gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: Why and how? (2020)

Over the past decades, a multitude of synthetic drug delivery systems has been developed and introduced to the market. However, applications of such systems are limited due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity and/or immunogenicity. At the same time, the field of natural drug carrier systems has grown rapidly. One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-derived membranous particles which play important roles in intercellular communication. EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery. In order to take advantage of these attributes, an in-depth understanding of why EVs are such unique carrier systems and how we can exploit their qualities is pivotal. Here, we review unique EV features that are relevant for drug delivery and highlight emerging strategies to make use of those features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
Virginia Woolf, neuroprogression, and bipolar disorder (2016)

Family history and traumatic experiences are factors linked to bipolar disorder. It is known that the lifetime risk of bipolar disorder in relatives of a bipolar proband are 5-10% for first degree relatives and 40-70% for monozygotic co-twins. It is also known that patients with early childhood trauma present earlier onset of bipolar disorder, increased number of manic episodes, and more suicide attempts. We have recently reported that childhood trauma partly mediates the effect of family history on bipolar disorder diagnosis. In light of these findings from the scientific literature, we reviewed the work of British writer Virginia Woolf, who allegedly suffered from bipolar disorder. Her disorder was strongly related to her family background. Moreover, Virginia Woolf was sexually molested by her half siblings for nine years. Her bipolar disorder symptoms presented a pernicious course, associated with hospitalizations, suicidal behavioral, and functional impairment. The concept of neuroprogression has been used to explain the clinical deterioration that takes places in a subgroup of bipolar disorder patients. The examination of Virgina Woolf's biography and art can provide clinicians with important insights about the course of bipolar disorder.
High-Performance n-Type PbSe–Cu<sub>2</sub>Se Thermoelectrics through Conduction Band Engineering and Phonon Softening (2018)

From a structural and economic perspective, tellurium-free PbSe can be an attractive alternative to its more expensive isostructural analogue of PbTe for intermediate temperature power generation. Here we report that PbSe<sub>0.998</sub>Br<sub>0.002</sub>-2%Cu<sub>2</sub>Se exhibits record high peak ZT 1.8 at 723 K and average ZT 1.1 between 300 and 823 K to date for all previously reported n- and p-type PbSe-based materials as well as tellurium-free n-type polycrystalline materials. These even rival the highest reported values for n-type PbTe-based materials. Cu<sub>2</sub>Se doping not only enhance charge transport properties but also depress thermal conductivity of n-type PbSe. It flattens the edge of the conduction band of PbSe, increases the effective mass of charge carriers, and enlarges the energy band gap, which collectively improve the Seebeck coefficient markedly. This is the first example of manipulating the electronic conduction band to enhance the thermoelectric properties of n-type PbSe. Concurrently, Cu<sub>2</sub>Se increases the carrier concentration with nearly no loss in carrier mobility, even increasing the electrical conductivity above ∼423 K. The resulting power factor is ultrahigh, reaching ∼21-26 μW cm<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-2</sup> over a wide range of temperature from ∼423 to 723 K. Cu<sub>2</sub>Se doping substantially reduces the lattice thermal conductivity to ∼0.4 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> at 773 K, approaching its theoretical amorphous limit. According to first-principles calculations, the achieved ultralow value can be attributed to remarkable acoustic phonon softening at the low-frequency region.
Influence of SiO2 Particles on the Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation-Coated AM50 Mg Alloy (2018)

The influence of SiO2 particles on the microstructure, phase composition, corrosion and wear performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings on AM50 Mg was investigated. Different treatment durations were applied to fabricate coatings in an alkaline, phosphate-based electrolyte (1 g/L KOH + 20 g/L Na3PO4 + 5 g/L SiO2), aiming to control the incorporated amount of SiO2 particles in the layer. It was found that the uptake of particles was accompanied by the coating growth at the initial stage, while the particle content remained unchanged at the final stage, which is dissimilar to the evolution of the coating thickness. The incorporation mode of the particles and phase composition of the layer was not affected by the treatment duration under the voltage-control regime. The corrosion performance of the coating mainly depends on the barrier property of the inner layer, while wear resistance primarily relies on the coating thickness.
Ein an den minimal-invasiven Zugang zum Innenohr angepasstes Insertionstool und zugehörige CI-Elektrode (2016)

Einleitung: Beim minimal-invasiven Zugang zum Innenohr wird ein einzelner dünner Bohrkanal angelegt, um die Cochlea zu eröffnen. Für die anschließende Insertion der Elektrode eines Cochlea-Implantats (CI) sind miniaturisierte Instrumente erforderlich, die dafür geeignet sind. Bislang existieren zudem keine CI-Elektroden, die speziell für diesen neuen Zugangsweg entwickelt und angepasst sind. Methode: Mittels CAD-Software (Computer Aided Design) wurde ein an die räumlichen Limitierungen des zweistufigen Bohrkanals angepasstes Instrumentarium entworfen. Dieses besteht aus dünnen konzentrischen Röhrchen, durch die der CI-Elektrodenträger im Bohrkanal geschützt, gegriffen und ins Innenohr vorgeschoben werden kann. Zusätzlich wurde der extracochleäre Abschnitt einer Flex28 Elektrode (MED-EL, Innsbruck, Österreich) neu gestaltet, um den notwendigen Bohrdurchmesser so klein wie möglich zu halten. Ein erstes Labormuster des Insertionstools und der CI-Elektrode wurden in einem Versuchsstand mit künstlichem Cochleamodell experimentell erprobt. Ergebnisse: Die Anforderungen des engen Zugangswegs aufgreifend wurde ein manuelles Insertionstool konzipiert, prototypisch aufgebaut und in initialen Versuchen experimentell erprobt. Durch die beiderseitige Optimierung von Instrumentarium und der CI-Elektrode konnte eine umfassende Miniaturisierung erreicht werden. Schlussfolgerung: Das vorgestellte Instrumentarium erlaubt die Insertion neuartiger CI-Elektroden über den minimal-invasiven Zugang, ohne dass ein zusätzlicher endauraler Zugang ins Mittelohr notwendig ist. Der extracochleäre Teil des Elektrode ist dabei erstmal dem minimal-invasiven Zugangsweg angepasst, wobei auf eine herstellerübergreifende Lösung Wert gelegt wurde. Unterstützt durch: Gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) unter dem Förderkennzeichen 13GW0019E. Der Erstautor weist auf folgenden Interessenkonflikt hin: Die Koautoren A. Dhanasingh und D. Sieber sind Mitarbeiter der Firma MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Österreich, welche Cochlea-Implantate weltweit vertreibt.
Gas exchange and ultrastructural analysis of transgenic potato plants expressing mRNA antisense construct targeted to the cp-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase (1997)

Measurements of the net photosynthetic (P-N), respiration (R) and transpiration (E) rates, leaf conductances (g(H20)) and intercellular CO2 concentrations (C-i), along with the transmission electron microscopy were utilized in order to study differences in photosynthetic traits of transgenic and wild-type (Wt) potato. plants. We used transgenic plants expressing different levels of the chloroplastic isoform of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase (FBPase), which had been created via the mRNA antisense technique. A significant reduction of the P-N was found only with FBPase activities below 36 % compared to the Wt, and under irradiances that exceeded 300 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). Progressive attenuation of the FBPase activity caused further P-N reduction. The CO2 compensation concentration and compensation irradiance were identical in the transgenic and Wt plants. Under anoxic conditions a 30 % increase of the P-N occurred in all the plants. The R during the dark period was similar both in the Wt and FBPase-antisense plants. The size and number of starch grains were significantly lower in plants with the FBPase activities below 36 %. Shift to a higher amount of small grana stacks occurred within chloroplasts of the transgenic plants.
Dual rotor electrical variable transmission for hybrid vehicles: Performance analysis with focus on losses over a driving cycle (2017)

An electrical variable transmission is a dual rotor electromagnetic device that can be used in hybrid electric vehicles to split the power to the wheels in a part coming from the combustion engine and a part exchanged with the battery. Since the power split is done in an electromagnetic way, no mechanical gears and corresponding friction losses are present. However the losses mainly originate from copper, iron, inverter and bearing losses. In this paper these loss contributions and their relative importance are calculated over a driving cycle, an analysis that can be used for further design optimizations. The loss models, that have previously been fitted on no-load measurements on a prototype machine, predict a mean EVT power split efficiency of 89% over the low power New European Driving Cycle. The main loss components and their origin are hereby discussed, and improvements are proposed.
Discharge Protection and Ageing of Micromegas Pixel Detectors Journal : Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (2006)

Note: IMT-NE Number: 451 Reference PV-LAB-CONF-2006-001 Notice creee le 2009-02-10, modifiee le 2016-08-08
Bias reduction in roughness measurement through SEM noise removal (2006)

The importance of Critical Dimension (CD) roughness metrics such as Line and Contact edge roughness (LER, CER) and their associated width metrics (LWR, CWR) have been dealt with widely in the literature and are becoming semiconductor industry standards. With the downscaling of semiconductor fabrication technology, the accuracy of these metrics is of increasing importance. One important challenge is to separate the image noise (present in any SEM image) from the physically present roughness. An approach for the removal of the non-systematic image noise was proposed by J.Villarrubia and B.Bunday [Proc. SPIE 5752, 480 (2005)]. In the presented work this approach is tested and extended to deal with the challenge of noise removal in the presence of various types of systematic phenomena present in the imaging process such as CD variation. The study was carried out by means of simulated LWR and using real measurements.
Supplementary Video 2 from Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis with Adenovirus-Delivered Anti-Tie-2 Intrabody (2023)

Supplementary Video 2 from Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis with Adenovirus-Delivered Anti-Tie-2 Intrabody
Curved focal plane detector array for wide field cameras (2012)

Miniaturization is the main goal for system design in future cameras. This paper offers a novel method to scale down the optical system and to improve the image quality. As with the human retina, the detector array is spherically bent to fit the curved image surface; so the field curvature aberration is directly suppressed, leading to a better resolution and a simplified optical design. By thinning the substrate, the device is monolithically curved without modifying the fabrication process of the active pixels. Optical characterizations have been performed on planar and curved focal plane based cameras to illustrate the optical advantages of detector array curvature.
Infrared photoluminescence from Er doped porous Si (2000)

Intense infrared photoluminescence with the characteristic maximum at about 1.55 μm was observed at room temperature in Er-doped porous silicon [Er related infrared photoluminescence (ErIR PL)]. Porous Si layers of different controlled porosity were fabricated by electrochemical anodization of n and p Cz–Si wafers as well as at p+/n silicon junction. Er was introduced into the porous Si using a spin-on doping technique. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy measurements show that annealing up to 1000 °C does not influence the Er depth distribution in the porous silicon, although it strongly influences the oxygen content of the Si skeleton and the ErIR PL intensity. For the spin-on-doped samples annealed at 1000 °C, the ErIR PL intensity is increased by two orders of magnitude compared to Er implanted and annealed porous Si layers. It was found that a strong ErIR PL intensity was only observed in the spin-on-doped porous Si layers formed on p and p+/n substrates, which exhibit, simultaneously, an intense PL intensity in the visible range. The mechanism of Er related IR luminescence in porous silicon is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyarylenes and Polyarylenevinylenes. Part 6. Cyclooctatetraenylenevinylenes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrolysis of the reactive-site peptide bond in pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) by Dermasterias imbricata trypsin 1 (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrolysis of the reactive-site peptide bond in pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) by Dermasterias imbricata trypsin 1David A. Estell, Karl A. Wilson, and Michael Laskowski, Jr.Cite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 1, 131–137Publication Date (Print):January 8, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 8 January 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00542a020https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00542a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views106Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Accurate extraction of anisotropic spin–orbit torques from harmonic measurements (2021)

One of the most powerful ways to manipulate spins in nanometer-scale devices is by converting a charge current to a spin current via spin–orbit coupling. The resulting spin–orbit torques (SOTs) have been investigated and utilized extensively in the past decade. Quantitatively, however, SOTs may exhibit a non-trivial angular dependence, which is not well explored. Here, we develop a nested iterative analysis to determine the magnitude of SOTs from harmonic Hall measurements. This updated method largely improves the fit quality in the full magnetic field range and accurately retrieves even higher order, anisotropic spin–orbit torque coefficients. The numerical implementation of our algorithm is fast, robust, and designed for easy integration into existing analysis schemes. We verify our code using simulated data with and without anisotropic SOTs. Accurately quantifying higher order SOT terms can be especially useful for modeling non-uniform magnetic textures such as domain walls and skyrmions and current-induced magnetization switching characteristics.
Dynamics of a Wavefunction for the Attractive Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation under Isotropic Harmonic Confinement Potential (2001)

We study dynamics of a wavefunction for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with attractive self-interaction under a harmonic potential. By use of the variance identity and a rigorous inequality, we obtain a sufficient condition for the collapse of the wavefunction. By applying this method, we investigate the dynamic stability of a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate and its dependence on the initial shape of the condensate. The result agrees qualitatively well with the results of the time-dependent variational method. We find that the anisotropy introduced in the initial state has a significant effect on the stabilization.
Double Breast Contour in Primary Aesthetic Breast Augmentation (2010)

The goal of this study was to define the incidence of double breast contour in primary aesthetic breast augmentation and to analyze its risk factors. An independent plastic surgeon analyzed the data of 200 patients who had a primary aesthetic breast augmentation with silicone gel implant and with a minimum 12-month follow-up. All patients had pre and postoperative standardized photography. Mastopexy-augmentations, breast reconstructions, breast malformations (tuberous breasts and Poland syndrome), and patients with incomplete data were excluded from the study. Assessment was achieved using an original standardized evaluation form (preoperative breast morphology, surgical options, postoperative aesthetic results). Patients were also asked to complete an exhaustive satisfaction form. A double breast contour was assessed clinically using Massiha's classification. The mean follow-up was 36 months. The double breast contour incidence was 7%. All of them were type I (the so called waterfall deformity). There was no type II (double inframammary crease). They were minor for 6.5% and major for 0.5%. They were related to a preoperative breast ptosis, subpectoral placement, and implant upper malposition. The rate of the type I was 10.5% of submuscular augmentation and 15% of preoperative breast ptosis. A double breast contour was primitive for 6% and secondary for 1% (pregnancy and breast-feeding postaugmentation). It was bilateral for 4.5% (3 cases of upper malposition, 1 case of medial malposition, 2 cases of pregnancy with breast-feeding postaugmentation and 1 patient refused a mastopexy-augmentation). It was unilateral for 2.5% related to a preoperative breast asymmetry with ptosis asymmetry and skin quality asymmetry. The satisfaction rate in the group "double contour" (14 patients) was 85.7% (vs. 91.9%). One patient had revision surgery (upper malposition). These types of deformities are fundamentally different with consideration on their clinical aspects, physiopathogeny, prevention and treatment. Type I major risk factor is subpectoral augmentation of ptotic breasts (with medium to bad skin quality and loses muscle to gland attachments). The muscle at the inferior pole of the breast is a "brake" preventing implant to fill the envelope. This risk is increased with implant malposition, constitutional ptosis asymmetry with symmetrical implant placement and selection of an insufficient implant projection or dimensions. This deformity can be avoided with selection of a subglandular or dual plane (type II or III) placement, a sufficient implant volume or projection and anatomic prosthesis. Type II is related to a lowering of a well-defined submammary fold more commonly in constricted and dens glandular breasts. This deformity can be avoided with respecting the inframammary fold, radial incisions on the gland's posterior surface, and selection of anatomic implants.
Supplementary material from "The relationship between brain injury criteria and brain strain across different types of head impacts can be different" (2021)

Multiple brain injury criteria (BIC) are developed to quickly quantify brain injury risks after head impacts. These BIC originated from different head impact types (e.g. sports and car crashes) are widely used in risk evaluation. However, the accuracy of using the BIC on brain injury risk estimation across head impact types has not been evaluated. Physiologically, brain strain is often considered the key parameter of brain injury. To evaluate the BIC's risk estimation accuracy across five datasets comprising different head impact types, linear regression was used to model 95% maximum principal strain, 95% maximum principal strain at the corpus callosum and cumulative strain damage (15%) on 18 BIC. The results show significantly different relationships between BIC and brain strain across datasets, indicating the same BIC value may suggest different brain strain across head impact types. The accuracy of brain strain regression is generally decreasing if the BIC regression models are fit on a dataset with a different type of head impact rather than on the dataset with the same type. Given this finding, this study raises concerns for applying BIC to estimate the brain injury risks for head impacts different from the head impacts on which the BIC was developed.
A novel dual oxidase maturation factor 2 gene mutation for congenital hypothyroidism (2012)

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. DUOXA2 (dual oxidase maturation factor 2) is one of the prerequisites for thyroid hormone synthesis. The present study explored the novel mutations of DUOXA2 in CH patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 47 unrelated CH patients, their family members and 100 healthy controls. All 6 exons and their flanking sequences of the DUOXA2 gene were PCR amplified and sequenced. Sequencing results were compared with the standard. Compound heterozygosity with DUOXA2 gene mutations at c.413-414insA (Y138X) and c.738C>G (Y246X) was identified in one patient, and absent in 100 healthy controls. Among them, the c.413‑414insA (Y138X) mutation was a novel one. The patient with the c.413-414insA (Y138X) mutation had mild CH symptoms. This study is the first to report a novel c.413-414insA (Y138X) mutation for CH, thereby expanding the mutational spectrum of the DUOXA2 gene.
Wavelength and Coherence Independent Method of Optically Exciting Mechanical Resonance (2009)

We have developed and demonstrated a technique for optical excitation of mechanical resonance that does not require coherent, monochromatic, or time-varying light. Previous methods for optically exciting mechanical motion in microscale devices required monochromatic, coherent light or time varying light. This technology could allow sunlight (or other ambient light source) to drive a MEMS device. It could also be used to convert sunlight to mechanical energy and subsequently to electrical energy through piezoelectric or capacitive techniques, essentially a micromechanical analog to the photovoltaic cell. We have demonstrated this method of optical excitation of a MEMS cantilever using simple cantilever beam structures fabricated using Sandia National Laboratories’ SUMMiT V™ process. The bimorph structure was created with polysilicon and aluminum. The minimum power to induce resonance was 3.5–4 mW of optical power incident on the cantilever under a vacuum of less than 1 mTorr. Resonance was observed at 45.6 kHz (slightly less than the 48.5 kHz predicted by FEA).