gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure of Inclusions in 4° Offcut 4H-SiC Epitaxy (2010)

The structure of various inclusions in SiC epitaxial layers grown on 4o offcut substrates was investigated using three advanced techniques. Using micro-Raman spectroscopy, the observed inclusions exhibited a complex structure having either different SiC polytypes like 3C or 6H or they were misoriented 4H-SiC inclusions. The UVPL images showed dislocations and other extended defects around the inclusion-related defects, and strain fields were observed in the x-ray topographs near the defect sites. Spectral UVPL imaging shows features with varying luminescence inside the inclusion related defects which propagate and may cause deformation in the crystalline structure and lead to non-radiative recombination centers within the defect.
Long-lived plasmoids generated by surface microwave discharges in chemically active gases (2005)

The generation of long-lived microplasmoids is observed during the irradiation of a metal-dielectric surface with a high-power microwave beam in a chemically active gas mixture (H2 + O2; CH4 + O2). The lifetime of these plasmoids substantially exceeds the characteristic recombination and cooling times of plasmoids arising at the target surface in a chemically inactive medium.
3 Genetic Transfer Applied to Traditional Sake Brewing (1991)

Outline of sake brewing. Breeding of killer sake yeasts. Breeding of useful sake yeasts by gene disruption. Molecular approaches for breeding of Koji-mould, Aspergillus oryzae
Carbene Radicals in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions (2023)

Discovered as organometallic curiosities in the 1970s, carbene radicals have become a staple in modern-day homogeneous catalysis. Carbene radicals exhibit nucleophilic radical-type reactivity orthogonal to classical electrophilic diamagnetic Fischer carbenes. Their successful catalytic application has led to the synthesis of a myriad of carbo- and heterocycles, ranging from simple cyclopropanes to more challenging eight-membered rings. The field has matured to employ densely functionalized chiral porphyrin-based platforms that exhibit high enantio-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Thus far the focus has largely been on cobalt-based systems, but interest has been growing for the past few years to expand the application of carbene radicals to other transition metals. This Perspective covers the advances made since 2011 and gives an overview on the coordination chemistry, reactivity, and catalytic application of carbene radical species using transition metal complexes and catalysts.
Real-time hydrocarbons sweet spot identification in shale formations while drilling horizontally using geo-mechanical and geophysical parameters (2020)

This work presents an innovative comprehensive approach to properly identify intervals with the most favourable potential and properties to produce hydrocarbons known as hydrocarbons 'sweet spots'. The approach is applied to horizontal wells in shale formations but not limited to this scenario. One of the singularities of this work rests on the proposal that rock properties are obtained from logging while drilling (LWD) techniques. This self-supported methodology is applied to characterise the reservoir from the stand points of geo-mechanics, geophysics, and geopressure. Rock and fluid properties measured along the horizontal section of the well while drilling served to generate a synthetic acoustic log. Changes in trends of geo-mechanical and geophysical properties such as brittleness and acoustic impedance are used as indicators of hydrocarbons presence. Ultimately, the methodology is proposed to properly select the intervals to complete and to optimise the length of the horizontal section of the well. [
Debris Impact Detection Instrument for Crewed Modules (2012)

When micrometeoroid or debris impacts occur on a space habitat, crew members need to be quickly informed of the likely extent of damage, and be directed to the impact location for possible repairs. This is especially important because the outer walls of pressurized volumes are often not easily accessible, blocked by racks or cabinets. The goal of the Habitat Particle Impact Monitoring System (HIMS) is to develop a fully automated, end-to-end particle impact detection system for crewed space exploration modules. The HIMS uses multiple passive, thin film piezo-polymer vibration sensors to detect impacts on a surface, and computer processing of the acoustical signals to characterize the impacts. Development and demonstration of the HIMS is proceeding in concert with NASA's Habitat Demonstration Unit (HDU) Project. The HDU Project is designed to develop and test various technologies, configurations, and operational concepts for exploration habitats. This paper describes the HIMS development, initial testing, and HDU integration efforts. Initial tests of the system on the HDU were conducted at NASA s 2010 and 2011 Desert Research and Technologies Studies (Desert-RATS or D-RATS). The HDU lab module, as seen from above, has an open circular floorplan divided into eight wedge-shaped Segments. The side wall of the module -- the surface used for this technology demonstration -- is a hard fiberglass composite covered with a layer of sprayed-on foam insulation. Four sensor locations were assigned near the corners of a rectangular pattern on the wall of one segment of the HDU lab module. The flat, self-adhesive sensors were applied to the module during its initial outfitting. To study the influence of the wall s construction (thickness and materials), three sets of four sensors were installed at different layer depths: on the interior of the module s wall, on the exterior of the same wall, and on the exterior of the foam insulation. The signal produced when a vibration passes through a sensor is first sent through a pre-amplifier. The amplified signal then is sent to the data acquisition and data processing systems. The vibration data from the sensors are then processed and reduced to a form suitable for presentation to the crew.
High-frequency lamb wave device composed of MEMS structure using LiNbO<sub>3</sub> thin film and air gap (2010)

High-frequency devices operating at 3 GHz or higher are required, for instance, for future 4th generation mobile phone systems in Japan. Using a substrate with a high acoustic velocity is one method to realize a high-frequency acoustic or elastic device. A Lamb wave has a high velocity when the substrate thickness is thin. To realize a high-frequency device operating at 3 GHz or higher using a Lamb wave, a very thin (less than 0.5 μm thick) single-crystal plate must be used. It is difficult to fabricate such a very thin single crystal plate. The authors have attempted to use a c-axis orientated epitaxial LiNbO(3) thin film deposited by a chemical vapor deposition system (CVD) instead of using a thin LiNbO(3) single crystal plate. Lamb wave resonators composed of a interdigital transducer (IDT)/the LiNbO(3) film/air gap/base substrate structure like micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) transducers were fabricated. These resonators have shown a high frequency of 4.5 and 6.3 GHz, which correspond to very high acoustic velocities of 14,000 and 12,500 m/s, respectively, have excellent characteristics such as a ratio of resonant and antiresonant impedance of 52 and 38 dB and a wide band of 7.2% and 3.7%, respectively, and do not have spurious responses caused by the 0th modes of shear horizontal (SH(0)) and symmetric (S(0)) modes.
Free-Carrier Response and Lattice Modes of Group III-Nitride Heterostructures Measured by Infrared Ellipsometry (1999)

We report on the application of infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IR-SE) for wavelengths from 3 to 30 μm as a novel approach for nondestructive optical characterization of free-carrier and optical-phonon properties of group III-nitride heterostructures grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire. Model calculations for the ordinary (ϵ⊥) and extraordinary (ϵ∥) dielectric functions of the heterostructure components provide sensitivity to the IR-active phonon frequencies and anisotropy of the free-carrier response.
Shape measurement of discontinuous objects using projected fringes and temporal phase unwrapping (2002)

Temporal phase unwrapping is a method of analyzing fringe patterns in which the fringe phase, /spl Phi/, at each pixel is measured and unwrapped as a function of time, t. We propose a method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the total phase change by incorporating data from the intermediate phase values. The performance of the method is compared theoretical and experimentally, using data from a fringe projector based on a spatial tight modulator. The best way to use the method is with /spl Phi/ decreasing exponentially with time from its maximum value to zero; this provides significant improvements in reliability, accuracy and computation time compared with the original temporal unwrapping algorithm.
Simultaneously Detected Bilateral Testicular Cancer of Different Histopathological Origin (2010)

A 36-year-old male with a history of cryptorchidism of the right side, treated with orchidopexy at the age of 4, presented with bilateral testicular swelling. Investigations included laboratory workup, ultrasound of both testes, as well as CT-scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Initial treatment was bilateral orchiectomy.
Genome Scans of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2003)

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects approximately 5–8% of the industrial world. Although a genetic basis to the disease is widely accepted, identification of the specific mutations involved is difficult because of the heterogeneous and multifactorial nature of the disease. With the availability of large‐scale genotyping techniques, genome‐wide linkage approaches are now commonly used to localize regions along the chromosome likely to harbor diabetes susceptibility genes. This chapter presents an overview of the genome scan approach and a summary of linkage results reported from a variety of populations.
The Influence of Substituent Orientation on the Photovoltaic Performance of Phthalocyanine‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2016)

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are used as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) because of their stability and intense absorption in the red and near-IR regions. Impressive progress has been made in photovoltaic efficiencies by introduction of bulky peripheral substituents to help suppress macrocycle aggregation. To reach benchmark efficiencies reported for other related dyes, new designs need to be explored. Single carboxy-ZnPc regioisomers substituted at the non-peripheral positions by rigid aryl groups have now been studied, which has shed light on the influence of steric hindrance and/or orientation of the substituent around the anchoring group on the photovoltaic response. The regioisomer bearing the aryl group far away from the anchoring group produces a more effective sensitization of the TiO2 films and higher short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc). Taking advantage of the good photovoltaic performance in the near-IR region of this ZnPc, it was combined with another appropriate dye for panchromatic sensitization of the mesoporous photoelectrode and an increase of the overall device efficiency.
Nonlinearities in p-i-n microwave photodetectors (1996)

The nonlinearities in p-i-n photodetectors have been measured and numerically modeled. Harmonic distortion measurements were made with two single-frequency offset-phased-locked Nd:YAG lasers which provide a source dynamic range greater than 130 dB and a 1 MHz-50 GHz frequency range. Carrier transport is analytically described by three coupled nonlinear differential equations, Poisson's equation and the hole and electron continuity equations. These equations are numerically solved to investigate and isolate the various nonlinear mechanisms. The numerical solution incorporates diffusion since our treatment includes carrier generation in the highly doped p-region of the device. This p-region absorption and carrier-dependent carrier velocities associated with a perturbed electric field (due to space-charge and loading effects) are shown to dominate photodetector nonlinear behavior. The numerical model was extended to predict that maximum photodetector currents of 100 mA should be possible in 20 GHz bandwidth devices before a sharp increase in nonlinear output occurs. In addition, second harmonic distortion improvements of 40-60 dB may be possible if photodetectors can be fabricated with strictly-depleted absorbing regions.
Food Insecurity Is Not Related to Cognitive Function in School-Aged Children in Querétaro, Mexico (2020)

To evaluate the relationship between household food insecurity and food insecurity of the mothers during her childhood with cognitive function in school children in Querétaro. A total of 153 children (6–10 y) of public elementary schools in the municipality of Querétaro participated in a cross-sectional study. Household food insecurity was measured using the ELCSA (Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale) and a validated questionnaire to measure food insecurity of the mother during her childhood. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference) were taken by standardized personnel and the WISC IV scale adapted to children for the determination of cognitive function was applied by trained psychologists. Statistical ANOVA tests were used to determine mean differences in cognitive function between children with and without food insecurity. A logistic regression was also calculated to determine the odds of having low cognitive function in the presence of food insecurity, both at the household level and of the mother during her childhood. All analyses were adjusted for maternal level of education as a confounder. The children had a combined prevalence of overweight and obesity of 39.9%. A total of 54.3% of the households had food insecurity and 80.4% of the mothers had food insecurity in their childhood. The prevalence of the average score of the Total Intelligence Quotient (TIQ) of the children was 52.3%, and 38.2% had TIQ below average. Children living in households with food insecurity and with mothers that had food insecurity in their past had lower TIQ (89.08 ± 8.23, and, 91.87 ± 11.18, respectively) compared with children in food secure households (95.39 ± 12.20) and with mothers that had food security in their childhood (96.87 ± 12.03). However, after adjusting for maternal level of education, no relationship was observed between food insecurity and TIQ. Similarly, the adjusted logistic regression model showed no relationship between food insecurity in the household and mother's food insecurity in the past with TIQ. In the present study, food insecurity was not related to cognitive function of school-aged children in Querétaro, Mexico. Partially funded by CONACYT.
Use of the Gompertz equation to model non-linear survival curves and predict temperature, pH, and sodium chloride effects for Listeria monocytogenes Scott A (1994)

Numerous examples of non-linear survival curves, plotted as log surviving cells vs. time, for bacteria exposed to heat have been reported. Factors which may affect the shape of a survival curve and the heat resistance of bacteria include temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration. Many studies have examined the effect of these factors individually, but little information exists on the combined effects. The objective of this study was to mathematically model non-linear survival curves to account for these factors and their interactions simultaneously. Heat resistance of <u>Listeria monocytogenes</u>(L. <u>monocytogenes</u>) was determined in O.lM KH₂P0₄ buffer and in infant formula at three temperatures (50, 55, and 60 C), three pH levels (5, 6, and 7), and three NaCl concentrations (0, 2, 4%). Survival curves were fit using linear regression, non-linear regression with a modified logistic equation, and non-linear regression with a modified Gompertz equation.
A Deep Neural Network Accelerator using Residue Arithmetic in a Hybrid Optoelectronic System (2022)

The acceleration of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has attracted much attention in research. Many critical real-time applications benefit from DNN accelerators but are limited by their compute-intensive nature. This work introduces an accelerator for Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) , based on a hybrid optoelectronic computing architecture and residue number system (RNS) . The RNS reduces the optical critical path and lowers the power requirements. In addition, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows high-speed operation at the system level by enabling high-level parallelism. The proposed RNS compute modules use one-hot encoding, and thus enable fast switching between the electrical and optical domains. We propose a new architecture that combines residue electrical adders and optical multipliers as the matrix-vector multiplication unit. Moreover, we enhance the implementation of different CNN computational kernels using WDM-enabled RNS based integrated photonics. The area and power efficiency of the proposed accelerator are 0.39 TOPS/s/mm 2 and 3.22 TOPS/s/W, respectively. In terms of computation capability, the proposed chip is 12.7× and 4.02× better than other optical implementation and memristor implementation, respectively. Our experimental evaluation using DNN benchmarks illustrates that our architecture can perform on average more than 72 times faster than GPU under the same power budget.
Photophysics of a poly(phenylenevinylene) with alternating<i>meta</i>-phenylene and<i>para</i>-phenylene rings (2000)

We have investigated the photophysics of the luminescent polymer poly(1,3-phenylenevinylene-alt-2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) by a variety of optical spectroscopies. The incorporation of alternating meta-phenylene and para-phenylene rings restricts conjugation with respect to poly(para-phenylenevinylene) derivatives. As a consequence, excited states are blueshifted and the nonlinear susceptibility is reduced. Absorption by aggregates, which can be obscured by scattering and interference, is clearly revealed by electroabsorption spectroscopy. The reduced symmetry of 1,3-PPV modifies optical selection rules, resulting in strong overlap of the fluorescence spectrum with excited state absorption by charged polarons.
Data from Bacterial Prostatitis Enhances 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;]Pyridine (PhIP)–Induced Cancer at Multiple Sites (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Dietary carcinogens, such as 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;]pyridine (PhIP), and chronic inflammation have each been implicated as etiologic agents in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that bacterial prostatitis would accelerate PhIP-induced preinvasive lesions in the rat prostate. Male Fischer 344 rats were assigned into 4 groups: Control (untreated), PhIP (200 ppm in the diet for 20 weeks), &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;, prostatic inoculation in week 10), or PhIP + &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;. Study animals were monitored for a total of 52 weeks and were euthanized as necessary based on strict criteria for health status and tumor burden. Animals treated with &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; initially developed acute and chronic inflammation in all lobes of the prostate, whereas inflammation was observed predominantly in the ventral lobe at time of death. PhIP + &lt;i&gt;E. coli–&lt;/i&gt;treated animals exhibited a marked decrease in survival compared with PhIP-alone–treated animals as a result of an increase in the number of invasive cancers that developed at multiple sites, including the skin, small intestine, and Zymbal's gland. Despite their earlier mortality, PhIP + &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;–treated animals developed an increased average number of precancerous lesions within the prostate compared with PhIP-treated animals, with a significantly increased Ki-67 index. Multiplexed serum cytokine analysis indicated an increase in the level of circulating IL6 and IL12 in PhIP + &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;–treated animals. Elevated serum IL6 levels correlated with the development of precancerous lesions within the prostate. These results suggest that bacterial infections and dietary carcinogens, two conceivably preventable cancer risk factors, may synergistically promote tumorigenesis. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Prev Res; 8(8); 683–92. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Characterization of Microorganisms (2008)

Advances in instrumentation, proteomics, and bioinformatics have contributed to the successful applications of mass spectrometry (MS) for detection, identification, and classification of microorganisms. These MS applications are based on the detection of organism-specific biomarker molecules, which allow differentiation between organisms to be made. Intact proteins, their proteolytic peptides, and nonribosomal peptides have been successfully utilized as biomarkers. Sequence-specific fragments for biomarkers are generated by tandem MS of intact proteins or proteolytic peptides, obtained after, for instance, microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis. In combination with proteome database searching, individual biomarker proteins are unambiguously identified from their tandem mass spectra, and from there the source microorganism is also identified. Such top-down or bottom-up proteomics approaches permit rapid, sensitive, and confident characterization of individual microorganisms in mixtures and are reviewed here. Examples of MS-based functional assays for detection of targeted microorganisms, e.g., Bacillus anthracis, in environmental or clinically relevant backgrounds are also reviewed.
Lithium-ion Battery Model Parameter Identification Using Modified Adaptive Forgetting Factor-Based Recursive Least Square Algorithm (2021)

A proficient battery management system (BMS) is constantly expected to make an electric vehicle (EV) more dependable. The battery states like state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation are one of the significant functions of BMS. However, the accuracy of the model-based state estimation strategy is profoundly affected by the exhibition of the battery modeling approach. Particularly, in a continuous application, it is constantly needed to utilize a precise online battery model parameters identification algorithm. In this study, a modified adaptive forgetting factor-based recursive least square (MAFF-RLS) algorithm is proposed. Under which, the forgetting factor values are adaptively updated based on the model voltage error. To implement the proposed algorithm, the first-order RC battery model is utilized. The dynamic load profiles suitable for the EV environment are used for the validation of the proposed algorithm. Besides, to demonstrate the predominance of the MAFF-RLS algorithm over the RLS, and FFRLS algorithms, the estimated voltage errors such as Max AE, MAE ad RMSE are analyzed. The results demonstrated that the value of the estimated voltage RMSEs using the MAFF-RLS algorithm is lesser than of the voltage RMSEs using RLS and FFRLS algorithms.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-supported 1,4-phthalazinediyl Diether Hydroquinidine ‘(DHQD)<sub>2</sub>PHAL’ Ligand (2003)

[40924-50-1]P (MW ∼5000)





(soluble polymer-supported ligand used in Sharpless’ asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction)2



Alternate Name: PEG-(DHQD)2-PHAL.



Solubility: soluble in CHCl3, CH2Cl2, benzene, toluene, DMF, DMSO, CH3CN, CH3OH, H2O, and acetone. Insoluble in diethyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, and iso-propanol.



Form Supplied in: white powder.



Analysis of Reagent Purity: 19F NMR of a CDCl3 solution of the reagent (δ −67.1).



Preparative Methods: in five steps from monomethoxy poly(ethy-lene glycol) amine.2



Purification: dissolve in a minimum of CH2Cl2 and precipitate in a cold anhydrous diethyl ether solution. Recover the precipitate by filtration and wash with anhydrous diethyl ether.



Handling, Storage, and Precautions: to minimize decomposition, store under dry nitrogen atmosphere.