gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spinal Surgery: The Past Century and the Next (2000)

Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona Received, October 18, 1999. Accepted, October 21, 1999.
Expression of Bcl-xL and loss of p53 can cooperate to overcome a cell cycle checkpoint induced by mitotic spindle damage. (1996)

During somatic cell division, faithful chromosomal segregation must follow DNA replication to prevent aneuploidy or polyploidy. Damage to the mitotic spindle is one potential mechanism that interferes with chromosomal segregation. The accumulation of aneuploid or polyploid cells resulting from a disrupted mitotic spindle is presumably prevented by cell cycle checkpoint controls. In the course of studying cells that overexpress the apoptosis-inhibiting protein Bcl-xL, we found that these cells have an increased rate of spontaneous tetraploidization, suggesting that apoptosis may play an important role in eliminating cells that fail to complete mitosis properly. When cells expressing Bcl-xL are treated with mitotic spindle inhibitors, a significant percentage reinitiate DNA replication and become polyploid. Nevertheless, the majority of cells expressing Bcl-xL undergo a prolonged p53-dependent cell cycle arrest following mitotic spindle damage. Unexpectedly, p53 expression is not induced in mitosis, nor does it influence M-phase arrest. Instead, cells with mitotic spindle damage only transiently arrest in M phase, and despite failing to complete mitosis, appear to proceed to G1. During this subsequent growth factor-dependent phase, p53 is induced and mediates cell cycle arrest. In cells that do not overexpress Bcl-xL, elimination of the p53-dependent growth arrest with a dominant negative mutant also results in polyploidy after mitotic spindle damage, but under these conditions most cells die by apoptosis. Expression of Bcl-xL and abrogation of p53 cooperate to allow rapid and progressive polyploidization following mitotic spindle damage. Our results suggest that suppression of apoptosis by bcl-2-related genes and loss of p53 function can act cooperatively to contribute to genetic instability.
Effects of the blockade of the renin???angiotensin system in cyclosporin-induced hypertension (1993)

These data demonstrate that in this experimental model of hypertension the three different methods of maximal inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system do not lead acutely to the same blood pressure decrease. The results also suggest that renin inhibition might be more effective than angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in certain forms of hypertension.
Improving the efficiency of Fenton reactions and their application in the degradation of benzimidazole in wastewater (2018)

Reducing the quantity of sludge produced in Fenton reactions can be partly achieved by improving their efficiency. This paper firstly studies the effect of uniform deceleration feeding (ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide) on the efficiency of a Fenton reaction by measuring the yield of hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate. The dynamic behavior of ˙OH was also investigated. The results indicated that uniform deceleration feeding was the best feeding method compared with one-time feeding and uniform feeding methods when the same amount of Fenton reagents and the same reaction times were used. Besides, it was found the COD removal rate reached 79.3% when this method was applied to degrade 2-(<i>a</i>-hydroxyethyl)benzimidazole (HEBZ); this COD removal rate is larger than those when the other two modes were used (they reached 60.7% and 72.1%, respectively). The degradation pathway of HEBZ was determined using PL, UV-vis, FTIR, HPLC and GC-MS. Ultimately, HEBZ was decomposed into three small molecules (2-hydroxypropylamine, oxalic acid, and 2-hydroxypropamide). This research is of great significance for the application of Fenton reactions in wastewater treatment.
Penetration depth for measurements with ultrasonic diffraction grating spectroscopy. (2009)

The current status of ultrasonic diffraction grating spectroscopy was described at the Acoustics 08 Conference in Paris. An important question remains: What is the penetration depth of the ultrasound for such measurements? Although the spectral order m=1 at 90 deg is of primary interest, much insight can be gained by investigating a range of angles. The first step was to measure the amplitude of the m=1 transmitted beam in the liquid as a function of the transmitted angle. Data were obtained by sending a toneburst signal to the send transducer and measuring the response of a receive transducer immersed in the liquid. The angle of the receive transducer was varied in half-degree steps from about 50 to 90 deg. The data were compared with a formulation for the interference of N wavelets from N grooves and showed very good agreement. In addition, an experimental technique was developed to measure the penetration of ultrasound into the liquid. Experimental parameters that affect this penetration depth were also investigated. The results of these measurements will be discussed and compared with the theory.
Model Predictive Nearest Level Control (MP-NLC) Method for 9-Level Converter With LC Filter (2022)

Multilevel Converter (MLC) design and control have been interesting topics in the last few decades. Due to the increased number of semiconductors in such topologies, the control problem becomes complex. Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been introduced in the 1980s and owing to significant advancements in processing power nowadays it is considered a viable option to control power converters. Fast dynamic response, simplicity, and the ability to include system nonlinearities and constraints in the cost function make MPC an interesting alternative for conventional linear controllers. In this paper, conventional Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) has been improved by limiting the viable switching options based on the reference value. The performance of the proposed Model Predictive Nearest Level Control (MP-NLC) method is compared to the conventional FCS-MPC. The proposed method is applied to a 9-level inverter. To investigate the performance of the proposed MP-NLC method, simulations were carried out under linear and nonlinear loads. The presented results verify the fast dynamic response, and robustness of the proposed method. In addition, parameter mismatch analyses have been carried out on the proposed method as well. Based on the presented results, by using the proposed method total eﬃciency and specific power of the system are increased.
Adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to Human Epithelial Cells (1984)

Haemophilus influenzae organisms, both type b and non-typable strains, were tested for their adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Adherence was determined by visual examination of gram-stained specimens of epithelial cells following incubation with H. influenzae. Among 36 isolates tested, 2 organisms adhered well to buccal cells; a type b nasopharyngeal isolate showed a mean of 19.94 bacteria per cell and a non-typable throat isolate showed a mean of 37.72 bacteria per cell. These isolates readily hemagglutinated human red blood cells. None of the other 12 type b blood or spinal fluid isolates tested adhered well (range 0.04-1.34 bacteria per cell) nor hemagglutinated red cells. There was no difference in the adherence of H. influenzae to buccal mucosal cells from 6 donors, and no difference between epithelial cells obtained from the buccal or nasal mucosa. Although both type b and non-typable H. influenzae strains appear capable of adhering to human epithelial cells, many strains do not. The role of adherence factors in the maintenance of mucosal colonization with these poorly-adherent strains remains unknown.
A New Approach for RRR Determination of Niobium Single Crystal Based on AC Magnetic Susceptibility (2011)

Residual resistivity ratio RRR is an important integral characteristic of material purity. It was proposed to determine the RRR on base of the AC susceptibility. AC susceptibility of a number of single crystal niobium samples of different orientations types ( <100>, <011,><111> rpar; and differently treated (BCP 70, 150 μm, annealing 800° C/2h) was measured. The RRR value was determined on base of these results using a relation between the imaginary part of χ″ of AC magnetic susceptibility at low frequency, AC magnetic field and resistivity ρ of the sample.
Rule of Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity Balance in Membrane‐Disrupting Antimicrobial Activity of Polyalkylamino Cyclodextrins Synthesized via Click Chemistry (2016)

Abstract Emergence of drug‐resistant bacterial pathogens and the concurrent demand for new antibiotics has led to membrane‐active antimicrobial cyclodextrin (CD) development. CDs contain polyalkylamino groups; molecule polyfunctionalization was achieved via a click reaction. A survey using CDs with systematically varied functionalities clarified the unique correlation of their antimicrobial activity with the molecules’ hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance. The optimum hydrophobicity of the membrane‐active molecule was specific to bacterial strains and animal cells, leading to selective toxicity against bacteria including multidrug‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus . The results demonstrate that CDs have a good molecular scaffold to pursue rationally designed structures with a desired activity for new antibiotic development.
Discrete-Time Ping-pong Optimized Pulse Shaping-OFDM (POPS-OFDM) Operating on Time and Frequency Dispersive Channels for 5G Systems (2015)

The Fourth Generation (4G) of mobile communication systems was optimized to offer high data rates with high terminal mobility by ensuring strict synchronism and perfect orthogonality. However, the trend for novel applications, that had not been feasible a few years back, reveals major limits of this strict synchronism and imposes new challenges and severe requirements. But, coarse synchronization can dramatically damage the waveforms orthogonality in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals, which results in oppressive Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). As a consequence, the use of non-orthogonal waveforms becomes further essential in order to meet the upcoming requirements. In this context, we propose here a novel waveform construction, referred to Ping-pong Optimized Pulse Shaping-OFDM (POPS-OFDM), which is believed to be an attractive candidate for the optimization of the radio interface of next 5G mobile communication systems. Through a maximization of the Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), this approach allows optimal and straightforward waveform design for multicarrier systems at the Transmitter (Tx) and Receiver (Rx) sides. In this paper, we analyze several characteristics of the proposed waveforms and shed light on relevant features, which make it a powerful candidate for the design of 5G system radio interface waveforms.
Invasive Serotype 35B Pneumococci Including an Expanding Serotype Switch Lineage, United States, 2015–2016 (2017)

We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize 199 nonvaccine serotype 35B pneumococcal strains that caused invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the United States during 2015-2016 and related these findings to previous serotype 35B IPD data obtained by Active Bacterial Core surveillance. Penicillin-nonsusceptible 35B IPD increased during post-pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine years (2001-2009) and increased further after implementation of pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine in 2010. This increase was caused primarily by the 35B/sequence type (ST) 558 lineage. 35B/ST558 and vaccine serotype 9V/ST156 lineages were implicated as cps35B donor and recipient, respectively, for a single capsular switch event that generated emergent 35B/ST156 progeny in 6 states during 2015-2016. Three additional capsular switch 35B variants were identified, 2 of which also involved 35B/ST558 as cps35B donor. Spread of 35B/ST156 is of concern in view of past global predominance of pathogenic ST156 vaccine serotype strains. Protection against serotype 35B should be considered in next-generation pneumococcal vaccines.
An In-Depth Mechanistic Study of Ru Catalysed Aqueous Methanol Dehydrogenation and Prospects for Future Catalyst Design (2019)

Herein we provide mechanistic insights into the dehydrogenation of aqueous methanol catalysed by the [Ru(trop&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;dae)] complex (which is in-situ generated from [Ru(trop&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;dad)]), established by density functional theory based molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) and static DFT calculations incorporating explicit solvent molecules. The aqueous solvent proved to participate actively in various stages of the catalytic cycle including the catalyst activation process, and the key reaction steps involving C-H activation and hydrogen production. The aqueous solvent forms an integral part of the reactive system for the C-H activation steps in the [Ru(trop&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;dae)] system, with strong hydrogen bond interactions with the anionic oxygen (RO&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, R = CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH, HCO) and hydride moieties formed along the reaction pathway. In contrast to the [Ru(trop&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;dad)] catalyst, C-H activation and hydrogen production does not proceed via a metal-ligand cooperative pathway for the [Ru(trop&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;dae)] system. The pK&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; of the coordinated amine donors in these complexes provides a rationale for the divergent reactivity, and the obtained mechanistic information provides new guidelines for the rational design of active and additive free catalytic systems for aqueous methanol dehydrogenation.&lt;br&gt;
Interval kinetic gravimetric sorption of acetone in random copolymers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (1999)

Interval sorption kinetics of acetone in solvent cast films of random poly(ethylene terephthalate)-co-(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PET-co-PEN) are reported at 35°C and at acetone pressures ranging from 0 to 7.3 cm Hg. Polymer composition is varied systematically from 0% to 50% poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate). Equilibrium sorption is well described by the dual-mode sorption model. Interval sorption kinetics are described using a two-stage model that incorporates both Fickian diffusion and protracted polymer structural relaxation. The incorporation of low levels of PEN into PET significantly reduces the excess free volume associated with the glassy state and, for these interval acetone sorption experiments in ∼ 5 μm-thick films, decreases the fraction of acetone uptake controlled by penetrant-induced polymer structural relaxation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2973–2984, 1999
Combining Biological and Chemical Controls for the Management of Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2008)

Two South American natural enemies of imported fire ants were first detected or released in the United States approximately 10 years ago. The fire ant pathogen, Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Allen, and Hazard, was found in the U.S. in 1996 and a parasitic phorid fly from Brazil, Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier, was released in 1997 and both are well established in fire ant infested areas. As biological control agents of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, their colony-level impact in the field is often indirect and subtle as they work slowly by debilitating queens and impeding foraging by workers. Their effect on colony densities may be inadequate in sensitive sites, where people have a low tolerance for fire ant stings, and where control may require faster-acting insecticide treatments. Comparisons of S. invicta populations and the presence of other ants were made among field sites that 1) were treated with insecticide containing fipronil and where the biocontrol agents T. solenopsae and P. tricuspis were also released and established (integrated site); 2) were treated only with the fipronil insecticide (chemical site); and, 3) were not treated (untreated site). S. invicta populations were suppressed by 95% for 3 years at the integrated site. In the chemical site, S. invicta control was 85% after 1.4 years, while the untreated site had an average 32% increase in population. Average prevalence of T. solenopsae among nests per plot peaked at 72% and P. tricuspis was observed at the release site and up to 5 km away. The average percentage of ants other than S. invicta collected in pitfall traps in the insecticide-treated area of the integrated site increased from 13% before treatment to 70% for the last 2 years of the study. In the chemical site, the percentage of non-S. invicta ants was 0.4% before insecticide application and averaged 9% for the final 2 years. Non-S. invicta ants averaged 9.6% (range, 2.7-17.3%) in the untreated site for the entire study. The extended reduction in S. invicta populations in the integrated site demonstrated a potential impact of the establishment of biological control agents for imported fire ants.
Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)-<i>grafted</i>-poly(ethylene glycol)-based surface-chemical gradients. Preparation, characterization, and first applications (2006)

A simple dipping process has been used to prepare PEGylated surface gradients from the polycationic polymer poly(L-lysine), grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), on metal oxide substrates, such as TiO(2) and Nb(2)O(5). PLL-g-PEG coverage gradients were prepared during an initial, controlled immersion and characterized with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Gradients with a linear change in thickness and coverage were generated by the use of an immersion program based on an exponential function. These single-component gradients were used to study the adsorption of proteins of different sizes and shapes, namely, albumin, immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen. The authors have shown that the density and size of defects in the PLL-g-PEG adlayer determine the amount of protein that is adsorbed at a certain adlayer thickness. In a second step, single-component gradients of functionalized PLL-g-PEG were backfilled with nonfunctionalized PLL-g-PEG to generate two-component gradients containing functional groups, such as biotin, in a protein-resistant background. Such gradients were combined with a patterning technique to generate individually addressable spots on a gradient surface. The surfaces generated in this way show promise as a useful and versatile biochemical screening tool and could readily be incorporated into a method for studying the behavior of cells on functionalized surfaces.
When will computer hardware match the human brain (1998)

This paper describes how the performance of AI machines tends to improve at the same pace that AI researchers get access to faster hardware. The processing power and memory capacity necessary to match general intellectual performance of the human brain are estimated. Based on extrapolation of past trends and on examination of technologies under development, it is predicted that the required hardware will be available in cheap machines in the 2020s. Brains, Eyes and Machines Computers have far to go to match human strengths, and our estimates will depend on analogy and extrapolation. Fortunately, these are grounded in the first bit of the journey, now behind us. Thirty years of computer vision reveals that 1 MIPS can extract simple features from real−time imagery−−tracking a white line or a white spot on a mottled background. 10 MIPS can follow complex gray−scale patches−−as smart bombs, cruise missiles and early self−driving vans attest. 100 MIPS can follow moderately unpredictable features like roads−−as recent long NAVLAB trips demonstrate. 1,000 MIPS will be adequate for coarse−grained three−dimensional spatial awareness−−illustrated by several mid−resolution stereoscopic vision programs, including my own. 10,000 MIPS can find three−dimensional objects in clutter−−suggested by several &amp;amp;quot;bin−picking &amp;amp;quot; and high−resolution stereo−vision demonstrations, which accomplish the task in an
Each receptor molecule binds its own arrestin (2007)

Arrestins are multi‐functional regulators of the most numerous family of signaling proteins, G protein‐coupled receptors. Two models of arrestin‐receptor interaction have been proposed: the binding of one arrestin to an individual receptor or to two receptors in a dimer. To determine the binding stoichiometry in vivo, we used rod photoreceptors where rhodopsin and arrestin are expressed at comparably high levels and where arrestin localization in the light is determined by its binding to the activated rhodopsin. Genetic manipulation of the expression of both proteins shows that the maximum amount of arrestin which moves to the rhodopsin‐containing compartment exceeds 80%, but not 100%, of the molar amount of rhodopsin present. In vitro experiments with purified proteins confirm that arrestin “saturates” rhodopsin at a one‐to‐one ratio. We also show that arrestin dimers and tetramers completely dissociate in the process of its binding to rhodopsin, so the observed stoichiometry cannot be explained by arrestin dimer binding a rhodopsin dimer. Thus, a single rhodopsin molecule is necessary and sufficient to bind arrestin. Remarkable structural conservation among receptors and arrestins strongly suggests that all arrestin subtypes bind individual molecules of their cognate receptors. These results suggest that receptor dimerization in not necessary for arrestin binding. Conceivably, dimers or larger arrays of receptor‐arrestin complexes facilitate arrestin‐mediated GPCR signaling and scaffolding of MAP kinase cascades. Supported by NIH grants EY11500 (VVG) and NS45117 (EVG).
Biochemical characterization of the molecular interaction between recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor and a recombinant soluble fibroblast growth factor receptor (1993)

The extracellular domain of human fibroblast growth factor receptor (XC-FGF-R) was expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein was purified to homogeneity and the interaction with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), its physiological ligand, was examined. Using resins on which bFGF was reversibly bound, we analysed the characteristics of the binding between XC-FGF-R and immobilized bFGF. We also investigated the stoichiometry of the binding between XC-FGF-R and recombinant human bFGF (rhbFGF) applying non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, chemical cross-linking followed by SDS/PAGE, and gel-filtration chromatography. In cross-linking and gel-filtration chromatography experiments, a 1:1 complex between rhbFGF and XC-FGF-R was observed. The complex was separated from the non-complexed proteins using non-denaturing PAGE in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. The band corresponding to the complex was recognized by specific antibodies directed against bFGF and its receptor, blotted on poly(vinylidene difluoride) membranes and submitted to sequence and amino acid analysis. The data obtained from these determinations confirmed the formation of a 1:1 complex between rhbFGF and XC-FGF-R.