gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An FBG-Based Impact Event Detection System for Structural Health Monitoring (2010)

Some structures are vulnerable to localized internal damages incurred by impact of small objects. An impact monitoring system using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has been established. Its ability to detect very low to medium energy impacts has been demonstrated on an aluminum plate and a 22 m long wind turbine blade. Previous analysis of this technique showed that the accuracy by which an impact position can be located is limited by equipment noises and angular insensitivity of the FBG. By employing two intensity demodulation schemes with different demodulation sensitivities and ranges, we try to differentiate the relative importance of the above limiting effects. Based on the results, directions for further improvement on impact source locating accuracy will be discussed and the implication of applying such systems on large-scale structures will be examined.
Imaging and dosimetric errors in 4D PET/CT-guided radiotherapy from patient-specific respiratory patterns: a dynamic motion phantom end-to-end study (2015)

Effective positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) guidance in radiotherapy of lung cancer requires estimation and mitigation of errors due to respiratory motion. An end-to-end workflow was developed to measure patient-specific motion-induced uncertainties in imaging, treatment planning, and radiation delivery with respiratory motion phantoms and dosimeters. A custom torso phantom with inserts mimicking normal lung tissue and lung lesion was filled with [(18)F]FDG. The lung lesion insert was driven by six different patient-specific respiratory patterns or kept stationary. PET/CT images were acquired under motionless ground truth, tidal breathing motion-averaged (3D), and respiratory phase-correlated (4D) conditions. Target volumes were estimated by standardized uptake value (SUV) thresholds that accurately defined the ground-truth lesion volume. Non-uniform dose-painting plans using volumetrically modulated arc therapy were optimized for fixed normal lung and spinal cord objectives and variable PET-based target objectives. Resulting plans were delivered to a cylindrical diode array at rest, in motion on a platform driven by the same respiratory patterns (3D), or motion-compensated by a robotic couch with an infrared camera tracking system (4D). Errors were estimated relative to the static ground truth condition for mean target-to-background (T/Bmean) ratios, target volumes, planned equivalent uniform target doses, and 2%-2 mm gamma delivery passing rates. Relative to motionless ground truth conditions, PET/CT imaging errors were on the order of 10-20%, treatment planning errors were 5-10%, and treatment delivery errors were 5-30% without motion compensation. Errors from residual motion following compensation methods were reduced to 5-10% in PET/CT imaging, <5% in treatment planning, and <2% in treatment delivery. We have demonstrated that estimation of respiratory motion uncertainty and its propagation from PET/CT imaging to RT planning, and RT delivery under a dose painting paradigm is feasible within an integrated respiratory motion phantom workflow. For a limited set of cases, the magnitude of errors was comparable during PET/CT imaging and treatment delivery without motion compensation. Errors were moderately mitigated during PET/CT imaging and significantly mitigated during RT delivery with motion compensation. This dynamic motion phantom end-to-end workflow provides a method for quality assurance of 4D PET/CT-guided radiotherapy, including evaluation of respiratory motion compensation methods during imaging and treatment delivery.
Quantization of setup uncertainties in 3-D dose calculations (1999)

Random setup errors can lead to erroneous prediction of the dose distribution calculated for a patient using a static computed tomography (CT) model. Multiple recomputations of the dose distribution covering the range of expected patient positions provides a way to estimate a course of treatment. However, due to the statistical nature of the setup uncertainties, many courses of treatment must be simulated to calculate a distribution of average dose values delivered to a patient. Thus, direct simulation methods can be time consuming and may be impractical for routine clinical treatment planning applications. Methods have been proposed to efficiently calculate the distribution of average dose values via a convolution of the dose distribution (calculated on a static CT model) with a probability distribution function (generally Gaussian) that describes the nature of the uncertainty. In this paper, we extend the convolution-based calculation to calculate the standard deviation of potential outcomes sigmaD(x,y,z) about the distribution of average dose values, and we characterize the statistical significance of this quantity using the central limit theorem. For an example treatment plan based on a treatment protocol in use at our institution, we found that there is a 68% probability that the actual dose delivered to any point (x,y,z) will be within 3% of the average dose value at that point. The standard deviation also yields confidence limits on the dose distribution, and these may be used to evaluate treatment plan stability.
Single Feedback Model of Human Goal-Directed Movement (2008)

Two prominent models frequently used to explain targeted human movement are the stochastic optimized-submovement model and the minimum variance model. Both successfully explain the speed-accuracy tradeoff known as Fitts’ law, but neither is complete. The former cannot predict movement trajectory between the endpoints, while the latter is not congruent with the multiple movement segments often observed in human motion. In this paper, a new model is proposed in which an aimed movement consists of two submovements and a single feedback instant, with the trajectory of each submovement being individually optimized. Simulations using the proposed model show that the optimal transition between two submovements occurs at an early stage of the movement, and produces a sharp peak in the acceleration profile. This result is consistent with psychophysical data. Also observed in numerical simulation is the bell-shaped positional variance curve that is in agreement with psychophysical data.
An Analytical Comparison of the Thermal Dose Equation and the Intensity-Time Product, It[sup m], for Predicting Tissue Damage Thresholds (2010)

Thermal dose is the most generally accepted concept for estimating temperature‐related tissue damage thresholds. However, another approach based on the intensity‐time product of the form D = Itm has been used, where D is a tissue‐dependent damage threshold, I is the spatial‐peak, temporal‐average intensity, t is time, and m is an exponent not greater than one. In this study these two relationships were compared analytically by substituting a well‐known soft tissue solution for temperature vs. time into the thermal dose equation. The commonly accepted value for t43 of 240 minutes was used as a thermal dose threshold for necrosis. Then power law fits were found for I vs. t for various frequencies and beam diameters. Using published values for soft tissue acoustic and thermal properties, typical high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) frequencies and beam diameters, and exposure times from 1–20 s, the exponent m was found to fall between about 0.3 and 0.8. The value for m increased with increasing diameter but was independent of frequency. Thus, for the parameters examined, the intensity‐time product relationship is equivalent to the thermal dose formulation over certain practical ranges of HIFU exposure duration.
Influence of group III and group V partial pressures on the size and density of InGaN quantum dots in MOVPE (2012)

Abstract InGaN quantum dots (QDs) were grown on GaN templates in the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode at 675 °C via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Typically, QDs with overall density of 10 9 cm −2 , an average diameter 50 nm and average height of 7 nm were obtained. A systemic investigation on the influence of group III and group V partial pressure on the size and distribution of the InGaN QDs is reported. A higher growth rate and/or higher V/III ratio increases the mean height and the density of QDs. The distribution of the dots is found to scale with growth rate and the V/III ratio. This is attributed to a reduction in the surface diffusion of adatoms as the results of increase in partial pressure of the precursor in the reactor.
Modeling Non Equilibrium Potentiometry to Understand and Control Selectivity and Detection Limit (2009)

In most interpretations of ion-sensor response phase boundary potentials are used. They assume electroneutrality and equilibrium or steady-state, thus ignore electrochemical migration and time-dependent effects. It is in conflict with many experimental reports on ion-sensors, in which both kinetic (time-dependent) discrimination of ions to improve selectivity, and non-equilibrium transmembrane ion-transport for lowering detection limits, are deliberately used. The Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) equations are used to model the non-equilibrium response. In the NPP model, electroneutrality and steady-state/equilibrium assumptions are abandoned and directly predicting the selectivity and the low detection limit variability over time, and the influence of other parameters, e.g. ion diffusibility, are possible. The NPP allows for solving the inverse problem i.e. to optimize sensor properties and measurement conditions via target functions and hierarchical modeling. The conditions under which experimentally measured selectivity coefficients are true (unbiased) and detection limits are optimized are demonstrated, and practical conclusions relevant to bioassays are derived.
Catalytic Asymmetric Staudinger Reactions to Form β-Lactams:  An Unanticipated Dependence of Diastereoselectivity on the Choice of the Nitrogen Substituent (2005)

There are relatively few methods for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of beta-lactams, and those that have been reported are generally cis selective. This communication describes the first catalytic enantioselective Staudinger reactions that preferentially furnish trans beta-lactams (trans = relationship of Ph to R1). The key to this method is the use of an N-triflyl protecting group for the imine. Along with serving as interesting targets in their own right, N-triflyl beta-lactams readily react with nucleophiles to generate useful families of compounds, such as gamma-amino alcohols and beta-amino acids.
Benign Radiographic Coronal Synostosis After Sagittal Synostosis Repair (2013)

Whether cranial vault remodeling surgery for nonsyndromic, isolated sagittal suture synostosis affects the patency of initially normal, unaffected sutures is unknown. The influence of coronal and lambdoidal suture patency after cranial vault remodeling on the trajectory of subsequent cranial growth is also unknown. Disruption of normal sutural anatomy during cranial vault reconstruction could influence the incidence of secondary craniosynostosis and need for reoperation in a small proportion of these patients.We performed a retrospective review of patients younger than 1 year with nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis treated at a single tertiary referral pediatric hospital from September 2005 to January 2010 by an interdisciplinary team. Computed tomographic images obtained preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 2 years postoperatively were evaluated for the occurrence of secondary synostosis of initially nonsynostotic sutures. Craniofacial disorders clinic and ophthalmologic follow-up records were also analyzed for the occurrence of radiographic cranial restenosis, clinical or ophthalmologic signs of intracranial hypertension (ICH), and reoperation.Fifty-one patients younger than 1 year underwent primary surgical repair of isolated, nonsyndromic sagittal suture synostosis during the study period. Thirty-seven of these patients (71%) had completed 2-year clinical and radiographic follow-up by the time of analysis, constituting the study population. The average age at surgery was 5.4 months (range, 3.1-11.5 months). Thirty-three (89%) of the 37 study patients showed radiographic evidence of bilateral secondary coronal synostosis (SCS). Five patients (15%) additionally showed partial lambdoid synostosis. One patient with radiographic SCS (3%) required reoperation for radiographic cranial restenosis, clinical signs and symptoms of ICH, and papilledema first noted 1 year after primary cranial vault reconstruction.There is a high incidence of secondary coronal suture synostosis following cranial vault remodeling for isolated, nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis. Postoperative SCS was only rarely associated with secondary radiographic cranial stenosis, clinical or ophthalmologic signs of ICH, and the need for reoperation.
Interleaving based variable ordering methods for ordered binary decision diagrams (2002)

Ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs) are efficient representations of Boolean functions and have been widely used in various computer-aided design tools. Since the size of an OBDD depends on variable ordering, it is important to find a good variable order for the efficient manipulation of OBDDs. In particular, it is important to find the same good variable order for multiple functions, since multiple functions are handled at the same time in most computer-aided design tools. The paper describes new variable ordering algorithms for multiple output circuits. The new algorithms use variable interleaving, while conventional algorithms use variable appending. For some benchmark circuits, OBDDs have been successfully generated by using the new algorithms, while they have not been generated by using conventional algorithms. Consequently, the new variable ordering algorithms are effective and allow us to apply OBDD-based CAD tools to wider classes of circuits.
Mixed gas and pure gas transport properties of copolyimide membranes (2012)

Abstract Copolyimides were synthesized from dianhydride of 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) with various diamine contents of 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) and 2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (TeMPD) by chemical imidization in a two‐step procedure. Polyimides (PIs) were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, as well as specific volume and free volume. The gas transport properties for pure gas and blends of CO 2 and CH 4 for the homopolymers and 6FDA‐ODA/TeMPD copolymers were investigated at 35°C and 150 psi pressure. In pure gas permeation, permeability of CO 2 and CH 4 increased with increasing TeMPD content in the diamine moiety, whereas the ideal selectivity decreased with increasing TeMPD content. In the mixed gas permeation, permeabilities and separation factor were measured as a function of CO 2 feed molar fraction for five PI membranes. The behavior of pure gas and mixed gas permeabilities and separation factor of CO 2 /CH 4 mixtures as the chemical nature of the diamine and the CO 2 molar fraction in the feed gas were varied and are discussed in detail. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Prasugrel plus bivalirudin vs. clopidogrel plus heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (2014)

Unique identifier NCT00976092 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Photonic Reporting of Electrochemical Reactions Using Light-Emitting Diodes (2005)

The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as photonic reporters of electrochemical reactions is examined and compared to an electron-to-photon conversion strategy involving electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). The results indicate that it is possible to evaluate the rate of electrochemical reactions photonically without making direct current measurements. Compared to ECL, LED reporting has the following performance benefits: lower threshold current for photon emission, more efficient and stable electron-to-photon conversion, and larger dynamic range. Electrochemical reactions occurring in an array of ten thin-layer electrochemical cells are simultaneously evaluated using a corresponding array of LEDs.
Bombesin and [Leu8]phyllolitorin promote fetal mouse lung branching morphogenesis via a receptor-mediated mechanism. (1995)

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are localized predominantly at airway branchpoints. Previous work showed that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a major pulmonary bombesin-like peptide, occurred in neuroendocrine cells exclusively in branching human fetal airways. We now demonstrate that GRP and GRP receptor genes are expressed in fetal mouse lung as early as embryonic day 12 (E12), when lung buds are beginning to branch. By in situ hybridization, GRP receptor transcripts were at highest levels in mesenchymal cells at cleft regions of branching airways and blood vessels. To explore the possibility that bombesin-like peptides might play a role in branching morphogenesis, E12 lung buds were cultured for 48 hr in serum-free medium. In the presence of 0.10-10 microM bombesin, branching was significantly augmented as compared with control cultures, with a peak of 94% above control values at 1 microM (P < 0.005). The bombesin receptor antagonist [Leu13- psi(CH2NH)Leu14]bombesin alone (100 nM) had no effect on baseline branching but completely abolished bombesin-induced branching. A bombesin-related peptide, [Leu8]phyllolitorin also increased branching (65% above control values at 10 nM, P < 0.005). [Leu8]Phyllolitorin also significantly augmented thymidine incorporation in cultured lung buds. Fibronectin, which is abundant at branchpoints, induces GRP gene expression in undifferentiated cell lines. These observations suggest that BLPs secreted by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells may contribute to lung branching morphogenesis. Furthermore, components of branchpoints may induce pulmonary neuroendocrine cell differentiation as part of a positive feedback loop, which could account in part for the high prevalence of these cells at branchpoints.
Gait and Balance Analysis for Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Using an Inertial-Sensor-Based Wearable Instrument (2014)

Despite patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were reported of revealing gait disorders and balance problems, there is still lack of objective quantitative measurement of gait patterns and balance capability of AD patients. Based on an inertial-sensor-based wearable device, this paper develops gait and balance analyzing algorithms to obtain quantitative measurements and explores the essential indicators from the measurements for AD diagnosis. The gait analyzing algorithm is composed of stride detection followed by gait cycle decomposition so that gait parameters are developed from the decomposed gait details. On the other hand, the balance is measured by the sway speed in anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions of the projection path of body's center of mass (COM). These devised gait and balance parameters were explored on twenty-one AD patients and fifty healthy controls (HCs). Special evaluation procedure including single-task and dual-task walking experiments for observing the cognitive function and attention is also devised for the comparison of AD and HC groups. Experimental results show that the wearable instrument with the designed gait and balance analyzing system is a promising tool for automatically analyzing gait information and balance ability, serving as assistant indicators for early diagnosis of AD.
In vivo model of human post-traumatic heterotopic ossification demonstrates early fibroproliferative signature (2019)

Our data demonstrates that a similar early fibrotic response is evident in both the rat blast model and the human tissues following a traumatic injury and demonstrates the relevance of this animal model for future translational studies.
Identifying Hidden Li–Si–O Phases for Lithium‐Ion Batteries via First‐Principle Thermodynamic Calculations (2021)

SiO–based materials are promising alloys and conversion‐type anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and are recently found to be excellent dendrite‐proof layers for lithium‐metal batteries. However, only a small fraction of the Li–Si–O compositional space has been reported, significantly impeding the understanding of the phase transition mechanisms and the rational design of these materials both as anodes and as protection layers for lithium‐metal anodes. Herein, we identify three new thermodynamically stable phases within the Li–Si–O ternary system (Li 2 SiO 5 , Li 4 SiO 6, and Li 4 SiO 8 ) in addition to the existing records via first‐principle calculations. The electronic structure simulation shows that Li 2 SiO 5 and Li 4 SiO 8 phases are metallic in nature, ensuring high electronic conductivity required as electrodes. Moduli calculations demonstrate that the mechanical strength of Li–Si–O phases is much higher than that of lithium metal. The diffusion barriers of interstitial Li range from 0.1 to 0.6 eV and the interstitial Li hopping serves as the dominating diffusion mechanism in the Li–Si–O ternary systems compared with vacancy diffusion. These findings provide a new strategy for future discovery of improved alloying anodes for lithium‐ion batteries and offer important insight towards the understanding of the phase transformation mechanism of alloy‐type protection layers on lithium‐metal anodes.
24/7 lectures as an exam review technique (2010)

Assessment of student learning through tests, or examinations, is one of those necessary evils. No one seems to enjoy it, but everyone admits the necessity of it. Reducing student anxiety and frustration is an important activity to obtain a meaningful assessment of their learning. A common way for teachers to help students prepare is with a review session. This paper describes a structured review technique that actively engages every student in a multisensory way, requires little work on the part of the instructor, and is both entertaining and fun. Most important, this paper describes an empirical study that demonstrates the dramatic efficacy of the technique.
Supplementary Data from BT8009; A Nectin-4 Targeting Bicycle Toxin Conjugate for Treatment of Solid Tumors (2023)

Supplementary Data from BT8009; A Nectin-4 Targeting Bicycle Toxin Conjugate for Treatment of Solid Tumors
A Study into Echocardiography View Conversion (2019)

Transthoracic echo is one of the most common means of cardiac studies in the clinical routines. During the echo exam, the sonographer captures a set of standard cross sections (echo views) of the heart. Each 2D echo view cuts through the 3D cardiac geometry via a unique plane. Consequently, different views share some limited information. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of generating a 2D echo view using another view based on adversarial generative models. The objective optimized to train the view-conversion model is based on the ideas introduced by LSGAN, PatchGAN and Conditional GAN (cGAN). The size and length of the left ventricle in the generated target echo view is compared against that of the target ground-truth to assess the validity of the echo view conversion. Results show that there is a correlation of 0.50 between the LV areas and 0.49 between the LV lengths of the generated target frames and the real target frames.
ChemInform Abstract: General Solution to the Synthesis of N‐2‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles. (2011)

Abstract The regioselectivity in the N‐alkylation of 4,5‐disubstituted substrates is investigated.
Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Aminocyclobut‐2‐en‐1‐ones: Squaramide Surrogates as Potent VLA‐4 Antagonists. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.