gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum estimation of parameters of classical spacetimes (2017)

We describe a quantum limit to measurement of classical spacetimes. Specifically, we formulate a quantum Cramér-Rao lower bound for estimating the single parameter in any one-parameter family of spacetime metrics. We employ the locally covariant formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, which allows for a manifestly background-independent derivation. The result is an uncertainty relation that applies to all globally hyperbolic spacetimes. Among other examples, we apply our method to detection of gravitational waves with the electromagnetic field as a probe, as in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. Other applications are discussed, from terrestrial gravimetry to cosmology.
Polarization-dependent diffractive optical elements based on photoalignment of liquid crystals (2019)

Diffractive optical elements (DOEs), with attractive features such as excellent performance and compact configuration, are now becoming increasingly important to a wide range of optical system applications. In this paper, we have used the patterned photoalignment method to produce switchable gratings. It is found that these gratings combine good optical quality with very fast dynamical response at very low driving voltage. A sub-millisecond steering with active FLC as a polarization selector and passive polarization grating (PG) as a diffractive element. A systematic analysis is conducted from the device fabrication to the element working mechanism with their potential problems and corresponding solutions included. The polymerizable liquid crystal PG shows compact size, light weight, robustness, and low cost. Switching time of 82&mu;s is realized by binary switching between two circular polarizations before incident on PG utilizing FLC driven by two electrical polarities. Overall efficiency of 95.7% is achieved with steering angle of 17.66&deg; by 1064nm laser.
Space-time diversity receiver for DS-CDMA systems (2002)

This paper proposes an experimental study of a space-time diversity receiver for DS-CDMA systems. The objective is to obtain a trade-off between space (i.e. the number of antennas) and time (i.e. the length of the filters) diversity for particular signal scenarios. Single and multi-user scenarios are considered involving fading effects and co-channel interference. The antennas array is composed of three antennas and one monopole. The chip rate is equal to 12.5 M chips/s and the spreading factor is fixed at 31.
Synthesis of a mGluR5 antagonist using [<sup>11</sup>C]copper(I) cyanide (2006)

Abstract 5‐(2‐Phenylethynyl)pyridine‐3‐[ 11 C]carbonitrile ([ 11 C]LY2232645), a metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonist, was synthesized by a no‐carrier‐added nucleophilic halogen displacement with [ 11 C]copper(I) cyanide. The average radiochemical yield was 2.5%, and the average specific activity was 1365 mCi/µmol at end‐of‐synthesis. The total time of synthesis, purification, and formulation was 26 min. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Conjugated Enones with tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl Triflate and Intramolecular Annelation. (1986)

Abstract Die Enone (I) und (V) reagieren unter den angegebenen Bedingungen selektiv zu den Dienolethern (II) bzw. (VI), die mit Maleinsäureanhydrid (III) die endo‐Addukte (IV) bzw. (VII) bilden.
Kidney Patient Care in Disasters (2007)

The active 2005 hurricane season alerted Americans to the pressing need for a more effective response to mass casualty incidents. The kidney patient community was particularly affected. Ninety-four dialysis facilities in the Gulf Coast states closed for at least 1 wk in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and additional units were affected by evacuation of dialysis patients. Dialysis units along the Gulf Coast were also affected by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma. Existing emergency response plans were inadequate in providing continuity of care for kidney patients. The Kashmir, South Asia, earthquake of October 2005 killed 97,000 individuals. Building collapse was associated with widespread crush injury, and many patients required temporary hemodialysis. Several regions of the United States have the potential for catastrophic earthquakes. The Kidney Community Emergency Response Coalition has recently issued recommendations for patients, dialysis facilities, and providers, with a goal to improve care of kidney patients in future domestic disasters. With suitable planning, the nephrology community can do much to ensure the continuity of medical care for kidney patients in the face of a wide range of possible natural and human-made disasters.
Algebraic Properties of the Elementary Functions of Analysis (1979)

The elementary functions of a complex variable z are those functions built up from the rational functions of z by exponentiation, taking logarithms, and algebraic operations. The purpose of this paper is first, to prove a structure theorem which shows that if an algebraic relation holds among a set of elementary functions, then they must satisfy an algebraic relation of a special kind. Then we make four applications of this theorem, obtaining both new and old results which are described here briefly (and imprecisely). (1) An algorithm is given for telling when two elementary expressions define the same function. (2) A characterization is derived of those ordinary differential equations having elementary solutions. (3) The four basic functions of elementary calculus-exp, log, tan, tan-' -are shown to be irredundant. (4) A characterization is given of elementary functions possessing elemen- tary inverses.
Effect of amphetamine on dopamine D2 receptor binding in nonhuman primate brain: A comparison of the agonist radioligand [11C]MNPA and antagonist [11C]raclopride (2006)

PET measurements of stimulant-induced dopamine (DA) release are typically performed with antagonist radioligands that bind to both the high- and low-affinity state of the receptor. In contrast, an agonist radioligand binds preferentially to the high-affinity state and is expected to have greater sensitivity to DA, which is the endogenous agonist. [(11)C]MNPA, (R)-2-CH(3)O-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (MNPA), is a D(2) agonist radioligand with subnanomolar affinity to the D(2) receptor. The aim of the present study is to assess and compare the sensitivity of the agonist radioligand [(11)C]MNPA and antagonist radioligand [(11)C]raclopride to synaptic DA levels. Four cynomolgus monkeys were examined with [(11)C]MNPA and [(11)C]raclopride (16 PET measurements with each tracer) at baseline and after pretreatment with various doses of amphetamine. The effect of amphetamine was calculated by the change in binding potential (BP) analyzed with the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM2). Amphetamine caused a reduction in [(11)C]MNPA BP of 4% at 0.1, 23% at 0.2, 25% at 0.5, and 46% at 1.0 mg/kg. [(11)C]Raclopride BP was reduced to a lesser extent by 2% at 0.1, 16% at 0.2, 15% at 0.5, and 23% at 1.0 mg/kg. The data were used to estimate the in vivo percentage of high-affinity state receptors to be approximately 60%. These results demonstrate that [(11)C]MNPA is more sensitive than [(11)C]raclopride to displacement by endogenous DA, and that it may provide additional information about the functional state of the D(2) receptor in illnesses such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
Exploiting Resiliency for Kernel-Wise CNN Approximation Enabled by Adaptive Hardware Design (2021)

Efficient low-power accelerators for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) largely benefit from quantization and approximation, which are typically applied layer-wise for efficient hardware implementation. In this work, we present a novel strategy for efficient combination of these concepts at a deeper level, which is at each channel or kernel. We first apply layer-wise, low bit-width, linear quantization and truncation-based approximate multipliers to the CNN computation. Then, based on a state-of-the-art resiliency analysis, we are able to apply a kernel-wise approximation and quantization scheme with negligible accuracy losses, without further retraining. Our proposed strategy is implemented in a specialized framework for fast design space exploration. This optimization leads to a boost in estimated power savings of up to 34% in residual CNN architectures for image classification, compared to the base quantized architecture.
Novel Aspects of Tomato Root Colonization and Infection by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>radicis-lycopersici</i> Revealed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Analysis Using the Green Fluorescent Protein as a Marker (2002)

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici is the causal agent of tomato foot and root rot disease. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to mark this fungus in order to visualize and analyze the colonization and infection processes in vivo. Transformation of F oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was very efficient and gfp expression was stable for at least nine subcultures. Microscopic analysis of the transformants revealed homogeneity of the fluorescent signal, which was clearly visible in the hyphae as well as in the chlamydospores and conidia. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which this is shown. The transformation did not affect the pathogenicity. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, colonization, infection, and disease development on tomato roots were visualized in detail and several new aspects of these processes were observed, such as (i) the complete colonization pattern of the tomato root system; (ii) the very first steps of contact between the fungus and the host, which takes place at the root hair zone by mingling and by the attachment of hyphae to the root hairs; (iii) the preferential colonization sites on the root surface, which are the grooves along the junctions of the epidermal cells; and (iv) the absence of specific infection sites, such as sites of emergence of secondary roots, root tips, or wounded tissue, and the absence of specific infection structures, such as appressoria. The results of this work prove that the use of GFP as a marker for F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici is a convenient, fast, and effective approach for studying plant-fungus interactions.
SU-E-T-549: A Combinatorial Optimization Approach to Treatment Planning with Non-Uniform Fractions in Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (2014)

Purpose: Non-uniform fractionation, i.e. delivering distinct dose distributions in two subsequent fractions, can potentially improve outcomes by increasing biological dose to the target without increasing dose to healthy tissues. This is possible if both fractions deliver a similar dose to normal tissues (exploit the fractionation effect) but high single fraction doses to subvolumes of the target (hypofractionation). Optimization of such treatment plans can be formulated using biological equivalent dose (BED), but leads to intractable nonconvex optimization problems. We introduce a novel optimization approach to address this challenge. Methods: We first optimize a reference IMPT plan using standard techniques that delivers a homogeneous target dose in both fractions. The method then divides the pencil beams into two sets, which are assigned to either fraction one or fraction two. The total intensity of each pencil beam, and therefore the physical dose, remains unchanged compared to the reference plan. The objectives are to maximize the mean BED in the target and to minimize the mean BED in normal tissues, which is a quadratic function of the pencil beam weights. The optimal reassignment of pencil beams to one of the two fractions is formulated as a binary quadratic optimization problem. A near-optimal solution to this problem can be obtained by convex relaxation and randomized rounding. Results: The method is demonstrated for a large arteriovenous malformation (AVM) case treated in two fractions. The algorithm yields a treatment plan, which delivers a high dose to parts of the AVM in one of the fractions, but similar doses in both fractions to the normal brain tissue adjacent to the AVM. Using the approach, the mean BED in the target was increased by approximately 10% compared to what would have been possible with a uniform reference plan for the same normal tissue mean BED.
Porous Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene for Ultrahigh-Rate Sodium-Ion Storage with Long Cycle Life (2018)

The development of anode materials remains a challenge to satisfy the requirements of sodium-ion storage for large-scale energy-storage applications, which is ascribed to the low kinetics of ionic/electron transfer of electrode materials. Here we show that the controlled anisotropic assembly of highly conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets to form a porous structure can enhance the sodium-ion storage kinetics. At high current densities of 1 and 10 A g–1, the porous Ti3C2Tx electrode delivered capacities of 166 and 124 mA h g–1, respectively. Even at an extremely high current density of 100 A g–1, a capacity of 24 mA h g–1 could be achieved. The porous Ti3C2Tx electrode also exhibited a long cycle life that can be extended to 1000 cycles with no capacity decay at a current density of 1 A g–1. This work demonstrates successful control of the Ti3C2Tx architecture to push electrochemical sodium-ion storage closer to large-scale applications and is expected to shed light on the rational utilization of the outstanding properties of MXenes by controlling their microscopic assembly.
Simultaneous multithreaded vector architecture: merging ILP and DLP for high performance (2002)

Shows that instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and data-level parallelism (DLP) can be merged in a single simultaneous vector multithreaded architecture to execute regular vectorizable code at a performance level that cannot be achieved using either paradigm on its own. We show that the combination of the two techniques yields very high performance at a low cost and a low complexity. We show that this architecture achieves a sustained performance on numerical regular codes that is 20 times the performance that can be achieved with today's superscalar microprocessors. Moreover, we show that the architecture can tolerate very large memory latencies, of up to a 100 cycles, with a relatively small performance degradation. This high performance is independent of working set size or of locality considerations, since the DLP paradigm allows very efficient exploitation of a high-performance flat memory bandwidth.
Introduction to Biotherapeutics (2017)

Complex protein-based therapeutics including antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have grown to become a major part of the portfolios of many biotechnology and biopharma companies (Walsh G (2014) Biopharmaceutical benchmarks 2014. Nature biotechnology 32(10):992–1000). One of the many important aspects of developing protein-based therapeutics is detailed analytical characterization. The advent of increasingly sophisticated and sensitive analytical tools has enhanced our understanding of different sources of microheterogeneity that can occur in proteins, including posttranslational modifications (PTMs), chemical modifications, and aggregation. This microheterogeneity of protein-based therapeutics is of critical importance to study as it may impact their safety and/or efficacy in patients. Within this book on the Analytical Characterization of Biotherapeutics, we discuss the cutting-edge tools, techniques, and approaches to evaluate structure–function relationships, determine physicochemical properties, and analyze higher order structures (HOSs) of novel biologics.
Dynamic adaptation of instantaneous nonlinear bipoles in wave digital networks (2016)

Accommodating multiple nonlinearities in a modular fashion and with no use of delay elements is a relevant unsolved problem in the literature on Wave Digital (WD) networks. In this work we present a method for adapting instantaneous NonLinear (NL) bipoles characterized by monotonic increasing curves. The method relies on the fact that the characteristic of a NL bipole can be described by a line, which dynamically varies its slope and its intercept according to the actual operating point. This fact allows us to model a NL bipole as a linear real voltage generator with time-varying parameters. Dynamic adaptation makes possible to accommodate multiple nonlinearities in the same WD network, ensuring the absence of delay-free loops. We will show that diodes can be effectively modeled using the presented approach. As an example of application of our method, we present an implementation of a diode-based audio limiter.
Second Harmonic and Fundamental Wavelengths Digital Holographic Microscopy (2009)

We report on a new, multi-functional second harmonic generation digital holographic microscope that allows retrieval of an object complex diffraction wavefront at both second harmonic and fundamental wavelengths.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKOXY DERIVATIVES OF TRICHLOROCYCLOTRITHIAZENES (1983)

Abstract Trichlorcyclotrithiazin (I) reagiert mit den Alkoholaten (II) zu den Trialkoxyverbindungen (III).
Advances in targeted therapeutic agents (2010)

Novel medications are in demand for the treatment of serious medical conditions including cancer, autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases. Targeted therapies offer a way to develop very specific treatments for serious medical conditions while concomitantly resulting in little to no off-target toxicity. Targeted therapies provide an opportunity to develop personalized medicines with superior treatment modalities for the patient and a better quality of life.
Supplementary Data from Bcl-xL Enforces a Slow-Cycling State Necessary for Survival in the Nutrient-Deprived Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Data from Bcl-xL Enforces a Slow-Cycling State Necessary for Survival in the Nutrient-Deprived Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer
Self-mutilation in young children following brachial plexus birth injury (2004)

Brachial plexus injury in adults commonly produces persistent pain. Pediatric textbooks and case series suggest that perinatal brachial plexus injury is very rarely associated with pain, though this is difficult to determine in preverbal infants. Some of these young children self-mutilate the affected extremity, which may or may not reflect pain. This study was designed to characterize the clinical presentation and course of self-mutilation following perinatal brachial plexus injury. In this retrospective chart review, 280 patients were identified as having a perinatal brachial plexus injury from 1990–2002. Self-mutilation behavior was defined as excessive mouthing of or biting of any part of the affected limb, and/or loss of any parts of the affected limb secondary to biting and infection. Case reports were generated which described the severity of the primary injury, the types of surgical interventions, the duration and temporal relationship of behavior with surgical interventions and the nature of the self-mutilation behavior. Eleven patients demonstrated self-mutilating behavior, yielding a cumulative incidence of 3.9%. The median age of onset of this behavior was 17 (IQR=11–21) months, the median onset of the behavior was 8 (IQR) months after surgery and the median duration of this behavior was 6 (IQR=4–7) months. The incidence of self-mutilation among children who had undergone surgery was 6.8% (9 of 133 children) compared to the 1.4% (2 of 147 children) for non-surgical patients (P<0.05). Seven of 24 children (29.1%) who underwent brachial plexus dissection demonstrated self-mutilation, which was significantly different from the incidence of self-mutilation in children who did not have surgery (P<0.001). Self-mutilation behavior in our population occurred more frequently in children following brachial plexus microsurgery. The reasons for this association are unclear, but may be related to either the surgery or the severity of the initial injury or both.
The Effects of Foam Thermal Protection System on the Damage Tolerance Characteristics of Composite Sandwich Structures for Launch Vehicles (2011)

For any structure composed of laminated composite materials, impact damage is one of the greatest risks and therefore most widely tested responses. Typically, impact damage testing and analysis assumes that a solid object comes into contact with the bare surface of the laminate (the outer ply). However, most launch vehicle structures will have a thermal protection system (TPS) covering the structure for the majority of its life. Thus, the impact response of the material with the TPS covering is the impact scenario of interest. In this study, laminates representative of the composite interstage structure for the Ares I launch vehicle were impact tested with and without the planned TPS covering, which consists of polyurethane foam. Response variables examined include maximum load of impact, damage size as detected by nondestructive evaluation techniques, and damage morphology and compression after impact strength. Results show that there is little difference between TPS covered and bare specimens, except the residual strength data is higher for TPS covered specimens.
Constructing deep neural networks by Bayesian network structure learning (2018)

We introduce a principled approach for unsupervised structure learning of deep neural networks. We propose a new interpretation for depth and inter-layer connectivity where conditional independencies in the input distribution are encoded hierarchically in the network structure. Thus, the depth of the network is determined inherently. The proposed method casts the problem of neural network structure learning as a problem of Bayesian network structure learning. Then, instead of directly learning the discriminative structure, it learns a generative graph, constructs its stochastic inverse, and then constructs a discriminative graph. We prove that conditional-dependency relations among the latent variables in the generative graph are preserved in the class-conditional discriminative graph. We demonstrate on image classification benchmarks that the deepest layers (convolutional and dense) of common networks can be replaced by significantly smaller learned structures, while maintaining classification accuracy—state-of-the-art on tested benchmarks. Our structure learning algorithm requires a small computational cost and runs efficiently on a standard desktop CPU.
A reconfigurable 4.7&amp;#x2013;6.6GHz and 8.5&amp;#x2013;10.7GHz concurrent and dual-band oscillator in 65nm CMOS (2012)

A triple-mode 65nm CMOS VCO is designed to be reconfigurable to operate in two frequency bands, 4.7-6.6GHz and 8.5-10.7GHz, either concurrently or one at a time. Operated concurrently in the lower and higher bands, the VCO consumes 1.6mA at 1.2V and measures tuning ranges of 35%/23%, phase noise of -130/-128dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset, corresponding to FOMs of -184/187dB, respectively. Operated in the lower and higher bands one at a time, the VCO consumes 0.75mA/1.43mA at 1.2V with tuning ranges of 34%/23% and phase noise of -131/-128dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset, which correspond to FOMs of -186dB and -185dB, respectively.
Preliminary Investigation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of 2024 Aluminium Alloy Friction Spot Welds (2011)

Friction Spot Welding (FSpW) is a new solid-state joining process able to produce similar and dissimilar overlap connections in different classes of materials. Advantages of this new technique are: short production cycles, high performance joints, absence of filler materials and good surface finishing supported by material refilling in the spot area. Although few authors have addressed the microstructural and mechanical behavior of friction spot welds of Aluminum alloys, there is still a lack of a systematic evaluation on the process-properties relationship. In this work the AA2024-T3 alloy (rolled sheets) was selected for the welding procedure. Design of Experiment and Analyses of Variance techniques were employed to evaluate joint shear strength under static loading. Sound joints with elevated shear strength were achieved and the influence of the main process parameters on joint strength evaluated.