gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
C# Programming Language (2003)

Based on my own experience, I can safely say that every .NET developer who reads this will have at least one aha moment and will be a better developer for it. From the Foreword by Don Box The popular C# programming language combines the high productivity of rapid application development languages with the raw power of C and C++. Updated to cover the new features of C# 4.0, including dynamic binding, named and optional parameters, and covariant and contravariant generic types, this release takes the language to the next level by adding the ability to cleanly write programs that dont rely on static type definitions. This allows dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript to feel native to C#. The C# Programming Language, Fourth Edition, continues to be the authoritative and annotated technical reference for C# 4.0. Written by Anders Hejlsberg, the languages architect, and his colleagues, Mads Torgersen, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde, this volume has been completely updated for C# 4.0. The book provides the complete specification of the language, along with descriptions, reference materials, code samples, and annotations from twelve prominent C# gurus. The many annotations bring a depth and breadth of understanding rarely found in any programming book. As the main text of the book introduces the concepts of the C# language, cogent annotations explain why they are important, how they are used, how they relate to other languages, and even how they evolved. This book is the definitive, must-have reference for any developer who wants to understand C#. With annotations from: Brad Abrams, Joseph Albahari, Krzysztof Cwalina, Jesse Liberty, Eric Lippert, Christian Nagel, Vladimir Reshetnikov, Marek Safar, Chris Sells, Peter Sestoft, Jon Skeet, and Bill Wagner.
Fast generalized forward-backward method by using a spectral acceleration (1999)

The generalized forward backward (GFB) method is a generalisation of the previous forward-backward (FB) method to compute the electromagnetic scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces. In this paper, the spectral acceleration algorithm introduced by Chou and Johnson for the FB method is adapted to the GFB. This reduces the computational cost of the GFB from O(N/sup 2/) to O(N) per iteration.
<i>In-utero</i> coxsackievirus B4 infection of the mouse thymus (2016)

Type B coxsackievirus (CV-B) infections are involved frequently in the triggering of several autoimmune diseases such as myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, thyroiditis or Sjögren's syndrome. Serological and virological evidence suggests that maternal infections during pregnancy can play a role in the appearance of these diseases in offspring. The current study aims to explore the effect of an in-utero CV-B infection on the fetal thymus, the central site for programming immunological self-tolerance. In this perspective, female Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or orally with the diabetogenic CV-B4 E2 strain at gestational days 10 or 17. Offspring were killed at different post-inoculation times, and their thymuses were analysed for evidence of infection and alterations in thymic T cell subsets. In-utero CV-B infection of the thymus was demonstrated during the course of vertical transmission, as attested by viral RNA and infectious virus detection in most analysed samples. No histopathological changes were evident. Thymic T cells were not depleted, despite being positive for viral RNA. As evidenced by flow cytometry analysis, CV-B infection of the fetal thymus induced significant changes of thymic T cell populations, particularly with maternal inoculation at gestational day 10. Altogether, these findings suggest that CV-B infection of the fetal thymus may play an important role in the genesis of autoimmune diseases.
An efficient implementation of the nonlocal small-slope approximation for bistatic scattering from two-dimensional rough surfaces (2016)

We implement the second-order nonlocal small-slope approximation (NLSSA) to compute bistatic scattering from deterministic two-dimensional rough surfaces. Due to a fewer number of function evaluations in the NLSSA kernel versus the (local) second-order SSA kernel and NLSSA scattering amplitude characteristics that enable integral evaluations by fast Fourier transforms, the computational cost of NLSSA can be slightly reduced versus that of second-order SSA. For the rough surfaces and parameter space considered here, the results do not show significant differences among the techniques.
Carbon Nanotube Meshes for Separating Proteins Electrophoretically (2008)

We report the development of a simple microfluidic device, which uses a carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane (CNTM) to separate two proteins based on their molecular weights (MW). The device was fabricated by traditional microfabrication techniques and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Protein A (MW= 42 kDa) and aprotinin (MW= 6.5 kDa) were flowed through the CNTM in separate identical electrophoresis runs. The larger protein was observed to accumulate ahead of the CNTMs, whereas in the case of the smaller protein, no accumulation was observed, indicating that the buildup was due to the larger size of the higher MW protein. Electrophoresis on protein mixtures of 1) protein A and aprotinin and 2) protein A and lysozyme (MW= 17 kDa) was also performed and it was observed that only Protein A formed bands, wheras, the smaller proteins did not.
Prevention of Fetal/Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia in a Preclinical Model By Monoclonal Anti-HPA-1a Antibody Prophylaxis: Structural and Functional Properties of Antibody Variant Isoforms (2021)

Abstract Maternal alloantibodies to paternally inherited platelet antigens can cause fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), rendering the fetus or newborn prone to bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) with risk of lifelong disabilities or death. In Caucasians, the vast majority of cases are due to antibodies to the Human Platelet Antigen (HPA)-1a epitope on glycoprotein (GP)IIIa. To date, there are neither any means to prevent or reduce the risk of alloimmunization and subsequent FNAIT, nor safe and efficient treatment during affected pregnancies. Thus, a prophylactic regimen by administration of monoclonal antibodies to women at risk would be highly beneficial. Knowledge about the optimal functional design of prophylactic monoclonal antibodies for antenatal or post-natal use is however still limited. We have previously isolated and characterized a fully human anti-HPA-1a monoclonal antibody, mAb26.4. In the current study we have explored the prophylactic potential of this antibody by testing a panel of different IgG1 designs, including the wild-type mAb26.4, variants with modified Fc-region N-glycans, as well as an effector silent variant. We performed analyses of properties relevant for immunosuppression: in vitro Fc-receptor binding and capacity to induce phagocytosis, in vivo half-life measurements in humanized FcRn mice and platelet clearance in a recently developed transgenic mouse strain with a recreated HPA-1a epitope on murine GPIIIa. The prophylactic capacity by antibody-mediated immune suppression in vivo, were further tested in the FNAIT pre-clinical murine model, in which BALB/c females can be immunized by transfusion of HPA-1a-expressing platelets from the transgenic mice and where subsequent breeding of pre-immunized mice with transgenic males cause thrombocytopenia in off-springs mimicking FNAIT. By intravenous administrations of mAb26.4 variants prior to platelet transfusions, the mice generated no or low anti-platelet responses compared to control mice, and normal platelet counts in pups upon subsequent breeding. Our data thus successfully demonstrates efficient immunosuppression and prevention of FNAIT by anti-HPA-1a human monoclonal variants, providing further support for potential use in humans. Disclosures Skogen: Prophylix Pharma AS: Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company. Newman: Rallybio: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by oral administration of myelin antigens: IV. Suppression of chronic relapsing disease in the lewis rat and strain 13 guinea pig (1991)

Oral administration of proteins is a long-recognized method of inducing antigen-specific peripheral immune tolerance. We previously showed that oral administration of myelin basic protein suppresses monophasic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat when it is given in association with immunization and prior to disease onset. As a potential therapy for human autoimmune disease, it is crucial to determine whether oral tolerance can ameliorate an ongoing immune response. We therefore asked whether oral administration of myelin antigens, after sensitization and disease expression has occurred, could affect immunological, clinical, or pathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in the Lewis rat and strain 13 guinea pig by immunization with whole guinea pig cord homogenate, complete Freund's adjuvant, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Following recovery from the first attack, animals were orally given bovine myelin, guinea pig myelin, or guinea pig myelin basic protein three times per week for up to 3 months. Animals receiving myelin products orally had decreased severity and frequency of clinical relapses, decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to myelin antigens, diminished inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), and decreased areas of CNS demyelination. In the rat, guinea pig myelin basic protein was as effective as guinea pig myelin in ameliorating the disease and also resulted in decreased serum anti-myelin basic protein antibody levels. No exacerbation of disease or worsening of pathological findings occurred in the animals given myelin products. These results demonstrate that oral administration of myelin antigens can suppress chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and have direct relevance to therapy of human demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
LQ (optimal) control of hyperbolic PDAEs (2014)

The linear quadratic control synthesis for a set of coupled first-order hyperbolic partial differential and algebraic equations is presented by using the infinite-dimensional Hilbert state-space representation of the system and the well-known operator Riccati equation (ORE) method. Solving the algebraic equations and substituting them into the partial differential equations (PDEs) results in a model consisting of a set of pure hyperbolic PDEs. The resulting PDE system involves a hyperbolic operator in which the velocity matrix is spatially varying, non-symmetric, and its eigenvalues are not necessarily negative through of the domain. The C0-semigroup generation property of such an operator is proven and it is shown that the generated C0-semigroup is exponentially stable and, consequently, the ORE has a unique and non-negative solution. Conversion of the ORE into a matrix Riccati differential equation allows the use of a numerical scheme to solve the control problem.
EFFECTS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST ON BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS IN MALE RATS (1992)

In previous studies, it has been suggested that the suppression of testicular androgen had inhibits bladder carcinogenesis. In this study we investigated which phase of bladder carcinogenesis is inhibited by the hormonal change of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis induced by the depot form of the LH-RH agonist. All rats were treated with 0.05% BBN in tap water for 8 weeks and were observed for the following 16 weeks. They were divided into five groups. Group 1 (Control group); The LH-RH agonist was not administered. Group 2 (Initiation group); The LH-RH agonist (depot form) was administered subcutaneously two weeks before and after the initiation of the experiment. Group 3 (Promotion group); The LH-RH agonist (depot form) was subcutaneously administered at intervals of 4 weeks starting 6 weeks after the initiation of the experiment. Group 4 (Full term group); The LH-RH agonist (depot form) was administered subcutaneously at intervals of 4 weeks starting from 2 weeks before the initiation of the experiment. Group 5 (Castration group); Bilateral orchiectomy was performed one week before the beginning of the experiment. From our results, the followings were suggested, (1) more intensive inhibition of bladder carcinogenesis was observed in the group which received the LH-RH agonist (depot form), compared with the Castration group, (2) the bladder carcinogenesis was more intensively inhibited when the LH-RH analogue (depot from) was given in the promotion phase and (3) not only testosterone but also the regulatory system of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis is related to the bladder carcinogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Glandular Resection and Central Embedding Modification (GRACE) in Duckett and Barcat Hypospadias Repair (2013)

The initially reported favorable cosmetic and functional results were confirmed both for Duckett and Barcat repair using the GRACE modification. Complication rates were favorably low for Barcat and higher, but consistent with published results, for Duckett repair.
Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Indicators of Mitochondrial Structure and Biogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure: Effects of Epicatechin Rich Cocoa (2011)

(-)-Epicatechin (Epi), a flavanol in cacao stimulates mitochondrial volume and cristae density and protein markers of skeletal muscle (SkM) mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and heart failure (HF) are diseases associated with defects in SkM mitochondrial structure/function. A study was implemented to assess perturbations and to determine the effects of Epi-rich cocoa in SkM mitochondrial structure and mediators of biogenesis. Five patients with DM2 and stage II/III HF consumed dark chocolate and a beverage containing approximately 100 mg of Epi per day for 3 months. We assessed changes in protein and/or activity levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, porin, mitofilin, nNOS, nitric oxide, cGMP, SIRT1, PGC1α, Tfam, and mitochondria volume and cristae abundance by electron microscopy from SkM. Apparent major losses in normal mitochondria structure were observed before treatment. Epi-rich cocoa increased protein and/or activity of mediators of biogenesis and cristae abundance while not changing mitochondrial volume density. Epi-rich cocoa treatment improves SkM mitochondrial structure and in an orchestrated manner, increases molecular markers of mitochondrial biogenesis resulting in enhanced cristae density. Future controlled studies are warranted using Epi-rich cocoa (or pure Epi) to translate improved mitochondrial structure into enhanced cardiac and/or SkM muscle function.
Anomaly Detection and Inter-Sensor Transfer Learning on Smart Manufacturing Datasets (2022)

Smart manufacturing systems are being deployed at a growing rate because of their ability to interpret a wide variety of sensed information and act on the knowledge gleaned from system observations. In many cases, the principal goal of the smart manufacturing system is to rapidly detect (or anticipate) failures to reduce operational cost and eliminate downtime. This often boils down to detecting anomalies within the sensor date acquired from the system. The smart manufacturing application domain poses certain salient technical challenges. In particular, there are often multiple types of sensors with varying capabilities and costs. The sensor data characteristics change with the operating point of the environment or machines, such as, the RPM of the motor. The anomaly detection process therefore has to be calibrated near an operating point. In this paper, we analyze four datasets from sensors deployed from manufacturing testbeds. We evaluate the performance of several traditional and ML-based forecasting models for predicting the time series of sensor data. Then, considering the sparse data from one kind of sensor, we perform transfer learning from a high data rate sensor to perform defect type classification. Taken together, we show that predictive failure classification can be achieved, thus paving the way for predictive maintenance.
Towards the integration of KTN thin films in silicon technology films grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition (2006)

International audience
Structural and biochemical characterization of the inhibitor complexes of xenotropic murine leukemia virus‐related virus protease (2011)

Interactions between the protease (PR) encoded by the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and a number of potential inhibitors have been investigated by biochemical and structural techniques. It was observed that several inhibitors used clinically against HIV PR exhibit nanomolar or even subnanomolar values of K(i) , depending on the exact experimental conditions. Both TL-3, a universal inhibitor of retroviral PRs, and some inhibitors originally shown to inhibit plasmepsins were also quite potent, whereas inhibition by pepstatin A was considerably weaker. Crystal structures of the complexes of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus PR with TL-3, amprenavir and pepstatin A were solved at high resolution and compared with the structures of complexes of these inhibitors with other retropepsins. Whereas TL-3 and amprenavir bound in a predictable manner, spanning the substrate-binding site of the enzyme, two molecules of pepstatin A bound simultaneously in an unprecedented manner, leaving the catalytic water molecule in place.
Association between Glioma and History of Allergies, Asthma, and Eczema: A Case-Control Study with Three Groups of Controls (2009)

Because glioma etiology is largely unknown, the inverse association of glioma risk with atopic conditions is promising and deserves close scrutiny. We examined the association between a history of allergies, asthma, and eczema, and glioma risk using sibling, friend, and clinic-based controls. This analysis included 388 incident glioma cases and 80 sibling, 191 friend, and 177 clinic-based controls. Each subject's medical history was assessed via a Web-based or telephone survey. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations with allergies, asthma, eczema, and the overall number of these conditions were calculated from conditional (for sibling and friend controls) and unconditional (for clinic-based controls) logistic models. Allergies were consistently inversely associated with the glioma: ORs were 0.53 (95% CI, 0.15-1.84), 0.54 (95% CI, 0.28-1.07), and 0.34 (95% CI, 0.23-0.50) with sibling, friend, and clinic-based controls, respectively. Asthma showed an inverse association only in the comparison with sibling controls (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.19-1.00). Eczema showed an inverse association only in the comparison with friend controls (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.15-1.18). The overall number of these conditions (ordinal score 0, 1, 2, 3) was inversely associated with glioma: The risk decreased 31% to 45% with each addition of an atopic condition. These estimates were the most stable when different control groups were considered. Comparing the prevalence of these conditions in the three control groups with published data, we note that clinic-based controls generally better approximate the prevalence data for population-based groups. These controls seem to present a reasonable choice for clinic-centered case-control studies.
Combination of Calix[4]arenes and Resorcin[4]arenes for the Complexation of Steroids (1996)

Receptor molecules with large cavities synthesized by the combination of building blocks that already possess a cavity, viz. calix[4]arenes and resorcin[4]arenes, are described. These receptor molecules are synthesized by reaction of one or two upper rim 1,2-difunctionalized calix[4]arene fragments oriented either endo or exo toward a cavitand unit. The endo:exo ratio depends on the substituents at the 3- and 4-positions of the calix[4]arenes. These novel receptor molecules complex steroids with association constants of (0.9−9.5) × 102 M-1 in CDCl3.
Supplemental Figures 1 - 8, Tables 1 - 2, Methods from Akt1 and Akt3 Exert Opposing Roles in the Regulation of Vascular Tumor Growth (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S1. Phosphorylated-Akt staining in human vascular tumors. Immunohistochemical stains for phospho-Akt (S473) in normal human skin and human vascular tumors. Representative areas of "low" and "high" levels of staining within a tumor are shown. Arrows in normal skin indicate immuno-reactive blood vessels. Scale bar, 100 μm. Supplementary Figure S2. Isolation of primary infantile hemangioma endothelial cells, and effects of Akt1 knockdown on vascular tumor cell apoptosis. Supplementary Figure S3. Expression levels of Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 in double transgenic myrAkt1 mice, and the development of hemangioma in myrAkt1 skin grafts in syngeneic immunocompetent FVB recipients. Supplementary Figure S4. Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 expression in human vascular tumors. Supplementary Figure S5. Akt3 expression in vascular tumor cell lines. Supplementary Figure S6. Knockdown of Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 in tumor cells, and the effects of loss of Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 on vascular tumor growth in vivo. Supplementary Figure S7. Loss of S6-Kinase rescues the effects of Akt3 on tumor cell migration. Supplementary Figure S8. Loss of Rictor increases S6K pathway activation. Supplementary Table S1. In vitro properties of the S6K inhibitor LY2584702. *Kinases related to p70 S6K. Supplementary Table S2. Sequences of lentiviral short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs.&lt;/p&gt;
Investigation of methods to enhance the secondary ion yields in TOF‐SIMS of organic samples (2008)

Abstract In addition to structural information, detailed knowledge of the local chemical environment proves to be of ever greater importance, for example for the development of new types of materials as well as for specific modifications of surfaces and interfaces in multiple fields of materials science, or various biomedical and chemical applications. But the ongoing miniaturization, and therefore, reduction of the amount of material available for analysis constitute a challenge to the detection limits of analytical methods. In the case of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS), several methods of secondary ion yield enhancement have been proposed. This article focuses on the investigation of the effects of two of these methods, metal‐assisted SIMS and polyatomic primary ion (PI) bombardment. For this purpose, thicker layers of organic molecules (polymers and dyes), both pristine, and metallized with different amounts of gold, were analyzed using monoatomic (Ar + , Ga + , Xe + , Bi + ) and polyatomic (SF 5 + , Bi 3 + , C 60 + ) PIs. It was found that polyatomic ions generally induce a significant increase of the secondary ion yield. On the other hand, with gold deposition, a yield enhancement can only be detected for monoatomic ion bombardment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.