gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Moving Element Analysis of High-Speed Train-Slab Track System Considering Discrete Rail Pads (2020)

This paper presents a study of the dynamic behavior of a coupled train-slab track system considering discrete rail pads. The slab track is modeled as a three-layer Timoshenko beam. The study is carried out using the moving element method (MEM). By introducing a convected coordinate system moving at the same speed as the vehicle, the governing equations of motion of the slab track are formulated in a moving frame-of-reference. By adopting Galerkin’s method, the element stiffness, mass and damping matrices of a truncated slab track in the moving coordinate system are derived. The vehicle is modeled as a multi-body with 10 degrees of freedom. The nonlinear Hertz contact model is used to account for the wheel–rail interaction. The Newmark integration method, in conjunction with a global Newton–Raphson iteration algorithm, is employed to solve the nonlinear dynamic equations of motion of the vehicle–track coupled system. The proposed MEM model of the system is validated through comparison with available results in the literature. Further study is then made to investigate the vehicle–track system accounting for track irregularities modeled as short harmonic wave forms. Results showed that irregularities with short wavelengths have a significant effect on wheel–rail contact force and rail acceleration, and the dynamic response of the track structure does not increase monotonously with the increase of the vehicle speed.
Classical Policy Gradient: Preserving Bellman's Principle of Optimality (2019)

We propose a new objective function for finite-horizon episodic Markov decision processes that better captures Bellman's principle of optimality, and provide an expression for the gradient of the objective.
Posttranscriptional changes in growth factor-inducible gene regulation caused by antiproliferative interferons. (1990)

Growth factors stimulate quiescent fibroblasts to progress through G0/G1, in part by inducing the expression of genes whose products are necessary or permissive for cell proliferation. Interferons, by contrast, inhibit progress through G0/G1 by mechanisms that are poorly understood. We show, in BALB/c murine 3T3 fibroblasts (A31 cells), that alpha/beta-interferon (IFN) had no effect the growth factor-dependent induction of several messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs), including those encoding ornithine decarboxylase (odc), fibronectin and the c-fos and c-myc protooncogenes. However, IFN caused an abnormal accumulation of fibronectin and c-myc mRNA on polysomes and markedly increased the stability of c-myc mRNA. Moreover, despite high, induced levels of mRNA, IFN inhibited the serum-stimulated rise in odc enzyme activity and the increased rate of fibronectin protein synthesis. By contrast, IFN had no effect on c-fos protein synthesis, nor did it affect the synthesis of most, but not all, proteins detectable by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The data suggest IFN inhibits proliferation by suppressing the expression of a subset of growth factor-inducible genes through a selective, posttranscriptional mechanism.
The kinetics of erosion of polyamide films under the action of a glow discharge plasma (2008)

Infrared internal reflection and absorption spectroscopy was used to study the kinetics of erosion of AL 60/40 polyamide films under glow discharge treatment. The degree of erosion was estimated quantitatively.
Reduction of frame rate in full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography by numerical motion correction [Invited] (2017)

Full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (FF-SS-OCT) was recently shown to allow new and exciting applications for imaging the human eye that were previously not possible using current scanning OCT systems. However, especially when using cameras that do not acquire data with hundreds of kHz frame rate, uncorrected phase errors due to axial motion of the eye lead to a drastic loss in image quality of the reconstructed volumes. Here we first give a short overview of recent advances in techniques and applications of parallelized OCT and finally present an iterative and statistical algorithm that estimates and corrects motion-induced phase errors in the FF-SS-OCT data. The presented algorithm is in many aspects adopted from the phase gradient autofocus (PGA) method, which is frequently used in synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Following this approach, the available phase errors can be estimated based on the image information that remains in the data, and no parametrization with few degrees of freedom is required. Consequently, the algorithm is capable of compensating even strong motion artifacts. Efficacy of the algorithm was tested on simulated data with motion containing varying frequency components. We show that even in strongly blurred data, the actual image information remains intact, and the algorithm can identify the phase error and correct it. Furthermore, we use the algorithm to compensate real phase error in FF-SS-OCT imaging of the human retina. Acquisition rates can be reduced by a factor of three (from 60 to 20 kHz frame rate) with an image quality that is even higher compared to uncorrected volumes recorded at the maximum acquisition rate. The presented algorithm for axial motion correction decreases the high requirements on the camera frame rate and thus brings FF-SS-OCT closer to clinical applications.
13C-NMR studies on marmelo lactones and related 2,4-di-alkylated .GAMMA.-lactones. (1986)

In 1980, Tsuneya et al.1] isolated (+)-marmelo lactone 1 and (-)-e/?z-marmelo lactone 22y from a quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga MILL) as its main flavor components.
The reactions of [FeH(H2)(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)2][BPh4] with allenes and acetylenes, and the reduction of cyclopropane by molybdenum nitrogenases (1991)

The reduction of cyclopropenes by metal hydrides shows significant parallels with their reduction by Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase; intermediates isolated from the reduction of the isomeric allenes and acetylenes by [FeH(H2)(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)2][BPh4] show novel features of much wider implication.
Increased nuclear DNA content in raphide crystal idioblasts during development in Vanilla planifolia L. (Orchidaceae). (1984)

Longitudinal files of raphide crystal idioblasts form within the cortical meristematic region of Vanilla planifolia aerial roots. Cell and nuclear enlargement occur gradually throughout idioblast development and nuclear diameter approximates idioblast maturity. Cytophotometric determination of nuclear DNA (Feulgen) contents, measured by the two-wavelength method, revealed that all cortical parenchyma cells are diploid (2C = 6.3 pg), whereas all crystal idioblast nuclei are endopolyploid. Idioblast nuclear DNA content ranged from 4C to 32C (106 pg) and averaged 5.9 times that of parenchyma telophase nuclei. Frequency distribution of individual DNA content measurements depicts multiple genomes (increasing with geometric periodicity) to the 8C level, followed by less strict DNA replication within the crystal idioblast genome. The largest nuclei had the highest DNA content. Endomitotic stages of preprophasic heterochromatic dispersion (Z phase) and partial prophasic chromosomal coiling are observed with light and electron microscopy. DNA content values above the 8C level do not fit the geometrical order which is found if the total genome is replicated during each endo-cycle, a result indicating differential DNA replication. Chromocenter counts substantiate the occurrence of endomitosis to the 8C level and suggest heterochromatin underreplication in higher endopolyploid idioblast nuclei. Possible relationships between observed cytological events of idioblast development and nuclear condition are discussed.
Seeded Stimulated Photorefractive Scattering (1990)

Stable phase conjugate reflectivities as high as 60% have been achieved with back-seeded stimulated photorefractive scattering (SPS) in a BaTiO 3 crystal having too small a gain-length product for unseeded SPS. The beam-bending and build-up dynamics of the process are demonstrated by the three top-view photographs of the crystal reproduced in Figure 1. In Figure la, there is no external seed and, in this case, no self-pumped phase conjugation; the beam refracts into an a-face of the crystal, fans sharply to an angle of about 20° with respect to the c-axis, then straightens out to exit a c-face of the crystal. In Figures 1b and 1c, the sequence of steps leading to SPS are shown in the presence of a backward seed. In Figure 1b, the fanned light exiting the crystal strikes a non-specular, diffusive-type surface, the scattering from which acts as a back-injected seed and dramatically lowers the gain-length product threshold condition for stimulated scattering. The phase-conjugate reflection in Figure 1b is in the process of building up; pump depletion is already evident in this photo. Figure 1c is a photo of the steady-state beam trajectory inside the crystal.
Millimeter-wave wireless signal generation and detection using photonic technique for mobile communication systems (2016)

We have been trying to develop photonic devices and sub-systems for radio-over-fiber based wireless mobile communication in dense-user environments. We report demonstrations of millimeter-wave wireless signal generation using optical 2-tone and its detection by use of array-antenna-electrode electrooptic modulators.
Study of the interaction of the Ig2 module of the fibroblast growth factor receptor, FGFR Ig2, with the fibroblast growth factor 1, FGF1, by means of NMR spectroscopy (2008)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) consists extracellularly of three immunoglobulin (Ig) modules (Ig1-3). Currently, there are two competing models (symmetric and asymmetric) of the FGF-FGFR-heparin complex based on crystal structures. Indirect evidence exists in support of both models. However, it is not clear which model is physiologically relevant. Our aim was to obtain direct, non-crystallographic evidence in support of them. We found by nuclear magnetic resonance that Ig2 could bind to FGF1 not only via the primary site (present in both models), but also via the secondary site (present only in the symmetric model). Thus, our data support the symmetric model.
Carbon material-nanoferrite composite for radiation shielding in microwave frequency (2018)

In sequence to permit electronic gadgets to coexist without maleficent electromagnetic interference (EMI) it is essential to evolve new absorbing and shielding materials with good performance. These technological fields demand not only efficient shields but also materials that meet specific criteria for each engineered design. For example chemical and corrosion resistance, lightweight, flexibility, tunable morphology, processing easiness and inexpensiveness are required. The concerned work present BF/EG composite was appreciated for these applications. The Microwave absorption characteristic were find out in the frequency range 8–12 GHz. Shielding effectiveness of BF/EG composite was obtained 52.4 dB. The material is found to have good microwave absorption materials for EMI shielding applications.
A Supramolecular Multiposition Rotary Device (2007)

Spinning tops: A supramolecular rotary device, reminiscent of a mechanical rotary switch, was engineered by a bottom-up approach. Self-assembly of a functionalized porphyrin molecule leads to the formation of a porous network that features chiral cavities. These serve as hosts for molecular guests, which can be induced to rotate either thermally or by using the scanning tunneling microscopy tip (see images).
CVD Synthesis of Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials (2018)

In the last decade, the technological advances in materials and fabrication techniques have vastly changed the face of consumer electronics. The introduction of lithium ion batteries and indium tin oxide (ITO) have provided the increase in energy density and transparent conductors required to produce ultra-portable phones, tablets and laptops. However, there is ever more drive for smaller, faster and longer battery life devices which can only be satisfied by the next-generation of nanomaterials. In this chapter the recent developments of chemical vapour deposition techniques are discussed for the growth of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC). The influences of substrate preparation, selection of substrate material and precursor gases are covered, with a focus on the resulting quality of produced 2D nanomaterial and the suitability for the relevant next-generation application. Each material process is also discussed within the context of developmental progress towards commercialisation such as the relatively mature development of graphene or the emerging growth techniques for TMDC.
Criticality Assessment Method for Automated Driving Systems by Introducing Fictive Vehicles and Variable Criticality Thresholds (2022)

The safety approval and assessment of automated driving systems (ADS) are becoming sophisticated and challenging tasks. Because the number of traffic scenarios is vast, it is essential to assess their criticality and extract the ones that present a safety risk. In this paper, we are proposing a novel method based on the time-to-react (TTR) measurement, which has advantages in considering avoidance possibilities. The method incorporates the concept of fictive vehicles and variable criticality thresholds (VCTs) to assess the overall scenario's criticality. By introducing variable thresholds, a criticality scale is defined and used for criticality calculation. Based on this scale, the presented method determines the criticality of the lanes adjacent to the ego vehicle. This is performed by placing fictive vehicles in the adjacent lanes, which represent copies of the ego. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated in two highway scenarios, with and without trailing vehicles. Results show different criticality for the two scenarios. The overall criticality of the scenario with trailing vehicles is higher due to the decrease in avoidance possibilities for the ego vehicle.
Saliva From Subjects Harboring <i>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</i> Kills <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> In Vitro (2007)

Aa-positive subjects had a salivary factor that significantly reduced survival of Sm, which may help to explain the fact that this group typically has minimal proximal decay.
A Styrene-<i>alt</i>-Maleic Acid Copolymer Is an Effective Inhibitor of R5 and X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection (2010)

An alternating copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (alt-PSMA) differs from other polyanionic antiviral agents in that the negative charges of alt-PSMA are provided by carboxylic acid groups instead of sulfate or sulfonate moieties. We hypothesized that alt-PSMA would have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) comparable to other polyanions, such as the related compound, poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS). In assays using cell lines and primary immune cells, alt-PSMA was characterized by low cytotoxicity and effective inhibition of infection by HIV-1 BaL and IIIB as well as clinical isolates of subtypes A, B, and C. In mechanism of action assays, in which each compound was added to cells and subsequently removed prior to HIV-1 infection ("washout" assay), alt-PSMA caused no enhancement of infection, while PSS washout increased infection 70% above control levels. These studies demonstrate that alt-PSMA is an effective HIV-1 inhibitor with properties that warrant further investigation.
Understanding COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Drug-Repurposing Effort to Disrupt Nsp-1 Binding to Export Machinery Receptor Complex (2021)

Non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) is a virulence factor found in all beta coronaviruses (b-CoVs). Recent studies have shown that Nsp1 of SARS-CoV-2 virus interacts with the nuclear export receptor complex, which includes nuclear RNA export factor 1 (NXF1) and nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 1 (NXT1). The NXF1-NXT1 complex plays a crucial role in the transport of host messenger RNA (mRNA). Nsp1 interferes with the proper binding of NXF1 to mRNA export adaptors and its docking to the nuclear pore complex. We propose that drugs targeting the binding surface between Nsp1 and NXF1-NXT1 may be a useful strategy to restore host antiviral gene expression. Exploring this strategy forms the main goals of this paper. Crystal structures of Nsp1 and the heterodimer of NXF1-NXT1 have been determined. We modeled the docking of Nsp1 to the NXF1-NXT1 complex, and discovered repurposed drugs that may interfere with this binding. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at drug-repurposing of this complex. We used structural analysis to screen 1993 FDA-approved drugs for docking to the NXF1-NXT1 complex. The top hit was ganirelix, with a docking score of -14.49. Ganirelix competitively antagonizes the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) on pituitary gonadotrophs, and induces rapid, reversible suppression of gonadotropin secretion. The conformations of Nsp1 and GNRHR make it unlikely that they interact with each other. Additional drug leads were inferred from the structural analysis of this complex, which are discussed in the paper. These drugs offer several options for therapeutically blocking Nsp1 binding to NFX1-NXT1, which may normalize nuclear export in COVID-19 infection.
Precise Thickness Measurements of Bowman's Layer, Epithelium, and Tear Film (2012)

Using a high-performance SDOCT system with high-imaging speed and ultrahigh resolution, we produced precise thickness maps of the epithelium and for the first time of the Bowman's layer. Such a system will give insight into high-fidelity three-dimensional corneal microstructure helping to precisely plan refractive surgery. It may furthermore yield new perspectives on studying and understanding tear film dynamics.
Single-cell RNA sequencing of liver fine-needle aspirates captures immune diversity in the blood and liver in chronic hepatitis B patients (2023)

The ability to electively sample and intensively profile the immune landscape of the liver, and generate high-resolution data, will enable multi-site clinical studies to identify biomarkers for intrahepatic immune activity in HBV and beyond.
Calciumcarbonat -Füllstoffe in SC-Papier (2005)

SC-Papers represent an important product element within the field of graphical papers. Following the general trend in the paper market ofincreasing brightness, SC-Paper is no exception. The use of CaCO 3 based fillers offers interesting possibilities, both technologically and economically, to fulfil this demand for improved optical performance. CaCO 3 based fillers include GCC (Natural Ground CaCO 3 ), PCC (Precipitated CaCO 3 ) and, newly, modified GCC. The modified GCC is usually applied in combination with either GCC or PCC as a designed finished concept mix. In a lab study, different CaCO 3 /filler concepts were compared with a 100% Kaolin reference. As to be expected, all CaCO 3 fillers produced a distinct higher paper brightness at higher or similar opacity. The high opacity, despite the significantly higher paper brightness, is explained by the higher light scattering potential of the CaCO 3 fillers. An increase in paper micro-porosity is seen with all CaCO 3 filers versus the 100% Kaolin reference, although to different degrees, pending on the CaCO 3 morphology and deformability. Bringing these laboratory findings into commercial practice, by way of a commercial-scale trial, one specifically selected CaCO 3 concept (SC-Carb) in combination with kaolin was compared to a 100% Kaolin application. The results obtained confirmed a distinct increase in paper brightness and opacity vs. the all clay reference. There was also an increase in sheet lmicro)-porosity. At unchanged calendering conditions, the smoothness and gloss results with the SC-Carb/Kaolin loading were well comparable to the 100% Kaolin standard. There were also good results in print quality and pressroom runnability, in offset (HSWO) and in rotogravure. The print quality obtained in rotogravure increased with the ratio of CaCO 3 in the sheet and ranked in general above the 100 % clay reference.
Enhanced Raman scattering from sub-wavelength silicon gratings (2013)

A one-dimensional sub-wavelength silicon grating with enhanced Raman response is demonstrated. Furthermore, the polarization response of the Raman is investigated. This study shows that, contrary to intuitive expectation, the Raman intensity can be similar for both input polarizations: parallel and perpendicular to the ruling direction. This similarity is achieved due to inter-ridge coupling and polarization dependent characteristics of the grating. Through optimization of the ridge width and spacing, enhanced Raman intensity is realized in both polarizations, simultaneously. The results are further understood using a finite difference time domain model based on the light interaction with the grating for each polarization.
Complex ventricular arrhythmias: a therapeutic nightmare (2010)

The ventricular tachycardia (VT) catheter ablation procedure has evolved substantially in recent years. Progress in the field permits effective treatment of complex ventricular arrhythmias previously not amenable to catheter ablation.

Catheter ablation is now indicated for many patients with multiple VT morphologies, non-tolerated and non-sustained VTs that had been previously considered unmappable. Advances in mapping/ablation technology, including new energy sources for ablation and both contact and non-contact mapping systems, have been key to extending indications and improving outcomes.1 2 There is also increasing interest in pre-procedural and intra-procedural cardiac imaging techniques, such as intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CE-CMR), contrast enhanced multidetector CT (CE-MDCT) or positron emission tomography (PET-CT). These techniques can provide both anatomic and scar location/extent information. Although no trial data have shown that imaging can improve VT ablation results, its use is widely accepted in clinical practice (figure 1).



Figure 1 
The heart of a 31-year-old woman, highly symptomatic with repetitive palpitations despite antiarrhythmic drugs and a previously failed ablation attempt from the right ventricular outflow tract. Before the procedure, a contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography (CE-MDCT) was performed and segmented anatomy was registered with the three dimensional electroanatomic map obtained with the CARTO system. Colour coded activation maps (higher precocity in red) during premature ventricular beats, projected in the mapped chambers/structures, are shown (A–F). (A) Left lateral view of the right ventricle and coronary sinus. Coronary sinus is mapped up to the proximal portion of the anterior interventricular vein. Note that the earliest electrogram is registered at the distal coronary sinus. (B) Same view, adding the mapped aortic root. Precocity continues to be higher in the distal coronary sinus. (C) Same view, adding the left ventricle. Electrograms at the left ventricular outflow tract are registered late as compared with the coronary sinus. (D) …