gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Dark-Current Heterojunction Phototransistors with Long-Term Stable Passivation Induced by Neutralized (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S Treatment (2008)

To investigate the effects of surface leakage on the temperature-dependent dark and optical performance of a heterojunction phototransistor (HPT), three sets of HPTs were prepared. They were unpassivated (HPT A), passivated with diluted (NH4)2S (HPT B), and passivated with neutralized (NH4)2S (HPT C). Passivation treatment successfully suppresses surface-defect-induced effects. The passivated HPTs exhibit a reduced dark current and an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). HPT A exhibits a room-temperature collector dark current (ICdark) of 0.59 nA at a VCE of 1 V, while those of HPTs B and C are 0.03 and 0.89 pA, respectively. The room-temperature SNR values for HPTs A, B, and C at a Pin of 8.3 (107.6) nW are 5.9 (42), 59 (91), and 91 (122) dB, respectively. After a three-week air exposure, the room-temperature SNR at a Pin of 107.6 nW decreases to 25 (67) dB for HPT A (B), while it is 116 dB for HPT C. The decrease for HPT C is only 6 dB. A long-term stable passivation with good thermal stability has been achieved by neutralized (NH4)2S treatment.
[Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: update on pathophysiology and management]. (2019)

For a long time, treatment for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lacked significant improvements. Since 2000, new approaches, such as the treatments of adolescent and young adult ALL using pediatric-like protocols and Ph+ ALL treatments using tyrosine kinase inhibitor-combined chemotherapies. Further improvements are expected from the use of pediatric-like protocols to whole adults, and the use of newly approved anti-cancer drugs, such as inotuzumab ozogamicin and blinatumomab. Furthermore, comprehensive genetic analyses using next generation sequencing technology have recently discovered new recurrent fusion genes of ALL, such as DUX4 fusion genes, ZNF384 fusion genes, and MEF2D fusion genes. In this review, I will introduce these frontline studies and discuss about the treatment of patients with adult ALL.
Charge photogeneration in polythiophene–perylene diimide blend films (2009)

Transient absorption spectroscopy is employed to monitor charge photogeneration in polythiophene-perylene diimide blend films; in contrast to polythiophene-PCBM blends, efficient charge photogeneration is observed even for small energetic driving forces.
Genetic Activation of ERK5 MAP Kinase Enhances Adult Neurogenesis and Extends Hippocampus-Dependent Long-Term Memory (2014)

Recent studies have shown that inhibition of adult neurogenesis impairs the formation of hippocampus-dependent memory. However, it is not known whether increasing adult neurogenesis affects the persistence of hippocampus-dependent long-term memory. Furthermore, signaling mechanisms that regulate adult neurogenesis are not fully defined. We recently reported that the conditional and targeted knock-out of ERK5 MAP kinase in adult neurogenic regions of the mouse brain attenuates adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and disrupts several forms of hippocampus-dependent memory. Here, we developed a gain-of-function knock-in mouse model to specifically activate endogenous ERK5 in the neurogenic regions of the adult brain. We report that the selective and targeted activation of ERK5 increases adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus by enhancing cell survival, neuronal differentiation, and dendritic complexity. Conditional ERK5 activation also improves the performance of challenging forms of spatial learning and memory and extends hippocampus-dependent long-term memory. We conclude that enhancing signal transduction of a single signaling pathway within adult neural stem/progenitor cells is sufficient to increase adult neurogenesis and improve the persistence of hippocampus-dependent memory. Furthermore, activation of ERK5 may provide a novel therapeutic target to improve long-term memory.
Atomic Layer Deposited Zirconia Overcoats as On-Board Strontium Getters for Improved Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Nanocomposite Cathode Durability (2020)

Here, a flow type Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) reactor was used to deposit 1-10 nm thick porous ZrO<sub>2</sub> overcoats within the pores of conventional La<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>Co<sub>0.8</sub>Fe<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>3-x</sub> (LSCF)-infiltrated Ce<sub>0.9</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>1.95</sub> (GDC) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathodes. Here, both coated and uncoated cathodes displayed initial 650 °C polarization resistance (R<sub>p</sub>) values of 0.09 ± 0.03 Ω cm<sup>2</sup>. However, improved stability was observed for cells with zirconia overcoats ≤ 5 nm thick. Specifically, 1000-hour, symmetric cell, open-circuit, 650 °C R<sub>p</sub> degradation rates decreased from 45 %/khrs for uncoated LSCF-GDC Nano-Composite Cathodes (NCCs) to 28 %/khrs, 18 %/khrs, and 12 %/khrs for identical LSCF-GDC NCCs with 1, 2, and 5 nm of zirconia overcoat, respectively. In contrast, identical LSCF-GDC NCCs with 10 nm of zirconia overcoat displayed 650 °C R<sub>p</sub> degradation rates of 87 %/khrs. Scanning Electron Microscopy and controlled atmosphere impedance tests showed no significant changes in the LSCF infiltrate particle size or microporosity gas concentration polarization resistance with 1000 hours of 650 °C aging. Instead, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy indicated that zirconia overcoats decreased the amount of “surface Sr” on the LSCF, and X-ray Diffraction detected SrZrO<sub>3</sub> in samples with 5 or 10 nm thick zirconia overcoats. Hence, the lower degradation rates of LSCF-GDC NCCs with 1-5 nm thick zirconia overcoats were attributed to “clean up” of deleterious “surface Sr” from the LSCF surface via the formation of SrZrO<sub>3</sub>, while the higher degradation rates of LSCF-GDC NCCs with 10 nm thick zirconia overcoats were attributed to the accumulation of excessive amounts of SrZrO<sub>3</sub> hindering oxygen incorporation into the LSCF.
Comparison of the biomechanics of hydroxyapatite and polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in a cadaveric spinal compression fracture model (2001)

The results of this study suggest that the same angular rigidity can be achieved using either HA or PMMA. This is of particular interest because HA is osteoconductive, undergoes remodeling, and is not exothermic.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Alkenes with Paraformaldehyde as a Carbon Monoxide Substitute. (2015)

Abstract Title reaction affords a variety of industrially important esters using easy‐to‐handle paraformaldehyde as carbonyl source.
Mutation of Tyrosine 960 within the Insulin Receptor Juxtamembrane Domain Impairs Glucose Transport but Does Not Inhibit Ligand-mediated Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (1999)

CSF-1 is equipotent to insulin in its ability to stimulate 2-[3H]deoxyglucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes expressing the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor/insulin receptor chimera (CSF1R/IR). However, CSF-1-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis is reduced by 50% in comparison to insulin in 3T3-L1 cells expressing a CSF1R/IR mutated at Tyr960 (CSF1R/IRA960). CSF-1-treated adipocytes expressing the CSF1R/IRA960 were impaired in their ability to phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) but not in their ability to phosphorylate IRS-2. Immunoprecipitation of IRS proteins followed by Western blotting revealed that the intact CSF1R/IR co-precipitates with IRS-2 from CSF-1-treated cells. In contrast, the CSF1R/IRA960 co-precipitates poorly with IRS-2. These observations suggest that Tyr960 is important for interaction of the insulin receptor cytoplasmic domain with IRS-2, but it is not essential to the ability of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase to use IRS-2 as a substrate. These observations also suggest that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2 by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase is not sufficient for maximal stimulation of receptor-regulated glucose transport or glycogen synthesis.
Use of Cordon Wire Tension for Static and Dynamic Prediction of Grapevine Yield (2014)

An automated system was used during three growing seasons to monitor the change in tension (Δ<i>T</i>) in the load-bearing wire of a trellis to estimate yield in vineyards. Actual yield varied nearly four-fold among the three study years, but in each year the fruit was uniformly distributed along the length of the wire. The automated sensor detected sequential harvests up to ~12 m to either side of the sensor, or 24 m total wire length, in a nonlinear fashion. Yield was predicted statically from Δ<i>T</i> at the lag phase (<i>L</i>) of berry growth (Δ<i>T</i><i><sub>L</sub></i>) and dynamically from continuous output of Δ<i>T.</i> Relationships between Δ<i>T</i><i><sub>L</sub></i> and yield were linear. Estimated yield was not sensitive to the date of Δ<i>T</i><i><sub>L</sub></i>, within 10 days. In using the ratio between the current year Δ<i>T</i> and that of a specific previous year, the differences between estimated and observed yields depended upon the choice of predictor year(s), where years with similar Δ<i>T</i> were the most accurate. Across an estimation interval of <i>L</i> to harvest, the precision of dynamic estimates was determined by the similarity in the day-to-day shapes of the double-logistic curves of Δ<i>T</i> over time. Due to a catastrophic frost in the second year of the study, an extremely small crop and an uncharacteristic growth curve made it difficult to predict yield either statically or dynamically. In practice, the method requires a grower to collect multiple years of growth curves from which to build a robust linear relationship between Δ<i>T</i><i><sub>L</sub></i> and yield (static estimates), or to apply an average of multiple years’ Δ<i>T</i> values dynamically.
On the role of fluctuations, cathode placement, and collisions on the transport of electrons in the near-field of Hall thrusters (2010)

The performance of Hall thrusters can be highly sensitive to the position and operational parameters of the external cathode, hinting that the electron transport in the near-field is strongly dependent on the emitted electrons’ initial properties. In addition, the plasma plumes of Hall discharges often exhibit fluctuations which are expected to alter electron trajectories. By implementing recent near-field plasma potential measurements made on a low-power Hall thruster in 3D electron-trajectory simulations, it is shown that electron transport from the external cathode to the thruster channel is strongly sensitive to cathode parameters including position, orientation, and electron emission divergence. Periodic, low-frequency (i.e., 25 kHz) plasma potential fluctuations reduce electron transport to the channel of the thruster by more than 65% compared to the transport achieved with static 3D fields and substantially homogenize the electron density distribution. Additional gas-phase collisions are found to have only marginal effects, even when prescribed to occur at exaggerated rates (reaching 10 MHz). The three-dimensionality of the E and B fields, together with electron-wall collisions, appear to be important drivers of cross-field transport in this region of the discharge, yielding sufficient levels of electron transport to the channel without invoking plasma turbulence.
Seeing What a GAN Cannot Generate (2020)

© 2019 IEEE. Despite the success of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), mode collapse remains a serious issue during GAN training. To date, little work has focused on understanding and quantifying which modes have been dropped by a model. In this work, we visualize mode collapse at both the distribution level and the instance level. First, we deploy a semantic segmentation network to compare the distribution of segmented objects in the generated images with the target distribution in the training set. Differences in statistics reveal object classes that are omitted by a GAN. Second, given the identified omitted object classes, we visualize the GAN's omissions directly. In particular, we compare specific differences between individual photos and their approximate inversions by a GAN. To this end, we relax the problem of inversion and solve the tractable problem of inverting a GAN layer instead of the entire generator. Finally, we use this framework to analyze several recent GANs trained on multiple datasets and identify their typical failure cases.
Association of an RNA polymerase III transcription factor with a ribonucleoprotein complex recognized by autoimmune sera (1984)

RNA polymerase III transcription can be inhibited in vitro by two sera from patients with autoimmune diseases. The first serum, designated anti-SS-B (or La), has antibodies directed against a 50,000 dalton polypeptide that is part of a larger ribonucleoprotein complex. The second serum, designated anti-SpNo, recognizes a target antigen polypeptide of greater than 100,000 daltons as well as the SS-B antigen. Both sera selectively remove required transcription factors from the transcription extract, and inhibition can be rescued by the addition of a HeLa S100 extract to the depleted transcription system. The HeLa S100 extract was sequentially fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose. The high salt eluate from the latter column was also able to rescue the anti-SS-B inhibition as was the immunoaffinity-purified SS-B ribonucleoprotein complex isolated from HeLa, Xenopus or rabbit thymus. Immunoblots of the active fractions indicated that all contained the SS-B immunoreactive polypeptide, but probes of replica filters for DNA-binding suggested that the transcription factor is not the SS-B antigen but a 64,000 dalton polypeptide component of the antigen ribonucleoprotein complex. SS-B is itself an RNA-binding protein and could be shown to bind nascent 5S RNA transcripts in vitro. Differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and DNA cellulose chromatography has confirmed that a group of 64-68 K dalton polypeptides are components of the SS-B ribonucleoprotein complex associated with transcription factor activity.
Aberrant expression of platelet-derived growth factor A-chaln cDNAs due to cryptic spiking of RNA transcripts In COS-1 cells (1989)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a cationic dimer composed of two chains, designated A and B. All three dimeric isotypes of PDGF, PDGF-AA, -AB and -BB, are biologically active but may have distinct functional activities. Two A-chain precursors which differ by the presence of a highly basic 15 amino acid C-terminal extension are derived from the A-chain by alternative RNA splicing. To compare the functional properties of these two different forms of the A-chain, expression vectors were generated in which the cDNAs were placed under the transcriptional control of a viral promoter (pSV2). Surprisingly, cryptic RNA splice donor sites were identified in both forms of the PDGF A-chain which modify the A-chain open reading frame and alter the structure of the expressed protein. Recognition of this phenomenon appears to explain the discrepancies between previous results regarding the secretory properties of the PDGF A-chain and may explain difficulties in expression vectors containing splice acceptor sites between the inserted sequence and the polyadenylation site.
Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose and N-acetyl analogs (2007)

Synthetic routes for the preparation of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose and two novel non-hydrolyzable analogs containing an N-acetyl are described and shown to interact with the macro domain of histone protein H2A1.1.
Pitchfork bifurcation in a receptor theory-based model of the serotonergic system (2013)

Abnormalities in the serotonergic system are thought to be a potent cause of several mental diseases. Past research has shown that autoreceptors are the key component. It is thought that the autoreceptor constructs a negative feedback circuit on this system and realizes homeostatic control on its neural activity. This study is mainly organized from the above mentioned knowledge. In this paper, we construct two possible models of the serotonergic system based on receptor theory and provide some predictions for this system with each model. In the first model, we predict that the deficit of serotonin synthesis causes destabilization of the amount of autoreceptors; autoreceptors show an explosive increase if serotonin synthesis drops below a certain threshold value. In the second model, we indicate that the serotonergic system changes its stable property from a monostable one to a bistable one by certain factors. We clarify these factors and show that this changing process is named pitch-fork bifurcation. Additionally, we also suggest another notable phenomena which would appear when we consider a stochastic perturbation on the receptor expressions. Lastly, we suggest some experimental ideas towards the verification of the validity of these models.
Selective Intermolecular Photo-[4 + 4]-cycloaddition with 2-Pyridone Mixtures. 2. Preparation of (1α,2β,5β,6α)-3-Butyl- 9-methoxy-3,7-diazatricyclo[4.2.2.2<sup>2,5</sup>]dodeca-9,11-diene-4,8-dione (1999)

Photochemistry of 2-pyridone mixtures can be selective and thereby lead to useful quantities of [4 + 4] cycloaddition cross products. The selective intermolecular reaction described here employs an excess of 4-methoxy-2-pyridone (6), which does not photodimerize but will undergo [4 + 4] cycloaddition with 2-pyridones without a 4-methoxy group such as N-butyl-2-pyridone 12. Isolated yields of the trans product (1alpha,2beta,5beta,6alpha)-3-butyl-9-methoxy-3,7-diazatricyclo[4.2.2.2(2,5)]dodeca-9,11-diene-4,8-dione (7) are very sensitive to the ratio of the two starting pyridones, and this product has been isolated in yields of up to 51%. This photoreaction produces, in a single step from simple aromatic precursors, a tricyclic product with four stereogenic centers and four distinct functional groups.
PD13-02 PATIENT SATISFACTION AND PREFERRED CHOICE OF PROVIDER: ADVANCED PRACTICE PROVIDERS VERSUS UROLOGISTS (2018)

strategy to decrease the effect of national urologist shortages. APPs may fill various roles in urologic practices including the evaluation of new and established patients thereby improving patient access to specialty care. The metric 00 next third available appointment 00 has previously been established as a reliable benchmark for patient access to physician practices. We hypothesized the addition of APPs to a urologic practice would improve patient access and sought to determine if patient access benchmarks could be included in an evaluation of overall APP productivity.
On the capacity of binary input symmetric q-ary output channels with synchronization errors (2012)

In this paper, we develop several lower bounds on the capacity of binary input symmetric q-ary output channels with synchronization errors, e.g., substitution/erasure channels with synchronization errors. More precisely, we show that if a channel with synchronization errors can be decomposed into a cascade of two independent channels where only the first one suffers from synchronization errors, a lower bound on its capacity related to the capacity of the one with only synchronization errors can be given. We present several examples with the new approach and demonstrate that for certain channels, e.g., deletion/substitution channel, it is possible to derive tighter capacity lower bounds than the existing ones.
Applications of Carbohydrate‐Gold Nanoparticles for Volumetric Flow Measurements Using an Opto‐Acoustic Technique (2008)

Abstract Gold nanoparticles with carbohydrate ligands attached on their surface have been synthesized and characterized with various techniques. The new nanoparticle conjugates have shown great potentials as a contrast agent for opto‐acoustic imaging. Hemocompatibility measurements of human blood for the carbohydrate‐gold nanoparticles have shown that the conjugates are feasible for in vivo testing. Preliminary quantitative flow measurements using the conjugates were also studied in this work based on the indicator‐dilution theory. In vitro phantom experiments were designed and conducted, and results were discussed.
Increased range and contrast in fog with circularly polarized imaging (2023)

Fogs, low lying clouds, and other highly scattering environments pose a challenge for many commercial and national security sensing systems. Current autonomous systems rely on optical sensors for navigation whose performance is degraded by highly scattering environments. In our previous simulation work, we have shown that polarized light can penetrate through a scattering environment such as fog. We have demonstrated that circularly polarized light maintains its initial polarization state better than linearly polarized light, even through large numbers of scattering events and thus ranges. This has recently been experimentally verified by other researchers. In this work, we present the design, construction, and testing of active polarization imagers at short-wave infrared and visible wavelengths. We explore multiple polarimetric configurations for the imagers, focusing on linear and circular polarization states. The polarized imagers were tested at the Sandia National Laboratories Fog Chamber under realistic fog conditions. We show that active circular polarization imagers can increase range and contrast in fog better than linear polarization imagers. We show that when imaging typical road sign and safety retro-reflective films, circularly polarized imaging has enhanced contrast throughout most fog densities/ranges compared to linearly polarized imaging and can penetrate over 15 to 25 m into the fog beyond the range limit of linearly polarized imaging, with a strong dependence on the interaction of the polarization state with the target materials.
Negative refraction and subwavelength focusing using left-handed composite metamaterials (2008)

We review the recent experimental work done in our group on left-handed metamaterials (LHMs). The metamaterial structure is composed of periodic arrays of split-ring resonators and wire meshes and exhibits a left-handed propagation band at frequencies of negative permittivity and negative permeability. The verification of negative refraction is made by using prism shaped LHM and also by beam-shifting method. We have achieved subwavelength focusing of a point source with a resolution of 0.13λ through a flat LHM superlens.
Differentiation of Club Cells to Alveolar Epithelial Cells In Vitro (2017)

Club cells are known to function as regional progenitor cells to repair the bronchiolar epithelium in response to lung damage. By lineage tracing in mice, we have shown recently that club cells also give rise to alveolar type 2 cells (AT2s) and alveolar type 1 cells (AT1s) during the repair of the damaged alveolar epithelium. Here, we show that when highly purified, anatomically and phenotypically confirmed club cells are seeded in 3-dimensional culture either in bulk or individually, they proliferate and differentiate into both AT2- and AT1-like cells and form alveolar-like structures. This differentiation was further confirmed by transcriptomic analysis of freshly isolated club cells and their cultured progeny. Freshly isolated club cells express Sca-1 and integrin α6, markers commonly used to characterize lung stem/progenitor cells. Together, current study for the first time isolated highly purified club cells for in vitro study and demonstrated club cells' capacity to differentiate into alveolar epithelial cells at the single-cell level.