations have outlined explicit criteria for drug-eluting stent (DES) use in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ...
Control design of grid-connected three-phase inverters for voltage unbalance correction (2009)

The increasing presence of single-phase distributed generators and unbalanced loads in the electric power system may lead to unbalance of the three-phase voltages, resulting in increased losses and heating effects. A type of voltage unbalance with a high probability in (low voltage) distribution networks is the unequal voltage magnitudes at the fundamental system frequency (under- and over-voltages). To decrease this voltage unbalance problem three-phase four-wire inverter-connected distribution units can be used. This paper proposes a control method for a three-phase four-wire inverter for Distributed Generation (DG) units which has a resistive behaviour for disturbances. The effect of the proposed control method on the voltage unbalance in the distribution network is simulated and is compared to the classical sinusoidal control strategy. The simulation results show the positive effect of the proposed control strategy on voltage unbalance.