gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of small systems. 1. Instantaneous and irreversible reactions in reversed micelles (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPopulation dynamics of small systems. 1. Instantaneous and irreversible reactions in reversed micellesT. Alan Hatton, Andreas S. Bommarius, and Josef F. HolzwarthCite this: Langmuir 1993, 9, 5, 1241–1253Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00029a015https://doi.org/10.1021/la00029a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Semantic workflows for benchmark challenges: Enhancing comparability, reusability and reproducibility (2018)

Benchmark challenges, such as the Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) and Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods (DREAM) have been instrumental in driving the development of bioinformatics methods. Typically, challenges are posted, and then competitors perform a prediction based upon blinded test data. Challengers then submit their answers to a central server where they are scored. Recent efforts to automate these challenges have been enabled by systems in which challengers submit Docker containers, a unit of software that packages up code and all of its dependencies, to be run on the cloud. Despite their incredible value for providing an unbiased test-bed for the bioinformatics community, there remain opportunities to further enhance the potential impact of benchmark challenges. Specifically, current approaches only evaluate end-to-end performance; it is nearly impossible to directly compare methodologies or parameters. Furthermore, the scientific community cannot easily reuse challengers' approaches, due to lack of specifics, ambiguity in tools and parameters as well as problems in sharing and maintenance. Lastly, the intuition behind why particular steps are used is not captured, as the proposed workflows are not explicitly defined, making it cumbersome to understand the flow and utilization of data. Here we introduce an approach to overcome these limitations based upon the WINGS semantic workflow system. Specifically, WINGS enables researchers to submit complete semantic workflows as challenge submissions. By submitting entries as workflows, it then becomes possible to compare not just the results and performance of a challenger, but also the methodology employed. This is particularly important when dozens of challenge entries may use nearly identical tools, but with only subtle changes in parameters (and radical differences in results). WINGS uses a component driven workflow design and offers intelligent parameter and data selection by reasoning about data characteristics. This proves to be especially critical in bioinformatics workflows where using default or incorrect parameter values is prone to drastically altering results. Different challenge entries may be readily compared through the use of abstract workflows, which also facilitate reuse. WINGS is housed on a cloud based setup, which stores data, dependencies and workflows for easy sharing and utility. It also has the ability to scale workflow executions using distributed computing through the Pegasus workflow execution system. We demonstrate the application of this architecture to the DREAM proteogenomic challenge.
On-line IEEE floating-point multiplication and division for reduced power dissipation (2005)

We propose implementations for on-line IEEE floating-point (FP) multiplication and division. In on-line arithmetic a result is computed digit-serially (most significant digits first). On-line implementations are well known for fixed-point operands, where they allow for significant reductions in power dissipation and implementation costs. Online arithmetic on IEEE FP numbers imposes challenges beyond the implementation of on-line fixed-point arithmetic. These challenges particularly include the simultaneous computation of normalization and IEEE compliant rounding in an on-line schedule. We show how these challenges can be solved efficiently for the implementation of on-line IEEE floating-point (FP) multiplication and division. The proposed designs extend the design space for IEEE compliant floating-point implementations in the direction of low implementation cost and reduced power dissipation. The proposed implementations are fully compliant with the IEEE 754 FP standard.
New treatments for acute renal failure: growth factors and beyond (1997)

Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
Solid Solutions of Rare Earth Cations in Mesoporous Anatase Beads and Their Performances in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2015)

Solid solutions of the rare earth (RE) cations Pr(3+), Nd(3+), Sm(3+), Gd(3+), Er(3+) and Yb(3+) in anatase TiO2 have been synthesized as mesoporous beads in the concentration range 0.1-0.3% of metal atoms. The solid solutions were have been characterized by XRD, SEM, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, BET and BJH surface analysis. All the solid solutions possess high specific surface areas, up to more than 100 m(2)/g. The amount of adsorbed dye in each photoanode has been determined spectrophotometrically. All the samples were tested as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using N719 as dye and a nonvolatile, benzonitrile based electrolyte. All the cells were have been tested by conversion efficiency (J-V), quantum efficiency (IPCE), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and dark current measurements. While lighter RE cations (Pr(3+), Nd(3+)) limit the performance of DSSCs compared to pure anatase mesoporous beads, cations from Sm(3+) onwards enhance the performance of the devices. A maximum conversion efficiency of 8.7% for Er(3+) at a concentration of 0.2% has been achieved. This is a remarkable efficiency value for a DSSC employing N719 dye without co-adsorbents and a nonvolatile electrolyte. For each RE cation the maximum performances are obtained for a concentration of 0.2% metal atoms.
Qualification of a Three-Dimensional Core Dynamics Analysis Program Coupled with a Detailed Mesh Division for Commercial Boiling Water Reactors–I (1999)

In the stability licensing analysis and evaluation of boiling water reactors (BWRs), frequency-domain stability analysis programs have been used in Japan. To back up the licensing analysis and evaluation, time-domain, multiregional analysis programs have been used because more detailed analytical results can be obtained by these programs with little more computer time than that used by the frequency-domain stability analysis programs. In the backup calculation by time-domain, multiregional analysis programs, many trial-and-error experiments and much expertise on the reactor core radial regional division and on the initial disturbance input are necessary to analyze properly the stability of the BWR core, particularly its regional nuclear thermal-hydraulic stability.A three-dimensional time-domain core dynamics analysis program called SUPER-STANDY was developed with a detailed mesh division that makes various trial-and-error procedures and experience-based expertise unnecessary and that can treat the stability peculiar to the BWR core accurately. The program was applied to a plant where regional instability was observed, and the results were qualified. They showed that BWR stability can be analyzed using SUPER-STANDY by adding only the core uniform initial disturbance input without considering the reactor core radial regional division.It was determined that core regional mode instability can be properly analyzed by the multiregional analysis program (a) by dividing the core into six or more radial regions, (b) by specifying the hot fuel bundle as one region, and (c) by specifying the surrounding fuel bundles around the hot fuel bundle as one region.A visual display system was also developed for a huge number of stability data and core nuclear thermal-hydraulic characteristics, which are connected to each other in a complex way. These are obtained by the SUPER-STANDY program.
Subcellular Distribution and Differential Expression of Endogenous ADP-ribosylation Factor 6 in Mammalian Cells (1998)

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) 6 has been shown to play a role in vesicular transport; however, the expression and subcellular localization of the endogenous protein have not been clearly delineated. In this study, an ARF6-specific monoclonal antibody was raised and used to examine the subcellular distribution and expression of ARF6 in various tissues and during the differentiation of several well characterized cell types. We found that ARF6 localizes in both the cytosol and membranes of all tissues and cells tested. Moreover, ARF6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is principally localized on the plasma membrane, but substantial amounts are detected in the cytosolic and intracellular membrane fractions. We observed an increased expression of ARF6 during the differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasmocytes. However, the expression of ARF6 decreased during adipogenesis and monocyte differentiation. In contrast, the expression of other ARFs, detected by the monoclonal antibody 1D9, did not significantly change during differentiation of the aforementioned cell types. Taken together, our results indicate that ARF6 is a broadly expressed, differentially regulated GTPase that is present in cytoplasm and on both cell-surface and intracellular membranes and whose functions may include tissue-specific effects on vesicular trafficking during cellular differentiation.
Basic science summary. (2009)

The 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections featured a strong and balanced program that showcased exciting research into cellular restrictions that defend the cell against viral infection as well as cellular cofactors that regulate central steps in viral replication. Immunopathogenesis presentations continued to reveal some surprises such as evidence for pathogenicity in natural simian immunodeficiency virus infection. The identification of novel cellular restrictions and cellular cofactors of viral replication indicate the possibility of numerous opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of HIV and AIDS.
High-Resolution N2 CARS Measurements of Pressure, Temperature, and Density Using a Modeless Dye Laser (2002)

In this study, high-resolution N2 CARS measurements have been made using a modeless dye laser as the Stokes beam source to reduce the presence of mode noise. Along with this modification to the CARS technique, a new spectra fitting procedure was developed to avoid a starting-point bias in the leastsquares fitting results. Time-averaged and single-shot measurements of pressure were made in a static pressure vessel over the range of 0. 1t o 4.0 atm to test the pressure sensitivity of the technique. In addition, the precision of single-shot measurements in the pressure vessel is indicative of the baseline pressurefluctuation detection limit of the system. The precision uncertainty of the measurements was studied to investigate the possibility of making property fluctuation measurements in high-speedflows. Centerline measurements of pressure and temperature in an underexpanded jet (M j =1 .85) were also used to determine the performance of the technique in a compressible flowfield. Improvements in accuracy for time-averaged and single-shot mean measurements and increased precision were found for pressure levels above 1.0 atm. For the subatmospheric pressure levels that are important in high-speed flows, the results indicated that the current method is incapable of making fluctuation measurements due to limited precision. Nevertheless, the increased precision above 1.0 atm indicates that fluctuation measurements may be possible with further modifications.
Acoustic Lockin-Thermography of Imperfect Solids for Advanced Defect Selective NDE (2006)

A propagation of an intense acoustic wave in imperfect solids results in a local temperature increase in a defect area. To raise a sensitivity of detection of such faint heat sources, the lock‐in approach was applied by using a low‐frequency amplitude modulation of acoustic excitation (Ultrasound‐Lockin‐Thermography). However, for a single carrier frequency, the temperature distribution is often affected by standing wave pattern in the specimen that impedes acoustic thermography of defects. Alternatively, a wide‐band time varying modulation enables to avoid resonances of the specimen and minimize the standing wave impact. A burst‐phase acoustic thermography uses short acoustic bursts to derive phase angle images from a temperature image sequence at various frequencies. It, therefore, combines a high sensitivity of the lock‐in counterpart with a wide bandwidth of Burst‐Phase‐Thermography. A number of case studies concerned with various flaws (delaminations, cracks, voids, non‐bonds, etc.) in a wide range of materials are reported and demonstrate a high reliability of defect recognition. A striking similarity found between the results of acoustic lockin‐thermography and higher harmonic acoustic nonlinear NDE suggests nonlinear acoustic contribution into the mechanism of acoustic thermography.
Predictive value of novel biomarkers for response to medical treatment in systolic heart failure (2013)

Purpose: Although large scale clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment for systolic heart failure (HF), HF treatment non-response was a common clinical observation. We sought to evaluate the role of HF biomarkers in prediction of HF treatment response. Methods: The participating sites from 3 countries have recruited a total of 646 patients with systolic HF, of which 299 patients have completed 6-months follow-up. HF treatment "Non-responders" was defined as death, re-hospitalization for HF, and/or reduction of left ventricular end-systolic volume of <10% in 6 months despite standard HF medication therapy. 25 biomarkers related to inflammation, fibrosis or myocyte damage were compared between "Responders" and "Non-responders". Results: Of 299 patients enrolled during the reporting period, 169 (53.5%) were HF treatment "Non-responders" while 130 (46.5%) were "Responders". 5 of the 25 biomarkers including N-terminal prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), ST2 receptor, Midregional pro-adrenomedullin (MRproADM), Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and High sensitivity Troponin T (Hs-TNT) were much higher in Non-responders than in Responders. Repeated-measure ANOVA showed differences in the serial changes in response to HF treatment for NT-proBNP, ST2 receptor and MRproADM between "Responders" and "Non-Responders" (All P<0.05). (Figure) In multiple regression analysis, Hs-TNT [Odds Ratios (OR): 1.004, 95% Confidential Interval (CI) 1.000-1.008, p=0.04] and ST2 receptor (OR 1.007, 95% CI 1.000-1.013, p=0.04) were independent predictors of HF treatment Non-responders. Conclusions: Hs-TNT and ST2 receptor are potentially useful biomarkers to identify treatment "Non-responders" in mid-term follow-up of HF patients.
Islet primary cilia motility controls insulin secretion (2022)

Primary cilia are specialized cell-surface organelles that mediate sensory perception and, in contrast to motile cilia and flagella, are thought to lack motility function. Here, we show that primary cilia in human and mouse pancreatic islets exhibit movement that is required for glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Islet primary cilia contain motor proteins conserved from those found in classic motile cilia, and their three-dimensional motion is dynein-driven and dependent on adenosine 5'-triphosphate and glucose metabolism. Inhibition of cilia motion blocks beta cell calcium influx and insulin secretion. Human beta cells have enriched ciliary gene expression, and motile cilia genes are altered in type 2 diabetes. Our findings redefine primary cilia as dynamic structures having both sensory and motile function and establish that pancreatic islet cilia movement plays a regulatory role in insulin secretion.
Cyclo[2]carbazole[2]pyrrole: a preorganized calix[4]pyrrole analogue (2022)

A cyclo[2]carbazole[2]pyrrole (2) consisting of two carbazoles and two pyrroles has been synthesized by directly linking the carbazole 1- and 8-carbon atoms to the pyrrole α-carbon atoms. Macrocycle 2 is an extensively conjugated 16-membered macrocyclic ring that is fixed in a pseudo-1,3-alternate conformation. This provides a preorganized anion binding site consisting of two pyrrole subunits. <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that only the two diagonally opposed pyrrole NH protons, as opposed to the carbazole protons, take part in anion binding. Nevertheless, cyclo[2]carbazole[2]pyrrole 2 binds representative anions with higher affinity in CD<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> than calix[4]pyrrole (1), a well-studied non-conjugated tetrapyrrole macrocycle that binds anions <i>via</i> four pyrrolic NH hydrogen bond interactions. On the basis of computational studies, the higher chloride anion affinity of receptor 2 relative to 1 is rationalized in terms of a larger binding energy and a lower host strain energy associated with anion complexation. In the presence of excess fluoride or bicarbonate anions, compound 2 loses two pyrrolic NH protons to produce a stable dianionic macrocycle [2-2H]<sup>2-</sup> displaying a quenched fluorescence.
Reliability of Motion Analysis System in Assessing the Finger Joint Angle (2001)

The motion analysis system has been utilized to record the active range of motion of finger joints. In this study, we evaluated the reliability of motion analysis system in recording the angles of the finger joints. The results showed that the motion analysis system is reliable in recording the angles of the finger joints of normal subjects with an intraclass correlation coefficients of 99.8%, 99.8%, and 97.9% respectively, for MP, PIP, and DIP joints. The corresponding coefficients of variation were 1.9%, 0.8% and 3.1% respectively. The correlation between the angular measurements evaluated by motion analysis system and goniometer was 0.92 for the MP joint, 0.86 for the PIP joint, and 0.78 for the DIP joint. But, the agreement between the angular measurements was still unsatisfactory. Comparisons between these measurements showed signficant differences for all the joints (P=0.0001, P=0.01, and P＜0.0001 respectively, for the MP, PIP, and DIP joints.)
PCSK9 inhibition and cholesterol homeostasis in insulin producing β-cells (2022)

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a central role in the pathology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. For decades, the gold standard for LDL-C lowering have been statins, although these drugs carry a moderate risk for the development of new-onset diabetes. The inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have emerged in the last years as potential alternatives to statins due to their high efficiency and safety without indications for a diabetes risk so far. Both approaches finally eliminate LDL-C from bloodstream by upregulation of LDL receptor surface expression. Due to their low antioxidant capacity, insulin producing pancreatic β-cells are sensitive to increased lipid oxidation and related generation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, PCSK9 inhibition has been argued to promote diabetes like statins. Potentially, the remaining patients at risk will be identified in the future. Otherwise, there is increasing evidence that loss of circulating PCSK9 does not worsen glycaemia since it is compensated by local PCSK9 expression in β-cells and other islet cells. This review explores the situation in β-cells. We evaluated the relevant biology of PCSK9 and the effects of its functional loss in rodent knockout models, carriers of LDL-lowering gene variants and PCSK9 inhibitor-treated patients.
Studies of material and process compatibility in developing compact silicon vapor chambers (2013)

The performance and long-term reliability of a silicon vapor chamber (SVC) developed for thermal management of high-power electronics critically depend on compatibility of the component materials. A hermetically sealed SVC presented in this paper is composed of bulk silicon, glass-frit as a bonding agent, lead/tin solder as an interface sealant and a copper charging tube. These materials, in the presence of a water/vapor environment, may chemically react and release noncondensable gas (NCG), which can weaken structural strength and degrade the heat transfer performance with time. The present work reports detailed studies on chemical compatibility of the components and potential solutions to avoid the resulting thermal performance degradation. Silicon surface oxidation and purification of operating liquid are necessary steps to reduce performance degradation in the transient period. A lead-based solder with its low reflow temperature is found to be electrochemically stable in water/vapor environment. High glazing temperature solidifies molecular bonding in glass-frit and mitigates PbO precipitation. Numerous liquid flushes guarantee removal of chemical residual after the charging tube is soldered to SVC. With these improvements on the SVC material and process compatibility, high effective thermal conductivity and steady heat transfer performance are obtained.
Growth of Gold Nanorods and Bipyramids Using CTEAB Surfactant (2006)

Gold nanorods and bipyramids have been synthesized using the seed-mediated approach in aqueous cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTEAB) solutions in the presence of silver nitrate. Gold nanoparticle seeds that are stabilized with either CTEAB or sodium citrate have been used. The use of the CTEAB-stabilized seeds gives gold nanorods in high yield in one step with the longitudinal plasmon wavelength ranging from 750 to 1030 nm, depending on the amount of the seeds. The longitudinal plasmon wavelength can be extended to 1100 nm by the use of a two-step growth method. The growth of gold nanorods in CTEAB solutions takes 5-10 h, more than 5 times slower than that in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solutions at the same concentration of surfactants. The use of the citrate-stabilized seeds gives both gold bipyramids and a small percentage of gold nanorods. The longitudinal plasmon wavelength of the bipyramids is tunable from 700 to 1100 nm by varying the amount of the citrate-stabilized seeds. The growth of gold bipyramids takes more than 1 day. Transmission electron microscopy characterizations reveal that the gold nanorods grown from both types of gold nanoparticle seeds are single-crystalline and that the gold bipyramids are penta-twinned.