gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION OF THE BONES FROM MR IMAGES OF THE KNEE (2007)

We present and validate a hybrid segmentation scheme based around 3D active shape models, which is used to automatically segment the three bones in the knee joint. This scheme is automatically initialised using an affine registration to an atlas. The accuracy and robustness of the approach was experimentally validated using an MR database of 20 fat suppressed spoiled gradient recall images. A median dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.89, 0.96 and 0.96 was obtained for the patella, tibia and femur which illustrates the accuracy of the approach. The robustness of this scheme to initialisation was validated by segmenting each knee image 19 times, each time using a different image in the database as the atlas. An overall segmentation failure rate (DSC<0.75) of only 3.60% shows that the scheme was robust to initialisation
Wave based modelling methods for steady-state interior acoustics: an overview (2013)

This paper discusses the use of wave based prediction methods for the analysis of steady-state interior acoustic problems. Conventional element based prediction methods, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), are commonly used, but are restricted to low-frequency applications. The Wave Based Method (WBM) is an alternative deterministic technique which is based on the indirect Trefftz approach. The WBM is computationally very efficient, allowing the analysis of problems at higher frequencies. The efficiency of the WBM is most pronounced for problems of moderate geometrical complexity. A hybrid finite element-wave based method combines the strengths of the two methods, namely, the high computational efficiency of the WBM and the ability of the FEM to model problems of arbitrary geometrical complexity. Numerical validation examples show the enhanced computational efficiency of the WBM for problems of moderate geometrical complexity and of the hybrid method for real-life engineering problems. 1
Metal induced degradation of leather (2014)

Large quantities of leather waste are generated from manufacturing processes and disposal of leather goods. Environmental directives encourage diversion of solid waste from landfills through viable recycling methods. Since leather is resistant to microbial degradation, direct recycling of leather waste through biodegradation methods are impractical. In this research, the mechanism and potential application of metal induced oxidative degradation of leather were studied. Experimental work on the effects of retanning vegetable tanned samples with salts of the first row transition metals indicated the presence of unstable tannin-metal interactions in samples containing V(IV), Fe(II) and Cu(II) salts. Denaturation of collagen at ambient conditions was observed in leather samples treated with V(IV) and Fe(II) salts. Autodegradation of leather samples containing Fe(II) and V(IV) ions occurred during at ambient conditions of storage. The process of degradation in the leathers was characterised in terms of the decline in hydrothermal stability, progressive lowering of tensile strength, loss of metal-tannin binding interactions, changes in the fibre structure and the occurrence of gelatinisation. Direct evidence on the reduction of V(V) by tannins was obtained using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results of spectrophotometric studies of polyphenol-metal ion interaction in acidic media indicated that Fe(II) and V(IV) ions act as catalysts in the oxidation of tannins. To explain the phenomena of metal induced degradation, a mechanism involving redox cycling of the iron ions (Fe2+/Fe3+) and vanadium ions (V02+/V02+) was proposed. In the semi-metal tanned leathers, Fe(II) and V(IV) species are oxidised by air, producing superoxide anion. Subsequently Fe(III) and V(V) are reduced back to the lower oxidation states by the o- diphenol moieties of tannins. In this way, the metal ions act as catalysts for the oxidation of tannins. Autoxidation of Fe(II) and V(IV) species in aqueous media results in the formation of superoxide anion (02“) and hydrogen peroxide (F1202). The subsequent formation of hydroxyl radicals (OFT) in the leathers, through metal catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (Fenton reaction), is considered to be the major cause for the observed oxidative denaturation of the fibrous collagen. An investigation on the oxidative effect of a dilute solution of Fenton reagent (0.2M H202, 0.03M Fe2+) showed that hydroxyl radical mediated oxidation causes a rapid decomposition of the tanning structures and denaturation of the collagen in less than a day. Autodegraded semi-metal tanned leathers and Fenton-treated leathers showed increased degree of susceptibility to digestion by bacterial enzymes. Based on the results of this research, it is recognised that Fenton reaction may be used as an efficient method of oxidative pre-treatment of leather waste for enhancing its biodegradability particularly in the context of recycling through composting and anaerobic digestion.
&lt;title&gt;Microfabrication technology for high-speed Si-based systems&lt;/title&gt; (2000)

Microfabrication technologies for use as practical methods in &gt; 10-micrometers featured high-speed device fabrication have been developed: the thick polyimide-used damascene process, electroless plating of Ru/Ni on Cu interconnections, the area-restricted chemical mechanical planarization to polish thick polyimide films. Applying their technologies to fabricate RF-components and millimeter-wave components on Si demonstrates excellent characteristics: high-quality factor (Q-factor) in spiral inductor, low transmission loss for sidewall coplanar waveguide (CPW), high-power radiation in CPW-fed sot antenna. The Si-technology-based approach to achieve seamless integration of different kinds of devices, i.e., photonic devices, ULSIs, RF-devices, and millimeter- wave devices are promising ways to fabricate high-speed systems on Si.
Brain–computer interfaces using capacitive measurement of visual or auditory steady-state responses (2013)

The results of these experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using our capacitive EEG electrode in BCI systems. This capacitive electrode may become a flexible and non-intrusive tool fit for various applications in the next generation of BCI technologies.
Stable, Soluble Beryllium Aluminum Citrate Complexes Inspired by the Emerald Mineral Structure (2005)

A gem of a structure: A mixed-metal species with a structure very similar to the beryl structure found in nature is the 1:1:2 title complex (see structure). Its core structure contains a ring of alternating Al and Be atoms bridged by the aliphatic hydroxy group of the citric acid. A 1:1:1 complex isolated from phosphate buffer has a larger cluster structure consisting of six Al–Be–citrate species linked by bridging phosphate groups.
An FPGA-based genetic algorithm machine (poster abstract) (2000)

No abstract available.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of [N‐MeLeu<sup>5</sup>]‐ and [N‐MePhe<sup>5</sup>]‐Didemnin B (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The appropriateness of luminance vs. energy as a descriptor of CRT stimulus output when measuring the temporal aspects of vision (2013)

The use of cathode-ray-tube monitors is widespread in the vision science community. The temporal response of these displays is, however, known to vary with the frame rate selected. No previous study has investigated if variations in frame rate impacts upon the temporal processing of spatially identical stimuli. In this study we found the upper limit of complete temporal summation for an achromatic spot stimulus to be greater at 60Hz compared with a frame rate of 160Hz when visual thresholds were classified using luminance output. No such variation was found when a novel metric quantifying total energy output was used. This finding has significant implications for the accurate quantification of visual thresholds collected using display monitors used in visual psychophysics investigations.
Ultrastructure of the immune responses of Anopheles quadrimaculatus to Romanomermis culicivorax (Nematoda: Mermithidae) infection. (2006)

Shamseldean, M. M., E. G. Platzer, and R. Gaugler. 2006. Ultrastructure of the Immune Responses of Anopheles quadrimaculatus to Romanomermis culicivorax (Nematoda: Mermithidae) Infection. Nematropica 36:243-249. The ultrastructure of the early immune response of Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae to invasion by the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax was examined in experimental infections. Host hemocyte recognition of R. culicivorax began immediately after infection. Cellular encapsulation and premelanotic reactions were noted. The proportions of plasmatocytes and especially granulocytes increased with hemocytes or their products adhering to invading nematodes within minutes of infection. Degranulation of granulocytes occurred when the host recognized the nematode surface, although contact between the hemocyte and the parasite was not required for recognition. Concurrently, the parasitic nematodes shed a dispensable sheet-like surface coat that intermittently interrupted the encapsulation process by serving as a physical barrier against the host immune system.
Corrigendum (1996)

R. P. Tuffin, K. J. Toyne, J. W. Goodby and G. J. Cross, J. Mater. Chem., 1996, 6, 1739 DOI: 10.1039/JM9960601739
Intranuclear inclusions in a dog with B‐cell leukemia (2016)

A 7-year-old Shetland Sheepdog was presented with anorexia. A CBC indicated thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Bone marrow cytology revealed that 67.7% of all nucleated cells (ANC) were anaplastic large mononuclear cells. These cells were confirmed to be of B-cell origin based on IgH rearrangement, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analysis. Microscopic examination revealed that the neoplastic cells had intranuclear inclusions resembling Dutcher bodies. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the intranuclear inclusions were immunopositive for IgG antibodies. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction was negative for the presence of polysaccharides and related substances. Although the dog achieved complete remission with a multi-drug chemotherapy protocol, it ultimately died because of tumor progression and acute renal insufficiency on day 201. This is the first known case of canine acute B-cell leukemia with intranuclear inclusions resembling Dutcher bodies.
“Clickable” pillar[5]arenes (2011)

Introduction of bulky substituents such as benzyl and pyrenyl groups using click reactions inhibited or slowed the rotation of the units on the NMR chemical shift timescale. The perpyrenylated pillar[5]arene showed a thermally-responsive excimer emission, but a unit model of the perpyrenylated pillar[5]arene did not exhibit such a response.
Strategies to modulate zebrafish collective dynamics with a closed-loop biomimetic robotic system (2020)

The objective of this study is to integrate biomimetic robots into small groups of zebrafish and to modulate their collective behaviours. A possible approach is to have the robots behave like sheepdogs. In this case, the robots would behave like a different species than the fish and would present different relevant behaviours. In this study, we explore different strategies that use biomimetic zebrafish behaviours. In past work, we have shown that robots biomimicking zebrafish can be socially integrated into zebrafish groups. We have also shown that a fish-like robot can modulate the rotation choice of zebrafish groups in a circular set-up. Here, we further study the modulation capabilities of such robots in a more complex set-up. To do this, we exploit zebrafish social behaviours we identified in previous studies. We first modulate collective departure by replicating the leadership mechanisms with the robot in a set-up composed of two rooms connected by a corridor. Then, we test different behavioural strategies to drive the fish groups towards a predefined target room. To drive the biohybrid groups towards a predefined choice, they have to adopt some specific fish-like behaviours. The first strategy is based on a single robot using the initiation behaviour. In this case, the robot keeps trying to initiate a group transition towards the target room. The second strategy is based on two robots, one initiating and one staying in the target room as a social attractant. The third strategy is based on a single robot behaving like a zebrafish but staying in the target room as a social attractant. The fourth strategy uses two robots behaving like zebrafish but staying in the target room. We conclude that robots can modulate zebrafish group behaviour by adopting strategies based on existing fish behaviours. Under these conditions, robots enable the testing of hypotheses about the behaviours of fish.
Apolipoprotein E and Neurological Disease: Therapeutic Potential and Pharmacogenomic Interactions (2007)

The apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism is emerging as a uniquely important genetic modifier that affects functional outcome from both acute and chronic neurological injuries. Recent attention has focused on common denominator mechanisms by which apoE might affect brain injury and/or brain repair responses in clinically diverse diseases. Although endogenous apoE likely serves several adaptive functions in the injured CNS, there is growing evidence that its effect on modifying brain inflammatory responses and providing protection from excitotoxic injury may be central to its protective properties. A more complete understanding of the role that apoE plays in the injured brain has led to novel therapeutic strategies for both acute and chronic neurological disease.
Unsteady RANS CFD Simulations of Sailboat’s Hull and Comparison with Full-Scale Test (2020)

The hydrodynamic investigation of a hull’s performance is a key aspect when designing a new prototype, especially when it comes to a competitive/racing environment. This paper purports to perform a fully nonlinear unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation to predict the motion and hydrodynamic resistance of a sailboat, thus creating a reliable tool for designing a new hull or refining the design of an existing one. A comprehensive range of speeds is explored, and results are validated with hydrodynamic full-scale tests, conducted in the towing tank facility at University of Naples Federico II, Italy. In particular, this work deals with numerical ventilation, which is a typical issue occurring when modeling a hull; a simple and effective solution is here proposed and investigated, based on the phase-interaction substitution procedure. Results of the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) campaign agree with the experimental fluid dynamic (EFD) within a 2% margin.
Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Atrial Septum Presenting as a Right Atrial Mass (1996)

Lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum (LHAS) has been associated with cardiac arrhythmias and is defined as fatty infiltration > 2 cm thick in the atrial septum. The clinical and histologic features of surgically excised LHAS have not been previously studied. We studied 11 surgical resections of LHAS and compared them with 13 autopsy cases of LHAS and 24 control autopsy hearts. Of 11 surgical patients, eight were women: patients' mean age was 63 years, and six were described as mildly to overtly obese. Symptoms included congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, palpitations, syncope, and incidental mass found at surgery. Imagining studies typically revealed a right atrial mass with a mean size of 6 cm (range, 2.5-10 cm). Multivacuolated fat was more extensive in surgical (p = 0.005) and autopsy (p = 0.009) cases of LHAS than in control hearts. Atypical, hypertrophied myocytes were presented in 72% of cases of LHAS compared with 8% of controls (p = 0.0003). In autopsy hearts, histologically abundant multivacuolated fat, heart weight, and body size were independently associated with increased atrial septal thickness. LHAS can be surgically excised, it has a distinctive histologic appearance marked by the presence of abundant multivacuolated fat and hypertrophied myocytes, and it is associated with increased body and cardiac mass.
Highly fcc-textured Pt–Al alloy films grown on MgO(001) showing enhanced spin Hall efficiency (2021)

We report on a systematic comparative study of the spin Hall efficiency between highly face-centered cubic (fcc)-textured Pt–Al alloy films grown on MgO(001) and poorly crystallized Pt–Al alloy films grown on SiO2. Using CoFeB as the detector, we show that for Al compositions centering around x = 25, mainly L12-ordered Pt100−xAlx alloy films grown on MgO exhibit outstanding charge-spin conversion efficiency. For the Pt78Al22/CoFeB bilayer on MgO, we obtain damping-like spin Hall efficiency as high as ξDL ∼ +0.20 and expect up to a sevenfold reduction in power consumption compared to the polycrystalline bilayer of the same Al composition on SiO2. This work demonstrates that improving the crystallinity of fcc Pt-based alloys is a crucial step for achieving large spin Hall efficiency and low power consumption in this material class.
Antigenic Site Immunodominance Redirection Following Repeat Variant Exposure (2022)

Human norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, driven by antigenic variants within the GII.4 genotype. Antibody responses to GII.4 vaccination in adults are shaped by immune memory. How children without extensive immune memory will respond to GII.4 vaccination has not been reported. Here, we characterized the GII.4 neutralizing antibody (nAb) landscape following natural infection using a surrogate assay and antigenic site chimera virus-like particles. We demonstrate that the nAb landscape changes with age and virus exposure. Among sites A, C, and G, nAbs from first infections are focused on sites A and C. As immunity develops with age/exposure, site A is supplemented with antibodies that bridge site A to sites C and G. Cross-site nAbs continue to develop into adulthood, accompanied by an increase in nAb to site G. Continued exposure to GII.4 2012 Sydney correlated with a shift to co-dominance of sites A and G. Furthermore, site G nAbs correlated with the broadening of nAb titer across antigenically divergent variants. These data describe fundamental steps in the development of immunity to GII.4 over a lifetime, and illustrate how the antigenicity of one pandemic variant could influence the pandemic potential of another variant through the redirection of immunodominant epitopes.
An industrial optimum current control scheme for IM drive fed by Ultra Sparse Z-source Matrix Converter under abnormal input voltage (2015)

This paper illustrates an induction motor (IM) fed by an Ultra Sparse Z-source Matrix Converter (USZSMC) under 40% abnormal rate of input voltage, which reduces the THD of the output current by applying the intelligent method in the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) PI controller. The practical topology of matrix converter has been improved by using only 9 semiconductor switches and 18 diodes. A Z-source network has been placed at virtual DC-link in order to boost up the voltage transfer ratio with the least number of passive elements. By applying any changes in reference current or frequency, the modulation index can be automatically adjusted and respond to changes without additional optimization or heavy computational requirements in the system. This advantage provides a simple, yet very cost effective and efficient system that can meet the requirements for industry. The concentration of this research is on having a compact, light system with ability to meet the standards for industrial use with no extensive computing time. The promising simulation results have been presented to prove the validity of proposed method.
The Influence of the Design Matrix on Treatment Effect Estimates in the Quantitative Analyses of Single-Subject Experimental Design Research (2014)

The quantitative methods for analyzing single-subject experimental data have expanded during the last decade, including the use of regression models to statistically analyze the data, but still a lot of questions remain. One question is how to specify predictors in a regression model to account for the specifics of the design and estimate the effect size of interest. These quantitative effect sizes are used in retrospective analyses and allow synthesis of single-subject experimental study results which is informative for evidence-based decision making, research and theory building, and policy discussions. We discuss different design matrices that can be used for the most common single-subject experimental designs (SSEDs), namely, the multiple-baseline designs, reversal designs, and alternating treatment designs, and provide empirical illustrations. The purpose of this article is to guide single-subject experimental data analysts interested in analyzing and meta-analyzing SSED data.
Sepsis (2020)

Sepsis, along with the multiorgan failure that often accompanies this condition, is a leading cause of mortality in the intensive care unit. Although modest improvements in the prognosis have been made over the past two decades and promising new therapies continue to be investigated, innovations in the management of septic shock are still required. This chapter discusses the definitions, epidemiology, and pathogenesis (including microbial factors, host-derived mediators, and organ dysfunction) relating to sepsis. Management of severe sepsis and septic shock is also described. This review contains 5 figures, 11 tables, and 99 references. Keywords:Organ dysfunction, sepsis, septic shock, infection, bacteremia, fluid resuscitation, vasopressor
Shear‐regulated uptake of nanoparticles by endothelial cells and development of endothelial‐targeting nanoparticles (2009)

The purpose of this research project was to develop nanoparticles with improved targeting, adhesion, and cellular uptake to activated or inflamed endothelial cells (ECs) under physiological flow conditions. Our hypothesis is that by mimicking platelet binding to activated ECs through the interaction between platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha (GP Ibalpha) and P-selectin on activated endothelial cells, GP Ibalpha-conjugated nanoparticles could exhibit increased targeting and higher cellular uptake in injured or activated endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions. To test this hypothesis, fluorescent-carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles were selected for the study as a model particle because of its narrow size distribution as a "proof-of-concept." Using confocal microscopy, fluorescent measurements, and protein assays, cellular uptake properties were characterized for these polystyrene nanoparticles. The study also found that conjugation of 100-nm polystyrene nanoparticles with glycocalicin (the extracellular segment of GP Ibalpha) significantly increased the particle adhesion on P-selectin-coated surfaces and cellular uptake of nanoparticles by activated endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions. The results demonstrate that these novel endothelial-targeting nanoparticles could be the first step toward developing a targeted and sustained drug delivery system that can improve shear-regulated particle adhesion and cellular uptake.
Near-infrared single-photon spectroscopy of a whispering gallery mode resonator using energy-resolving transition edge sensors (2015)

We demonstrate a method to perform spectroscopy of near-infrared single photons without the need of dispersive elements. This method is based on a photon energy resolving transition edge sensor and is applied for the characterization of widely wavelength tunable narrow-band single photons emitted from a crystalline whispering gallery mode resonator. We measure the emission wavelength of the generated signal and idler photons with an uncertainty of up to 2 nm.