gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PigLeg: Prediction of Swine Phenotype Using Machine Learning (2019)

Industrial pig farming is associated with negative technological pressure on the bodies of pigs. Leg weakness and lameness are the sources of significant economic loss in raising pigs. Therefore, it is important to identify the predictors of limb condition. This work presents assessments of the state of limbs using indicators of growth and meat characteristics of pigs based on machine learning algorithms. We have evaluated and compared the accuracy of prediction for nine ML classification algorithms (Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, Artificial Neural Networks, C50Tree, Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Generalized Linear Models, Boost, and Linear Discriminant Analysis) and have identified the Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbors as the best-performing algorithms for predicting pig leg weakness using a small set of simple measurements that can be taken at an early stage of animal development. Measurements of Muscle Thickness, Back Fat amount, and Average Daily Gain were found to be significant predictors of the conformation of pig limbs. Our work demonstrates the utility and relative ease of using machine learning algorithms to assess the state of limbs in pigs based on growth rate and meat characteristics.
Effect of Grain Boundary Structure on Weld Decay of Austenitic Stainless Steel(Part 2). Grain Boundary Structure and Carbide Precipitation in Type 304 Stainless Steel Weld Heat Affected Zone. (1991)

Grain boundary carbide precipitation in weld heat affected zone of type 304 and 304L, austenitic stainless steels was observed using transmission electron microscope to make clear the effects of grain boundary misorientation and structure on carbide precipitation at grain boundaries in stainless steel welds from a crystallographic viewpoint. Grain boundary carbides were detected in grain boundary precipitation region of the 304 steel weld heat affected zone. In that region, some grain boundaries had carbide precipitates, but some were precipitation-free. Kikuchi line analyses showed that grain boundaries with ordered atomic structures had no carbide precipitates. This tendency was valid in 304L steel weld, although grain boundary carbide precipitates were finer in 304L, steel than in 304 steel. These facts have suggested that grain boundary precipitation and corrosion in stainless steel weld heat affected zone depend sensitively on crystallographic character of grain boundary.
Tracking Elite Swimmers in Real Time with Wearable Low-power Wireless Sensor Networks (2016)

Monitoring elite athletes in real-time remains challenging. A lot of research has been conducted towards the application of inertial measurement systems for the quantification of performance in sports applications. The challenge however, remains in creating systems that meet high comfort standards in order to be able to apply them on a daily basis. The problem is mainly related to the requested volume of existing systems, which can be linked to the high power requirements and hence large batteries. This paper presents research towards the performance assessment of elite swimmers using wearable low-power sensor networks. This is the first work to focus on the reduction of power consumption by optimizing the power cost of signal processing and sensor use on a small and comfortable system. A built-in algorithm exploits the sensor data in order to predict which information is valuable to assess the motion of the athlete in real-time. Moreover, the algorithm is designed to run on a low-power microcontroller unit and uses lightweight computational techniques that further reduce the power requirements. By intelligently putting the sensor system into a low-power mode whenever possible, a reduction in sensor power consumption of 96% is estimated over minimally 80% of the swimming time, depending on the swimmer's lap times. Stroke types and turns were detected with high accuracy for each tested swimmer, despite different stroke techniques.
Two-way shape memory NiTi sputter-deposited film fabrication (2001)

This paper describes work on two-way shape memory (TWSM) training of 52at.% Ti--48at.% Ni thin films. The amount of recoverable strain of shape memory alloys (SMA) with TWSM is about 2%. With TWSM, NiTi films will remember different high-temperature and low-temperature shapes. These shapes may be cycled fairly reproducibly by simply changing the temperature. In this work, NiTi films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering from an NiTi target with atomic composition of 56at.% Ti--44at.% Ni. The atomic composition of the sputtered films was determined to be 52at.% Ti--48.0at.% Ni by electron microprobe. Solution treatment of the as-deposited films was required to crystallize and memorize a high-temperature shape, followed by age treatment to increase the transformation temperatures to above room temperature. The crystal structure of the solution-treated films was determined to be B2. The transformation temperatures of the age-treated films were determined by differential scanning calorimeter to be 311 K (A*) and 307 K (R*). TWSM training was carried out by over deforming the specimen while in the R-phase. Below R<SUB>f</SUB>, a load was applied to the specimen beyond the usual strain limit for completely recoverable shape memory. Then, the load was removed prior to the next heating step, upon which the reverse transformation occurred under zero stress. With similar loads and temperatures, the procedure was then repeated. This paper will present details of the fabrication techniques, measurement results and its application.
Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci in hospitalized children (1984)

A search for nasopharyngeal carriers of Streptococcus pneumoniae was conducted in 573 children hospitalized in Durban, South Africa. Study subjects were divided into two groups, comprising 305 new admissions and 268 patients who had been hospitalized for more than 24 h. Of the 573 children 178 (31%) yielded pneumococci on nasopharyngeal culture; 99 (32%) and 79 (29%) children in the new admission and in-patient categories respectively. Twenty-one (12%) pneumococci were resistant to penicillin, including 11 strains that were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Resistant pneumococci belonged exclusively to serotypes 6 and 19 (Danish nomenclature), which were also the commonest serotypes among penicillin-sensitive strains. Factors that correlated with carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci were hospitalization for more than 24 h, young age and recent exposure to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Improving cell-edge user performance with multi-streaming (2012)

Currently deployed cellular data systems limit any user to downlink reception only from a single base station. Recent standardization work on newer revisions of the HRPD and HSPA air-interface technologies relaxes this constraint by allowing multiple base stations to transmit independent data streams targeted towards a single user. We characterize the regions of performance gain for this technology, and investigate further improvements using advanced terminal receivers. The scheme is shown to be an effective load-balancing adaptation to bursty traffic at low to moderate loads. Furthermore, with a Successive Self Interference Cancellation capability at the device and Co-ordinating Scheduling at the base stations, further performance gains are demonstrated by favorably trading-off link adaptation loss for larger interference cancellation gains. 3 different schedulers are considered to intuit the ideal scheduler. Improvements are quantified when load is varied by increasing data usage per user, rather than increasing the number of users.
Optical computer recognition of facial expressions associated with stress induced by performance demands. (2005)

Application of computer vision to track changes in human facial expressions during long-duration spaceflight may be a useful way to unobtrusively detect the presence of stress during critical operations. To develop such an approach, we applied optical computer recognition (OCR) algorithms for detecting facial changes during performance while people experienced both low- and high-stressor performance demands. Workload and social feedback were used to vary performance stress in 60 healthy adults (29 men, 31 women; mean age 30 yr). High-stressor scenarios involved more difficult performance tasks, negative social feedback, and greater time pressure relative to low workload scenarios. Stress reactions were tracked using self-report ratings, salivary cortisol, and heart rate. Subjects also completed personality, mood, and alexithymia questionnaires. To bootstrap development of the OCR algorithm, we had a human observer, blind to stressor condition, identify the expressive elements of the face of people undergoing high- vs. low-stressor performance. Different sets of videos of subjects' faces during performance conditions were used for OCR algorithm training. Subjective ratings of stress, task difficulty, effort required, frustration, and negative mood were significantly increased during high-stressor performance bouts relative to low-stressor bouts (all p < 0.01). The OCR algorithm was refined to provide robust 3-d tracking of facial expressions during head movement. Movements of eyebrows and asymmetries in the mouth were extracted. These parameters are being used in a Hidden Markov model to identify high- and low-stressor conditions. Preliminary results suggest that an OCR algorithm using mouth and eyebrow regions has the potential to discriminate high- from low-stressor performance bouts in 75-88% of subjects. The validity of the workload paradigm to induce differential levels of stress in facial expressions was established. The paradigm also provided the basic stress-related facial expressions required to establish a prototypical OCR algorithm to detect such changes. Efforts are underway to further improve the OCR algorithm by adding facial touching and automating application of the deformable masks and OCR algorithms to video footage of the moving faces as a prelude to blind validation of the automated approach.
PerFORMance: integrating structural feedback into design processes for complex form-active surfaces (2006)

This paper outlines a method of using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software to study the behavior of materials, geometries, and configurations to create an iterative design feedback loop for generating and refining complex configurations of form-active surfaces. The method integrates technical feedback on structural performance -material stresses, deformations and elastic buckling potential -while respecting design intention and promoting constructability, improved structural performance, and syntactic consistency. Instead of the 2-dimensional (planar) technology which drove modernist analysis towards the structural hyper-rationality of the trabeated system, this new process compiles and synthesizes computational speed, mathematic principles, mechanical knowledge, and material logics within a digital 3-dimensional (spatial) analytical environment in order to realize a new paradigm of constructible complex surface structures. The research focuses on the development of structural performance criteria for form-active structures and interoperability techniques/protocols between advanced CAD systems and advanced structural analysis systems in order to create a fluid design + analysis process of generating and engineering complex form-active designs.
Commentary and Analysis (2009)

Facing ITC Investigation? What Chinese Biotechnology Companies Should Know About Patent Litigation in the United States International Trade Commission.
Priming of antiherbivore defensive responses in plants (2012)

Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants (or intact parts of a plant) are primed in anticipation of impending environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, and upon the following stimulus, induce defenses more quickly and strongly. For instance, some plants previously exposed to herbivore-inducible plant volatiles (HIPVs) from neighboring plants under herbivore attack show faster or stronger defense activation and enhanced insect resistance when challenged with secondary insect feeding. Research on priming of antiherbivore defense has been limited to the HIPV-mediated mechanism until recently, but significant advances were made in the past three years, including non-HIPV-mediated defense priming, epigenetic modifications as the molecular mechanism of priming, and others. It is timely to consider the advances in research on defense priming in the plant-insect interactions.
Lipid biotechnology: Industrially relevant production processes (2009)

Abstract The biotechnological transformation of vegetable oils and animal fats has been successfully developed up to an industrial scale in recent years. However, biotechnology is still a niche technology in the oleochemical industry, which classically relies on chemical transformation processes. Nevertheless, the impact of biotechnology is rising, with an increasing number of biotech‐based products, especially in the area of lipid‐derived specialties, entering the market. In this review we give a summary of the industrially relevant processes in the field of lipid biotechnology.
Hydration Model for the Molarity Dependence of the Etch Rate of Si in Aqueous Alkali Hydroxides (1991)

We present a model to explain the peak observed in the Si etch rate vs. molarity for several alkali‐hydroxide solutions. This model requires both free water molecules and hydroxyl ions (OH−) to accomplish etching. As the molarity increases, the OH− concentration increases, while hydration effects steadily reduce the concentration. These two competing effects produce a peak in the etch rate, the location of which is sensitive to the mean hydration number of the particular solution. Results for , , and are generally accounted for by the model using mean hydration numbers obtained from independent chemical activity data in the literature. Data for aqueous solutions only (unstirred and stirred) show that stirring shifts the peak etch rate to slightly lower molarity and raises the peak etch rate somewhat, but the behavior is by and large unchanged. Also, at low molarity from 0.1 to 2M the stirred etch rate is measured to be roughly constant, then rises to a peak near 5M. We have attempted to use the present model to account for these more detailed effects and to obtain additional information about the possible etching mechanism applicable at low molarity, where free water alone appears to be the dominant (or rate‐limiting) etching species. The very large dependence of the etch rate on crystal orientation at high molarity may be due to geometrical effects in the way the hydration complexes interact with the different crystal surfaces.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE CARBONYLATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY CARBON MONOXIDE CATALYZED BY TRANSITION METAL SALTS (1977)

Abstract Erhitzt man ein Gemisch aus Äthylen (I) (Anfangsdruck 40 at), Kohlenstoffmonoxid (60 at) und Luft (Sauerstoff‐Druck 5 at) über Palladiumchlorid, Kupferchlorid und Lithiumchlorid in Hexan, Tetrahydrofuran und Pyridin auf 125°C, so erhält man nach 5 Stdn. Methylacrylat (II) (Ausbeute 17%) und Methylacetat (III).
Toyota's New Belt-drive Continuously Variable Transaxle for 1.3-liter FWD cars (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;AISIN AW has developed a new Continuously Variable Transmission (hereafter CVT) with torque converter for small capacity engines. The target vehicles are B class cars. The following items are the concept of the development. - Compact size to be applicable to small cars in Japan (K-car). - The lightest in the world. - Low noise level in addition to improved fuel consumption. The CVT introduces neutral-control logic and a long-travel damper on the torque converter for expansion of the lock-up area.&lt;/div&gt;
Fluorescence Particle Counter for Detecting Airborne Bacteria and Other Biological Particles (1995)

We have constructed a laser-based particle counter that detects the fluorescence, as well as the elastic scattering, from individual airborne particles as they traverse a laser beam. This fluorescence particle counter (FPC) can detect fluorescence from μm-sized Bacillus subtilis spore agglomerates when illuminated with intense light at 488 nm from an argon ion laser, either ∼ 0.7 kW cm−2 extracavity or ∼ 50 kW cm−2 intracavity. We suspect that flavins in the spores are the molecules primarily responsible for the fluorescence, because the peak fluorescence emission of the biological materials at this excitation wavelength is in the range 530–550 nm, which is characteristic of flavins. Fluorescence from kaolin, hematite, and polystyrene particles was not detectable; the lack of fluorescence indicates that the FPC may be able to differentiate between biological and nonbiological aerosols. The FPC samples aerosol-laden air at a rate of ∼ 1 mL s−1, and is capable of measuring aerosol concentrations up to several thousand per milliliter. The FPC may be helpful in detecting and characterizing airborne bacteria and other airborne particles of biological origin.
Beam self-cleaning in multimode optical fibers and hydrodynamic 2D turbulence (2019)

We experimentally demonstrate the conservation of the average mode number in the process of Kerr beam self-cleaning in a graded-index multimode optical fiber, in analogy with wave condensation in hydrodynamic 2D turbulence. © 2019 The Author(s)
A Systematic Review of Genetic Influences on Coping (2014)

Coping refers to the way that an individual manages stress. Coping strategies vary; for example, problem-focused coping is directed at reducing or removing a stressor, while emotion-focused coping is directed more at managing reactions that accompany the stressor. How individuals cope with stress can impact their health, but the physiological effects of coping are not well understood. The field of genetics provides tools that could help illuminate the physiology of coping. This review of the literature was conducted to determine what is currently known about the phenotype of coping from a genetic perspective. PubMed, HubMed, PsychInfo, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were used to conduct the search, and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional publications. Only studies that measured coping style or a coping domain specifically, were written in English language, and were human-subject focused were included in the review. We identified 19 studies that met these criteria, and 2 types of genetic studies emerged for the review: heritability (n = 9) and candidate gene association (n = 10) studies. Heritability estimates of .68-.76 support a nonadditive genetic component to coping. Replication of association was found for the serotonin transporter and adrenergic receptor beta 2 genes. In addition to finding evidence supporting a role for genetic variability with coping phenotype, it is worth noting that the review revealed a lack of consistency in instruments used to phenotype coping across studies.
Comparison of apparent power consumption in Synchronous Reluctance and Induction Motor under vector control (2015)

The advances in power electronics devices have opened the possibility of counting on Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SynRM) where variation of speed is required. However, Induction Motors (IM) have successfully supplied this demand in industrial applications. As for traction applications, SynRM aided by Permanent Magnet is also an alternative to Interior Permanent Magnet Motors (IPM). In this study, a 55kW Inverter-Driven Induction Motor (IDIM) was designed and evaluated through Indirect Field Oriented Current Control (IFOCC) strategy. Likewise, an equivalent Synchronous Reluctance Motor with inductance ratio in the range of 6-10 was also designed by using the same stator as IDIM. A Vector Control (VC) strategy based upon the point of maximum power factor was implemented to test its performance. Both motors optimized for variable speed applications were compared under the same variations of load, voltage and frequency in order to assess their consumption from an input apparent power point of view. By assuming a limit for the input power provided by the same Variable Frequency Driver (VFD), the Induction Motor was able to bear a higher overload, whereas the Synchronous Reluctance Motor compared favorably and showed lower power consumption in average under intermittent loads.
COnsortium for METabolomics Studies (COMETS): Leveraging Resources to Accelerate Scientific Discovery (2016)

Metabolomics is a systems approachto the biology of health and disease and an ‘‐omics’ discipline that measuressmall metabolites representing end products of a variety of metabolic andcellular processes as reflected in available biological specimens (e.g., blood,urine, saliva, feces and tissue). As an emerging approach used forepidemiologic and clinical studies, metabolomics has the potential to improvedisease risk assessment, screening, diagnosis, prognosis and predictiveresponse to therapy, as well as provide disease mechanistic insight and help toestablish criteria for causation. The number of publications of epidemiologicalstudies that use metabolomics technology has rapidly increased over the past 10years, including application to a wide variety of exposures and disease states. It is timely to establish mechanisms for leveraging existing resources and data for novel biomarker discovery using metabolomics approaches. To this end, the National Institutes of Health CO nsortium of MET abolomics S tudies (COMETS) was established in 2014 ( http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/comets/ ),and currently includes 25 prospective cohorts and 3 established consortia from the United States, Europe, South America, and Asia. The COMETS mission is topromote collaborations among prospective cohort studies that follow participants for a range of outcomes and perform metabolomic profiling of individuals. COMETS aims to facilitate an open exchange of ideas, knowledge, and results to accelerate a shared goal of identifying metabolomic profiles associated with chronic disease phenotypes (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer). Here we describe the COMETS structure and activities which aim to advance the use and impact of metabolite profiling in population‐based research. Support or Funding Information Consortium support: Intramural and Extramural Research Programs of the National Institutes of Health along with other individual cohort funding.
SimSelect: Similarity‐based selection for 3D surfaces (2014)

Abstract Surface selection is one of the fundamental interactions in shape modeling. In the case of complex models, this task is often tedious for at least two reasons: firstly the local geometry of a given region may be hard to manually select and needs great accuracy; secondly the selection process may have to be repeated a large number of times for similar regions requiring similar subsequent editing. We propose SimSelect, a new system for interactive selection on 3D surfaces addressing these two issues. We cope with the accuracy issue by classifying selections in different types, namely components, parts and patches for which we independently optimize the selection process. Second, we address the repetitiveness issue by introducing an expansion process based on shape recognition which automatically retrieves potential selections similar to the user‐defined one. As a result, our system provides the user with a compact set of simple interaction primitives providing a smooth select‐and‐edit workflow.
Metabolic activity of osteoblasts from periprosthetic trabecular bone in failed total hip arthroplasties and osteoarthritis as markers of osteolysis and loosening. (2002)

Osteoblasts from fTHR-O and a subgroup of OA patients present similarly increased osteoblast markers compared to normal subjects, the low metabolic OA subgroup, and fTHR-NO. This information suggests the differential role of osteoblasts in osteolysis pathophysiology in primary THR surgery. The pertinence of the differential high and low metabolic activities of osteoblasts to the pathophysiology of OA remains to be fully established.