gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Something More than a Constituent of the Blood-Retinal Barrier—Implications for the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy (2010)

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an specialized epithelium lying in the interface between the neural retina and the choriocapillaris where it forms the outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The main functions of the RPE are the following: (1) transport of nutrients, ions, and water, (2) absorption of light and protection against photooxidation, (3) reisomerization of all-trans-retinal into 11-cis-retinal, which is crucial for the visual cycle, (4) phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor membranes, and (5) secretion of essential factors for the structural integrity of the retina. An overview of these functions will be given. Most of the research on the physiopathology of diabetic retinopathy has been focused on the impairment of the neuroretina and the breakdown of the inner BRB. By contrast, the effects of diabetes on the RPE and in particular on its secretory activity have received less attention. In this regard, new therapeutic strategies addressed to modulating RPE impairment are warranted.
Reference-Free Deterministic Calibration of Pipelined ADC (2015)

Novel deterministic digital calibration of pipelined ADC has been proposed and analyzed theoretically. Each MDAC is dithered exploiting its inherent redundancy during the calibration. The dither enables fast accurate convergence of calibration without requiring any accurate reference signal and hence with minimum area and power overhead. The proposed calibration can be applied to both the 1.5-bit/stage MDAC and the multi-bit/stage MDAC. Due to its simple structure and algorithm, it can be modified to the background calibration easily. The effectiveness of the proposed calibration has been confirmed by both the extensive simulations and the measurement of the prototype 0.13-µm-CMOS 50-MS/s pipelined ADC using the op-amps with only 37-dB gain. As expected, SNDR and SFDR have improved from 35.5dB to 58.1dB and from 37.4dB to 70.4dB, respectively by the proposed calibration.
Sulfur-Arylation of Sulfenamides via Ullmann-Type Coupling with (Hetero)aryl Iodides (2023)

Sulfur-(hetero)arylation of sulfenamides with commercially abundant (hetero)aryl iodides by Ullmann-type coupling with inexpensive copper(I) iodide as the catalyst is reported. A broad scope of reaction inputs was demonstrated, including both aryl and alkyl sulfenamides and highly sterically hindered aryl and 5- and 6-membered ring heteroaryl iodides. Relevant to many bioactive high oxidation state sulfur compounds, the (hetero)arylation of <i>S</i>-methyl sulfenamides is reported, including for complex aryl iodides. Smiles rearrangement of electron-deficient <i>S</i>-heteroaryl sulfilimines is also disclosed.
Can We Stabilize the Price of a Cryptocurrency?: Understanding the Design of Bitcoin and Its Potential to Compete with Central Bank Money (2014)

This paper discusses the potential and limitations of Bitcoin as a digital currency. Bitcoin as a digital asset has been extensively discussed from the viewpoints of engineering and security design. But there are few economic analyses of Bitcoin as a currency. Bitcoin was designed as a payments vehicle and as a store of value (or speculation). It has no use bar as money or currency. Despite recent enthusiasm for Bitcoin, it seems very unlikely that currencies provided by central banks are at risk of being replaced, primarily because of the market price instability of Bitcoin (i.e. the exchange rate against the major currencies). We diagnose the instability of market price of Bitcoin as being a symptom of the lack of flexibility in the Bitcoin supply schedule ‐ a predetermined algorithm in which the proof of work is the major driving force. This paper explores the problem of instability from the viewpoint of economics and suggests a new monetary policy rule (i.e. monetary policy without a central bank) for stabilizing the values of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.
Inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS3 function by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and protease inhibitor (2001)

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3 protease is an attractive target for antiviral agent development because it is required for viral replication. Because a stable cell culture system or small animal model to study HCV replication is not readily available, we constructed an in vitro model allowing the investigation of NS3 transcription, translation, and protease function. Sequences encoding for full length HCV genomes were cloned and transfected into HuH-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to analyze NS3 transcription/translation. A plasmid pHCV ORF I luc that expresses the complete HCV coding region upstream of a luciferase reporter gene was designed to enable quantification of translated HCV proteins. Additionally, NS3 protease function was assessed by direct coexpression of NS3 and NS5 in HuH 7 cells, and the subsequent measurement of cleavage products. We found that antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN) interfered with NS3 translation in a dose dependent fashion; AS-ODN 5 cotransfection directed against NS3 sequences significantly inhibited protease activity as measured by cleaved NS5A levels. Finally, cleaved NS5A levels served as anindex of protease activity and Chymostatin, a protease inhibitor, almost completely blocked NS3 enzymatic activity. This cell culture system is useful in the assessment of potential antiviral agents on HCV NS3 expression and function.
Development of a radiation oncology-specific prospective data registry for clinical research and quality improvement: A clinical workflow-based solution. (2016)

197 Background: The computerized ‘paperless’ medical recording system has transformed the modern health information system and serves as an idea platform for cancer registry development, particularly in a specialty like radiation oncology, where technological advances generate unprecedented amounts of data. Methods: From May 2011 to May 2015, physicians prospectively inputted data on patients seen during consultation in the Department of Radiation Oncology at UCLA. Using a customized interface established between an in-house registry and a commercially-available, hospital-based electronic medical record system (Epic Systems, Inc. Verona, WI), a parcel was created for data deposition, which was also linked to the Aria Treatment Planning Station (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). This registry was designed to assimilate into routine physician work-flow and was based on the completion of tabular entries, which were templated by disease sites. The total number of data fields per disease site ranged from 9 to 73 (median, 21). Results: A total of 7,646 patients were logged into the registry. Primary disease sites were prostate (N = 1,247), breast (N = 1157), head/neck (N = 726), central nervous system (N = 638), lung (N = 439), brain metastasis (N = 349), gastrointestinal (N = 238), gynecologic (N = 234), other (N = 2,618). The mean data capture completion rate by physicians was 55% (range, 32 to 65%); however, this rate did not differentiate between true incomplete (data available but not collected), versus data that was either unavailable, not required, or not applicable. A total of 46 independent, investigator-initiated research studies have been undertaken using queries supported by the registry from multiple access points, 8 of which were published in peer-reviewed journals. Conclusions: The development of a radiation oncology-specific registry not only enhanced research efficiency and facilitated quality assurance, but also fostered data reuse and promoted self-education by producing quality information to guide clinical practice. Our next steps include the integration of patient-reported outcomes through radiation oncology-specific surverys, the documentation of cost of delivery of care of specific treatment pathways, and the implementation of data collection processes in the community.
Characterization of Quantum Frequency Processors (2023)

Frequency-bin qubits possess unique synergies with wavelength-multiplexed lightwave communications, suggesting valuable opportunities for quantum networking with the existing fiber-optic infrastructure. Although the coherent manipulation of frequency-bin states requires highly controllable multi-spectral-mode interference, the quantum frequency processor (QFP) provides a scalable path for gate synthesis leveraging standard telecom components. Here we summarize the state of the art in experimental QFP characterization. Distinguishing between physically motivated ''open box'' approaches that treat the QFP as a multiport interferometer, and ''black box'' approaches that view the QFP as a general quantum operation, we highlight the assumptions and results of multiple techniques, including quantum process tomography of a tunable beamsplitter -- to our knowledge the first full process tomography of any frequency-bin operation. Our findings should inform future characterization efforts as the QFP increasingly moves beyond proof-of-principle tabletop demonstrations toward integrated devices and deployed quantum networking experiments.
Palladium-Rhenium Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural: Influence of Catalyst Preparation on Structure and Performance (2023)

PdRe/Al2O3 catalysts are highly selective for hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FAL). Moreover, synergy between the metals can result in greater specific activity (higher turnover frequency, TOF) than exhibited by either metal alone. Bimetallic catalyst structure depends strongly on the metal precursors employed and their addition sequence to the support. In this work, PdRe/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by: (i) co impregnation (CI) and sequential impregnation (SI) of  Al2O3 using HReO4 and Pd(NO3)2, (ii) SI using NH4ReO4 and [Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2], (iii) HReO4 addition to a reduced and passivated Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, and (iv) impregnation with the double complex salt (DCS), [Pd(NH3)4(ReO4)2]. Raman spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) evidence larger supported PdO crystallites in catalysts prepared using Pd(NO3)2 than [Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2]. Surface [ReO4]- species detected by Raman exhibit TPR peak temperatures from ranging 85 to 260&amp;deg;C (versus 375&amp;deg;C for Re/Al2O3). After H2 reduction at 400&amp;deg;C, the catalysts were characterized by chemisorption, temperature-programmed hydride decomposition (TPHD), CO diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The CI catalyst containing supported Pd-Re alloy crystallites had a TOF similar to Pd/Al2O3 but higher (61%) FAL selectivity. In contrast, catalysts prepared by methods (ii-iv) containing supported Pd-Re nanoparticles exhibit higher TOFs and up to 78% FAL selectivity.
WE‐G‐210‐02: Ultrasound Tomography: A Breast Imaging Modality Whose Time Has Come (2015)

This session focuses on recent developments in breast ultrasound imaging, covering clinical practice as well as clinical and pre‐clinical research. Current status of ultrasound screening will be reviewed, followed by discussions of emerging technologies at various stages of regulatory and technical development. The session strives to provide the attendee with a view of a continuum of imaging advances starting with the present and spanning the near and long term future. Learning Objectives: Understand current state of ultrasound screening for breast cancer Learn about current availability of whole breast ultrasound Appreciate the current barriers to stronger adoption of screening ultrasound Learn about attempts to drive adoption of screening ultrasound (e.g. breast density laws) Learn about ultrasound tomography as an emerging technique for breast imaging Learn about the regulatory status of emerging techniques such as ultrasound tomography Learn about the developmental status of combined 3‐D ultrasound and Mammography systems Learn about photo‐acoustic imaging and its potential future role in breast imaging
Requirement for dendritic cells in the establishment of anti-phospholipid antibodies (2007)

DC effectively initiate in NZB x NZW F(1) mice self-sustaining autoimmunity against the beta(2)GPI, either associated to apoptotic cells or macropinocytosed from the serum.
Tissue injury and repair following cutaneous exposure of mice to sulfur mustard (2016)

In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM and the duration of exposure. Initial responses include erythema, pruritus, edema, and xerosis; this is followed by an accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the tissue, activation of mast cells, and the release of mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. These proinflammatory mediators contribute to damaging the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and to disruption of the epidermal basement membrane. This can lead to separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in a blister, which ruptures, leading to the formation of an eschar. The eschar stimulates the formation of a neoepidermis and wound repair and may result in persistent epidermal hyperplasia. Epidermal damage and repair is associated with upregulation of enzymes generating proinflammatory and pro-growth/pro-wound healing mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, which generates prostanoids, inducible nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and galectin-3. Characterization of the mediators regulating structural changes in the skin during SM-induced tissue damage and wound healing will aid in the development of therapeutic modalities to mitigate toxicity and stimulate tissue repair processes.
Non-negative source-filter dynamical system for speech enhancement (2014)

Model-based speech enhancement methods, which rely on separately modeling the speech and the noise, have been shown to be powerful in many different problem settings. When the structure of the noise can be arbitrary, which is often the case in practice, modelbased methods have to focus on developing good speech models, whose quality will be key to their performance. In this study, we propose a novel probabilistic model for speech enhancement which precisely models the speech by taking into account the underlying speech production process as well as its dynamics. The proposed model follows a source-filter approach where the excitation and filter parts are modeled as non-negative dynamical systems. We present convergence-guaranteed update rules for each latent factor. In order to assess performance, we evaluate our model on a challenging speech enhancement task where the speech is observed under non-stationary noises recorded in a car. We show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of objective measures.
Detection of slip from multiple sites in an artificial finger (2009)

A Piezoelectric thick-film sensor is a good candidate for the extraction of information from object slip in hand prosthesis. Five slip sensors were fabricated on different linkages of an artificial hand. The signals from each sensor were compared to the output from the sensor mounted on the fingertip. An analysis of the output signals from all the sensors indicates that the linkage sensors also produce similar output signals to the fingertip sensor. In the next phase of the research, velocity and acceleration of the slipped object will be considered in the analysis.
Levels of active tyrosine kinase receptor determine the tumor response to Zalypsis (2014)

RTK activation might provide important signals to overcome the cytotoxicity of Zalypsis and should be taken into consideration in current and future clinical trials.
La Difusión en la reacción Antígeno – Anticuerpo (2000)

In previous works some indications about the importance of molecular diffusion in the antigen-antibody reaction have been reported. Polynomic plots were used for the analysis of the results; They have the advantadge of being simple, but the drawback of not giving very much information concerning the characteristics of the process. In this work the results obtained in several series of kinetics of antigen-antibody experiences were used. In most of them the antigen was labelled with I125and in some cases it was the antibody, with the same radionuclide. In all cases the reaction was followed by measuring the radioactivity of the Ag-Ab immunocomplex produced in different times. This signal is directly proportional to the concentration, so the original data are presented as Activity (represented by A) in CPM vs time (t) in minutes. The results obtained for sixteen reactions were analyzed using exclusively the integral method by means of both Stenberg and Karlsson models. Each one gives an integrated velocity ecuation that was adapted in order to be applied to the data. A Diffusion control was found in a high percentage of the studied cases.
Trapping of an Assembly Intermediate of Photosynthetic LH1 Antenna beyond B820 Subunit (2005)

Most photosynthetic LH1 antennae undergo dissociation into B820 subunits, suggesting their universal character as structural modules. However, dissociation into subunits seems to occur reversibly only in the absence of carotenoids and the subunits were never found to bind carotenoids. The interactions of carotenoids with B820 have been studied in a newly developed reconstitution assay of the LH1 antenna from Rhodospirillum rubrum (Fiedor, L., Akahane, J., and Koyama, Y. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 16487-16496). These model studies show that B820 subunits strongly interact with carotenoids and spontaneously form stable LH1-like complexes with substoichiometric carotenoid content. This is the first experimental evidence that B820 may occur as a short-lived intermediate in the assembly of LH1 in vivo. The resulting complex of B820 subunits with carotenoid, termed iB873, is homogeneous, according to ion exchange chromatography and reproducible pigment composition. The iB873-bound carotenoid is as efficient in energy transfer to bacteriochlorophyll as the one in native antenna. To our knowledge, iB873 is the first complex binding functional carotenoid, with the spectral and biochemical properties intermediate between that of B820 and the fully assembled LH1.
Evaluation of Forces on Bilge Keels in Oscillating Flow Using CFD (2013)

The roll motion of a ship or a FPSO can be effectively mitigated by attaching keels along the bilges. Proper structural design of the bilge keels requires good estimates of the hydrodynamic loads acting on them. However, in simplified applications, Morison’s equation may be adopted with constant hydrodynamic coefficients for the force evaluation. Reported bilge keel failures suggest that the understanding of the total loading on the bilge keel is incomplete. In this paper, direct CFD simulations are carried out for bilge keels with added structural members in regular oscillating, prismatic flows. The hydrodynamic loads from CFD are shown to be significantly larger than those used in conventional design approaches. Sensitivity studies are also conducted here to investigate the dependence of the hydrodynamic loads on different factors including bilge keel configurations and FPSO roll velocities.
ATRPases: Using Nature's Catalysts in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations (2012)

Enzymes are environmentally friendly, non-toxic catalysts that have found many applications in synthetic polymer chemistry. However, until very recently no examples of enzyme-catalyzed, controlled radical polymerizations were known. Here we review the nascent field of biocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The heme proteins horseradish peroxidase, hemoglobin and catalase, as well as the copper-containing enzyme laccase have been reported to display catalytic activity in activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP of two model monomers, N-isopropylacrylamide and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate. Bromine-terminated polymers, low polydispersity indices, linear increase in molecular weight with conversion as well as first-order kinetics indicate ATRP-type mechanisms. However, the first examples of biocatalytic ATRP also show that enzymes are much more complex catalysts than conventional ones.
A Tungsten–Tin Mixed Hydroxide as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Dehydration of Aldoximes to Nitriles (2007)

Mix and match: A tungsten–tin mixed hydroxide (W–Sn hydroxide), prepared by the simple coprecipitation method, acts as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of various aldoximes to the corresponding nitriles (see scheme, top). Furthermore, the W–Sn hydroxide catalyst could be applied to the direct one-pot synthesis of nitriles from hydroxylamine and the corresponding aldehydes (see scheme, bottom).
A Low Cost Synthesis Technique for Tungsten Whiskers of &lt;100&gt; Orientation (1994)

Abstract Despite numerous advancements in WHA technology, DU penetrators consistently outperform WHA penetrators in ballistic tests. The poor performance of WHA penetrators is related to its mushroom head which forms during the penetration process thereby decreasing the energy density at the target. In contrast, DU penetrators localize deformation thereby maintaining a chisel nose during the penetration process. W single crystals of (100) orientation have been demonstrated to perform at least as well as DU penetrators; this is attributable to the favorable slip/cleavage during compressive loading without large scale plastic deformation and the occurrence of shear localization at a favorable angle for easy material flow away from the penetrator interface. Unfortunately, the brittleness of W single crystals coupled with the exorbitant cost associated with procurement of large diameter single crystals implies that novel low cost approaches are necessary to improve the penetration performance of WHA penetrators. One such approach is to synthesize a composite WHA projectile based on <100> W whiskers which would be aligned along the projectile axis. Two possible approaches to the growth of <100> oriented W whiskers were investigated: (1) VLS technique utilizing metal/alloy catalysts, metallic or ceramic substrates and the thermal decomposition or H2 reduction of WF6 and (2) VS technique utilizing the H2 reduction of WO1 The latter approach proved to be quite successful. The <100> orientation of the W whiskers was confirmed by TEM analysis. Hence, a low cost processing approach for <100> oriented W whiskers was demonstrated.
Improving Human Text Simplification with Sentence Fusion (2021)

The quality of fully automated text simplification systems is not good enough for use in real-world settings; instead, human simplifications are used. In this paper, we examine how to improve the cost and quality of human simplifications by leveraging crowdsourcing. We introduce a graph-based sentence fusion approach to augment human simplifications and a reranking approach to both select high quality simplifications and to allow for targeting simplifications with varying levels of simplicity. Using the Newsela dataset