gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease (2019)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multiorgan recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Gene therapy efforts have focused on treating the lung, since it manifests the most significant life-threatening disease. Over two decades have past since the first CF lung gene therapy trials and significant advances in the therapeutic implementation of pharmacologic CFTR modulators have renewed the field's focus on developing gene therapies for the 10% of CF patients these modulators cannot help. This review summarizes recent progress made in developing vectors for airway transduction and CF animal models required for understanding the relevant cellular targets in the lung and testing the efficacy of gene therapy approaches. We also highlight future opportunities in emerging gene editing strategies that may offer advantages for treating diseases like CF where the gene target is highly regulated at the cellular level. The outcomes of CF lung gene therapy trials will likely inform productive paths toward gene therapy for other complex genetic disorders, while also advancing treatments for all CF patients.
Outage performance of an energy-efficient relaying protocol over Nakagami fading channels (2010)

This paper proposes a new Clipped Gain (CG) relaying protocol that takes advantage of the first-hop channel state information available at the relay to efficiently use the transmit power. The CG allows the relay to transmit only when the first-hop signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is above the outage threshold, otherwise, relay transmission is stopped as it leads in that case to an outage. Closed-form expressions of CG outage probability over Nakagami fading channels are derived. The outage performance of the CG protocol is compared to those of practical Amplify-and-forward protocols including Fixed Gain (FG) and Variable Gain (VG) protocols, and a Decode-and-forward (DF) protocol. Numerical results show that the CG outperforms the other practical AF protocols and even approaches DF outage performance at low SNR while maintaining low complexity of an AF protocol.
Selection of Cycle Configurations for Combined Cycle Cogeneration Power Plants (2000)

Power industry growth and deregulation are causing fundamental changes in the economics of power production and distribution. In order to remain competitive, power producers now seek to improve plant economics through cogeneration, the simultaneous generation of power and production of steam for process use. The majority of manufacturing processes are of a continuous type that require high flexibility for power and steam systems (i.e., require various flows and conditions of steam at various power production levels). This paper focuses on several ranges of process steam flows and conditions in order to provide a basis for comparison of the most common cycle configurations in combined cycle applications. A non-reheat, advanced technology gas turbine combined cycle facility will be used as the reference plant. Plant design, cycle performance, and economics of each configuration will be evaluated based on requirements of flexibility and process steam flows. This paper will provide guidelines for selection of cycle configurations for cogeneration power plants that will maximize Return on Equity for the owner.
Evidence-based Recommendations for Spine Surgery (2022)

aDepartments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA bDivision of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Address correspondence and reprint requests to Alexander R. Vaccaro, MD, PhD, The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107; E-mail: [email protected]
[111]-oriented PIN-PMN-PT crystals with ultrahigh dielectric permittivity and high frequency constant for high-frequency transducer applications (2016)

The electromechanical properties of [111]-oriented tetragonal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2O3)-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3)-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals were investigated for potential high frequency ultrasonic transducers. The domain-engineered tetragonal crystals exhibit an ultrahigh free dielectric permittivity ε33T &amp;gt; 10 000 with a moderate electromechanical coupling factor k33 ∼ 0.79, leading to a high clamped dielectric permittivity ε33S of 2800, significantly higher than those of the rhombohedral relaxor-PT crystals and high-K (dielectric permittivity) piezoelectric ceramics. Of particular significance is that the [111]-oriented tetragonal crystals were found to possess high elastic stiffness, with frequency constant N33 of ∼2400 Hz m, allowing relatively easy fabrication of high-frequency transducers. In addition, no scaling effect of piezoelectric and dielectric properties was observed down to thickness of 0.1 mm, corresponding to an operational frequency of ∼24 MHz. These advantages of [111]-oriented tetragonal PIN-PMN-PT crystals will benefit high-frequency ultrasonic array transducers, allowing for high sensitivity, broad bandwidth, and reduced noise/crosstalk.
Imaging EGFR and HER2 by PET and SPECT: A Review (2013)

In an effort to discover a noninvasive method for predicting which cancer patients will benefit from therapy targeting the EGFR and HER2 proteins, a large body of the research has been conducted toward the development of PET and SPECT imaging agents, which selectively target these receptors. We provide a general overview of the advances made toward imaging EGFR and HER2, detailing the investigation of PET and SPECT imaging agents ranging in size from small molecules to monoclonal antibodies.
The Synthesis of Symmetrical (2‐Indolyl)ethynes and Reduced Congeners via Palladium‐Catalyzed Couplings of 2‐Bromoindole Precursors. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Toll-like Receptor 9 Agonist IMO Cooperates with Cetuximab in &lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Ras&lt;/i&gt; Mutant Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 204KB&lt;/p&gt;
Effect of Partial Medial Meniscectomy on the Interaction Between Primary and Secondary Knee Motion During Gait (2012)

Meniscal injury is a well-known risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA); the leading treatment (meniscectomy) increases the risk for osteoarthritis four times over sixteen years [1]. Reports that meniscectomy patients display altered gait kinetics and kinematics post-operation [2,3] suggest altered gait mechanics as a potential link between meniscal resection and increased risk for OA. Specifically it has been suggested that altered gait is a pathway to OA by causing a shift in tibiofemoral cartilage contact location to unprepared regions, which leads to cartilage breakdown [4]. The altered gait mechanics of particular interest are secondary motions of the knee, including internal-external (IE) rotation and adduction angle. While previous research has shown there to be a decrease in early stance (ES) and mid-stance (MS) range of motion (ROM) in knee flexion angle along with decreased peak extension of the affected versus contralateral limb, there is a lack of data relating the interaction between primary (flexion) and secondary (IE rotation and adduction angle) motions of the knee in the meniscectomy population [2,3]. Yet this information is important for understanding the ambulatory conditions associated with knee OA following meniscectomy.
QoSMIC (1998)

In this paper, we present, QoSMIC, a multicast protocol for the Internet that supports QoS-sensitive routing, and minimizes the importance of a priori configuration decisions (such as core selection). The protocol is resource-efficient, robust, flexible, and scalable. In addition, our protocol is provably loop-free.Our protocol starts with a resources-saving tree (Shared Tree) and individual receivers switch to a QoS-competitive tree (Source-Based Tree) when necessary. In both trees, the new destination is able to choose the most promising among several paths. An innovation is that we use dynamic routing information without relying on a link state exchange protocol to provide it. Our protocol limits the effect of pre-configuration decisions drastically, by separating the management from the data transfer functions; administrative routers are not necessarily part of the tree. This separation increases the robustness, and flexibility of the protocol. Furthermore, QoSMIC is able to adapt dynamically to the conditions of the network.The QoSMIC protocol introduces several new ideas that make it more flexible than other protocols proposed to date. In fact, many of the other protocols, (such as YAM, PIMSM, BGMP, CBT) can be seen as special cases of QoSMIC. This paper presents the motivation behind, and the design of QoSMIC, and provides both analytical and experimental results to support our claims.
Comprehensive mapping of SARS-CoV-2 interactions in vivo reveals functional virus-host interactions (2021)

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a major threat to global public health, resulting in global societal and economic disruptions. Here, we investigate the intramolecular and intermolecular RNA interactions of wildtype (WT) and a mutant (Δ382) SARS-CoV-2 virus in cells using high throughput structure probing on Illumina and Nanopore platforms. We identified twelve potentially functional structural elements within the SARS-CoV-2 genome, observed that identical sequences can fold into divergent structures on different subgenomic RNAs, and that WT and Δ382 virus genomes can fold differently. Proximity ligation sequencing experiments identified hundreds of intramolecular and intermolecular pair-wise interactions within the virus genome and between virus and host RNAs. SARS-CoV-2 binds strongly to mitochondrial and small nucleolar RNAs and is extensively 2’-O-methylated. 2’-O-methylation sites in the virus genome are enriched in the untranslated regions and are associated with increased pair-wise interactions. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a global decrease of 2’-O-methylation sites on host mRNAs, suggesting that binding to snoRNAs could be a pro-viral mechanism to sequester methylation machinery from host RNAs towards the virus genome. Collectively, these studies deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, cellular factors important during infection and provide a platform for targeted therapy.
Effects of Surface Properties and Gap Sizes on Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Micro-Channel Vapor Generator (2006)

Improving the boiling heat transfer characteristics in a micro-channel vapor generator has become an important issue because of space limitations in a fuel cell vehicle. The effects of the wettability and fine structure of the heating surface on heat transfer characteristics in the micro-channel were evaluated experimentally. An attempt was made to deduce the mechanism that would explain how differences in surface properties influence heat transfer characteristics. Under the experimental conditions used in this study, it was confirmed that wettability affects heat transfer characteristics in the micro-channel and that an improvement in wettability leads to more efficient heat transfer.
Appendix (2013)

At the time that the 2nd Edition of the Textbook of Influenza was in galley proof stage (February/March,2013 ) an outbreak of human infection with an avian H7N9 Influenza Virus was detected in China. This virus stain is low pathogenicity for poultry but results to date in 20%-25% mortality in infected humans. While human to human transmission of the virus had not been documented not all cases of human infection had as an antecedent exposure to birds. This addendum summarizes the current (albeit limited ) information on the pattern of human infection, clinical disease, the structure, likely origin and properties of the virus including it's pandemic potential and the implication of the outbreak for pandemic preparedness.
Purging flow protection of infrared telescopes (1984)

The use of a purging gas flow as a means of protecting the cryogenic optics in space infrared telescopes from condensible gaseous contaminants has been studied. The significance of both the purge/contaminant differential scattering cross section and the purge gas density distribution is analyzed. It is concluded that it is important to use the correct form of the differential scattering cross section as well as accurate purge gas density distributions when estimating the effectiveness of purging flows for contaminant protection. Experimental verification of the techniques that are used here to calculate purge gas density distributions are presented. Complete contaminant rejection from the interior of a telescope is unlikely, since for realistic purge gas densities most of the contaminants prevented from reaching the optical surfaces will condense on the telescope's internal optical baffling. Specific examples of contaminant shielding for two modes of purge gas injection are presented for the Orris I telescope. The effectiveness of helium and neon as purge gases is compared.
Reconstitution and fusogenic properties of Sendai virus envelopes (1985)

Sendai virus membranes were reconstituted by detergent dialysis, using the non-ionic detergents Triton X-100 and octyl glucoside. Membrane reassembly was determined by measuring the surface-density-dependent efficiency of resonance energy transfer between two fluorescent phospholipid analogues, which were co-reconstituted with the viral envelopes. The functional incorporation of the viral proteins was established by monitoring the ability of the reconstitution products to fuse with erythrocyte membranes, utilizing assays based on either resonance energy transfer or on relief of fluorescence selfquenching. The persistent adherence of residual Triton X-100 with the reconstituted membrane was revealed by an artificial detergent-effect on the resonance energy transfer efficiency and the occurrence of hemolysis of human erythrocytes under conditions where fusion does not occur. Properly reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes were obtained with octyl glucoside. The fusion activity of the viral envelopes was dependent on the initial concentration of octyl glucoside used to disrupt the virus and the rate of detergent removal. Rapid removal of detergent by dialysis against large volumes of dialysis buffer (ratio 1:850) or by gel filtration produced reconstituted membranes capable of inducing hemagglutination but significant fusion activity was not detected. By decreasing the volume ratio of dialysate versus dialysis buffer to 1:250 or 1:25, fusogenic viral envelopes were obtained. The initial fusion kinetics of the reconstituted viral membrane and the parent virus were different in that both the onset and the initial rate of fusion of the reconstituted membranes were faster, whereas the extents to which both particles eventually fused with the target membrane were similar. The differences in the initial fusion kinetics lead us to suggest that the details of the fusion mechanism between Sendai virus and the target membrane involve factors other than the mere presence of glycoproteins F and HN in the viral bilayer. Finally, the results also indicate that determination of the viral fusion activity in a direct manner, rather than by an indirect assay, such as hemolysis, is imperative for a proper evaluation of the functional properties retained upon viral reconstitution.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of the Paclitaxel Side‐Chain via a Diastereoselective Staudinger Reaction. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pilot Study of Radiation Dose Reduction for Pediatric Head CT in Evaluation of Ventricular Size (2014)

CT images having dose reductions of 90% relative to routine head CT examinations provide acceptable image quality to address the specific clinical task of evaluating ventricular size.
Future research directions in the use of biomarkers. (1996)

Many DNA adduct studies have been carried out in occupational groups that have been at a risk of cancer based on epidemiological results relating to exposure decades ago. Even new epidemiological publications on cancer cannot accurately address the effective exposures after about 1970. This is one justification for biomarker studies. Another justification is exposures for which epidemiological studies have not been conducted or have provided inadequate results, in spite of suspicions raised by short-term or animal experiments. The modulation of environment carcinogenesis by host polymorphism in genes for xenobiotic metabolizing and DNA repair enzymes is currently under extensive investigation. The studies relating phenotype/genotype to cancer are presently extended to various end points that may be related to cancer such as DNA adducts and cytogenetic damage. Adjustment for a metabolic phenotype or genotype may also increase the precision in the measurement. Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes may give clues to the etiology of cancer.
Dual wavelength heterodyne interferometry using a matched grating set-up (1992)

Two-wavelength double heterodyne interferometry is applied for topographic measurements on rough target surfaces. A two-wavelength HeNe laser and a matched grating technique are used to improve system stability and to simplify heterodyne frequency generation. Results obtained with an experimental set-up will be presented. The results obtained show that a dual wavelength heterodyne interferometer is appropriate for high precision ranging. Progressing developments for large distances will be discussed.
Probing the Molecular Interactions and Lubrication Mechanisms of Purified Full-Length Recombinant Human Proteoglycan 4 (rhPRG4) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA) (2019)

Probing the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin, also known as proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), is important for understanding the ultralow friction of cartilage lubrication. Most previous research has focused on native lubricin either purified from synovial fluid or articular cartilage explant culture media. In this work, the adsorption behavior and lubrication mechanism of full-length recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) on mica as well as the effect of adding hyaluronic acid (HA, a polysaccharide) were systematically investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) technique. A low friction coefficient (μ ∼ 0.04) was measured when multilayer rhPRG4 (∼31 nm) was confined in between mica surfaces, even when the load increased to ∼1.2 MPa. Intriguingly, a previously unreported ultralow friction coefficient (μ < 0.005) was observed at a low sliding velocity ( v = 0.14 μm/s) with the applied load P reaching ∼3.6 MPa when a diluted rhPRG4 solution (∼90 μg/mL) was used. The distinct friction behavior is likely due to the smooth and more close-packed lubricin coating, as made evident by the atomic force microscope imaging. Adding HA onto multilayer rhPRG4-coated mica increased the friction coefficient μ to ∼0.1; however, the load bearing property increased, indicating potential synergistic effect between rhPRG4 and HA, which was further demonstrated by the weak adhesion observed when separating rhPRG4-coated mica and HA-coated aminopropyltriethoxysilane-mica (APTES-mica). Alternatively, adding premixed rhPRG4-HA on mica had a friction coefficient (μ ∼ 0.1) close to that of injecting concentrated rhPRG4 (∼450 μg/mL) with lower load sustainability. Our results provide fundamental insights into the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin and its interaction with HA, with useful implications for the underlying mechanism of ultralow friction provided by synovial fluid.
Cancer of the oral cavity: a comparison between institutions in a developing and a developed nation (2003)

Statistically significant differences were found in clinical presentation, tumor characteristics, and outcome in OC patients between the two institutions from a developing and developed nation. Overall outcome was poorer in HACC patients. However, after controlling for site, stage, and treatment, the outcome of these patients was similar, with the exception of a higher rate of occurrence of second primary cancers in patients from HACC. Given that the use of standard protocols of treatment offer similar outcomes, the establishment of education programs and screening measures for early diagnosis might be the best chance to improve overall outcome in OC patients in developing nations.
Atomic Scale Account of the Surface Effect on Ionic Transport in Silver Hollandite (2018)

Nanosized electrodes for Li-ion batteries typically display improved electrochemical properties, which are generally attributed to the reduced dimensionality for lithiation. However, the intriguing roles of surface defects and disorder associated with the nanosized materials are often overlooked. Here, combining atomically resolved structural analysis with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that the formation of intrinsic oxygen vacancies near surface in silver hollandite nanorods modifies the local atomic structure and valence state. These surface reconstructions resulted from oxygen vacancies can significantly affect the diffusion pathways in what are otherwise one-dimensional (1D) tunneled structures. On the basis of energy barrier calculations, we demonstrate that the oxygen vacancies boost ionic transport through the edge sharing MnO6 polyhedra in the a–b plane. Thus, within a single rod different from the inherent 1D tunnel diffusion in the interior, the ionic transport at oxygen vacancy decorated surfaces likely adopts a three-dimensional diffusion pathway including both tunnel and planar diffusion.
QTL analysis of photoperiod sensitivity in common buckwheat by using markers for expressed sequence tags and photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes (2011)

Photoperiod sensitivity is an important trait related to crop adaptation and ecological breeding in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Although photoperiod sensitivity in this species is thought to be controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), no genes or regions related to photoperiod sensitivity had been identified until now. Here, we identified QTLs controlling photoperiod sensitivity by QTL analysis in a segregating F(4) population (n = 100) derived from a cross of two autogamous lines, 02AL113(Kyukei SC2)LH.self and C0408-0 RP. The F(4) progenies were genotyped with three markers for photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes, which were identified based on homology to photoperiod-sensitivity genes in Arabidopsis and 76 expressed sequence tag markers. Among the three photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes (FeCCA1, FeELF3 and FeCOL3) identified in common buckwheat, FeELF3 was associated with photoperiod sensitivity. Two EST regions, Fest_L0606_4 and Fest_L0337_6, were associated with photoperiod sensitivity and explained 20.0% and 14.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. For both EST regions, the allele from 02AL113(Kyukei SC2)LH.self led to early flowering. An epistatic interaction was also confirmed between Fest_L0606_4 and Fest_L0337_6. These results demonstrate that photoperiod sensitivity in common buckwheat is controlled by a pathway consisting of photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes as well as multiple gene action.