gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
pH-responsive colloidosomes and their use for controlling release (2012)

In the past eight years, several examples of colloidosome microcapsules have been developed. Such microcapsules systems are offering alternative options for the encapsulation and release of active ingredients on the basis of the size exclusion properties of their colloidal membranes. Here, we use latex particles sterically stabilised with a responsive polymer as the building blocks for the colloidosome microcapsule membranes and demonstrate that the designed microcapsules can be used as a pH-responsive system to control the release of water-soluble species on the basis of size exclusion. For their manufacture, an oil-in-water emulsion is prepared using the latex particles to stabilise the emulsion. The latex particles are reacted in situ, using an oil-soluble cross-linker, to permanently link the steric polymers on adjacent particles, thus producing a robust capsule shell. The oil core is subsequently removed from the encapsulated emulsion droplets using a solvent exchange mechanism to give water-containing microcapsules suspended in water. As the oil is removed, the microcapsules initially collapse on themselves but they can be easily re-swollen to their initial spherical shape using a combination of polymer expansion within the membrane and induced chemical potential differences between the microcapsule cores and the bulk. We show here that the responsive polymer on the surface of the constituent particles within the monolayer forming the microcapsule membrane can be induced to expand and contract through changes in the dispersion pH as a result of its weakly basic nature. Using a fluorescently-labelled dextran molecule, we demonstrate its successful uptake within the core of the microcapsules at low pH where the capsule membrane is expanded and the pore size is maximised. Altering the pH to higher values results in the contraction of the membrane and closing of the surface pores; under these conditions we show that the dextran can be successfully retained within the microcapsules. Finally, we demonstrate the pH-dependent release of the labelled sugar by readjusting the pH to acidic conditions.
Advanced image placement performance for the current EPL masks (2006)

We examined two EPL mask fabrication processes to control precisely image placement (IP) on the EPL masks. One is a wafer process using an electrostatic chuck during an e-beam write and another is a membrane process using a mechanical chuck during the e-beam write. In the wafer process, the global IP is corrected during the e-beam write on the basis of the IP data taken with x-y metrology tool. In the membrane process, the global IP is corrected during the e-beam write on the basis of the data taken with the x-y metrology tool and taken in situ with the e-beam writer. The resist and final global IP (3s) of the wafer process is 7.2 nm and 10.6 nm. For the average local IP errors (3s), the local IP of 5.7 nm at the resist step increases to 14.7 nm at the final step due to process-induced distortions. The local IP could be reduced to 6.0 nm by applying the constant scale value to the mask process. In the membrane process, the resist and final global IP (3s) is 15.3 nm and 17.1 nm. With more detectable alignment marks, it would be possible to improve the global IP. For the average local IP errors (3s) of the membrane process, the average resist and final local IP are 6.7 and 7.1 nm which shows no PID. The two approaches proved to control IP more accurately than the conventional one.
Modélisation avec STICS des effets de non travail versus travail du sol en systèmes de culture sous des conditions pédoclimatiques contrastées (2015)

STICS a été largement utilisé dans de nombreux contextes agro-environnementaux, en particulier en France. Il a été testé en situation labourée et climat tempéré a contrario des systèmes de non-labour en zones tropicales. Quelques études ont évalué STICS dans des conditions tropicales, mais elles sont basées sur d'anciennes versions du modèle où les processus biologiques de dégradation du mulch de résidus de culture ne sont pas décrits. Nos hypothèses sont : i) les bilans d'eau, d'azote et de carbone à court, moyen ou long terme sont davantage sensibles aux modalités de décomposition du mulch qu'à la structure du sol, quand on compare les impacts du non travail du sol et du labour ; ii) le comportement et le devenir du mulch dépendent fortement des interactions advenant au sein du système techno-pédo- climatique. Notre stratégie a été de tester la capacité de STICS (v8.3.1) à simuler les systèmes de culture basés sur le non-labour et avec une couverture permanente d'un paillis de résidus de plantes sous les climats contrastés de plusieurs sites expérimentaux.
Assessing the Accuracy of Contact Angle Measurements for Sessile Drops on Liquid-Repellent Surfaces (2011)

Gravity-induced sagging can amplify variations in goniometric measurements of the contact angles of sessile drops on super-liquid-repellent surfaces. The very large value of the effective contact angle leads to increased optical noise in the drop profile near the solid-liquid free surface and the progressive failure of simple geometric approximations. We demonstrate a systematic approach to determining the effective contact angle of drops on super-repellent surfaces. We use a perturbation solution of the Bashforth-Adams equation to estimate the contact angles of sessile drops of water, ethylene glycol, and diiodomethane on an omniphobic surface using direct measurements of the maximum drop width and height. The results and analysis can be represented in terms of a dimensionless Bond number that depends on the maximum drop width and the capillary length of the liquid to quantify the extent of gravity-induced sagging. Finally, we illustrate the inherent sensitivity of goniometric contact angle measurement techniques to drop dimensions as the apparent contact angle approaches 180°.
The “Cut-Off Behavioral Criteria” Method: Modeling Clinical Diagnostic Criteria in Animal Studies of PTSD (2011)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is clinically defined by exposure to a significantly threatening and/or horrifying event and the presence of a certain number of symptoms from each of three symptom clusters at least one month after the event. The procedures involved in defining clinical diagnostic criteria for mental disorders are lengthy and quit stringent. The APA and WHO (responsible for the DSM and ICD, respectively) periodically review the diagnostic criteria, a process which engenders heated discussion in the literature, with the aim of refining and improving their clinical, epidemiological, and research validity.Animal behavioral studies, however, have generally tended to overlook this aspect and have commonly regarded the entire group of animals subjected to certain study conditions as homogeneous. The method to be described below was developed in an attempt to model diagnostic criteria in terms of individual patterns of response using behavioral measures and determining cut-off scores to distinguish between extremes of response or nonresponse, leaving a sizeable proportion of subjects in a middle group, outside each set of cut-off criteria. This chapter will discuss the concept of the model and its background, provide detailed protocols for each of its components, and present a selection of studies employing and examining the model, alongside the underlying translational rationale of each.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin in patients with and without fever. (1992)

Hyponatraemia has been described in association with a number of acute infectious diseases, mainly bacterial and tuberculous meningitis and pneumonia, and has been attributed to inappropriate secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP). The mechanism of inappropriate AVP production is uncertain, but there is experimental evidence to suggest that fever may stimulate secretion of AVP into plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. In this study, AVP concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from 37 febrile children with infections have been compared with those from 27 afebrile control subjects. Ten of the febrile children had meningitis (eight bacterial, two viral) and the remainder a variety of other infectious diseases. Seventy four per cent of febrile infected children were hyponatraemic (serum sodium less than 135 mmol/l) compared with only 8% of the afebrile controls. Plasma AVP concentrations were significantly higher in the febrile patients (median 2.92 pmol/l, range 1.0-23.25, n = 28) than in controls (median 1.67 pmol/l, range 0.57-6.0, n = 14) but there was no significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid AVP concentrations. There was no difference in plasma AVP concentrations between patients with meningitis and those with infections not involving the central nervous system. Careful attention should be paid to fluid and electrolyte balance in all children with acute infections.
Abstract 3538: In vivo combination studies of PM01183 with alkylating, antimetabolites, DNA-topoisomerase inhibitors and tubulin binding agents (2011)

Abstract PM01183 is a new synthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid that binds to selected DNA sequences and promotes apoptosis by inducing double-strand breaks at nanomolar concentrations. PM01183 displays significant antitumor activity in several murine models of human cancer. PM01183 is currently in phase I/II clinical development for cancer treatment. Nonclinical combination studies are increasingly relevant during the development of any anticancer compound. As such, PM01183 was assayed in combination (two-drugs) with representatives of alkylating agents (dacarbazine, temozolomide and cisplatin), antimetabolites (5-FU and gemcitabine), DNA-topoisomerase inhibitors (irinotecan and doxorubicin) and tubulin binding agents (paclitaxel and vinorelbine). Different models were used depending on the combination explored: STS (HT1080) for dacarbazine; glioma (U-87 MG) for temozolomide; gastric (HGC-27) for cisplatin and 5-FU; pancreas (SW1990) for gemcitabine; colon (HT-29) and NSCLC (H460) for irinotecan; and ovarian (A2780) for doxorubicin, paclitaxel and vinorelbine. Athymic nu/nu mice bearing tumors (ca. 150 mm3) were randomly allocated to 13 treatment groups: i) placebo; ii) PM01183 at 4 different dose levels, namely MTD (0.180 mg/kg), 0.75MTD, 0.5MTD and 0.25MTD; iii) Compound to be combined, at 4 different dose levels MTD, 0.75MTD, 0.5MTD and 0.25MTD; and, iv) PM01183 plus the combined compound, administered with the combination at (1+1), (0.75+0.75), (0.50+0.50) and (0.25+0.25) of MTD ratios. The antitumor activity was followed by T/C, (change in tumor volume for each treated -T- and placebo -C- groups during placebo-treated survival period). Then, the fraction affected (Fa) by the treatment was calculated (1-T/C) and, the combination index (CI) by the CI-isobol method determined. Synergism (CI ≤ 1 at Fa &amp;gt; 0.8) was recorded when PM01183 was combined with dacarbazine (HT1080), cisplatin (HGC-27), 5-fluororacil (HGC-27), gemcitabine (SW1990), irinotecan (H460), doxorubicin (A2780), paclitaxel (A2780) and vinorelbine (A2780). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3538. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3538
Micro-imaging with an atomic magnetometer and flux guide (2023)

Micro-imaging may be performed with an ultra-sensitive atomic magnetometer (AM) and an array of flux guides (FGs). The array of FGs may be configured to act as a magnetic lens that expands microscopic magnetic distribution to match dimensions of the AM. A plurality of single channel AMs may be combined into an array, or the AM may include an array of photodetectors, to realize multi-channel operation.
Investigation on static electrification phenomenon of ester liquids and mineral oil (2015)

This paper aims at the comparison of the Electrostatic Charging Tendency (ECT) of mineral, vegetable and synthetic oils using a spinning disk system (CIGRE Cell) covered on its both sides with different types of pressboards and papers. The ECT of insulating oils generated by the charge concentration gradient at the oil - pressboard/paper interfaces are analyzed in function of the rotating speed of the disk. It is shown that the generated charge is slightly higher with vegetable oil than that with mineral and synthetic ester oils. This may be due to differences in the molecular structures of these oils, whose interaction with the pressboard/paper is different; the phenomena occurring at the double-layer (interface) are not identical. However, the differences observed do not constitute an obstacle to the use of vegetable oil as a substitute for mineral or synthetic oils, with respect to the problems and risks associated with static electrification phenomena.
Trauma Survivors' Emotional Distress and Barriers to Early Psychological Intervention in an Inner-City Acute Surgical Trauma Service (2011)

Fifty-five predominantly low-income ethnic minority patients were interviewed and screened for early signs of psychological distress following traumatic injury. A free, brief intervention and transportation were offered to patients who evidenced psychiatric symptoms. Over half of participants reported psychiatric symptoms, but none accepted the free intervention. This study examined reasons participants remained reluctant to engage in services despite elimination of common barriers. Results highlight the importance of perceptual barriers over structural barriers in engaging patients in psychological interventions following a traumatic event.
Carbohydrate-mimetic peptides: structural aspects of mimicry and therapeutic implications (2011)

Peptide carbohydrate mimicry is manifested by distinct mechanisms, any one of which may be relevant to specific protein targets. As structural information becomes available for a wider variety of systems, the questions about mimicry will be more effectively addressed.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy in Psychiatry by Using a Pharmacological Interaction Database (2021)

Recent studies have shown that the knowledge of pharmacological interaction databases in global psychiatry is negligible. The frequency of hospitalizations in the case of patients taking new psychoactive substances along with other drugs continues to increase, very often resulting in the need for polypharmacotherapy. The aim of our research was to make members of the worldwide psychiatric community aware of the need to use a pharmacological interaction database in their daily work. The study involved 2146 psychiatrists from around the world. Participants were primarily contacted through the LinkedIn Recruiter website. The surveyed psychiatrists answered 5 questions concerning case reports of patients taking new psychoactive substances along with other drugs. The questions were answered twice, i.e., before and after using the Medscape drug interaction database. The mean percentage of correct answers given by the group of psychiatrists who were studied separately in six individual continents turned out to be statistically significantly higher after using the pharmacological interaction database (<i>p</i> < 0.001). This also applies to providing correct answers separately, i.e., to each of the five questions asked concerning individual case reports (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Before using the drug interaction database, only 14.1% of psychiatrists stated that they knew and used this type of database (<i>p</i> < 0.001). In the second stage of the study, a statistically significant majority of subjects stated that they were interested in using the pharmacological interaction database from that moment on (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and expressed the opinion that it could be effective in everyday work (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Using a pharmacological interaction database in psychiatry can contribute to the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.
Characterization of Plenum Spectra in an Arcjet Wind Tunnel (1997)

An optical fiber is used to collect radiation from the plenum of an arcjet wind tunnel. Studying the spectra, the electronic excitation temperatures are determined from the Boltzmann plots of atomic oxygen and nitrogen emission lines. In the case of atomic oxygen, the temperature is found to be about 15,000 ± 3400 K, and that of nitrogen is found to be 7600 ± 1500 K. Determination of molecular vibrational-rotational temperature is made by comparing experimental and theoretical spectra of the N 2 + molecular radiation. The temperature is estimated to be 9700 ± 1200 K, using an integrals ratio method.
Comparison of the Immunogenic Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Carrying the Mycobacterial Ag85B-ESAT-6 Antigen at Various Cellular Localizations (2022)

The bacille Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) vaccine has been used for a century; nonetheless, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Thus, new approaches to developing a new, more efficient vaccine are desirable. Mucosal vaccines are of particular interest, considering that <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> first enters the body through the mucosal membranes. We have previously demonstrated the immunogenicity of a recombinant <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> delivery vector with TB hybrid antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 anchored to the cell membrane. The goal of the present study was to analyze the impact of antigen localization in the immune response. Thus, we assessed two novel vaccine candidates, with the TB antigen either non-covalently anchored to the cell wall (LysMAgE6) or located intracellularly (CytAgE6). In addition, we compared two expression systems, using an inducible (LipoAgE6) or a constitutive promoter (<i>c</i>LipoAgE6) for expression of covalently anchored antigen to the cell membrane. Following administration to mice, antigen-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-17A secretion were analyzed for lung cell and splenocyte populations. Generally, the immune response in lung cells was stronger compared to splenocytes. The analyses showed that the type of expression system did not significantly affect the immunogenicity, while various antigen localizations resulted in markedly different responses. The immune response was considerably stronger for the surface-displaying candidate strains compared to the candidate with an intracellular antigen. These findings emphasize the significance of antigen exposure and further support the potential of <i>L. plantarum</i> as a mucosal vaccine delivery vehicle in the fight against TB.
Intramolecular [4 + 2] Trapping of a Hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) Benzyne by Tethered Arenes (2015)

We report here the efficient, intramolecular trapping in a Diels-Alder (DA) sense of thermally generated benzynes by one of two pendant arene rings. A more electron-rich ring (p-methoxyphenyl) reacted substantially faster than a simple phenyl ring, which was, in turn, slightly more reactive vs a 4-carbomethoxyphenyl ring. Photoinduced di-π-methane rearrangement of the initial DA adducts gave rise to unusual isomeric polycyclic adducts.
Other Investigations of the Intestine and Pancreas: Diagnostic Imaging (2010)

A variety of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be accurately evaluated with cross sectional imaging studies. While CT has played a pivotal role in depicting these diseases, recent advances in MRI, such as faster T2 and T1 weighted sequences and superior fat suppression techniques, have allowed for detailed visualization of the bowel and pancreas. The lack of radiation exposure is especially pertinent due to concerns regarding cancer induction risks, particularly in children and young adults. In this chapter we will highlight the imaging modality of choice for various diseases of the bowel and pancreas and discuss MR applications and findings in more detail. Small bowel follow through and small bowel enteroclysis will be mentioned briefly as their use has become increasingly uncommon and largely replaced with newer small bowel imaging techniques including capsule endoscopy, double balloon enteroscopy and MRI.
Information asymmetry in KL-regularized RL (2019)

Many real world tasks exhibit rich structure that is repeated across different parts of the state space or in time. In this work we study the possibility of leveraging such repeated structure to speed up and regularize learning. We start from the KL regularized expected reward objective which introduces an additional component, a default policy. Instead of relying on a fixed default policy, we learn it from data. But crucially, we restrict the amount of information the default policy receives, forcing it to learn reusable behaviors that help the policy learn faster. We formalize this strategy and discuss connections to information bottleneck approaches and to the variational EM algorithm. We present empirical results in both discrete and continuous action domains and demonstrate that, for certain tasks, learning a default policy alongside the policy can significantly speed up and improve learning.
European Medicines Agency workshop on biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (2009)

The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) workshop on biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), held July 2, 2009 at the EMEA headquarters in London, was a harbinger with potentially far-reaching implications for all groups interested in antibody therapeutics development. These groups include not only regulators and the innovator and generic biopharmaceutical industries, but also physicians, patients and payers. The objective of the workshop was to discuss and assess the feasibility of the development and authorization of mAbs using EMEA's biosimilar regulatory pathways. The workshop sequentially focused on questions relevant to three areas: (1) chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC), (2) non-clinical issues and (3) clinical issues, including outcome measures. Proceedings of the workshop are presented in Part 1 of this report, and discussed within the context of the legal, regulatory and business environments of the European Union, Asia and the United States in Parts 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
The Cyborg Fly: A biorobotic platform to investigate dynamic coupling effects between a fruit fly and a robot (2008)

The robust and efficient flight control of insects provide a powerful model system for autonomous microrobots. Conversely, robots offer a robust experimental platform on which to test biological hypotheses. This interaction of biology and robotics is an exciting but challenging task, because the vast disparities between both can lead to inaccurate or even misleading conclusions. In this paper, we present a biorobotic platform that can arbitrarily define the dynamic couplings between a fruit fly and a robot. The platform is used to explore the stability and emergent properties of the biorobotic couple. The fruit flypsilas wing kinematics are measured in real time and used to drive an autonomous robot. In turn, the robotpsilas sensory information is transformed back into visual feedback to the fly. Using different case studies, we explore how the choice of feedback influences the success of the biorobotic device. We discuss the meaning of such feedback in view of biomimetic implementations.
Benefits of Operating a Four Terminal HVDC Network with a Normally Open Point (2015)

It is likely that any HVDC grids will evolve over time and will likely be multi-vendor and use several different technologies. This paper studies a four terminal network where the interconnecting link is operated as a normally open point. This allows the network to be reconfigured in the event of DC side fault, without the need for DC circuit breakers. The network uses the popular Modular Multi-level converter at one terminal and a fault tolerant converter at the other terminal. A simple cost benefit shows the economic advantage of the interconnecting link. The operation of this network is then verified through simulation for a normal operating scenario and a DC fault scenario. Keywords—HVDC, energy conversion, fault blocking converters, modular multilevel converter, multi-terminal DC