gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tensile and conductivity properties of epoxy composites containing carbon black and graphene nanoplatelets (2018)

Adding conductive fillers to an insulating polymer matrix produces composites with unique properties. Varying amounts of carbon black (0.33, 0.67, and 1 wt%) and graphene nanoplatelets (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were added to epoxy. In addition, a few carbon black/graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy formulations were also fabricated. The conductivity and tensile properties were determined and analyzed. The single filler composites containing 5 and 10 wt% graphene nanoplatelet and 0.33 wt% carbon black could be used for electrically insulating applications. Composites containing 15 and 20 wt% graphene nanoplatelet could be used for static dissipative applications. The following composites could be used for semi-conductive applications: 0.67 wt% carbon black/epoxy, 1 wt% carbon black/epoxy, 0.33 wt% carbon black/5 wt% graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy, and 0.33 wt% carbon black/10 wt% graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy. At the 95% confidence level, the combination of 0.33 wt% carbon black with 5 wt% graphene nanoplatelet caused the composite electrical resistivity (1/electrical conductivity) to significantly decrease from ∼10 15 ohm-cm to ∼10 4 ohm-cm. It is likely that the highly branched, high surface area carbon black is forming an electrically conductive network with graphene nanoplatelets. Concerning single filler composites, adding ≤1 wt% carbon black did not significantly lower the composite tensile strain; however, adding graphene nanoplatelet did decrease tensile strain and increase modulus. One possible application for the 10 wt% graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composite is in Polymer Core Composite Conductors for power transmission lines, which need to be electrically insulating, have improved thermal conductivity (increased from 0.2 to 0.3 W/m-K), increased tensile modulus (increased from 2.7 to 3.3 GPa), and good tensile strength (70 MPa) and strain (3.3%).
Adaptive Online Value Function Approximation with Wavelets (2022)

Using function approximation to represent a value function is necessary for continuous and high-dimensional state spaces. Linear function approximation has desirable theoretical guarantees and often requires less compute and samples than neural networks, but most approaches suffer from an exponential growth in the number of functions as the dimensionality of the state space increases. In this work, we introduce the wavelet basis for reinforcement learning. Wavelets can effectively be used as a fixed basis and additionally provide the ability to adaptively refine the basis set as learning progresses, making it feasible to start with a minimal basis set. This adaptive method can either increase the granularity of the approximation at a point in state space, or add in interactions between different dimensions as necessary. We prove that wavelets are both necessary and sufficient if we wish to construct a function approximator that can be adaptively refined without loss of precision. We further demonstrate that a fixed wavelet basis set performs comparably against the high-performing Fourier basis on Mountain Car and Acrobot, and that the adaptive methods provide a convenient approach to addressing an oversized initial basis set, while demonstrating performance comparable to, or greater than, the fixed wavelet basis.
Structured robust controller design via non‐smooth mixed <i>μ</i> synthesis (2016)

A new μ synthesis technique is presented that allows the design of controllers satisfying prescribed structural constraints as well as robust against mixed uncertainties. Such features are rarely jointly present in existing methods. The proposed approach relies on a numerically efficient non‐smooth optimisation algorithm to obtain locally optimal solutions. The validity of the new synthesis technique is corroborated by a challenging case study in which the objective is to design a structured controller for the uncertain flexible model of a rocket in upper atmosphere flight.
Phase 1 trial of <scp>CV301</scp> in combination with <scp>anti‐PD</scp>‐1 therapy in <scp>nonsquamous non‐small</scp> cell lung cancer (2022)

CV301, a poxviral-based vaccine, has been evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT02840994) and shown to be safe and immunologically active (phase 1a). Preclinical data support a combination of CV301 with programmed death-1 inhibitors, which has been evaluated in the phase 1b part of this trial and is reported here. Patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable genomic alterations received two priming doses of modified vaccinia Ankara-BN-CV301 (MVA) 4 weeks apart, followed by boosting doses of fowlpox-CV301 (FPV) at increasing time intervals for a maximum of 17 doses in combination with nivolumab for cohort 1 (C1) and 15 doses in combination with pembrolizumab for cohort 2 (C2). The primary objective was evaluation of safety and tolerability. Between October 2017 and September 14, 2018, patients were enrolled (C1: 4; median age: 64 years). Mean treatment duration was 332 days in C1 and 289 days in C2. CTCAE ≥grade 3 adverse events (AEs) were observed in four (100%) patients in C1 and three (37.5%) patients in C2. There was one death on trial. Immune-related AEs (irAEs) fulfilling criteria for a dose-limiting toxicity included 1 case of pneumonitis. Among 11 evaluable patients, 1 (9%) had a complete response, 1 (9%) had a partial response and 9 (82%) had stable disease. We conclude that CV301 administered with PD-1 inhibitors is safe and clinically active in patients with advanced NSCLC. The frequency or severity of AEs is not increased, including irAEs for each component of the combination.
Data-driven identification of reliable sensor species to predict regime shifts in ecological networks (2020)

Signals of critical slowing down are useful for predicting impending transitions in ecosystems. However, in a system with complex interacting components not all components provide the same quality of information to detect system-wide transitions. Identifying the best indicator species in complex ecosystems is a challenging task when a model of the system is not available. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach to rank the elements of a spatially distributed ecosystem based on their reliability in providing early-warning signals of critical transitions. The proposed method is rooted in experimental modal analysis techniques traditionally used to identify structural dynamical systems. We show that one could use natural system fluctuations and the system responses to small perturbations to reveal the slowest direction of the system dynamics and identify indicator regions that are best suited for detecting abrupt transitions in a network of interacting components. The approach is applied to several ecosystems to demonstrate how it successfully ranks regions based on their reliability to provide early-warning signals of regime shifts. The significance of identifying the indicator species and the challenges associated with ranking nodes in networks of interacting components are also discussed.
Hepatic Organoid Formation in Collagen Sponge of Cells Isolated from Human Liver Tissues (2005)

We examined whether small hepatocytes (SHs), which are hepatic progenitor cells, could be isolated from a normal human liver and whether human hepatic cells could form hepatic organoids in a collagen sponge. Normal liver tissues were obtained from resected specimens from nine patients who underwent hepatic resection. Isolated hepatic cells were plated on dishes and a collagen sponge. More than 1 month later, SH-like cells appeared and proliferated on the dishes, whereas cell aggregates were formed in the sponge and showed characteristic tissue architecture: columnar and/or cuboidal epithelial cells lined the surface of the sponge. Clusters of epithelial cells with a large cytoplasm and ductular structures were observed under the lining cells. The lining and ductular cells were positive for cytokeratins 7 and 19, which indicated they were biliary epithelial cells (BECs), and the epithelial cells forming clusters were positive for the anti-human hepatocyte antibody, identifying them as hepatocytes. Some lining cells were positive for both the hepatic marker and the BEC markers. The cells in the collagen sponge actively proliferated and the hepatocytes excreted albumin into the medium. Thus, hepatic organoids could be reconstructed in a collagen sponge by normal human liver cells.
Changes in endolysosomal organization define a pre-degenerative state in the crumbs mutant Drosophila retina (2019)

Mutations in the epithelial polarity gene crumbs (crb) lead to retinal degeneration in Drosophila and in humans. The overall morphology of the retina and its deterioration in Drosophila crb mutants has been well-characterized, but the cell biological origin of the degeneration is not well understood. Degenerative conditions in the retina and elsewhere in the nervous system often involve defects in degradative intracellular trafficking pathways. So far, however, effects of crb on the endolysosomal system, or on the spatial organization of these compartments in photoreceptor cells have not been described. We therefore asked whether photoreceptors in crb mutants exhibit alterations in endolysosomal compartments under pre-degenerative conditions, where the retina is still morphologically intact. Data presented here show that, already well before the onset of degeneration, Arl8, Rab7, and Atg8-carrying endolysosomal and autophagosomal compartments undergo changes in morphology and positioning with respect to each other in crb mutant retinas. We propose that these changes may be early signs of the degeneration-prone condition in crb retinas.
A New Conducting Polymer with Exceptional Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Activity Derived from Barbituric Acid Polycondensation (2020)

A novel covalent, metal-free, photocatalytic material is prepared by thermal polymerization of barbituric acid (BA). The structure of the photocatalyst is analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared, UV-visible, and <sup>1</sup> H solution and <sup>13</sup> C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The photodegradation efficiency of BA thermally polymerized at different temperatures is tested by photocatalytic degradation of aquatic rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible-light irradiation. It is shown that heating BA at an optimized temperature of 300 °C, that is, still in the range that polymer-like polycondensation takes place, results in a photocatalyst that can remove RhB with 96% photodegradation efficiency after 70 min exposure to visible light. The polycondensation reaction of BA is identified to process through precipitation of trimer units as primary building blocks. Reference experiments such as addition of scavengers and saturation with oxygen are studied to understand the photodegradation process. It is shown that the presence of triethanolamine, and excess of oxygen and p-benzoquinone in the solution of RhB and photocatalyst (BA300) is not beneficial, but decreases the photodegradation efficiency.
Evolving biomarkers improve prediction of long‐term mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the <scp>BIO</scp>‐<scp>VILCAD</scp> score (2014)

The VILCAD biomarker score based on routine parameters complemented by novel biomarkers outperforms previous risk algorithms and allows more accurate classification of patients with stable CAD, enabling physicians to choose more personalized treatment regimens for their patients.
Dynamics of development of autoimmune myocarditis in rats (2010)

The development of autoimmune myocarditis in rats after a single subcutaneous injection of rat myosin mixed with a complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (400 μg/kg in 200 μl) was studied. The rats from the control group were injected with only CFA. The titer of antibodies to myosin, infiltration of lymphocytes into the myocardium, ultrastructural damage of myofibrils, mitochondria, and nuclei of cardiomyocytes were maximally pronounced on days 14–21 after the immunization with myosin, which indicates a peak of the inflammatory reaction. The content of nitrites and nitrates in the blood serum and myocardium of immunized rats were also studied. A certain contribution to the development of the inflammation is made by CFA: in rats injected with only CFA, morphological signs of myocarditis were found, but to a much lesser degree than in the group immunized with myosin.
Development and evaluation of interface-stabilized and reactive-sputtered oxide-capped multilayers for EUV lithography (2015)

A critical component of high-performance EUV lithography source optics is the reflecting multilayer coating. The ideal multilayer will have both high reflectance and high stability to thermal load. Additionally the capping layers must provide resistance to degradations from exposure to an EUV source, and also be compatible with, or enhance, the systems used for cleaning an exposed multilayer coating. We will report on the results of development of C and B4C stabilized Mo/Si multilayers used to increase the as-deposited peak reflectivity (Rp) as well as decreasing the loss of peak reflectivity (Rp) as a function of annealing temperature. Previous results demonstrate that these layers prevent loss of Rp for temperatures up to 600º C. Results on the use of reactively-sputtered oxide capping layers such as SiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> will be presented as well, along with results of exposure testing. The deposition is performed in a dual processchamber inline magnetron system, using reactive sputtering for the production of capping layers. The reflectometer and exposure apparatus at the NIST Physics Laboratory is used for evaluation of the performance. Exposure results on the resistance to oxidation in the presence of water vapor will be presented and discussed.
Cell wall glycans and soluble factors determine the interactions between the hyphae of<i>Candida albicans</i>and<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2008)

The fungus, Candida albicans, and the bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are opportunistic human pathogens that have been coisolated from diverse body sites. Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses C. albicans proliferation in vitro and potentially in vivo but it is the C. albicans hyphae that are killed while yeast cells are not. We show that hyphal killing involves both contact-mediated and soluble factors. Bacterial culture filtrates contained heat-labile soluble factors that killed C. albicans hyphae. In cocultures, localized points of hyphal lysis were observed, suggesting that adhesion and subsequent bacteria-mediated cell wall lysis is involved in the killing of C. albicans hyphae. The glycosylation status of the C. albicans cell wall affected the rate of contact-dependent killing because mutants with severely truncated O-linked, but not N-linked, glycans were hypersensitive to Pseudomonas-mediated killing. Deletion of HWP1, ALS3 or HYR1, which encode major hypha-associated cell wall proteins, had no effect on fungal susceptibility.
Preclinical efficacy of growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist MIA-602 for androgen-dependent and castration-resistant human prostate cancer. (2014)

221 Background: Advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (PCa) responds to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, therapeutic options for castration-resistant disease are limited. As growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and ligand GHRH are regulated in an autocrine fashion in PCa, GHRH-R inhibition represents a novel approach to PCa treatment. We investigated the effects of a new, highly potent GHRH antagonist, MIA-602, on growth of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa cells in vitro/in vivo. Methods: All three cell lines used in this study expressed androgen receptors (ARs). 22Rv1 cells are castration-resistant and also express clinically relevant AR splice variants. LNCaP and VCaP lines are androgen dependent models that progress to castration resistance following ADT. Protein and mRNA levels of GHRH-R and its biologically active splice variant, SV1, were evaluated in cell lines and tumors by immunoblot and real-time RT-PCR. The influence of MIA-602 on cell proliferation and tumor formation was examined. Results: GHRH-R and SV1 were present in 22Rv1, LNCaP, and VCaP. LNCaP and VCaP cells expressed higher levels of GHRH-R protein compared to 22Rv1. However, 22Rv1 expressed higher levels of SV1. Inhibition of GHRH-R using MIA-602 decreased cell proliferation in vitro of 22Rv1, LNCaP, and VCaP PCa cell lines respectively by 70.4%, 60.7% and 20.3% (P&lt;0.05 for all). MIA-602 decreased 22Rv1 xenograft volumes in mice by 63% after 3 weeks of treatment. VCaP showed a substantial inhibition of xenograft growth following therapy with MIA-602 in vivo. MIA-602 effectively inhibited VCaP xenografts as a single agent or in combination with ADT by surgical castration. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the novel Miami class GHRH antagonist, MIA-602, in inhibiting growth of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa models in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. The inhibitory effect of GHRH antagonists appear to be due to effects exerted through GHRH receptors on cancer cells and/or possibly by indirect mechanisms. Further investigations of GHRH antagonists for PCa treatment are warranted.
New Nucleotide-Competitive Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase: Discovery, Characterization, and Crystal Structure in Complex with the Target (2013)

Terminal deoxynucletidyl transferase (TdT) is overexpressed in some cancer types, where it might compete with pol μ during the mutagenic repair of double strand breaks (DSBs) through the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Here we report the discovery and characterization of pyrrolyl and indolyl diketo acids that specifically target TdT and behave as nucleotide-competitive inhibitors. These compounds show a selective toxicity toward MOLT-4 compared to HeLa cells that correlate well with in vitro selectivity for TdT. The binding site of two of these inhibitors was determined by cocrystallization with TdT, explaining why these compounds are competitive inhibitors of the deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP). In addition, because of the observed dual localization of the phenyl substituent, these studies open the possibility of rationally designing more potent compounds.
Distributed Ledger Technology for Fault Tolerant Distribution Grid Operations (2023)

This paper explores the potential of distributed ledger technology (DLT) to improve fault-tolerant grid operations by leveraging its core features as an immutable, decentralized ledger, a distributed, consensus-based agreement process, and a distributed state-replication engine. Distribution power systems deliver electricity to millions of customers; however, they are susceptible to various threats that can result in customer interruptions. These include faults caused by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, vegetation growth, equipment failure, and malicious attacks. To minimize the effects of these faults, fault-handling approaches rely on network knowledge to isolate affected areas and reconnect unaffected areas, reducing the number of affected customers while maintaining safety. Here, we present a trusted data-sharing architecture that enables independent, distributed actors to reconstruct the pre-fault system state by enabling distributed resources to make appropriate decisions with limited network/system information. Although the process requires some data sharing between switch-delimited areas, the approach limits the amount of private information shared, preserving customers’ privacy and business-sensitive information. We include three use cases that form a foundation for third parties to develop functional solutions that can eventually be deployed in the field. The gross error detection method used within switch-delimited areas can identify sensor errors and accurately detect circuit breaker states. The evaluation of possible reconnection while preserving data ownership resulted in a voltage magnitude difference smaller than 0.01% from the OpenDSS power flow solution that has full system knowledge, which is below the expected power flow tolerance. The approach offers a promising opportunity for improving fault-tolerant distribution grid operations.
Biologically Functional Molecules from Mushrooms (2010)

There is an expression which states that “the plants act as producer, animals as consumer, and fungi as restorer and decomposer”. In other words, the plants create organic compounds by means of photosynthesis and animals consume such plants. Then fungi, including mushrooms, play an important role in restoring the plants and animals back to the land. There are some differences in the structures of metabolic products by mushrooms compared to those by plants and animals. These differences sometimes indicate biological activities indigenous to mushrooms. The review presents some of our studies on biologically functional molecules isolated from various mushrooms. The following compounds are introduced; 1) anti–dementia compounds, 2) anti–MRSA compounds, 3) osteoclast–forming suppressing compounds, 4) diarrhea–causing compounds, 5) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors, 6) hyaluronan–degradation regulating compounds, and 7) glial–cell–toxic compounds.
A Numerical Study of Mass Transfer in The Swirling Flow Between a Cylinder and a Cone (2005)

A numerical study of the laminar swirling flow between a cylinder and a cone is presented in the case where the fluid is tangentially introduced at the system base. Two flow configurations are defined: in the first one the channel is convergent and in the second one the channel is divergent. The resolution of the momentum, continuity and concentration equations is achieved by the use of an implicit finite difference scheme. The calculations, which concern the three components of the velocity flow-field, the pressure and the profile of concentration, allow the comparison of the swirl properties and the coefficient of mass transfer in the two studied configurations. It has been found that the increase of the swirl in the convergent channel system from the inlet to the outlet enhances the mass transfer and makes this system a good candidate for a mixing device.
Neutrino interaction classification with a convolutional neural network in the DUNE far detector (2020)

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment is a next-generation neutrino oscillation experiment that aims to measure $CP$-violation in the neutrino sector as part of a wider physics program. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network has been developed to provide highly efficient and pure selections of electron neutrino and muon neutrino charged-current interactions. The electron neutrino (antineutrino) selection efficiency peaks at 90% (94%) and exceeds 85% (90%) for reconstructed neutrino energies between 2--5 GeV. The muon neutrino (antineutrino) event selection is found to have a maximum efficiency of 96% (97%) and exceeds 90% (95%) efficiency for reconstructed neutrino energies above 2 GeV. When considering all electron neutrino and antineutrino interactions as signal, a selection purity of 90% is achieved. These event selections are critical to maximize the sensitivity of the experiment to $CP$-violating effects.
Closed cycle production of concentrated and dry redispersible colloidal lignin particles with a three solvent polarity exchange method (2018)

An energy efficient closed cycle process converts lignin from pulping side stream into water-dispersible colloidal spheres and microclusters.