gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and liquid crystal‐aligning properties of new poly{3‐[4‐(<i>n</i>‐alkyloxy)phenyloxy]pyromellitimide}s (2006)

Abstract Four new polypyromellitimides (MC m ‐PPIs and MC m ‐OPIs, m = 6, 8) that are singly substituted with a flexible n ‐alkyloxy side branch at the pyromellitimide ring were prepared by the two‐step polycondensation of 3‐[4‐( n ‐alkyloxy)phenyloxy]pyromellitic dianhydrides (MC m ‐PMDAs, m = 6, 8) with p ‐phenylenediamine (PDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA), respectively. The dianhydride monomers were synthesized from durene via several reaction steps. Inherent viscosities of the precursor poly(amic acid)s ranged from 0.57 to 1.58 dl/g. After chemical structures of the polyimides had been characterized, their thermal properties, crystalline structures, and liquid crystal (LC) aligning abilities on their rubbed thin films were determined and discussed in comparison to the polypyromellitimides that are doubly substituted at the pyromellitimide ring with the same side branches. For all polymers thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) programs showed a typical two‐step degradation behavior with onset temperatures in the 430–455°C range. In X‐ray scattering studies all the samples were found to be amorphous, but the presence of a loosely developed layer structure could be confirmed, in which two main chains gather together to form a double‐strand backbone layer and n ‐alkyl branches fill the space between the layers. On the rubbed surfaces of the polyimide thin films LCs uniformly aligned parallel to the rubbing direction with the pre‐tilt angles 5–7° in MC m ‐OPIs and 18–32° in MC m ‐PPIs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Potassium Rankine Cycle System Design Study for Space Nuclear Electric Propulsion (2005)

A study, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Prometheus Nuclear Systems and Technology Program, has been conducted to examine the performance of a potassium Rankine cycle power conversion system (PCS) for use in space. The potassium Rankine cycle, coupled to a fast spectrum nuclear reactor, offers the potential for very high power output, low-mass system designs. Higher operating temperatures, higher system efficiencies, and higher heat rejection temperatures keep both system mass and required radiator areas comparatively low, potentially allowing the Rankine cycle to be applied over a wide range of powers, from tens of kilowatts all the way to the multimegawatt level. The conceptual design study presented in this paper examined the design and performance characteristics of major components included in the potassium Rankine cycle PCS: boiler, turbine, condenser, radiator, turbine-driven boiler feed pump, and a rotary fluid management device used to provide positive phase separation. Although not the focus of this effort, the reactor, shield, and primary coolant system were also included to perform system studies. The performance characteristics and mass dependencies for each component were incorporated in a system model, and trade studies were performed to optimize the system design. The trade studies included evaluations of structural materials, thermodynamic cycle features such as feed heat and reheat, multiple heat rejection system designs, and operating state points. The paper includes results of these studies for two system power levels, 100 kW(e), and 250 kW(e), and presents results for minimized mass system designs.
Characterization of three pairs of prostate cells lines derived from tumor and adjacent normal tissues (2005)

1974 Paired cell lines have been derived from tumor and adjacent normal tissue from three prostate cancer specimens. These lines were immortalized with genes from human papilloma virus. The line OPCT-1 was from a tumor sample obtained from a 68 year old patient with TNM Stage T1cN0M0 and a Gleason score of 6 (3+3). The OPCN-1 line was from the adjacent normal tissue of this patient. The OPCT-2 and OPCN-2 lines were similarly derived from a 58 year old patient with T2aN0M0 and Gleason score of 5 (2+3). The OPCT-3 and OPCN-3 lines were from a 54 year old patient with T3aN0M0 and Gleason score of 4 (2+2). None of the patients received chemo- or hormonal therapy before surgery. The doubling times of the OPCT-1 (1.1d) and OPCT-2 (1.8d) lines in culture are shorter than those for their adjacent normal lines (OPCN-1 = 2.7d; OPCN-2 = 2.9d). In contrast, the doubling time for OPCT-3 (2.1d) is not significantly different from that for OPCN-3 (2.3d). In a methylcellulose-based clonogenic attachment-independent growth assay, only the three tumor-derived lines formed colonies in these cultures, indicating that they are tumor derived. The results of spectral karyotype analysis from 10 mitotic figures each demonstrated variable chromosome numbers and numerous aberrations (both clonal and non-clonal). OPCT-1 has an average number of 49 (range = 48-50) chromosomes with trisomy 8, 9 and 20 observed for almost all mitotic figures, plus a chromosome 5 fragment. Two clonal translocations were detected as t(3; 8) and t(9; 19). The range of chromosome numbers was 60-86 for OPCT-2 and there were multiple chromosomal fragments. Two clonal translocations were detected as t(1; 3) and t(4; 5). For 7 out of 10 mitotic figures, non-clonal chromosomal aberrations (translocations) were detected indicating an unstable genome. The chromosome numbers of OPCT-3 vary from 62-110. Three clonal translocations were detected as t(10; 21), t(20; 13) and dic(14; 14). The adjacent normal lines also had aberrant karyotypes with multiple non-clonal aberrations. The range of chromosomes numbers were 59-84 for OPCN-1 with two clonal translocations [t(9; 17) and t(9; 19)], 78-94 for OPCN-2 with two clonal translocations [t(4; 19) and t(19; 4; 19; 4; 19)], and 62-78 for OPCN-3 with four clonal translocations as [t(3; 14), t(1; 10; 14), t(14; 15), and t(6; 22)]. These results indicate that although the lines derived from adjacent normal tissue are functionally different from the tumor derived lines, the karyotype analysis indicates that they have a considerable degree of genomic instability. This may reflect the inherent diversity and heterogeneity of the cancerous prostate gland.
Comparison of Structural and Electrical Properties of Barium Zirconate Pellets and Thin Films (2010)

coatings and pellets were prepared by co-sputtering and glycine-nitrate process, respectively, to compare their structural and electrical properties. Both the films and ceramics present the perovskite structure. Structural, morphological, and electrical observations indicate a complex effect of ZnO addition in BZY ceramics. ZnO strongly affects the microstructure and electrical properties of the samples, whereas no trace of ZnO can be detected. All the observations indicate that is at least partially substituted to in the perovskite during the sintering process and that the presence of ZnO strongly affects the sintering behavior. The optimal conductivity/density ratio is obtained for 1 wt % ZnO. This sample was taken as a reference to determine the properties of the films. For the coating, the scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the as-deposited coatings are dense. The films are times more resistive than the pellets. This difference is due to a blocking effect related to the collecting system particularly strong in hydrogen.
Genes and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: more than just the Randle cycle all over again (2004)

The Randle cycle, which has been invoked to explain the reciprocal relationship between fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation, has long been implicated as a potential mechanism for hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Now genetic, functional genomic, and transgenic approaches have identified PPARgamma coactivators (PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta) as key regulators of mitochondrial number and function. They regulate adaptive thermogenesis as well as glucose and fat oxidation in muscle and fat tissue, gluconeogenesis in liver, and even glucose-regulated insulin secretion in beta cells. PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta mRNA levels and the mitochondrial genes they regulate are decreased in muscle of people with prediabetes and T2DM. A new report indicates that PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta mRNA levels decrease with age in individuals with a genetic variant in PGC-1alpha, and these decreases correlate with alterations in whole-body glucose and fatty acid oxidation. These findings provide insights into how aging modifies genetic susceptibility to alterations in oxidative phosphorylation and T2DM.
Insights in reinforcement rearning : formal analysis and empirical evaluation of temporal-difference learning algorithms (2011)

A key aspect of artificial intelligence is the ability to learn from experience. If examples of correct solutions exist, supervised learning techniques can be used to predict what the correct solution will be for future observations. However, often such examples are not readily available. The field of reinforcement learning investigates methods that can learn from experience when no examples of correct behavior are given, but a reinforcement signal is supplied to the learning entity. Many problems fit this problem description. In games, the reinforcement signal might be whether or not the game was won. In economic settings, the reinforcement can represent the profit or loss that is eventually made. Furthermore, in robotics it is often easier to specify how well the robot is doing than it is to find examples of good behavior beforehand. An advantage of reinforcement learning is that the designer of the system need not know what good solutions to a problem may be. Rather, the system will find good solutions by trial and error. Of particular interest to us are model-free temporal-difference algorithms. These algorithms do not use experiences to build an explicit model of the environment, but construct an approximation of the expected value for each possible action. The values can then be used to construct solutions. These methods are computationally efficient, easy to implement and often find solutions quickly. Additionally, in many settings it is easier to find a good policy to select actions than to model the whole environment and then to use this model to try to determine what to do. In this dissertation, we analyze several existing model-free temporal-difference algorithms. We discuss some problems with these approaches, such as a potentially huge overestimation of the action values by the popular Q-learning algorithm. We discuss ways to prevent these issues and propose a number of new algorithms. We analyze the new algorithms and compare their performance on a number of tasks. We conclude that it depends highly on the characteristics of the problem which algorithm performs best. We give some indications on which algorithms are to be preferred in different problem settings. To solve problems with unknown characteristics, we propose using ensemble methods that combine action-selection policies of a number of different entities. We discuss several approaches to combine these policies and demonstrate empirically that good solutions can reliably be found. Additionally, we extend the idea of model-free temporal-difference algorithms to problems with continuous action spaces. In such problems, conventional approaches are not applicable, because they can not handle the infinite number of possible actions. We propose a new algorithm that is explicitly designed for continuous spaces and show that it compares favorably to the current state of the art.
Unsupervised SAR images change detection with hidden Markov chains on a sliding window (2007)

This work deals with unsupervised change detection in bi-date Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Whatever the indicator of change used, e.g. log-ratio or Kullback-Leibler divergence, we have observed poor quality change maps for some events when using the Hidden Markov Chain (HMC) model we focus on in this work. The main reason comes from the stationary assumption involved in this model &minus; and in most Markovian models such as Hidden Markov Random Fields&minus;, which can not be justified in most observed scenes: changed areas are not necessarily stationary in the image. Besides the few non stationary Markov models proposed in the literature, the aim of this paper is to describe a pragmatic solution to tackle stationarity by using a sliding window strategy. In this algorithm, the criterion image is scanned pixel by pixel, and a classical HMC model is applied only on neighboring pixels. By moving the window through the image, the process is able to produce a change map which can better exhibit non stationary changes than the classical HMC applied directly on the whole criterion image. Special care is devoted to the estimation of the number of classes in each window, which can vary from one (no change) to three (positive change, negative change and no change) by using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) suited to small samples. The quality assessment of the proposed approach is achieved with speckle-simulated images in which simulated changes is introduced. The windowed strategy is also evaluated with a pair of RADARSAT images bracketing the Nyiragongo volcano eruption event in January 2002. The available ground truth confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to a classical HMC-based strategy.
Patterns of gene expression in muscle and fat in tumor‐bearing rats: Effects of CRF2R agonist on cachexia (2010)

The hypothesis we tested was that administering corticotropin-releasing factor receptor agonists preserves muscle mass during cancer that is related to changes in tissue gene expression. cDNA microarrays were used to compare mRNAs from muscle and adipose tissues of non-treated and agonist-treated tumor-bearing rats. In muscle of non-tumor-bearing agonist-treated animals we observed decreased expression of genes associated with fatty acid uptake and esterification. In tumor-bearing animals, CRF2R agonist administration produced decreased mRNA content of the atrogene lipin-1. In white adipose tissue, agonist treatment of non-tumor-bearing animals induced genes typically related to muscle structure and function. The fact that this treatment decreased expression of atrogenes could have clinical application. In addition, agonist treatment changed the gene pattern of adipose tissue to render it similar to that of skeletal muscle; thus, treatment with this agonist alters the gene pattern to what could be called "muscularization of white adipose tissue."
Supplementary Table 7 from Clinicopathologic, Genomic, and Immunophenotypic Landscape of &lt;i&gt;ATM&lt;/i&gt; Mutations in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 7. Baseline clinicopathologic features of patients with ATM mutated and ATM wild-type NSCLCs which underwent multiplexed immunofluorescence at the DFCI.&lt;/p&gt;
Quantifying the Permeability of the Apoplastic Water Barrier in Cosmos Petals (2015)

The capacity of plants to minimize uncontrolled water loss is essential for survival in adverse and changing climatic conditions. In order to assess and compare the effectiveness of apoplastic barriers to water, the permeability of the barrier must first be quantified. Studies have accomplished this directly by quantifying tritium flux or indirectly by measuring the influx/efflux of water surrogates such as dyes, chlorophyll, and herbicides. Other studies have relied on comparative methods such as survival rates after drought. These methods rely on radioactive material, correlations, or qualitative comparisons. However, a quantitative method is necessary that directly measures water efflux and that allows easy comparisons within and between experiments, plant parts, plant species, and especially research laboratories. Here we outline in detail a gravimetric protocol first described by Sch&#246;nherr and Lendzian (1981) that can be set up in less than half a day and completed in one to ten days depending on the plant barrier. This approach has been used in numerous studies on leaf and fruit cuticles and recently also on petals from cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus; Buschhaus et al., 2015).
On-Chip Testing Schemes of Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) in 3D Stacked ICs (2017)

This paper presents on-chip testing structures to characterize and detect faulty Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) in 3D ICs technology. 3D Gunning Transceiver Logic (GTL) I/O testing is proposed to characterize the performance of 3D TSVs in high speed applications. The GTL testing circuit will fire different data patterns at different frequencies to characterize the transient performance of TSVs. In addition, Different testing schemes based on an oscillation ring testing methodology are proposed to detect TSVs faults such as stuck-at, open, slope and delay degradation, and severe crosstalk TSVs coupling. A parallel ringbased oscillator test structure is proposed and simulated based on a high performance fully tunable electrical circuit pi-model where a single and coupled TSVs with ground-signalground (GSG) and ground-signal-signal-ground (GSSG) 3D vias configurations are used as a test vehicle for 3D interconnect characterization and test. Simulation results are presented using the Keysight/Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) and a standard 0.25 m CMOS process.
The secret life of predictive brains: what's spontaneous activity for? (2020)

Brains at rest generate dynamical activity that is highly structured in space and time. We suggest that spontaneous activity, as in rest or dreaming, underlies top-down dynamics of generative models. During active tasks, generative models provide top-down predictive signals for perception, cognition, and action. When the brain is at rest and stimuli are weak or absent, top-down dynamics optimize the generative models for future interactions by maximizing the entropy of explanations and minimizing model complexity. Spontaneous fluctuations of correlated activity within and across brain regions may reflect transitions between "generic priors" of the generative model: low dimensional latent variables and connectivity patterns of the most common perceptual, motor, cognitive, and interoceptive states. Even at rest, brains are proactive and predictive.
Fn14-Fc Fusion Protein Regulates Atherosclerosis in ApoE <sup>−/−</sup> Mice and Inhibits Macrophage Lipid Uptake In Vitro (2009)

Fn14-Fc fusion protein treatment did not prevent lesion initiation but inhibited some features of plaque progression and induced a unique advanced plaque phenotype with increased macrophage content and smaller macrophage size, which may be attributable to reduced lipid uptake. These findings indicate that TWEAK/Fn14 interactions regulate atherosclerosis and mediate lipid uptake in macrophages.
High-resolution Nano-imaging with Transmission Nanofocus X-ray Source (2020)

Journal Article High-resolution Nano-imaging with Transmission Nanofocus X-ray Source Get access Anasuya Adibhatla, Anasuya Adibhatla Excillum Inc, Arlington, Massachusetts, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Tomi Tuohimaa, Tomi Tuohimaa Excillum, Kista, Stockholms Lan, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Fei Yang Fei Yang Excillum, Kista, Stockholms Lan, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 26, Issue S2, 1 August 2020, Page 2722, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927620022552 Published: 01 August 2020
Topological insulator metamaterials based on transmission line networks (2022)

Topological insulators play important role in recent academic research for their unique features, including bandgaps in the dispersion diagram, and robust edge mode propagation. Most of the designs that have been presented so far are based on coupled-resonators, resulting in limited bandwidth. In this paper, a topological insulator based on a dual lattice of differential transmission lines is presented. The operation principle of the proposed unit cell along with the related results for infinite and truncated lattice are presented to verify that the structure has topological property. Furthermore, potential applications in phased antenna arrays and nonreciprocal devices are outlined.
Cloud-cover mitigation of the influence of atmospheric turbulence on propagation of laser beams (2005)

Among the atmospheric properties that adversely affect laser propagation is air turbulence. One common optical parameter of air turbulence is the refractive index structure constant that quantifies the fluctuations in the refractive index caused by temperature fluctuations and hence air density fluctuations. There is a reason to believe, from theory and from sparse data that, when propagation occurs under widespread cloudy conditions, the refractive index structure constant is significantly reduced. Therefore the intensity of a propagating laser beam will not be degraded nearly as much as would be expected under clear or lightly scattered cloud conditions. New experimental data will be presented that support this hypothesis. The refractive index structure constant was measured for various cloud-cover conditions during daytime with additional factors present, such as changing crosswinds and precipitation. It was possible to observe the apparent pattern of the decrease of the refractive index structure constant by two orders of magnitude during the periods of increasing cloud-cover evaluated by the measurement of solar irradiance. The statistical correlation coefficient between the log of solar irradiance and the log of the refractive index structure constant was found to be around 0.9 (the closer it is to the maximum of 1.0, the stronger the correlation). The measurements were conducted with a commercial scintillometer/anemometer (1 m above ground, 500-m optical path length) in Northern Alabama in late spring and summer. The effect is believed to be due to the reduction of solar radiation, which caused the temperature gradient that initiated convection in the air. The results of this work can find their application in designing free space laser communication systems and military laser systems. Distribution A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 1 Sep 04