gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-aligned double patterning process for 32/32nm contact/space and beyond using 193 immersion lithography (2010)

State of the art production single print lithography for contact is limited to ~43-44nm half-pitch given the parameters in the classic photolithography resolution formula for contacts in 193 immersion tool (k1 &ge; 0.3, NA = 1.35, and &lambda; = 193nm). Single print lithography limitations can be overcome by (1) Process / Integration based techniques such as double-printing (DP), and spacer based self-aligned double patterning (SADP), (2) Non-standard printing techniques such as electron-beam (eBeam), extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), nano-imprint Lithography (NIL). EUV tools are under development, while nanoimprint is a developmental tool only. Spacer based SADP for equal line/space is well documented as successful patterning technique for 3xnm and beyond. In this paper, we present an adaptation of selfaligned double patterning process to 2-D regular 32/32nm contact/space array. Using SADP process, we successfully achieved an equal contact/space of 32/32nm using 193 immersion lithography that is only capable of 43-44nm resolvable half-pitch contact printing. The key and unique innovation of this work is the use of a 2-D (x and y axis) pillar structure to achieve equal contact/space. Final result is a dense contact array of 32nm half-pitch in 2-D structure (x and y axis). This is achieved on simplified stack of Substrate / APF / Nitride. Further transfer of this new contact pattern from nitride to the substrate (e.g., Oxide, APF, Poly, Si...) is possible. The technique is potentially extendible to 22/22nm contact/space and beyond.
Development of a MEMS technology CSFH based microgripper (2014)

This paper describes the design, simulation, construction process and experimental analysis of a microgripper, which makes use of a new concept hinge, called CSFH (Conjugate Surfaces Flexure Hinge). The new hinge combines a curved cantilever beam, as flexible element, and a pair of conjugate surfaces, whose contacts depend on load conditions. CSFH hinges improve accuracy and guarantee that minimum stress conditions hold within the flexible beam. This microgripper is designed for Deep Reactive-Ion Etching (D-RIE) construction process and comb-drive actuation. Theoretical basis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations have been employed in order to predict the feasibility of the device under construction. Finally, some experimental evidence of the construction process has been provided.
PowerFusion: A Tensor Compiler with Explicit Data Movement Description and Instruction-level Graph IR (2023)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are of critical use in different domains. To accelerate DNN computation, tensor compilers are proposed to generate efficient code on different domain-specific accelerators. Existing tensor compilers mainly focus on optimizing computation efficiency. However, memory access is becoming a key performance bottleneck because the computational performance of accelerators is increasing much faster than memory performance. The lack of direct description of memory access and data dependence in current tensor compilers' intermediate representation (IR) brings significant challenges to generate memory-efficient code. In this paper, we propose IntelliGen, a tensor compiler that can generate high-performance code for memory-intensive operators by considering both computation and data movement optimizations. IntelliGen represent a DNN program using GIR, which includes primitives indicating its computation, data movement, and parallel strategies. This information will be further composed as an instruction-level dataflow graph to perform holistic optimizations by searching different memory access patterns and computation operations, and generating memory-efficient code on different hardware. We evaluate IntelliGen on NVIDIA GPU, AMD GPU, and Cambricon MLU, showing speedup up to 1.97x, 2.93x, and 16.91x(1.28x, 1.23x, and 2.31x on average), respectively, compared to current most performant frameworks.
Highly accelerated first‐pass contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the peripheral vasculature: Comparison of gadofosveset trisodium with gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast agents (2009)

First-pass peripheral CE-MRA using gadofosveset trisodium is feasible, yielding image quality comparable to double to triple-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine. Increasing the gadofosveset trisodium dose to 0.05 mmol/kg yields further improvements.
Aeroelastic Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Turbines With Biplane Rotors (2022)

Abstract As modern wind turbines continuously grow in scale and capacity, rotor blade mass and cost have become major design drivers. For offshore windfarms where construction, maintenance, and service are particularly challenging, blade mass and cost concerns are even more critical. A biplane rotor design concept, proposed by Wirz et al. at the University of California Los Angeles, is explored in this study as a means of reducing blade mass and cost. The biplane design replaces the thick airfoil shapes commonly found in the root region of conventional rotors with two thinner airfoils arranged in a biplane configuration. In the present study, this biplane design concept is applied to a redesign of the NREL 5 MW rotor, representative of modern large-scale offshore wind turbines. It is observed that the performance of the proposed biplane configuration is comparable to the baseline NREL 5 MW design at rated wind speeds, with potential mass-savings. However, the structural analyses also indicate significant stress concentration at the junctions where the biplane configuration is connected to the monoplane regions. A more detailed structural design would be necessary to alleviate stress concentrations in these areas and improve the overall structural characteristics of the rotor.
Temporal-order information can be maintained in non-conscious working memory (2019)

Classical theories hold conscious perception and working memory to be tightly interwoven. Recent work has challenged this assumption, demonstrating that information may be stored for several seconds without any subjective awareness. Does such non-conscious working memory possess the same functional properties as conscious working memory? Here, we probe whether non-conscious working memory can maintain multiple items and their temporal order. In a visual masking task with a delayed response, 38 participants were asked to retain the location and order of presentation of two sequentially flashed spatial positions, and retrieve both after a 2.5 second delay. Even when subjective visibility was nil, subjects' objective forced-choice performance exceeded chance level and, crucially, distinct retrieval of the first and second location was observed on both conscious and non-conscious trials. Non-conscious working memory may therefore store two items in proper temporal order. These findings can be explained by recent models of activity-silent working memory.
Ion Effect and Metal-Coordinated Cross-Linking for Multiscale Design of <i>Nereis</i> Jaw Inspired Mechanomutable Materials (2017)

The Nvjp-1 protein is a key component in the jaws of Nereis virens, a species of marine worm. It contains over 25 mol % of histidine, which is believed to play a key role in the metal-coordinated cross-linking responsible for the structural stability and exceptional mechanical performance of the worm jaw. Understanding the nanoscale mechanism behind this cross-linking and its pathway in affecting the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the material is crucial to develop bioinspired mechanomutable materials based on Nvjp-1. Here, we use a combination of multiscale modeling and experimental synthesis to understand the behavior of this heterologous-expressed protein from the nano- to the macroscale. We have built a bottom-up molecular-based model, which includes electronic-based density functional theory calculations, atomistic simulation of the nanoscale properties with replica exchange molecular dynamics, and an elastic network model for describing the macroscale behavior at different pHs. This multiscale modeling supports the experimental synthesis of a photo-cross-linked Nvjp-1 hydrogel by proving both the nanoscale mechanisms and mechanical behavior predictions. Our theoretical results agree well with the experimental observations, showing that Nvjp-1 forms a more compact structure in the presence of Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions with a suitable pH environment, leading to the formation of more stable intramolecular metal-coordinated cross-links. These metal-coordinated cross-links induce nanoscale aggregation of Nvjp-1, which is responsible for the hydrogel contraction observed in experiments and predicted by the model.
Characteristics of Radiation Absorption in Metallic Particles (1995)

Thermal radiation absorption in metallic particles is an important phenomenon in many contemporary laser-processing techniques, including laser cladding of coating materials and laser cleaning of particulate contaminations. In this work, the Drude free-electron theory and electromagnetic wave theory are utilized to characterize the internal absorption of CO2 laser radiation in aluminum, chromium, and nickel particles. The results show that metallic particles have unique radiation properties. Radiation absorption in large particles occurs only in a very narrow region of the front particle surface, which results in inefficient radiation absorption. On the other hand, micron and submicron particles can absorb radiation very efficiently, due to the strong diffraction effect at the particle surface. For extremely small particles (e.g., nanometer particles), radiation absorption becomes less efficient. The particle absorption efficiency is found to increase with temperature, and this temperature dependence can be determined from those of flat metal surfaces at the normal incidence.
The impact of compounds isolated from Ocimum sp. on apoptotic activity of osteoclast (2016)

Periodontal disease has multifactorial etiology. The immune response to the microbial challenge leads to osteoclast activation and resorption of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss. Compounds isolated from Ocimum americanum and Ocimum basilicum were analyzed for apoptotic activity towards osteoclast in this study. Steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oils (EOs) from dry leaves and flowers. The assessment of apoptosis in osteoclasts was carried out through the TUNEL assay and immunocytochemistry for the Fas receptor. The chemical profile of EOs, characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, revealed methyl cinnamate (O. americanum), linalool, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole (O. basilicum) as major components. The results showed that essential oils were not able to induce apoptosis in osteoclast; however, linalool (50 to 300 &mu;g.ml-1) induced 75% of apoptotic osteoclasts at non-toxic concentrations and the apoptotic activity was confirmed by the increasing levels of Fas receptor on osteoclasts treated with this compound. This study suggests that linalool could be used to control osteoclast activity. Key words: Essential oil, linalool, Ocimum, osteoclast, periodontal disease.
3D SEM characterization of advanced sidewall patterning process (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Sidewall image transfer has become a key enabler of future design shrink. It is consisted of several process steps that multiply the number of lithography backbone patterns in a self-aligned form, shrinking pattern and pitch sizes. The quality of the image transfer process depends on the characteristics of the sidewall pattern morphology. Rectangular Sidewalls with a flat top and vertical edges will result with symmetrical and uniform etched image. On the other hand, Facet top, bent sidewalls, sloped edges or foot, may distort the etched image. In this paper we present a description of the 3DSEM metrology technique used, simulation results, and demonstrate three dimensional characterization of Sidewalls pattern fabricated with different etch recipes: Top Facet measurements vs cross section images; Edge slop and foot characterization
All-<i>trans</i>-Retinol Generated by Rhodopsin Photobleaching Induces Rapid Recruitment of TIP47 to Lipid Droplets in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (2007)

All-trans-retinol generated by photobleaching in the retina induces rapid translocation of TIP47 to LDs in the RPE.
Stimulated Raman Adiabatic passage between hyperfine ground states of a 87 Rb Bose-Einstein condensate (2015)

Since its first experimental demonstration with molecular beam [1] stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STI-RAP) [2,3] has proven to be a versatile tool for quantum information [4] and atomic physic [5-6].
Biophysical stimulation of bone and cartilage: state of the art and future perspectives (2019)

The orthopaedic community has played a central role in the development and understanding of the importance of the physical stimuli. Biophysical stimulation requires care and precision in use if it is to ensure the success expected of it by physicians and patients.
Real-time detection of higher hydrides on the growing surface of hydrogenated amorphous silicon by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (1990)

Real-time in situ observations of the growth of a-Si:H films have been carried out in a rf glow discharge plasma reactor by use of infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Deuterium substitution of an interface layer is employed so as to differentiate the higher hydride species on the growing surface from those located at the film interface on the substrate. A three-layer model is presented to give a quantitative discussion on the absorption signal intensity in the reflection spectroscopy with respect to the normal incident transmission spectroscopy.
High density speckle contrast optical tomography for transcranial, three-dimensional imaging of cerebral blood flow in rodents (2016)

High-density speckle contrast optical tomography (SCOT) has been developed to image cerebral blood flow through intact skull in mice during ischemic stroke. The results are quantified and compared to magnetic resonance imaging.
Importance of the hexagonal lipid phase in biological membrane organization (2013)

Domains are present in every natural membrane. They are characterized by a distinctive protein and/or lipid composition. Their size is highly variable from the nano- to the micrometer scale. The domains confer specific properties to the membrane leading to original structure and function. The determinants leading to domain organization are therefore important but remain obscure. This review presents how the ability of lipids to organize into hexagonal II or lamellar phases can promote particular local structures within membranes. Since biological membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, each with distinctive biophysical properties, lateral and transversal sorting of lipids can promote creation of domains inside the membrane through local modulation of the lipid phase. Lipid biophysical properties have been characterized for long based on in vitro analyses using non-natural lipid molecules; their re-examinations using natural lipids might open interesting perspectives on membrane architecture occurring in vivo in various cellular and physiological contexts.
Mimicking Cardiac Fibrosis in a Dish: Fibroblast Density Rather than Collagen Density Weakens Cardiomyocyte Function (2017)

Cardiac fibrosis is one of the most devastating effects of cardiac disease. Current in vitro models of cardiac fibrosis do not sufficiently mimic the complex in vivo environment of the cardiomyocyte. We determined the local composition and mechanical properties of the myocardium in established mouse models of genetic and acquired fibrosis and tested the effect of myocardial composition on cardiomyocyte contractility in vitro by systematically manipulating the number of fibroblasts and collagen concentration in a platform of engineered cardiac microtissues. The in vitro results showed that while increasing collagen content had little effect on microtissue contraction, increasing fibroblast density caused a significant reduction in contraction force. In addition, the beating frequency dropped significantly in tissues consisting of 50% cardiac fibroblasts or higher. Despite apparent dissimilarities between native and in vitro fibrosis, the latter allows for the independent analysis of local determinants of fibrosis, which is not possible in vivo.
Using Colour to Model Outliers (2003)

Computer vision applications are able to model and reconstruct three dimensional scenes from several pictures. In this work, we are interested in the group of algorithm that register each image with respect to the model and aim at constructing a model of the scene. At the lowest level, most of these algorithms are comparing the pixel values of the image to the ones predicted by the model to refine the result. As research advances, the models are getting better and better, but no matter how complex they are, there will always be unpredictable situations that cannot be handled by the model. A recurring example is when an object appears in one image of the set, but in none of the others. The situation occurs, for example, when a moving entity crosses rapidly the field of view of the camera. In this work, we study the error generated by such an unexpected object at a pixel level and how colour can improve the estimation. We will derive the expected error distribution that this hypothetical object may cause.Our model is primarily intended as a basis for outlier removal in scene modelling algorithms. It gives a clear answer to whether, and with which confidence, a part of the image can be considered as part of the model or should be discarded, without using any dedicated thresholding scheme.The model is demonstrated on a trivial example where we match two images of a scene using a static camera. The example shows that the outlier distribution can be predicted by using the histograms of both images. We also show that by considering not only greyscale information, but also colour information, the outlier detection performance improves. We want to emphasise that the central part of this paper is the outlier modelling and not the outlier rejection scheme, which could be solved&#x2014;for the trivial examples we are showing&#x2014;by many other techniques.
Dual-frequency shear wave motion detection (2014)

Shear wave motion detection is a critical part of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE). Shear wave signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) is strongly related to the ultrasound RF (radiofrequency) signal SNR. Recently, we demonstrated substantial improvement of shear wave motion detection using pulse-inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI). In this study we propose to use filter-based harmonic imaging (FHI) to realize dual-frequency shear wave motion detection. With a filter-based approach, one can calculate shear wave motion signal from both the fundamental component and the harmonic component of the RF signal that is acquired from a single pulse-echo cycle. Two types of common shear wave imaging methods were investigated using dual-frequency detection: shear wave imaging with acoustic radiation force (ARF) as the shear wave source, and shear wave imaging with external mechanical vibration as the shear wave source. Phantom studies showed that for ARF based SWE, the push beam attenuates faster than the harmonic signal, and therefore, one can use harmonic signal for shear wave detection throughout the range of depth; for external mechanical vibration-based SWE, one can use harmonic signal to calculate shear wave motion for shallower region of the tissue for better SNR, and fundamental signal to calculate shear wave motion for deeper region of the tissue for better penetration, so that robust shear wave motion detection can be achieved throughout a large range-of-depth.
Effectiveness and Limitations of Computational Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry in the Rational Design of Target‐specific Shift Reagents for Ion Mobility Spectrometry (2018)

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a gas-phase separation technique based on ion mobility differences in an electric field. It is largely used for the detection of specific ions such as small molecule explosives. IMS detection system includes the use of e. g. a Faraday cupor mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of interfering ion signals in standalone IMS may lead to the detection of false positives or negatives due to e. g. lacking resolving power. In this case, selective mobility shifts obtained using shift reagents (SR), i. e. ligands complexing a specific target, can bring help. The effectiveness of an SR strategy relies on the SR-target ion selectivity. The crucial step lies in the SR design. The aim of this paper is to present an efficient interplay of experimental ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) and predictive computational chemistry using various levels of computational efforts for rationally designing target-specific SR. Mass spectrometry is used to evaluate the efficiency of the SR selectivity with identification and semi-quantification of free and complexed ions. Minimal computational efforts allow the design of the SR, predicting the SR-target ion relative stabilities, and predicting the ion mobility shifts. We demonstrate our approach using crown ethers and β-cyclodextrin to selectively shift interfering perchlorate, amino acids and diaminonaphthalene isomers. We also release the software ParsIMoS for the straightforward use of ion mobility calculator IMoS.
Multi-modal built-in self-test for symmetric microsystems (2004)

A mathematical model analyzing the efficacy of a built-in self-test technique, applicable to any symmetrical MEMS microstructure, is developed. The model predicts that the BIST technique can also be used to characterize a wide range of local manufacturing variations affecting different regions of the device. Model predictions have been validated by simulation. Specifically, it has been shown that by using a suitable modulation scheme, sensitivity to linear etch variation along a particular direction is improved by nearly 30%.
Abstract 10968: Neuroprotectin D1 Induces Protection After Brain Ischemic Injury in a Mouse Stroke Model by Blocking Mitochondria-mediated Cell Death Pathways (2019)

Introduction: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in newborn infants. Neurons may undergo apoptosis in the ischemic area and the penumbra zone af...
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Proteomics of Circulating S100A8/S100A9 in Plasma of Septic Shock Patients (2020)

Well-characterized prognostic biomarkers and reliable quantitative methods are key in sepsis management. Among damage-associated molecular patterns, S100A8/S100A9 complexes are reported to be markers for injured cells and to improve the prediction of death in septic shock patients. In view of the structural diversity observed for the intracellular forms, insight into circulating complexes and proteoforms is required to establish prognostic biomarkers. Here, we developed top-down and bottom-up proteomics to characterize the association of S100A8 and S100A9 in complexes and major circulating proteoforms. An antibody-free method was developed for absolute quantification of S100A8/S100A9 in a cohort of 49 patients to evaluate the prognostic value on the first day after admission for septic shock. The predominant circulating forms identified by top-down proteomics were S100A8, mono-oxidized S100A8, truncated acetylated S100A9, and S-nitrosylated S100A9. S100A8, truncated acetylated S100A9, and mono-oxidized S100A8 discriminated between survivors and nonsurvivors, along with total S100A8/S100A9 measured by the antibody-free bottom-up method. Overall, new insights into circulating S100A8/S100A9 and confirmation of its prognostic value in septic shock are crucial in qualification of this biomarker. Also, the simple antibody-free assay would support the harmonization of S100A8/S100A9 measurements.