gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The epidemiologic principles underlying traffic safety study designs (2016)

This article describes the epidemiological principles underlying four observational study designs commonly used to assess traffic safety: the case-control, case-crossover, culpability and quasi-induced exposure designs. We focus in particular on the specific challenges for preventing bias using each design. Whereas recruiting controls representative of the source population poses a special challenge in case-control traffic safety studies, case-crossover designs are prone to recall bias, and culpability and quasi-induced exposure studies can be undermined by difficulties assigning crash responsibility. Using causal diagrams and worked examples, we provide a simple way to teach traffic safety designs to epidemiologists and to encourage proper application of epidemiological principles among researchers designing traffic safety studies.
[Serologic studies of cross reactions between strains of Proteus mirabilis OXK (prO 10/52) and Proteus mirabilis S1959]. (1996)

Strong cross-reactions are described between Proteus mirabilis strains having the same structures of repeating units of their O-specific polysaccharides. These strains are used in routine diagnosis of rickettsiae.
Extracellular Polyphosphate Promotes Macrophage and Fibrocyte Differentiation, Inhibits Leukocyte Proliferation, and Acts as a Chemotactic Agent for Neutrophils (2019)

Fibrocytes are monocyte-derived fibroblast like cells that participate in wound healing, but little is known about what initiates fibrocyte differentiation. Blood platelets contain 60-100-mer polymers of phosphate groups called polyphosphate, and when activated, platelets induce blood clotting (the first step in wound healing) in part by the release of polyphosphate. We find that activated platelets release a factor that promotes fibrocyte differentiation. The factor is abolished by treating the crude platelet factor with the polyphosphate-degrading enzyme polyphosphatase, and polyphosphate promotes fibrocyte differentiation. Macrophages and recruited neutrophils also potentiate wound healing, and polyphosphate also promotes macrophage differentiation and induces chemoattraction of neutrophils. In support of the hypothesis that polyphosphate is a signal that affects leukocytes, we observe saturable binding of polyphosphate to these cells. Polyphosphate also inhibits leukocyte proliferation and proteasome activity. These results suggest new roles for extracellular polyphosphate as a mediator of wound healing and inflammation and also provide a potential link between platelet activation and the progression of fibrosing diseases.
Voltage-Dependent Temperature Coefficient of the I–V Curves of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules (2017)

The temperature dependence of the I-V curves of various kinds of commercial crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules is investigated, based on experiments by using a solar simulator and a thermostatic chamber. The temperature coefficient (TC) of the output voltage of the modules with p-n junction technology is found to closely agree with a formula as a function of their output voltage per cell and temperature, throughout the voltage range of about 0.5-0.7 V per cell, which is important for estimating the P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> , fill factor, and V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> of the modules. The formula is derived from a one-diode model, and reproduces the TC of the I-V curves within ±5% relative error without adjusting the parameter for each module. The formula is successfully applied for translating the modules' I-V curves.
Asymmetric Two‐Center Catalysis (2000)

The successful development of the asymmetric two-center catalysis has opened up a new field in asymmetric synthesis. It has been especially fruitful in Michael additions and aldol reactions.
Influence of Pore Dimension and Sorption Configuration on the Heat of Sorption of Hexane on Monodimensional Siliceous Zeolites (2005)

Sorption of n-hexane on monodimensional pure silica SSZ-35, CIT-5, ZSM-12, and ZSM-22 zeolites with different pore dimension and on recently synthesized ITQ-29 was studied by IR spectroscopic and computational chemistry methods. Heats of sorption of n-hexane on these zeolites was determined experimentally from the temperature dependence of the intensity of IR bands of sorbed hexane as well as from theoretical calculations. Calculations have shown the different orientations of sorbed hexane molecules inside zeolite channels, which depend on the type of zeolite and loading. At high loadings, ordering of hexane inside the channels is observed due to optimization of sorbate-sorbate and sorbate-zeolite interaction energies. Such ordering is responsible for the increase of the sorption energy. A decrease of the sorption energy upon increasing the pore dimension of zeolite was observed, in agreement with results previously published in the literature. Effects of pore diameter of zeolites and ordering of molecules inside zeolite channels on the sorption energy of hexane are discussed.
Simplified Surveillance for Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections (1998)

A definition based on microbiology data alone yields the same result as the CDC's definition in the large majority of instances. It is more resource-efficient than the CDC's current definition.
48. Slope stabilization by new ground anchorage systems in rocks and soils (1991)

The advent of anchoring techniques some two and a half decades ago offered new solutions for soil retention and slope stabilisation. Their use is now well accepted and proven. This paper describes five recent case histories where anchorages were founded in difficult ground or rock conditions and required development of new techniques to achieve the most effective and economic solutions.
Collaboration environments for distributed engineering : development of a prototype system (1999)

In this paper a model for collaboration between engineers in a distributed virtual environment, based upon a suite of specialised computer tools is presented. The system uses the distributed virtual reality system DIVE, which has been customised to allow interoperability with existing CAD systems. Other tools implemented to support information exchange in a product development project include audio-/videoconferencing software, shared workspace systems for document sharing, application sharing tools, shared whiteboard applications and more. The paper discusses the components of a prototype collaboration environment and how these components together form a coherent whole from both a technical standpoint as well as in respect to usability issues.
Using Spectral Clustering of Hashtag Adoptions to Find Interest-Based Communities (2018)

We investigate the use of spectral clustering of hashtag adoptions in Nigerian Twitter users between October 2013 and November 2014. This period is of interest due to the online campaign centered around the #BringBackOurGirls (BBOG) hashtag, which relates to the kidnapping of 276 Nigerian schoolgirls. We examine the adoption of hashtags during the six months before, the month after, and the six months following the kidnapping to test the informational value of behavior-based clusters discovered with unsupervised methods for predicting future hashtag usage behaviors. We demonstrate an efficient spectral clustering approach, that leverages power iteration on symmetric adjacency matrices, to group users based on hashtag adoptions prior to the kidnapping. Unlike follow networkbased clusters, these adoption-based clusters reveal groups of users with similar interests and prove to be more predictive of interest in future topics. We compare this unsupervised spectral clustering to spectral clustering based on symmetrized follow network relations as well as clusters induced by latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topics. We find that hashtag adoptionbased clusters perform similarly to the more computationally expensive LDA approach at identifying interest groups that are more likely to adopt future topical tags. We also benchmark the spectral clustering approach against the popular Louvain clustering approach on a synthetic dataset, finding the faster spectral clustering algorithm produces more balanced clusters with a higher similarity to the true interest groupings used to synthesize adoption data.
Establishing Best Practices in a Response to an HIV Cluster: An Example From a Surge Response in West Virginia (2020)

Quilter, Laura A. S. MD, MPH; Agnew-Brune, Christine PhD, MPH; Broussard, Dawn MPH; Salmon, Melinda BA; Bradley, Heather PhD; Hogan, Vicki MPH; Ridpath, Alison MD, MPH; Burton, Kenya PhD, MA, MS; Rose, Bridget Connard BA; Kirk, Nathan BA; Reynolds, Pamela BA; Varella, Lisa BS; Granado, Michael MPA; Gerard, Anthony BS; Thompson, Antoine MPA; De La Garza, Gloria BA; Lee, Chang BA; Bernstein, Kyle PhD, ScMAuthor Information
NASA Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment's Titanium-doped Sapphire Tunable Laser System (1993)

NASA has undertaken an aggressive effort to develop the first fully autonomous airborne DIAL, DIfferential Absorption Lidar, instrument. The LASE, Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment, will be deployed on NASA's ER-2 aircraft at altitudes of 52,000 to 70,000 feet. The science objective is to measure tropospheric H 2 O and aerosols in phase I and adds O 2 for pressure and temperature determination in phase II. The major subsystems of the instrument including the telescope receiver, control and data system, and the laser transmitter are being constructed and tested at Langley Research Center. This paper describes the LASE laser transmitter's requirements, designs, development, and testing.
Time evolution of a carbon plasma created from the ablated material of a capillary discharge (2001)

A time resolved study of an ablative capillary discharge is reported herein. This work was carried out in order to better understand the difficulties of obtaining very high gains in carbon plasmas created by electrical discharges and dedicated to soft X-ray amplifiers. We used a time resolved diagnostic system including an imaging system and an XUV spectrometer, which allowed to determine experimentally the different phases of ionization of the plasma and to observe the cooling of the plasma by thermal diffusion. The capillary discharge has been modeled using a collisional radiative code. The computed plasma parameters are compared with the values obtained experimentally. The population dynamics of hydrogen like carbon could also be simulated and shows that population inversions can be obtained on several Balmer lines.
Optimisation of cascaded Yb fiber amplifier chains using numerical-modelling (2006)

We show that it is possible to adapt existing software packages developed originally for modeling telecommunication devices and systems to reliably predict and optimize the performance of high-power Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier and laser systems. The ready availability of a flexible, user-friendly design tool should be of considerable practical interest to scientists and engineers working with this important new laser technology since Ytterbium amplifier and amplifier cascades are often difficult to optimize experimentally due to the three-level nature of the Ytterbium laser transition. As examples of the utility and accuracy of the software, as well as the complexity of the systems and amplifier properties that can be successfully modeled, we present a comparison of experimental and theoretical results for individual core and cladding pumped amplifiers, and also for an ultra-short pulse four-stage amplifier system optimized both to provide a broad gain bandwidth and to minimize nonlinear effects. We also show how high energy 100 ns pulses with complex user definable temporal profiles can be created in a gain-saturated amplifier by suitable pre-shaping of the low-energy input pulses. Furthermore, with appropriate modifications the same software package can be applied to fiber amplifiers based on other rare-earth elements and glass hosts.
TRANSIENT AND STEADY-STATE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS IN NATURAL CONVECTION (1978)

A flat vertical plate, of finite thickness and appreciable thermal capacity, was assumed to be suddenly loaded internally with a constant and uniform flux while immersed in an extensive body of quiescent and unstratified fluid. The partial differential equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved in their time-dependent forms, using a finite-difference technique. The computed transient velocity and temperature fields are in good agreement with the results of previous integral and numerical analyses and with experimental data. The final steady-state profiles are also in good agreement with the similarity solution for the uniform surface flux condition. For some conditions, with plates of small thermal capacity, the transient temperature and velocity levels locally exceeded the final steady-state distributions.
Evolution and Future Trend of Large Frame Gas Turbines: A New 1600 Degree C, J Class Gas Turbine (2012)

MHI recently developed a 1600°C class J-type gas turbine, utilizing some of the technologies developed in the National Project to promote the development of component technology for the next generation 1700°C class gas turbine. This new frame is expected to achieve higher combined cycle efficiency and will contribute to reduce CO2 emissions. The target combined cycle efficiency of the J type gas turbine will be above 61.5% (gross, ISO standard condition, LHV) and the 1on1 combined cycle output will reach 460MW for 60Hz engine and 670MW for 50Hz engine. This new engine incorporates: 1) A high pressure ratio compressor based on the advanced M501H compressor, which was verified during the M501H development in 1999 and 2001. 2) Steam cooled combustor, which has accumulated extensive experience in the MHI G engine (&gt; 1,356,000 actual operating hours). 3) State-of-art turbine designs developed through the 1700°C gas turbine component technology development program in Japanese National Project for high temperature components. This paper discusses the technical features and the updated status of the J-type gas turbine, especially the operating condition of the J-type gas turbine in the MHI demonstration plant, T-Point. The trial operation of the first M501J gas turbine was started at T-point in February 2011 on schedule, and major milestones of the trial operation have been met. After the trial operation, the first commercial operation has taken place as scheduled under a predominantly Daily-Start-and-Stop (DSS) mode. Afterward, MHI performed the major inspection in October 2011 in order to check the mechanical condition, and confirmed that the hot parts and other parts were in sound condition.
Capturing the Monomeric (L)CuH in NHC‐Capped Cyclodextrin: Cavity‐Controlled Chemoselective Hydrosilylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones (2020)

The encapsulation of copper inside a cyclodextrin capped with an N-heterocyclic carbene (ICyD) allowed both to catch the elusive monomeric (L)CuH and a cavity-controlled chemoselective copper-catalyzed hydrosilylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Remarkably, (α-ICyD)CuCl promoted the 1,2-addition exclusively, while (β-ICyD)CuCl produced the fully reduced product. The chemoselectivity is controlled by the size of the cavity and weak interactions between the substrate and internal C-H bonds of the cyclodextrin.
Continent catheterizable tubes/stomas in adult neuro-urological patients: A systematic review (2017)

CCS/T appears to be an effective treatment option in adult neuro-urological patients unable to perform intermittent self-catheterization through the urethra. However, the complication rate is meaningful and the quality of evidence is low, especially in terms of long-term outcomes including the impact on the quality-of-life.
Preferences in Interactive Systems: Technical Challenges and Case Studies (2008)

Interactive artificial intelligence systems employ preferences in both their reasoning and their interaction with the user. This survey considers preference handling in applications such as recommender systems, personal assistant agents, and personalized user interfaces. We survey the major questions and approaches, present illustrative examples, and give an outlook on potential benefits and challenges.
Scanner based drive test LTE capacity measurements with MIMO antennas placed inside the vehicle (2015)

LTE drive tests were conducted in urban and suburban environments with 2×2 MIMO antennas located on the roof and also inside the vehicle. Measurements were conducted at bands 4, 13, and 17. The measured average channel capacities (bits/second) for the antennas placed inside the vehicle were found to be comparable to the measured capacities when the antennas were placed on the roof.
Global Field Results of a Polymeric Gel System in Conformance Applications (2006)

Abstract Water production becomes a major problem as hydrocarbon-producing fields mature. Higher levels of water production result in increased levels of corrosion and scale, increased load on fluid-handling facilities, increased environmental concerns, and eventually, well shut-in (with associated workover costs). Consequently, producing zones are often abandoned in an attempt to avoid water contact, even when the intervals still retain large volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons. Many polymer systems have been applied over the years to control undesired water production from hydrocarbon wells, with varying degrees of success. For approximately eight years, a polymer gel system based on an acrylamide/t-butyl acrylate copolymer (PAtBA) crosslinked with polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been used successfully for various water shutoff applications. This paper will describe results from a sampling of over 200 jobs performed throughout the world, including the average results from over 90 jobs performed in one geographic location alone. In addition to "standard" matrix treatments, results will be shown for other types of treatment, including a design to plug annular communication and a combination of sealant and temporary gel in an openhole horizontal completion. In addition, laboratory data pertaining to work aimed at increasing the temperature limit of the system will be presented. The original upper placement temperature of the system was approximately 260°F. Data presented in this paper indicates the development of a retarder system that allows the upper placement temperature to be raised to at least 350°F.
DNA damage-induced S phase arrest in human breast cancer depends on Chk1, but G<sub>2</sub>arrest can occur independently of Chk1, Chk2 or MAPKAPK2 (2008)

Checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 are two key components in the DNA damage-activated checkpoint signaling pathways. To distinguish the roles of Chk1 and Chk2 in S and G(2) checkpoints after DNA damage, derivatives of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were established that express short hairpin RNAs to selectively suppress Chk1 or Chk2 expression. DNA damage was induced with the topoisomerase I inhibitor SN38 which arrests cells in S or G(2) phase depending on concentration. Depletion of Chk1 resulted in loss of S phase arrest upon incubation with SN38, but the cells still arrested in G(2). Suppression of Chk2 had no impact on cell cycle arrest, while cells concurrently suppressed for both Chk1 and Chk2 still arrested primarily in G(2) suggesting the presence of an alternate checkpoint regulator. One critical target for Chk1 is Cdc25A which is phosphorylated and degraded to prevent cell cycle progression. Cells arrested in G(2) in the absence of Chk1/Chk2 still showed regulation of Cdc25A consistent with the action of an alternate kinase. One candidate for an alternate checkpoint kinase is MAPKAPK2 (MK2), yet this kinase was minimally activated by DNA damage and its inhibition did not facilitate either S or G(2) progression. Furthermore, we were unable to substantiate the recent observation that the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 inhibits MK2. These results show that Chk1, but neither Chk2 nor MK2, is an important regulator of S phase arrest, and suggest that an additional kinase can contribute to the G(2) arrest.
Fabrication of CaCO<sub>3</sub>–biopolymer thin films using supercritical carbon dioxide (2005)

The preparation of useful products based on the integration of carbon dioxide fixation and biomass utilization is important for the future development of environmentally harmonized materials technologies. Here we report the use of supercritical carbon dioxide and spin-coated cellulose/chitosan matrices to produce biopolymer films infiltrated with densely packed calcium carbonate (vaterite) particles. Composite films of high uniformity are prepared specifically in the presence of low concentrations of polyacrylic acid.
Iron doped InGaAs: Competitive THz emitters and detectors fabricated from the same photoconductor (2017)

Today, the optimum material systems for photoconductive emitters and receivers are different. In THz reflection measurements, this leads to complicated optics or performance compromises. We present photoconductive emitters and detectors fabricated from molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown iron (Fe) doped InGaAs, which are well suited for a THz time-domain spectroscopy as both emitters and detectors. As a photoconductive emitter, 75 μW ± 5 μW of radiated THz power was measured. As a detector, THz pulses with a bandwidth of up to 6 THz and a peak dynamic range of 95 dB could be detected. These results are comparable to state-of-the-art THz photoconductors, which allows for simple reflection measurements without a performance decrease. The incorporation of Fe in InGaAs during MBE growth is investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Hall, and transient differential transmission measurements. Growth temperatures close to 400 °C allow for homogeneous Fe doping concentrations up to 5 × 1020 cm−3 and result in a photoconductor with an electron lifetime of 0.3 ps, a resistivity of 2 kΩ cm, and an electron mobility higher than 900 cm2 V−1 s−1. We show that iron dopants are incorporated up to a maximum concentration of 1 × 1017 cm−3 into substitutional lattice sites. The remaining dopants are electrically inactive and form defects that are anneal-stable up to a temperature of 600 °C. The fast recombination center in Fe-doped InGaAs is an unidentified defect, representing ≈0.5% of the nominal iron concentration. The electron and hole capture cross section of this defect is determined as σe = 3.8 × 10−14 cm2 and σh = 5.5 × 10−15 cm2, respectively.
EARLY BUD-BREAK 1 and EARLY BUD-BREAK 3 control resumption of poplar growth after winter dormancy (2021)

Bud-break is an economically and environmentally important process in trees and shrubs from boreal and temperate latitudes, but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that two previously reported transcription factors, EARLY BUD BREAK 1 (EBB1) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-Like (SVL) directly interact to control bud-break. EBB1 is a positive regulator of bud-break, whereas SVL is a negative regulator of bud-break. EBB1 directly and negatively regulates SVL expression. We further report the identification and characterization of the EBB3 gene. EBB3 is a temperature-responsive, epigenetically-regulated, positive regulator of bud-break that provides a direct link to activation of the cell cycle during bud-break. EBB3 is an AP2/ERF transcription factor that positively and directly regulates CYCLIND3.1 gene. Our results reveal the architecture of a putative regulatory module that links temperature-mediated control of bud-break with activation of cell cycle.