gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spring Festival and COVID‐19 Lockdown: Disentangling PM Sources in Major Chinese Cities (2021)

Responding to the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, China imposed an unprecedented lockdown producing reductions in air pollutant emissions. However, the lockdown driven air pollution changes have not been fully quantified. We applied machine learning to quantify the effects of meteorology on surface air quality data in 31 major Chinese cities. The meteorologically normalized NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations changed by -29.5%, +31.2%, and -7.0%, respectively, after the lockdown began. However, part of this effect was also associated with emission changes due to the Chinese Spring Festival, which led to ∼14.1% decrease in NO<sub>2</sub>, ∼6.6% increase in O<sub>3</sub> and a mixed effect on PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the studied cities that largely resulted from festival associated fireworks. After decoupling the weather and Spring Festival effects, changes in air quality attributable to the lockdown were much smaller: -15.4%, +24.6%, and -9.7% for NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub>, respectively.
The Unique C-terminal Tail of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ERK5 Regulates Its Activation and Nuclear Shuttling (2004)

ERK5 is unique among mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in that it contains a large C-terminal tail. We addressed the question of how this tail could affect the signaling capacity of ERK5. Gradual deletion of the C-terminal domains resulted in a drastic increase of ERK5 kinase activity, which was dependent on the up-stream MAPK cascade, thus indicating a possible auto-inhibitory function of the tail. It is interesting that ERK5 was able to autophosphorylate its own tail. Moreover, ERK5, which was found to be expressed in virtually all kinds of cell lines, localized to nuclear as well as cytoplasmic compartments. The localization of ERK5 was determined by its C-terminal domains, which were also required for appropriate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Taken together, these results indicate that ERK5 signaling is directed by the presence of its unique C-terminal tail, which might be the key to understanding the key role of ERK5 in MAPK signaling.
Role of size-dependent damping due to electron-surface scattering on the Al nanoparticle-based deep ultraviolet surface enhanced fluorescence (2022)

Abstract Herein, we report the theoretical investigation to understand the role of size-dependent damping (SDD) due to electron-surface scattering on the Al nanoparticle-based deep ultraviolet surface-enhanced fluorescence. First, the absorption spectra and electric field enhancement (EFE) inside and outside Al nanoparticles of different sizes are plotted with and without considering SDD. Later, the role of SDD on the near and far field plasmonic properties of Au and Ag nanoparticles of different sizes are investigated for comparison. Finally, Al nanoparticle-based SEF enhancement is estimated for different nanoparticle sizes, emission wavelengths, and separations between nanoparticle and fluorophore with and without considering the SDD.
Application Of Autonomous Vehicle Concepts To Mining (1988)

This paper describes a current Bureau of Mines research project that is applying autonomous vehicle concepts to coal mining machinery. The system consists of a specially instrumented 50-ton mining machine with an onboard integrated computer control system and a Symbolics 3600 computer. Preliminary tests demonstrated that the Symbolics could communicate and control the mining machine through the use of a simple yet powerful communication protocol. The status of the system is displayed graphically on the Symbolics. A description of the mining machine, the system architecture, the integrated computer control system, the communication protocol, and initial experimental test results are discussed. Future experiments and system enhancements are also delineated.
Using Smell To Triage Samples in Point‐of‐Care Assays (2012)

Smell of success: Reagent 1 provides the dual readouts of odor (ethanethiol) and fluorescence (derivative of 7-hydroxycoumarin) and can be used in down-selection assays based on smell and quantitative fluorescence assays of the samples that give a positive result. An important feature of 1 is the matched sensitivity of the two outputs. This reagent is designed for use in resource-limited settings and is demonstrated in assays that detect enzymes.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Complexes of an Octaaza Cryptand: Coordinated Azide with Linear M‐NNN‐M Geometry. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
195 Reconstitution System (2022)

This project originated more than 15 years ago with the intent to produce a glossary of drug metabolism terms having definitions especially applicable for use by practicing medicinal chemists. A first-draft version underwent extensive beta-testing that, fortuitously, engaged international audiences in a wide range of disciplines involved in drug discovery and development. It became clear that the inclusion of information to enhance discussions among this mix of participants would be even more valuable. The present version retains a chemical structure theme while expanding tutorial comments that aim to bridge the various perspectives that may arise during interdisciplinary communications about a given term. This glossary is intended to be educational for early stage researchers, as well as useful for investigators at various levels who participate on today’s highly multidisciplinary, collaborative small molecule drug discovery teams.
Epidemiology of breast cancer patients at a tertiary care center in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. (2012)

Our data suggest that breast cancer in this part of Saudi Arabia is diagnosed at a much higher stage compared to the United States. More effort in awareness campaigns, easier access to screening and treatment are needed to improve the prognosis and to reduce the currently relatively high mastectomy rate.
Extremely Shallow Valence Band in Lanthanum Trihydride (2022)

Hydride ions (H<sup>-</sup>) in solvents are chemically active anions with strong electron-donating ability and are used as reducing agents in organic chemistry. Here, we evaluate the energy level of 1s-electrons in H<sup>-</sup> accommodated in solid lanthanum hydrides, LaH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (2 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 3), by photoemission (ultraviolet photoelectron and photoelectron yield spectroscopies) measurements and density functional theory calculations. We show that a very shallow valance band maximum with an ionization potential of 3.8 eV is attained in LaH<sub>3</sub> and that the primary cause is attributed to the small electronegativity of hydrogen and the significant bonding-antibonding interaction between neighboring H<sup>-</sup>s with a close separation originating from the H-stuffed fluorite-related structure. These results encourage the challenge for p-type conduction in hydride semiconductors and provide a clue to the chemical understanding of polyhydride superconductors.
Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned (2022)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health and caused widespread disruption to daily life. The crisis caused by COVID-19 has mobilized scientists and public health authorities across the world to rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management and control, and spawned the development of new countermeasures. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of knowledge gained in the last 2 years about the virus and COVID-19, including its origin and natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, and vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known highly pathogenic coronaviruses. We also discuss selected key discoveries from each topic and underline the gaps of knowledge for future investigations.
Finite-Element Modeling of Spontaneous Potential in an Axisymmetric Reservoir Model with Account of Its Shale Content (2021)

(1) The article is devoted to the development of a theoretical and algorithmic basis for numerical modeling of the spontaneous potential method (SP) as applied to the study of sandy-argillaceous reservoirs. (2) In terms of coupled flows, we consider a physical-mathematical model of SP signals from an electrochemical source, with regard to the case of fluid-saturated shaly sandstone. (3) An algorithm for 2D finite-element modeling of SP signals was developed and implemented in software, along with its internal and external testing with analytical solutions. The numerical SP modeling was carried out, with determining the dependences on the reservoir thickness and porosity, the amount of argillaceous material and the type of minerals. We performed a comparative analysis of the simulated and field SP data, using the results of laboratory core examinations taken from wells in a number of fields in the Latitudinal Ob Region of Western Siberia. (4) The results of the study may be used either for the development of the existing SP techniques, by providing them with a consistent computational model, or for the design of new experimental approaches.
The geometric properties of high-Schmidt-number passive scalar iso-surfaces in turbulent boundary layers (2007)

The geometric properties are quantified for concentration iso-surfaces of a high-Schmidt-number passive scalar field produced by an iso-kinetic source with an initial finite characteristic length scale released into the inertial layer of fully developed open-channel-flow turbulent boundary layers. The coverage dimension and other measures of two-dimensional transects of the passive scalar iso-surfaces are found to be scale dependent. The coverage dimension is around 1.0 at the order of the Batchelor length scale and based on our data increases in a universal manner to reach a local maximum at a length scale around the Kolmogorov scale. We introduce a new parameter called the coverage length underestimate, which demonstrates universal behaviour in the viscous–convective regime for these data and hence is a potentially useful practical tool for many mixing applications. At larger scales (in the inertial–convective regime), the fractal geometry measures are dependent on the Reynolds number, injection length scale, and concentration threshold of the iso-surfaces. Finally, the lacunarity of the iso-surface structure shows that the instantaneous scalar field is most inhomogenous around the length scale corresponding to the Kolmogorov scale.
Superior Properties of Homogeneously Aligned Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals on Nanoscale Molybdenum Trioxide Surfaces (2014)

Homogeneously aligned twisted nematic liquid crystals (TN-LCs) were produced on molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) thin films via ion beam (IB) irradiation. Control of the pretilt angle was achieved by varying the IB incident angle. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the intensity of the Mo-O and O-Mo bonds at various IB incident angles exhibited the tendency that was opposite to that of the pretilt angle and the lowest intensity was produced at 45°. Superior electro-optical (EO) characteristics were also observed. Furthermore, a TN-LC cell fabricated with the MoO3 thin films exhibited high thermal stability. Such stability could be maintained at temperatures greater than 150 °C.
An integrated system of modelling, analysis and simulation for real-time networks (2003)

A prototype workstation, called communication protocol analyzer and simulator system (CPASS), aimed at the modeling, verification, analysis, and simulation for real-time networks by means of a formal and automated approach is presented. The system is based on an extended finite state machine model, called SDL/sup N/ (a variant of SDL). It is composed of six components: network topology editor, SDL/sup N/GR editor, protocol verifier and analyzer, SDL/sup N/-to-C compiler, simulator, and statistical generator and comparator. The functionality of each component of CPASS is described. An example of a token ring network is used to illustrate the complete processes of modeling, analysis, and simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Accessory Renal Arteries—Mostly, But Not Always, Innocuous (2005)

Since the classical observation of Harry Goldblatt ([1][1]), hyperreninism resulting from renal ischemia has become an established paradigm to explain several forms of hypertension. The closest human counterparts to the experimental model of Goldblatt are the various forms of renal artery stenosis,
Enhanced random pinning with oxygen annealing in YBCO films prepared by large-area pulsed laser deposition (2008)

We investigated the effect of oxygen annealing on the magnetic-field angular-dependent critical current density (Jc (θ)) in YBa2Cu3O7−x films deposited by large-area pulsed laser deposition. In an as-grown film, Jc (θ) exhibits a large maximum centered at , and a small one centered at . After oxygen annealing at 425 °C, the peak grew and surpassed the peak. We analyzed the Jc (θ) curves using the anisotropic scaling theory, and the result shows that mostly the peak due to random pinning increased with oxygen annealing. It is shown that the pinning center due to random defects is more sensitive to the oxygen content of the film.
A current mirroring integration based readout circuit for high performance infrared FPA applications. (2003)

Abstract—This paper reports a current mirroring integration (CMI) CMOS readout circuit for high-resolution infrared focal plane array (FPA) applications. The circuit uses a feedback structure with current mirrors to provide stable bias voltage across the photodetector diode, while mirroring the diode current to an integration capacitor. The integration capacitor can be placed outside of the unit pixel, reducing the pixel area and allowing to integrate the current on larger capacitance for larger charge storage capacity and dynamic range. The CMI unit cell allows almost rail-to-rail voltage swing on the integration capacitance for low voltage operation. The detector bias voltage can be adjusted independently for various detector re-quirements. By virtue of current feedback in the CMI structure, very low (ideally zero) input impedance is achieved. The unit-cell contains just nine MOS transistors and occupies 20 m 25 m area in a 0.8- m CMOS process. The CMI circuit provides a maximum charge storage capacity of 5.25 10 electrons and a maximum transimpedance of 6 10 for a 5 V power supply and 2 pF off-pixel integration capacitance. Index Terms—Focal plane arrays (FPAs), hybrid readouts, infrared im-agers, readout electronics. I.
Factors determining segmental reflex action in normal and decerebrate cats (1990)

1. In the companion paper the gain of the stretch reflex in the ankle extensor muscles of normal cats was shown to increase after decerebration. The objectives of this study were 1) to identify the origin of the increased reflex and 2) to evaluate the contribution from afferents other than ankle extensor muscle afferents to the short-latency reflex. 2. Six cats were trained to stand unaided on four pedestals. Three cats were also trained to control the force exerted with the left hindlimb. The left soleus (SOL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) electromyogram (EMG), length, force, and temperature were recorded by chronically implanted electrodes and transducers. Measurements were taken before and after decerebration at the premammillary level. After decerebration limb temperature was returned to its normal range by the use of radiant heat. 3. Reproducible ramp-and-hold stretches and releases of the ankle extensor muscles were produced by a servo-controlled motor that rotated the left rear pedestal about the ankle joint. The length of the ankle extensor muscles changed by 2-3 mm within 30-35 ms after the onset of a ramp perturbation. Reflex responses before and after decerebration were compared at matched background values of muscle length and force. 4. In both the SOL and LG muscles, a short-latency EMG burst appeared 8-12 ms after stretch onset and lasted approximately 20 ms. After decerebration the onset of the rectified and smoothed EMG burst remained unchanged, but its area was increased by 36-89%. 5. The lateral gastrocnemius-soleus (LG-S) electroneurogram (ENG) was chronically recorded in two cats with a nerve cuff recording electrode implanted on the LG-S nerve. LG-S ENG activity started to increase soon after stretch onset and remained high during the entire ramp phase. The stretch-evoked LG-S ENG burst started approximately 8 ms earlier than the short-latency SOL and LG EMG bursts. It was interpreted to reflect mainly an increase in the activity of Group Ia and Ib muscle afferents, caused by increases in both muscle length and muscle force during the stretch. After the cats were decerebrated, for matched postural conditions, the area of the stretch-evoked LG-S ENG burst was increased by 29-35%. Because the length and force changes sensed by the muscle receptors before and after decerebration were similar, this suggests that the sensitivity of muscle spindles was increased as a consequence of altered activity in fusimotor neurons after decerebration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Anomalous Dissipation in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Resonators (2009)

We observe a new anomalous and transient process of intrinsic dissipation in simulations of the ring-down of flexural modes in single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators. The effect is pronounced, causing the quality factor of the mode to be reduced by more that 95% for tens of picoseconds. The anomalous dissipation depends on the CNT temperature and the energy in the mode, and remarkably increasing the excitation energy in the resonator causes it to decay to zero faster. By tracking the cascade of energy as it dissipates we identify “gateway” modes that provide important channels for dissipation. The processes we observe show that an athermal phonon population accompanying dissipation can strongly influence the quality factor in nanoelectromechanical devices.
Competing Channels for Hot-Electron Cooling in Graphene (2014)

We report on temperature-dependent photocurrent measurements of high-quality dual-gated monolayer graphene p-n junction devices. A photothermoelectric effect governs the photocurrent response in our devices, allowing us to track the hot-electron temperature and probe hot-electron cooling channels over a wide temperature range (4 to 300 K). At high temperatures (T > T(*)), we found that both the peak photocurrent and the hot spot size decreased with temperature, while at low temperatures (T < T(*)), we found the opposite, namely that the peak photocurrent and the hot spot size increased with temperature. This nonmonotonic temperature dependence can be understood as resulting from the competition between two hot-electron cooling pathways: (a) (intrinsic) momentum-conserving normal collisions that dominates at low temperatures and (b) (extrinsic) disorder-assisted supercollisions that dominates at high temperatures. Gate control in our high-quality samples allows us to resolve the two processes in the same device for the first time. The peak temperature T(*) depends on carrier density and disorder concentration, thus allowing for an unprecedented way of controlling graphene's photoresponse.
Market and Technical Constraints to Water Resource Reallocation from Extensive Irrigated Agriculture - In Northern Victoria (1994)

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A comparative study of standardized quantitative and visual assessment for predicting tumor volume and outcome in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma staged with 18F-FDG PET/CT (2019)

Predictions of outcome after first-line treatment for DLBCL were surprisingly good when left to the unsupervised, subjective judgment of experienced readers of lymphoma 18F-FDG-PET/CT. The study highlights the importance of non-standardized clinical judgments and shows potential loss of valuable prognostic information when relying solely on semi-automated MTV measurements.
Low Grade Chondrosarcoma Presenting as Progressive Valgus Limb Deformity in a Growing Period (2014)

] It is subdivided into a variety of ways, including by histological grade, by whether it is primary or secondary, and by whether it is peripheral or central; among these, the single most prognostic sub-classification is the histological grade. Sometimes, the low grade chondrosarcoma is misdiagnosed as a benign cartilaginous bone tumor including enchondroma or periosteal chondroma at the time of preoperative biopsy. To decrease of false negative diagnosis of low grade chondrosarcoma, the clino-radiologic findings such as pain, endosteal scalloping and peritumoral edema are important as well as histologic demonstration. Progressive limb deformity can be a sign of bone tumor in growing children by influencing adjacent epiphyseal plate. We experienced the long meta-diaphyseal intramedullary bony lesion accompanying short intracortical separated lesion by trabecular bone of femur in a 15-year old man who was incidentally detected as a valgus deformity of the same side lower limb. The tumor may have caused premature closure of small lateral area at the distal femur physis and resulted in asymmetric growth of the distal femur.
DC and RF characteristics of type II lineup InAs/AlSb HFETs (2008)

Growth, fabrication, and characterization for a type II lineup InAs/AlSb HFET are presented. An as-grown epitaxy wafer with a 300 K mobility of 21,300 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V-s and an electron sheet concentration of 1.4times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> was processed into devices. Peak transconductance of 720 mS/mm and drain current of 650 mA/mm at drain voltage of 1.0 V are achieved in a 1-mum gate length device. It is observed strong drain bias dependence of both DC drain currents and transconductances, on-state bell-shaped peaks in the gate leakage, and a large dispersion between DC and RF transconductances. Strong impact ionization along with no hole confinement in the InAs channel are suggested attributions for these phenomena.