gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wintertime storage of water in buried supraglacial lakes across the Greenland Ice Sheet (2015)

Abstract. Increased surface melt over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is now estimated to account for half or more of the ice sheet's total mass loss. Here, we show that some meltwater is stored, over winter, in buried supraglacial lakes. We use airborne radar from Operation IceBridge between 2009 and 2012 to detect buried supraglacial lakes, and we find that they were distributed extensively around the GrIS margin through that period. Buried supraglacial lakes can persist through multiple winters and are, on average, ~ 1.9 + 0.2 m below the surface. Most buried supraglacial lakes exist with no surface expression of their occurrence in visible imagery. The few buried supraglacial lakes that do exhibit surface expression have a unique visible signature associated with a darker blue color where subsurface water is located. The volume of retained water in the buried supraglacial lakes is likely insignificant compared to the total mass loss from the GrIS, but the water may have important implications locally for the development of the englacial hydrologic system and ice temperatures. Buried supraglacial lakes represent a small but year-round source of meltwater in the GrIS hydrologic system.
[Dexrazoxane in anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity and extravasation]. (2010)

Cardiotoxicity and extravasation injuries are extremely serious complications of anthracycline use. Both complications are probably caused by oxidative stress. Dexrazoxane has been approved as a cardioprotective agent and as an antidote in extravasation of anthracyclines. Randomized clinical trials have shown that dexrazoxane is the only cardioprotective agent proven to be effective in the treatment of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. In these clinical studies dexrazoxane decreased the incidence of cardiac events and heart failure. Possible adverse effects of dexrazoxane when administered as a cardioprotective agent are a decreased antitumor effect of anthracyclines and the onset of secondary malignancies in children. As an antidote in anthracycline extravasation, clinical studies showed dexrazoxane to be highly efficacious in preventing the need for surgical resection. Dexrazoxane can be considered as the treatment of first choice for this indication. Dexrazoxane is well tolerated in general. The most commonly reported side effects are leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and local reactions at the infusion site.
<i>In vivo</i> virological efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and direct antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron sublineages (2022)

ABSTRACT Background Omicron variant questioned the efficacy of the approved therapies for the early COVID-19. I In vitro data show retained neutralizing activity against BA.1 and BA.2 for remdesivir (RDV), molnupiravir (MLN), and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NRM/r), while poor efficacy for Sotrovimab (STR) against BA.2. No data about the risk of clinical failure and in vivo antiviral activity are available. Material and methods Single-center observational comparison study enrolling all consecutive patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1 or BA.2) diagnosis and who met eligibility criteria for treatment with RDV, MLN, NRM/r, or STR. Treatment allocation was subject to drug availability, time from symptoms onset, and comorbidities. Patients were followed through day 30. Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) VL was measured on day 1 (D1) and D7 and was expressed by log 2 cycle threshold (CT) scale. Comparisons between groups were made by Chi-square and Wilcoxon paired-test. Primary endpoint was D1-D7 VL variation. Potential decrease in VL and average treatment effect (ATE) were calculated from fitting marginal linear regression models weighted for calendar month of infusion, duration of symptoms, and immunodeficiency. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of D7 undetectable VL in NPS and clinical outcomes compared by treatment groups using a Chi-square test. Results A total of 521 pts received treatments (STR 202, MLN 117, NRM/r 84, and RDV 118): female 250 (48%), median age 66 yrs (IQR 55-76), 90% vaccinated; 15% with negative baseline serology. At D1, median time from symptoms onset was 3 days (2,4). 378 (73%) pts were infected with BA.1 and 143 (27%) with BA.2. D1 mean viral load was 4.12 log2 (4.16 for BA.1 and 4.01 for BA.2). The adjusted analysis showed that NRM/r significantly reduced VL compared to all the other drugs in pts infected with BA.1 while no evidence for a difference vs. MLP was seen in those infected with BA.2. MLN had comparable activity to STR against BA.1 and to NRM/r against BA.2. There was no significant difference between STR and RDV for BA.2. At D7, 35/521 (6.7%) pts had undetectable VL. Of these, 31 were infected with BA.1 [9 (9%) MLN, 7 (14%) NRM/r, 7 (8%) RDV, and 8 (5%) STR)], and only 4 with BA.2, all treated with NRM/r. After 30 days of follow-up, 9/568 pts experienced COVID-19-related clinical failure [7/226 STR (5 BA.1) and 2/87 NRM /r (2 BA.1)]. Conclusions In this analysis of in vivo early VL reductions, NRM/r appears to be the drug showing the greatest antiviral activity regardless of the VoC, together with MLN, although the latter limited to people with BA.2. In the Omicron era, due to the high prevalence of vaccinated people and the lower probability of hospital admission, VL decrease can be a valuable surrogate of drug activity.
Toxic effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human sperm function &lt;i&gt;in vitro &lt;/i&gt; (2016)

The herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is globally used in agriculture and has been linked to human sperm abnormalities in vivo. However, its effects on ejaculated human spermatozoa in vitro have not been characterized. Therefore, we examined the effects of 2,4-D on the functions of ejaculated human spermatozoa in vitro, including: sperm motility, the ability to move through a viscous medium, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. Different doses of 2,4-D (10 nM, 100 nM, 1 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM, and 200 µM) were applied to human spermatozoa prepared from normal fresh semen samples. The results indicated that 2,4-D did not affect the viability, capacitation, or spontaneous acrosome reactions of human spermatozoa, but it dose-dependently inhibited the total motility, progressive motility, ability to penetrate viscous medium, and progesterone-induced capacitation and acrosome reaction rates. These results suggest that exposure to 2,4-D and its accumulation in the seminal plasma and follicular fluid might increase the risk of infertility. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the male reproductive toxicity of 2,4-D.
Introduction to the Electrophysiology Manual: Fluoroscopic Views, Electrograms, and Relevant Anatomy (2013)

The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the typical fluoroscopic views and electrograms used throughout this book. First, the rationale for the particular views used and the standard electrogram display format are introduced. The discussion then continues to the important fluoroscopic landmarks relevant to the arrhythmias encountered in the electrophysiology laboratory. These landmarks are discussed in the context of the electrograms obtained from mapping these sites and their importance from an anatomic and ablation standpoint. The first topics are the common fluoroscopic and anatomic principles relevant to the electrophysiology laboratory; then the specific differences in catheter use and electrograms obtained from the standard fluoroscopic catheter position in supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia; and finally some unusual positions and congenital variants.
Line-narrowed, compact, and coherent source of widely tunable terahertz radiation (2008)

We report a technique for line-narrowing terahertz radiation produced through parametric generation. By incorporating an etalon within the idler-wave cavity of the parametric oscillator, radiation is generated with a linewidth of 1GHz (freerunning linewidth 50–100GHz) and with a center frequency continuously tunable over a band &amp;gt;50GHz, settable anywhere within the coarse tuning range of the device (1–3THz). When implemented within an intracavity cavity geometry, pulses of terahertz radiation of duration ∼10ns and energy ∼30nJ are generated at repetition rates up to 400Hz (implying mean powers of &amp;gt;10μW and peak powers of ∼3W) in a compact device.
Attenuated total reflection-FT-IR spectroscopic imaging of protein crystallization (2010)

TiO 2 (rutile modification), space group (136) P4 2 /mnm, carried out in the vicinity of the Ti-K absorption edge. The influence of oxygen vacancies on the anomalous scattering signal (see e.g. [2]) has been studied on a series of 10 x 10 x 1 mm 3 single crystal wafers of different vacancy concentrations obtained by annealing at a temperature of 800C in a vacuum of about 10 -6 mbar for different durations. Considered reflections include the 'forbidden' 001 and allowed 111 reflection. Simulations by means of ab-initio modeling of the near-edge transitions and an interpretation of the far-edge resonances based on vacancy-induced static Ti displacements from high-to low-symmetry positions will be presented.
Maxwell Garnett approximation in random media: tutorial (2022)

In the third part of the tutorial, we develop a Maxwell Garnett approximation, which is applicable, in particular, to disordered random media with non-spherical inclusions and to multicomponent mixtures. We are especially interested in the case when the inclusions are non-spherical and randomly distributed and oriented in space, but the composite is isotropic on average. The effective medium formula applicable to such media cannot be obtained by direct generalization of the results that were derived in the first two parts of the tutorial. We show that the Maxwell Garnett effective medium approximation can be stated in a very general form. The results derived by us previously as well as a result applicable to the medium described above can be obtained as special cases of this general result.
Three Quantifier Sentences (2003)

We give a complete proof that all 3 quanti er sentences in the primitive notation of set theory (, =), are decided in , and in fact in a weak fragment of without the power set axiom. We obtain information concerning witnesses of 2 quanti er formulas with one free variable. There is a 5 quanti er sentence that is not decided in (see [2]).
Photographic dataset: playing cards (2017)

This is a photographic dataset collected for testing image processing algorithms. The idea is to have images that can exploit the properties of total variation, therefore a set of playing cards was distributed on the scene. The dataset is made available at www.fips.fi/photographic_dataset2.php
Detection and tracking of go-fast boats using high-frequency surface wave radar (2004)

This paper summarises the results of a 6 month deployment of a HF Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) to demonstrate the detection and tracking of Go-Fast Boats (GFBs). Measured Doppler and Track data is compared to theoretical predictions. It is shown that HFSWR is a viable sensor for tracking GFBs in a target rich environment. Data is presented that demonstrates that detection ranges of 80 km can be achieved, providing vastly extended coverage far in excess of the line-of-sight limitations of conventional microwave radar.
Students' overuse of linearity: An exploration in physics (2008)

A vast amount of research in mathematics education has shown that students of different ages have a strong tendency to apply linear or proportional models anywhere, even in situations where they are not applicable. For example, in geometry it is known that many students believe that if the sides of a figure are doubled, the area is doubled too. History of science also provides several cases of thinkers who inadequately postulated linear relations to describe situations. This article focuses on secondary school students’ over-reliance on linearity in physics. Now and then, science educators report students’ tendency to assume and impose linear relations in physics, but – as far as we know – no substantial efforts were undertaken to study this phenomenon in a systematic empirical way. To fill up this hiatus in the science education literature, we report in this article on an empirical investigation aimed at identifying the competence of 8th- and 11th-graders – before and after being taught the relevant physical topics – to qualitatively grasp situations in physics, as well as their tendency to quantify linearly that qualitative insight. The results provide an ambivalent picture of students’ overuse of linearity in physics: although linear reasoning is sometimes used as a default strategy, even after instruction that addresses the relevant physical contents, this study also indicates that context is taken more into account than is suggested by research on mathematical problem solving.
Telecom-Band Entanglement Generation, Storage, and Long-Distance Distribution (2004)

We present a source of correlated photon-pairs based on four-photon scattering in silica fiber. With this source we have demonstrated the generation, storage, and long-distance distribution of polarization entanglement in standard optical fiber.
Quality Evaluation of in vitro-Produced Bovine Embryos by Respiration Measurment and Development of Semi-Automatic Instrument (2006)

現在，ウシ体外培養胚の品質判定は主に形態観察に依存しているため，信頼性に欠ける．そこで，代謝活性に基づく信頼性の高いウシ体外培養胚を選択できる装置が要望されている．著者らは体外培養胚の呼吸量を無侵襲かつ半自動で測定し解析できる呼吸量測定装置を開発した．この呼吸量測定装置は，逆円錐形ウェルを6個有する測定セル，温度制御装置，オートアプローチ機能，体外培養胚の呼吸量算出法に基づく解析プログラムが組み込まれており，逆円錐形ウェルに形成された酸素濃度勾配からウシ体外培養胚の呼吸量を半自動的に算出可能であることを検証した．更に，受精後6日目の桑実胚の形態観察結果と呼吸量を比較し，品質評価への応用可能性について考察した．
New Multicomponent Induction Tool for Evaluation of Electrically Anisotropic Thinly Laminated Formations (2001)

M-27 NEW MULTICOMPONENT INDUCTION TOOL FOR EVALUATION OF ELECTRICALLY ANISOTROPIC THINLY LAMINATED FORMATIONS O.N. FANINI 1 B. KRIEGSHÄUSER 1 R. A. MOLLISON 1 J. H. SCHÖN 2 and L. YU 1 Abstract 1 The new multicomponent induction logging tool (3DEX TM ) surveys the formation in three dimensions with mutually orthogonal multicomponent transmitter-receiver induction coil arrays (Fig. 1) providing the necessary measurements to compute both horizontal and vertical resistivities (i.e. Rh and Rv) for vertical deviated and horizontal wells (Kriegshauser et al. 2000). These resistivities are needed for improved delineation and evaluation of low resistivity low contrast pay zones frequently
Propagation of partially coherent light through a light pipe (2013)

In laser projection applications, laser light modules are often combined with rotating diffusers in order to reduce the appearance of speckle on the projection screen. The rotation of a diffuser in a laser beam generates a beam of partially coherent light. Propagation of this light through the different optical components constituting the laser projector is thus essential when investigating the appearance of speckle. In this paper, a computationally efficient simulation model is presented to propagate partially coherent light through a homogenizing rectangular light pipe. The light pipe alters the coherence properties of the light and different consequences are discussed. The outcomes of the simulation model are experimentally verified using a reversing wavefront Michelson interferometer.
A battery powered 80 kVA capacitor charger (2014)

The design of a battery powered, rapid capacitor charger is discussed. The charger design is capable of an average output power of 80 kVA, for a burst time of roughly 5 seconds. Cool down time is required between bursts. A Lithium Ion Polymer (LiPo) battery pack with a nominal voltage of 355 V and fully charged open circuit DC voltage of 385 V will be used to power the rapid capacitor charger. The general topology of the charger is as follows. An IGBT H-bridge inverter uses pulse width modulation to create an AC waveform that is stepped up to a maximum of 58kV by a 1:170 ratio transformer. This high voltage output of the transformer is rectified and used to charge the capacitor bank.
From bench to clinic and back: skeletal stem cells and impaction bone grafting for regeneration of bone defects (2012)

Tissue engineering offers enormous potential for bone regeneration. Despite extensive in vitro and in vivo work, few strategies translate into clinical practice. This paper describes the combination of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and impaction bone grafting (IBG) for the treatment of patients with bone defects associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head. SSCs and milled allograft were impacted into necrotic bone in the femoral heads of four patients. Three patients remained asymptomatic at 22-44 month follow-up, but one patient has required total hip replacement (both hips). This has allowed retrieval of the femoral heads, which were analysed structurally and functionally by μCT, histology and mechanical testing. A central channel of impacted bone was found in the femoral heads, which displayed a mature trabecular micro-architecture. The impacted bone was denser than the surrounding trabecular bone, as strong in compression and with histological micro-architecture comparable to that of trabecular bone. Analysis of the retrieved femoral head samples has demonstrated that this tissue-engineering strategy regenerates bone that is both structurally and functionally analogous to normal trabecular bone. SSCs, together with IBG, have proved an effective treatment for avascular necrosis of the femoral head and offer significant potential for the broader spectrum of bone defects.
Supplementary Figure 1 from VTX-2337 Is a Novel TLR8 Agonist That Activates NK Cells and Augments ADCC (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 105K&lt;/p&gt;
eQuilibrator 3.0: a database solution for thermodynamic constant estimation (2021)

eQuilibrator (equilibrator.weizmann.ac.il) is a database of biochemical equilibrium constants and Gibbs free energies, originally designed as a web-based interface. While the website now counts around 1,000 distinct monthly users, its design could not accommodate larger compound databases and it lacked a scalable Application Programming Interface (API) for integration into other tools developed by the systems biology community. Here, we report on the recent updates to the database as well as the addition of a new Python-based interface to eQuilibrator that adds many new features such as a 100-fold larger compound database, the ability to add novel compounds, improvements in speed and memory use, and correction for Mg2+ ion concentrations. Moreover, the new interface can compute the covariance matrix of the uncertainty between estimates, for which we show the advantages and describe the application in metabolic modelling. We foresee that these improvements will make thermodynamic modelling more accessible and facilitate the integration of eQuilibrator into other software platforms.
Quad-Polarization Reconfigurable Reflectarray With Independent Beam-Scanning and Polarization Switching Capabilities (2023)

A quad-polarization reconfigurable reflectarray (RA) antenna, which can work in horizontal polarization (HP), vertical polarization (VP), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) modes with simultaneous large-angle beam-scanning capability, is designed and experimentally verified. Under the traditional view at the element level, at least 2-bit phases are required because a 90° phase shift step is needed for conversion from linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP). In this work, we found that the extra phase shifts (90°/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$- 90^{\circ })$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be achieved by changing the global reference phase of the 0/1 coding arrangement in the spatially fed architecture, while 1-bit phase resolution is used in the element level. As verification, a square patch with four slots loaded with two positive-intrinsic–negative (PIN) diodes is exploited as an RA element with 1-bit phase independent control of dual-LP. Then, the RA aperture contains 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> elements, where 512 PIN diodes are integrated to control each state independently by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), excited by a linearly polarized horn is developed and fabricated. Besides, the superposition of the aperture field approach is used to optimize the CP radiation performance, especially the axial ratio (AR). The measured results of the prototype demonstrate the simultaneous multipolarization reconfigurable and the beam-steering capability, where scanning beams are up to 60° in horizontal and vertical planes. The proposed low-lost design is believed to be a promising candidate for mobile communication and cognitive radar applications.
Lysine 207 as the Site of Cross-linking between the 3′-End of Escherichia coli Initiator tRNA and Methionyl-tRNA Formyltransferase (1997)

The specific formylation of initiator methionyl-tRNA by methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase (MTF) is important for initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. In attempts to identify regions of MTF that come close to the 3'-end of the tRNA, we oxidized 32P-3'-end-labeled E. coli initiator methionine tRNA with sodium metaperiodate and cross-linked it to MTF. The cross-linked MTF was separated from uncross-linked MTF by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and the tRNA in the cross-linked MTF was hydrolyzed with nuclease P1 and RNase T1, leaving behind an oxidized fragment of [32P]AMP attached to MTF. Trypsin digestion of the cross-linked MTF followed by high pressure liquid chromatography of the digest yielded two peaks of radioactive peptides, I* and II*. These peptides were characterized by N- and/or C-terminal sequencing and by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy. Peptide I* contained amino acids Gln186-Lys210 with Lys207 as the site of the cross-link. Peptide II*, a partial digestion product, contained amino acids Gln186-Arg214 also with Lys207 as the site of the cross-link. The molecular masses of peptides I* and II* indicate that the final product of the cross-linking reaction between the periodate-oxidized AMP moiety of the tRNA and Lys207 is most likely a morpholino derivative rather than a reduced Schiff's base.
"We Even Borrowed Money From Our Neighbor" (2021)

Mobile-based scams are on the rise in emerging markets. However, the awareness about these scams and ways to avoid them remains limited among mobile users. We present a qualitative analysis of the dynamics of mobile-based fraud (specifically, SMS and call-based fraud) in Pakistan. We interviewed 96 participants, including different stakeholders in the mobile financial ecosystem: 71 victims of mobile-based scams, seven non-victims, 15 mobile money agents, and three officials from regulatory agencies that investigate mobile-based fraud. Leveraging the perspectives from these stakeholders and analyzing mobile-based fraud with a four-step social-engineering attack framework, we make four concrete contributions: First, we identify the nuances as well as specific tactics, methods, and resources that fraudsters use to scam mobile users. Second, we look at other actors, beyond the victim and the adversary, involved or affected by fraud and their roles at each step of the fraud process. Third, we discuss victims' understanding of mobile fraud, their behavior post-realization, and their attitudes toward reporting fraud. Finally, we discuss possible points of intervention and offer design recommendations to thwart mobile fraud, including addressing the vulnerabilities discovered in the ecosystem, utilizing existing actors to mitigate the consequences of these attacks, and realigning the design of fraud reporting mechanisms with the sociocultural practices.