gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multilevel structure in behaviour and in the brain: a model of Fuster's hierarchy (2007)

A basic question, intimately tied to the problem of action selection, is that of how actions are assembled into organized sequences. Theories of routine sequential behaviour have long acknowledged that it must rely not only on environmental cues but also on some internal representation of temporal or task context. It is assumed, in most theories, that such internal representations must be organized into a strict hierarchy, mirroring the hierarchical structure of naturalistic sequential behaviour. This article reviews an alternative computational account, which asserts that the representations underlying naturalistic sequential behaviour need not, and arguably cannot, assume a strictly hierarchical form. One apparent liability of this theory is that it seems to contradict neuroscientific evidence indicating that different levels of sequential structure in behaviour are represented at different levels in a hierarchy of cortical areas. New simulations, reported here, show not only that the original computational account can be reconciled with this alignment between behavioural and neural organization, but also that it gives rise to a novel explanation for how this alignment might develop through learning.
Effect of size and location of the oligosaccharide chain on protease degradation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. (1983)

Abstract We have investigated the effect of size and location of the oligosaccharide chain on protease degradation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. The sensitivity of nonglycosylated RNase A to trypsin and chymotrypsin was compared with three glycosylated species of RNase B which differed with respect to the size of the carbohydrate chain. Two forms of glycosylated RNase B were isolated by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and each was shown to contain a single carbohydrate chain composed of GlcNAc2Man1 (RNase B) or GlcNAc2Man5-8 (RNase B). A third form (RNase B'), with oligosaccharide composed of GlcNAc2Man4, was prepared by partial digestion of RNase B with alpha-mannosidase. Fully glycosylated RNase B was found to be 6-10 times more resistant to trypsin digestion than nonglycosylated RNase A. RNase B' and B, with intermediate chain sizes, were 3.0- and 1.3-fold more resistant to trypsin digestion than RNase A, respectively. With chymotrypsin, however, differences in rates of digestion were much less marked, with a maximum difference of 3-fold between RNase A and B. In addition, we found that the specificity of the primary trypsin (Arg 33-Asp 34 bond) or chymotrypsin (Tyr 25-Cys 26 bond) cleavage site was not affected by the presence or size of the oligosaccharide chain. These results are consistent with the view that the size of the oligosaccharide chain and its proximity to the primary or rate-limiting cleavage site are important for expression of the carbohydrate protection against proteolytic degradation, which thus appears to be mediated by steric hindrance.
Fragile histidine triad transcription abnormalities and human papillomavirus E6-E7 mRNA expression in the development of cervical carcinoma (1999)

Although E6-E7 genes of oncogenic HPV are important for the development of CIN and ICC, they may not be required for the development of carcinoma cells that have abnormal FHIT genes.
Multilayered 3-D Optical Circuit With Mirror-Embedded Waveguide Films (2012)

A multilayered 3-D optical circuit is fabricated using mirror-embedded waveguide films that have optical input-output apertures on their surfaces. We fabricated the surface input-output optical waveguide films via an ultraviolet imprint method using a mirror-integrated master. To fabricate the master, waveguide patterns were formed on a silicon wafer using a deep reactive ion etching method, and 45°-angled mirror structures were then constructed on the waveguide core patterns via a V-sawing technique. We subsequently manufactured a multilayered optical circuit layer by layer, before measuring its optical characteristics. The input beam inserted onto the surface of the circuit was emitted through 2 × 2 arrayed surface output apertures after propagating along the 3-D beam path.
The Development Of Political Attitudes In Young Children (1969)

(1969). The Development Of Political Attitudes In Young Children. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 141-146.
Rapid, Sensitive Detection of Proteins in Minigels With Fluorescent Dyes (2005)

The advent of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the minigel format (i.e., gel dimensions in the range of 6 × 9 cm or 8 × 8 cm × 0.75 to 1.5 mm thick), the widespread use of precast minigels, and the commercialization of colloidal Coomassie® Blue G-250 staining formulations have raised expectations for rapid, sensitive postelectrophoresis staining methods. The proprietary commercially available fluorescent stains Coomassie Fluor− Orange protein gel stain, SYPRO® Orange dye, SYPRO Red dye, and SYPRO Tangerine dye (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR) offer sensitivity and ease of use that rival or surpass colloidal colorimetric staining. These stains are characterized by high sensitivity, a 3-log linear dynamic range, and a simple staining protocol, allowing rapid, accurate quantitation of proteins in gels. Staining is reversible and can be followed by staining with Pro-Q® Diamond phosphoprotein stain or Pro-Q Emerald glycoprotein stain for detection of posttranslational modifications. Staining can also be followed by detection with other total protein stains, including SYPRO Ruby stain or colorimetric stains such as Coomassie Blue or silver. A common feature of these fluorescent protein gel stains is a bimodal excitation spectrum, with maxima in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible ranges, resulting in versatility of use on a broad range of imaging platforms.
Kollisionsmechanik (2008)

Die Kollisionsrechnung spielt in der Unfallrekonstruktion eine zentrale Rolle und ist von besonderer Bedeutung. Über die Kollisionsrechnung erfolgt die Verknüpfung von Einlaufphase und Auslaufphase also der Bewegung der Fahrzeuge vor und nach der Kollision. Abhängig von der verwendeten Berechnungsmethode erfolgt diese Verknüpfung entweder von bekannten Daten nach der Kollision rückwärts in die Vorkollisionsphase (Rückwärtskollisionsrechnung) oder ausgehend von bekannten Daten vor der Kollision vorwärts in die Nachkollisionphase (Vorwärtskollisionsrechnung).
Preface (2011)

Faraday Discussion FD152 has the very bold title of “Gold”. As single word titles go, gold is perhaps one of the easiest to use. Admittedly I had initially proposed a much longer title but was readily persuaded by the President of the Faraday Division that “Gold” just said it all. Everyone knows that go
A polymer-based ratiometric intracellular glucose sensor (2014)

The glucose metabolism level reflects cell proliferative status. A polymeric glucose ratiometric sensor comprising poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) and poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMAETMA) was synthesized. Cellular internalization and glucose response of the polymer within HeLa cells were investigated.
Allylic and propargylic phenyl selenide oxygenation by cyclohexanone oxygenase: [2,3]-sigmatraopic rearrangement of the enzyme-generated selenoxide (1986)

Enzymic oxidation of propargyloic and allylic selenides has been carried out and the resulting selenoxides found to readily undergo 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement; the propargylic product undergoes fragmentation while the allylic product yields racemic alcohols.
Interpolymer Complexation: Comparisons of Bulk and Interfacial Structures (2015)

The interactions between the strong polyelectrolyte sodium poly(styrenesulfonate), NaPSS, and the neutral polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone), PVP, were investigated in bulk and at the silica/solution interface using a combination of diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), solvent relaxation NMR, and ellipsometry. We show for the first time that complex formation occurs between NaPSS and PVP in solution; the complexes formed were shown not to be influenced by pH variation, whereas increasing the ionic strength increases the complexation of NaPSS but does not influence the PVP directly. The complexes formed contained a large proportion of NaPSS. Study of these interactions at the silica interface demonstrated that complexes also form at the nanoparticle interface where PVP is added in the system prior to NaPSS. For a constant PVP concentration and varying NaPSS concentration, the system remains stable until NaPSS is added in excess, which leads to depletion flocculation. Surface complex formation using the layer-by-layer technique was also reported at a planar silica interface.
Design Considerations for High Performance Water-Based Muds (2004)

High performance water-based muds (HPWBM) are attractive alternatives to oil- and synthetic-based emulsion muds (OBM/SBM) from performance, cost and environmental perspectives. Conventional water-based muds (WBM) have failed to consistently meet key performance criteria obtained with emulsion systems in terms of shale and cuttings stability, rates-of-penetration, bit and stabilizer balling, torque and drag reduction and lower well costs. A significant amount of laboratory work and field testing has been expended on closing the drilling performance gap between emulsion-based and waterbased muds. The challenge of developing cost-effective HPWBM as viable alternatives for emulsion muds has presented itself to the drilling fluids industry for decades. Breakthroughs have only recently occurred using a systems-design approach to emulate the performance attributes inherent to emulsion systems in a new high performance water-based mud system.
Novel Antibodies to the Donor Stem Cell Population CD34+/VEGFR-2+ Are Associated With Rejection After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2008)

These novel findings document a high rate of rejections in patients with donor-specific antibodies to CD34+/VEGFR-2+ HSC. These antibodies may significantly and commonly contribute to HSCT rejections.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Functionally Graded SiO <sub>2</sub> /Mo Laminated Layer Material (2015)

A functionally graded sintered body consisting of laminated SiO 2 /Mo layers was fabricated using spark plasma sintering. A high sintered‐body density was achieved using fine powders of SiO 2 (4.0 μm) and Mo (1.3 μm), which ensured no cracks were formed between layers. The highest joining stress (1.2 MP a) was found to occur at the interface between SiO 2 layers with 0 and 8 vol% Mo, with the electrical resistance decreasing rapidly when the Mo content was increased to 13 and 22 vol%. This is attributed to the use of spark plasma sintering, suggesting further work is needed to fully optimize this process.
Predictors and clinical impact of infarct progression rate in the ESCAPE-NA1 trial (2021)

In this sample of patients presenting within the early time window with LVO and near-complete recanalization, infarct progression rate was significantly associated with good outcome. A significant association between ASPECTS, collateral status, blood glucose, and NIHSS score was observed, but baseline imaging and clinical characteristics explained only a small proportion of the interindividual variance. More research on measurable factors affecting infarct growth is needed.
The effect of dietary lysine on growth, carcass composition, and lipid metabolism in high-lean growth gilts fed from 72 to 136 kilograms (1995)

One hundred fourteen high-lean growth gilts (72.5 kg BW) were used to determine the apparent digestible lysine requirement for maximum growth performance and carcass protein deposition rate from 72.5 to 136 kg BW. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with initial BW used to establish blocks. Six dietary treatments were included, ranging from .44 to .94% (.10% increments) apparent digestible lysine (.62 to 1.13% total lysine) with six replicate pens per treatment and three pigs per pen. Pig weights and feed consumption were collected weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and gain: feed ratio (G/F). Six gilts were slaughtered at 72.5 kg BW to determine initial carcass composition. When the mean weight of pigs in a pen reached 104 or 136 kg, one pig per pen was selected (closest to 104 or 136 kg, respectively) and slaughtered for determination of carcass measurements and composition. From 72.5 to 104 kg and from 104 to 136 kg, ADG and G/F increased (linear, P < .05; quadratic, P < .10, respectively) as apparent digestible lysine increased. From 72.5 to 136 kg, G/F increased (quadratic, P < .10) as apparent digestible lysine increased. Average backfat thickness and longissimus muscle area at 104 kg were not influenced (P > .10) by apparent digestible lysine. However, average backfat thickness increased (quadratic, P < .05) with increasing digestible lysine for gilts slaughtered at 136 kg. Carcass CP accretion was not influenced (P > .10) from 72.5 to 104 kg but tended to increase (linear, P < .10) from 72.5 to 136 kg as digestible lysine increased. Plasma and longissimus muscle cholesterol concentrations were unaffected (P > .10) by increasing digestible lysine. These results suggest that high-lean growth gilts require greater dietary lysine than current NRC (1988) estimates to maximize ADG, G/F, and carcass CP accretion from 72.5 to 104 and from 104 to 136 kg.
Blocking <scp>STAT3</scp> /5 through direct or upstream kinase targeting in leukemic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (2022)

Leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (L-CTCL) are lymphoproliferative disorders of skin-homing mature T-cells causing severe symptoms and high mortality through chronic inflammation, tissue destruction, and serious infections. Despite numerous genomic sequencing efforts, recurrent driver mutations have not been identified, but chromosomal losses and gains are frequent and dominant. We integrated genomic landscape analyses with innovative pharmacologic interference studies to identify key vulnerable nodes in L-CTCL. We detected copy number gains of loci containing the STAT3/5 oncogenes in 74% (n = 17/23) of L-CTCL, which correlated with the increased clonal T-cell count in the blood. Dual inhibition of STAT3/5 using small-molecule degraders and multi-kinase blockers abolished L-CTCL cell growth in vitro and ex vivo, whereby PAK kinase inhibition was specifically selective for L-CTCL patient cells carrying STAT3/5 gains. Importantly, the PAK inhibitor FRAx597 demonstrated encouraging anti-leukemic activity in vivo by inhibiting tumor growth and disease dissemination in intradermally xenografted mice. We conclude that STAT3/5 and PAK kinase interaction represents a new therapeutic node to be further explored in L-CTCL.
Determining The Optimal Weights In Multiple Objective Function Optimization (2005)

An important problem in computer vision is the determination of weights for multiple objective function optimization. This problem arises naturally in many reconstruction problems, where one wishes to reconstruct a function belonging to a constrained class of signals based upon noisy observed data. A common approach is to combine the objective functions into a single total cxt function. The problem then is to determine appropriate weights for the objective functions. In this paper we propose techniques for automatically determining the weights, and discuss their properties. The Min-Max Principle, which avoids the problems of extremely low or high weights, is introduced. ExpresEions are derived relating the optimal weights, objective function values, and total cost.
Modeling the knowledge contents of CBR systems (2001)

Recent work within the CBR community has studied more systematic means of interrelating different types of domain knowledge, tasks, and methods for building and maintaining CBR systems. This paper reviews work from the knowledge acquisition community, targeted at methodologies and tools for analysis, modeling, and maintenance of knowledge components. It is argued that the knowledge level is the appropriate level for describing the behavior of an intended CBR system, and for identifying the contents of its knowledge components. A framework is outlined in which a knowledge-level modeling methodology is adapted for the modeling and maintenance of CBR knowledge contents.
Amastin mRNA Abundance in Trypanosoma cruzi Is Controlled by a 3′-Untranslated Region Position-dependent cis-Element and an Untranslated Region-binding Protein (2000)

The genome of Trypanosoma cruzi contains tandem arrays of alternating genes encoding amastin and tuzin. Amastin is a surface glycoprotein abundantly expressed on the intracellular mammalian amastigote form of the protozoan parasite, and tuzin is a G-like protein. We demonstrated previously that the amastin-tuzin gene cluster is polycistronically transcribed to an equal extent in all parasite life cycle stages. The steady state level of amastin mRNA, however, is 68-fold more abundant in amastigotes than in epimastigotes. Here we show that the half-life of amastin mRNA is 7 times longer in amastigotes than in epimastigotes. Linker replacement experiments demonstrate that the middle one-third of the 630-nucleotide 3'-untranslated region (UTR) is responsible for the amastin mRNA up-regulation. This positive effect is dependent on the distance of the 3'-UTR segment from the stop codon and the polyadenylation site as well as on its orientation. A protein or protein complex more abundant in amastigotes than in epimastigotes binds to this minimally defined 3'-UTR segment and may be involved in its regulatory function.
Flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging to meet renewable portfolio standard (RPS) mandates and minimize green house Gas emissions (2010)

Meeting RPS mandates and accommodating EVs poses a difficult problem for utilities. This paper proposes coupling EV charging with the availability of renewable energy at the point of use to realize dramatic system level benefits. A realistic set of scenarios are simulated, using real-time grid data from NYISO and wind farm data from NREL, to prove that with a small percentage of wind energy penetration and flexible EV charging, GHG emissions of the light-duty transportation sector can be dramatically reduced. This is achieved without any additional generation requirements from the existing power grid, while providing the additional benefit of reducing the spinning reserve requirements needed to cope with the intermittency problem of the new wind resource. The concept of a parallel market structure as a means to practically implement the concepts in this paper is also introduced.
Correction to: Alzheimer’s genetic risk factor FERMT2 (Kindlin-2) controls axonal growth and synaptic plasticity in an APP-dependent manner (2021)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
High-Performance Fused Ring Electron Acceptor–Perovskite Hybrid (2018)

We report the fused ring electron acceptor (FREA)-perovskite hybrid as a promising platform to fabricate organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells with simple preparation, high efficiency, and good stability. The FREA-perovskite hybrid films exhibit larger grain sizes and stronger crystallinity than the pristine perovskite films. Moreover, the FREA molecules can form coordination bonding with undercoordinated Pb atoms and passivate the trap states in the perovskite films. Time-resolved photoluminescence and transient absorption measurements reveal that FREA facilitates efficient electron extraction and collection. Transient photocurrent and photovoltage measurements suggest faster charge transfer and reduced charge recombination in solar cells based on FREA-perovskite hybrid films. Consequently, solar cells based on FREA-perovskite hybrid films yield a champion efficiency of 21.7% with enhanced stability, which is higher than that of the control devices based on pristine perovskite films (19.6%).
Effects on Breast MRI of Artifacts Caused by Metallic Tissue Marker Clips (2007)

Artifacts caused by tissue marker clips could limit the sensitivity of MRI for detection and follow-up of breast cancer. The local effects on field inhomogeneity will affect local fat suppression and make spectroscopy data less reliable. These effects, though small, are measurable and vary among the different clips evaluated.
The Role of Duplex Sonography in Right Subclavian Double Steal Syndrome (2017)

1 , 2 , 1 1 , 2 The occurrence of subclavian steal syndrome is possible in patients with either severe stenosis or occlusion in the left proximal subclavian or brachiocephalic arteries. Limited and insufficient blood flow in the vessel with a lesion induces blood supply from the opposite side via any of the connected vessels, which is called a subclavian steal phenomenon. The duplex sonography is useful for detecting this phenomenon. Some patients who experience this phenomenon complain of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, such as headache or numbness and weakness in the arm, and so on. Subclavian steal syndrome means subclavian steal phenomenon accompanied by these symptoms. We present a patient with focal severe stenosis of the brachiocephalic artery, manifested as blood flow reversal in the vertebral, and a "to-and-fro" waveform pattern in the external carotid, internal carotid, and common carotid arteries.
Supplementary Figure from The Effect of Corticosteroids on Prostate Cancer Outcome Following Treatment with Enzalutamide: A Multivariate Analysis of the Phase III AFFIRM Trial (2023)

Supplementary Figure from The Effect of Corticosteroids on Prostate Cancer Outcome Following Treatment with Enzalutamide: A Multivariate Analysis of the Phase III AFFIRM Trial
Temporal histological changes in lacrimal and major salivary glands in mouse models of Sjogren’s syndrome (2013)

Our conclusions are that SS may be an organ specific disease with early inflammation occurring in submandibular and lacrimal glands, followed by the parotid. Non organ specific events occur in later courses of the disease. The understanding of the disease progression is important in tailoring early local therapeutic interventions before complete destruction of salivary and lacrimal glands.
Impact on Human Health of Microorganisms Present in Fermented Dairy Products: An Overview (2015)

Fermented dairy products provide nutrients in our diet, some of which are produced by the action of microorganisms during fermentation. These products can be populated by a diverse microbiota that impacts the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics foods as well as human health. Acidification is carried out by starter lactic acid bacteria (LAB) whereas other LAB, moulds, and yeasts become dominant during ripening and contribute to the development of aroma and texture in dairy products. Probiotics are generally part of the nonstarter microbiota, and their use has been extended in recent years. Fermented dairy products can contain beneficial compounds, which are produced by the metabolic activity of their microbiota (vitamins, conjugated linoleic acid, bioactive peptides, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, among others). Some microorganisms can also release toxic compounds, the most notorious being biogenic amines and aflatoxins. Though generally considered safe, fermented dairy products can be contaminated by pathogens. If proliferation occurs during manufacture or storage, they can cause sporadic cases or outbreaks of disease. This paper provides an overview on the current state of different aspects of the research on microorganisms present in dairy products in the light of their positive or negative impact on human health.