gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Acoustic, Prosodic, and Phrasing Model Training for TTs Conversion Systems (2008)

A new integrated model for simultaneous modeling of linguistic and acoustic models, and a training algorithm is proposed. Usually, text-to-speech (TTS) systems based on the hidden Markov model (HMM) consist of text analysis and speech synthesis modules. Linguistic and acoustic model training are performed independently using different training data sets. Integrated model parameters were simultaneously optimized by the proposed training algorithm. The derived algorithm optimizes two model parameter sets simultaneously. Therefore, the appropriate model is estimated because we can directly-formulate the TTS problem in which the speech waveform is generated from a word sequence. We conducted objective evaluation experiments using phrasing and prosodic models to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
SU-GG-T-122: Implementation of Random Patient Setup Uncertainties Into Pinnacle-Based IMRT Optimization (2008)

Purpose: To incorporate patient positioning uncertainties directly into IMRT plan optimization through probabilistic treatment planning (PTP). Margin-based planning results in significant normal tissue volumes being exposed to a treatment dose. PTP eliminates explicit margins and operates directly on the expectation value of the integral treatment dose to determine the optimal dose to the patient in the presence of setup uncertainties. Method and Materials: Three prostate patients and one phantom plan are optimized using both margin-based and PTP methods. Patient plans are designed to adhere to the RTOG-0126 criteria. Only random errors are considered. For the margin-based plan, the PTV is created by expanding the CTV by 2.1 mm to accommodate the 3 mm random setup uncertainty simulated. PTP directly utilizes the CTV during plan optimization. Random setup uncertainties are introduced into the Pinnacle IMRT TPS by convolving each beam's incident fluence with a σ=3 mm Gaussian. PTP optimization uses the convolved fluence dose. PTPs are compared to PTV-based margin plans with equal CTV coverage in the presence of setup errors. Normal structure doses are used to quantify PTP and margin-based differences. Results: Both margin-based and PTP plans meet 33 of 42 optimization criteria. For critical structures which did not meet the criteria, PTP shows decreased volume receiving the maximum specified dose. PTP reduces normal tissue volumes receiving the maximum dose on average by 57%, while the CTV volume loss is 2.5%. PTP reduces the CTV mean dose by 0.22%. PTP also results in lower doses to structures that meet the optimization criteria. Conclusion: PTP accounting for random patient positioning uncertainties was incorporated into Pinnacle. For equal target coverage, PTP results in equal or lower doses to normal structures than margin-based plans. (Work supported by NIH P01CA116602 and T32CA113277). Conflict of Interest: An author is employed by Philips Medical Systems.
Bifidobacteria: Regulators of Intestinal Homeostasis (2015)

Containing 33 chapters the book is an invaluable source of information and essential reading for everyone working with probiotics, prebiotics and the gut microbiotflora. Topics range from the different microorganisms used as probiotics (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, yeast, etc) and techniques and approaches used (metagenomics, etc) to the reviews of the clinical and medical aspects.
Fermi-Level Depinning of GaAs for Ohmic Contacts (2008)

In summary, we successfully demonstrate the unpinning of the Fermi level in n-GaAs through the insertion of an ultrathin insulator to reduce the penetration of MIGS from the metal into the semiconductor. We are able to transform the current from rectifying Schottky behavior, to increased conduction, to tunneling limited, simply by increasing the SiN thickness, verifying the ability for SiN to modulate the barrier height. A minimum contact resistance and maximum reverse current is obtained for a SiN thickness of 1.5 nm. We expect this method can be used to make non-alloyed low resistance ohmic contacts to n-GaAs, and can be applied to unpin other III-V Fermi levels.
Copper(II) ions affect the gating dynamics of the 20S proteasome: a molecular and in cell study (2016)

Due to their altered metabolism cancer cells are more sensitive to proteasome inhibition or changes of copper levels than normal cells. Thus, the development of copper complexes endowed with proteasome inhibition features has emerged as a promising anticancer strategy. However, limited information is available about the exact mechanism by which copper inhibits proteasome. Here we show that Cu(II) ions simultaneously inhibit the three peptidase activities of isolated 20S proteasomes with potencies (IC50) in the micromolar range. Cu(II) ions, in cell-free conditions, neither catalyze red-ox reactions nor disrupt the assembly of the 20S proteasome but, rather, promote conformational changes associated to impaired channel gating. Notably, HeLa cells grown in a Cu(II)-supplemented medium exhibit decreased proteasome activity. This effect, however, was attenuated in the presence of an antioxidant. Our results suggest that if, on one hand, Cu(II)-inhibited 20S activities may be associated to conformational changes that favor the closed state of the core particle, on the other hand the complex effect induced by Cu(II) ions in cancer cells is the result of several concurring events including ROS-mediated proteasome flooding, and disassembly of the 26S proteasome into its 20S and 19S components.
Nano and micro-scale fluid and plasma dynamics: present and future applications (2012)

In this letter, we illustrate the importance of fluid dynamics research by considering two particular areas of study: nano- and micro-scale fluid and plasma dynamics. We show how improved scientific knowledge of nano- and micro-fluid dynamics can significantly enhance our future. Application is also discussed regarding environmental aspects.
Effect of Zn(II) on the reduction and accumulation of Cr(VI) by Arthrobacter species (2011)

Natural habitats are often characterized by the coexistence of Zn and Cr. This study assessed the potential of two Gram-positive, Cr(VI)-reducing, aerobic bacterial strains belonging to Arthrobacter genera, which were isolated from basalt samples taken from the most polluted region of the Republic of Georgia, to remediate Cr(VI) in environments in the presence of Zn(II). Our batch experiments revealed that the addition of Zn(II) to the tested bacterial cells significantly enhanced the accumulation of Cr. According to electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements, the presence of Zn(II) ions did not change the nature of Cr(V) and Cr(III) complexes generated during the microbial reduction of Cr(VI). The efficiency of Cr(VI) reduction also remained unchanged after the addition of 50 mg/l of Zn(II) to the bacterial cells. However, at high concentrations of Zn(II) (higher than 200 mg/l), the transformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(V) and Cr(III) complexes decreases significantly. In addition, it was shown that the accumulation pattern of Zn in the tested bacterial species in the presence of 100 mg/l of Cr(VI) fits the Langmuir-Freundlich model well. The two tested bacterial strains exhibited different characteristics of Zn accumulation.
Gauge effects in bound-bound Rydberg transition matrix elements (2022)

Accurate data on electric-dipole transition matrix elements (EDTMs) for bound-bound Rydberg-atom transitions have become increasingly important in science and technology. Here we compute radial EDTMs of rubidium in length, velocity, and acceleration forms for electric-dipole-allowed transitions between states with principal and angular-momentum quantum numbers $n$ and $\ensuremath{\ell}$ ranging from 15 to 100. Wave functions are computed based upon model potentials from [Phys. Rev. A 49, 982 (1994)]. Length-gauge EDTMs of strong low-$\ensuremath{\ell}$ Rydberg transitions, often employed in research and technology, are found to deviate from the fundamentally more accurate velocity-gauge form by approximately-$n$-independent and series-dependent shifts. The shift amount peaks at about $0.34\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}e{a}_{0}$ for the Rb $nD\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(n+1)P$ series, a particularly strong Rydberg-transition series in Rb. The shift corresponds to relative EDTM corrections of up to $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, which can be of concern in high-precision applications. We discuss the physical reasons for the observed gauge differences, explain the conditions for applicability of the velocity- and length-gauge forms for different transition series, and present a decision tree of how to choose EDTMs.
Magnetic Microsphere Scaffold‐Based Soft Microbots for Targeted Mesenchymal Stem Cell Delivery (2023)

A soft microbot assembled from individual magnetic microsphere scaffold (MMS) beads carrying mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is navigated under magnetic actuation, where an oscillating field induces mechanical flexion to propel the microbot toward the target site. A seven-bead microbot attained a top translational speed of 205.6 µm s<sup>-1</sup> (0.068 body length s<sup>-1</sup> ) under 10 mT and 2 Hz field oscillation. The shallow flexion angle (10-24.5°) allows precision movements required to navigate narrow spaces. Upon arrival at the target site, the MMS beads unload their MSC cargo following exposure to a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, mimicking the extracellular fluid's sodium concentration. The released stem cells have excellent viability and vitality, promoting rapid healing (i.e., 83.2% vs 49%) in a scratch-wound assay. When paired with minimally invasive surgical methods, such as laparoscopy and endoscopic surgery, the microbot can provide precise stem cell delivery to hard-to-reach injury sites in the body to promote healing. Moreover, the microbot is designed to be highly versatile, with individual MMS beads customizable for cargoes of live cells, biomolecules, bionanomaterials, and pharmaceutical compounds for various therapeutic requirements.
Regio- and stereospecificity of 3. cap alpha. -hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase for trans-dihydrodiols of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1986)

Homogeneous 3..cap alpha..-hydroxysteroid/dihydridiol dehydrogenase of rat liver cytosol catalyzes the NAD(P)-dependent oxidation of a variety of trans-dihydrodiols of aromatic hydrocarbons. V/sub max//K/sub m/ ratios indicate that benzenedihydrodiol and the trans-1,2- and trans-7,8-dihydrodiols of 5-methylchrysene are most efficiently oxidized, followed by the trans-7,8-dihydrodiol of benzo(a)pyrene. The enzyme displays rigid regio-selectivity, since it readily oxidizes non-K-region trans-dihydrodiols but not the corresponding K-region isomers. Using circular dichroism spectrometry the stereochemical course of the reaction was monitored. The dehydrogenase preferentially oxidizes the (+)-(1S,2S)-diols of benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and chrysene. Apparent inversion of this preference occurs with the trans-7,8-dihydrodiol of 5-methylchrysene, as the (-)-enantiomer is utilized. No change in the sign of the Cotton Effect is observed following oxidation of the (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol of benzo(a)pyrene. Incubation of the (/sup 3/H)-(+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol of benzo(a)pyrene with the purified dehydrogenase results in greater than 90% utilization of the potent proximate carcinogen, suggesting that both the (-)-(7R,8R)- and (+)-(7S,8S)-isomers are utilized. These data show that the dehydrogenase displays the appropriate regio-and stereospecificity to oxidized both the major and minor non-K-region trans-dihydrodiols that arise from the microsomal metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in vivo.
Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding? (2020)

Folds naturally appear on nanometrically thin materials, also called "2D materials", after exfoliation, eventually creating folded edges across the resulting flakes. We investigate the adhesion and flexural properties of single-layered and multilayered 2D materials upon folding in the present work. This is accomplished by measuring and modeling mechanical properties of folded edges, which allows for the experimental determination of the bending stiffness (κ) of multilayered 2D materials as a function of the number of layers (<i>n</i>). In the case of talc, we obtain κ ∝ <i>n</i> <sup>3</sup> for <i>n</i> ≥ 5, indicating no interlayer sliding upon folding, at least in this thickness range. In contrast, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements on edges in folded graphene flakes, 14 layers thick, show no significant strain. This indicates that layers in graphene flakes, up to 5 nm thick, can still slip to relieve stress, showing the richness of the effect in 2D systems. The obtained interlayer adhesion energy for graphene (0.25 N/m) and talc (0.62 N/m) is in good agreement with recent experimental results and theoretical predictions. The obtained value for the adhesion energy of graphene on a silicon substrate is also in agreement with previous results.
The use of nitrogen dioxide to improve the superconducting properties of YBa sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 7 (1990)

The elemental homogeneity of YPa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} powders can be improved substantially by heating the powder in a nitrogen dioxide-containing atmosphere, followed by annealing in oxygen above 750{degrees}C, and slow cooling to room temperature. The improved homogeneity results in a substantially larger flux exclusion signal for the NO{sub 2}-treated powder, as measured by ac susceptibility. A substantial advantage of the NO{sub 2} process is that this process is easily scaled to larger batches and the results are highly reproducible. This is not the case for solid-state reaction processes requiring repeated heating and grinding. The effects of the various process variables on the properties of the treated powder, and the reproducibility of the process, are discussed.
Signal analysis of voltage noise in welding arcs (1982)

Gas tungsten arc welds were made on low alloy steel plates to which intentional defects (discontinuities) were imposed. Disruption of shielding gas, welding over surface films, and tack welds produce changes in what is otherwise a relatively uniform voltage signal. The arc voltage was 15 volts + or - 2 volts with 300 mV ripple noise from the power supply. Changes in this steady noise voltage varied from 50 mV to less than one millivolt depending on the severity and the type of change experienced. In some instances the changes were easily detected by analysis of the signal in real time, while in other cases the signal had to transformed to the frequency domain in order to detect the changes. Discontinuities as small as 1.5 mm in length were detected. The ultimate sensitivity and reproducibility of the technique is still being investigated.
Hexanuclear Molecular Precursors as Tools to Design Luminescent Coordination Polymers with Lanthanide Segregation (2021)

Solvothermal reactions between hexanuclear complexes with the general chemical formula [Ln<sub>6</sub>(μ<sub>6</sub>-O)(μ<sub>3</sub>-OH)<sub>8</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>12</sub>]·2NO<sub>3</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O and 2-bromobenzoic acid (2-bbH) lead to a series of isostructural one-dimensional coordination polymers with the general chemical formula [Ln<sub>2</sub>(2-bb)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>∞</sub> with Ln = Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, and Y. These coordination polymers crystallize in the orthorhombic space group <i>Fdd</i>2 (No. 43) with the following cell parameters: <i>a</i> = 29.810(3) Å, <i>b</i> = 51.185(6) Å, <i>c</i> = 11.7913(14) Å, <i>V</i> = 17992(4) Å<sup>3</sup>, and <i>Z</i> = 16. The europium- and terbium-based derivatives show sizable luminescence intensities under UV excitation. Isostructural heterolanthanide coordination polymers have also been prepared. Their luminescent properties suggest that during the synthetic process the starting hexanuclear complexes are destroyed but strongly influence the distribution of the different lanthanide ions over the metallic sites of the crystal structure. Indeed, it is possible to prepare heterolanthanide coordination polymers in which lanthanide-ion segregation is controlled.
All-solid-state Miniaturized Fluorescence Sensor Instrument for the Determination of Critical Gases and Electrolytes in Blood (1996)

Care of patients in hospitals require often the routine determination of various critical blood analytes in untreated blood. The partial pressure of CO 2 and O 2 are the most important within the so-called blood gases, H + (i.e. pH), Na + , K + , Ca 2+ and Cl - are the significant blood electrolytes, and lactate, glucose, hemoglobin and creatinine are the crucial blood metabolites. We are developing a rugged miniaturized opto-electronic device to measure these analytes. In this work we will report the results obtained with a six channel, all-solid state, miniaturized fluorescence instrument, featuring super-blue LEDs as excitation sources, μ-optics to input/output light, and photodiodes as light detectors assembled according to pigtailing 1 procedures. The six fluorescence channels can be used to determine the concentration of various blood analytes by selecting the appropriate combination of excitation light (i.e. LED and excitation filter), emission filter and sensing membrane. The performance of this instrument has been evaluated in terms of response, reproducibility, reversibility, photo-bleaching of indicator, selectivity etc..
Industrial Si Solar Cells With Cu-Based Plated Contacts (2015)

Until today, most industrial c-Si solar cells have been limited by front emitter and front metal contact properties. This study demonstrates that laser ablation and inline plating of nickel and copper followed by inline thermal annealing results in improved performance and reduced cost. Stable efficiencies exceeding 20.8% on p-type PERC CZ-Si solar cells have been independently confirmed by FhG-ISE CalLab. Average fill factors up to 80.8% have been demonstrated on large-area solar cells with a homogeneous emitter P surface concentration below 4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> P/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Reliable module performance according to the IEC61215 standard is reported.
215 Substrate/Substrate Specificity (2022)

This project originated more than 15 years ago with the intent to produce a glossary of drug metabolism terms having definitions especially applicable for use by practicing medicinal chemists. A first-draft version underwent extensive beta-testing that, fortuitously, engaged international audiences in a wide range of disciplines involved in drug discovery and development. It became clear that the inclusion of information to enhance discussions among this mix of participants would be even more valuable. The present version retains a chemical structure theme while expanding tutorial comments that aim to bridge the various perspectives that may arise during interdisciplinary communications about a given term. This glossary is intended to be educational for early stage researchers, as well as useful for investigators at various levels who participate on today’s highly multidisciplinary, collaborative small molecule drug discovery teams.
The relationship between staff perceptions of organizational readiness to change and client outcomes in substance misuse treatment programmes: A systematic review (2017)

Organizational readiness to change (ORC) is a fundamental concept within the field of organizational development and has been operationalized in substance misuse treatment. The aim of this review was to describe the relationship between staff perceptions of ORC and outcomes in substance misuse treatment services. This systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Eight papers were identified for inclusion. All papers utilized the same tool or a modified version of the same tool to measure ORC. Four of these papers used the same tool to measure client outcomes. The quality of the included papers was fair, and the level of evidence was low in respect of evidential hierarchy. ORC is predictive how effectively programs can deliver treatment. Positive ORC measurements relate to better staff/client relationships, reduced substance misuse, and better overall treatment engagement. Effectively resourced programs are more likely to have a more favorable ORC assessment, but resources are not the only determinant. Staff dynamics are important, and having a good organizational climate is of particular importance. There is limited evidence available on how to address ORC deficits. Understanding which organizational attributes are more effective than others could provide important information for policy makers and planners, but more evidence is required.
Effective Feature Integration for Automated Short Answer Scoring (2015)

A major opportunity for NLP to have a realworld impact is in helping educators score student writing, particularly content-based writing (i.e., the task of automated short answer scoring). A major challenge in this enterprise is that scored responses to a particular question (i.e., labeled data) are valuable for modeling but limited in quantity. Additional information from the scoring guidelines for humans, such as exemplars for each score level and descriptions of key concepts, can also be used. Here, we explore methods for integrating scoring guidelines and labeled responses, and we find that stacked generalization (Wolpert, 1992) improves performance, especially for small training sets.
Mechanism of the uricosuric action of the anti-inflammatory drug E3040 used to treat inflammatory bowel disease I: study using a rat model of hyperuricemia (1999)

E3040, a new class of anti-inflammatory drug, was found to reduce the plasma uric acid level in the first phase of clinical studies. In the present study, the mechanism of the uricosuric action of E3040 was investigated using the hyperuricemia model rat. The fractional excretion of uric acid (FEurate), an indicator of the excretion of uric acid in the renal tubules, at 30, 60 and 90 min after administration of E3040 (50 mg kg(-1)) was significantly elevated as compared with that in the control. This elevation of the FEurate by E3040 was dose-dependent. Although the FEurate was elevated spontaneously 30 min after administration of E3040-sulfate (E-Sul) and glucuronide (E-Glu) (100 mg kg(-1), respectively), the value was not significantly different from the control. Based on these results, it was suggested that E3040 has a uricosuric action, probably in the proximal tubules, and the uricosuric action after administration of E3040 may be mainly due to the parent drug. Concerning the tissue distribution, the kidney concentration of E-Sul after i.v. administration of the E3040 (50 mg kg(-1)) was higher than that of the parent drug (kidney/plasma ratio approximately 2).
HawKEY: Efficient and Versatile Text Entry for Virtual Reality (2019)

Text entry is still a challenging task in modern Virtual Reality (VR) systems. The lack of efficient text entry methods limits the applications that can be used productively in VR. Previous work has addressed this issue through virtual keyboards or showing the physical keyboard in VR. While physical keyboards afford faster text entry, they usually require a seated user and an instrumented environment. We introduce a new keyboard, worn on a hawker’s tray in front of the user, which affords a compact, simple, flexible, and efficient text entry solution for VR, without restricting physical movement. In our new video condition, we also show the keyboard only when the user is looking down at it. To evaluate our novel solution and to identify good keyboard visualizations, we ran a user study where we asked participants to enter both lowercase sentences as well as complex text while standing. The results show that text entry rates are affected negatively by simplistic keyboard visualization conditions and that our solution affords desktop text entry rates, even when standing.