gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three efficiency benefits from thin film plasmonic solar cells (2011)

In a race to reduce the cost per Watt of solar generated power, there is generally a tradeoff between high efficiency and low cost. By going to thinner devices, less material can be used; however, clever light management designs must be utilized to avoid the loss in current caused by reduced absorption in a thin active layer. Here we discuss such design schemes incorporating either dielectric or metallic structures to approach the bulk absorption limit in optically thin layers. As a specific example, a plasmonic back grating can result in absorption of 80% of the incident above bandgap light in a GaAs layer of only 200 nm. If the reduction in current upon thinning of the cell is limited, an improvement in the open circuit voltage can be obtained through a reduction of the bulk recombination current. Under the condition that the open circuit voltage increases more rapidly than the short circuit current decreases, thinner layers will produce more efficient cells. Finally, the incorporation of metallic scatterers can potentially improve the fill factor by reducing the sheet resistance of a top surface-passivating layer. We show experiments that suggest that the sheet resistance decreases for a metal particle decorated GaAs structure, which can be modeled using a simple circuit diagram. By combining all three effects, we consider the possibility of high efficiency solar cells that are an order of magnitude thinner than their bulk counterparts and consider their role for future photovoltaic device architectures.
An Assessment of Recent Attacks on Specific Embedded Systems (2014)

In this paper, we present an assessment of recent attacks on embedded systems, in particular mobile phones, wireless sensor networks, unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles. As these systems become increasingly connected and networked, the number of attacks on them increases exposing them to real threats and risks, particularly when used in mission critical applications. It is necessary to investigate all aspects of the security systems associated with embedded systems in order to help protect these systems from attackers. In this we present a survey on a number of embedded systems to show system vulnerabilities, recent attacks and the security measurements undertaken to protect the embedded systems.
Pure-State Quantum Trajectories for General Non-Markovian Systems Do Not Exist (2008)

Since the first derivation of non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equations, their interpretation has been contentious. In a recent Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 080401 (2008)10.1103/Phys. Rev. Lett.100.080401], Diósi claimed to prove that they generate "true single system trajectories [conditioned on] continuous measurement." In this Letter, we show that his proof is fundamentally flawed: the solution to his non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equation at any particular time can be interpreted as a conditioned state, but joining up these solutions as a trajectory creates a fiction.
Chitosan Aerogels Exhibiting High Surface Area for Biomedical Application: Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Study (2011)

The objective of the present work is to improve the surface area of aerogel via supercritical carbon dioxide (sc · CO2) treatment and thus to obtain the chitosan derivative. The resulting mesoporous material exhibits the typical characteristics of aerogels such as high porosity and high surface area. The aerogels were characterized using FTIR, SEM, TEM, and thermal analysis. The specific surface areas and porosities of aerogels were determined using N2 adsorption. The antibacterial assays were done using E. coli. The prepared chitosan aerogels show important properties such as biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and antibacterial activity, making them suitable for biomedical applications.
Characterization of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides Using Liquid Chromatography with On-line Mass Spectrometry Detection (2003)

A method for the analysis and characterization of therapeutic and diagnostic oligonucleotides has been developed using a combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The optimized ion-pairing buffers permit a highly efficient separation of native and chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) from their metabolites or failure synthetic products. The mobile phases were MS compatible, allowing for direct and sensitive analysis of components eluting from the column. The method was applied for the quantitation and characterization of AS-ODNs, including phosphorothioates and 2'-O-methyl-modified phosphorothioates. Tandem LC-MS analysis confirmed the identity of the oligonucleotide metabolites, failure products, the presence of protection groups not removed after synthesis, and the extent of depurination or phosphorothioate backbone oxidation.
Induction of broadly reactive influenza antibodies increases susceptibility to autoimmunity (2022)

Infection and vaccination repeatedly expose individuals to antigens that are conserved between influenza virus subtypes. Nevertheless, antibodies recognizing variable influenza epitopes greatly outnumber antibodies reactive against conserved epitopes. Elucidating factors contributing to the paucity of broadly reactive influenza antibodies remains a major obstacle for developing a universal influenza vaccine. Here, we report that inducing broadly reactive influenza antibodies increases autoreactive antibodies in humans and mice and exacerbates disease in four distinct models of autoimmune disease. Importantly, transferring broadly reactive influenza antibodies augments disease in the presence of inflammation or autoimmune susceptibility. Further, broadly reactive influenza antibodies spontaneously arise in mice with defects in B cell tolerance. Together, these data suggest that self-tolerance mechanisms limit the prevalence of broadly reactive influenza antibodies, which can exacerbate disease in the context of additional risk factors.
Comparing the performance of 980 nm VCSELs with different High-Contrast-Grating designs (2013)

The paper will present two possible ways of including a different high-contrast-grating (HCG) into a 980 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL). The device is composed of a GaAs cavity with five InGaAs quantum wells (QWs) at the center. The back mirror consists of 31 graded Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> As pairs with Al concentration from 0 to 1. The current is injected from the top, through an annular gold ring around the HCG and its oxide-base. To obtain current spreading and confinement, a reduced top distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) is inserted between the cavity and the HCG. Current confinement is achieved by an aperture formed by an in-situ controlled wet oxidation process. This oxide apertures is placed at a field node, in order to minimize its effect on the field and reduce higher order mode appearance. This technology proves to be able to deliver good quality HCG, based on this scheme, as can be seen from some SEM images of preliminary processed gratings. A full set of design tools and guidelines will be presented and applied to the design of the structures.
Structure of 9,10-dihydro-10,9-propenoanthracene (1988)

C 17 H 14 cristallise dans Iba2 avec affinement jusqu'a 0,0352. La molecule est constituee de dihydroanthracene ou les C(9) et C(10) sont relies par un groupement propene. Les deux groupements phenyls font un angle de 134,6°
Photochemical Cycloaromatization Reactions of<i>ortho</i>-Dialkynylarenes:  A New Class of DNA Photocleaving Agents (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPhotochemical Cycloaromatization Reactions of ortho-Dialkynylarenes: A New Class of DNA Photocleaving AgentsRaymond L. Funk, Erick R. R. Young, Robert M. Williams, Mark F. Flanagan, and Tricia L. CecilView Author Information Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 13, 3291–3292Publication Date (Web):April 3, 1996Publication History Received30 June 1995Published online3 April 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9521482https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9521482rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views907Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Crystal cleavage,Cyclization,Genetics,Hydrocarbons,Irradiation Get e-Alerts
Short Article RNAi-Mediated PTB Depletion Leads to Enhanced Exon Definition (2002)

Summary exon IIIb, which were originally identified in the human exon IIIb (Del Gatto and Breathnach, 1995; Del Gatto- Mutually exclusive use of exons IIIb or IIIc in FGF-R2 Konczak et al., 1999). Immediately downstream of exontranscripts requires the silencing of exon IIIb. This IIIb lie several activating elements, IAS1, IAS2 and ISAR, repression is mediated by silencer elements upstream which in epithelial cells counter the inherent weakness and downstream of the exon. Both silencers bind the of exon IIIb and the repressive action of the intronic polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and PTB silencer (Del Gatto et al., 1997; Carstens et al., 1998). In binding sites within these elements are required for summary, the FGF-R2 isoform choice is set up by the efficient silencing of exon IIIb. Recruitment of MS2- globalsilencingofexonIIIb,counteredbyacombination PTB fusion proteins upstream or downstream of exon of cell type-specific activation of exon IIIb and repres- IIIb causes repression of this exon. Depletion of en-
Polymer surface science (2001)

Molecular level studies of the structure and mechanical properties of polymer surfaces have been carried out by sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surfaces of different grades of polyethylene and polypropylene have been characterized-including during the glass transition and when mechanically stretched. Copolymers that have hard and soft segments with different glass transition temperatures show phase separation, an effect of hydrogen bonding between the hard and soft segments, that influences their adhesive and friction properties. AFM and SFG show that low surface energy additives migrate to the surface and alter the surface mechanical properties. Polymers, where the chemical nature of the end groups is different from the backbone, show surface segregation of the hydrophobic part of the chain in air and the hydrophilic part in water. Likewise, in miscible polymer blends, surface segregation of the more hydrophobic component in air and the more hydrophilic component in water is observed. This area of surface science requires increased attention because of the predominance of polymers as structural materials and as biomaterials.
Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration with motile trophozoite cells but no spermatozoa (1997)

This paper reports on a patient in whom the clinical diagnosis of obstructive azoospermia was made according to clinical observations, i.e. azoospermia, normal andrological examination, normal follicle stimulating hormone and a misleading histopathological report of a testicular biopsy. Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy failed to restore fertility, and as a last resort, microsurgical sperm aspiration was performed. Although flagellated cells were observed in the epididymal aspiration, no spermatozoa were observed and wet preparation of multiple testicular biopsies failed to demonstrate any spermatozoon. This patient was diagnosed to have a non-obstructive azoospermia, resulting from maturation arrest associated with trichomonas infection at the level of the epididymis.
Mechanics of Air-Inflated Drop-Stitch Fabric Panels Subject to Bending Loads (2013)

Rapid deployment and mobility of lightweight structures, namely inflatable structures, are of growing significance to the military and space communities. When deployment and rigidity are driven by pressure (for example, air or fluid) and materials such as textiles, elastomers and flexible composites are used, significant load carrying capacity per unit weight (or per-unit stowed volume) can be uniquely achieved. Specifically, the pressurized air directly provides the stiffness to support structural loads, thus eliminating the requirement for heavy metal stiffeners that are used in conventional rigid structures. However, the material and system behaviors are not sufficiently understood. Furthermore, predictive-performance analysis methods and test standards are not adequately established because the behaviors of inflatable fabric structures often involve coupled effects from inflation pressure such as fluid-structure interactions (FSI’s), thermo-mechanical coupling and nonlinear constitutive responses of the materials. These effects can restrict the use of conventional design, analysis and test methods. This research explores the mechanics of air-inflated drop-stitch fabric panels subject to bending loads using analytical and experimental methods. Results of experimental four-point bend tests conducted at various inflation pressures are used to validate the analytical method. The predicted and experimental deflections, wrinkling onset moments, ultimate loads, pressure changes, etc. are compared and discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: (ACYLARYLOXY)ACETIC ACID DIURETICS. 5. ((2‐ALKYL‐ AND 2,2‐DISUBSTITUTED‐1,3‐DIOXO‐5‐INDANYL)OXY)ACETIC ACIDS (1984)

Abstract Dargestellt werden die lndan‐l ,3‐dione (IV), (VII) und (IX), die auf diuretische Wirkung untersucht werden.
Cheating Detectable Secret Sharing Scheme Suitable for Implementation (2016)

A cheating detectable secret sharing scheme is a secret sharing scheme that can detect forged shares in reconstructing a secret. For example, if we store shares in cloud storage, there is a possibility of it being forged. If the administrators of cloud storage are malicious, it is easy for them to forge a share. Therefore, cheating detectable secret sharing schemes have attracted attention, and many efficient schemes have been proposed. However, most existing schemes are not suitable for implementation. The reasons are as follows. First, the computational cost of the schemes is very high. Second, the required finite field for implementation depends on the secret. Finally, the schemes do not support secrets that are bit strings. In this paper, we propose a cheating detectable secret sharing scheme suitable for implementation. However, we assume that cheaters do not know the secret. The basic idea is a bit-decomposing technique. The bit length of the proposed scheme is an optimum. Moreover, the proposed scheme is applicable to any linear secret sharing schemes.
Cleavage of α-Synuclein by Calpain:  Potential Role in Degradation of Fibrillized and Nitrated Species of α-Synuclein (2005)

Alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) is a major protein component of the neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders termed synucleinopathies. Neither the mechanism of alpha-syn fibrillization nor the degradative process for alpha-syn has been elucidated. Previously, we showed that wild-type, mutated, and fibrillar alpha-syn proteins are substrates of calpain I in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate that calpain-mediated cleavage near and within the middle region of soluble alpha-syn with/without tyrosine nitration and oxidation generates fragments that are unable to self-fibrillize. More importantly, these fragments prevent full-length alpha-syn from fibrillizing. Calpain-mediated cleavage of alpha-syn fibrils composed of wild-type or nitrated alpha-syn generate C-terminally truncated fragments that retain their fibrillar structure and induce soluble full-length alpha-syn to co-assemble. Therefore, calpain-cleaved soluble alpha-syn inhibits fibrillization, whereas calpain-cleaved fibrillar alpha-syn promotes further co-assembly. These results provide insight into possible disease mechanisms underlying synucleinopathies since the formation of alpha-syn fibrils could be causally linked to the onset/progression of these disorders.
Influence of Intermixed Donor and Acceptor Domains on the Ultrafast Charge Generation in Bulk Heterojunction Materials (2015)

Understanding how intermixed domains and pure domains in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin films affect charge generation and recombination in polymer solar cells (PSCs) is important to further improve PSC device performance. We control the proportion of intermixed domains and pure domains in an amorphous polymer and fullerene BHJ thin films by varying the fullerene concentration. By studying these thin films with ultrafast spectroscopy, we found that the coherent ultrafast charge generation process is nonexistent in this BHJ system due to the lack of pure polymer domains. We also found that the BHJ thin film with 100% intermixed domains begins charge recombination immediately after the initial charge generation process, while the BHJ thin film with pure fullerene domains showed an additional slow excitonic charge generation process before a slower charge recombination takes place. These results clearly demonstrate that pure domains are important for optimal BHJ solar cell performance.
Quantitative Analysis: From k-ratio to Composition (2017)

A k-ratio is the ratio of a pair of characteristic X-ray line intensities, I, measured under similar experimental conditions for the unknown (unk) and standard (std): $$ k={I}_{unk}/{I}_{std} $$ The measured intensities can be associated with a single characteristic X-ray line (as is typically the case for wavelength spectrometers) or associated with a family of characteristic X-ray lines (as is typically the case for energy dispersive spectrometers.) The numerator of the k-ratio is typically the intensity measured from an unknown sample and the denominator is typically the intensity measured from a standard material—a material of known composition.
Recent Developments in Using Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts for Organic Synthesis (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[Peptides with antihypertensive activity from milk and egg proteins]. (2008)

Antihypertensive hydrolysates and peptides have been isolated from food proteins. Among them, there are of particular interest the antihypertensive casein hydrolysates, and some antihypertensive products obtained when milk was fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus. The sequences Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) and Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP), with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, have been isolated from these fermented products. Selected Enterococcus faecalis strains can also produce milk derived peptides with ACE inhibitory and antihypertensive activities. The main of them is the sequence LHLPLP. Some studies also describe the production of antihypertensive hydrolysates and peptides from egg proteins. The sequences FRADHPFL (ovokinin) and RADHPFL (ovokinin 2-7), that have shown endothelium-dependent vasodilator activity, were obtained at first. Some egg white hydrolysates with ACE inhibitory activity have also been described. The idea of including the above-mentioned products as functional food ingredients is particularly attractive. Some of them have already proved their safety and effectiveness in hypertensive patients.
Nonlinear properties of ultra-low losses hydrogen-annealed submicron silicon waveguides (2018)

International audience
Nanoparticle arrays: From magnetic response to coupled plasmon resonances (2014)

We study optical properties of optomagnetic metamaterials consisting of regular arrays of single and double Au nanodots (nanopillars). Using a combination of data from variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, transmission, and reflection measurements, we identify localized plasmon resonances of gold nanodots and measure their dependence on dot size and substrate type. We demonstrate that arrays of Au nanopillars can support narrow collective plasmon resonances coupled to in-plane and out-of-plane localized plasmon resonances. The spectral positions of these plasmon modes are extracted from the angular dependence of the transmission and reflection spectra for two beam polarizations. We show that nanoarrays exhibit dramatically different optical response on conductive and nonconductive substrates and study its angular dependence. The optical response of nanoarrays is described well by coupled dipole approximation. The procedure for extracting optical constants of metamaterials based on ellipsometry is discussed and applied to our samples resulting in a calculated negative index of refraction for double-dot arrays at green light.
Exploring the Trans‐Cleavage Activity of CRISPR‐Cas12a (cpf1) for the Development of a Universal Electrochemical Biosensor (2019)

An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The recent discovery of the trans-cleavage property of CRISPR type V effectors makes CRISPR a potential high-accuracy bio-recognition tool. Herein, a CRISPR-Cas12a (cpf1) based electrochemical biosensor (E-CRISPR) is reported, which is more cost-effective and portable than optical-transduction-based biosensors. Through optimizing the in vitro trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, E-CRIPSR was used to detect viral nucleic acids, including human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) and parvovirus B19 (PB-19), with a picomolar sensitivity. An aptamer-based E-CRISPR cascade was further designed for the detection of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) protein in clinical samples. As demonstrated, E-CRISPR could enable the development of portable, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic systems.
Micromagnetics and magnetoresistance of a Permalloy point contact (1999)

We performed micromagnetic calculations for a Permalloy point contact. The magnetization configurations show the formation of a Néel wall in the constriction. The occurrence of a Néel wall instead of a Bloch wall results from the dipole–dipole energy in this region. The evolution of the magnetization with field differs strongly for fields parallel and perpendicular to the electrodes. In the former case, the pattern evolves abruptly and in a narrow range, while in the latter case it evolves smoothly and in a rather wide range. From the magnetization patterns, we estimate the domain-wall magnetoresistance and the anisotropic magnetoresistance, which we compare with experimental data.