gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloud droplet activation of mixed organic-sulfate particles produced by the photooxidation of isoprene (2010)

Abstract. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties of ammonium sulfate particles mixed with organic material condensed during the hydroxyl-radical-initiated photooxidation of isoprene (C5H8) were investigated in the continuous-flow Harvard Environmental Chamber. CCN activation curves were measured for organic particle mass concentrations of 0.5 to 10.0 μg m−3, NOx concentrations from under 0.4 ppbv up to 38 ppbv, particle mobility diameters from 70 to 150 nm, and thermodenuder temperatures from 25 to 100 °C. At 25 °C, the observed CCN activation curves were accurately described by a Köhler model having two internally mixed components, namely ammonium sulfate and secondary organic material. The modeled physicochemical parameters of the organic material were equivalent to an effective hygroscopicity parameter κORG of 0.10±0.03, regardless of the C5H8:NOx concentration ratio for the span of &gt;200:0.4 to 50:38 (ppbv:ppbv). The volatilization curves (i.e., plots of the residual organic volume fraction against temperature) were also similar for the span of investigated C5H8:NOx ratios, suggesting a broad similarity of particle chemical composition. This suggestion was supported by limited variance at 25 °C among the particle mass spectra. For example, the signal intensity at m/z 44 (which can result from the fragmentation of oxidized molecules believed to affect hygroscopicity and CCN properties) varied weakly from 6 to 9% across the range of investigated conditions. In contradistinction to the results for 25 °C, conditioning up to 100 °C in the thermodenuder significantly reduced CCN activity. The altered CCN activity might be explained by chemical reactions (e.g., decomposition or oligomerization) of the secondary organic material at elevated temperatures. The study's results at 25 °C, in conjunction with the results of other chamber and field studies for a diverse range of conditions, suggest that a value of 0.10±0.05 for κORG is representative of both anthropogenic and biogenic secondary organic material. This finding supports the use of κORG as a simplified yet accurate general parameter to represent the CCN activation of secondary organic material in large-scale atmospheric and climate models.
Causal cueing system for above ground anomaly detection of explosive hazards using support vector machine localized by K-nearest neighbor (2012)

Rapid detection of landmines and explosive hazards is a critical issue for modern military operations. Due to the varied nature of the objects of interest and the complexity of the surroundings, one approach is to utilize the superior recognition capabilities of the human brain in the detection process. We are developing frameworks and algorithms to process image video data from an RGB camera, mounted on a moving vehicle, and to provide cueing capability for a human-in-the-loop detection system. Feedback from the human operator is embedded into the system memory to aid future detection processes (causal). Due to the inherent variation of different objects of interest terms of color and texture appearance, and the inherent variation and complexity of the surroundings, we introduce a classification algorithm that operates on local decision boundaries. Each decision boundary is learned using the support vector machine (SVM) technique. Given test data, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) method is used to pre-select the nearest training set to localize the scope of SVM training, giving us the local decision boundary.
High Shift Efficiency O-band Spoked-Ring Modulator Allowing Fully Electro-Optic Channel Tuning in a 45nm CMOS Platform (2021)

Vertical-junction microring modulators are demonstrated in a 45 nm CMOS platform, showing record O-band resonance-shift efficiency 30 GHz/V. This enables wavelength locking and tolerance/temperature compensation without thermal tuning, for efficient, wide parallel optical buses and cryogenic links.
Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89 (1996)

Water quality in the headwaters of the Little Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa., was investigated from April 1986 through September 1989 to determine possible effects of agricultural nutrient management on water quality. Nutrient management, an agricultural Best-Management Practice, was promoted in the 5.8-square-mile watershed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Clean Water Program. Nonpointsource-agricultural contamination was evident in surface water and ground water in the watershed; the greatest contamination was in areas underlain by carbonate
A PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE COMBINED USE OF MODIFIED ALVARADO SCORE AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DECREASING NEGATIVE APPENDICECTOMY RATE (2016)

Making the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is difficult and is important for preventing perforation of the appendix and negative appendectomy results. Clinical Scoring System like Modified Alvarado Scoring System, Ultrasonography or combined use of both simultaneously are very helpful in making the early and accurate diagnosis and decreasing negative appendicectomy.
Second Place—Resident Clinical Science Award 1998: Allergy increases susceptibility to otitis media with effusion in a rat model (1999)

To investigate the Possible relationship between allergy and otitis media with effusion (OME), we investigated the hypothesis that allergen presentation to the middle ear causes functional disruption of the eustachian tube predisposing to the development of OME. Thirteen of 19 Brown‐Norway rats were sensitized to ovalbumin, and the remaining 6 served as nonallergic controls. To mimic subclinical exposure to allergen, we transtympanically injected ovalbumin at a dose (0.01 mg) that produced no changes detectable by otologic examination. Next, both allergic and nonallergic rats were exposed to transtympanic injection of either low‐dose (10 μg/mL) or high‐dose (100 μg/mL) lipopolysaccharide to simulate bacterial exposure. The allergic rats were found to have larger middle ear effusions when exposed to high‐dose lipopolysaccharide as compared with the nonallergic controls. This response could be inhibited by diphenhydramine. We conclude that allergen presentation to the middle ear of allergic rats causes eustachian tube dysfunction predisposing to OME.
Challenging the “No Rub, No Cone” Keratoconus Conjecture (2018)

Eye rubbing has long been acknowledged as a risk factor for keratoconus (KC), but its role in the pathogenesis of KC may not have been accorded sufficient prominence.This article puts forth the conjecture that KC is not a dystrophy of unknown genetics and biomolecular substratum, but rather a syndrome caused by eye rubbing, i.e., what has been called "keratoconus" is the direct consequence of mechanical trauma to the cornea by chronic and incessant eye rubbing, resulting in the progressive deformation and thinning of the corneal wall, the hallmarks of the disease.The conjecture is challenged in this article to investigate its compatibility with what is currently known about KC.The conjecture does not contradict previous clinical or experimental findings about KC, all of which can be interpreted in light of this proposed mechanism.Rather, it is a synthetic approach that incorporates the results of previous genetic and biochemical perspectives for understanding the pathophysiology of KC.In fact, this mechanical disease proposition would appear more compatible with explaining the variability of KC expression between patients, between eyes, and the predominance of sporadic cases.As such, eye rubbing may not be solely a risk factor as often coined in medical literature, but the direct cause of the syndrome labeled "keratoconus."In conclusion, this mechanical theory provides a better explanatory framework for what is currently known about KC and confirms the validity of the "no rub, no cone" conjecture.
Excision of large right atrial myxoma through a right mini thoracotomy (2022)

Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary benign cardiac tumor in adults and right atrial myxoma is a rare observation. We report a case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with dyspnea and diagnosed with a right atrial myxoma. Urgent operation through a right mini thoracotomy was done and myxoma was completely excised. Traditionally, median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass is used for excision of cardiac myxoma. Excision through a mini thoracotomy for patients with right atrial myxoma appear to be safe, feasible and efficacious.
Tellurium as a high-performance elemental thermoelectric (2016)

High-efficiency thermoelectric materials require a high conductivity. It is known that a large number of degenerate band valleys offers many conducting channels for improving the conductivity without detrimental effects on the other properties explicitly, and therefore, increases thermoelectric performance. In addition to the strategy of converging different bands, many semiconductors provide an inherent band nestification, equally enabling a large number of effective band valley degeneracy. Here we show as an example that a simple elemental semiconductor, tellurium, exhibits a high thermoelectric figure of merit of unity, not only demonstrating the concept but also filling up the high performance gap from 300 to 700 K for elemental thermoelectrics. The concept used here should be applicable in general for thermoelectrics with similar band features.
Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxy Thermosetting Polymers from Glycidylated Organosolv Lignin and Bisphenol A (2016)

Diglycidylether of bisphenol A and isophorone diamine (IPDA) are industrially used for polyepoxide curing. Herein, glycidylated Organosolv lignin (GOL) is cured with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and IPDA for intensive studies. Organosolv lignin (OL) is therefore first glycidylated with epichlorohydrin to a material with an epoxy content of 3.2 mmol g–1 and analyzed via FT-IR, 1H and 31P NMR. Epoxy thermosets with up to 42 wt% GOL are cured in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) crucibles, analyzing the residual reaction heat. Characterization of dog bone shaped specimens is described with regard to structural properties from scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR, thermal properties by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as mechanical properties by dynamic mechanical analysis and stress/strain measurements. A lignin content between 8% and 33% leads to higher crosslinking density, resulting in a higher glass transition, lower swelling percentage, and increased stiffness (Young's modulus) if compared to non-GOL polymers.
A systematic approach to the control of electrohydraulic servosystems (1998)

Develops a systematic methodology for the control of a class of feedback linearizable systems and applies it to an electrohydraulic servosystem. The class of systems to be dealt with are those that are single input and can be put in strict feedback form. Additionally, it is assumed that the relative degree of these systems is greater than one and the zero dynamics are stable. For a system with relative degree, r, a series of r system errors are defined. An input-output feedback linearization method is then used to control each error through the use of synthetic inputs. Subsequently, the entire closed loop system is analyzed for stability. The approach is conceptually similar to previously developed integrator backstepping methodologies. However, unlike some previous investigations which have relied exclusively on a Lyapunov analysis, this work presents a stability analysis including a passivity formulation. There are two main advantages of the proposed approach. One practical advantage is that the resulting controller leads to synthetic inputs which are decoupled in a certain sense. This leads to a compartmentalization of modeling efforts associated with the controller development. A second advantage of this method is that the system model need not be differentiated in the control formulation. A class of modeling error is introduced and compensated for. The resulting control is able to guarantee specified boundary layer tracking. Finally, the approach is implemented on a hydraulic cylinder governed by an electronically controlled servovalve.
On the properties of brain sub arachnoid space and biomechanics of head impacts leading to traumatic brain injury (2014)

The human head is identified as the body region most frequently involved in life-threatening injuries. Extensive research based on experimental, analytical and numerical methods has sought to quantify the response of the human head to blunt impact in an attempt to explain the likely injury process. Blunt head impact arising from vehicular collisions, sporting injuries, and falls leads to relative motion between the brain and skull and an increase in contact and shear stresses in the meningeal region, thereby leading to traumatic brain injuries. In this paper the properties and material modeling of the subarachnoid space (SAS) as it relates to Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) is investigated. This was accomplished using a simplified local model and a validated 3D finite element model. First the material modeling of the trabeculae in the Subarachnoid Space (SAS) was investigated and validated, then the validated material property was used in a 3D head model. In addition, the strain in the brain due to an impact was investigated. From this work it was determined that the material property of the SAS is approximately E = 1150 Pa and that the strain in the brain, and thus the severity of TBI, is proportional to the applied impact velocity and is approximately a quadratic function. This study reveals that the choice of material behavior and properties of the SAS are significant factors in determining the strain in the brain and therefore the understanding of different types of head/brain injuries.
Intra-articular nuclear factor-κB blockade ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by eliciting regulatory T cells and macrophages (2013)

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a transcription factor implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we have examined the effect of intra-articular administration of the IKK inhibitor, NEMO-binding domain peptide (NBD), on the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). NBD peptides were injected intra-articularly into the knee joints of DBA/1J mice after the onset of disease. Collagen-injected mice given a scrambled peptide served as controls. Arthritis severity was determined by visual examination of paws. Intra-articular NBD injection reduced the arthritis score and ameliorated morphological signs of bone destruction compared to the controls. Serum levels of type-II collagen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a antibodies were lower in NBD-treated mice versus the control mice, whereas the levels of type-II collagen-specific IgG1 antibodies were increased by NBD treatment. NBD treatment diminished the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ in serum, but increased the regulatory cytokine IL-10. NBD-treated CIA mice exhibited significantly higher percentages and numbers of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3(+)) CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells than controls. Immunofluorescence analysis of NBD-treated mice revealed that FoxP3 and Ym1, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages, were juxtaposed to each other within draining inguinal lymph nodes. Intra-articular administration of NBD peptide is effective as an experimental therapy in a murine model of RA. Nevertheless, the intra-articular treatment modality is still associated with systemic effects on the immune system.
Synthesis of Alternating Polystyrene/Poly(ethyleneoxide) Branched Polymacromonomers (2002)

Newly designed PS/PEO alternating branched polymacromonomers have been obtained by polycondensation of alpha-dicarboxy-functionalized polystyrene and alpha-dihydroxy-functionalized polyethyleneoxide. 4-[3,5-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)phenoxymethyl]benzyl bromide was used as atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator for the synthesis of alpha-dicarboxy functionalized polystyrenes. These macromonomers possess low polydispersities and molecular weights in the range of 7000 to 100,000, as proved by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR. Alpha-dihydroxy functionalized polyethyleneoxide (PEO) was synthesized by treatment of monofunctionalized PEO with 3,5-bis(benzyloxy)benzoyl chloride. Polycondensation of the alpha-dicarboxy PS with the alpha-dihydroxy PEO in solution or in bulk resulted in alternating PS/PEO polymacromonomers, which were effectively purified from the unreacted macromonomers and characterized by using 1H NMR, GPC, thermal analysis, and optical microscopy. Light-scattering measurements in organic solvents like THF or dioxane have shown that these polymacromonomers form stable micelles.
In Vivo Restoration of Myocardial Conduction With Carbon Nanotube Fibers (2019)

Here, we show that in sheep, CNTfs sewn across epicardial scar acutely improve conduction. In addition, CNTf maintain conduction for 1 month after atrioventricular nodal ablation in the absence of inflammatory or toxic responses in rats but only in the paced condition. The CNTf/myocardial interface has such low impedance that CNTf can facilitate local, downstream myocardial activation. CNTf are conductive, biocompatible materials that restore electrical conduction in diseased myocardium, offering potential long-term restorative solutions in pathologies interrupting efficient electrical transduction in electrically excitable tissues.
Verbal memory errors in Alzheimer's and Huntington's dementias (1988)

This study examined the nature and extent of verbal recall and recognition errors in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (PAD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The California Verbal Learning Test was administered to PAD patients, mildly demented HD patients, moderately to severely demented HD (MS‐HD) patients, and normal controls. PAD patients had a significantly higher rate of intrusions on recall tests than any other group. PAD patients also showed a more rapid increase in intrusions on delayed free‐recall and cued‐recall trials. On recognition testing, however, PAD and MS‐HD patients were equally impaired at discriminating between targets and distractors. Results indicate that impaired discrimination contributes to the memory failures of both dementias, but that PAD patients are more likely than HD patients to manifest their dysfunction as intrusion errors on recall trials. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
General Analytical Concept and Design Methodology to Producing a Clay – Based Polymer Nanocomposite (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Problems, Difficulties and Solutions Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Approach Proposed Approach and Concept Based on Fracture Mechanics Discussion Conclusion
Field-sensitive program dependence analysis (2010)

Statement st transitively depends on statement stseed if the execution of stseed may affect the execution of st. Computing transitive program dependences is a fundamental operation in many automatic software analysis tools. Existing tools find it challenging to compute transitive dependences for programs manipulating large aggregate structure variables, and their limitations adversely affect analysis of certain important classes of software systems, e.g., large-scale enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.
Optimization of DUV photolithography for sub-250-nm technology: contact patterning with attenuated phase-shift mask (1998)

Attenuated phase shift mask (APSM) has been considered a viable technique for contact patterning. For 250 nm lithography technology, 300 nm contact patterns are to be defined. In this paper, Solid-C has been used for aerial image simulations. Conventional and annular illumination settings are optimized for better focus latitudes, that is, large depth-of-focus (DOF), for sufficient throughput. In addition, mask transmission is optimized for different illumination settings. From our simulations of aerial images, it has been shown that a DOF of 1.35 micrometer is achieved when conventional illumination is combined with APSM at high mask transmission (approximately 8 - 10%). However a larger DOF of 1.55 micrometer can be obtained when annular illumination is used with APSM at low mask transmission (approximately 3 - 4%).
Field Emission Properties of a Potassium-Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Tip (2001)

The field emission properties of a single closed multiwalled carbon nanotube tip were investigated before and after doping with potassium. The threshold voltage was significantly reduced from 143 V to 76 V, but the emitter degraded in about 4 min. The current-voltage measurements fit the Fowler-Nordheim equation well up to about 100 nA of emission current. Additionally the work function of the multiwalled carbon nanotube tip could be estimated as being about 5.3 eV.
Identifying High-Risk Patients without Labeled Training Data: Anomaly Detection Methodologies to Predict Adverse Outcomes. (2010)

For many clinical conditions, only a small number of patients experience adverse outcomes. Developing risk stratification algorithms for these conditions typically requires collecting large volumes of data to capture enough positive and negative for training. This process is slow, expensive, and may not be appropriate for new phenomena. In this paper, we explore different anomaly detection approaches to identify high-risk patients as cases that lie in sparse regions of the feature space. We study three broad categories of anomaly detection methods: classification-based, nearest neighbor-based, and clustering-based techniques. When evaluated on data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), these methods were able to successfully identify patients at an elevated risk of mortality and rare morbidities following inpatient surgical procedures.
Airway Structure and Function in Asthma (1986)

As asthma is a disease characterized by muscle spasm, airways inflammation and mucus plugging of the airways, one can only generalize about their relative importance. For example, when an asthmatic attack is easily and completely reversible by drugs that relax smooth muscle, it is likely that smooth muscle spasm is the major cause of the airways obstruction. It also seems probable that when patients have airways reactivity that waxes and wanes in severity with intermittent severe attacks of asthma, the airways may be thickened by inflammation and the smooth muscle may be unloaded by softening of the cartilage. Finally, when patients die of asthma and their airways are solidly plugged, it seems reasonable to conclude that the plugs are the cause of death. The common pathway in these widely different situations may be the inflammatory reaction. Indeed, it seems likely that understanding the basic nature of the inflammatory response in airways tissue and its effects on wall thickness and the mucus secreting apparatus will provide clear insights into how to reverse the asthmatic state.