gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Two-Stage Virtual Impactor System for High Concentration Enrichment of Ultrafine, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and Coarse Particulate Matter (2012)

A two-stage particle concentration enrichment system was developed to provide highly concentrated particles at low flow rates, for applications in areas such as toxicity studies of particulate matter (PM) as well as for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in online particle sampling instruments. The current system is an extension of the Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System (VACES) developed at University of Southern California and operates by placing a second-stage miniature virtual impactor (VI) downstream of the VACES. Particles are sequentially enriched through each stage. Laboratory evaluations were conducted using various types of polydisperse particles to simulate typical ambient PM components as well as monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. The system's configuration was tested by adjusting the intermediate flow rate, which is the intake flow of the second-stage VI (or minor flow of the first-stage VIs), for which 15 L/min was determined to be optimal in terms of maximizing the overall concentration enrichment. Particle size distributions before and after concentration enrichment were compared using a scanning mobility particle sizer. Overall, our results indicate that the sampled particles were relative consistently enriched by factors of 100–120 (i.e., a concentration enrichment efficiency 75–85% of the ideal value) based on both PM mass and number concentrations, and along with similar physical properties of the size distribution (i.e., mode, median). Continuous and time-integrated field tests using urban ambient PM also showed consistent enrichment factors (by roughly 100–120 times) for number and mass concentrations, black carbon, and PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
A Modified Fluorescent Lamp for Discreet Biometric Surveillance (2007)

A standard 48-inch two-bulb fluorescent lamp was modified to be used as a capacitive sensing system. The lamp sensor system demonstrated the ability to detect the presence and motion of human targets at ranges of up to 10 feet between the lamp and the closest edge of the target. Proof of concept was also demonstrated for metal detection by demonstrating the ability to differentiate between a human target and the same human target carrying conducting (metallic) objects. The lamp sensor shows potential for low-cost and widespread discreet security monitoring and biometric surveillance.
Archive of SID Performance Comparison of Four Commercial GE Discovery PET/CT Scanners: A Monte Carlo Study Using GATE (2009)

Combined PET/CT scanners now play a major role in medicine for in vivo imaging in oncology, cardiology, neurology, and psychiatry. As the performance of a scanner depends not only on the scintillating material but also on the scanner design, with regards to the advent of newer scanners, there is a need to optimize acquisition protocols as well as to compare scanner performances on an objective basis. In this study we evaluate and compare the performance of 4 Commercial GE PET/CT cameras, the (i) BGO-based Discovery LS PET/CT (DLS), (ii) the BGObased Discovery ST PET/CT (DST), (iii) the BGO-based Discovery STE PET/CT (DSTE) and finally (iv) the LYSO-based Discovery RX PET/CT (DRX) scanner using the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE). GATE is an open source Monte Carlo simulation platform developed for PET and SPECT studies and is supported by the OpenGATE collaboration. In accordance with the National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA) NU 2-2001 protocols, the validation of models is carried out against actual published measurements and the performance comparison is done for sensitivity, scatter fraction and count rate performance, showing very similar performance compared with published results, thus enabling investigations to better model system performance (e.g. resolution degradation) within the reconstruction task.. The simulated results demonstrate highest sensitivity performance with the DST (though with the highest scatter fraction), and highest NECR performance for the LYSO-based DRX, The results also show that DRX, DLS and DSTE PET/CT cameras have nearly the same amount of scatter fraction.
Investigation of the molecular reactivity of bioactive oxiranylmethyloxy anthraquinones (2019)

The design of a multitarget and multifunctional small molecule containing two functional groups reacting through different mechanisms represents an attractive goal for the medicinal chemist. The preparation of two bifunctional oxiranylmethyloxy anthraquinones, previously investigated as anticancer agents, is described here. These compounds combine a planar, DNA-intercalating and pro-oxidant anthraquinone scaffold and the alkylating epoxide functions which can covalently react with the nucleic acid. Their multilevel molecular reactivity was studied through a combination of analytical techniques: The DNA-binding properties were investigated using a mass spectrometry-based binding assay and by nuclear magnetic resonance, highlighting the formation of a covalent adduct with a nucleobase. Moreover, the contribution of the pro-oxidant redox cycling was evaluated.
Structural and spectral characterisation of Er<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup> doped Ga-La-S-Se glasses (2018)

In this work, the spectroscopy of Er<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup> doped Se-GLS glasses was studied. A structural comparison between doped and non-doped samples was done to assess the differences between the glasses. For this comparison, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis were employed. The spectral properties of the samples were studied in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for quenching the fluorescence lifetime of the dopants. In particular, cross-relaxation and concentration quenching were observed in Nd<sup>3+</sup> doped samples, whilst co-operative upconversion, radiation trapping and concentration quenching were observed in Er<sup>3+</sup> doped samples. The results obtained demonstrated the fundamental role of the phonon energy in the mechanism of fluorescence. The low phonon energy of chalcogenides decreased the rate of non-radiative processes promoting co-operative upconversion. This effect could be exploited to design new lasers and sensitizers for solar energy harvesters.
Synthesis, Structural and Luminescent Properties of Gd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:Eu&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; Nanopowder Composites (2006)

In view of the improvement of luminescent intensity in classical phosphors, different new techniques of synthesis have been developed. One of them is the sol-gel technique for nanopowder synthesis. Applied to a binary system Gd2O3-SiO2 doped with trivalent europium ion, very fine powder form samples have been obtained. In that case the emission intensity of 5D0→F2 electronic transition of 4f6 configuration is greatly enhanced compared to the bulk oxide. The lifetime measurements are given too. The size of nanoparticles is of about 10 nm, determined by dynamic light scattering and XRD analysis.
The last century of symptom-oriented research in emergency presentations – have we made any progress? (2013)

This review is dedicated to the last century of symptom-oriented research, taking three symptom complexes as typical examples of medical progress, and focusing on emergency presentations. Landmark publications in each area are discussed, with an attempt to focus on the methods used to achieve major breakthroughs. In abdominal pain, progress was achieved over a century ago by correlating symptoms and surgical pathology. Most diagnoses were made by using the clinical tools elaborated with careful observation and clinical examination. Together with the later reported outcomes, surgeons had an early and powerful tool for symptom-oriented research. In dyspnoea, progress was achieved much later, as a universal definition had to be elaborated over decades by consolidating clinical research, predominantly symptom-pathology correlation, and experimental research, such as function testing and experiments with animals and humans. In nonspecific presentations in emergency situations, progress has been achieved only recently, most probably owing to the fact that elderly patients are presenting in steeply increasing numbers, and the hallmark of disease presentation in the elderly seems to be less specific symptoms and complaints. This may be caused by altered physiology, polymorbidity, polypharmacy and the multiple difficulties encountered when taking histories in the elderly. Taken together, symptom-oriented research has been an important contributor to medical progress in the last century. Though it may be challenged by image- and laboratory-oriented research, it will remain part of patient-centred research because the epidemiology of symptoms, their clinical outcomes and their diagnostic importance according to severity will be the basis for the diagnostic process.
Survival impact of initial local therapy selection for men under 60 with high risk prostate cancer. (2017)

5082 Background: The impact of initial local therapy selection on survival for high risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients remains uncertain. We sought to assess this effect, while limiting competing causes of death, through the examination of a younger PCa patient cohort within the National Cancer Database. Methods: We evaluated the overall survival (OS) of men under 60 with high risk PCa receiving either radiation therapy (RT) or radical prostatectomy (RP). All men in this age group were treated between 2004 and 2013, harbored cN0M0 disease, and presented with Gleason Scores (GS) of 8 to 10. The RT group included patients who received external beam radiation (EBRT) alone or EBRT in combination with brachytherapy (BT). Overall survival and covariates were evaluated using multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 16,944 patients met inclusion criteria of which 12,155 underwent RP and 4,789 received RT as initial therapy. 82.5% of RT patients received hormonal therapy, and the median dose was 77.4 Gy. In the RP group, 17.2% of patients received postoperative radiation, and 87% of these cases received a dose exceeding 64.80 Gy. The RP group had a higher proportion of cases with Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score &gt; 0 (15.2% v. 11.2%, p &lt; 0.000001). At a median follow-up of 50 months (0 - 131 months), RP was associated with improved OS in comparison to RT (hazard ratio = 0.52; 95% CI (0.47, 0.58); p &lt; 0.000001). The estimated 8-year OS (±1 standard error of the estimate) was 85.1±0.7% and 74.9±0.7%, after RP and RT, respectively. This benefit remained present when adjusting for age, year of treatment, race, comorbidity score, Gleason score, T stage, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, form of radiation, PSA, or insurance status. Conclusions: Compared to RT, initial treatment of men under 60 with high risk PCa with RP results in a large, statistically significant improvement in overall survival that remains consistent over time and remains significant in a multivariable model adjusting for known prognostic variables. These results are limited by the retrospective nature of the database analysis, and the lack of cancer specific survival information.
A Mathematical Model for Self-Priming Circuits: Getting the Most From a Dielectric Elastomer Generator (2016)

A dielectric elastomer generator (DEG) can be used for converting mechanical energy from natural motion sources, such as walking, waves, trees, etc., into electrical energy. A DEG is comprised of a soft and flexible dielectric elastomer (DE) capacitor, a priming circuit (PC), which transfers high potential charge onto/off the DE electrodes, and a power extraction circuit that harvests the generated power. To generate power, the PC must charge and discharge the DE in synchronization with the DE's capacitance change. A simple circuit to do this exists: the self-priming circuit (SPC). The SPC consists of diodes and capacitors that passively switch between charge delivery and charge receiving states in synchronization with the DE's capacitance change. Until now, there has been no understanding of how to design an SPC in order to maximize harvested energy from the DE. A new mathematical model for an SPC is presented, leading to design and optimization. An accuracy of 0.1% between model, simulation, and experiment over five cycles is obtained, once losses are taken into consideration. The behavior of the SPC is shown to be related to the maximum and minimum capacitances of the DE, but is unaffected by the exact shape of the capacitance waveform.
Epigenetic screening in product safety assessment: are we there yet? (2011)

There has been a growing concern that epigenetic events, that is, heritable changes in gene expression superimposed on DNA nucleotide sequences, may be involved in chemically and/or nutritionally mediated adverse health outcomes, such as reproductive toxicity and cancer. This concern has been driven by an increasing number of studies reporting toxicant-induced alterations to the epigenome in the form of changes in DNA methylation, histone/chromatin remodeling, and altered expression of non-coding RNAs. These three major mechanisms of epigenetic modifications may have coordinated, independent, or potentially antagonistic influences on gene expression. Complicating this understanding is the incomplete understanding of the normal state and dynamic variation of the epigenome, which differs widely between cells, tissues, developmental state, age, strain, and species. This review serves as a framework to outline characteristics composing an ideal epigenetic screen(s) for hazard identification in product safety assessment. In order to implement such a screen, first there needs to be a better understanding of adaptive versus adverse changes in the epigenome, which includes identification of robust and reproducible causal links between epigenetic changes and adverse apical end points, and second development of improved reporter assay tools to monitor such changes. An ideal screen would be in vitro-based, medium- to high-throughput, and assess all three branches of epigenome control (i.e. methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs), although also being quantitative, objective, portable (i.e. lab to lab), and relevant to humans.
Multiple Target Tracking With Uncertain Sensor State Applied To Autonomous Vehicle Data (2018)

In a conventional multitarget tracking (MTT) scenario, the sensor position is assumed known. When the MTT sensor, e.g., an automotive radar, is mounted to a moving vehicle with uncertain state, it becomes necessary to relax this assumption and model the unknown sensor position explicitly. In this paper, we compare a recently proposed filter that models the unknown sensor state [1], to two versions of the track-oriented marginal MeMBer/Poisson (TOMB/P) filter: the first does not model the sensor state uncertainty; the second models it approximately by artificially increasing the measurement variance. The results, using real measurement data, show that in terms of tracking performance, the proposed filter can outperform TOMB/P without sensor state uncertainty, and is comparable to TOMB/P with increased variance.
Photomotor Responses in Zebrafish and Electrophysiology Reveal Varying Interactions of Anesthetics Targeting Distinct Sites on γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors (2022)

Background Etomidate, barbiturates, alfaxalone, and propofol are anesthetics that allosterically modulate γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptors via distinct sets of molecular binding sites. Two-state concerted coagonist models account for anesthetic effects and predict supra-additive interactions between drug pairs acting at distinct sites. Some behavioral and molecular studies support these predictions, while other findings suggest potentially complex anesthetic interactions. We therefore evaluated interactions among four anesthetics in both animals and GABA A receptors. Methods The authors used video assessment of photomotor responses in zebrafish larvae and isobolography to evaluate hypnotic drug pair interactions. Voltage clamp electrophysiology and allosteric shift analysis evaluated coagonist interactions in α1β3γ2L receptors activated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) versus anesthetics [log(d, AN):log(d, GABA) ratio]. Anesthetic interactions at concentrations relevant to zebrafish were assessed in receptors activated with low GABA. Results In zebrafish larvae, etomidate interacted additively with both propofol and the barbiturate R-5-allyl-1-methyl m-trifluoromethyl mephobarbital (R-mTFD-MPAB; mean ± SD α = 1.0 ± 0.07 and 0.96 ± 0.11 respectively, where 1.0 indicates additivity), while the four other drug pairs displayed synergy (mean α range 0.76 to 0.89). Electrophysiologic allosteric shifts revealed that both propofol and R-mTFD-MPAB modulated etomidate-activated receptors much less than GABA-activated receptors [log(d, AN):log(d, GABA) ratios = 0.09 ± 0.021 and 0.38 ± 0.024, respectively], while alfaxalone comparably modulated receptors activated by GABA or etomidate [log(d) ratio = 0.87 ± 0.056]. With low GABA activation, etomidate combined with alfaxalone was supra-additive (n = 6; P = 0.023 by paired t test), but etomidate plus R-mTFD-MPAB or propofol was not. Conclusions In both zebrafish and GABA A receptors, anesthetic drug pairs interacted variably, ranging from additivity to synergy. Pairs including etomidate displayed corresponding interactions in animals and receptors. Some of these results challenge simple two-state coagonist models and support alternatives where different anesthetics may stabilize distinct receptor conformations, altering the effects of other drugs. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New
DEA-based production planning considering production stability (2019)

This paper is concerned with how to stably arrange the total input resources and output productions when the total outputs can be forecasted in a centralized decision-making environment based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). It usually involves the participation of all individual decision-making units, each contributing in part to the total production. Two stability indexes are defined to assess the stability of production planning, i.e. scale stability, efficiency and technology stability. Then, we propose a DEA-based model to derive the next period production planning. Finally, we illustrate the proposed approach and compare the results between two existing studies and this paper by using three numerical examples. The results show that the proposed production planning in this paper is stabler than existing studies. It implies that the production planning in this paper would be more practicable for real production.
Intraband and interband spin-orbit torques in noncentrosymmetric ferromagnets (2015)

Intraband and interband contributions to the current-driven spin-orbit torque in magnetic materials lacking inversion symmetry are theoretically studied using the Kubo formula. In addition to the current-driven fieldlike torque ${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{FL}}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{FL}}\mathbf{m}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{so}}$ (${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{so}}$ being a unit vector determined by the symmetry of the spin-orbit coupling), we explore the intrinsic contribution arising from impurity-independent interband transitions and producing an anti-damping-like torque of the form ${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{DL}}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{DL}}\mathbf{m}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}({\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{so}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{m})$. Analytical expressions are obtained in the model case of a magnetic Rashba two-dimensional electron gas, while numerical calculations have been performed on a dilute magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As modeled by the Kohn-Luttinger Hamiltonian exchange coupled to the Mn moments. Parametric dependencies of the different torque components and similarities to the analytical results of the Rashba two-dimensional electron gas in the weak disorder limit are described.
Ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extraction of <i>Vitis thunbergii</i> var. <i>taiwaniana</i> induced <scp>G</scp><sub>0</sub>/<scp>G</scp><sub>1</sub> phase arrest via inhibition of cyclins <scp>D</scp> and <scp>E</scp> and induction of apoptosis through caspase‐dependent and ‐independent pathways in human prostate carcinoma <scp>DU</scp>145 cells (2017)

Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana (VTT) is a wild grape native to Taiwan, belonging to the Vitaceae family and Vitis genus, and widely used as folk herbal medicine. It is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, neuroprotection, jaundice, and arthritis. We used the wild-collected VTT and sterilized them to establish the plant tissue culture, and then took the leaves for DNA sequencing to determine its original base. We use methanol to extract VTT in four different solvents: 1-butanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. These four preliminary extracts were used to treat human prostate cancer DU145 cells in vitro. We use the flow cytometry to check the cell survival situation. Finally, we found the ethyl acetate layer roughing product (referred VTEA) in human prostate cancer apoptotic effects of cell line DU-145. In the present studies, we use the crude extract of VTT to examine whether or not it can induce apoptosis of DU145 cells in vitro. Viability assays for extracts of VTT treatment showed that it had dose-dependent effect on human prostate cancer DU145 cells. We also found that the extract of VTT induces time-dependent mitochondrial and intrinsic-dependent apoptosis pathways. The in vitro cytotoxic effects were investigated by cell cycle analysis and the determination of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in DU145 cells. The cell cycle analysis showed that extracts of VTT induced a significant increase in the number of cells in G<sub>0</sub> /G<sub>1</sub> phase. The extract of VTT induced chromatin changes and apoptosis of DU145 cells also were confirmed by DAPI and PI staining that were measured by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. Finally, the expression of relevant proteins was analyzed by Western blot analysis. These results promoted us to further evaluate apoptosis associated proteins and elucidate the possible signal pathway in DU-145 cells after treated with the extract of VTT.
Testing the Ratio of Two Poisson Rates (2008)

In this paper we compare the properties of four different general approaches for testing the ratio of two Poisson rates. Asymptotically normal tests, tests based on approximate p -values, exact conditional tests, and a likelihood ratio test are considered. The properties and power performance of these tests are studied by a Monte Carlo simulation experiment. Sample size calculation formulae are given for each of the test procedures and their validities are studied. Some recommendations favoring the likelihood ratio and certain asymptotic tests are based on these simulation results. Finally, all of the test procedures are illustrated with two real life medical examples.