gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scanning thermal microscopy using nanofabricated probes (1999)

Novel atomic force microscope (AFM) probes with integrated thin film thermal sensors are presented. Silicon micromachining and high resolution electron beam lithography (EBL) have been used to make batch fabricated, functionalised AFM probes. The AFM tips, situated at the ends of Si_3N_4 cantilevers, are shaped either as truncated pyramids or triangular asperities. The former gives good thermalisation of the sensor to the specimen for flat specimens whereas the latter gives improved access highly topographic specimens. Tip radii for the different probes are #approx# 1 #mu#m and 50 nm respectively. A variety of metal structures have been deposited on the tips using EBL and lift-off to form Au/Pd thermocouples and Pd resistance thermometer/heaters. Sensor dimensions down to 35 nm have been demonstrated. In the case of the sharp triangular tips, holes were etched into parts of the cantilever in order to provide self alignment of the sensor to the tip. On the pyramidal tips it has been shown that multiple sensors can be made on a single tip with good definition and matching between sensors. A conventional AFM was constructed in order to test the micromachined thermal probes. During scans of a photothermal test specimen using improved access thermocouple probes, 80 nm period metal gratings were thermally resolved. This is equivalent to a thermal lateral resolution of 40 nm. Pyramidal tips with a resistance thermometer/heater, which were made for the microscopy and analysis of polymers, have been shown by others to produce high resolution thermal conductivity images. The probes have also been shown to be capable of locally heating a polymer specimen and thermomechanically measuring phase changes in small volumes of material. Also presented here is a study of scanning thermal microscopy of semiconductor structures using a commercial AFM. Included are scans of several specimens using both commercial and the new micromachined probes. Subsurface images of voids buried under a SiO_2 passivation layer were taken. It is shown that contrast caused by thermal conductivity differences in the specimen may be detected at a depth of over 200 nm. (author)
Linear and macrocyclic ligands containing alternating pyridine and imidazolidin-2-one units 1 (1998)

Linear oligomers of alternating 2,6-disubstituted pyridine (P) and N,N′-disubstituted imidazolidine-2-one (I) units have been made rapidly and in high yield with up to nine repeating units, terminating in either pyridine or imidazolidin-2-one units, or one of each. Synthetic methods include: (1) the sodium hydride-mediated condensation of N-(tert-butyl)imidazolidin-2-one with 2,6-difluoropyridine (F-P-F) or with higher analogues such as F-PIP-F, to give IPI, IPIPI and IPIPIPI. (The tert-butyl protection is readily and quantitatively removed with acid.) (2) The caesium fluoride catalysed interaction of N,N′-[dimethyl-(1,1,3-trimethylpropyl)]-protected IPI with But-IP-F sequentially leads firstly to IPIPIPI which by the same method reacts with F-P-F to give F-PIPIPIPIP-F. (3) F-P-F also reacts with 1,2-ethylenediamine (E) sequentially to give F-PEP-F, EPEPE and F-PEPEPEP-F while similar reactions starting from F-PIP-F give EPIPE and F-PEPIPEP-F in sequence. Alternative routes examined include: (1) the interaction of F-P-F with imidazole to give 2,6-bis(imidazol-1-yl)pyridine and salts therefrom followed by (unsuccessful) oxidation. (2) The reaction of 2,6-diaminopyridine with 2-chloroethyl isocyanate followed by cyclisation to give IPI. (3) The interaction of 2,6-diaminopyridine with oxalate esters (O) to give OPO or H2N-POP-NH2, the latter of which was reduced to H2N-PEP-NH2.Cyclisation of the linear assemblies was not successful. However macrocyclic systems were made by linking two IPI units with two ethoxyethyl or with two ethoxyethoxyethyl units. Also two F-PIP-F units were similarly reacted to give polyether-linked macrocycles. Mono- and bis-prop-2-ynylated IPI derivatives were made but could not be cyclised. Attempts to cyclise ethylenediamine and oxamide based systems were also unsuccessful. The linear and macrocyclic ligands showed calcium selectivity in a study of their metal complexing abilities.
Surgical Management for Supratentorial Astrocytic Tumors (1999)

To compare the surgical treatment of supratentorial astrocytic tumors, various methods were performed by the same surgeon. Removal of the tumor was performed using stereotactic open surgery, the fluorescein surgical microscope, and a frameless stereotactic system, and these methods were compared. The method using the stereotactic technique was useful because there was no disturbance by the shifting of the brain during the operation. However, its limitation was that only points can be marked. The fluorescein surgical microscope was very useful in the cases where neuroradiological images were enhanced by the contrast medium, but deep lesions could not be identified from the brain surface. This method could not be used, either, in the case of images that were not enhanced. By the method using the frameless stereotactic system, identification of tumors including deep lesions was possible from every direction, but the problems were the mobility of the registered skin and the shifting of the brain during the operation. On the basis of these results, the combined method of the fluorescein surgical microscope and the frameless stereotactic system appeared to be useful when neuroradiological images of lesions were enhanced because these methods were complementary towards each other, and the frameless stereotactic system supplemented by the stereotactic open surgery technique (such as leaving a marker in deep lesions just before the start of microsurgery) seemed useful when images could not be enhanced.
Generating equations using meta-analyses to predict iodine value of pork carcass back, belly, and jowl fat (2014)

Meta-analyses used data from existing literature to generate equations to predict finishing pig back, belly, and jowl fat iodine value (IV) followed by a prospective study to validate these equations. The final database included 24, 21, and 29 papers for back, belly, and jowl fat IV, respectively. For experiments that changed dietary fatty acid composition, initial diets (INT) were defined as those fed before the change in diet composition and final diets (FIN) were those fed after. The predictor variables tested were divided into 5 groups: (1) diet fat composition (dietary % C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, essential fatty acid [EFA], UFA, and iodine value product) for both INT and FIN diets; (2) duration of feeding the INT and FIN diets; (3) ME or NE of the INT and FIN diet; (4) performance criteria (initial BW, final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F); and (5) carcass criteria (HCW and backfat thickness). PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) was used to develop regression equations. Evaluation of models with significant terms was then conducted based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The optimum equations to predict back, belly, and jowl fat IV were: backfat IV =84.83 + (6.87*INT EFA) - (3.90*FIN EFA) - (0.12*INT d) - (1.30*FIN d) - (0.11*INT EFA*FIN d) + (0.048*FIN EFA*INT d) + (0.12*FIN EFA*FIN d) - (0.0132*FIN NE) + (0.0011*FIN NE*FIN d) - (6.604*BF); belly fat IV = 106.16 + (6.21*INT EFA) - (1.50*FIN d) - (0.11*INT EFA*FIN d) - (0.0265*INT NE) + (0.00152*INT NE*FIN d) - (0.0816*HCW) - (6.35*BF); and jowl fat IV = 85.50 + (1.08*INT EFA) + (0.87*FIN EFA) - (0.014*INT d) - (0.050*FIN d) + (0.038*INT EFA*INT d) + (0.054*FIN EFA*FIN d) - (0.0146*INT NE) + (0.0322*INT BW) - (0.993*ADFI) - (7.366*BF), where INT EFA = initial period dietary essential fatty acids, %; FIN EFA = final period dietary essential fatty acids, %; INT d = initial period days; FIN d=final period days; INT NE = initial period dietary net energy, kcal/lb; FIN NE = final period dietary net energy, kcal/lb; BF = backfat depth, in.; ADFI = average daily feed intake, lb; INT BW = BW at the beginning of the experiment, lb. Dietary treatments from the validation experiment (see â€œInfluence of Dietary Fat Source and Feeding Duration on Pig Growth Performance, Carcass Composition, and Fat Quality,â€ p. 210) consisted of a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat or
Two novel steroids from <i>Euphorbia officinarum</i> latex (2004)

Two novel steroids, 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-4alpha,14alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-8-en-11-one (2) and 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-4alpha,14alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-8-en-11-one (3) were isolated from the latex of Euphorbia officinarum. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and MS studies.
REPROGRAMMING OF ADULT HUMAN FIBROBLASTS FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND PARKINSON´S DISEASE PATIENTS (2018)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from the progressive loss of dopaminergic cells within the nigrostriatal system. Previous work has shown that it is possible to generate dopaminergic (DA) neurons from fetal tissue and embryonic stem cells and, when transplanted into animal models of PD, these cells can integrate and provide improvement in motor symptoms. However, in order to translate these into clinical therapies there are a number of logistical and ethical concerns with using cells derived from embryonic sources. With new reprogramming technologies we can now generate DA neurons from somatic cell sources, which also allows for the possibility to use patient specific cells or matched donors. The main purpose of this project is to develop robust protocols for the generation of DA neurons from adult human fibroblasts, from both healthy individuals and PD patients. We will reprogram cells directly into induced neurons (iNs) and also via a pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) intermediate and investigate if there are any differences in gene expression, morphology or phenotype between the DA neurons generated from healthy, genetic PD, and sporadic PD donors. The results will provide a more robust protocol for the generation of reprogrammed DA neurons from adult donors and will help to pave the way for future research assessing their potential for brain repair and disease modelling.
Ivermectin treatment of naturally acquired and experimentally induced Strongyloides stercoralis infections in dogs (1992)

Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection was investigated in 2 dogs with naturally acquired, chronic-active infections, and in 3 dogs with corticosteroid-enhanced, experimentally induced hyperinfections. A single oral dose of ivermectin was given to naturally infected (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) and experimentally infected (800 micrograms/kg) dogs. Five dogs with experimental hyperinfections served as controls. Dogs with naturally acquired infections ceased to shed first-stage larvae in the feces 1 week after treatment, but 1 dog had recrudescence and required a second dose. Ivermectin was 100% effective in removing adult S stercoralis from the intestinal tract of the experimentally infected dogs, but it was not effective in removing third-stage larvae from parenteral sites. Ivermectin-treated dogs had few intestinal parasites of any stage, whereas at necropsy, 4 of 5 experimentally infected dogs not treated had massive infections (greater than 100,000 adults, greater than 92,000 larvae) in the intestinal tract, and 3 of 5 had larvae (greater than 2,500) in parenteral sites.
Lack of Induction of RBD-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies despite Repeated Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Leading to Seroconversion and Establishment of T Cell-Specific Memory in a Patient in Remission of Multiple Myeloma (2022)

Despite immunomonitoring-based adjustment of vaccination and/or therapy schedules vaccination success, with clear correlates of protection, the development of RBD-specific antibodies could not be achieved in the immunocompromised patient with current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Thus, our report emphasizes the need for improved active and passive immunization strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
MoS<sub>2</sub> P-type Transistors and Diodes Enabled by High Work Function MoO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Contacts (2014)

The development of low-resistance source/drain contacts to transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is crucial for the realization of high-performance logic components. In particular, efficient hole contacts are required for the fabrication of p-type transistors with MoS2, a model TMDC. Previous studies have shown that the Fermi level of elemental metals is pinned close to the conduction band of MoS2, thus resulting in large Schottky barrier heights for holes with limited hole injection from the contacts. Here, we show that substoichiometric molybdenum trioxide (MoOx, x < 3), a high work function material, acts as an efficient hole injection layer to MoS2 and WSe2. In particular, we demonstrate MoS2 p-type field-effect transistors and diodes by using MoOx contacts. We also show drastic on-current improvement for p-type WSe2 FETs with MoOx contacts over devices made with Pd contacts, which is the prototypical metal used for hole injection. The work presents an important advance in contact engineering of TMDCs and will enable future exploration of their performance limits and intrinsic transport properties.
The Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Review (2017)

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are prevalent in the environment, and epidemiologic studies have suggested that human exposure is linked to chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. <i>In vitro</i> experiments have further demonstrated that EDCs promote changes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), leading to increases in adipogenic differentiation, decreases in osteogenic differentiation, activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increases in oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes. Studies have also shown alteration in trophic factor production, differentiation ability, and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs, which have significant implications to the current studies exploring MSCs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications and the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Thus, the consideration of the effects of EDCs on MSCs is vital when determining potential therapeutic uses of MSCs, as increased exposure to EDCs may cause MSCs to be less effective therapeutically. This review focuses on the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation effects of EDCs as these are most relevant to the therapeutic uses of MSCs in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and inflammatory conditions. This review will highlight the effects of EDCs, including organophosphates, plasticizers, industrial surfactants, coolants, and lubricants, on MSC biology.
Implantable Neural Probe System for Patterned Photostimulation and Electrophysiology Recording (2022)

We demonstrate a system for implantable nanophotonic neural probes with custom packaging and peripherals. The probes, which were manufactured on 200mm Si wafers, monolithically integrate SiN waveguides with TiN electrophysiology electrodes and were tested in vivo.
Uptake and Metabolism of Clomazone in Tolerant-Soybean and Susceptible-Cotton Photomixotrophic Cell Suspension Cultures (1990)

Studies were conducted to determine the uptake and metabolism of the pigment synthesis inhibiting herbicide clomazone in tolerant-soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Corsoy) and susceptible-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum [L.] cv Stoneville 825) photomixotrophic cell suspensions. Soybean and cotton on a whole plant level are tolerant and susceptible to clomazone, respectively. Preliminary studies indicated that I(50) values for growth, chlorophyll (Chl), beta-carotene, and lutein were, respectively, >22, 14, 19, and 23 times greater for the soybean cell line (SB-M) 8 days after treatment (DAT) compared to the cotton cell line (COT-M) 16 DAT. Differences in [(14)C]clomazone uptake cannot account for selectivity since there were significantly greater levels of clomazone absorbed by the SB-M cells compared to the COT-M cells for each treatment. The percentage of absorbed clomazone converted to more polar metabolite(s) was significantly greater by the SB-M cells relative to COT-M cells at 6 and 24 hours after treatment, however, only small differences existed between the cell lines by 48 hours after treatment. Nearly identical levels of parental clomazone was recovered from both cell lines for all treatments. A pooled metabolite fraction isolated from SB-M cells had no effect on the leaf pigment content of susceptible velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) or soybean seedlings. Conversely, a pooled metabolite fraction from COT-M cells reduced the leaf Chl content of velvetleaf. Soybean tolerance to clomazone appears to be due to differential metabolism (bioactivation) and/or differences at the site of action.
Photonic Crystal Enhanced Quantum Dot Biosensor for Cancer-associated miRNA Detection (2022)

Nanoscale quantum emitters are useful tags for monitoring biomolecular interactions, but remain restricted by large numerical aperture objectives, blinking nature, and omnidirectional emission. Herein, using the multiplicative effects of amplified excitation, highly directed extraction, Purcell enhancement, and blinking suppression on a photonic crystal (PC) surface, we were able to boost the signal by over 3,000 times. Even with a low-NA lens (NA = 0.5, 50X) and an inexpensive optical setup, our platform provides single quantum dot (QD) sensitivity with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR = 59). By integrating the photonics enhancement with a newly designed bioassay, we achieved ultra sensitive detection with a detection limit up to 10aM and an over 9-log linear dose-response range using simple steps, room temperature workflow. In addition, we observed distinct surface motion trajectories of QDs when their surface attachment stringency is affected by a single base mutation in a cancer-specific miRNA sequence[1].
Preliminary Investigation on the Potential of VC-WC-Co HP/HVOF Powders and Coatings (2000)

Abstract It has been observed that VC-WC-Co hardmetals have a better wear resistance than conventional WC-Co hardmetals. This work represents a first attempt to add VC to thermal spray powders in order to determine whether this would increase the wear resistance of HVOF hardmetal coatings. Standard WC-Co and WC-CoCr thermal spray powders were compared to two experimental VC-WC-Co powders in terms of size distribution, morphology and phase composition. Coatings were produced from the powders using the TAFA JP-5000 High Pressure High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HP/HVOF) process. The microstructure, phase composition, hardness, dry solid particle erosion and three body abrasion of the coatings were compared. It was found that due to the non-homogeneous dispersion of VC particles in the powders, the experimental coatings were not optimised. Nevertheless they showed some advantage over the conventional coatings, particularly in low angle erosion tests. This result is regarded as promising, and it is believed that a homogeneous dispersion of VC particles in the coatings would result in a significant increase in wear resistance. In order to test this, the manufacture of improved powders and optimised coating microstructures would be necessary as a next step.
Comparison of sound reproduction using higher order loudspeakers and equivalent line arrays in free-field conditions (2014)

Higher order sound sources of Nth order can radiate sound with 2N + 1 orthogonal radiation patterns, which can be represented as phase modes or, equivalently, amplitude modes. This paper shows that each phase mode response produces a spiral wave front with a different spiral rate, and therefore a different direction of arrival of sound. Hence, for a given receiver position a higher order source is equivalent to a linear array of 2N + 1 monopole sources. This interpretation suggests performance similar to a circular array of higher order sources can be produced by an array of sources, each of which consists of a line array having monopoles at the apparent source locations of the corresponding phase modes. Simulations of higher order arrays and arrays of equivalent line sources are presented. It is shown that the interior fields produced by the two arrays are essentially the same, but that the exterior fields differ because the higher order sources produces different equivalent source locations for field positions outside the array. This work provides an explanation of the fact that an array of L Nth order sources can reproduce sound fields whose accuracy approaches the performance of (2N + 1)L monopoles.
Blinded evaluation of ultrasensitive assays of HIV in plasma (2017)

Author(s): Keating, SM; Stone, M; Deng, X; Mellors, J; Bakkour, S; Richman, D; Gorelick, R; Lifson, J; Jennings, C; Stengelin, M; Wu, G; Howell, BJ; Bacchetti, P; Busch, MP
Connection admission control strategy and routing considerations in multimedia (non-geo) satellite networks (2002)

This paper investigates the strategy that has to be adopted for connection admission control and handoff execution in dynamic satellite networks that use on board satellite fast packet switching as part of a mobile broadband ISDN network. A new method for admission control and radio resource management in a multispot-beam satellite network is proposed and its performance is examined by a simulation model. The results show that we can implement a flexible connection admission control algorithm in a distributed way that take the user mobility in addition to the service specific parameters in account.
Clathrin and coated vesicle proteins Immunological characterization. (1981)

Antisera to a purified extract of bovine brain coated vesicles have been prepared. The extract contained clathrin (greater than 90%) and polypeptides of 35,000 (less than 5%) and 38,000 (less than 5%) molecular weight. Antibodies to clathrin were affinity purified on a homogeneous clathrin-Sepharose column and demonstrated to be monospecific by sensitive immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments. These antibodies give a fluorescence pattern consistent with coated pit localization in cultured cells from diverse species indicating extensive cross-reaction, and, thus, conservation of the clathrin antigen. Antibodies to the lower molecular weight proteins (LMWP) present in the clathrin preparation were also affinity purified on a column containing these polypeptides but devoid of clathrin. These antibodies cross-reacted completely and immunoprecipitated only clathrin from 3T3 cell extracts. Although the molecular weights and isoelectric points of the LMWP presented are quite similar to tropomyosins, these immunological results and limited protease digestion data indicate that tropomyosin and the LMWP are not related. Rather, the latter may be breakdown products of clathrin.
Influence of in situ progressive N-terminal is still controversial truncation of glycogen branching enzyme in Escherichia coli DH5α on glycogen structure, accumulation, and bacterial viability (2015)

Despite glgB being the first gene of an operon, it is clear that in situ mutation is a viable means to create more biologically relevant mutant strains. Secondly, there was the suggestion in the data that impairments of starvation, cold and desiccation resistance were worse for the strain lacking glgB, though the first of these was not statistically significant. The results provide prima facie evidence linking abiotic stress tolerance with shorter glycogen ACL. However, further work needs to be done, perhaps in a less labile species. Further work is also required to tease out the complex relationship between glycogen abundance and glycogen structure.