gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pico-second laser materials interactions: mechanisms, material lifetime and performance optimization Ted Laurence(14-ERD-014) (2016)

Laser-induced damage with ps pulse widths straddles the transition from intrinsic, multiphoton ionization- and avalanche ionization-based ablation with fs pulses to defectdominated, thermal-based damage with ns pulses. We investigated the morphology and scaling of damage for commonly used silica and hafnia coatings as well as fused silica. Using carefully calibrated laser-induced damage experiments, in situ imaging, and high-resolution optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, we showed that defects play an important role in laser-induced damage for pulse durations as short as 1 ps. Three damage morphologies were observed: standard material ablation, ultra-high density pits, and isolated absorbers. For 10 ps and longer, the isolated absorbers limited the damage performance of the coating materials. We showed that damage resulting from the isolated absorbers grows dramatically with subsequent pulses for sufficient fluences. For hafnia coatings, we used electric field modeling and experiments to show that isolated absorbers near the surface were affected by the chemical environment (vacuum vs. air) for pulses as short as 10 ps. Coupled with the silica results, these results suggested that improvements in the performance in the 10 -60 ps range have not reached fundamental limits. These findings motivate new efforts, including a new SI LDRD in improving the laser-damage performance of multi-layer dielectric coatings. A damage test facility for ps pulses was developed and automated, and was used for testing production optics for ARC. The resulting software was transferred to other laser test facilities for fs pulses and multiple wavelengths with 30 ps pulses. Additionally, the LDRD supported the retention and promotion of an important staff scientist in high-resolution dynamic microscopy and laser-damage testing.
The Stripe Fortified GCT: A new GCT design for maximizing the controllable current (2014)

In this paper we introduce a new GCT design, namely the Stripe Fortified GCT, for the purpose of maximizing the controllable current by optimizing the current flow path in the device during turn-off. The main design of the new device along with variants are introduced. The MCC performance of this novel structure is assessed with a developed two dimensional model for full wafer simulations. Our results show that this new design is a very good candidate for increasing the MCC to values more than 5000A.
Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery (2020)

According to the increase of data generated from analytical instruments, application of artificial intelligence(AI)technology in medical field is indispensable. In particular, practical application of AI technology is strongly required in "genomic medicine" and "genomic drug discovery" that conduct medical practice and novel drug development based on individual genomic information. In our laboratory, we have been developing a database to integrate genome data and clinical information obtained by clinical genome analysis and a computational support system for clinical interpretation of variants using AI. In addition, with the aim of creating new therapeutic targets in genomic drug discovery, we have been also working on the development of a binding affinity prediction system for mutated proteins and drugs by molecular dynamics simulation using supercomputer "Kei". We also have tackled for problems in a drug virtual screening. Our developed AI technology has successfully generated virtual compound library, and deep learning method has enabled us to predict interaction between compound and target protein.
Design level power electronics building block: Industrial framework for DC-DC conversion (2018)

This paper presents the design of DC-DC converters based on the Power Electronics Building Blocks (PEBB) concept at design level. These converters are created by the association of power electronics blocks in series/parallel and auxiliary functional blocks as control and communication. The article presents the way the blocks are defined and optimized. Several power converters can be designed by assembling these blocks as LEGO™. On <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> e of the possible converters is presented and its performances are shown. The power converter datasheet is specified as example of this design process concept.
Mould Walls Inclination and Dendritic Morphology of CMSX-4 Blades Airfoils (2016)

The airfoils of single-crystalline turbine blades were studied. The blades made of industrial CMSX-4 superalloy were obtained by the Bridgman technique. Five different withdrawal rates (1-5 mm/min) were used. Series of as-cast samples were prepared by cutting the airfoils at different distances from the blade root. The metallographic sections, prepared for each cutting planes, were subjected to scanning electron microscopy observations and Laue diffraction studies. Macrostructure images of whole area of airfoil cross-sections were obtained by stitching several obtained SEM images. Morphology of dendrites in different area of cross-sections were analysed. The crystal orientation of each sample were determined by analysis of Laue pattern. It was found that the morphology of dendrites changes in the area, where the dendrite growth is limited by inclined mould walls.
Evaluating Particulate Emissions from a Flexible Fuel Vehicle with Direct Injection when Operated on Ethanol and Iso-butanol Blends (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The relationship between ethanol and iso-butanol fuel concentrations and vehicle particulate matter emissions was investigated. This study utilized a gasoline direct injection (GDI) flexible fuel vehicle (FFV) with wall-guided fueling system tested with four fuels, including E10, E51, E83, and an iso-butanol blend at a proportion of 55% by volume. Emission measurements were conducted over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle on a chassis dynamometer with an emphasis on the physical and chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM) emissions. The results indicated that the addition of higher ethanol blends and the iso-butanol blend resulted in large reductions in PM mass, soot, and total and solid particle number emissions. PM emissions for the baseline E10 fuel were characterized by a higher fraction of elemental carbon (EC), whereas the PM emissions for the higher ethanol blends were more organic carbon (OC) in nature. The higher ethanol blends and the iso-butanol blend showed lower concentrations of accumulation mode particles and size distributions shifted to smaller particle sizes compared to E10. In addition, the majority of trace elements and metals showed clear reductions with increasing alcohol content into gasoline.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Alternating Copolymers of Cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene and Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione for High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells (2011)

Abstract A series of alternating copolymers of cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene (CPDT) and thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) have been prepared and characterized for polymer solar cell (PSC) applications. Different alkyl side chains, including butyl (Bu), hexyl (He), octyl (Oc), and 2‐ethylhexyl (EH), are introduced to the TPD unit in order to adjust the packing of the polymer chain in the solid state, while the hexyl side chain on the CPDT unit remains unchanged to simplify discussion. The polymers in this series have a simple main chain structure and can be synthesized easily, have a narrow band gap and a broad light absorption. The different alkyl chains on the TPD unit not only significantly influence the solubility and chain packing, but also fine tune the energy levels of the polymers. The polymers with Oc or EH group have lower HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels, resulting higher open circuit voltages ( V oc ) of the PSC devices. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 5.5% and 6.4% are obtained from the devices of the Oc substituted polymer (PCPDTTPD‐Oc) with PC 61 BM and PC 71 BM, respectively. This side chain effect on the PSC performance is related to the formation of a fine bulk heterojunction structure of polymer and PCBM domains, as observed with atomic force microscopy.
A 900 MHz front-end design with copper passive components (2002)

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of copper (Cu) passive components on RF circuit performance. A fully-differential RF Front-end is used as a test vehicle to compare the Cu 0.18 /spl mu/ copper process with a traditional 0.25 /spl mu/ aluminium (Al) process. The RF Front-end contains a balun and a low noise amplifier (LNA) that are designed with spiral inductors and capacitors. CMOS spiral inductor Q values range from 3 to 5 for the aluminium process and are improved with 7 to 9 for the Cu process, while the fringe capacitor Q values for the Cu process are more than twice the Q values for the Al process. At the system level, the balun performance is characterized by its insertion loss and the LNA performance is defined by its gain and noise figure. The balun insertion losses are 0.6 dB to 0.8 dB lower for the Cu process as compared to a traditional Al process. The LNA gain is 3 dB higher for the Cu process and has a sharper bandpass characteristic. The output signals from the LNA are downconverted by a Gibert cell mixer and amplified by an IF stage. The entire system has been simulated and results from measurements are included to validate our simulation result.
Targeted removal of the selenocysteine tRNA <sup>[Ser]Sec</sup> gene ( <i>trsp</i> ) in mouse macrophages (2007)

Selenium is essential for proper immune function and protection of the immune system from oxidative damage, though the role of different forms of selenium (i.e., low molecular weight selenocompounds or selenoproteins [SPs]) in this process is not known. Herein, we have specifically removed the expression of SPs in macrophages of mice using Cre/ loxP technology by crossing a mouse containing a floxed selenocysteine (Sec) tRNA gene with a mouse expressing the Cre‐ recombinase gene under the control of the M lysozyme (LysM) promoter thereby specifically removing Sec tRNA expression and, thus, SPs, in this cell type. The resulting knockout mice manifest no apparent phenotype in the absence of an immune challenge. Studies are currently underway to investigate the activation of pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways as well as the production of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators in both wild type and knockout macrophages upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide in vitro . Future studies will investigate the susceptibility of knockout mice to bacterial infection and sepsis and will examine the role of SPs in experimentally‐induced inflammatory diseases. This model will help to identify the critical role of SPs and/or low molecular weight selenocompounds in immune system regulation. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NCI, CCR.
Acoustic Feedback Cancellation for Hearing Aids Using a Fixed RTF-Constrained Null-Steering Beamformer (2018)

Recently it has been proposed to use a fixed beamformer to cancel the acoustic feedback for a custom earpiece with multiple integrated microphones and loudspeakers. By steering a spatial null in the direction of the hearing aid loudspeaker theoretically perfect feedback cancellation can be achieved. In contrast to previous approaches that constrained the beamformer coefficients in a reference microphone to a simple delay, in this paper we use a constraint based on the relative transfer function of the incoming signal aiming to perfectly preserve the incoming signal. Experimental results using measured acoustic feedback paths from a custom earpiece with three microphones show that the proposed RTF constrained null- steering beamformer allows to substantially increase the added stable gain even for unknown acoustic feedback paths, e.g., with a telephone receiver close to the ear. Furthermore, it yields a high perceptual speech quality of the incoming signal even for unknown incoming signal directions.
The impacts of take-all, drought and their interaction on <i>Bromus wildenowii</i> seed yield and the alleviation of these stresses by <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> (2021)

Take-all, caused by the fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is an important root disease of cereals and grasses. An increasing occurrence of very light seeds in some New Zealand perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crops may have been associated with Ggt, but any Ggt effects on grass seed yield were unknown. A glasshouse experiment, using prairie grass (Bromus wildenowii Kunth) as a model system was used to investigate the effect of Ggt on seed yield in the presence and absence of moisture stress (drought), and to determine whether strains of the fungal symbiont Trichoderma atroviride would allow the plant to better cope with both the biotic and abiotic stresses. Ggt significantly reduced seed yield by reducing the number of seeds per plant, while moisture stress significantly reduced all seed yield components. There was a significant interaction between Ggt and moisture stress because the moisture stress induced seed yield loss was greater in the presence of Ggt than in the absence of Ggt. In the absence of both abiotic and biotic stress, Trichoderma treatment had no effect on seed yield. However, Trichoderma significantly reduced Ggt root infection and this led to an increased seed yield. In the presence of Ggt and moisture stress, Trichoderma further increased seed yield by around double the increase for individual stress. Whether similar responses can be obtained in the field is currently being investigated.
High resolution rotary shadowing of herpes simplex virus helicase proteins (1996)

Herpes viruses cause numerous human diseases. Herpes Simplex viruses (HSV1 and HSV2), varicella zoster virus (VSV),cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) cause conditions ranging from peripheral sores (HSV, VSV), generalized viremia (CMV) and recurrent malaise (EBV). The common targets for HSV are neurons in the CNS, peripheral nerve cells or plexuses of sensory ganglia in highly innervated epithelium (e.g. lips, genitals). Interfering with the mechanisms of infection and virus production depends on the ability to target specific stages of viral reproduction. Helicases are enzymes that are essential for the duplication of viral DNA. The origin binding protein (OBP) helicase (encoded by the DNA replication gene UL9 ) binds to sequences in DNA at the three replication origins. These origins are points within the HSV chromosome where DNA replication initiates. The protein is a 83kDa polypeptide which exists as a dimer. Although the role of the UL9 helicase in HSV DNA replication has not been exactly determined, by analogy to other eukaryotic origin binding replication proteins, the binding and enzymatic action of the UL9 helicase to the origin sequences may initiate the assembly of a multiprotein replication complex. Helicase-primase (the product of the DNA replication genes UL5 . UL8 and UL52 ) acts to unwind double-stranded DNA at growing replication forks. The helicaseprimase activity is expressed by a 213kDa heterodimer consisting of the 99kDa UL5 and 114kDA UL52 subunits. ICP8 (SSB—UL29 gene product) is a single-stranded binding protein of 122kDa that complexes with OBP (two SSB/OBP dimer). Each of these gene products has been expressed in insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus and purified to near homogeneity. Assays have been established for the screening of compounds that could inhibit the helicase activity of HSV 1 helicases. Analysis of helicase/DNA substrate complexes under different conditions will be facilitated by a better understanding of the structure of the individual proteins.
Fabrication and Finite Element Simulation of Sequential Laser Shock Peening of Biodegradable Mg-Ca Implants (2009)

Current biocompatible metals such as steel and titanium alloys have excellent corrosive properties and superior strengths. However, their strengths are often too high and as a result have a negative effect on the body. Therefore, Magnesium (Mg) alloys with relatively low strengths are ideal biocompatible metallic materials. The problem with Mg implants is how to control corrosion rates so that the degradation of Mg implants may match with bone growth. The high compressive residual stress induced by laser shock peening (LSP) has a great potential to slow down the corrosion rate. LSP is a known surface treatment method to impart compressive residual stress in subsurface of a metal. Therefore, LSP was initiated in this study to investigate surface topography and integrity produced by peening a Mg alloy. A 3D semi-infinite simulation has also been developed to predict the topography and residual stress fields produced by sequential peening. The dynamic mechanical behavior was modeled using a user material subroutine of the internal state variable plasticity model. The temporal and spatial peening pressure was modeled using a user load subroutine. The simulated dent agrees with the measured dent topography in terms of profile and depth. Sequential peening was found to increase the tensile pile up region which is critical to tribological applications. The predicted residual stress profiles are also presented.
Reduction in interface state density of Al2O3/InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor interfaces by InGaAs surface nitridation (2012)

We report the decrease in interface trap density (Dit) in Al2O3/InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors by using electron cyclotron resonance plasma nitridation of the InGaAs surfaces. The impact of the nitridation process on the MOS interface properties is quantitatively examined. The plasma nitridation process is observed to form a nitrided layer at the InGaAs surface. The nitridation using microwave power (Pmicrowave) of 250 W and nitridation time (tnitridation) of 420 s can form Al2O3/InGaAs MOS interfaces with a minimum Dit value of 2.0 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1. On the other hand, the nitridation process parameters such as Pmicrowave and tnitridation are found to strongly alter Dit (both decrease and increase are observed) and capacitance equivalent thickness (CET). It is found that the nitridation with higher Pmicrowave and shorter tnitridation can reduce Dit with less CET increase. Also, it is observed that as tnitridation increases, Dit decreases first and increases later. It is revealed from XPS analyses that minimum Dit can be determined by the balance between the saturation of nitridation and the progress of oxidation. As a result, it is found that the superior MOS interface formed by the nitridation is attributable to the existence of oxide-less InGaN/InGaAs interfaces.
Percolative model of electric breakdown in liquid dielectrics (2002)

A percolative approach, useful in modeling liquid dielectric breakdown, is presented. The dielectric is treated as a network of resistors having random values and breakdown characteristics based on a specified statistical distribution. The method is quite general, and lends itself to the inclusion of internal fluctuations and localized heating. It should also be applicable to mixtures and facilitate the inclusion of air bubbles. Despite its simplicity, the model successfully characterizes fractal structure in dielectric breakdown. In particular, the fractal dimension for a two-dimensional (2-D) lattice as given by the exponent of a power law, agrees with the theoretical value. The dependence of critical external voltage on the internal disorder is also investigated. It is shown that the overall breakdown process consists of the successive breakdown of individual elements to finally form a percolation cluster. The clusters have a typical dendrite structure. Also, in keeping with qualitative expectations, it is shown that V/sub br/ decreases with the disorder and increases with resistor variance.
Centrality metric for dynamic networks (2010)

Centrality is an important notion in network analysis and is used to measure the degree to which network structure contributes to the importance of a node in a network. While many different centrality measures exist, most of them apply to static networks. Most networks, on the other hand, are dynamic in nature, evolving over time through the addition or deletion of nodes and edges. A popular approach to analyzing such networks represents them by a static network that aggregates all edges observed over some time period. This approach, however, under or overestimates centrality of some nodes. We address this problem by introducing a novel centrality metric for dynamic network analysis. This metric exploits an intuition that in order for one node in a dynamic network to influence another over some period of time, there must exist a path that connects the source and destination nodes through intermediaries at different times. We demonstrate on an example network that the proposed metric leads to a very different ranking than analysis of an equivalent static network. We use dynamic centrality to study a dynamic citations network and contrast results to those reached by static network analysis.
[Association of serum miRNA6086 expression with postoperative anal fistula recurrence]. (2017)

Up-regulated expression of serum miRNA6086 is associated to the anal fistula type and may be valuable in predicting the prognosis.
Synergistic antitumour activity of <scp>RAF</scp>265 and <scp>ZSTK</scp>474 on human <scp>TT</scp> medullary thyroid cancer cells (2015)

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an aggressive malignancy responsible for up to 14% of all thyroid cancer-related deaths. It is characterized by point mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. The activated RET kinase is known to signal via extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to enhanced proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. In the present work, we have investigated the effect of two serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF) inhibitors (RAF265 and SB590885), and a PI3K inhibitor (ZSTK474), on RET-mediated signalling and proliferation in a MTC cell line (TT cells) harbouring the RETC634W activating mutation. The effects of the inhibitors on VEGFR2, PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases signalling pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis and calcitonin production were also investigated. Only the RAF265+ ZSTK474 combination synergistically reduced the viability of treated cells. We observed a strong decrease in phosphorylated VEGFR2 for RAF265+ ZSTK474 and a signal reduction in activated Akt for ZSTK474. The activated ERK signal also decreased after RAF265 and RAF265+ ZSTK474 treatments. Alone and in combination with ZSTK474, RAF265 induced a sustained increase in necrosis. Only RAF265, alone and combined with ZSTK474, prompted a significant drop in calcitonin production. Combination therapy using RAF265 and ZSTK47 proved effective in MTC, demonstrating a cytotoxic effect. As the two inhibitors have been successfully tested individually in clinical trials on other human cancers, our preclinical data support the feasibility of their combined use in aggressive MTC.