gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Information Security Risk Assessment of Smartphones Using Bayesian Networks (2015)

This study comprises an information security risk assessment of smartphone use in Finland using Bayesian networks. The primary research method is a knowledge-based approach to build a causal Bayesian network model of information security risks and consequences. The risks, consequences, probabilities and impacts are identified from domain experts in a 2-stage interview process with 8 experts as well as from existing research and statistics. This information is then used to construct a Bayesian network model which lends itself to different use cases such as sensitivity and scenario analysis. The identified risks’probabilities follow a long tail wherein the most probable risks include unintentional data disclosure, failures of device or network, shoulder surfing or eavesdropping and loss or theft of device. Experts believe that almost 50% of users share more information to other parties through their smartphones than they acknowledge or would be willing to share. This study contains several implications for consumers as well as indicates a clear need for increasing security awareness among smartphone users.&#x0D;
Measurement of mitral orifice area in patients with mitral valve disease by real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography. (1975)

A quantitative assessment of mitral valve orifice area can be achieved in patients with pure mitral stenosis by cardiac catheterization. In the presence of mitral regurgitation, however, accurate measurement often is impossible because total diastolic flow through the mitral valve frequently is unknow. Using a recently developed real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography system, we are able to obtain cross-sectional images of the mitral valve by scanning the heart perpendicular to its long axis at the level of the tip of the mitral leaflets. Twenty consecutive patients undergoing operation for mitral valve disease were studied during the week prior to operation. In 18 of 20 (90%) the mitral orifice was imaged successfully in early diastole by two-dimensional echocardiography so that mitral valve orifice area could be measured directly in square centimeters. In 14 patients (ten with associated mitral regurgitation), mitral orifice area was measured both by echocardiography and directly at time of operation. In 12 of 14 (86%) patients, mitral orifice area by two-dimensional echocardiography was within 0.3 square centimeters of that measured at operation (correlation coefficient for all 14 patients equals 0.92). We conclude that two-dimensional echocardiography is extremely useful in the evaluation of patients with mitral valve disease because it provides a noninvasive method for directly measuring the mitral valve orifice area that is accurate even in the presence of mitral regurgitation.
Design of transgenes for efficient expression of active chimeric proteins on mammalian cells (2001)

Heterologous proteins expressed on the surface of cells may be useful for eliciting therapeutic responses and engineering new extracellular properties. We examined factors that control the membrane targeting of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and a single-chain antibody (scFv). Chimeric proteins were targeted to the plasma membrane by employing the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytosolic tail of murine CD8O (B7-1), the TM of the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor encoded by the C-terminal extension of decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and the TM of the H1 subunit of the human asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). AFP chimeric proteins containing the B7, DAF, ASGPR, or PDGFR targeting domains displayed half-lives of 12.2, 3.8, 2.4, and 1.6 h, respectively. The newly synthesized B7 chimera was rapidly transported and remained on the cell surface. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored chimeras reached the surface more slowly and significant amounts were released into the culture medium. PDGFR TM chimeras were rapidly degraded, whereas ASGPR chimeras were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The surface expression of both AFP and scFv chimeric proteins followed the order (highest to lowest) of B7 > DAF >> PDGFR. Introduction of a dimerization domain (hinge-CH(2)-CH(3) region of human IgG1) between scFv and TM dramatically reduced cleavage of the chimeric protein, increased surface expression, and produced biologically active scFv. Our results indicate that transgenes designed for the expression of active scFv on cells should incorporate a TM that does not undergo endocytosis, include an intact cytoplasmic domain, and possess a spacer to reduce cleavage and retain biological activity.
Clearance of red cells by monoclonal IgG3 anti-D<i>in vivo</i>is affected by the VF polymorphism of Fc<i>γ</i>RIIIa (CD16) (2003)

Human red cells (RBC) coated with IgG anti-D are cleared from the circulation to the spleen by macrophages which express IgG receptors (Fcgamma R). Polymorphisms of Fcgamma RIIa and Fcgamma RIIIa affect IgG binding in vitro, and may alter the efficiency of clearance of immune complexes in vivo. In a RBC clearance study, 22 Rh D-negative subjects were given 100-400 micro g human monoclonal or polyclonal IgG anti-D i.m. followed 48 h later by 51Cr-labelled D+ RBC. The half lives of the infused D+ RBC were determined, together with the coating levels of anti-D on the D+ RBC. Fcgamma RIIA and FcgammaRIIIA genotyping was performed. Large ranges of phagocytosis and extracellular lysis of RBC in vitro, and of half lives of RBC in vivo, were observed. Clearance of RBC coated with monoclonal IgG3 anti-D (BRAD-3) was more rapid in five subjects homozygous for Fcgamma RIIIa-F/F158 than in three subjects expressing the Fcgamma RIIIa-V158 allele (P = 0.024). This effect was not observed, however, for those individuals given polyclonal anti-D. There was also no significant difference in the efficiency of RBC destruction in vitro or of RBC clearance in vivo between the subjects analysed for individual genotypes or alleles or combinations of alleles. In conclusion, the presence of the Fcgamma RIIIa-V158 allele compromised the efficiency of removal of RBC coated with IgG3 anti-D.
Coagulation factor protein abundance in the pre-septic state predicts coagulopathic activities that arise during late-stage murine sepsis (2022)

National Institutes of Health, U.S. Army.
WO/2010/009873 Tunnel Nanowire Transistor (2010)

The invention provides a new type of transistor comprising a nanowire structure adapted to provide a tunnel barrier such that an applied gate voltage causes a current to oscillate, as the gate voltage is increase, to provide a region of negative transconductance. The device presents oscillations of current as the gate voltage is increased, typically when the cross section of the wire is smaller than 10nm. The sub-threshold slope of the current is larger than 60mV/decade but can locally reach values smaller than 60mV/decade in devices with small cross sections. The new transistor has applications in ultra fast switches operating at a very low voltage and in the area of memory devices in the nano-scale.
Games in extensive form (2014)

While normal-form games capture the strategic structure of decision-making settings, they abstract away one key aspect of playing games that seems quite central to their character. Specifically, they assume that players make choices and act simultaneously, with no knowledge of the choices of their counterparts. But in many strategic situations, the players do not move simultaneously: they take turns in making their moves. An obvious example of such a situation is the game of chess. Another example is a bargaining scenario where a buyer and a seller take turns in making offers to each other in order to reach an agreement on the price of a commodity. Such situations may be modelled using sequential-moves games. In this chapter, we will study how these games are represented, and what notions of equilibria are used to analyse and solve them.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic and Structural Studies of Configurational Isomers of (Ni(cyclam))2+. (1987)

Abstract The single‐crystal X‐ray structures of two complexes (I) (space group P1, Z=2) and (II) (space group P4122, Z=4) are reported.
Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (2017)

Disease stage, positive margins, skull base involvement, perineural invasion, time to recurrence, and location of metastasis, but not nodal involvement, could serve as poor prognostic factors in ACC.
Equations of charge distribution in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) (1990)

In the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), the electron beam together with various signals emanating from the beam-specimen interaction ionize the gaseous medium in the specimen chamber. A detailed derivation of equations describing the charge density and current flow in the system is presented. It is shown that the various causes of ionization operate over distinct regions, which can be separated out by suitable electrode configuration. The electron probe retains a fraction of electrons with the original charge distribution; this is surrounded by a widespread electron skirt, which, in turn, is surrounded by charge created by the secondary electrons, beyond which extends the action of backscattered electrons.
288. Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies after Anticancer Therapy Which Included Ibrutinib (2019)

Abstract Background Several cases of severe bacterial, fungal, and viral infections have been reported following ibrutinib therapy. Here, we report a case of a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma who developed hepatitis B virus (HBV)–associated liver failure after anti-cancer treatment most recently with ibrutinib. We also review reported cases of HBV reactivation (HBVr) after ibrutinib. Methods We searched the Medline and Embase databases and identified 5 patients with HBVr related to ibrutinib for a total of 6 study patients, including our case (figure). HBV-related outcomes were defined according to the 2018 AASLD HBV guidance document. Results All 6 patients were men and most (5 or 83%) had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and past HBV infection (table). Three patients (50%) developed HBV-related hepatitis and 2 of them progressed to liver failure. Four patients (67%) had a remote history (≥24 months) of other potential risk factors besides ibrutinib that could contribute to HBVr, including the use of direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C co-infection (1 pt), hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) (1 pt) and rituximab use (4 patients). HBVr occurred at least 6 months after initiation of ibrutinib in most patients (4 or 67%), with a median of 9.7 months (range, 1.5–42). In all 4 patients pretreated with rituximab, that treatment was completed at least 24 months before HBVr. Two of these patients received anti-HBV prophylaxis that was stopped 12 months after the completion of rituximab; the other 2 patients were only monitored without antivirals. The HCT recipient received anti-HBV prophylaxis per guidelines. None of the 6 patients treated with ibrutinib were receiving anti-HBV prophylaxis at the time of HBVr, but 5 patients were started on anti-HBV drugs at the first sign of HBVr. Four received entecavir and 1, tenofovir. All treated patients recovered from HBVr. No pt died of HBVr. Conclusion Life-threatening HBVr can occur following ibrutinib therapy in patients with past or chronic HBV infection. The temporal association between ibrutinib therapy and reactivation indicates that ibrutinib is the likely cause of the HBVr, and clinicians should be aware of the risk of HBVr in these patients. A provisional approach could be HBV monitoring at regular intervals with initiation of antiviral therapy at the earliest sign of HBV reactivation. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Folding kinetics of the human prion protein probed by temperature jump (2009)

Temperature-jump perturbation was used to examine the relaxation kinetics of folding of the human prion protein. Measured rates were very fast (approximately 3,000 s(-1)), with the extrapolated folding rate constant at approximately 20 degrees C in physiological conditions reaching 20,000 s(-1). By a mutational analysis of core residues, we found that only 2, on the interface of helices 2 and 3, have significant phi-values in the transition state. Interestingly, a mutation sandwiched between the above 2 residues on the helix-helix contact interface had very little effect on the overall free energy of folding but led to the formation of a monomeric misfolded state, which had to unfold to acquire the native PrP(C) conformation. Another mutation that led to a marked destabilization of the native fold also formed a misfolded intermediate, but this was aggregation-prone despite the native state of this mutant being soluble. Taken together, the data imply that this fast-folding protein has a transition state that is not compact (m value analysis gives a beta(t) value of only 0.3) but contains a developing nucleus between helices 2 and 3. The fact that a mutation in this nucleus had a negligible effect on stability but still led to formation of aberrant conformations during folding implies an easily perturbed folding mechanism. It is notable that in inherited forms of human prion disease, where point mutations produce a lethal dominant condition, 20 of the 33 amino acid replacements occur in the helix-2/3 sequence.
Design and Development of Novel Monomers and Copolymers for 193-nm Lithography (2004)

Design and development of novel monomers and copolymers for 193-nm lithography are described. At the present time, 193-nm lithography is required for 65-nm node and below. Novel monomers and copolymers are considered to be candidates for the development of higher performance resist materials. We focused our attention on pattern profile and line edge roughness. In design of novel monomers, molecular orbital calculation was adopted. It was revealed that CN-group has a higher potential than other polar groups. Novel monomers that contain CN-group were designed, synthesized and co-polymerized with traditional acrylate monomers. It is expected that these copolymers could be higher performance resist materials that could be used in 65-nm node and below.
Performance of ETC controller in high-volume production (2015)

As chipmakers continue to reduce feature sizes and shrink CDs on the wafer to meet customer needs, Cymer continues developing light sources that enable advanced lithography, and introducing innovations to improve productivity, wafer yield, and cost of ownership. In particular, the ETC controller provides improved spectral bandwidth and wavelength stability, which enables superior CD control and wafer yield for the chipmaker. This controller is a key technology in Cymer’s XLR 700ix and DynaPulse<sup>TM</sup> products. Last year we reported that the XLR 600ix incorporates new controller technology called ETC for improvements in spectral bandwidth and wavelength stability. The Authors will present metrics demonstrating the performance and stability of systems that have been installed at chipmaker sites over the last year.
A Novel Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclocarbonylation of Allylic Alcohols to γ‐Butyrolactones (1997)

Abstract A catalyst system based on [Pd 2 (dba) 3 ]·CHCl 3 /(‐)‐BPPM has been found to effect asymmetric cyclocarbonylation of certain prochiral allylic alcohols to produce good yields of optically enriched γ‐butyrolactones. The reaction was performed under an atmosphere of H 2 (400 psi) and CO (400 psi) at 100°C in methylene chloride for 48 hours. Asymmetric cyclocarbonylation of allylic alcohols with aliphatic substituents proceeded with moderate enantioselectivities ( ee = 25–43%). However, enantiomeric excesses of up to 83% were obtained for substrates containing aromatic substituents, in which case the ee was found to be more sensitive to steric, rather than to electronic factors. Recrystallization of the lactones containing an aromatic group from a mixture of CH 2 Cl 2 /Et 2 O/hexanes (0.5/1.0/8.5), by slow evaporation of the solvent or at low temperature, improved the enantiopurities to &gt;98% ee on a reproducible basis. The asymmetric center of the aromatic lactones was assigned the ( S )‐configuration based on the X‐ray crystal structure analysis of enantiopure ( S )‐(+)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐2‐(2′‐methylphenyl)‐γ‐butyrolactone ( 2k ). A hydridopalladium intermediate is believed to play a key role in this reaction. Enantioselectivity is thought to be brought about by the preferential formation of 6b . The carbon skeleton of 6b fits into the chiral scaffold of (‐)‐BPPM.
Genetic dissection of the neuro-glio-vascular machinery in the adult brain (2018)

The adult brain actively controls its metabolic homeostasis via the circulatory system at the blood brain barrier interface. The mechanisms underlying the functional coupling from neuron to vessel remain poorly understood. Here, we established a novel method to genetically isolate the individual components of this coupling machinery using a combination of viral vectors. We first discovered a surprising non-uniformity of the glio-vascular structure in different brain regions. We carried out a viral injection screen and found that intravenous Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV2) preferentially targeted perivascular astrocytes throughout the adult brain, with sparing of the hippocampal hilus from infection. Using this new intravenous method to target astrocytes, we selectively ablated these cells and observed severe defects in hippocampus-dependent contextual memory and the metabolically regulated process of hippocampal neurogenesis. Combined with AAV9 targeting of neurons and endothelial cells, all components of the neuro-glio-vascular machinery can be simultaneously labeled for genetic manipulation. Together, we demonstrate a novel method, which we term CATNAP (CAV/AAV Targeting of Neurons and Astrocytes Perivascularly), to target and manipulate the neuro-glio-vascular machinery in the adult brain.
Colostrogenesis during an induced lactation in dairy cattle (2014)

Colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) is of major importance for the newborn calf because epitheliochorial placentae do not provide transport in utero. The formation of colostrum occurs in the later stages of pregnancy. Our objectives were to induce lactation in non-pregnant dairy cows and (i) to determine the changes of IgG in serum and mammary secretions during the induction process and (ii) to establish α-lactalbumin (αLA) and prolactin (Prl) alterations to monitor the changing mammary epithelial tight junction status and development pattern. Estradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) injections in a 1-7 days series were combined with a 3-day injection series (day 21-23) of dexamethasone (DEX). Blood and both front quarter secretion samples were collected daily. Milking started 24 days after the start of the experiment. Results show that the mammary secretory IgG1 was increased at >7 days after the start of steroid injections and depicted a bimodal pattern reaching a high of 16 mg/ml at 21 day compared with 3.2 mg/ml in the serum. There was a small increase in secretory IgG2 that did not correlate with tight junction status, but never reached the serum concentration. The injections of DEX resulted in constriction of tight junctions. Secretory αLA was immediately increased with steroid injections, dropped precipitously after 7 days and then began a steady increase until the start of milking. Changes in serum αLA are related to mammary tight junctions while serum Prl gradually increased from 30 to >60 ng/ml after the steroid injections stopped. These results provide insights into the mechanisms and timing of colostrogenesis during an induced lactation protocol.
Efficacy of microbial identification system for epidemiologic typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci (1994)

The lack of an adequate typing system hampers our understanding of the epidemiology of infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). CoNS have become recognized as important nosocomial pathogens and the principal cause of infections associated with invasive devices. Sensitive, specific, and convenient methods are needed to evaluate whether implementing infection control guidelines reduces the risk of nosocomial infections from CoNS and other pathogens. The Microbial Identification System (MIDI) (Microbial ID Inc., Newark, Del.), a semiautomated system for fatty acid methyl ester analysis, shows considerable promise for clinical and epidemiologic applications. Its predictive accuracy and reliability were tested by using epidemiologically related and replicated CoNS isolates as well as CoNS from epidemiologically unrelated clinical infections, which were obtained from five established hospital culture collections in diverse geographic locations. Two hundred isolates were fully characterized in 5 days by one person using MIDI, and the results were similar to those produced by more expensive and time-consuming conventional typing methods. MIDI appears to be a useful screening tool that could be used before more expensive and labor-intensive molecular methods. It offers important advantages to hospital epidemiologists and clinical microbiologists who must identify and type CoNS isolates.
Evaluation of fine-grained parallelism in AUTOSAR applications (2017)

Parallelization of AUTOSAR legacy software is a fundamental step to exploit the performance of multi-core electronic control units (ECUs). However, communication between runnables causes serialization and intra-task parallelization can therefore introduce large idle intervals, if a task contains a long critical path. Distributing the instructions of a runnable over cores (fine-grained parallelism) can reduce the serialization to a shorter time, but this requires an efficient and timing analyzable implementation. This paper investigates the efficiency of fine-grained parallelism for reducing the worst-case execution time in automotive applications. A pattern-supported parallelization approach is applied to extract parallelism of runnables in a structured way. Algorithmic skeletons are used to implement fine-grained parallelism in a dynamic (assignment at runtime) and in a static (a priori assignment) way. The performance evaluation showed that the static assignment is as efficient as a state-of-the-art barrier. Thereby, parallelism is explicitly expressed in a model and implemented in a timing analyzable way.
Mutation scanning analysis of genetic variation within and among <i>Echinococcus</i> species: Implications and future prospects (2013)

Adult tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae) occur in the small intestines of carnivorous definitive hosts and are transmitted to particular intermediate mammalian hosts, in which they develop as fluid-filled larvae (cysts) in internal organs (usually lung and liver), causing the disease echinococcosis. Echinococcus species are of major medical importance and also cause losses to the meat and livestock industries, mainly due to the condemnation of infected offal. Decisions regarding the treatment and control of echinococcosis rely on the accurate identification of species and population variants (strains). Conventional, phenetic methods for specific identification have some significant limitations. Despite advances in the development of molecular tools, there has been limited application of mutation scanning methods to species of Echinococcus. Here, we briefly review key genetic markers used for the identification of Echinococcus species and techniques for the analysis of genetic variation within and among populations, and the diagnosis of echinococcosis. We also discuss the benefits of utilizing mutation scanning approaches to elucidate the population genetics and epidemiology of Echinococcus species. These benefits are likely to become more evident following the complete characterization of the genomes of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.