gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Precoding for interference cancellation at low SNR (2003)

We investigate the application of the nested coding framework for cancelling known interference at low SNR, that is P/sub X//P/sub Z//spl ap/1 and below. We consider multi-dimensional precoding, with anticipation of N/sub s/>1 "future" interference samples. Unlike non-precoded transmission, where capacity can be achieved at low SNR without shaping, optimum precoding at low SNR does require shaping. Eyuboglu and Forney's trellis precoding scheme combines Tomlinson-Harashima precoding and trellis shaping, to achieve both coding and shaping gains in transmission over intersymbol interference channel with Euclidean distance decoder. However, the standard configuration of this scheme does not support precoding at low SNR, where the capacity is less than 1bit/dim. Inspired by the nested lattices approach, we propose a variant of trellis precoding which combines MMSE estimation, dithering and construction of nested lattices which approach the interference channel capacity at low SNR.
cRGD Peptide-Conjugated Icosahedral <i>closo-</i>B<sub>12</sub><sup>2-</sup> Core Carrying Multiple Gd<sup>3+</sup>-DOTA Chelates for α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> Integrin-Targeted Tumor Imaging (MRI) (2013)

A vertex-differentiated icosahedral closo-B(12)(2-) core was utilized to construct a α(v)β(3) integrin receptor-targeted (via cRGD peptide) high payload MRI contrast agent (CA-12) carrying 11 copies of Gd(3+)-DOTA chelates attached to the closo-B(12)(2-) surface via suitable linkers. The resulting polyfunctional MRI contrast agent possessed a higher relaxivity value per-Gd compared to Omniscan, a small molecular contrast agent commonly used in clinical settings. The α(v)β(3) integrin receptor specificity of CA-12 was confirmed via in vitro cellular binding experiments and in vivo MRI of mice bearing human PC-3 prostate cancer xenografts. Integrin α(v)β(3)-positive MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited 300% higher uptake of CA-12 than α(v)β(3)-negative T47D cells. Serial T1-weighted MRI showed superior contrast enhancement of tumors by CA-12 compared to both a nontargeted 12-fold Gd(3+)-DOTA closomer control (CA-7) and Omniscan. Contrast enhancement by CA-12 persisted for 4 h postinjection, and subsequent enhancement of kidney tissue indicated a renal elimination route similar to Omniscan. No toxic effects of CA-12 were apparent in any mice for up to 24 h postinjection. Post-mortem ICP-OES analysis at 24 h detected no residual Gd in any of the tissue samples analyzed.
Figure S1 from Novel Predictors of Breast Cancer Survival Derived from miRNA Activity Analysis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Fig. S1. Correlation between IHC-defined status and gene expression levels for estrogen receptor (ER, left panel) and progesterone receptor (PR, right panel). Each panel shows, left to right, distribution of gene expression values (vertical axis) for IHC-negative, IHC-positive and IHC-unknown groups. Red lines indicate the cut-off chosen (see below).&lt;/p&gt;
Mechanisms of Cardiac Depression Caused by Lipoteichoic Acids From <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in Isolated Rat Hearts (2005)

Background— Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) represents a major virulence factor in gram-positive sepsis. Methods and Results— In the present study we perfused isolated rat hearts for 180 minutes with highly purified LTA from Staphylococcus aureus . A progressive decline of left ventricular contractile function paralleled by the expression of myocardial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and protein as well as the release of TNF-α into the perfusate was observed in LTA-perfused hearts. Employment of an anti–TNF-α antibody completely prevented the loss in contractile function. When CD14, a prominent pathogen recognition receptor, was blocked by a specific antibody, induction of TNF-α mRNA and protein release as well as the associated cardiodepression was diminished in response to LTA. Synthesis of TNF-α protein was located to interstitial cells of LTA-challenged hearts as detected by immunohistochemistry. Besides progressive cardiodepression, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was moderately increased in LTA-perfused hearts. This was accompanied by the release of thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) into the perfusate and the induction of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 mRNA and protein in the myocardium. Blocking of TXA 2 by the nonspecific Cox inhibitor indomethacin, the thromboxane receptor antagonist daltroban, or the selective Cox-2 inhibitor NS-398 prevented the increase in CPP. Conclusions— LTA causes cardiac depression by activating myocardial TNF-α synthesis via CD14 and induces coronary vascular disturbances by activating Cox-2–dependent TXA 2 synthesis. These phenomena may contribute to cardiac depression in gram-positive sepsis.
Functional Outcome and Healing With a Load‐Sharing Rip‐Stop Repair Compared With a Single‐Row Repair for Large and Massive Rotator Cuff Tears (2019)

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Difficulties with Hydroxyapatite Orbital Implants in Two Patients with Dysfunctional Levator/Superior Rectus Muscle Complex (1997)

Hydroxyapatite orbital implants are recognized for their excellent results in anophthalmos. Few complications are reported in the literature. We implanted hydroxyapatite spheres in two patients with acquired anophthalmos and denervated or nonfunctional levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. In both patients, the implant rotated anteriorly, obliterating the superior fornix and causing proptosis. Prosthetic fitting was impeded, necessitating surgical revision in both patients. A hydroxyapatite implant may rotate and migrate anteriorly in the presence of a nonfunctional superior rectus muscle, distorting the conjunctival fornices and causing proptosis. This complication calls into question whether muscle-attached orbital implants should be used in patients with significant rectus muscle weakness.
Tailoring PLGA nanoparticle release profiles via centrifugal fractioning (2016)

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The Design and Properties of N‐Carboxyalkyldipeptide Inhibitors of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme (1985)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors promise to make important therapeutic contributions to the control of hypertension and congestive heart failure. The nonapeptide teprotide was the first of these inhibitors to be tested clinically. It was followed by orally active inhibitors, captopril in 1977 and enalapril in 1980. The latter is representative of a new design for the inhibition of metallopeptidases and is the subject of this review. The best of the N-carboxyalkyldipeptide inhibitors inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme with a Ki of 7.6 X 10(-11) M. This compound is the most potent competitive inhibitor of a metallopeptidase yet to have been reported. The basis of this high potency is beginning to be understood and in part is considered to involve precisely arranged multiple interactions within the enzyme active site. X-ray crystallography of a thermolysin-inhibitor complex has been achieved. Assuming that similar interactions within the active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme are mechanistically probable, the authors hypothesize the binding of enalaprilat to converting enzyme as shown in Figure 24. Such interactions are consistent with kinetic studies (Section V) with the understanding that binding to the enzyme is not sensitive to the inhibitor's state of NH protonation. The reason for this surprising conclusion has not been established. Perhaps counterbalancing factors are involved in the energetics of binding or there may be compensating adjustments made in the enzyme which permit NH protonated and nonprotonated inhibitor to bind equally well. Figure 24 also summarizes present understanding of the conformation of enalaprilat when bound to angiotensin-converting enzyme. From studies on conformationally defined analogs of enalaprilat, it seems likely that the Ala-Pro segment of enalaprilat binds in a conformation that is close to a minimum energy conformer. This situation no doubt contributes to the potency of enalaprilat, since little binding energy would be needed to induce conformational changes in this part-structure of enalaprilat when it is bound to the enzyme. The phenethyl group of enalaprilat is believed to be near the alpha-hydrogen of the L-Ala residue in the enzyme-inhibitor complex. However, the synthesis of conformationally restricted analogs to establish this point has not yet been reached. The N-carboxyalkylpeptide design was developed from Wolfenden's collected product inhibitors of carboxypeptidase-A. Whether or not N-carboxyalkyldipeptides should be classified as collected product or transition state inhibitors is unclear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Differences in pharyngeal properties between snorers with predominantly central sleep apnea and those without sleep apnea. (1987)

The underlying cause of idiopathic central sleep apnea syndrome is not well understood. We therefore examined the possibility that patients with idiopathic central sleep apnea may have abnormalities of upper airway mechanics that might contribute to the pathogenesis of central apneas. The acoustic reflection technique was used to assess pharyngeal size, lung volume dependence, and pharyngeal "compliance" in 8 patients with idiopathic central sleep apnea, all of whom were snorers, and in 8 weight-matched, snoring control subjects with normal sleep studies. Patients with central sleep apnea when compared with control subjects exhibited markedly increased specific pharyngeal "compliance" (0.12 +/- 0.05 versus 0.03 +/- 0.01 cm H2O-1; p less than 0.001), increased change in pharyngeal area from FRC to RV (0.8 +/- 0.5 versus 0.03 +/- 0.3 cm2; p less than 0.05), and a larger pharyngeal area at FRC (4.7 +/- 0.9 versus 3.8 +/- 0.8 cm2; p less than 0.03). We conclude that increased pharyngeal "compliance" and lung volume dependence may play a role in the etiology of central apneas in this syndrome.
Stable Ensemble Performance with Single-Neuron Variability during Reaching Movements in Primates (2005)

Significant variability in firing properties of individual neurons was observed while two monkeys, chronically implanted with multielectrode arrays in frontal and parietal cortical areas, performed a continuous arm movement task. Although the degree of correlation between the firing of single neurons and movement parameters was nonstationary, stable predictions of arm movements could be obtained from the activity of neuronal ensembles. This result adds support to the idea that movement parameters are redundantly encoded in the motor cortex, such that brain networks can achieve the same behavioral goals through different patterns and relative contribution of individual neuron activity. This has important implications for neural prosthetics, suggesting that accurate operation of a brain-machine interface requires recording from large neuronal ensembles to minimize the effect of variability and ensuring stable performance over long periods of time.
Cardionomics: a new integrative approach for screening cardiotoxicity of drug candidates (2009)

The consequences of a failure to detect potential cardiovascular safety issues before clinical launch can have an enormous cost for the pharmaceutical industry, when major drugs are withdrawn due to lawsuits as well as loss of time and resources. An integrated cardionomics approach may reduce the risk of drug withdrawals as a result of unexpected clinical cardiac safety issues.
Protocol and Fidelity Monitoring Plan for Four Supports. A Multicenter Trial of an Intervention to Support Surrogate Decision Makers in Intensive Care Units (2018)

Individuals acting as surrogate decision makers for critically ill patients frequently struggle in this role and experience high levels of long-term psychological distress. Prior interventions designed to improve the sharing of information by the clinical team with surrogate decision makers have demonstrated little effect on surrogates' outcomes or clinical decisions. In this report, we describe the study protocol and corresponding intervention fidelity monitoring plan for a multicenter randomized clinical trial testing the impact of a multifaceted surrogate support intervention (Four Supports) on surrogates' psychological distress, the quality of decisions about goals of care, and healthcare use. We will randomize the surrogates of 300 incapacitated critically ill patients at high risk of death and/or severe long-term functional impairment to receive the Four Supports intervention or an education control. The Four Supports intervention adds to the intensive care unit (ICU) team a trained interventionist (family support specialist) who delivers four types of protocolized support-emotional support; communication support; decisional support; and, if indicated, anticipatory grief support-to surrogates through daily interactions during the ICU stay. The primary outcome is surrogates' symptoms of anxiety and depression at 6-month follow-up, measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Prespecified secondary outcome measures are the Patient Perception of Patient Centeredness Scale (modified for use with surrogates) and Impact of Event Scale scores at 3- and 6-month follow-up, respectively, together with ICU and hospital lengths of stay and total hospital cost among decedents. The fidelity monitoring plan entails establishing and measuring adherence to the intervention using multiple measurement methods, including daily checklists and coding of audiorecorded encounters. This approach to intervention fidelity may benefit others designing and testing behavioral interventions in the ICU setting. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01982877).
Deep variational clustering framework for self-labeling large-scale medical images (2022)

One of the most promising approaches for unsupervised learning is combining deep representation learning and deep clustering. Recent studies propose to simultaneously learn representation using deep neural networks and perform clustering by defining a clustering loss on top of embedded features. Unsupervised image clustering naturally requires good feature representations to capture the distribution of the data and subsequently differentiate data points from one another. Among existing deep learning models, the generative variational autoencoder explicitly learns data generating distribution in a latent space. We propose a Deep Variational Clustering (DVC) framework for unsupervised representation learning and clustering of large-scale medical images. DVC simultaneously learns the multivariate Gaussian posterior through the probabilistic convolutional encoder, and the likelihood distribution with the probabilistic convolutional decoder; and optimizes cluster labels assignment. Here, the learned multivariate Gaussian posterior captures the latent distribution of a large set of unlabeled images. Then, we perform unsupervised clustering on top of the variational latent space using a clustering loss. In this approach, the probabilistic decoder helps to prevent the distortion of data points in the latent space, and to preserve local structure of data generating distribution. The training process can be considered as a self-training process to refine the latent space and simultaneously optimizing cluster assignments iteratively. We evaluated our proposed framework on three public datasets that represented different medical imaging modalities. Our experimental results show that our proposed framework generalizes better across different datasets. It achieves compelling results on several medical imaging benchmarks. Thus, our approach offers potential advantages over conventional deep unsupervised learning in real-world applications. The source code of the method and of all the experiments are available publicly at: https://github.com/csfarzin/DVC
Chemical modification of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore by specific amino acid reagents (1999)

Mitochondria of higher cells contain a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP), that, when open, increases the permeability of the inner membrane to ions and small molecules. The PTP may be of importance in cellular calcium homeostasis and in the execution of programmed cell death, and the definition of the molecular structure of the PTP is, therefore, an urgent problem in cell biology. Because there has been so little structural information to rely on, theories on the nature of the PTP have been unconstrained and ideas have ranged from degradation of membrane phospholipids to cross-linking of known carrier proteins. The discovery of the high-affinity inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) allowed a clear pharmacologic definition of the PTP, and paved the way to purification of cyclophilin D (CyP-D), a matrix peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase that seems to mediate PTP inhibition by CsA. CyP-D is a soluble protein, however, and the nature of the ion-conducting channel remains undefined. Here, we review the information provided by the strategy of site-selective modification of the PTP with specific chemical reagents. Drug Dev. Res. 46:14–17, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scaffold-based lung tumor culture on porous PLGA microparticle substrates (2019)

Scaffold-based cancer cell culture techniques have been gaining prominence especially in the last two decades. These techniques can potentially overcome some of the limitations of current three-dimensional cell culture methods, such as uneven cell distribution, inadequate nutrient diffusion, and uncontrollable size of cell aggregates. Porous scaffolds can provide a convenient support for cell attachment, proliferation and migration, and also allows diffusion of oxygen, nutrients and waste. In this paper, a comparative study was done on porous poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles prepared using three porogens-gelatin, sodium bicarbonate (SBC) or novel poly N-isopropylacrylamide [PNIPAAm] particles, as substrates for lung cancer cell culture. These fibronectin-coated, stable particles (19-42 μm) supported A549 cell attachment at an optimal cell seeding density of 250,000 cells/ mg of particles. PLGA-SBC porous particles had comparatively larger, more interconnected pores, and favored greater cell proliferation up to 9 days than their counterparts. This indicates that pore diameters and interconnectivity have direct implications on scaffold-based cell culture compared to substrates with minimally interconnected pores (PLGA-gelatin) or pores of uniform sizes (PLGA-PMPs). Therefore, PLGA-SBC-based tumor models were chosen for preliminary drug screening studies. The greater drug resistance observed in the lung cancer cells grown on porous particles compared to conventional cell monolayers agrees with previous literature, and indicates that the PLGA-SBC porous microparticle substrates are promising for in vitro tumor or tissue development.
Purpose-Built Anisotropic Metal Oxide Material:  3D Highly Oriented Microrod Array of ZnO (2001)

We are reporting here on the inexpensive fabrication of large three-dimensional and highly oriented porous microrod array of n-type ZnO semiconductor with a unique designed architecture consisting of well-defined, length-tailored, monodisperse, perpendicularly oriented single-crystalline hexagonal rods, grown directly onto polycrystalline, single-crystalline, or amorphous substrates, from an aqueous solution of zinc salt at low temperature.
Exelus Styrene Monomer ( <scp>ExSyM</scp> ) Process (Case Study) (2023)

In this chapter, we give an overview of the Exelus Styrene Monomer (ExSyM) process that uses the side-chain alkylation (SCA) reaction of toluene with methanol to produce styrene monomer. The chapter starts with an introduction of the current styrene industry and a discussion of the commercial processes used currently to manufacture styrene. We also discuss the side-chain reaction mechanism, followed by the various types of catalyst that have been investigated for this reaction. Furthermore, this section includes catalysts that have been both investigated in academia and industry. This is followed by a general overview of the ExSyM technology, the research and development, and piloting stages. The catalyst, reactor, and process design are then discussed in detail. Finally, this chapter ends with a discussion of economic competitiveness of the ExSyM process, followed by the outlook for the future of the ExSyM process.
Side functionalization of diboronic acid precursors for covalent organic frameworks (2013)

A series of substituted 1,4-benzenediboronic acids (BDBA) was synthesized and their thermal properties investigated. Two diboronic acids were studied as building-blocks for covalent organic framework (COF) formation, namely 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzenediboronic acid and 2-nitro-1,4-benzeneboronic acid. Interestingly, substitution of the BDBA core caused a dramatic decrease of the polymerization temperature leading to the formation of a less organized structure.
An Enhanced Time-Domain Circuit Simulation Technique Based on LIM (2006)

In this paper, we show the generalized method of the time-domain circuit simulation based on LIM. Our method is applicable to any structure of circuits by combination with the SPICE-like method. In order to show the validity and efficiency of our method, an example circuit is simulated and the proposed method is compared with the conventional ones.
Tailoring intermolecular interactions to develop a low-temperature electrolyte system consisting of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and organic solvents (2019)

Ionic liquids (ILs) exhibit remarkable properties and great tunability, which make them an attractive class of electrolyte materials for a variety of electrochemical applications. However, despite the promising progress for operating conditions at high temperatures, the development of their low-temperature viability as electrolytes is still limited due to the constrains from thermal and ion transport issues with a drastic decrease in temperature. In this study, we present a liquid electrolyte system based on a mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([BMIM][I]), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), propylene carbonate (PC), and lithium iodide (LiI) and utilize its molecular interactions to tailor its properties for extremely low-temperature sensing applications. In particular, the carbonyl group on both PC and GBL can form hydrogen bonds with the imidazolium cation, as indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the extent of these interactions between ions and molecules was also characterized and quantified <i>via</i> proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) spectroscopy. More importantly, at the optimal ratio, the organic solvents do not have excess content to form aggregates, which may cause undesired crystallization before the glass transition. The microscopic evolutions of the systems are correlated with their bulk behaviors, leading to improvements in their thermal and transport properties. The optimized formulation of [BMIM][I]/PC/GBL/LiI showed a low glass transition temperature (<i>T</i> <sub>g</sub>) of -120 °C and an effectively reduced viscosity of 0.31 Pa s at -75 °C. The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte was also validated to support the targeted iodide/triiodide redox reactions without interference.