gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A flat-plate solar collector with spiral tubing (1980)

In this work, a flat-plate collector having a circular absorbing plate with a spiral tube for fluid passage is investigated. An analytical expression is obtained for the collector outlet temperature. The whole system is considered as lumped at a mean temperature and daily variation of the mean fluid temperature is determined numerically. Thermosyphon flow is analysed using a system temperature distribution diagram and a polynomial expression is obtained for the thermosyphonic flow rate, which is then solved on a digital computer using the knowledge of mean fluid temperature. Experiments are performed with a spiral tube collector model and fairly good correlations are obtained for the mean temperature. Flow rate could not be measured in the experiments. Some problems related to the development of thermosyphon flow were observed in the experiments. The system had long transients before the normal flow could develop. However, this problem was partly due to the steel plate being massive and therefore inefficient. Computed thermosyphonic flow rates were around 3 g/s for a clear summer day, experimental daily efficiencies being 35-40 percent. Spiral-tube collector has several advantages over the conventional sheetand-tube type with riser-header arrangement. Temperature increase form collector inlet to outlet is higher in a spiral-tubemore » collector. This is an advantage where high temperature is required. Secondly, average tube-to-fluid heat transfer coefficient is greater owing to the curvedness of the tube.« less
Mediators of inflammation and the treatment of bacterial meningitis (1995)

Issues in the management of bacterial meningitis have focused on pneumococcal infection. Cell walls appear to induce inflammation differently from endotoxins. Adjunctive therapeutics, including carbohydrates, peptides, and antibodies, target vascular abnormalities as well as leukocyte adhesion. New therapeutic recommendations suggest no fluid restriction and invoke caution when combining dexamethasone with vancomycin for highly β-lactam-resistant pneumococcal disease.
Tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition in the diabetic rat (1984)

Tissue phospholipid fatty acid compositions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. The major changes in liver, plasma, erythrocyte and heart were increased proportions of linoleic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids and a decreased proportion of arachidonic acid. The latter was not significantly changed in phospholipids of kidney, adrenal gland and testis. Skin fatty acids in diabetic rats showed an increase in the proportion of arachidonic acid and a reduction in the proportion of linoleic acid. The fatty acid desaturating activity in diabetes may be regulated differently in different tissues.
Male African elephants (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>) queue when the stakes are high (2011)

Linear dominance hierarchies are thought to form within groups of social animals to minimize conflict over access to resources. Dominance in both male and female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) is based mostly on intrinsic factors relating to age, and dominance hierarchies have been described within and between family groups of females. Very little is reported about male elephant social structure and dominance has only been described at the level of one-on-one contests. We test the hypothesis that male African elephants form linear hierarchies when resources are limited by monitoring a known group of elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia, and measuring dominance interactions between males (outside the context of reproduction) during the dry season of 4 consecutive years. We show that males form a stable linear dominance hierarchy under normal arid conditions (in 2005 and 2007) when water is limited and resource competition is high. In unusually wet years with increased water availability (in 2006 and 2008), there is no linearity to the dominance hierarchy, less interaction between individuals and more agonistic behaviors exhibited, particularly in lower ranking individuals. This is the first study to quantify the existence of a linear dominance hierarchy in male African elephants as well as the effect of climatic fluctuations on dominance from year to year.
Value of MDCT in Diagnosis and Management of Esophageal Sharp or Pointed Foreign Bodies According to Level of Esophagus (2013)

In cases of sharp or pointed foreign body ingestion, if the result of an initial inspection of oro- and hypopharynx reveals negative findings, the first imaging modality should be MDCT for better diagnosis and management.
Can preoperative and postoperative CEA predict survival after colon cancer resection? (1994)

Although elevated preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels are associated with a poor prognosis, little has been written regarding the correlation of CEA response following curative resection of colorectal cancer and its relationship to survival. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to retrospectively evaluate survival in three groups of patients undergoing curative resection (Dukes B and C) for colorectal carcinoma: 1) elevated preoperative CEA/elevated postoperative CEA (EL/EL); 2) elevated preoperative CEA/normal postoperative CEA (EL/NL); and 3) normal preoperative CEA/normal postoperative CEA (NL/NL). A normal CEA was defined as a value < 5.0 ng/mL. Levels were drawn the day before surgery and between 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Patients were evaluated for age, sex, histologic grade, CEA levels (pre and postoperative), nerve and venous invasion, tumor site, and survival. There were no significant differences with respect to age, sex, Dukes stage, tumor site, histologic grade, or incidence of nerve or vascular invasion among the three groups. Five-year survival was significantly worse for patients with elevated preoperative CEA levels compared to those with normal preoperative CEA (53% versus 64%, P < 0.05), and for the EL/EL group compared with either of the other two groups (EL/EL: 66.6 +/- 11.8; EL/NL: 87.7 +/- 10.2; Group 3: 93.4 +/- 9.5, P < 0.05 ANOVA). The results indicate that a preoperative elevated CEA, particularly one that fails to decrease to normal postoperatively following a curative resection for colorectal carcinoma, represents a poor prognostic factor. Use of the CEA response may be useful for identifying a subgroup of colorectal cancer patients who are candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy.
Improving the Electrochemical Imaging Sensitivity of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy-Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy by Using Electrochemical Pt Deposition (2015)

We fabricated a platinum-based double barrel probe for scanning electrochemical microscopy-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SECM-SICM) by electrodepositing platinum onto the carbon nanoelectrode of the double barrel probe. The deposition conditions were optimized to attain highly sensitive electrochemical measurements and imaging. Simultaneous SECM-SICM imaging of electrochemical features and noncontact topography by using the optimized probe afforded high-resolution images of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on the membrane surface of the A431 cells.
High-performance polycrystalline silicon TFTs fabricated by high-temperature process with excimer laser annealing (2003)

Polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated using a high temperature process that included solid phase crystallization (SPC) and dry thermal oxidation with excimer laser annealing (ELA). Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the ELA process improved the quality of p-Si films markedly. The p-Si TFTs exhibited higher performance than the SPC p-Si TFTs. The field effect mobility for n-type self-aligned TFT was (formula available in paper). The longitudinal junction diffusion length of the p-Si TFTs was shorter than that of the SPC p-Si TFTs. This is favorable for fine design rules. If optimization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) deposition and SPC conditions enables the grains of p-Si films to grow larger than the channel length and the positions of the grain boundaries are controlled, this process will produce great scaling rule merits such as single-grain Si TFTs. This fabrication process is consistent with the high temperature p-Si TFT development trend towards using large substrates, low temperatures, and fine design rules. High temperature p-Si TFTs are expected to be used in LSI circuits as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices in the future.
Optimization of Image Quality in Retrospective Respiratory-Gated Micro-CT for Quantitative Measurements of Lung Function in Free-Breathing Rats (2014)

Objective: To optimize scan time and X-ray dose with no loss of image quality for retrospectively gated micro-CT scans of free-breathing rats. Methods: Five free-breathing rats were scanned using a dynamic micro-CT scanner over 10 continuous gantry rotations (50 seconds and entrance dose of 0.28 Gy). The in-phase projection views were selected and reconstructed, representing peak inspiration and end expiration from all 10 rotations and progressively fewer rotations. A least error method was also used to ensure that all angular positions were filled. Image quality and reproducibility for physiological measurements were compared for the two techniques. Results: The least error approach underestimated the lung volume, air content in the lung at peak inspiration, and tidal volume. Other measurements showed no differences between the projection-sorting techniques. Conclusions: Seven gantry rotations (35 seconds and 0.2 Gy dose) proved to be the optimal protocol for both the in-phase images and the least error images.
Effects of Pre-Pressurization on Damage of Blast-Loaded Reinforced Plates (2005)

The effects of pre-pressurization on blast-loaded reinforced rectangular aluminum plates were studied experimentally. In this study, small (0.508 × 0.609 × 0.0016 meter) clamped plates with rivet attached reinforcing members were used as a basic model of the fuselage skin of a commercial aircraft. Both non-pressurized and pre-pressurized plates (static pressure of 41.4 kPa (6.0 psi)) were considered to simulate the typical in-flight loads experienced by a commercial aircraft due to cabin pressurization. This work extends previous research on blast loading of pre-pressurized plates to incorporate the effects of reinforcing members [1]. An experimental configuration was designed using a vacuum vessel system to apply a pressure differential to the reinforced test plate. Bare spherical explosive charges of C4 were then detonated at fixed distances from the plate. The permanent plate deformations or the amount of tearing in the plates were measured for seventeen explosive tests that considered two different blast load intensities. Additionally, a high-speed camera was used to determine the mechanism and time scale of failure propagation in the reinforced panels. The high speed camera was used found to be an excellent tool to record the failure progression in the reinforced panels under blast loading. In general, commencing with the onset of panel deformation, the blast-loaded panels exhibited rivet failure in less than 0.5 milliseconds, initiation of plate tearing in less than 1.0 millisecond, and completion of plate tearing by about 10.0 milliseconds. A comparison of plate deformations and damage showed two distinct results. For the least intense blast load case, both the non-pressurized and pressurized panels deformed but did not tear. In this case, very little effect of pre-pressurization on final panel deformation was noted. For the more intense blast load case, a significant increase in panel damage was observed as static pre-pressurization increased from 0.0 kPa to 41.4 kPa.
Full-dimensional Sampling and Analysis of BSSRDF (2013)

Full-dimensional (8-D) BSSRDF completely expresses the various light interactions on object surface such as reflection and subsurface scattering. However, it is difficult to sample full-dimensional BSSRDF because it requires a lot of illuminations and observations from every direction. There are many researches which approximated BSSRDF as a low-dimensional function by only considering the medium as homogeneous or assuming isotropic scattering. Therefore, in this paper, we show a novel sampling and analyzing method for full-dimensional BSSRDF in real scenes. We sample this full-dimensional BSSRDF using a polyhedral mirror system to place a lot of virtual cameras and projectors. In addition, we propose a method of decomposition of BSSRDF into isotropic and anisotropic components for scattering analysis. We show the empirical characteristics of subsurface scattering inside a real medium by analyzing sampled full-dimensional BSSRDF.
&lt;title&gt;Holographic daylighting&lt;/title&gt; (1995)

Daylighting techniques are an effective means of reducing both lighting and cooling costs; however, many of the standard techniques have flaws which reduce their effectiveness. Daylighting holograms are an efficient and effective method for diffracting sunlight up onto the ceiling, deep in a room, without diffracting the light at eye-level. They need only cover the top half of a window to produce significant energy savings. They may be used as part of a new glazing system or as a retrofit to existing windows. These holograms are broadband and are able to passively track the movement of the sun across the sky, throughout the day and year.
Kidney epithelial cells express c-sis protooncogene and secrete PDGF-like protein (1988)

Nontransformed monkey kidney cells (BSC-1 line), used as a model for renal epithelium, were assayed for release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-like proteins. BSC-1 cells continuously released a mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and a chemoattractant activity for smooth muscle cells, each of which was inhibited 80-90% by an antibody to human PDGF. A cDNA probe for the PDGF B-chain gene (c-sis), but not for the A-chain gene, hybridized to mRNA obtained from growing and quiescent cells. c-sis gene expression and PDGF-like protein secretion were studied in the presence of known growth-regulatory molecules. A secreted BSC-1 cell protein identical to transforming growth factor beta 2 inhibited DNA synthesis in growing cultures and induced marked accumulation of c-sis mRNA without a corresponding increase in the release of PDGF-like activity. Adenosine diphosphate stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures and enhanced both c-sis expression and release of PDGF-like activity. However, growing and quiescent cells did not express the PDGF receptor gene or exhibit a mitogenic response to authentic PDGF. Thus the PDGF-like protein released by these kidney epithelial cells could contribute to growth control by a paracrine mechanism.
Reproducible Simulation of Respiratory Motion in Porcine Lung Explants (2006)

The chest phantom with a diaphragmatic pump is a promising platform for multi-modality imaging studies of the effects of respiratory lung motion.
Realization of 2D crystalline metal nitrides via selective atomic substitution (2020)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are new members in the 2D materials family with a wide range of applications. Particularly, highly crystalline and large area thin films of TMNs are desirable for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices; however, the synthesis of these TMNs has not yet been achieved. Here, we report the synthesis of few-nanometer thin Mo<sub>5</sub>N<sub>6</sub> crystals with large area and high quality via in situ chemical conversion of layered MoS<sub>2</sub> crystals. The versatility of this general approach is demonstrated by expanding the method to synthesize W<sub>5</sub>N<sub>6</sub> and TiN. Our strategy offers a new direction for preparing 2D TMNs with desirable characteristics, opening a door for studying fundamental physics and facilitating the development of next-generation electronics.
Film Condensation of R-134a and R-236fa, Part 2: Experimental Results and Predictive Correlation for Bundle Condensation on Enhanced Tubes (2010)

Local test results for two enhanced condensing tubes (next-generation versions of the Wieland Gewa and Wolverine Turbo enhanced condensing tubes) are obtained for refrigerants R-134a and R-236fa on the center row of a three row-wide tube bundle. The “bundle effect” on the heat transfer performance of the test section is observed and described. New predictive methods for falling film condensation on bundles are proposed, based on a modification of the previous vertical single-row method with condensate slinging. The modifications performed to the experimental setup to allow for bundle tests are described. For two types of enhanced tubes and two refrigerants, the local heat flux is correlated as a function of condensation temperature difference, the film Reynolds number, the tube spacing, and liquid slinging effect.
Ciprofloxacin Induction of a Susceptibility Determinant in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2005)

With few novel antimicrobials in development, resistance to the current selection of antibiotics increasingly encroaches on our ability to control microbial infections. One limitation in our understanding of the basis of the constraints on current therapies is our poor understanding of antibiotic interactions with bacteria on a global scale. Custom DNA microarrays were used to characterize the response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone commonly used in therapy against chronic infections by this intrinsically resistant bacterium. Of the approximately 5,300 open reading frames (ORFs) on the array, 941 genes showed statistically significant (P </= 0.05) differential expression in response to 0.3x MIC of ciprofloxacin; 554 were promoted and 387 were repressed. Most striking among the responsive genes was the region between PA0613 and PA0648, which codes for the bacteriophage-like R2/F2 pyocins. In this region, virtually every ORF was increased by 0.3x MIC of ciprofloxacin and even more dramatically up-regulated (7- to 19-fold) following treatment with 1x MIC of ciprofloxacin. Pyocin gene expression was confirmed with lux reporter mutants and real-time PCR studies; pyocin-like particles were also present in transmission electron micrographs of supernatants from cells treated with 1x MIC of ciprofloxacin. Interestingly, mutants in this region exhibited >/=8-fold-increased resistance to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, demonstrating that this region is a susceptibility determinant. Since this region is known to be variably present in the genomes of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (R. K. Ernst et al., Environ. Microbiol. 5:1341-1349, 2003, and M. C. Wolfgang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8484-8489, 2003), these findings demonstrate that the R2/F2 pyocin region is a "loaded gun" that can mediate fluoroquinolone susceptibility in P. aeruginosa.
Unsteady Wake-Induced Boundary Layer Transition in High Lift LP Turbines (1998)

The development of the unsteady suction side boundary layer of a highly loaded LP turbine blade has been investigated in a rectilinear cascade experiment. Upstream rotor wakes were simulated with a moving-bar wake generator. A variety of cases with different wake-passing frequencies, different wake strength, and different Reynolds numbers were tested. Boundary layer surveys have been obtained with a single hotwire probe. Wall shear stress has been investigated with surface-mounted hot-film gages. Losses have been measured. The suction surface boundary layer development of a modern highly loaded LP turbine blade is shown to be dominated by effects associated with unsteady wake-passing. Whereas without wakes the boundary layer features a large separation bubble at a typical cruise Reynolds number, the bubble was largely suppressed if subjected to unsteady wake-passing at a typical frequency and wake strength. Transitional patches and becalmed regions, induced by the wake, dominated the boundary layer development. The becalmed regions inhibited transition and separation and are shown to reduce the loss of the wake-affected boundary layer. An optimum wake-passing frequency exists at cruise Reynolds numbers. For a selected wake-passing frequency and wake strength, the profile loss is almost independent of Reynolds number. This demonstrates a potential to design highly loaded LP turbine profiles without suffering large losses at low Reynolds numbers.
Cytogenetic and histologic correlations in malignant lymphoma (1987)

Although a number of studies have indicated correlations between histologic subtypes of tumors and certain nonrandom chromosome changes, cytogenetic studies of lymphoma are in an early stage compared to those of leukemia. No comprehensive analysis of available data has so far been attempted in the literature either. Here we present an analysis of chromosome changes and their correlation with subtypes of lymphoma studied by conventional histology and cell surface markers, as observed in two sets of data: a group of 65 karyotypically abnormal tumors sequentially ascertained and studied by us during the period January 1, 1984 to April 30, 1985, and a larger data set derived by combining our data with those from two published series from the University of Minnesota that are comparable to our data. These combined data, which comprise the largest data set on the cytogenetics of lymphomas assembled so far, enabled a comprehensive analysis of correlation between chromosome change and tumor histology and the patterns of chromosome instability in these tumors. We found several significant associations, some previously described and others now recognized, between nonrandom chromosome gains, breaks, translocations, and deletions and histologic subtypes of tumors that characterize lymphomas. The data indicate that finding of chromosome breaks at certain sites (eg, 8q24, 14q32, 18q21) is of diagnostic value in dealing with cases of unusual lymphoma. Furthermore, nonrandom chromosome breakage exhibited three distinct patterns that reflected three levels of etiologically relevant genetic change.
Performance of serum-supplemented and serum-free media in IFNγ Elispot Assays for human T cells (2009)

The choice of serum for supplementation of media for T cell assays and in particular, Elispot has been a major challenge for assay performance, standardization, optimization, and reproducibility. The Assay Working Group of the Cancer Vaccine Consortium (CVC-CRI) has recently identified the choice of serum to be the leading cause for variability and suboptimal performance in large international Elispot proficiency panels. Therefore, a serum task force was initiated to compare the performance of commercially available serum-free media to laboratories' own medium/serum combinations. The objective of this project was to investigate whether a serum-free medium exists that performs as well as lab-own serum/media combinations with regard to antigen-specific responses and background reactivity in Elispot. In this way, a straightforward solution could be provided to address the serum challenge. Eleven laboratories tested peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from four donors for their reactivity against two peptide pools, following their own Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Each laboratory performed five simultaneous experiments with the same SOP, the only difference between the experiments was the medium used. The five media were lab-own serum-supplemented medium, AIM-V, CTL, Optmizer, and X-Vivo. The serum task force results demonstrate compellingly that serum-free media perform as well as qualified medium/serum combinations, independent of the applied SOP. Recovery and viability of cells are largely unaffected by serum-free conditions even after overnight resting. Furthermore, one serum-free medium was identified that appears to enhance antigen-specific IFNgamma-secretion.