gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of in vivo pharmacokinetics following topical administration (eye-drop) using PET and a radiolabeled drug for macular degeneration treatment (2016)

1418 Objectives Examination of drug delivery and excretion in the early stage of drug development is critical to predict viability of investigational new drugs with topical administration route. Here we assessed in vivo whole-body organ and regional eyeball pharmacokinetics (PK) of 18F-labeled new drug candidate for age-related macular degeneration treatment, [18F]CK41016, following eye-dropping using an animal dedicated PET/CT system. Methods [18F]CK41016 in form of eye-drop (E-[18F]CK41016, injected dose = ~50 µCi) was administered into the right eyeball of the SD rats (whole-body PK study) and NZW rabbits (regional eyeball PK study) then the animals underwent PET studies for 8 h. Whole-body organs- and eyeball regions-of-interest (aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous and retina) were delineated on the PET-CT fused images. PK of the E-[18F]CK41016 was assessed in terms of Tmax, Cmax, AUC and T1/2. Results Distribution of the E-[18F]CK41016 was well visualized in the whole-body organs of SD rats and eyeball regions of NZW rabbits. E-[18F]CK41016 showed tissue clearance of T1/2 = 8 h at the eyeball. The drug attained the peak concentration in the pulmonary (the lung) and systemic circulation (the heart) within 2 h after the eye-dropping (Tmax = 120 - 130 min). Accumulation of E-[18F]CK41016 in the urinary bladder and the intestine with the peak concentration (Cmax) of 1 - 2%ID/g suggested the fecal and urine excretion of the eye-dropped drug. In NZW rabbit’s eyeball, E-[18F]CK41016 was mainly accumulated in the aqueous humor (Tmax = 90 - 110 min, T1/2 = 290 - 310 min). Conclusions In the present study, we successfully characterized in vivo PK of an investigational new drug for age-related macular degeneration treatment in form of eye-drop using PET. Data demonstrated that the application of PET and radiolabeled drug provide valuable information also for drugs with topical administration route.
Sequential patterns of spikes and scale-invariance in modular networks (2014)

It has been reported that there are consistent sequential patterns of spikes after the transitions to the up state during slow wave sleep[1]. The up states may be characterized by critical dynamics[2] for which the avalanche sizes distribution is scale-invariant[3]. In order to understand the mechanism of the sequential patterns, it may thus be necessary to study the fine structure of avalanche transmission between multiple neuronal ensembles at criticality. We have developed an analytical model of avalanche dynamics in modular networks. The univariate distribution of avalanche sizes[4] can be extended to a joint probability distribution Pw({Lu}u∈S) describing the probability that Lu neurons are active in each sub-network  u during avalanches that start from the sub-network  w with  u∈S={1,...,M} and  M the number of sub-networks. The mean temporal profile[3] of the avalanches in each sub-network  u can then be detailed (see Figure ​Figure11 (A1) and (B1)) and are reminiscent of the temporal patterns observed experimentally. The sequential patterns depend on the average connection strengths between the sub-networks. At criticality, the cumulated temporal profiles can be collapsed using standard rescaling of the axes and yield a single universal scaling function[3] (see Figure ​Figure11 (A2) and (A3)). After rescaling, the mean spiking times in each sub-network are functions of the durations of the avalanches. In Figure ​Figure11 (B3), the intervals between successive mean spiking times - are proportionally shorter for longer avalanches near criticality.



Figure 1

(A1) The average number of neurons spiking at the time-step  t in the sub-networks u=1, 2, and 3 are shown red, blue, and green, respectively, for avalanches of duration τ=15 starting from the sub-network 1. (B1) ...
A Schmitt trigger with current mirror feedback (1988)

The circuit of a simple trigger with positive feedback via the current mirror (with gain) and the resistive divider is proposed. The circuit operation is described and the hysteresis voltage is obtained. The basic design limitations are introduced. Both versions (CMOS and bipolar) are considered.
Influence of bubble surface loading on particle-laden bubble rising dynamics in a fluid flow system (2023)

Prediction of the rising behaviour of particle-laden bubbles in turbulent flow systems is fundamental to the design and operation of industrial separation processes. However, due to the complexities of such systems, the effect of fluid flow on the rising behaviour of particle-laden bubbles is often ignored. This study examines the combined effect of bubble surface loading (BSL) (particle diameter: 115 μm and 316 μm) and fluid flow on the rising behaviour of a particle-laden bubble (bubble diameter: 2.10 ± 0.08 mm) in a flow system with a pair of counter-rotating vortices, at Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 188 to 769. Specifically. the rising trajectory, rise velocity, and aspect ratio of the particle-laden bubbles were determined using the shadowgraphy imaging technique. The results showed that the rise velocity reduces as the BSL increases, reaching a plateau at BSL values > 50%. Over the range of tested conditions, the critical BSL value was appeared to be insensitive to particle size but increased as Re increased. The diminishing bubble surface mobility is believed to be responsible for the observed trend. Further, a drag modification factor as a function of BSL and Reynolds number has been developed. Noticeably, the drag coefficient curves peaked at the corresponding critical BSL values. The drag modification factor may prove to be useful in modelling of the particle separation processes.
Mitochondrial imaging in live or fixed tissues using a luminescent iridium complex (2018)

Mitochondrial morphology is important for the function of this critical organelle and, accordingly, altered mitochondrial structure is exhibited in many pathologies. Imaging of mitochondria can therefore provide important information about disease presence and progression. However, mitochondrial imaging is currently limited by the availability of agents that have the capacity to image mitochondrial morphology in both live and fixed samples. This can be particularly problematic in clinical studies or large, multi-centre cohort studies, where tissue archiving by fixation is often more practical. We previously reported the synthesis of an iridium coordination complex [Ir(ppy)<sub>2</sub>(MeTzPyPhCN)]<sup>+</sup>; where ppy is a cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridine and TzPyPhCN is the 5-(5-(4-cyanophen-1-yl)pyrid-2-yl)tetrazolate ligand; and showed that this complex (herein referred to as IraZolve-Mito) has a high specificity for mitochondria in live cells. Here we demonstrate that IraZolve-Mito can also effectively stain mitochondria in both live and fixed tissue samples. The staining protocol proposed is versatile, providing a universal procedure for cell biologists and pathologists to visualise mitochondria.
Development of Dechlorination Process for PVC in Waste Plastics. (2000)

To utilize waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the removal of chlorine in PVC has been studied by newly designed rotary kiln. Coarse coke was simultaneously supplied to prevent an agglomeration of PVC particle and sticking to an inner wall of kiln during PVC dechlorination reaction. The heat for dechlorination was supplied from the outer tube of the rotary kiln so as to minimize the amount of processed gas containing HCl. Basically, it was verified that this rotary kiln could be smoothly operated due to the presence of coke particle. It was observed that dechlorinated residue was a porous materials formed along with the removal of HCl and was coated with coke particle. Dechlorination efficiency of PVC increased with an increase in the processing temperature and retention time in kiln. Dechlorination reaction of soft PVC was a little different from that of rigid PVC because of containing plasticizer in soft PVC. It was considered that plasticizer in soft PVC was inhibited dechlorination reaction. From the above results, it was concluded that an optimum reaction conditions to give 95% of dechlorination efficiency were the processing temperature of 350°C, the retention time of over 15min and the PVC/Coke weight ratio of 1.0. Yield of the dechlorinated residue for the use of blast furnace was 40% for rigid PVC and 20 to 40% for soft PVC. It was estimated that the application of this process enable to utilize effectively industrial and municipal waste plastics containing PVC in the blast furnace.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS INVOLVING FLUORIDE ION. PART 28. CYCLIZATION AND FORMATION OF DIMERS FROM PERFLUORO‐2,5‐DIAZAHEXA‐2,4‐DIENE (1984)

Abstract Das Perfluordiazadien (I) dimerisiert in Gegenwart von Alkalimetallfluoriden (II) zu den Verbindungen (IIIl ‐ (V), wobei die Produktzusannmensetzung stark von den jeweiligen Reaktionsbedingungen abhängt.
Optical manipulation system for integrated control of microfluidic structures (2005)

We demonstrate the versatility of our optical manipulation system for simultaneous powering of microstructures with diverse sizes and geometrical profiles that will lead to specialized optically driven components for microfluidic applications. In this approach, generation of arbitrarily shaped trapping beams in the observation plane of the microscope is achieved by a straightforward phase-to-intensity conversion.
Unmixing chromophores in human skin with a 3D multispectral optoacoustic mesoscopy system (2016)

The absorption of visible light by human skin is governed by a number of natural chromophores: Eumelanin, pheomelanin, oxyhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin are the major absorbers in the visible range in cutaneous tissue. Label-free quantification of these tissue chromophores is an important step of optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging towards clinical application, since it provides relevant information in diseases. In tumor cells, for instance, there are metabolic changes (Warburg effect) compared to healthy cells, leading to changes in oxygenation in the environment of tumors. In malignant melanoma changes in the absorption spectrum have been observed compared to the spectrum of nonmalignant nevi. So far, optoacoustic imaging has been applied to human skin mostly in single-wavelength mode, providing anatomical information but no functional information. In this work, we excited the tissue by a tunable laser source in the spectral range from 413-680 nm with a repetition rate of 50 Hz. The laser was operated in wavelengthsweep mode emitting consecutive pulses at various wavelengths that allowed for automatic co-registration of the multispectral datasets. The multispectral raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (MSOM) system provides a lateral resolution of &lt;60 &mu;m independent of wavelength. Based on the known absorption spectra of melanin, oxyhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin, three-dimensional absorption maps of all three absorbers were calculated from the multispectral dataset.
Do We Understand the Volatility of Ionic Liquids? (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dispersion compensation by using Bragg-grating filters with self-induced chirp (1994)

Reflection of dispersion-broadened pulses from optical-fiber Bragg gratings having a linear chirp of the grating period has been reported1–3 as a means to compensate for dispersion-induced pulse broadening. We examine here the dispersion-compensating properties of side-written chirped gratings in which the chirp has been self-induced by a half-Gaussian intensity distribution of the UV writing beam. The results of numerical and theoretical calculations using coupled-mode theory show that with a half-Gaussian refractive-index profile, the filter can compress dispersion-broadened pulses by factors of 2 to 3.
Gas Delivery During Adult Patient Triggered Mechanical Ventilation in New Generation ICU Ventilators (2019)

Background:New generation ICU ventilators frequently enter the market. To determine the performance of these ventilators they need to be compared to established ICU ventilators. In this study we compared the gas delivery capabilities of the new Nihon Kohden 550 ventilator (NKV 550) to that of the Medtronic PB980 and the Drager V500 ventilators. We hypothesized that if these ventilators were optimally set in pressure support ventilation there would be no differences in trigger response, pressurization time and volume delivery. Methods:Evaluations were performed with the IngMar ASL 5000 computerized lung simulator using a dry circuit and the Fisher & Paykel RT380 adult ventilator circuit. The ASL 5000 was set to simulate normal, COPD and ARDS lung mechanics with two ventilatory drives 1.7 and 6.7 cm H2O and inspiratory times varying from 500 to 900 milliseconds, ms. Ventilator trigger sensitivity, rise time and termination criteria were optimally set. Each ventilator was set to deliver 5/5, 10/5 and 15/10 cm H2O pressure support above PEEP. A total of 18 trials were conducted on each ventilator. Each trial lasted 2 min. The last 10 breath of each trial were analyzed. Trigger time (TT, ms), max pressure to trigger (MaxTrigP, cm H2O), time to max trigger pressure (T-Tpress, ms), trigger pressure time product (PTP, cm H2O -ms) time to 90% of peak pressure (T90, ms), and tidal volume (VT, mL) were compared among ventilators using ANOVA for repeated measures. Potentially important clinical differences were defined as a P < .001 and >10% difference among ventilators. Results:Potentially clinically important differences were identified among all variables except tidal volume(see table). Variables differed among ventilators with a P < .001 and >10% difference except for tidal volume. These differences were a result of increased time to trigger during COPD lung mechanics and a low ventilatory drive. Both independently increased time to trigger (data not shown). Conclusions:There are clinically important difference in the performance of the NKV 500, PB 980 and V500 ventilators during adult pressure support ventilation. Disclosures: Robert Kacmarek is a consultant for Medtronic’s and Orange Medical and has received research grants from Medtronic’s and Venner Medical. All other authors report no conflict of interest&nbsp;TT(ms)MaxTrigP(cmH20)T-Tpress(ms)PTP(cmH20-ms)T90(ms)Vt(ml)NKV50076.9±20.7-0.68±0.3965.5±20.627.2±19.8102.8±49.8558.6±285.3PB980119.9±35.7-1.11±0.5693.2±34.071.2±45.0195.3±43.5564.7±311.4V500123.7±66.1-1.60±0.8096.8±32.687.2±59.8172.0±95.2489.8±226.7P value<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001% difference61%135%48%221%67%15%Clinically Important DifferenceYESYESYESYESYESNOValues in the NKV500, PB 980 and V500 rows are mean ± SD of the variable above it.
(Invited) Vanadium Dioxide for Selector Applications (2013)

We are assessing how VO 2 and the metal to insulator transition can be used for selector applications. We report on two types of devices: diodes with VO 2 /TiO 2 and devices with just VO 2 between metal electrodes. We also examine materials issues arising from fabricating these devices. Furthermore, we analyze performance of the VO 2 selector when combined with a HfO x RRAM memory cell.
Colloid Microthrust Propulsion for the Space Technology 7 (ST7) and LISA Missions (2006)

For future applications to precision formation flying missions, NASA’s New Millennium Program is scheduled to test Colloid Micro‐Newton Thrusters (CMNTs) on the ST7 technology demonstration mission. These CMNTs are part of a disturbance reduction system (DRS) on the ESA SMART‐2 Spacecraft or LISA Pathfinder. The goal of the ST7 DRS is to demonstrate technologies necessary to meet the nanometer precision positioning control requirements of the LISA mission. In order to achieve these goals, the CMNTs are required to demonstrate a thrust resolution of less than 0.1 μN and a thrust noise of less than 0.1 μN/√Hz for thrust levels between 5 and 30 μN. Developed by Busek Co. with support from JPL in testing and design, the CMNT has been developed over the last four years into a flight‐ready microthrust system. The development, validation testing, and flight unit production of the CMNTs are described. Development tests and analysis include preliminary wear tests, propellant loading process verification, flow testing, and performance verification. Validation and flight unit verification includes thermal and structural analysis, life testing, thermal and dynamic load testing, and performance verification. Final delivery of the units is planned in 2007 with and planned launch and flight demonstration 2009.
Extracellular calcium modulates brown adipocyte differentiation and identity (2017)

Brown adipocytes are important in regulating non-shivering thermogenesis, whole body glucose and lipid homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports an important role of metabolites as well as macro- and micronutrients in brown adipocyte differentiation and function. Calcium is one of the most abundant ions in the body regulating multiple cellular processes. We observed that increasing extracellular calcium concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation blocks lipid accumulation and suppresses induction of major adipogenic transcription factors such as PPARγ and C/EBPα. In contrast, the depletion of calcium in the medium enhances adipogenesis and expression of brown adipocyte selective genes, such as UCP1. Mechanistically, we show that elevated extracellular calcium inhibits C/EBPβ activity through hyperactivation of ERK, a process that is independent of intracellular calcium levels and reversibly halts differentiation. Moreover, increased extracellular calcium solely after the induction phase of differentiation specifically suppresses gene expression of UCP1, PRDM16 and PGC1-α. Notably, depleting extracellular calcium provokes opposite effects. Together, we show that modulating extracellular calcium concentration controls brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic gene expression, highlighting the importance of tissue microenvironment on brown adipocyte heterogeneity and function.
Reservoir resilience of viscoelastic surfactants (2016)

Viscoelastic solutions are notoriously sensitive to temperature and ionic strength. In order to be applicable for use in oil reservoirs, they need to be resilient to higher temperatures as well as to saline content. We define the essential characteristics required. Refractory properties obtained under Couette testing do not necessarily provide the same performance under pressure-driven flow. Nonetheless, it is possible to formulate solutions which clearly indicate that subsurface application is practicable. We show examples where salinity enables significantly enhanced viscoelasticity above ambient temperatures.
Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Hemophilia: an EHA-ISTH-EAHAD-ESO Clinical Practice Guidance (2023)

Cardiovascular disease is an emerging medical issue in patients with hemophilia (PWH) and its prevalence is increasing up to 15% in PWH in the United States. Atrial fibrillation, acute and chronic coronary syndromes, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral thrombosis are frequent thrombotic or prothrombotic situations, which require a careful approach to fine-tune the delicate balance between thrombosis and hemostasis in PWH when using both procoagulant and anticoagulant treatments. Generally, PWH could be considered as being naturally anticoagulated when clotting factors are <20 IU/dL, but specific recommendations in patients with very low levels according to the different clinical situations are lacking and mainly based on the anecdotal series. For PWH with baseline clotting factor levels >20 IU/dL in need for any form of antithrombotic therapy, usually treatment without additional clotting factor prophylaxis could be used, but careful monitoring for bleeding is recommended. For antiplatelet treatment, this threshold could be lower with single-antiplatelet agent, but again factor level should be at least 20 IU/dL for dual antiplatelet treatment. In this complex growing scenario, the European Hematology Association in collaboration with the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, the European Association for Hemophilia and Allied Disorders, the European Stroke Organization, and a representative of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis has produced this current guidance document to provide clinical practice recommendations for health care providers who care for PWH.
Can Surface Soil Moisture Information Identify Evapotranspiration Regime Transitions? (2022)

The transition of evapotranspiration between energy- and water-limitation regimes also denotes a nonlinear change in surface water and energy coupling strength. The regime transitions are primarily dominated by available moisture in the soil, although other micro-meteorological factors also play a role. Remotely sensed soil moisture is frequently used for detecting evapotranspiration regime transitions during inter storm dry downs. However, its sampling depth does not include the entire soil profile, over which water uptake is dominated by plant root distribution. We use flux tower, surface (<i>θ</i> <sub><i>s</i></sub> ; observations at 5 cm), and vertically integrated in situ soil moisture ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ; 0-50 cm) observations to address the question: Can surface soil moisture robustly identify evapotranspiration regime transitions? Results demonstrate that <i>θ</i> <sub><i>s</i></sub> and <i>θ</i> <sub><i>v</i></sub> are hydraulically linked and have synchronized evapotranspiration regime transitions. As such, <i>θ</i> <sub><i>s</i></sub> and <i>θ</i> <sub><i>v</i></sub> capture comparable statistics of evapotranspiration regime prevalence, which supports the utility of remote-sensing <i>θ</i> <sub><i>s</i></sub> for large-scale land-atmosphere exchange analysis.
Measurement of Organ Structure and Function Enhances Understanding of the Physiological Basis of Frailty: The Cardiovascular Health Study (2011)

Disease burden was independently and significantly associated with frailty. These results emphasize that typically unrecognized physiological changes may contribute significantly to frailty.
Waveguide-integrated pin photodiode on InP (1987)

An InGaAs PIN photodiode was vertically integrated with an inverted optical rib waveguide in InGaAsP. Guided light was transferred to and absorbed by the photodiode at a rate of 0.07dB/μm. For detectors with sufficient length (&gt;300μm) a responsivity of 0.81 A/W was achieved at 1.3 μm wave-length.
Microtechnology for space systems (2002)

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are micron-to-millimeter size electromechanical devices that are fabricated using modified semiconductor batch-fabrication techniques. We believe that MEMS technology will have a significant impact on future space systems by (1) reducing the size, mass, power, and cost of individual sensors and actuators used throughout spacecraft and launch vehicles and (2) ultimately reducing overall spacecraft size. At the Aerospace Corporation, we are focusing on near and far-term applications of MEMS in space systems for reduced mass, improved performance, higher reliability, increased health and status awareness, and reduced life cycle costs. Specific tasks include the development of micro-propulsion technology for microsatellites (1-to-100 kg mass) and nanosatellites (1-to-1000 gram mass), the development of a flight-qualifiable GN&C (guidance, navigation, and control) unit using a GPS receiver and MEMS inertial sensors, and the development of a MEMS-based wireless multiparameter sensor.