gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo release properties of brilliant blue and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from poly(D,L-lacticco-glycolic acid) multiphase microspheres (1999)

The dissolution properties of two model compounds, brilliant blue and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), from poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) multiphase microspheres were investigated. In addition, the in vivo release of TNF-alpha from the microspheres, in mice, was studied. The microspheres were prepared by an anhydrous multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method. Multiphase microspheres containing brilliant blue exhibited a three phase release profile in vitro, and displayed a significantly lower level of dye released during the initial phase compared to conventional matrix-type microspheres. Slow release of the dye was observed during the second phase, which was followed by a disintegration of the polymer wall during the third phase of the release process. In vitro dissolution profiles of TNF-alpha were calculated by compensation for the simultaneous degradation of the protein in the dissolution medium. The initial burst release of TNF-alpha was significantly reduced with the multiphase microspheres. The three phase release profile, as seen with the dye, was not observed for the microspheres containing the TNF-alpha. The rate of release of the protein from the microspheres was determined in vivo by analysing the residual level of TNF-alpha remaining in the particles following intraperitoneal administration of the microspheres to mice. The release of the protein from the microspheres in vivo was significantly faster than predicted from the results of the in vitro studies. The absence of an initial burst release of TNF-alpha from the multiphase microspheres was reflected in a significant reduction in the plasma level of TNF-alpha when compared to the matrix-type microspheres and a solution of the protein. The controlled release property of the multiphase microspheres is expected to overcome the adverse reactions due to dose dumping that occurs following the local administration of TNF-alpha.
Enzymatic <i>C</i>-glycosylation: Insights from the study of a complementary pair of plant <i>O</i>- and <i>C</i>-glucosyltransferases (2013)

C -Glycosylation presents a rare mode of sugar attachment to the core structure of natural products and is catalyzed by a special type of Leloir C -glycosyltransferases (C-GTs). Elucidation of mechanistic principles for these glycosyltransferases (GTs) is of fundamental interest, and it could also contribute to the development of new biocatalysts for the synthesis of valuable C -glycosides, potentially serving as analogues of the highly hydrolysis-sensitive O ‑glycosides. Enzymatic glucosylation of the natural dihydrochalcone phloretin from UDP‑D-glucose was applied as a model reaction in the study of a structurally and functionally homologous pair of plant glucosyltransferases, where the enzyme from rice ( Oryza sativa ) was specific for C -glycosylation and the enzyme from pear ( Pyrus communis ) was specific for O -glycosylation. We show that distinct active-site motifs are used by the two enzymes to differentiate between C - and O -glucosylation of the phloretin acceptor. An enzyme design concept is therefore developed where exchange of active-site motifs results in a reversible switch between C / O -glycosyltransferase (C/O-GT) activity. Mechanistic proposal for enzymatic C -glycosylation involves a single nucleophilic displacement at the glucosyl anomeric carbon, proceeding through an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state. Alternatively, the reaction could be described as Friedel&amp;ndash;Crafts-like direct alkylation of the phenolic acceptor.
Total hip arthroplasty in a patient with neurofibromatosis type I and recurrent spontaneous hip dislocation. (2004)

A 26-year-old woman came to the hospital with her third spontaneous posterolateral dislocation of the left hip, which had occurred as this young woman was getting out of a boat (Fig. 1). Her history included a diagnosis at 9 months of age of neurofibromatosis (NF) type I.



Fig. 1. Posterolateral hip dislocation (third episode).



Reduction of the hip dislocation with traction was easy under general anesthesia, with no resultant complications, as confirmed by standard radiographs, arthrogram and arthroscan. During the following 2 years she had 3 other episodes of hip dislocation from trivial trauma. A shelf operation and fascia lata tenorraphy led to a symptom-free period of 8 years until a dislocation recurred, with subsequent development of progressive hip arthritis.

She underwent total hip arthroplasty. During that procedure, we noted that her hip muscles were atrophied and her capsulo-ligamentous structures loose, but found was no evidence of neurofibroma in or around the hip joint. After the hip replacement, an intraoperative examination demonstrated poor stability. To tighten the gluteal muscles, we performed a trochanteric osteotomy, fixed with a Downmills hook.

Afterward the patient had another episode of dislocation and developed recurrent instability of her artificial joint. This necessitated the replacement of the acetabular component by a constrained liner (Fig. 2).



Fig. 2. Total hip arthroplasty with a constrained liner.



At follow-up 18 months later, she has had no further dislocations.
Mechanisms and diagnostic evaluation of persistent or recurrent angina following percutaneous coronary revascularization (2018)

Persistence or recurrence of angina after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may affect about 20-40% of patients during short-medium-term follow-up. This appears to be true even when PCI is 'optimized' using physiology-guided approaches and drug-eluting stents. Importantly, persistent or recurrent angina post-PCI is associated with a significant economic burden. Healthcare costs may be almost two-fold higher among patients with persistent or recurrent angina post-PCI vs. those who become symptom-free. However, practice guideline recommendations regarding the management of patients with angina post-PCI are unclear. Gaps in evidence into the mechanisms of post-PCI angina are relevant, and more research seems warranted. The purpose of this document is to review potential mechanisms for the persistence or recurrence of angina post-PCI, propose a practical diagnostic algorithm, and summarize current knowledge gaps.
Performance of impedance and inductance ventilation sensors on premature infants during natural breathing, motion, and airway obstruction (2004)

We measured ventilation from infants by impedance plethysmography (IP) and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) on the ribcage (re) and abdomen (abd) in order to characterize sensor performance during unrestrained sleep. We recorded airflow using a pneumotachometer (PT) attached to a standard infant mask gently sealed over the face. For each subject, we recorded spontaneous respiratory activity for one hour, and occluded the PT three times for approximately 5 s to simulate obstructive apnea. We determined the error between sensor estimates of breath amplitude and PT measurements of tidal volume during quiet breathing, motion, apnea and simulated airway obstruction. For the thirteen infants studied, no other individual sensors resulted in lower bias (mean error) or limits of agreement (bias/spl plusmn/2SD of errors) than IP(rc). IP(rc) measurements of tidal volume during quiet breathing of 10.0 ml had a mean bias of 0.8 ml, with limits of agreement from -5.6 to 7.2 ml. During motion, spontaneous apnea and airway obstruction, the IP(rc) bias increased to 7.6/spl plusmn/8.4, 4.8/spl plusmn/4.2, and 7.6/spl plusmn/4.2 ml (mean/spl plusmn/2SD), respectively. The combination of RlP(abd) and RlP(rc) was not significantly more accurate than IP(rc). IP(rc) measurements obtained at 35 kHz and 185 kHz appeared similar, and IP(abd) measurements were the most unreliable.
Der TopTenTeil (2010)

Dieser Teil des Buches enthält ein paar Weisheiten über das Geheimnis, wie Sie ein vielversprechender Nachwuchschemiker auf dem Gebiet der Organischen Chemie werden. Sie finden hier Zehn Gebote der Organischen Chemie, die Ihnen bei jedem auftauchenden Problem zur Seite stehen sollen.
Guanine Modification of Inhibitory Oligonucleotides Potentiates Their Suppressive Function (2013)

Inhibitory TLR7 and/or TLR9 oligonucleotides (inhibitory oligonucleotide [INH-ODN]) are characterized by a phosphorothioate backbone and a CC(T)XXX₃₋₅GGG motif, respectively. INH-ODN 2088 is a prototypic member of this class of INH-ODN and acts as a TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist. It contains a G quadruple that leads to higher order structures by the formation of G tetrads. These structures are unfavorable for the prediction of their pharmacological and immunological behavior. We show in this study that modification of Gs within the G quadruple by 7-deaza-guanine or 7-deaza-2'-O-methyl-guanine avoids higher order structures and improves their inhibitory potential. Whereas TLR9-induced TNF-α secretion of bone marrow-derived macrophages and conventional dendritic cells was equally inhibited by INH-ODN 2088 and G-modified INH-ODNs such as INH-ODN 24888, TLR7-induced TNF-α release and TLR7- and TLR9-induced IL-12p40 release were significantly more impaired by G-modified INH-ODNs. Similarly, the IL-6 release of B cells from wild-type and autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice was more efficiently impaired by G-modified INH-ODNs. Surprisingly, INH-ODN 2088 stimulated B cells to proliferate when used in higher doses. Finally, in vivo, in wild-type and autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice, G-modified INH-ODN 24888 was significantly more efficient than unmodified INH-ODN 2088. In summary, G modification allows the development of INH-ODNs with superior inhibitory potency for inflammatory diseases with high medical need such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Dendritic cell-derived exosomes as maintenance immunotherapy after first line chemotherapy in NSCLC (2015)

Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) are small extracellular vesicles secreted by viable dendritic cells. In the two phase-I trials that we conducted using the first generation of Dex (IFN-γ-free) in end-stage cancer, we reported that Dex exerted natural killer (NK) cell effector functions in patients. A second generation of Dex (IFN-γ-Dex) was manufactured with the aim of boosting NK and T cell immune responses. We carried out a phase II clinical trial testing the clinical benefit of IFN-γ-Dex loaded with MHC class I- and class II-restricted cancer antigens as maintenance immunotherapy after induction chemotherapy in patients bearing inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without tumor progression. The primary endpoint was to observe at least 50% of patients with progression-free survival (PFS) at 4 mo after chemotherapy cessation. Twenty-two patients received IFN-γ-Dex. One patient exhibited a grade three hepatotoxicity. The median time to progression was 2.2 mo and median overall survival (OS) was 15 mo. Seven patients (32%) experienced stabilization of >4 mo. The primary endpoint was not reached. An increase in NKp30-dependent NK cell functions were evidenced in a fraction of these NSCLC patients presenting with defective NKp30 expression. Importantly, MHC class II expression levels of the final IFN-γ-Dex product correlated with expression levels of the NKp30 ligand BAG6 on Dex, and with NKp30-dependent NK functions, the latter being associated with longer progression-free survival. This phase II trial confirmed the capacity of Dex to boost the NK cell arm of antitumor immunity in patients with advanced NSCLC.
Passive-dynamic ankle–foot orthosis replicates soleus but not gastrocnemius muscle function during stance in gait (2015)

Identifying the role of passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthosis stiffness during gait provides biomechanical rationale for how to customize passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses for patients. Furthermore, these findings can be used in the future as the basis for developing objective prescription models to help drive the customization of passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthosis characteristics.
Supplementary Methods from Oncosome Formation in Prostate Cancer: Association with a Region of Frequent Chromosomal Deletion in Metastatic Disease (2023)

Supplementary Methods from Oncosome Formation in Prostate Cancer: Association with a Region of Frequent Chromosomal Deletion in Metastatic Disease
<b>Mechanism of Radical <i>S</i>-Adenosyl-</b><scp>l</scp>-methionine Adenosylation: Radical Intermediates and the Catalytic Competence of the 5′-Deoxyadenosyl Radical (2022)

Radical <i>S</i>-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzymes employ a [4Fe-4S] cluster and SAM to initiate diverse radical reactions via either H-atom abstraction or substrate adenosylation. Here we use freeze-quench techniques together with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to provide snapshots of the reaction pathway in an adenosylation reaction catalyzed by the radical SAM enzyme pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme on a peptide substrate containing a dehydroalanine residue in place of the target glycine. The reaction proceeds via the initial formation of the organometallic intermediate Ω, as evidenced by the characteristic EPR signal with <i>g</i><sub>∥</sub> = 2.035 and <i>g</i><sub>⊥</sub> = 2.004 observed when the reaction is freeze-quenched at 500 ms. Thermal annealing of frozen Ω converts it into a second paramagnetic species centered at <i>g</i><sub>iso</sub> = 2.004; this second species was generated directly using freeze-quench at intermediate times (∼8 s) and unequivocally identified via isotopic labeling and EPR spectroscopy as the tertiary peptide radical resulting from adenosylation of the peptide substrate. An additional paramagnetic species observed in samples quenched at intermediate times was revealed through thermal annealing while frozen and spectral subtraction as the SAM-derived 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'-dAdo•). The time course of the 5'-dAdo• and tertiary peptide radical EPR signals reveals that the former generates the latter. These results thus support a mechanism in which Ω liberates 5'-dAdo• by Fe-C5' bond homolysis, and the 5'-dAdo• attacks the dehydroalanine residue of the peptide substrate to form the adenosylated peptide radical species. The results thus provide a picture of a catalytically competent 5'-dAdo• intermediate trapped just prior to reaction with the substrate.
Challenges and Opportunities to Improve the Clinician Experience Reviewing Electronic Progress Notes (2019)

Our findings support the need to improve EHR note design and presentation to support optimal note review patterns for clinicians.
Quantitative, Architectural Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets in Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes from Breast Cancer Patients and Healthy Lymph Nodes (2010)

Our integrative approach has made quantitative analysis of complex visual data possible. Our results highlight spatial alterations of immune cells within lymph nodes from breast cancer patients as an independent variable from numerical changes. This opens up new areas of investigations in research and medicine. Future application of this approach will lead to a better understanding of immune changes in the tumor microenvironment and TDLNs, and how they affect clinical outcomes.
Thermal-instability considerations for pulsed microwave-excited CO<sub>2</sub>slab lasers (2000)

The effect of thermal instabilities on the performance of sealed-off microwave-excited CO2 slab lasers is analysed. The evolution time of the thermal instability (τ) is estimated for both helium-rich and -poor mixtures. The analysis is based on a simplified discharge model. The dependence of τ on the reduced field (E/N), the discharge gap, the gas pressure, and the ballast-strip characteristics is derived for helium-rich and -poor mixtures. Equating τ and tp, the temperature rise time from ambient to a most efficient gas-discharge temperature, results in an optimal ballast-strip capacitance. This result is found to be independent of the gas mixture and pressure. Two examples for optimized ballast dielectric strips (fused quartz and alumina) are presented.
Long-term outcomes in patients with rheumatologic disorders undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a BAsel Stent Kosten-Effektivitäts Trial-PROspective Validation Examination (BASKET-PROVE) sub-study (2016)

The presence of rheumatologic disorders appears to be independently associated with worse outcome in CAD patients undergoing PCI. This calls for further studies and focus on this high-risk group of patients following PCI.
Haptics and Supervisory Control in Telesurgery (1997)

This paper reviews several interrelated experiments related to the improvement of systems by which to perform simple surgical procedures remotely using closed circuit video/audio and telerobotic manipulator devices over ISDN telephone communication channels. The realities of such technology include the existence of several second time delays, severe constraints on feedback bandwidth, and the lack of some desirable degrees of freedom for manipulation. Experiments were done to determine what sensory-motor tasks should be performed by the surgeon directly in a master-slave mode with haptic (position-force) feedback, what tasks should be programmed into and subsequently performed by a computer at the site of the patient, and what tasks should be performed by an untrained assistant (non-surgeon) physically located with the patient with the second-by-second supervisory guidance of the remote surgeon. Experiments were also done to find ways to ameliorate the instability in force feedback caused by the time delay. For each mode the paper identifies compromises in telepresence and sensory- motor performance and tradeoffs between speed and accuracy. Based on experimental results, recommendations are made for ways to improve telesurgery systems now being developed.
A CMOS Compatible Forming Free TaOx ReRAM - updated. (2013)

Abstract not provided.
Scalable Consistency Management in Dynamic Content Distribution Overlays (2005)

Content distribution overlays improves end-user performance by replicating Web contents on a group of geographically distributed sites interconnected over the Internet. However, with the development whereby overlay systems can manage dynamically (Ganguly et al., 2005) changing files, an important issue to be resolved is consistency management, which means the cached replicas on different sites must be updated if the originals change. In this paper, based on the analytical formulation of object freshness time, Web access distribution and network topology, we derive a novel algorithm as follows: (1) for a given content which has been changed at its original server, only a limited number of its replicas instead of all replicas are updated. (2) After a replica has been selected for update, the latest version will be sent from an algorithm-decided site instead of from its original server. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm provides much better consistency management than conventional methods with the reduced update overhead and network traffic
Source models for VBR broadcast-video traffic (2002)

Traffic from video services is expected to be a substantial portion of the traffic carried by emerging broadband integrated networks. For variable bit rate (VBR) coded video, statistical source models are needed to design networks that achieve acceptable picture quality at minimum cost, and to design traffic shaping and control mechanisms. For video teleconference traffic, the authors have previously shown that traffic is sufficiently accurately characterized by a multi-state Markov chain model that can be derived from three traffic parameters (mean, correlation, and variance). In the present paper, they describe modeling results for sequences with frequent scene changes (the previously studied video teleconferences have very little scene variation) such as entertainment television, news, and sports broadcasts. They analyze eleven long sequences of broadcast video traffic data. Unlike video teleconferences, the different sequences studied have different details regarding distributions of cells per frame. The authors present source models applicable to the different sequences and evaluate their accuracy as predictors of cell losses in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Anchoring of Fmoc‐amino acids to hydroxymethyl resins (1989)

A method to anchor Fmoc‐amino acids to p ‐alkoxybenzyl ester resins without using DMAP is described. Esterification takes place with 3–4 equiv. of Fmoc‐amino acid plus DCC and a slightly lower excess of HOBt in good yields, without racemization or dipeptide formation. Addition of N ‐methylmorpholine to the reaction medium enhances the reaction yield but is accompanied by a small amount of racemization and dipeptide formation. Coupling via Fmoc‐amino acid chlorides has also been evaluated.
Subband Coding of Images Using Classification and Trellis Coded Quantization (2006)

Effective quantizers and source codes are based on effective source models. In statistically-based image coding, classification is a method for identifying portions of the image data that have similar statistical properties so that the data can be encoded using quantizers and codes matched to the data statistics. Classification in this context is, thus, a method for identifying a set of source models appropriate for an image, and then using the respective model parameters to define the quantizers and codes used to encode the image. This chapter describes an image coding algorithm based on block classification and trellis coded quantization. The basic principles of block classification for coding are developed and several classification methods are outlined. Trellis coded quantization is described, and a formulation presented that is appropriate for arithmetic coding of the TCQ codeword indices. Finally, the performance of the classificationbased subband image coding algorithm is presented.
Shaping zirconium phosphate α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O: from exfoliation to first α-ZrP 3D open-cell macrocellular foams (2005)

Using a two-step synthetic route that first takes benefit of an α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O (α-ZrP) exfoliation process followed by an air–liquid foam shaping method we have designed for the first time 3D macrocellular foams made of α-ZrP lamellae. Apart from this high scale texturation we were able to tune the macroscopic void space shapes (polygonal-type or spherical-type) as well as cell wall thickness by varying the starting foam’s water volume fraction (ρ). Also, by adjusting the size of the porous disk employed during the bubbling process we can define the macroscopic cell diameters with a strong degree of control.