gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry and Genetics of Starch Synthesis (2010)

Enormous progress has been made in understanding the genetics and biochemistry of starch synthesis in crop plants. Furthermore, starch remains at the very epicenter of the world's food and feed chains and has even now become one of the world's most important sources of biorenewable energy (biofuel). Yet, despite this remarkable progress and the obvious economic importance, very little has been achieved in terms of adding value to starch or increasing starch yield, particularly in cereal crops. Here, we review the genetics and biochemistry of starch synthesis in crop plants, particularly maize. With all this know-how in place and a chasm of opportunity ahead, the time is right to see science deliver progress into a new frontier. Thus, in our view the stage is set for a new era of changes in starch synthesis, delivering enhancements in functionality and yield.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers (2019)

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock copolymers are produced by one of three techniques: thin film rehydration, solvent switching or polymerization-induced self-assembly, and produce only flexible, polydisperse cylinders. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a method which can produce cylinders with these properties, by stabilizing structures of a lower curvature due to the formation of a crystalline core. However, the living polymerization techniques by which most core-forming blocks are formed are not trivial processes and the CDSA process may yield unsatisfactory results if carried out incorrectly. Here, the synthesis of cylindrical nanoparticles from simple reagents is shown. The drying and purification of reagents prior to a ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone catalyzed by diphenyl phosphate is described. This polymer is then chain extended by methyl methacrylate (MMA) followed by N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) using reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, affording a triblock copolymer that can undergo CDSA in ethanol. The living CDSA process is outlined, the results of which yield cylindrical nanoparticles up to 500 nm in length and a length dispersity as low as 1.05. It is anticipated that these protocols will allow others to produce cylindrical nanostructures and elevate the field of CDSA in the future.
In natürlicher DNA wird der Zerfall des angeregten Zustands durch Watson‐Crick‐Basenpaarung bestimmt (2014)

Abstract Die Dynamik des angeregten Zustands ist wesentlich für ein Verständnis der UV‐Licht‐induzierten Schadensbildung der DNA. Mithilfe von Femtosekunden‐IR‐Spektroskopie konnten wir die Lebenszeit des angeregten Zustands aller vier Nukleobasen in der doppelsträngigen natürlichen DNA bestimmen. Wir stellten einen konzertierten Zerfall des angeregten Zustands von Watson‐Crick‐Basenpaaren nach UV‐Anregung fest. Durch einen Vergleich von einzelsträngiger und doppelsträngiger DNA konnten wir zeigen, dass die in Einzelsträngen auftretenden reaktiven, ladungsgetrennten Zustände durch Basenpaarung im Duplex unterdrückt werden. Der starke Einfluss der Watson‐Crick‐Wasserstoffbrücken deutet auf einen Protonentransfer hin, der einen neuen Zerfallskanal eröffnet und damit die Bildung von reaktiven ladungsgetrennten Zuständen vermeidet oder deren Lebenszeit verkürzt.
Effects on Infants of a First Episode of Genital Herpes during Pregnancy (1987)

Although genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections occurring during pregnancy are known to be associated with neonatal and maternal complications, their frequency and contributing risk factors are not well understood. We prospectively followed 29 patients who acquired genital herpes during pregnancy, to evaluate the perinatal effects of the infection. The patients were classified on the basis of clinical or serologic criteria. Fifteen patients had a primary first episode of genital HSV Type 2 (HSV-2), and 14 had a nonprimary first episode. Although no patient had disseminated disease, 6 of the 15 with primary genital herpes but none of 14 with nonprimary first-episode infection had infants with serious perinatal morbidity (P less than 0.01). Four of the five infants whose mothers acquired primary HSV-2 in the third trimester had perinatal morbidity such as prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and neonatal infection with HSV-2. Perinatal complications occurred in one of five infants whose mothers acquired primary HSV-2 during the first trimester, as well as in one of five infants whose mothers had primary HSV-2 during the second trimester. Asymptomatic cervical shedding of HSV-2 was detected at 10.6 percent of weekly visits made after a primary first episode, as compared with 0.5 percent of visits after a nonprimary first episode (P less than 0.01). We conclude that infants born to women who acquire primary genital herpes during pregnancy are at high risk of exposure to HSV, either during premature labor at the time of the primary episode or subsequently because of asymptomatic cervical shedding of the virus. The 40 percent incidence of serious perinatal morbidity in such women suggests that studies of preventive measures such as the use of antiviral chemotherapy are warranted.
High Density Mastering Using Electron Beam (1998)

A mastering system for the next-generation digital versatile disk (DVD) is required to have a higher resolution compared with the conventional mastering systems. We have developed an electron beam mastering machine which features a thermal field emitter and a vacuum sealed air spindle motor. Beam displacement caused by magnetic fluctuation with spindle rotation was about 60 nm(p-p) in both the radial and tangential directions. Considering the servo gain of a read-out system, it has little influence on the read-out signal in terms of tracking errors and jitters. The disk performance was evaluated by recording either the 8/16 modulation signal or a groove on the disk. The electron beam recording showed better jitter values from the disk playback than those from a laser beam recorder. The deviation of track pitch was 44 nm(p-p). We also confirmed the high density recording with a capacity reaching 30 GB.
Self-Immolative Chemiluminescence Polymers: Innate Assimilation of Chemiexcitation in a Domino-like Depolymerization (2017)

Self-immolative polymers are distinctive materials able to disassemble in a domino-like mechanism from head-to-tail upon a triggering event induced by an external stimulus. We have developed an effective molecular method to intrinsically assimilate a chemiluminescence turn-ON mechanism with a domino-like fragmentation mechanism. A unique molecular unit was synthesized, which could combine the abilities of executing the duel function of quinone-methide elimination and chemiexcitation. Incorporation of this unit as a monomer, results with the first class of stimuli-responsive self-immolative polymers with amplified chemiluminescence output. Responsive groups for various analytes were introduced as a head-trigger during the polymer synthesis. The polymers were demonstrated as chemiluminescence probes for detection of different chemical analytes. The obtained polymers were able to amplify the intensity and the duration of the light emission signal by factors correlated to their length. We anticipate that the chemiluminescence self-immolative polymers described here will find use for various research topics such as signal amplification, light-emitting new materials, and molecular probes with long-lasting light emission and imaging capabilities.
Hydrogen-bond rigidified BODIPY dyes (2009)

Boron difluoride adducts of diamidodipyrromethenes have been synthesized and characterized. The compounds represent a new group of the BODIPY family of fluorescent dyes. X-ray crystallography and solution (19)F NMR experiments show that a persistent hydrogen bond is formed between the boron-bound fluoride groups and the peripheral amide substituents. The modular synthesis of these compounds and their robust photophysical properties suggest that they may be useful compounds for materials and biological photochemical applications.
O2‐04‐04: A NOVEL TRANSGENIC RAT MODEL FOR MIXED DEMENTIA (2019)

The majority of older patients with dementia have Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, but other factors, the most common being vascular pathology, contribute to a mixed dementia that may not respond to treatment directed at pure AD. To create a new genetic model with a mix of vascular and Alzheimer pathology, we bred mutant APP and PS1 transgenes from AD-F344 rats developing Aß and tau pathology onto stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive SHR-SP rats, the best studied model for small vessel disease (SVD) vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). We evaluated blood pressure (BP) and AD pathology endpoints using immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. With aging the resultant F2 SHR-AD rats exhibit chronic hypertension, small vessel disease with elevated collagen IV, BBB damage, a small increase in hippocampal AD abeta and tau pathology and exacerbated neuroinflammation and mitochondrial complex I and II deficits. CP13-labeled insoluble ptau on Westerns and p422S tau by ICC were significantly increased in the SHR-AD rat cross. By quantitative ICC, Iba-1 labeled microglia were highly elevated in the hippocampus of the SHR-AD cross, while GFAP was only marginally increased in the hippocampus but significantly increased in the thalamus. Consistent with persistent vascular disease, perivascular aquaporin 4 was relocated away from vessels to plaques suggesting possible altered glymphatic clearance. Levels of hippocampal Calbindin-1 were significantly reduced by ICC in the SHR-AD rats compared with FAD alone and control strains. Our results with aging F2 SRH-AD rats achieved with only 75% polygenic SHR background and normal salt exposure support a negative synergy between Alzheimer pathology and chronic small vessel disease to drive vascular and metabolic deficits. We are currently examining larger cohorts of aged F3 (87.5 % SHR-SP) and F4 (94% SHR-SP) SHR-AD rats for the same endpoints, tauopathy and evidence of cognitive decline. The SHR-AD rats should prove useful for further studies of diet, exercise and drug interventions in paradigms that better reflect the complexity of a large and growing segment of the patient population seen in the clinic which often has mixed dementia driven by cardiovascular disease risk.
Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine sensitizes HT-29 colorectal cancer cells to concurrent chemoradiation (2014)

Autophagy inhibition by CQ increases CRC cell sensitivity to concurrent treatment with 5-FU and RT in vitro, suggesting that addition of CQ to chemoRT improves CRC treatment response.
&lt;title&gt;Comparison of laser tomographic fundus mapping to digital analysis of stereo photographs&lt;/title&gt; (1994)

Changes in parapapillary retina height may be an early indicator of glaucomatous tissue damage. The subject of this study is the development of an automatic computer analysis for the height variations of the parapapillary retina obtained from simultaneously taken pairs of stereophotographs of optic nerve heads. The exact evaluation of stereo photographs is, so far, processed manually in the USA (Takamoto, Boston) in a timeconsuming procedure. An automatic analysis can be considered as an essential improvement in glaucoma diagnosis.
Differences in gene expression between primary therapy-naïve prostate carcinomas and hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas (2011)

Despite the widespread use of prostate specific antigen screening for early detection, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer related death among men in the US. Metastatic, hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPCa) is the end stage, lethal form of the disease. Defining the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition of an androgen responsive prostate cancer represents an important clinical problem. Currently, no effective therapies exist for end stage, hormone refractory disease. In this study, we investigated the differentially expressed genes in primary prostate tumor vs. hormone refractory prostate tumor in order to identify potentially important therapeutic targets.
Early interactive emotional development (2008)

Early infant emotional development concerns the interactive emergence of emotional states that motivate approach and withdrawal. These are indexed by different patterns of infant facial expressions, vocalization, and gazing that emerge within parent-infant interactions in the first 10 months of life. Specifically, the interface of a limited number of interactive parameters creates complex real-time patterns which change over developmental time. These phenomena are described below using techniques from our laboratory such as statistical simulations, continuous ratings, and computer vision modeling.
Red‐Shifted Fluorogenic Substrate for Detection of <i>lac</i>Z‐Positive Cells in Living Tissue with Single‐Cell Resolution (2018)

The Escherichia coli lacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase is a widely used reporter, but few synthetic substrates are available for detecting its activity with single-cell resolution in living samples. Our recently reported fluorogenic substrate SPiDER-βGal is suitable for this purpose, but its hydrolysis product shows green fluorescence emission, and a red-shifted analogue is therefore required for use in combination with green fluorescent protein (GFP) markers. Herein, we describe the development of a red-shifted fluorogenic substrate for β-galactosidase, SPiDER-Red-βGal, based on a silicon rhodol scaffold and a carboxylic group as the intramolecular nucleophile. LacZ-positive cells were successfully labeled with SPiDER-Red-βGal at single-cell resolution in living samples, which enabled us to visualize different cell types in combination with GFP markers.
Optical properties of gold colloids formed in inverse micelles (1993)

We discuss the formation of gold metal colloids in a variety of surfactant/solvent systems. Static and dynamic light scattering, small angle x-ray and neutron scattering, TEM analysis, and UV-visible absorbance are used to characterize the kinetics of formation and final colloid stability. These gold colloids exhibit a dramatic blueshift and broadening of the plasmon resonance with decreasing colloid size. Several types of reduction method are discussed and differences between micelle (water-free) or microemulsions as reaction media are compared. Use of inverse micelles allows smaller clusters to be formed with greater long-term stability.
Abstract 1752: Age-Related Differences in Left Ventricular Structure and Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2007)

Background: Age-related alterations in LV structure and function that may predispose to myocardial dysfunction are not completely understood. We examined the association between older age and indices of LV remodeling in asymptomatic participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Methods: We used cardiac MRI to measure LV indices in 5004 participants free of CV disease (ages 45–84) and representing 4 racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese); 1099 participants received additional strain analyses. We used linear regression to assess the association between age and LV indices while adjusting for multiple variables, including traditional CV risk factors. Results: Absolute LV mass decreased with age, but this effect was attenuated when mass was indexed to body size ( Table ). However, age was associated with markedly increased mass-to-volume (M/V) ratio (50 mg/mL per decade, p&lt;0.001); this was driven by a substantial reduction in LV end-diastolic volume with older age, a trend that remained significant after indexing volume to body size and adjusting for CV risk factors. Older age was also independently associated with increased ejection fraction but decreased stroke volume and, importantly, with reduced peak systolic strain and strain rate as well as decreased diastolic strain rate. Conclusion: Older age is associated with increased M/V ratio, driven not by increased LV mass but by decreased LV volumes. This age-related remodeling is independently associated with asymptomatic systolic and diastolic myocardial dysfunction and progressively reduced stroke volume in the face of maintained chamber systolic performance indexed by ejection fraction. These data indicate that aging itself confers alterations in LV structure and function that predispose to reduced cardiac output and limited circulatory reserve in the presence of preserved ejection fraction. Relation Between Age and Alterations in LV Structure and Function
Novel bi-directional tunneling NOR (BiNOR) type 3-D flash memory cell (1999)

A novel 3D flash memory, BiNOR, with a localized shallow P-well is proposed for high speed, low power and high reliability applications. Low power bi-directional tunneling program/erase is realized in a NOR array, which guarantees better tunnel oxide reliability, where previously bi-directional tunneling program/erase could only be performed in NAND arrays. Moreover, high read performance is achieved by more than 15% conduction current enhancement due to the 3D cell structure.
Hypoxia induces re-entry of committed cells into pluripotency (2013)

Adult stem cells reside in hypoxic niches, and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a low oxygen environment. However, it is not clear whether hypoxia is critical for stem cell fate since for example human ESCs (hESCs) are able to self-renew in atmospheric oxygen concentrations as well. We now show that hypoxia can govern cell fate decisions since hypoxia alone can revert hESC- or iPSC-derived differentiated cells back to a stem cell-like state, as evidenced by re-activation of an Oct4-promoter reporter. Hypoxia-induced "de-differentiated" cells also mimic hESCs in their morphology, long-term self-renewal capacity, genome-wide mRNA and miRNA profiles, Oct4 promoter methylation state, cell surface markers TRA1-60 and SSEA4 expression, and capacity to form teratomas. These data demonstrate that hypoxia can influence cell fate decisions and could elucidate hypoxic niche function.
Biomarkers of Adverse Response to Mercury: Histopathology versus Thioredoxin Reductase Activity (2012)

Exposure to mercury is normally assessed by measuring its accumulation in hair, blood or urine. Currently, the biomarkers of effect that have been proposed for mercurials, such as coproporphyrines or oxidative stress markers, are not sensitive enough and lack specificity. Selenium and selenoproteins are important targets for mercury and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in particular was shown to be very sensitive to mercury compounds both in vitro and in vivo. In this study we looked into the relation between the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and histopathological changes caused by exposure to mercurials. Juvenile zeabra-seabreams were exposed to Hg(2+) or MeHg for 28 days and histopathological changes were analyzed in the liver and kidney as well as TrxR activity. Both mercurials caused histopathological changes in liver and kidney, albeit Hg(2+) caused more extensive and severe lesions. Likewise, both mercurials decreased TrxR activity, being Hg(2+) a stronger inhibitor. Co-exposure to Hg(2+) and Se fully prevented TrxR inhibition in the liver and reduced the severity of lesions in the organ. These results show that upon exposure to mercurials, histopathological alterations correlate with the level of TrxR activity and point to the potential use of this enzyme as a biomarker of mercury toxicity.
Experiencing ones own hand in telexistence manipulation with a 15 DOF anthropomorphic robot hand and a flexible master glove (2013)

This paper describes a new type of robust control mechanism for a 15 DOF anthropomorphic robot hand in telexistence manipulations using a flexible fiber based master glove to experience the visual-kinesthetic sensation of one's own hand in remote manipulations. Accordingly, a master-slave telexistence system was constructed with the following: a 14 DOF modified optical fiber based data glove for capturing the complex finger postures of the master operator without any mechanical constraints; a novel finger posture mapping algorithm that is independent from the effects of different finger sizes and digit ratios; and a 15 DOF anthropomorphic slave robot hand for reconstructing the operators finger posture. This paper describes the importance of feeling one's fingers in a telexistence manipulation, control mechanism for accurate finger posture capture/reconstruction where the effectiveness has been verified through a set of experiments and a subjective evaluation.
Large aperture quasi-phase matched nonlinear material for functional power lasers (2017)

High-power and high-energy nonlinear optics, which includes optical parametric process and based on large-aperture periodically poled Mg-doped LiNbO3 for mid-infrared-to-terahertz wave region are discussed. Topics include few cycles ultrafast pulse treatments with regarding HHG sources.
Assessment of general emergency medicine physicians’ medical education regarding management of pediatric emergencies in western Normandy, France (2020)

Most general emergency physicians report caring for children despite a lack of medical education in pediatrics. Pediatric medical education as well as collaborations between general practitioners and specialized pediatric teams should be enhanced to better match the needs of general emergency departments and improve the quality of primary and acute care for children.
Diffusing acoustic wave spectroscopy (2002)

We have developed a technique in ultrasonic correlation spectroscopy called diffusing acoustic wave spectroscopy (DAWS). In this technique, the motion of the scatterers (e.g., particles or inclusions) is determined from the temporal fluctuations of multiply scattered sound. In DAWS, the propagation of multiply scattered sound is described using the diffusion approximation, which allows the autocorrelation function of the temporal field fluctuations to be related to the dynamics of the multiply scattering medium. The expressions relating the temporal field autocorrelation function to the motion of the scatterers are derived, focusing on the types of correlated motions that are most likely to be encountered in acoustic measurements. The power of this technique is illustrated with ultrasonic data on fluidized suspensions of particles, where DAWS provides a sensitive measure of the local relative velocity and strain rate of the suspended particles over a wide range of time and length scales. In addition, when combined with the measurements of the rms velocity of the particles using dynamic sound scattering, we show that DAWS can be used to determine the spatial extent of the correlations in the particle velocities, thus indirectly measuring the particle velocity correlation function. Potential applications of diffusing acoustic wave spectroscopy are quite far reaching, ranging from the ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of the dynamics of inhomogeneous materials to geophysical studies of mesoscopic phenomena in seismology.
Observation of all-optical Berezinskii-Krosterlitz-Thouless crossover in a photonic lattice (2012)

We experimentally observe an all-optical Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, in which vortices spontaneously appear due to nonlinear interactions. We show that the number of vortices and their correlations agree with predictions from mean-field theory.