gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
As-Prepared Single-Crystalline Hematite Rhombohedra and Subsequent Conversion into Monodisperse Aggregates of Magnetic Nanocomposites of Iron and Magnetite (2006)

Monodisperse nanocrystalline rhombohedral composites of Fe and Fe3O4 magnetic materials have been obtained employing a reduction reaction, in a flowing gas mixture of H2 and N2, of single-crystalline, submicron-sized α-Fe2O3 rhombohedral precursors. This synthesis is significant in that we were able to create a nanocomposite with hard and soft magnetic phases juxtaposed within one discrete, anisotropic structure. In turn, the precursor hematite rhombohedra of reproducible shape were successfully prepared using a facile, environmentally friendly, large-scale molten-salt reaction. Rhombohedra represent a high-surface-area, anisotropic formulation of an industrially important material (iron oxide), which is an active component of gas sensors, photocatalysts, and other types of catalytic materials. Moreover, the predictive formation of these materials has been investigated through a systematic variation of experimental parameters. Extensive structural characterization of as-prepared samples has been performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetic measurements.
An 8-year clinical study of combining optical breast imaging with x-ray mammography for tumor diagnosis (2014)

We summarize an 8-year clinical study and demonstrate the feasibility of differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions using co-registered diffuse optical imaging data and x-ray digital breast tomosynthesis with 132 lesion breast measurements.
Classification systems for acute thoracolumbar trauma (2007)

Purpose of review: Many thoracolumbar injury-classification schemes have been proposed, but a widely accepted and reliable system to characterize injuries and guide treatment has not been established. Recent findings: Recent studies have shown that the most widely used classifications do not produce consistent classification of injuries and have marginal reliability for clinical and research use. In addition, most classification systems do not provide an algorithm to guide treatment. As a result, the Spine Trauma Study Group has attempted to develop a new classification system that would reliably describe an injury and assist in guiding treatment. Studies of the initial version of this classification system showed encouraging results in predicting operative and nonoperative management, but marginal reliability in some areas of the classification prompted continued refinement. The most recent version to date is now referred to as the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score, which scores injuries based on fracture morphology, integrity of posterior ligamentous complex, and neurological status. Summary: Creation of an ideal thoracolumbar classification remains difficult. The Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score has been developed with the hope of improving the reliability of thoracolumbar fracture classification and providing a classification that guides treatment.
Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for PET Image Reconstruction: Concept (2021)

In many diagnostic imaging settings, including positron emission tomography (PET), images are typically used for multiple tasks such as detecting disease and quantifying disease. Unlike conventional image reconstruction that optimizes a single objective, this work proposes a multi-objective optimization algorithm for PET image reconstruction to identify a set of images that are optimal for more than one task. This work is reliant on a genetic algorithm to evolve a set of solutions that satisfies two distinct objectives. In this paper, we defined the objectives as the commonly used Poisson log-likelihood function, typically reflective of quantitative accuracy, and a variant of the generalized scan-statistic model, to reflect detection performance. The genetic algorithm uses new mutation and crossover operations at each iteration. After each iteration, the child population is selected with non-dominated sorting to identify the set of solutions along the dominant front or fronts. After multiple iterations, these fronts approach a single non-dominated optimal front, defined as the set of PET images for which none the objective function values can be improved without reducing the opposing objective function. This method was applied to simulated 2D PET data of the heart and liver with hot features. We compared this approach to conventional, single-objective approaches for trading off performance: maximum likelihood estimation with increasing explicit regularization and maximum a posteriori estimation with varying penalty strength. Results demonstrate that the proposed method generates solutions with comparable to improved objective function values compared to the conventional approaches for trading off performance amongst different tasks. In addition, this approach identifies a diverse set of solutions in the multi-objective function space which can be challenging to estimate with single-objective formulations.
Skewered reactions in free‐radical crosslinking (co)polymerizations of liquid polybutadiene as internal olefinic multivinyl crosslinker (2011)

Abstract As an extension of our continuing studies concerned with the mechanistic discussion of network formation in the free‐radical crosslinking (co)polymerization of multivinyl monomers, this work refers to the skewered reactions in the crosslinking (co)polymerizations of liquid polybutadiene rubber (LBR) as an internal olefinic multivinyl monomer or crosslinker, especially focused on the competitive occurrence of both addition or skewered reaction to internal carbon–carbon (CC) double bonds and abstraction reaction of allylic hydrogens in LBR by growing polymer radical. Thus, LBR is regarded as an internal olefinic multiallyl monomer‐linked allyl groups (CHCHCH 2 ) with methylene units (CH 2 ). First, gelation in the polymerization of LBR was explored in detail, especially at elevated temperatures. The occurrence of intermolecular crosslinking was easier in the order LBR &gt; LBR containing 20 mol % of 1,2‐structural units &gt; liquid polyisoprene rubber. Then, we pursued the polymerization of LBR using dicumyl peroxide (DCPO) as typical organic peroxide used at elevated temperatures. The primary cumyloxy radical generated by the thermal decomposition of DCPO may add to CC double bond or abstract allylic hydrogen or undergo β‐scission to generate a secondary methyl radical. The initiation by the cumyloxy radical was omitted. The ratio of allylic hydrogen abstraction to β‐scission reaction was estimated; thus, only 39% of cumyloxy radical was used for the allylic hydrogen abstraction reaction. The addition of methyl radical to CC double bond was clearly observed. Finally, we pursued the intermolecular and intramolecular skewered reactions in free‐radical crosslinking LBR/vinyl pivalate copolymerizations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Data from T Lymphocytes Redirected against the Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-4 Control the Growth of Multiple Solid Tumors both &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;In Vivo&lt;/i&gt; (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Because of its high expression on various types of tumors and its restricted distribution in normal tissues, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4) represents an attractive target for the antibody-based therapy of several solid tumors. We tested whether T cells transduced with a CSPG4-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) inhibited the growth of CSPG4-expressing tumor cells both &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We first independently validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the expression of CSPG4 in an extensive panel of tumor arrays and normal tissues as well as queried public gene expression profiling datasets of human tumors. We constructed a second-generation CSPG4-specific CAR also encoding the CD28 costimulatory endodomain (CAR.CSPG4). We then evaluated human T lymphocytes expressing this CAR for their &lt;i&gt;ex vivo&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; antitumor activity against a broad panel of solid tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; IHC showed that CSPG4 is highly expressed in melanoma, breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and mesothelioma. In addition, in silico analysis of microarray expression data identified other important potential tumors expressing this target, including glioblastoma, clear cell renal carcinoma, and sarcomas. T lymphocytes genetically modified with a CSPG4-CAR controlled tumor growth &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; in NSG mice engrafted with human melanoma, HNSCC, and breast carcinoma cell lines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; CAR.CSPG4-redirected T cells should provide an effective treatment modality for a variety of solid tumors. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 20(4); 962–71. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Quantitation of lung water by NMR imaging: A preliminary study (1984)

This study investigates the relation of the NMR spin-lattice relaxation time (T/sub 1/) to tissue wetness in an animal model of pulmonary edema. Imaging was performed with a whole-body resistive magnet prototype NMR imager (Technicare, Inc.) operating at 0.15T. Following control NMR imaging, mongrel, mongrel dogs (n=4) were anesthetized and subjected to saline pulmonary lavage (15 ml/kg) while in a lateral position, repeated 2-5 times to produce mild to severe edema and hypoxemia (prelavage, on 100%, P/sub a/O/sub 2/ > 300 mm Hg; post lavage P/sub a/O/sub 2/ 65-85 mm Hg). The animals were maintained on positive pressure ventilation with halothane/O/sub 2/. Model P/sub a/O/sub 2/ stability was 15%/hr. Axial NMR images were obtained at the level of the carina. Partial saturation pulse sequences (90/sup 0/-180/sup 0/-spin echo) were used in which the T/sub 2/ parameter was held constant (time to echo, T/sub E/) at 30 msec, while the T/sub 1/ parameter (repetition rate, T/sub R/) varied in multiple steps from 500-4500 msec, allowing production of a parametric image of T/sub 1/ distribution. Following sacrifice, two 1-cm thick transverse sections were removed from the lungs at the level of the carina. One set of transverse sections was analyzed intact andmore » from the adjacent section four samples (approx. 5 cm/sup 2/) were excised. Gravimetric measurement of dry and wet weight was done, and comparison made to T/sub 1/ measurements found by in vivo imaging. Tissue wetness bore a linear relation to T/sub 1/ both when lung samples (n=12, r=0.7, rho<0.02) and whole slices (n=8, r=0.66, rhoapprox. = 0.05) were used. The data also corresponds well to previous data determined in vitro at a different field strength, using a different animal model. Thus, T/sub 1/ calculation may allow quantitation of lung water.« less
Synthesis of Dicarbonyl (η<sup>5</sup>-Cyclopentadienyl) (η′-2-Methoxyallyl)iron (1979)

Abstract The synthesis of dicarbonyl (η5-cyclopentadienyl) (η′-2-methoxyallyl)iron is described, this is conveniently stored as a tetrafluoroborate salt from which it is readily regenerated.
Abstract B02: Matrix stiffness regulates local metabolism of breast carcinoma cells (2015)

Abstract Dense breast tissue is one of the single largest risk factors for the development of breast cancer, and one of the primary proteins responsible for increased breast density is the core extracellular matrix (ECM) component, collagen. Similar to other ECM proteins, collagen plays a structural role underlying tissue organization and increased collagen deposition correlates to a stiffer ECM and cellular microenvironment. Interestingly, changes to the stiffness of the ECM or microenvironment have profound and poorly-understood effects on cell migration, cell proliferation, and cancer progression. Consistent with an expanding role of ECM stiffness in cell signaling, we report that increased matrix stiffness also affects cellular metabolism and respiration. Using specific pharmacological inhibitors and quantitative imaging modalities like fluorescence lifetime microscopy, we are able to show that changes in collagen stiffness can cause a metabolic shift towards a more glycolytic, Warburg-like equilibrium in breast carcinoma cells. Matrix stiffness regulates the expression of several metabolic enzymes, including PDHK-1, which is poised to regulate this shift. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Brian Burkel, Suzanne Ponik, Brett Morris, Kevin Eliceiri, Patricia Keely. Matrix stiffness regulates local metabolism of breast carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B02
Trans influence across a rhodium-rhodium bond. Effect of a series of Lewis bases on the stretching frequency of coordinated carbon monoxide (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTrans influence across a rhodium-rhodium bond. Effect of a series of Lewis bases on the stretching frequency of coordinated carbon monoxideCarl Bilgrien, Russell S. Drago, Glenn C. Vogel, and James StahlbushCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1986, 25, 16, 2864–2866Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00236a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00236a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views125Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High power SiC inverter module packaging solutions for junction temperature over 220°C (2014)

The SiC based high power 3 phase inverter module with double side cooling structure was developed. By applying flipchip bonding of SiC based high power DMOSFET device on DBC substrate, the source and gate bonding could be achieved. The drain interconnection was done by copper clip attach. The developed structure can provide the flat structure for both top and bottom surfaces, which can be effectively utilized for double side cooling design for high power heat dissipation. In addition to power module design with double side cooling capability, the high temperature endurable material set which can endure over 220°C device junction temperature such as high temperature interconnection, encapsulation and TIM (thermal interface materials) are developed and identified. Through the thermal, mechanical, electrical modeling & characterization and the reliability test for the developed functional test vehicles, the author could demonstrate the possibility of flip-chip based double side cooling capable high power module structure which can be utilized to high power and high temperature endurable applications for future wide band-gap device such as SiC and GaN based inverter modules.
Six Software Engineering Principles for Smarter Cyber-Physical Systems (2021)

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate computational and physical components. With the digitisation of society and industry and the progressing integration of systems, CPS need to become “smarter” in the sense that they can adapt and learn to handle new and unexpected conditions, and improve over time. Smarter CPS present a combination of challenges that existing engineering methods have difficulties addressing: intertwined digital, physical and social spaces, need for heterogeneous modelling formalisms, demand for context-tied cooperation to achieve system goals, widespread uncertainty and disruptions in changing contexts, inherent human constituents, and continuous encounter with new situations. While approaches have been put forward to deal with some of these challenges, a coherent perspective on engineering smarter CPS is lacking. In this paper, we present six engineering principles for addressing the challenges of smarter CPS. As smarter CPS are software-intensive systems, we approach them from a software engineering perspective with the angle of self-adaptation that offers an effective approach to deal with run-time change. The six principles create an integrated landscape for the engineering and operation of smarter CPS.
Analog Derivatization of Cannabidiol for Improved Ocular Permeation (2019)

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Cannabidiol (CBD), active component of plant <i>Cannabis sativa</i>, has anti-inflammatory properties that could potentially help treat diabetic retinopathy-induced pain and inflammation. However, CBD is a lipophilic molecule making its topical delivery to back of the eye challenging. This study aims at improving ocular penetration of CBD by means of analog derivatization. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Analogs were designed using various ligands, such as amino acids (AAs) and dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and their combinations. Select analogs were screened <i>in vitro</i> with respect to their stability in ocular tissue homogenates. Based on <i>in vitro</i> stability, analogs were selected for <i>in rabbits</i> testing. Formulations containing these compounds were tested in rabbits to determine ocular tissue disposition of CBD and the analogs after topical application. The rabbits were sacrificed 90 min post-topical application and the aqueous humor, vitreous humor (VH), iris-ciliary bodies (IC), and retina-choroid (RC) were analyzed for CBD and analog content. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CBD-divalinate-dihemisuccinate (CBD-Di-VHS) and CBD-divalinate (CBD-Di-Val) were stable in the ocular tissue homogenates. Post-topical application, CBD and CBD-Di-Val analog levels were detected only in RC. Dosing of CBD-Di-VHS nanoemulsion generated analog levels both in the VH and in the RC, respectively. In contrast, post dosing of CBD-monovalinate-monohemisuccinate (CBD-Mono-VHS), both the analog and CBD were detected in the IC and RC. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The analogs demonstrated superior penetration into ocular tissues in comparison with CBD. CBD-Di-VHS and CBD-Mono-VHS exhibited better permeation properties, possibly due to improved stability and physicochemical characteristics imparted by AA and DCA combination derivatives.
Functional characterization of TRPV4 as an osmotically sensitive ion channel in porcine articular chondrocytes (2009)

Our findings indicate that TRPV4 is present in articular chondrocytes, and chondrocyte response to hypo-osmotic stress is mediated by this channel, which involves both an extracellular Ca(2+) and intracellular Ca(2+) release. TRPV4 may also be involved in modulating the production or influence of proinflammatory molecules in response to osmotic stress.
Clearance of Genotype 1b Hepatitis C Virus in Chimpanzees in the Presence of Vaccine-Induced E1-Neutralizing Antibodies (2011)

Accumulating evidence indicates that neutralizing antibodies play an important role in protection from chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Efforts to elicit such responses by immunization with intact heterodimeric E1E2 envelope proteins have met with limited success. To determine whether antigenic sites, which are not exposed by the combined E1E2 heterodimer structure, are capable of eliciting neutralizing antibody responses, we expressed and purified each as separate recombinant proteins E1 and E2, from which the immunodominant hypervariable region (HVR-1) was deleted. Immunization of chimpanzees with either E1 or E2 alone induced antigen-specific T-helper cytokines of similar magnitude. Unexpectedly, the capacity to neutralize HCV was observed in E1 but not in animals immunized with E2 devoid of HVR-1. Furthermore, in vivo only E1-vaccinated animals exposed to the heterologous HCV-1b inoculum cleared HCV infection.
&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; Antibacterial Efficacy of Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Industry (2019)

Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used for many years as supplements in various livestock diets, including those for poultry. However, the use of AGPs in feed was also associated with an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in livestock. In this study, the <i>in vitro</i> antibacterial efficacies of eight commercially available non-AGPs suitable for use in poultry were investigated. Assessments included a combination of antibacterial activity assays and estimations of the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations along with scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that the probiotic, CloStat<sup>®</sup> exerted a bacteriostatic effect against all tested bacteria, namely <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium, <i>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>, whereas Gallipro Tect<sup>®</sup> and Bacillus Blend<sup>®</sup> demonstrated bacteriostatic activity towards most of the pathogens tested. Other commercial non-AGPs, Sangrovit<sup>®</sup>, Fysal<sup>®</sup>, and Mix oil blend<sup>®</sup> showed a stronger or equal antibacterial activity compared to the positive control (AGP Maxus<sup>®</sup> G100) againsts all bacteria tested, except <i>C. perfringens</i>. Nor-Spice AB<sup>®</sup> and Varium™ did not show any significant effect against the tested bacteria. Several of the tested AGP substitutes exhibited good antibacterial efficiency against pathogenic bacteria and thus may be good candidates for second-stage <i>in vivo</i> investigations into reducing pathogen colonization in broilers.
Proposal of the method for multidisciplinary reliability analysis in electronic packaging (2003)

In the packaging design of electronic devices, the reliability margins for each design specification have been reduced because of high-quality specifications. Therefore, at an early stage of design, it is important to analyze various design margins such as signal integrity, cooling characteristics and thermal fatigue life of solder joints for a number of design solutions, taking into consideration the element of uncertainty in the design. In this paper, the Response Surface Method (RSM) and the Advanced First Order Second moment Method (AFOSM) were introduced in order to realize the reliability evaluation and optimization in the multidisciplinary design. This method was applied to the packaging design of CPU (Central Power Unit) module for the purpose of the validity verification.