gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Cryptography Approaching the Classical Limit (2010)

We consider the security of continuous-variable quantum cryptography as we approach the classical limit, i.e., when the unknown preparation noise at the sender's station becomes significantly noisy or thermal (even by as much as 10(4) times greater than the variance of the vacuum mode). We show that, provided the channel transmission losses do not exceed 50%, the security of quantum cryptography is not dependent on the channel transmission, and is therefore incredibly robust against significant amounts of excess preparation noise. We extend these results to consider for the first time quantum cryptography at wavelengths considerably longer than optical and find that regions of security still exist all the way down to the microwave.
A wireless system for longitudinal assessment of tissue-electrode interface in biobots (2015)

Biobots are instrumented insects whose direction of movement can be controlled through strategic neural stimulation via implanted electrodes. Biobotic control has been reported to gradually degrade over time in the course of weeks. This can be attributed to changes in the tissue-electrode interface properties. The assessment of the interface would be possible using an equivalent circuit model derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy based characterization. We propose a wireless electronic backpack-based system for longitudinal impedance spectroscopic analysis for monitoring and subsequent analysis of the tissue-electrode interface in biobots.
Management of failed periodontal surgical intervention for a furcal lesion with a nonsurgical endodontic approach (2014)

As long as the prognosis of teeth remains a matter of concern, the endodontic-periodontal relationship will be considered a challenge for the clinician. Many etiologic factors, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plus other contributing factors, such as trauma, root resorptions/perforations, and dental malformations, play a role in the co-occurrence of endodontic and periodontal lesions. Whatever the cause, a correct diagnosis on which to base the treatment plan is the key to successful maintenance of the tooth. This article reports the successful endodontic management of a furcation lesion in a mandibular molar that was nonresponsive to a previous periodontal surgical graft. The case had presented a diagnostic challenge for the clinicians, and this article reviews the key points that can lead to a correct diagnosis and treatment planning.
Accumulation of silicon in shoots is required for reducing lead uptake in rice (2022)

Silicon (Si) treatment has been shown to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of lead (Pb) in many plants, including rice. The mechanisms responsible for this effect are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of Si treatment on Pb toxicity and accumulation in two rice mutants (lsi1 and lsi2) defective in Si uptake and in their wild types. Si did not alleviate Pb-induced inhibition of root elongation in short-term experiments, but reduced Pb accumulation in wild types, but not in mutants, in long-term experiments. Pre-treatment with Si reduced Pb concentration in xylem sap and Pb accumulation in wild types but not in mutants. In split-root experiments, Si treatment reduced Pb accumulation but did not alter Pb localization in roots. Si treatment suppressed the expression of many genes encoding proteins that may participate in Pb uptake and transport in the wild type, but not in the lsi1 mutant. These results indicate that Si accumulation in shoots is required to reduce Pb uptake in rice and that the effect is achieved via Si-induced suppression of genes encoding proteins involved in Pb uptake and/or transport.
A hybrid microfluidic system for regulation of neural differentiation in induced pluripotent stem cells (2016)

Controlling cellular orientation, proliferation, and differentiation is valuable in designing organ replacements and directing tissue regeneration. In the present study, we developed a hybrid microfluidic system to produce a dynamic microenvironment by placing aligned PDMS microgrooves on surface of biodegradable polymers as physical guidance cues for controlling the neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The neuronal differentiation capacity of cultured hiPSCs in the microfluidic system and other control groups was investigated using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and immunocytochemistry. The functionally of differentiated hiPSCs inside hybrid system's scaffolds was also evaluated on the rat hemisected spinal cord in acute phase. Implanted cell's fate was examined using tissue freeze section and the functional recovery was evaluated according to the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Our results confirmed the differentiation of hiPSCs to neuronal cells on the microfluidic device where the expression of neuronal-specific genes was significantly higher compared to those cultured on the other systems such as plain tissue culture dishes and scaffolds without fluidic channels. Although survival and integration of implanted hiPSCs did not lead to a significant functional recovery, we believe that combination of fluidic channels with nanofiber scaffolds provides a great microenvironment for neural tissue engineering, and can be used as a powerful tool for in situ monitoring of differentiation potential of various kinds of stem cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1534-1543, 2016.
Wafer‐Scale Nanoimprint Lithography Process Towards Complementary Silicon Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistors for Biosensor Applications (2018)

The authors present a combined, p‐ and n‐type fabrication process for silicon nanowire field‐effect transistor (SiNW FET) biosensors on a 4” wafer format with nanowire widths down to 100 nm and a height of only 42 nm. The full wafer design includes various SiNW FET combinations with metal or electrolyte gate contacts. A top‐down fabrication protocol on high‐quality silicon‐on‐insulator wafers is developed. Down‐thinning of Si is done by a modified CMOS cleaning solution, which gives the possibility to control the resulting thickness with sub‐nm precision. The structuring of SiNW FETs is realized by nanoimprint lithography (NIL) applying a special temperature/pressure profile. The authors fabricate nano‐scale sensor structures and micro‐scale contact lines in the same NIL step. Precise control of the imprinting procedure is important for complete filling of the structures. In this project, the authors aim towards complementary device combinations and therefore they characterize the threshold voltage dependency on the device structures. Back‐gate contacts at the front‐side of the chips enable a control of surface potential shifts. The new SiNW FET sensors can be utilized for biomedical applications, where they are operated in a liquid environment under double‐gate configuration using parallel front gating and back gating.
Nutritional evaluation of &lt;i&gt;Erianthus &lt;/i&gt; spp., &lt;i&gt;Saccharum spontaneum&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Saccharum&lt;/i&gt; spp. hybrids as feed (2015)

To obtain nutritional information for sugarcane cross-breeding aimed feed utilization, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and in situ dry matter degradability (DMD) of each of the ten accessions of Erianthus spp., Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum spp. hybrids at 6 (6M) and 12 months (12M; after regrowth) were evaluated. For Erianthus spp. and S. spontaneum, the DMD at 48 h after incubation (DMD48h) and the corrected DMD48h (CDMD48h, expressed as DMD48h minus DMD0h) at 6M, exceeded those at 12M. Conversely, for Saccharum spp. hybrids, while the CDMD48h at 6M exceeded that at 12M, the DMD48h at 6M was lower than that at 12M. Compared to all other species, Saccharum spp. hybrids exhibited the highest DMD48h and CDMD48h. It was considered that a harvest with highest DMD could be obtained during the early growing stages in Erianthus spp. and S. spontaneum, but during a later growing stage in Saccharum spp. hybrids. DMD48h of Erianthus spp. correlated negatively with DM, NDFom and ADFom contents at 6 and 12 months after regrowth respectively. The ADL content of S. spontaneum correlated negatively with pooled DMD48h (r = -0.63; P < 0.01) and tended to correlate negatively with pooled CDMD48h (r = -0.47; P < 0.10). The NDFom and ADFom contents of Saccharum spp. hybrids correlated negatively with pooled DMD48h and positively with pooled CDMD48h, whereas these correlations were more affected by advancing maturity rather than the characteristics of accessions. These results suggest that DM and the fiber degradability of the accessions of genus Saccharum and Erianthus spp. could be estimated from certain chemical components, when selecting highly digestible accessions.
Local tissue mechanics control cardiac pacemaker cell embryonic patterning (2023)

Cardiac pacemaker cells (CPCs) initiate the electric impulses that drive the rhythmic beating of the heart. CPCs reside in a heterogeneous, ECM-rich microenvironment termed the sinoatrial node (SAN). Surprisingly, little is known regarding the biochemical composition or mechanical properties of the SAN, and how the unique structural characteristics present in this region of the heart influence CPC function remains poorly understood. Here, we have identified that SAN development involves the construction of a "soft" macromolecular ECM that specifically encapsulates CPCs. In addition, we demonstrate that subjecting embryonic CPCs to substrate stiffnesses higher than those measured in vivo results in loss of coherent electrical oscillation and dysregulation of the HCN4 and NCX1 ion channels required for CPC automaticity. Collectively, these data indicate that local mechanics play a critical role in maintaining the embryonic CPC function while also quantitatively defining the range of material properties that are optimal for embryonic CPC maturation.
Feedback or feedforward: Supporting students with alternate or missing conceptions in chemistry as they transition into tertiary chemistry (2013)

Constructivist learning environments are most effective when the learner and teacher are both aware of the existing conceptual models that learners possess to enable them to extend and apply their understanding rather than resort to rote learning (Taber, 2001). As students transition into, and engage in, the new tertiary learning environment it is important to assist them to maximise the effectiveness of their learning which requires measurement or diagnosis of their existing conceptual understanding. One of the challenges in teaching chemistry is to encourage students to recognise their existing knowledge and conceptual understanding and then apply it in new learning situations (Schraw, Crippen, & Hartley, 2006). 

Feedback is particularly important for first-year students because they are coming to terms with the change of environment, expectations, teaching approaches and forms of assessment. In this context, Hattie and Timperley’s three questions (Hattie & Timerley, 2007) are particularly relevant: “Where am I going?”, “How am I going?” and “Where to next?” Formative assessment is critical to “How am I going?” and the feedback is just as valuable for the instructor as for the students to support student learning.

REFERENCES
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research. 77, 81-112.
Schraw, G., Crippen, K. J., & Hartley, K. (2006). Promoting self-regulation in science education: Metacognition as part of a broader persepective on learning. Research in Science Education. 36, 111-39.
Taber, K. S. (2001). The mismatch between assumed prior knowledge and the Learner’s conceptions: A typology of learning impediments. Educational Studies, 27, 159-71.
Encoding High Dimensional Local Features by Sparse Coding Based Fisher\n Vectors (2014)

Deriving from the gradient vector of a generative model of local features,\nFisher vector coding (FVC) has been identified as an effective coding method\nfor image classification. Most, if not all, % FVC implementations employ the\nGaussian mixture model (GMM) to characterize the generation process of local\nfeatures. This choice has shown to be sufficient for traditional low\ndimensional local features, e.g., SIFT; and typically, good performance can be\nachieved with only a few hundred Gaussian distributions. However, the same\nnumber of Gaussians is insufficient to model the feature space spanned by\nhigher dimensional local features, which have become popular recently. In order\nto improve the modeling capacity for high dimensional features, it turns out to\nbe inefficient and computationally impractical to simply increase the number of\nGaussians. In this paper, we propose a model in which each local feature is\ndrawn from a Gaussian distribution whose mean vector is sampled from a\nsubspace. With certain approximation, this model can be converted to a sparse\ncoding procedure and the learning/inference problems can be readily solved by\nstandard sparse coding methods. By calculating the gradient vector of the\nproposed model, we derive a new fisher vector encoding strategy, termed Sparse\nCoding based Fisher Vector Coding (SCFVC). Moreover, we adopt the recently\ndeveloped Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) descriptor as a high\ndimensional local feature and implement image classification with the proposed\nSCFVC. Our experimental evaluations demonstrate that our method not only\nsignificantly outperforms the traditional GMM based Fisher vector encoding but\nalso achieves the state-of-the-art performance in generic object recognition,\nindoor scene, and fine-grained image classification problems.\n
Historical Case Analysis of Uranium Plume Attenuation (2001)

Groundwater plumes containing dissolved uranium at levels above natural background exist adjacent to uranium ore bodies, at uranium mines, milling locations, and at a number of explosive test facilities. Public health concerns require that some assessment of the potential for further plume movement in the future be made. Reaction-transport models, which might conceivably be used to predict plume movement, require extensive data inputs that are often uncertain. Many of the site-specific inputs are physical parameters that can vary spatially and with time. Limitations in data availability and accuracy means that reaction-transport predictions can rarely provide more than order-of-magnitude bounding estimates of contaminant movement in the subsurface. A more direct means for establishing the limits of contaminant transport is to examine actual plumes to determine if, collectively, they spread and attenuate in a reasonably consistent and characteristic fashion. Here a number of U plumes from ore bodies and contaminated sites were critically examined to identify characteristics of U plume movement. The magnitude of the original contaminant source, the geologic setting, and the hydrologic regime were rarely similar from site to site. Plumes also spanned a vast range of ages, and no complete set of time-series plume analyses based on the spatial extent of U contamination exist for a particular site. Despite the accumulated uncertainties and variabilities, the plume data set gave a clear and reasonably consistent picture of U plume behavior. Specifically, uranium plumes: • Appear to reach steady-state, that is, they quit spreading, rapidly (within a few years). • Exceed roughly 2 km in length only in special cases (e.g., where in situ leaching has been carried out). The majority are much smaller. • Exhibit very similar U chemistry between sites. This implies analogous contaminant attenuation mechanisms despite their location.
Assessment of Microbiological Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Culture on Liquid Medium with or without Solid Medium (2016)

In a recently published article, Simner et al. evaluated the relevance of performing mycobacterial culture on both solid and liquid media ([1][1]). The authors reported that of 21,494 cultures, 395 were positive on Middlebrook 7H11/S7H11 solid medium but not on Bactec Mycobacteria Growth Indicator
Disrupting Hepatocyte Cyp51 from Cholesterol Synthesis Leads to Progressive Liver Injury in the Developing Mouse and Decreases RORC Signalling (2017)

Development of mice with hepatocyte knockout of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (H<sup>Cyp51-/-</sup>) from cholesterol synthesis is characterized by the progressive onset of liver injury with ductular reaction and fibrosis. These changes begin during puberty and are generally more aggravated in the knockout females. However, a subgroup of (pre)pubertal knockout mice (runts) exhibits a pronounced male prevalent liver dysfunction characterized by downregulated amino acid metabolism and elevated Casp12. RORC transcriptional activity is diminished in livers of all runt mice, in correlation with the depletion of potential RORC ligands subsequent to CYP51 disruption. Further evidence for this comes from the global analysis that identified a crucial overlap between hepatic Cyp51<sup>-/-</sup> and Rorc<sup>-/-</sup> expression profiles. Additionally, the reduction in RORA and RORC transcriptional activity was greater in adult H<sup>Cyp51-/-</sup> females than males, which correlates well with their downregulated amino and fatty acid metabolism. Overall, we identify a global and sex-dependent transcriptional de-regulation due to the block in cholesterol synthesis during development of the Cyp51 knockout mice and provide in vivo evidence that sterol intermediates downstream of lanosterol may regulate the hepatic RORC activity.
The Development of Socrates in Europe (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;SOCRATES stands for “System of Cellular RAdio for Traffic Efficiency and Safety”. This paper provides an update on what many consider to be the technology with the greatest potential for successfully achieving the realisation of an Integrated Road Transport Environment (IRTE).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;SOCRATES is a complete system: developments within the SOCRATES projects include applications, in-vehicle equipment, information centres and system architecture, as well as communications. However, one of the key areas within the SOCRATES research concerns the potential future communications system and this paper will cover this area in particular. DRIVE Central Office has given the responsibility to the SOCRATES Kernel project to investigate how applications and communications bearers (particularly mobile) may be integrated in an efficient and standardised way. This work area covers the extension of work begun in the DRIVE 1 projects SOCRATES and CIDER on the concept of the “DRIVE Normalised Transmission” or DNT. The DNT is a means to integrate and standardise communications for RTI/ATT/IVHS, to conform to the OSI framework, to make use of available ISO/OSI protocols where possible, and to promote new standardisation activities.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;During the concluding stages of the SOCRATES 1 project, within the DRIVE 1 initiative, the partners realised that there was a continuing need for the overall coordination of SOCRATES developments. Plans were being made for the implementation of SOCRATES pilot projects, and the concept emerged of a “Kernel” project which would perform this function of overall coordination.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;SOCRATES pilot systems are being implemented in London, Gothenburg and the Hessen region of Germany. The SOCRATES Kernel performs a coordination and liaison role for the establishment of future SOCRATES services in a pan-European context.&lt;/div&gt;
Plume measurement system (plumes) calibration experiment. Final technical report (1994)

The Measurement of Entrainment and Transport work unit under the Dredging Research Program's Technical Area 1, entitled' Analysis of Dredged Material Placed in Open Water,' developed the PLUmes MEasurement System (PLUMES) to monitor the transport of suspended sediment from dredging and dredged material disposal operations. This acoustic system can monitor nearly synoptically, both horizontally and vertically. To determine the relationship between PLUMES acoustic measurements and suspended sediment concentrations, a laboratory sediment calibration experiment was conducted. The experiment studied acoustic backscattering from particles equivalent in size to those commonly found at dredging and dredged material disposal sites. These particles were suspended in a calibration chamber built for the study. The experiment showed that backscatterance could be predicted and concentrations calculated using Rayleigh scattering theory and an acoustic calibration of PLUMES. This report describes the experiment and the results of the experiment. Data from each calibration run are presented in the Appendices.
Enhancing the Hardness of Superhard Transition-Metal Borides: Molybdenum-Doped Tungsten Tetraboride (2015)

By creation of solid solutions of the recently explored low-cost superhard boride, tungsten tetraboride (WB4), the hardness can be increased. To illustrate this concept, various concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) in WB4, that is, W1–xMoxB4 (x = 0.00–0.50), were systematically synthesized by arc melting from the pure elements. The as-synthesized samples were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, Vickers microindentation for hardness testing, and thermal gravimetric analysis for determining the thermal stability limit. While the EDS analysis confirmed the elemental purity of the samples, the XRD results indicated that Mo is completely soluble in WB4 over the entire concentration range studied (0–50 at. %) without forming a second phase. When 3 at. % Mo is added to WB4, Vickers hardness values increased by about 15% from 28.1 ± 1.4 to 33.4 ± 0.9 GPa under an applied load of 4.90 N and from 43.3 ± 2.9 to 50.3 ± 3.2 GPa under an applied load of 0.49 N. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that the powders of this superhard solid solution, W0.97Mo0.03B4, are thermally stable in air up to ∼400 °C. These results indicate that the hardness of superhard transition-metal borides may be enhanced by making solid solutions with small amounts of other transition metals, without introducing a second phase to their structures.
Over‐diagnosis of hydatidiform mole in early tubal ectopic pregnancy (2001)

Our results show that tubal ectopic hydatidiform mole is a rare entity and demonstrate that it is over-diagnosed. Polar trophoblastic proliferation and hydropic villi are features of early placentation and of hydropic abortion. Sheets of extravillous trophoblast may be particularly prominent in tubal ectopic gestation. In the absence of circumferential trophoblastic proliferation combined with hydropic change a diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease should be avoided.