gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&lt;title&gt;Spatial resolution and imaging of gamma rays with germanium strip detectors&lt;/title&gt; (1995)

Germanium strip detectors combine high quality spectral resolution with two-dimensional positioning of gamma-ray interactions. Readout is accomplished using crossed electrodes on opposite faces of a planar germanium detector. Potential astrophysics applications include focal plane detectors for coded-aperture or grazing incidence x-ray mirror imagers, and as detection elements of a high resolution Compton telescope. We report on test results of two germanium strips detectors, one with 2 mm position resolution, the other with 9 mm. We discuss general device performance in terms of energy and position resolution, crosstalk effects, potential applications, and a demonstration of imaging properties.
Simulation of a Right Anterior Thoracotomy Access for Aortic Valve Replacement Using a 3D Printed Model (2019)

Three-dimensional printing and 3D scanning facilitated a realistic simulation of the instrument trajectory during RALT approach. The lateral-second intercostal approach showed the most favorable approach angle and distance from the lateral margin, although it also had the longest intrathoracic distance.
An Overview of Marketed Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogs (2022)

Nucleos(t)ide chemistry has been the subject of intense research, mainly because of the promising antiviral and antitumoral activity associated with this compound class. Numerous analogs have been synthesized over the past decades, yielding a number of derivatives that have reached the status of marketed drugs. Herein, an overview of the nucleos(t)ide analogs that have received marketing approval is given. The review is divided into several sections, including antiviral and antitumoral nucleoside analogs as well as nucleoside analogs that have received marketing approval in other therapeutic areas. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A New 1-Hydroxy-2,6-pyrazinedione Associated with Hypovirulent Isolates of <i>Sclerotinia minor</i> (2003)

A new 1-hydroxy-2,6-pyrazinedione, sclerominol (1), was isolated from cultures of hypovirulent isolates of Sclerotinia minor, a fungal plant pathogen associated with lettuce drop and other plant diseases. This compound was characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. One other 1-hydroxy-2,6-pyrazinedione, flutimide, has been reported. Flutimide has activity as an inhibitor of influenza virus endonuclease, and therefore, sclerominol was evaluated for related biological activity. Sclerominol (1) displayed some activity against cancer cell lines but little activity against three influenza virus strains. The role of 1 in the physiology of hypovirulent isolates of S. minor has not been determined, but 1 has also been recovered from debilitated isolates of S. sclerotiorum.
Tomosynthesis system modeling (2016)

There are several different approaches to system modeling. One is a particle-based approach, where the history of individual photons, and potentially all subsequent particles that are generated, is tracked until all energy has been deposited. This approach is known as Monte-Carlo method, described by Bauer as follows: “Briefly, the Monte Carlo method consists in formulating a game of chance or a stochastic process which produces a random variable whose expected value is the solution of a certainproblem” (Bauer, 1958). Monte-Carlo simulations are used extensively in physics and related fields, including medical physics (Rogers, 2006). The advantage of using Monte-Carlo simulations in x-ray imaging is the natural incorporation of secondary particles and interactions. The drawback of this method is its high computational cost because of the large number of particles that need to be tracked.
Electrocatalysis by Foreign Metal Monolayers: Oxygen Reduction on Gold and Platinum* (1975)

Article Electrocatalysis by Foreign Metal Monolayers: Oxygen Reduction on Gold and Platinum* was published on December 1, 1975 in the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (volume 98, issue 1-6).
Mercury Ion Sensing by Film-Bulk-Acoustic-Resonator Mass Sensor (2006)

This paper describes an FBAR (film bulk acoustic resonator) mass sensor for detecting Hg in liquid. With a thin Au film deposited on the surface of an FBAR, the FBAR's resonant frequency shifts as Hg amalgamates on the Au surface. The FBAR sensor is measured to be capable of detecting a concentration of 10/sup -19/ M Hg/sup 2/ (i.e., 0.2 ppb Hg/sup 21/). Other cations such as K/sup 1/, Ca/sup 2/, Mg/sup 2/, Zn/sup 21/, Ni/sup 2/ have shown to have little or no effect on the resonant frequency of the FBAR. Responses of the FBAR sensors coated with various thicknesses of Au film to a same concentration of Hg/sup 2/ have been compared. Finally, an FBAR with a thiol-compound-modified Au film is shown to have a smaller frequency shift than that with a pure Au film.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Charge Transport in 2D Organic Photovoltaics (2012)

The effect of morphology on charge transport in organic photovoltaics is assessed using Monte Carlo. In isotopic two-phase morphologies, increasing the domain size from 6.3 to 18.3 nm improves the fill factor by 11.6%, a result of decreased tortuosity and relaxation of Coulombic barriers. Additionally, when small aggregates of electron acceptors are interdispersed into the electron donor phase, charged defects form in the system, reducing fill factors by 23.3% on average, compared with systems without aggregates. In contrast, systems with idealized connectivity show a 3.31% decrease in fill factor when domain size was increased from 4 to 64 nm. We attribute this to a decreased rate of exciton separation at donor-acceptor interfaces. Finally, we notice that the presence of Coulomb interactions increases device performance as devices become smaller. The results suggest that for commonly found isotropic morphologies the Coulomb interactions between charge carriers dominates exciton separation effects.
Improving the Sensitivity of Online Controlled Experiments (2016)

Controlled experiments are widely regarded as the most scientific way to establish a true causal relationship between product changes and their impact on business metrics. Many technology companies rely on such experiments as their main data-driven decision-making tool. The sensitivity of a controlled experiment refers to its ability to detect differences in business metrics due to product changes. At Netflix, with tens of millions of users, increasing the sensitivity of controlled experiments is critical as failure to detect a small effect, either positive or negative, can have a substantial revenue impact. This paper focuses on methods to increase sensitivity by reducing the sampling variance of business metrics. We define Netflix business metrics and share context around the critical need for improved sensitivity. We review popular variance reduction techniques that are broadly applicable to any type of controlled experiment and metric. We describe an innovative implementation of stratified sampling at Netflix where users are assigned to experiments in real time and discuss some surprising challenges with the implementation. We conduct case studies to compare these variance reduction techniques on a few Netflix datasets. Based on the empirical results, we recommend to use post-assignment variance reduction techniques such as post stratification and CUPED instead of at-assignment variance reduction techniques such as stratified sampling in large-scale controlled experiments.
M2-Deficient Single-Replication Influenza Vaccine–Induced Immune Responses Associated With Protection Against Human Challenge With Highly Drifted H3N2 Influenza Strain (2021)

Study participants with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies were protected against infection and illness after challenge with an antigenically distinct virus. This is the first demonstration of vaccine-induced protection against a highly drifted H3N2 challenge virus.
Zone Selective Protection System with Multiple Power Sources (2014)

In the power system with multiple power sources, the fault current direction is not fixed. Therefore, the conventional ZSI protection is not suitable. Furthermore, the ZSI protection with fault current direction judgment function is required. In this paper, the R, L property based fault current direction judgment method is proposed. This method is verified based on the simulation and test result. The validation shows this method can correctly judge the fault current direction within shorter time than state of art method.
Comparative Urban Drive Cycle Simulations of Light-Duty Hybrid Vehicles with Gasoline or Diesel Engines and Emissions Controls (2013)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We summarize results from comparative simulations of hybrid electric vehicles with either stoichiometric gasoline or diesel engines. Our simulations utilize previously published models of transient engine-out emissions and models of aftertreatment devices for both stoichiometric and lean exhaust. Fuel consumption and emissions were estimated for comparable gasoline and diesel light-duty hybrid electric vehicles operating over single and multiple urban drive cycles. Comparisons between the gasoline and diesel vehicle fuel consumptions and emissions were used to identify potential advantages and technical barriers for diesel hybrids.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Volume gratings in photopolymer for playback at near-infrared wavelengths: Design and experiment (2003)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rochester. The Institute of Optics, 2003.
Optimization of electrically conductive films: Poly(3-methylthiophene) or polypyrrole in Kapton (1997)

A method to generate conductive films composed of small amounts of conductive polymer absorbed into the surface of polyimide films has been optimized. Both pyrrole (PY) and 3-methylthiophene (3MT) were evaluated as precursors for the conductive phase. Predictive models were empirically derived for each precursor to describe the effects of polymerization variables on the conductivity of the films. The variables studied were found to be highly synergistic. An optimum set of conditions was found for each conductive polymer that produces the highest conductivity. Using p-3MT as the conductive phase, films with conductivity as high as 5.7 Ω−1 cm−1 can be produced, an improvement of four orders of magnitude over previously reported results with Kapton as a base polymer. The highest conductivity achieved using p-PY as the conductive phase was 0.041 Ω−1 cm−1, still a two order of magnitude improvement over previously reported results. Mean mechanical properties of the 3MT-treated films were not significantly lower than that for untreated Kapton. The conductivities of p-3MT/Kapton films tested over time under ambient temperature in air persist fairly well for 300 days. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 821–834, 1997
Effects of residual aberrations on line-end shortening in 193-nm lithography (2002)

This paper extends and further validates the methodology for calibrating 193nm chemically amplified resist models and applying the models to line-end shortening simulation in the presence of image imperfections. SPLAT, an imaging simulator, is used to simulate the light intensity at the bottom of resist film and predict the resulted wafer patterns in the presence of lens aberrations. The mask critical dimensions (CD) were measured to exclude the mask CD error effects. The experiments were conducted at Texas Instruments on a 193nm scanner. The mask CD errors proved a major contribution to isolated-dense line CD bias on the wafer. The lens aberrations were shown to be critical to the choice of optimal imaging location and the through-focus CD variation. By finding the optimal image location and threshold photoacid concentration, this model can predict line CD through focus, pitch and feature size, with a RMS error of 5nm. However, this model is not adequate in predicting the narrow space between line ends due to the poor resist response in very low contrast areas. A variable threshold model based on trajectory dissolution rate assumption is proposed to predict the wafer CD in low contrast areas, which resulted in a RMS error of 24nm. Considering the large SEM measurement noise on 193nm resists, this error is reasonable and sufficient for OPC applications.
The Antifungal Drug Isavuconazole Is both Amebicidal and Cysticidal against Acanthamoeba castellanii (2020)

Current treatments for <i>Acanthamoeba</i> keratitis rely on a combination of chlorhexidine gluconate, propamidine isethionate, and polyhexamethylene biguanide. These disinfectants are nonspecific and inherently toxic, which limits their effectiveness. Furthermore, in 10% of cases, recurrent infection ensues due to the difficulty in killing both trophozoites and double-walled cysts. Therefore, development of efficient, safe, and target-specific drugs which are capable of preventing recurrent <i>Acanthamoeba</i> infection is a critical unmet need for averting blindness. Since both trophozoites and cysts contain specific sets of membrane sterols, we hypothesized that antifungal drugs targeting sterol 14-demethylase (CYP51), known as conazoles, would have deleterious effects on <i>A. castellanii</i> trophozoites and cysts. To test this hypothesis, we first performed a systematic screen of the FDA-approved conazoles against <i>A. castellanii</i> trophozoites using a bioluminescence-based viability assay adapted and optimized for <i>Acanthamoeba</i> The most potent drugs were then evaluated against cysts. Isavuconazole and posaconazole demonstrated low nanomolar potency against trophozoites of three clinical strains of <i>A. castellanii</i> Furthermore, isavuconazole killed trophozoites within 24 h and suppressed excystment of preformed <i>Acanthamoeba</i> cysts into trophozoites. The rapid action of isavuconazole was also evident from the morphological changes at nanomolar drug concentrations causing rounding of trophozoites within 24 h of exposure. Given that isavuconazole has an excellent safety profile, is well tolerated in humans, and blocks <i>A. castellanii</i> excystation, this opens an opportunity for the cost-effective repurposing of isavuconazole for the treatment of primary and recurring <i>Acanthamoeba</i> keratitis.
Rotation Equivariant Operators for Machine Learning on Scalar and Vector Fields (2021)

We develop theory and software for rotation equivariant operators on scalar and vector fields, with diverse applications in simulation, optimization and machine learning. Rotation equivariance (covariance) means all fields in the system rotate together, implying spatially invariant dynamics that preserve symmetry. Extending the convolution theorems of linear time invariant systems, we theorize that linear equivariant operators are characterized by tensor field convolutions using an appropriate product between the input field and a radially symmetric kernel field. Most Green's functions and differential operators are in fact equivariant operators, which can also fit unknown symmetry preserving dynamics by parameterizing the radial function. We implement the Julia package EquivariantOperators.jl for fully differentiable finite difference equivariant operators on scalar, vector and higher order tensor fields in 2d/3d. It can run forwards for simulation or image processing, or be back propagated for computer vision, inverse problems and optimal control. Code at https://aced-differentiate.github.io/EquivariantOperators.jl/
NexusDS (2009)

Techniques for efficient and distributed processing of huge, unbound data streams have made some impact in the database community. Sensors and data sources, such as position data of moving objects, continuously produce data that is consumed, e.g., by location-aware applications. Depending on the domain of interest, e.g. visualization, the processing of such data often depends on domain-specific functionality. This functionality is specified in terms of dedicated operators that may require specialized hardware, e.g. GPUs. This creates a strong dependency which a data stream processing system must consider when deploying such operators. Many data stream processing systems have been presented so far. However, these systems assume homogeneous computing nodes, do not consider operator deployment constraints, and are not designed to address domain-specific needs.In this paper, we identify necessary features that a flexible and extensible middleware for distributed stream processing of context data must satisfy. We present NexusDS, our approach to achieve these requirements. In NexusDS, data processing is specified by orchestrating data flow graphs, which are modeled as processing pipelines of predefined and general operators as well as custom-built and domain-specific ones. We focus on easy extensibility and support for domain-specific operators and services that may even utilize specific hardware available on dedicated computing nodes.
Improvement of hetero-interface abruptness in MOVPE growth of InGaAs/InP quantum wells by in-situ kinetic ellipsometry (2002)

Interdiffusion of arsenic and phosphorus at InGaAs/InP interfaces causes degradation of hetero-interface abruptness. This problem limits the use of thin quantum wells (QWs) in this material system. Previously, we studied the As-P exchange process at the interface between InGaAs and InP in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) by using in-situ kinetic ellipsometry. We have studied here how the information from the in-situ kinetic ellipsometry could be utilized to optimize the growth condition and to secure the hetero-interface abruptness in InGaAs/InP QWs. As a results, we could improve hetero-interface abruptness by two different ways that the in-situ kinetic ellipsometry results suggested.
Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism and a Role for AMP in Modulating Flagellar Waveforms in Mouse Sperm1 (2014)

While most ATP, the main energy source driving sperm motility, is derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, the metabolic demands of the cell require the efficient use of power stored in high-energy phosphate bonds. In times of high energy consumption, adenylate kinase (AK) scavenges one ATP molecule by transphosphorylation of two molecules of ADP, simultaneously yielding one molecule of AMP as a by-product. Either ATP or ADP supported motility of detergent-modeled cauda epididymal mouse sperm, indicating that flagellar AKs are functional. However, the ensuing flagellar waveforms fueled by ATP or ADP were qualitatively different. Motility driven by ATP was rapid but restricted to the distal region of the sperm tail, whereas ADP produced slower and more fluid waves that propagated down the full flagellum. Characterization of wave patterns by tracing and superimposing the images of the flagella, quantifying the differences using digital image analysis, and computer-assisted sperm analysis revealed differences in the amplitude, periodicity, and propagation of the waves between detergent-modeled sperm treated with either ATP or ADP. Surprisingly, addition of AMP to the incubation medium containing ATP recapitulated the pattern of sperm motility seen with ADP alone. In addition to AK1 and AK2, which we previously demonstrated are present in outer dense fibers and mitochondrial sheath of the mouse sperm tail, we show that another AK, AK8, is present in a third flagellar compartment, the axoneme. These results extend the known regulators of sperm motility to include AMP, which may be operating through an AMP-activated protein kinase.
ChemInform Abstract: APPLICATION OF METALATED ENAMINES TO ALKALOID SYNTHESIS. AN EXPEDIENT APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF MORPHINE‐BASED ANALGESICS (1980)

Abstract Die Darstellung verschiedener analgetischer Morphin‐Modelle wie (IV), (V), (VIII) bzw. (XIII) nach den im Formelschema angegebenen Verfahren wird beschrieben (z.T.
Anti-leishmanial Drug Discovery: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (2017)

The drugs currently used for treating leishmaniasis suffer from limitations in efficacy and safety and are not well adapted to the needs of patients. Combining these drugs has led to improvements in efficacy and safety in some geographical regions, but many patients are still in need of more effective, safer and more convenient treatments. The existing drugs for leishmaniasis were re-purposed from other therapeutic indications and are far from optimal, relying largely on painful intravenous and intramuscular injections, with the exception of miltefosine, which is orally active. In recent years, orally-acting new chemical entities have been designed and selected for development for treating visceral leishmaniasis and also have potential for the cutaneous form of the disease. These new drug classes have been discovered using phenotypic drug discovery methods and offer great promise for developing new treatments, but their mechanisms of action are often not well understood. Efforts to de-convolute the mechanisms of action of these candidates and newer target-based drug discovery approaches should open the door for discovery of further drug classes and candidate molecules. This chapter describes the evolution of drug discovery approaches for leishmaniasis, explores the properties of emerging drug candidates and considers the potential for these efforts to deliver new treatments to patients.
Sickle-Cell Anemia: Molecular and Cellular Bases of Therapeutic Approaches (1978)

THE term "molecular disease" was coined almost 30 years ago by Linus Pauling and his associates to describe their analysis of the abnormality in sickle-cell anemia.1 Since that time tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of the structure and function of this mutant hemoglobin molecule and the conditions under which it aggregates when deoxygenated to form a gel. Indeed, in the last decade, particularly in the last few years, there has been an explosive growth in knowledge of the structure of the gel of sickle hemoglobin and the mechanism of its formation. The exact relations among gelation, sickling . . .
Analytical characterization of RIS-aided terahertz links in the presence of beam misalignment (2022)

The terahertz (THz) frequency band has recently attracted considerable attention in wireless communications as potential candidate for providing the necessary high bandwidth for demanding applications. With increasing frequency, however, the communication link becomes more vulnerable to blockage and pathloss increases. While both effects can be mitigated with the judicious utilization of directional beams and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs), high directivity could potentially increase the probability of undesired misalignment between the beam that is steered by the RIS, and the user. It is therefore crucial to characterize and understand the stochastic behavior of misalignment in RIS-aided THz links. In this work, beam misalignment in RIS-aided links is studied theoretically and analytical models are derived, the validity of which is verified through numerical calculations. It is demonstrated that there is a distinction in the stochastic behavior of misalignment between pointing errors that occur on the steering plane or normally to the steering plane, with direct consequences on the link robustness on misalignment. The analytical models capture the impact of misalignment under these qualitatively different conditions and provide the necessary tools for assessing the stochastic RIS performance with respect to crucial link parameters, such as the transmitter's beam width, the transmitter-RIS distance, the RIS-receiver distance, and the steering angle of the RIS.
Latest Technical Trend of Miniaturization, Weight Reduction and High Efficiency of Electric Motors by Applying New Topology (2022)

This paper reviews latest technical trends of new topologies from the viewpoints of realizing miniaturization, weight reduction and high efficiency for application specific electric motors. The new topologies surveyed are various variable flux machine topologies, machine topology with multiple sets of multi-phase windings, magnetic gears and magnetic geared motors.