gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Science of NIF scale capsule development (activities for FY97) (1997)

The focus of this work is the production of 2-mm P{alpha}MS mandrels by microencapsulation for use as National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser targets. It is our findings thus far that the processing techniques used previously for the 0.5-mm and 1.0-mm targets are no longer useful for preparation of the larger targets for a few fundamental reasons. The driving force for sphericity (from the minimization of interracial energy) decreases as the radius of curvature increases. Simultaneously, the mechanical robustness /stability of the water-oil-water emulsion droplets decreases as the droplet size increases. The impact of these physical conditions and the possibilities of circumventing these limitations have been examined while attempting to meet the NIF shell power spectrum criteria. Identifying the key parameters in the transition (solidification) from a w-o-w droplet to a solid polymer shell has been understood implicitly to be the paramount goal. It is believed through the knowledge gained that it will be possible to minimize the deleterious forces and maximize shell sphericity. At this point it is believed that properties intrinsic to the polymer (i.e., P{alpha}MS) such as its solution behavior and evolution of film stresses control the overall shell sphericity.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations: an international multicenter study (2016)

OBJECTIVE Because of the angioarchitectural diversity of Spetzler-Martin (SM) Grade III arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), the management of these lesions is incompletely defined. The aims of this multicenter, retrospective cohort study were to evaluate the outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for SM Grade III AVMs and to determine the factors predicting these outcomes. METHODS The authors analyzed and pooled data from patients with SM Grade III AVMs treated with SRS at 8 institutions participating in the International Gamma Knife Research Foundation. Patients with these AVMs and a minimum follow-up length of 12 months were included in the study cohort. An optimal outcome was defined as AVM obliteration, no post-SRS hemorrhage, and no permanently symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs). Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS The SM Grade III AVM cohort comprised 891 patients with a mean age of 34 years at the time of SRS. The mean nidus volume, radiosurgical margin dose, and follow-up length were 4.5 cm<sup>3</sup>, 20 Gy, and 89 months, respectively. The actuarial obliteration rates at 5 and 10 years were 63% and 78%, respectively. The annual postradiosurgery hemorrhage rate was 1.2%. Symptomatic and permanent RICs were observed in 11% and 4% of the patients, respectively. Optimal outcome was achieved in 56% of the patients and was significantly more frequent in cases of unruptured AVMs (OR 2.3, p < 0.001). The lack of a previous hemorrhage (p = 0.037), absence of previous AVM embolization (p = 0.002), smaller nidus volume (p = 0.014), absence of AVM-associated arterial aneurysms (p = 0.023), and higher margin dose (p < 0.001) were statistically significant independent predictors of optimal outcome in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Stereotactic radiosurgery provided better outcomes for patients with small, unruptured SM Grade III AVMs than for large or ruptured SM Grade III nidi. A prospective trial or registry that facilitates a comparison of SRS with conservative AVM management might further clarify the authors' observations for these often high-risk AVMs.
Optic Nerve Compression From MIRAgel Implant Migration in a Monocular Patient (2018)

The MIRAgel implantation was popularized in the 1980s as an alternative to silicone for scleral buckle retinal detachment repair. However, long-term follow-up has revealed that the implants can expand, creating globe compression and potentially visually devastating intraocular invasion. The authors document a 33-year-old monocular male patient presenting 20 years after MIRAgel implantation with extensive expansion, posterior migration, globe compression, and possible optic nerve compression. Debulking of the MIRAgel stabilized the vision and restored affected extraocular movements. The authors highlight that posterior MIRAgel migration can cause optic nerve compression, and implant debulking may require a multi-disciplinary approach. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49:815-818.].
Label‐free ultra‐sensitive visualization of structure below the diffraction resolution limit (2018)

For both fundamental study of biological processes and early diagnosis of diseases, information about nanoscale changes in tissue and cell structure is crucial. Nowadays, almost all currently known nanoscopy methods rely upon the contrast created by fluorescent stains attached to the object or molecule of interest. This causes limitations due to the impact of the label on the object and its environment, as well as its applicability in vivo, particularly in humans. In this paper, a new label-free approach to visualize small structure with nano-sensitivity to structural alterations is introduced. Numerically synthesized profiles of the axial spatial frequencies are used to probe the structure within areas whose size can be beyond the diffraction resolution limit. Thereafter, nanoscale structural alterations within such areas can be visualized and objects, including biological ones, can be investigated with sub-wavelength resolution, in vivo, in their natural environment. Some preliminary results, including numerical simulations and experiments, which demonstrate the nano-sensitivity and super-resolution ability of our approach, are presented.
Some Comments on Chiral Structures from Cellulose (2018)

The effects of cellulose chirality remain poorly understood. By now, most theoreticians agree that crystalline, natural cellulose should form nanofibrils with a right-handed (RH) helical twist, but experimentalists have difficulty providing solid evidence for a RH twist in nanocellulose samples from common sources such as cotton or wood pulp. Conversely, experimentalists have strong evidence that suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) form a left-handed (LH) helicoidal arrangement in suspension, but theoreticians have a hard time explaining why. Some qualitative thoughts on the current state of the field will be presented. Questions to be addressed include: (i) What is the relationship between the chiral structure of cellulose, and the handedness of the chiral nematic phases formed by cellulose derivatives and CNCs? (ii) Can CNC form nematic or smectic-ordered materials, rather than chiral nematic phases? (iii) Why do some CNC films not display iridescent colors? (iv) Is there any pattern to the observed expressions of chirality at length scales from the molecular to the macroscopic?
Diffuse high-bandwidth optical communications (2008)

High speed underwater optical communications has at least three distinct advantages over acoustic communications. The data rates achievable are high (1 to 10 Mbps), the latency from when data is sent to when data is received is low, and there is no acoustic noise associated with transmission. Of course one of the biggest limitations of an optical approach underwater is the rapid attenuation of optical signals due to spreading loss, scattering, and absorption. Nonetheless, communication signals have been broadcast, received, and decoded over distances of 100 to 200 meters. High data rates and low latency make optical communications an attractive human interface to underwater systems, such as wireless control of underwater vehicles. Underwater optical communications is generally well-suited to multiple platform environments, where acoustic silence and limited range avoids interference between platforms. High data rates are advantageous in data retrieval applications, where, for one example, wireless data retrieval would make deployment and recovery of certain systems more economical. Recent engineering developments and accompanying experimental data are put forth in this paper, and the implications for future development are discussed.
Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome With Adjuvant Tamoxifen Relative to Patient CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes (2007)

Because genetically determined, impaired tamoxifen metabolism results in worse treatment outcomes, genotyping for CYP2D6 alleles *4, *5, *10, and *41 can identify patients who will have little benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. In addition to functional CYP2D6 alleles, the CYP2C19 *17 variant identifies patients likely to benefit from tamoxifen.
Exponential error bounds on Parameter Modulation-Estimation for Memoryless Channels (2013)

We consider the problem of modulation and estimation of a random parameter U to be conveyed across a discrete memoryless channel. Upper and lower bounds are derived for the best achievable exponential decay rate of a general moment of the estimation error, E|û - U| <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ρ</sup> , ρ ≥ 0, when both the modulator and the estimator are subjected to optimization. These exponential error bounds turn out to be intimately related to error exponents of channel coding and to channel capacity. While in general, there is some gap between the upper and the lower bound, they asymptotically coincide both for very small and for very large values of the moment power ρ. This means that our achievability scheme, which is based on simple quantization of U followed by channel coding, is nearly optimum in both limits. Some additional properties of the bounds are discussed and demonstrated, and finally, an extension to the case of a multidimensional parameter vector is outlined, with the principal conclusion that our upper and lower bound asymptotically coincide also for a high dimensionality.
Genetic variations that influence paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and intracellular effects that may contribute to chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: A narrative review (2023)

Taxanes, particularly paclitaxel and docetaxel, are chemotherapeutic agents commonly used to treat breast cancers. A frequent side effect is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) that occurs in up to 70% of all treated patients and impacts the quality of life during and after treatment. CIPN presents as glove and stocking sensory deficits and diminished motor and autonomic function. Nerves with longer axons are at higher risk of developing CIPN. The causes of CIPN are multifactorial and poorly understood, limiting treatment options. Pathophysiologic mechanisms can include: (i) disruptions of mitochondrial and intracellular microtubule functions, (ii) disruption of axon morphology, and (iii) activation of microglial and other immune cell responses, among others. Recent work has explored the contribution of genetic variation and selected epigenetic changes in response to taxanes for any insights into their relation to pathophysiologic mechanisms of CIPN20, with the hope of identifying predictive and targetable biomarkers. Although promising, many genetic studies of CIPN are inconsistent making it difficult to develop reliable biomarkers of CIPN. The aims of this narrative review are to <i>benchmark</i> available evidence and <i>identify gap</i>s in the understanding of the role genetic variation has in influencing paclitaxel's pharmacokinetics and cellular membrane transport potentially related to the development of CIPN.
An evaluation of HPF compilers and the implementation of a parallel linear equation solver using HPF and MPI (1997)

In this work, we evaluated the capabilities and performances of two commercially available HPF compilers, xlhpf[1] from IBM and pghpf[2] from the Portland Group. In particular, we examined the suitability of the two compilers for the development of a reservoir simulator. Because of the nature of reservoir simulation, multiple data distributions and data transfer between arrays of different data layouts are of great importance. An HPF compiler that does not provide these capabilities is unsuitable for the development of a parallel reservoir simulator. A detailed comparison of the functionalities of the two compilers and their suitabilities for reservoir simulator development are presented.To test the performance of the compilers, we used a parallel linear equation solver[3,4] that was developed to run on the CM5 and the Cray YMP. This solver is an important computational kernel in an in-house MPP reservoir simulator that is written in CM Fortran. Because the solver consumes about 90% of the CPU time in a typical reservoir simulation run with more than a million grid blocks, it can be used as an indicator of the performance of the simulator without having to convert it in its entirety. The solver was based on preconditioned Orthomin[5,6] and a truncated Neumann series preconditioner. Unlike solvers that are based on domain decomposition[7,8], the convergence behavior of this solver does not depend on the number of processors and therefore can scale better than domain decomposition based methods when the number of processors increases. This linear equation solver was found to be robust and efficient for the simulation of the giant oil reservoirs in Saudi Arabia and has been used in several field scale simulation studies with good success[4].The parallel solver was first implemented in HPF[9] and later in MPI[10] using hpf_local to improve the performance. Communication patterns of the solver include nearest neighbor communication, reduction function and general gather/scatter for handling the implicit bottom-hole pressure term. The solver has most of the features of a reservoir simulator to test the inter-processor communication bandwidth and floating point performance of the target machines. Its performance was compared for several MPP machines: CM5, IBM SP2, Cray T-3E and Cray Origin. The advantages and disadvantages of HPF and MPI are discussed from a programming as well as performance point of view.
HbA1C for diagnosing diabetes:past,present,and future (2011)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with complications associated with long-term damage,dysfunction,and failure of various organs,and has become one of the leading causes of impairment of human health.At present,the prevalence of diabetes mellitus reaches 9.7%in China,which is considered one of the countries in the world with heavy diabetes burden.Patients with established diabetic complications will be at higher risk of poor health outcomes and with higsh healthcare costs.These realities support the critical need to identify diabetes and its precursors more efficiently and earlier.The current diagnostic criteria,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),and oral glucose tolerance test(OGYT),that require fasting and multiple blood samplings,may not be acceptable to patients and may limit the clinical application so as to impede the effort to diagnose diabetes in timely fashion.HbA1C,which accurately reflects longer term glycaemia,Can be done at any time without fasting or other preparation of the patient and may not be affected by short term lifestyle changes.Given the recognized need,some panels have been considering the possible utility of HbA1C as a supplementary screening tool to make the diagnosis of diabetes efficiently.

Key words: 
HbA1C; Diabetes mellitus
Kinetics of Methane Hydrate Formation in the Presence of 1-Dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone and Tetrahydrofuran in Pure Water (2021)

The quest for novel kinetic promoters for efficient storage and safe transportation of natural gas in the form of hydrates is an ongoing endeavor. In this study, the kinetics of methane hydrate formation have been investigated in the presence of low-foaming, nonionic, 1-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran in aqueous solution in a stirred tank reactor. The first phase of experiments has been conducted at 5 MPa and 274.15 K with varying concentrations of 1-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt %). Similarly, the second phase of experiments has been conducted with two different concentrations of THF (19.49 and 3.89 wt %) along with 0.5 and 2 wt % of 1-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone using methane gas as the hydrate former at 5 MPa and 282.55 K. The pressure and temperature conditions are chosen covering both sI and sII regions. Information on the number of moles of gas consumed during hydrate formation, induction time, water-to-hydrate/gas-to-hydrate conversion, and gas storage capacity are investigated. It is observed that 1-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone shows good hydrate promotion characteristics with pure water for all the selected concentrations, with 0.5 wt % being on the higher side. Also, it has been observed that 1-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone serves as an effective kinetic promoter for the mixed methane–tetrahydrofuran hydrate at a moderate pressure and temperature of 5 MPa and 282.55 K. This study will assist in storing multifold volumes of natural gas in compact hydrate crystals suitable for natural gas storage and transportation applications.
PENICILLINASE PLASMID DNA FROM <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1969)

A penicillinase plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus and three of its derivatives, all previously identified as extrachromosomal genetic elements, have been isolated in high yield as circular duplex DNA molecules. The wild-type plasmid was found by contour-length measurements of electron micrographs to have a molecular weight of 18.6 x 10(6) daltons. Two plasmids with deletions encompassing six and eight of the eleven known plasmid cistrons had molecular weights of 16.4 x 10(6) and 15.3 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. This information was used to establish approximate physical distances for the genetic map. A high-frequency transducing element also derived from the plasmid had a molecular weight of approximately 24 x 10(6) daltons. Although each plasmid preparation appeared homogeneous by ultracentrifugal analysis, electron micrographs always revealed the presence of a low percentage of complex oligomeric forms, particularly circular and catenated dimers.
Interactive rich reading (2011)

In this work, we introduce Interactive Rich Reading, a new enhanced book experience designed to run on smartphones and a tablet device. Interactive Rich Reading is characterized by a video-based conversational agent that asks questions or makes comments about the current page and is specifically designed to promote engagement with the contents of children's books. We use video compositing techniques to overlay the conversational agent directly over the book contents, creating a magical experience for children by bringing the book to life. We describe technical issues related to enabling this experience on mobile platforms for easier adoption of this technique by other researchers and practitioners.
Phénologie, croissance et aires de répartition : comment les arbres vont-ils réagir au changement climatique ? (2005)

National audience
Emerging MEMS and nano technologies: Fostering scholarship, STEM learning, discoveries and innovations in microsystems (2012)

We report scholarship and learning activities in Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) in areas of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology. Microsystems may integrate microelectronics, nano and MEMS technologies and solutions. To enable integrated transformative scholarship and learning, fundamental and applied research is conducted at the state-of-the-art Microsystems Fabrication Facilities. Contributing to research in core areas of critical importance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), undergraduate and graduate MEMS and Nanotechnology courses are developed and offered. The MEMS curriculum includes MEMS Design, MEMS Fabrication and MEMS Evaluation courses. The Nanotechnology curriculum comprises an undergraduate Nano Science, Engineering and Technology (NanoSET) course, as well as a graduate Fundamentals of Micro and Nano Engineering course. To meet overall and specific educational goals and objectives, we facilitate course and curriculum developments focusing on active learning, scholarship, effective teaching and pedagogy. These activities advance a STEM knowledge base. Our courses and educational activities positively contribute to STEM transformative developments. In order to enable learning and scholarship, faculty, professionals and students are engaged in discoveries, innovations and knowledge base generation. These attributes are achieved by means of advanced designs, analyses, fabrication and test of various MEMS and microsystems. Methods, concepts, tools and algorithms of computational and applied mathematics are used. Our research, capstone and laboratory projects enable STEM education, advance fundamental findings, facilitate research, support discoveries and enrich training. High-performance microsystems and MEMS are devised, designed, analysed, fabricated and evaluated. We advance technology readiness levels, ensure technology transfer and enable commercialization capacity.
Gossypol(-), a potent small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2/xl, improves response to radiation therapy and results in tumor regression of human prostate cancer (2004)

4153 Majority of human prostate cancers overexpress Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-XL, the important negative regulators of apoptosis. Gossypol(-), a natural product from cottonseed, has recently been identified as a potent small molecule inhibitor of both Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. In the current study, we tested our hypothesis that Gossypol(-) may improve prostate cancer’s response to radiation by inhibiting the anti-apoptosis activity of Bcl-2/XL and making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Our data show that Gossypol(-) inhibits tumor cell growth and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells with high levels of Bcl-2/XL proteins, but has minimal effect on normal cells with low Bcl-2/XL. In clonogenic assays, treatment of PC-3 cells with Gossypol(-) significantly reduced radiation resistance of PC-3, resulted in 10- and 20-fold reduction of colony formation at 8 Gy. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay using Bcl-XL-CFP and Bax-YFP or Bad-YFP co-transfected cells suggests that Gossypol(-) potently blocks the interaction of Bcl-xl with Bax and Bad in live cells, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, supporting that Gossypol(-) induces apoptosis, at least in part, through inhibition of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL. Our in vivo studies using PC-3 xenograft models in nude mice show that orally administered Gossypol(-) has limited anti-tumor activity but achieves a much greater efficacy with tumor regression when used in combination with X-ray irradiation. Combination therapy of Gossypol(-) 10 mg/kg, p.o. q.d.5 x 4 weeks, with fractionated X-ray irradiation, 2 Gy q.d.5 x 3 weeks, achieved 96% tumor growth inhibition (T/C = 3.4%), significantly more effective than either Gossypol(-) or radiation alone (T/C = 96% and 37%, respectively) (p
High efficiency quantum dot solar cells using 2-dimensional 6.4-nm-diameter Si nanodisk with SiC interlayer (2012)

Silicon (Si) quantum dot (QD) materials have been proposed for all-Silicon tandem solar cells. In this study, for the first time, high efficiency solar cells consisting of a sub-10-nm highly ordered and dense 2-dimensional (2D) array (one layer) of Si nanodisks (Si-ND) with a silicon carbide (SiC) interlayer have been fabricated. These Si-NDs were fabricated with an original top-down process involving a 2D-array bio-template etching mask made of Listeria-Dps (Li-Dps) with a 4.5-nm-diameter iron oxide core and damage-free neutral beam etching (Si-ND diameter: 6.4 nm). The Si-ND 2D array with a SiC interlayer had an extremely high optical absorption coefficient and high carrier transport due to the formation of a wide mini-band between the Si-NDs through the SiC interlayer. As a result, an open-circuit voltage of 0.556 V, short-circuit current of 31.3 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , fill factor of 72%, and conversion efficiency of 12.6% were accomplished just by inserting one-layer Si-NDs in solar cells.