gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, structures and tautomers of 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles (2003)

The preparation of diethyl 2,2′-(2,5-pyrrolidinediylidene)bisacetate (2) from diethyl 3,6-dioxooctanedioate (1) is detailed, as is the subsequent conversion of 2 into its tautomer, diethyl pyrrole-2,5-diacetate (3), by acid catalysis. Alternatively, base hydrolysis of 2 gives pyrrole-2,5-diacetic acid (4) in good yield as long as the reaction solution is subsequently acidified to pH = 1 before extraction. In D2O solution, in the absence of added base, the pyrrole ring C–H protons are rapidly exchanged for deuterons. The X-ray structures of 2 and 4 are reported and confirm the earlier prediction, made primarily on the basis of the 1H NMR data, that 2 is a pyrrolidine tautomer while 4 is a pyrrole tautomer. Hydrogen bonding, intramolecular in the case of 2 and intermolecular in the case of 4, is a feature of both structurally characterised compounds.
Tumour-stromal interactions: Integrins and cell adhesions as modulators of mammary cell survival and transformation (2001)

Stromal–epithelial interactions modulate mammary epithelial cell (MEC) growth and apoptosis by influencing cell adhesion and tissue organization. Perturbations in the mammary stroma and cell adhesion characterize breast tumors and underlie the altered tissue organization, disrupted tissue homeostasis and enhanced survival phenotype of the disease. Apoptosis resistance likely arises during malignant transformation via genetic and epigenetic modification of cell adhesion pathways induced by a changing tissue microenvironment. Acquisition of adhesion-linked survival networks that enhance MEC viability in the absence of basement membrane interactions probably promote malignant transformation, and may render breast tumors sufficiently resistant to exogenous apoptotic stimuli to generate multidrug resistance.
IgV somatic mutation of human anti–SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies governs neutralization and breadth of reactivity (2021)

Abs that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 are thought to provide the most immediate and effective treatment for those severely afflicted by this virus. Because coronavirus potentially diversifies by mutation, broadly neutralizing Abs are especially sought. Here, we report a possibly novel approach to rapid generation of potent broadly neutralizing human anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs. We isolated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific memory B cells by panning from the blood of convalescent subjects after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and sequenced and expressed Ig genes from individual B cells as human mAbs. All of 43 human mAbs generated in this way neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Eighteen of the forty-three human mAbs exhibited half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 6.7 × 10-12 M to 6.7 × 10-15 M for spike-pseudotyped virus. Seven of the human mAbs also neutralized (with IC50 < 6.7 × 10-12 M) viruses pseudotyped with mutant spike proteins (including receptor-binding domain mutants and the S1 C-terminal D614G mutant). Neutralization of the Wuhan Hu-1 founder strain and of some variants decreased when coding sequences were reverted to germline, suggesting that potency of neutralization was acquired by somatic hypermutation and selection of B cells. These results indicate that infection with SARS-CoV-2 evokes high-affinity B cell responses, some products of which are broadly neutralizing and others highly strain specific. We also identify variants that would potentially resist immunity evoked by infection with the Wuhan Hu-1 founder strain or by vaccines developed with products of that strain, suggesting evolutionary courses that SARS-CoV-2 could take.
Supplementary Material from Anti-CD30 diabody-drug conjugates with potent antitumor activity (2023)

Supplementary Material from Anti-CD30 diabody-drug conjugates with potent antitumor activity
Evaluation of the Renal Mass (2001)

The detection and evaluation of renal masses have changed significantly in this era of ubiquitous abdominal imaging for myriad signs and symptom complexes. Currently, the extended use of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has rendered incidental discovery by cross-sectional imaging the most common presentation of a renal mass. The assessment of renal masses is complex, because of the predominance of renal lesions, the vast majority of which are benign in nature. The ultimate goal of evaluation of the patient with a renal mass is accurate diagnosis and staging by clinical and radiographic means, leading to timely treatment and avoidance of unnecessary procedures.
10-transistor 1-bit adders for n-bit parallel adders (2005)

Two designs of 10-transistor 1-bit adder are described in this paper. The output voltages levels of these 1-bit adders have a maximum of one threshold voltage (V/sub T/) loss. This is an important property since previously described 10-transistor designs suffer from two-threshold voltage loss. This also allows the successful use of these designs in a 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) and a 12-bit carry select adder (CSA). This is the first time where both the 4-bit and the 12-bit adders operate properly while using a 10-transistors 1-bit adder. All these circuits are implemented and simulated in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology using Cadence development tools. The average power dissipation and maximum time delay have been recorded.
Supplementary Figure 3 from KRas Induces a Src/PEAK1/ErbB2 Kinase Amplification Loop That Drives Metastatic Growth and Therapy Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 2.7K&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Rare Earth Oxide Catalyzed Oxidation of Rhenium to ReO‐ 4 and ReO‐ 3 as Observed by Negative Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometry. (1987)

Abstract The formation of ReO 4 ‐ and ReO 3 ‐ gas‐phase ions resulting from the Ln2O3 catalyzed reaction of H 2 O with metallic Re has been observed in situ by the title method.
2D Error Correction for F/F based Arrays using In-Situ Real-Time Error Detection (RTD) (2020)

This work proposes in-situ Real-Time Error Detection (RTD): embedding hardware in a memory array for detecting a fault in the array when it occurs, rather than when it is read. RTD breaks the serialization between data access and error detection and, thus, it can speed-up the access-time of arrays that use in-line error-detection and correction. The approach can also reduce the time needed to root-cause array related bugs during post-silicon validation and product testing. The paper presents how to build RTD into an array with flip-flops to track in real-time the column-parity and introduces a two-dimensional RTD based error-correction scheme. As compared to SECDED, the evaluated scheme has comparable error-detection and correction strength and, depending on the array dimensions, the access time is reduced by 8-24% at an area and power overhead between 12-53% and 21-42% respectively.
Final optics protection in laser inertial fusion with cryogenic liquid droplets (2000)

A burst of x rays and vaporized debris from high yield targets can damage the final optics in laser inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plants and in laboratory experimental facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) or Laser MegaJoule (LMJ). Noble gases such as Xe or Kr have been proposed to protect final optics from target-produced x rays and debris. Some problems with the use of such ambient gas fills are the large amount of gas involved, heat transfer to a cryogenic target, potential resonant reradiation of x rays absorbed, and a nonuniform index of refraction due to turbulence interfering with the focusing of laser light. Also the fast igniter laser intensity may be too great for propagation through an ambient gas. We propose to provide the gas in the form of many small closely spaced liquid droplets injected in front of the optics. In the case of NIF, the droplets would be injected only when needed just before a high yield shot. The laser light that is absorbed will cause evaporation of the liquid and spreading of this gas. The liquid droplets intercept only {approx}5% of the laser light allowing {approx}95% to pass through to the target. The light absorbed in the NIF example (assumed to be 50% of the intercepted light, whose intensity is 3.6 x 10{sup 9} W/cm{sup 2}) would cause the xenon droplets to evaporate and spread uniformly such that the x rays from 10 eV to 2 keV are appreciably attenuated when they arrive 40 to 70 ns later at the optical surface. X rays above 3 keV and below 10 eV are not attenuated very much but their intensities are rapidly falling off in this range anyway. Typical droplet sizes are {approx}10 {micro}m radius with a spacing of {approx}0.4 mm. The gas would also protect vaporized target debris from condensing on the optics due to the 0.2 mg/cm{sup 2} of xenon (5 x 10{sup 17} cm{sup -2} or 8 Torr-cm for l-e-folding of 1 keV x-rays). These droplets might be produced with technology similar to ink jet technology and photo-etching of silicon to make nozzle plates. The xenon would be easily pumped away from the chamber. The vapor pressure from the evaporating droplets needs to be studied to see if the laser beam will be disturbed. We recommend further analysis and experimental investigation of this new idea.
One-Pot Synthesis of (η<sup>6</sup>-Arene)bis(triphenylphosphine)(methyl)ruthenium(II) Cations. X-ray Structures of [(η<sup>6</sup>-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)Ru(Me)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>][AlCl<sub>2</sub>Me<sub>2</sub>] and the η<sup>5</sup>-Thiophene Analogue (2002)

We report one-pot syntheses for a series of complexes of the type [(η6-arene)RuIIMe(PPh3)2][AlCl2Me2] in high yields and X-ray structures of the η6-C6H6 and η5-thiophene derivatives. Other derivatives include fluorobenzene and mesitylene complexes, and all of the complexes are synthesized by addition of AlMe3 to RuCl2(PPh3)3 in the neat arene solvent or in an admixture with hexane for thiophene and fluorobenzene.
Preclinical Evidence of Progesterone as a New Pharmacological Strategy in Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cell Lines (2023)

Our results give support to the role of progesterone in ACC. The involvement of its analog (megestrol acetate) in reducing ACC progression in ACC patients undergoing EDP-M therapy is now under investigation in the PESETA phase II clinical study.
Diversity, mechanics and performance of natural aquatic propulsors (2006)

Welcome to the WIT Press eLibrary - the home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute collection, providing on-line access to papers presented at the Institute's prestigious international conferences and from its State-of-the-Art in Science & Engineering publications.
Investigation of the erosion characteristics of cathodes with poor conductivity in cathodic vacuum arc plasma sources (2003)

Summary form only given, as follows. A metal vacuum arc discharge is an effective technique for thin film deposition or ion implantation. Cathode materials such as Fe, Al, Ti, Cu and W are commonly used to produce plasmas. The vacuum arc is ignited by a high-voltage trigger near the end of the cathode and the main arc builds up between the cathode and anode. Non-uniform burning has been observed on the cathode surface, and it is particularly severe for materials with low conductivity such as Si and Ge. As an arc source, non-irregular cathode erosion can cause unintentional increase of the arc voltage and critically impact the arc ignition stability In this work, the surface erosion of poorly conducting cathode materials is investigated using a variety of operation parameters and cathode to anode geometries. Our results show that adjusting the arc pulse duration and the configuration of the extraction hole of the anode can optimize surface erosion and stabilize the arc performance.
A recursive Bayesian filter for landmark-based localisation of a wheelchair robot (2012)

An odometry model, represented by a set of nodes (waypoints), is considered to be the infrastructure of any probabilistic-based localisation method. Gaussian and nonparametric filters utilise an odometry model to localise robots, while predictions are made by the filters to actively correct the robot's location and coordination. In this work, we present a recursive Bayesian filter for landmark recognition, which is used to verify the pose of a robotic wheelchair at a certain node location. The Bayesian rule in the proposed method does not incorporate a control action to rectify the robot's pose (passive localisation). The filter approximates the robot's pose based on a feature extraction sensor model. Features are extracted from local environmental regions (landmarks), and each landmark is assigned with a distinct posterior probability (signature), at each node location. A node is verified by the robot when the covariance between the posterior and prior probability falls bellow a threshold. We tested the proposed method in an indoor environment where accurate localisation results have been obtained. The experimentation demonstrated the robustness of the filter to work for passive localisation.
A Novel Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Cyclopropane Carboxaldehydes. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Membrane-Associated Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Are Involved in the Recognition of Cellular Targets by NKp30 and NKp46 (2004)

Lysis of virus-infected and tumor cells by NK cells is mediated via natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). We have recently shown that the NKp44 and NKp46 NCRs, but not the NKp30, recognize viral hemagglutinins. In this study we explored the nature of the cellular ligands recognized by the NKp30 and NKp46 NCRs. We demonstrate that target cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are recognized by NKp30 and NKp46 and that 6-O-sulfation and N-acetylation state of the glucose building unit affect this recognition and lysis by NK cells. Tumor cells expressing cell surface heparanase, CHO cells lacking membranal heparan sulfate and glypican-1-suppressed pancreatic cancer cells manifest reduced recognition by NKp30 and NKp46 and are lysed to a lesser extent by NK cells. Our results are the first clue for the identity of the ligands for NKp30 and NKp46. Whether the ligands are particular HSPGs, unusual heparan sulfate epitopes, or a complex of HSPGs and either other protein or lipid moieties remains to be further explored.
Thermal side effects of fiber‐guided XeCl excimer laser drilling of cartilage (1994)

We examined thermal effects during ablation of human joint cartilage using two XeCl excimer lasers with pulse durations of approximately 20 ns and 60 ns. An increase in radiant exposure or repetition rate caused a rise in tissue temperature up to 82 degrees C at a 100-microns distance. With increasing distance from the crater edge, the temperature dropped exponentially. Radiant exposures higher than 1.8 J/cm2 and repetition rates above 20 Hz lead to a formation of hot gaseous products escaping from the laser crater. When osteoarthritic cartilage is irradiated, these gases spread inside the tissue causing a temperature rise of > 50 degrees C at a distance of 1 mm from the crater edge. In the contact mode, we found a linear rise of ablation rate with increasing repetition rate both in air or saline. But ablation rates in saline were only half the rates achieved in air. Both phenomenons can be explained by additional thermal effects of excimer lasers working in the range of higher repetition rates and pulse energies.
Spatial Analysis of Membrane Distillation Powered by Waste Heat from Natural Gas Compressor Stations for Unconventional Oil and Gas Wastewater Treatment in Weld County, Colorado (2020)

The effective treatment of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) wastewater is a promising and potentially necessary strategy of wastewater management in the UOG industry. While tremendous efforts have been focused on the development of treatment technologies, logistical considerations such as wastewater transportation have been rarely studied in the literature. In this study, we applied spatial analysis tools based on geographic information systems to quantitatively investigate the effects of transportation distance and cost on centralized wastewater treatment (CWT) and deep-well injection (DWI) in Weld County of Colorado, a major UOG-producing state in the United States. CWT using membrane distillation technology powered by waste heat from natural gas compressor stations (NGCSs) was used as the model wastewater treatment approach in our analysis. By analyzing 7583 active UOG production wells, we demonstrate that the distance and cost of wastewater transportation for CWT are comparable to those for DWI in Weld County and that the comparison between CWT and DWI is dependent on the scale of analysis. We also correlated the waste heat availability with the potential UOG wastewater treatment demand at 35 NGCSs. Our analysis shows that the abundance of available waste heat does not always match wastewater treatment demand at NGCSs, requiring a diversion of wastewater that further increases the transportation distance and cost. Our work indicates the importance of logistical considerations in evaluating the viability of CWT for UOG wastewater management. The spatial analysis framework demonstrated in this study is a critical component complementary to the current efforts of treatment technology development, in order to better evaluate the viability and facilitate wide adoption of UOG wastewater treatment via a systems engineering approach.
The effect of concentrated bone marrow aspirate in operative treatment of fifth metatarsal stress fractures; a double-blind randomized controlled trial (2015)

Netherlands Trial Register (reg.nr NTR4377 ).
Near ultrasonic directional data transfer for modern smartphones (2011)

The rapid advancements in the smartphone domain has made WiFi, Bluetooth and 3G commonplace in most devices, as well as accelerometers, gyros, fast CPUs and large amounts of memory. During these advancements the IR transmitter was eventually dropped, starting perhaps most importantly with the release of the Apple iPhone. It has since been observed a need for directional transmission functionality. The system described herein propose a way to to achieve short range directional data-communication on a smartphone without adding external hardware. The outcome of this project is intended to be open-sourced, enabling any application developer or phone-manufacturer to include the technology into their products.
An overview of continuation methods for non-linear model predictive control of water systems (2019)

This paper presents a new class of optimization algorithms for nonlinear hydraulic models of water systems, the so-called continuation methods. Solution stability is singled out as an necessary condition for real-life deployment of nonlinear model predictive control of water systems. The paper discusses the stability of solutions produced by traditional approaches and presents improvements of the continuation method. The method has been implemented into the software package RTC-Tools. The application of the continuation method is illustrated with the help of a case study: an operational system for the drainage of a lowland region (polder) in the Western Netherlands.
Semi-supervised deep learning based 3D analysis of the peripapillary region (2020)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an essential tool in the evaluation of glaucoma, typically through analyzing retinal nerve fiber layer changes in circumpapillary scans. Three-dimensional OCT volumes enable a much more thorough analysis of the optic nerve head (ONH) region, which may be the site of initial glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Automated analysis of this region is of great interest, though large anatomical variations and the termination of layers make the requisite peripapillary layer and Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) segmentation a challenging task. Several machine learning-based segmentation methods have been proposed for retinal layer segmentation, and a few for the ONH region, but they typically depend on either heavily averaged or pre-processed B-scans or a large amount of annotated data, which is a tedious task and resource-intensive. We evaluated a semi-supervised adversarial deep learning method for segmenting peripapillary retinal layers in OCT B-scans to take advantage of unlabeled data. We show that the use of a generative adversarial network and unlabeled data can improve the performance of segmentation. Additionally, we use a Faster R-CNN architecture to automatically segment the BMO. The proposed methods are then used for the 3D morphometric analysis of both control and glaucomatous ONH volumes to demonstrate the potential for clinical utility.
MicroRNAs: Novel components in a muscle gene regulatory network (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level via translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Emerging evidence supports that miRNAs play critical roles in skeletal and cardiac muscle, as both muscle-specific and non-muscle-specific miRNAs are required for the development and differentiation of these tissues. Their interactions with myogenic factors also integrate miRNAs into a complex regulatory network underlying myogenesis. Furthermore, their dysregulation and associated pathologies suggest that miRNA-based therapies may be effective in treating muscle-related disorders.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to the Synthesis of Lavendamycin Analogues. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evaluation of Crack Growth Resistance Curves for Pipeline Steels Using Constraint Designed Fracture Specimens (2006)

This work provides an estimation procedure to determine J-resistance curves for SE(T) fracture specimens using the unloading compliance technique and the eta-method. In the present study, attention is directed to pin-loaded SE(T) specimens with varying geometry and crack sizes but representative solutions are also included for clamped SE(T) specimens. A summary of the methodology upon which J and crack extension are derived sets the necessary framework to determine crack resistance data from the measured load vs. displacement curves. The extensive plane-strain analyses enable numerical estimates of the nondimensional compliance, μ, and parameters η and γ for a wide range of specimen geometries and material properties characteristic of structural and pipeline steels. Laboratory testing of an API 5L X60 steel at room temperature using pin-loaded SE(T) specimens with side-grooves provide the load-displacement data needed to validate the estimation procedure for measuring the crack growth resistance curve for the material. The results presented here produce a representative set of solutions which lend further support to develop standard test procedures for constraint-designed SE(T) specimens applicable in measurements of crack growth resistance for pipelines.
A monitoring and trending system and intracranial pressure. (1981)

A prototype of a portable microprocessor-based system for monitoring and displaying intracranial pressure, systemic arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure data has been developed. This system reduces the data for long-term logging and subsequent display as a trend plot and an array of computed histograms. Included in the system is the capability of presetting alarms to identify and alert clinical staff to potentially hazardous conditions. An initial technical and clinical evaluation indicates that the objective of improving patient care while controlling capital and operating costs has been met. The alarm system and the trended data display can be used to routinely detect conditions that previously were not immediately identified because of inherent limitations in currently available equipment. The precise minute-to-minute and retrospective evaluation of clinical events is now facilitated by a consistent, concise record and analysis of ICP and related data.