gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eating Behavior (Duration, Content, and Timing) Among Workers Living under Different Levels of Urbanization (2020)

Urbanization has contributed to extended wakefulness, which may in turn be associated with eating over a longer period. Here, we present a field study conducted in four groups with different work hours and places of living in order to investigate eating behavior (duration, content, and timing). Anthropometric measures were taken from the participants (rural (<i>n</i> = 22); town (<i>n</i> = 19); city-day workers (<i>n</i> = 11); city-night workers (<i>n</i> = 14)). In addition, a sociodemographic questionnaire was self-answered and 24-h food recalls were applied for three days. The 24-h food recalls revealed that fat intake varied according to the groups, with the highest consumption by the city-day workers. By contrast, city-day workers had the lowest intake of carbohydrate, whereas the rural group had the highest. In general, all groups had some degree of inadequacy in food consumption. Eating duration was negatively correlated with total energy intake, fat, and protein consumption in the rural and town groups. There was a positive correlation between body mass index and eating duration in both city groups. The rural group had the earliest start time of eating, and this was associated with a lower body mass index. This study suggested that food content and timing, as well as eating duration, differed according to place of living, which in turn may be linked to lifestyle.
Preparation of (2<i>E</i>,4<i>E</i>,6<i>S</i>,7<i>S</i>,10<i>E</i>,12<i>E</i>,14<i>S</i>,15<i>S</i>,1′<i>S</i>)‐7,15‐Bis(1′‐hydroxymethylethyl)‐6,14‐dimethyl‐8,16‐dioxa‐2,4,10,12‐cyclohexadecatetraene‐1,9‐dione. – A Building Block for the Synthesis of Elaiophylin (1985)

Abstract The title compound 2 , which is considered to be a possible key intermediate for a synthesis of the antibiotic elaiophylin ( 1 ), has been obtained by cyclodimerisation of the hydroxy acids 18 and 27 using Yamaguchi's method. The hydroxy acids 18 and 27 are synthesised by Wittig reaction of the (phosphoranylidene)crotonate 14 with the protected 3,5‐dihydroxy‐2,4‐dimethylpentanals 12 and 23 , respectively. These are constructed, in turn, by diastereoselective Evans aldol reaction between ( S )‐3‐benzyloxy‐2‐methylpropanal ( 4 ) and ( R )‐4‐isopropyl‐3‐propionyl‐2‐oxazolidionne.
Relationship between mutations in HIV‐1 RNase H domain and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance mutations in naïve and pre‐treated HIV infected patients (2007)

Recent studies have highlighted the need of investigating the in vivo role of ribonuclease H (RNase H) in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) resistance. The prevalence of RNase H mutations in naive and in NRTI pre-treated patients in regimen failure were compared and some specific associations between NRTI resistance mutations and RNase H mutations were determined. Four positions were mutated more frequently in pre-treated patients than in naive patients: L469T/I/M/H, T470P/S/E/K, A554T/L/K, and K558R/G/E. Mutations at position K558 were also associated with the number of thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). These results suggest that these mutations could play a role in NRTI resistance.
ChemInform Abstract: FUSED‐S‐TRIAZINO HETEROCYCLES. IX. 1,3,4,6,9B‐PENTAAZAPHENALENES AND 1,3,6,9B‐TETRAAZAPHENALENES: AMINO AND ALKOXY DERIVATIVES (1982)

Abstract Aus den beiden polycyclischen Trichlormethylverbindungen (I) und (III) erhält man durch nucleophile Substitutionsreaktionen die Derivate (II) bzw. (IV), die in Tabellen aufgeführt werden.
Measurement and ab Initio Calculation of CSA/Dipole−Dipole Cross-Correlated Relaxation Provide Insight into the Mechanism of a H<sub>2</sub>-Forming Dehydrogenase (2003)

Using transferred cross-correlated relaxation and DFT calculations, the conformation of the relevant conformation of N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin, a reaction intermediate bound to the 80 kD H2-forming N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase is determined. The conformation of the intermediate differs from the free form in solution and makes the reaction mechanism plausible.
WITHDRAWN: Babesia divergens glycosylphosphatidylinositols modulate blood coagulation and induce Th2-biased cytokine profiles in antigen presenting cells (2019)

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal
Regional Differences in Attachment of Enteroadherent Escherichia coli Strain RDEC-1 to Rabbit Intestine (1987)

RDEC-1 (serotype 015:NM) is an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli that adheres to mucosal epithelial cells in the ileum, cecum, and colon, but not in the jejunum, of rabbits during diarrheal illness. As RDEC-1 can adhere to jejunal brush borders in vitro, rapid distal clearing of the enteropathogen from the upper gastrointestinal tract may explain the absence of in vivo adherence of RDEC-1 to rabbit jejunum. To test this hypothesis, self-filling blind loops (SFBL) were created in the jejunum of rabbits that were then inoculated with RDEC-1 to determine if stasis would promote increased luminal colonization and increased mucosal attachment of RDEC-1 in the proximal small intestine. Eight rabbits with SFBL and seven nonoperated littermates were inoculated with RDEC-1 4 weeks after surgery. Semiquantitative estimation of fecal shedding of RDEC-1 and the presence and severity of diarrhea were monitored for 7 days. Rabbits were then killed, and colonization of jejunum and ileum by anaerobic bacteria and luminal colonization of jejunum, ileum, and cecum by RDEC-1 was quantitated. Mucosal adherence of RDEC-1 to jejunum, ileum, and cecum was determined by Giemsa staining of intestinal sections obtained from rabbits with and without SFBL. In addition, brush border membranes (BBM) were prepared from blind loop jejunum, nonoperated jejunum, and ileum. In vitro adherence of RDEC-1 to brush borders was quantitated under phase contrast microscopy. Maximal fecal shedding of RDEC-1 began 3-4 days after infection in all rabbits, but diarrhea was more severe in rabbits with SFBL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Seasonal development of meso-zooplankton biomass and production on the sw coast of Finland (1999)

Abstract Seasonal development of mesozooplankton abundance, biomass and production were studied on the SW coast of Finland in three hydrographically distinct areas with different phytoplankton dynamics. In addition, the present species composition was compared to that at the beginning of the century, using a multidimensional scaling analysis. Mesozooplankton biomass and production were dominated by only a few species: the largest part of the production in the archipelago and open sea areas (11.3 g C m-2 year-1 and 28.1 g C m-2 year-1, respectively) consisted of that by raptorial and suspension-feeding calanoid copepods (Acartia bifilosa and Eurytemora affinis) and of that by rotifers (Synchaeta baltica), while annual mesozooplankton production in the bay area (10.5 g C m-2 year-1) was mainly due to production of filter-feeding cladocerans (Daphnia cucullata and Bosmina longispina) and predatory cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops oithonoides). The food chain in the bay area seemed to be based on heterotrophic organisms; the dominant rotifers and cladocerans were feeding on bacteria and were in turn eaten by cyclopoid copepods. Salinity and trophic status of the area seemed to be the main factors determining species composition, while seasonal development of biomass and production were mostly affected by temperature and, probably, predation. The slight change in species composition in the study area since the beginning of the century may be due to increased salinity.
Counter Tunnel Project (2014)

Abstract : The prototype counter-tunnel system developed under this effort is composed of a robotic mobility platform, perception sensor payload, onboard autonomy capability, command and control operator unit, and deployment apparatus. The overall design was driven by the requirement to deploy the system into a tunnel through a 20-centimeter-diameter borehole. This requirement posed many design and packaging challenges for the perception payload and mobility platform in order to fit through the narrow borehole opening and still be able to perform the mission in a GPS-denied environment. The Counter Tunnel project presented a unique prototype UGV mobility platform capable of insertion and retrieval through the 20- centimeter-diameter borehole, climbing 30-centimeter vertical steps, and crossing 30-centimeter gaps. This project also demonstrated a perception system capable of performing obstacle detection, 3D mapping, and GPS-denied localization with an error of less than 0.1% after traveling autonomously for 900 meters through a tunnel-like environment. This project has increased the technology readiness level of various components of the counter-tunnel systems (platforms, sensors, communications, and payloads) and has advanced the work in GPS-denied navigation, 3D perception, and mapping. The prototype evaluations and expertise gained from this work will be key to providing robust and deployable systems to explore tunnels, caves, mines, and similar environments.
Evaluation of Confidence-based Ensembling in Deep Learning Image Classification (2023)

Ensembling is a successful technique to improve the performance of machine learning (ML) models. Conf-Ensemble is an adaptation to Boosting to create ensembles based on model confidence instead of model errors to better classify difficult edge-cases. The key idea is to create successive model experts for samples that were difficult (not necessarily incorrectly classified) by the preceding model. This technique has been shown to provide better results than boosting in binary-classification with a small feature space (~80 features). In this paper, we evaluate the Conf-Ensemble approach in the much more complex task of image classification with the ImageNet dataset (224x224x3 features with 1000 classes). Image classification is an important benchmark for AI-based perception and thus it helps to assess if this method can be used in safety-critical applications using ML ensembles. Our experiments indicate that in a complex multi-label classification task, the expected benefit of specialization on complex input samples cannot be achieved with a small sample set, i.e., a good classifier seems to rely on very complex feature analysis that cannot be well trained on just a limited subset of "difficult samples". We propose an improvement to Conf-Ensemble to increase the number of samples fed to successive ensemble members, and a three-member Conf-Ensemble using this improvement was able to surpass a single model in accuracy, although the amount is not significant. Our findings shed light on the limits of the approach and the non-triviality of harnessing big data.
Dog color patterns explained by modular promoters of ancient canid origin (2020)

Distinctive color patterns in dogs are an integral component of canine diversity. Color pattern differences are thought to have arisen from mutation and artificial selection during and after domestication from wolves 1,2 but important gaps remain in understanding how these patterns evolved and are genetically controlled 3,4 . In other mammals, variation at the ASIP gene controls both the temporal and spatial distribution of yellow and black pigments 3,5-7 . Here we identify independent regulatory modules for ventral and hair cycle ASIP expression, and we characterize their action and evolutionary origin. Structural variants define multiple alleles for each regulatory module and are combined in different ways to explain five distinctive dog color patterns. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the haplotype combination for one of these patterns is shared with arctic white wolves and that its hair cycle-specific module likely originated from an extinct canid that diverged from grey wolves more than 2 million years before present. Natural selection for a lighter coat during the Pleistocene provided the genetic framework for widespread color variation in dogs and wolves.
Automated motion artifact correction for dynamic contrast-enhanced fluorescence imaging during open orthopedic surgery (2023)

Indocyanine green (ICG)-based dynamic contrast-enhanced fluorescence imaging (DCE-FI) can objectively assess bone perfusion intraoperatively. However, it is susceptible to motion artifacts due to patient's involuntary respiration during the 4.5-minute DCE-FI data acquisition. An automated motion correction approach based on mutual information (MI) frameby-frame was developed to overcome this problem. In this approach, MIs were calculated between the reference and the adjacent frame translated and the maximal MI corresponded to the optimal translation. The images obtained from eighteen amputation cases were utilized to validate the approach and the results show that this correction can significantly reduce the motion artifacts and can improve the accuracy of bone perfusion assessment.
821 AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO ACUTE BLOCKADE OF CALCIUM INFLUX AND CALCIUM SENSITIZATION IN WISTAR-KYOTO AND SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (2012)

Background: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are characterized by augmented Ca2+ influx through L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-VDCC), which is one of the most important factors responsible for increased blood pressure (BP). The altered BP regulation in hypertension also includes RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway playing pivotal role in Ca2+ sensitization. The ontogenetic development of Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ sensitization has not been fully examined. Our study was aimed to determine the contribution of these two mechanisms to BP maintenance in conscious normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR at different ages. Design and methods: BP response to acute intravenous administration of cumulative doses of L-VDCC blocker (nifedipine) or Rho kinase inhibitor (fasudil) was determined in 3-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 26-week-old WKY and SHR. Results: There were no significant differences in BP response to nifedipine induced L-VDCC blockade in all age groups of WKY rats, while in SHR BP response increased with age and/or hypertension level. The same was true for Rho kinase inhibition. In 3-week-old rats nifedipine-sensitive BP components were identical in both strains, whereas BP response to fasudil was greater in 3-week-old WKY than in prehypertensive SHR. Finally, the fasudil-sensitive BP component was greater in 13- and 26-week-old SHR than WKY. Conclusions: Ca2+ influx through L-VDCC and Ca2+ sensitization mediated by RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway are involved in the regulation of vascular tone in both strains. Both mechanisms are augmented in rats with developed hypertension, but RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway seems to be diminished in prehypertensive SHR. Partially supported by grant 304/12/0259 (GA CR).
Negative chronotropic effect of CVT‐510 in anesthetized and awake rats (2001)

Abstract CVT‐510 (N‐(3(R)‐tetrahydrofuranyl)‐6‐aminopurine riboside), a selective A 1 adenosine receptor (AdoR) agonist, is being developed as an “AV nodal blocking” agent for acute control of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation and flutter and management of AV nodal reentrant tachycardias. A 1 AdoR agonists are also known to cause sinus bradycardia. In the present study, we characterized the bradycardic effect of CVT‐510 in anesthetized and awake rats. In anesthetized rats, intravenous infusions of CVT‐510 slowed heart rate in a dose‐dependent manner. At doses of 0.5–1.0 μg/kg (1.5–3.0 nmol/kg) and &gt;1.5 μg/kg (4.5 nmol/kg), CVT‐510 slowed heart rate by 30–40% and &gt;50% of baseline, respectively. The sinus bradycardia caused by CVT‐510 was reversible upon termination of infusion. The decreases in heart rate caused by CVT‐510 were accompanied by stepwise increases in plasma levels of CVT‐510. The relationship between plasma levels of CVT‐510 and slowing of heart rate yielded a correlation coefficient (R value) of 0.9. In awake rats CVT‐510 given by repeated (n = 7) intraperitoneal (ip) injections or by chronic (4 days) subcutaneous (sc) administration caused reproducible, dose‐dependent, and persistent bradycardia. Injections ip of 50 μg/kg (148 nmol/kg) CVT‐510 caused sinus bradycardias of &gt;100 bpm. Continuous sc administration of CVT‐510 (e.g., 100 nmol/kg/h) slowed heart rate by 80–60 bpm throughout the duration of infusion, i.e., 4 days. Thus, in rats the sinus bradycardia caused by CVT‐510 does not undergo desensitization due to repeated injections and is persistent, with minimal attenuation during chronic administration. Drug Dev. Res. 52:424–430, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Composition-transferable machine learning potential for LiCl-KCl molten salts validated by high-energy x-ray diffraction (2022)

Unraveling the liquid structure of multicomponent molten salts is challenging due to the difficulty in conducting and interpreting high-temperature diffraction experiments. Motivated by this challenge, we developed composition-transferable Gaussian approximation potential (GAP) for molten LiCl-KCl. A DFT-SCAN accurate GAP is active-learned from only $\ensuremath{\sim}$1100 training configurations drawn from 10 unique mixture compositions enriched with metadynamics. The GAP-computed structures show strong agreement across high-energy x-ray diffraction experiments, including for a eutectic not explicitly included in model training, thereby opening the possibility of composition discovery.
Construction of Functional Monomeric Type 2 Isopentenyl Diphosphate:Dimethylallyl Diphosphate Isomerase (2016)

Type 2 isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI-2) catalyzes the interconversion of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme from Streptomyces pneumoniae (spIDI-2) is a homotetramer in solution with behavior, including a substantial increase in the rate of FMN reduction by NADPH in the presence of IPP, suggesting that substrate binding at one subunit alters the kinetic and binding properties of another. We now report the construction of catalytically active monomeric spIDI-2. The monomeric enzyme contains a single-point mutation (N37A) and a six-residue C-terminal deletion that preserves the secondary structure of the subunits in the wild-type (wt) homotetramer. UV-vis spectra of the enzyme-bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor in FMNox, FMNred, and FMNred·IPP/DMAPP states are the same for monomeric and wt homotetrameric spIDI-2. The mutations in monomeric IDI-2 lower the melting temperature of the protein by 20 °C and reduce the binding affinities of FMN and IDI by 40-fold but have a minimal effect on kcat. Stopped-flow kinetic studies of monomeric spIDI-2 showed that the rate of reduction of FMN by NADH (k = 1.64 × 10(-3) s(-1)) is substantially faster when IPP is added to the monomeric enzyme (k = 0.57 s(-1)), similar to behavior seen for wt-spIDI-2. Our results indicate that cooperative interactions among subunits in the wt homotetramer are not responsible for the increased rate of reduction of spIDI-2·FMN by NADH, and two possible scenarios for the enhancement are suggested.
Intermolecular and Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reactions: Platencin (Banwell), Platensimycin (Matsuo), (-)-Halenaquinone (Trauner), ( + )-Cassaine (Deslongchamps) (2011)

José Barluenga of the Universidad de Oviedo described (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 4469) a powerful route from lithiated arenes such as 1 to the benzocyclobutane 3, the immediate precursor to the powerful o-quinone methide Diels-Alder diene. Michael E. Jung of UCLA developed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 3647) a triflimide catalyst for the inverse electron demand coupling of the highly substituted diene 4 with the enol ether 5 to give 6 with high diastereocontrol. Joseph M. Fox of the University of Delaware showed (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4283) that the cyclopropene carboxylate 8 was a powerful and selective dienophile. Richard P. Hsung and Kevin P. Cole of the University of Wisconsin finally (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2008, 350, 2885) reduced to practice the long-sought enantioselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a trisubstituted aldehyde, 11. Li Deng of Brandeis University devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2422) a Cinchona -derived catalyst for Diels-Alder cycloaddition to the diene 13 with high ee. Miguel Á. Sierra of the Universidad Complutense, Madrid, and Alejandra G. Suárez of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario described (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 3389) a clever switchable chiral auxiliary 16 that favored diastereomer S-18 on thermal addition, but R-18 with EtAlCl2. New approaches to the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction continue to be introduced. Mathias Christmann, now at the TU Dortmund, showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1450) that a secondary amine organocatalyst converted the prochiral dialdehyde 19 into the bicyclic diene 20 with high de and ee. Martin G. Banwell of the Australian National University prepared (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 4465) the triene 21 in high ee by microbiological oxidation of iodobenzene. On warming, 21 was converted smoothly into 22, which was carried on in a formal synthesis of platencin. Jun-ichi Matsuo of Kanazawa University was able (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 4049) to induce (neat, 180 °C) the intermolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 23 with 24, delivering the cycloadduct 25 with 11:1 diastereocontrol.
Biostimulant Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on Physiological and Biochemical Traits in the Olive Tree (2021)

Biostimulants are becoming increasingly popular in agriculture for their ability to induce beneficial effects in crops, paving the way towards the identification of new materials with biostimulant potential. This study evaluated the potential of different concentrations of an aqueous extract (0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.00%, dry weight/water volume, respectively) obtained from duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to stimulate olive plants. Leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), leaf transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content and other plant growth parameters were investigated. As a result, the extract improved Pn, gs, Ci, chlorophyll content and plant biomass production (leaf fresh and dry weight). Furthermore, the duckweed extract generally increased the uptake of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), while it did not influence the content of sodium (Na), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). The untargeted metabolomic profiling of the extract revealed the presence of signalling compounds (including phytohormones), phenolics and glutathione. Such broad diversity of bioactives may support the stimulatory potential observed in olive. In summary, this study revealed for the first time that duckweed could be seen as a promising species to obtain extracts with biostimulant properties in olive trees.