gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical conduction in chalcogenide glasses of phase change memory (2012)

Amorphous chalcogenides have been extensively studied over the last half century due to their application in rewritable optical data storage and in non-volatile phase change memory devices. Yet, the nature of the observed non-ohmic conduction in these glasses is still under debate. In this review, we consolidate and expand the current state of knowledge related to dc conduction in these materials. An overview of the pertinent experimental data is followed by a review of the physics of localized states that are peculiar to chalcogenide glasses. We then describe and evaluate twelve relevant transport mechanisms with conductivities that depend exponentially on the electric field. The discussed mechanisms include various forms of Poole-Frenkel ionization, Schottky emission, hopping conduction, field-induced delocalization of tail states, space-charge-limited current, field emission, percolation band conduction, and transport through crystalline inclusions. Most of the candidates provide more or less satisfactory fits of the observed non-linear IV data. Our analysis calls upon additional studies that would enable one to discriminate between the various alternative models.
Improvement in the conversion efficiency of single-junction SiGe solar cells by intentional introduction of the compositional distribution (2007)

We attempted to clarify the impact of the compositional distribution on recently reported improvement in the conversion efficiency of solar cells based on bulk multicrystalline SiGe. For this purpose, Si1−xGex/Si1−yGey multiple quantum well structures on heavily doped Si-on-insulator were employed as model crystals. The combination of x and y, the width of each layer, and the number of repetitions were systematically changed to study the influence of the introduction of Ge on photocarrier generation and carrier transport while keeping the average Ge composition as 0.03. Spatial modulation of the band structure leads to formation of quantum wells for holes and gives negative impact especially in the photocarrier collection from the n-type region. When the depth of wells was designed to be constant, short-circuit carrier density was found to show a maximum at appropriate compositional distribution due to the competition between the increase in the photocarrier generation and the decrease in the minority carrier diffusion length. Within a limited compositional range, the overall performance of the solar cell was revealed to be improved by the introduction of the compositional distribution compared with that based on uniform Si0.97Ge0.03. Therefore, intentional introduction of the compositional distribution is concluded to be useful for improvement in the solar cell performance if appropriate dispersion is chosen.
High efficiency transient expression of eukaryotic genes: use of an HSV-1 immediate early promoter (ICP4). (1990)

We have compared the transcriptional efficiencies of a number of eukaryotic promoters following DNA-mediated transfection into cultured rat hepatoma cells. We find that the highest levels of expression for the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene are observed with a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate early promoter when co-transfected with an expression construct bearing the gene for the HSV-1 transcriptional activator protein VP16. This transactivation phenomenon is specific for the HSV-1 immediate early promoter and increases the expression of the reporter gene 7-fold. Expression from the ICP4 promoter is 2.5-fold greater than the other promoters tested. In addition, expression from the ICP4 promoter can be induced, at varying times following transfection, by infecting the cells with HSV-1 viral particles. Two plasmids have been constructed which contain the HSV-1 ICP4 promoter adjacent to a multiple cloning site. One of the plasmids also contains SV40 splicing and polyadenylation signals.
Publisher’s Note: Correlated Electrons Step by Step: Itinerant-to-Localized Transition of Fe Impurities in Free-Electron Metal Hosts [Phys. Rev. Lett.<b>104</b>, 117601 (2010)] (2010)

Received 18 March 2010DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.129901©2010 American Physical Society
Thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in nonagenarians compared with octogenarians (2019)

Nonagenarians may be at higher risk of symptomatic ICH than octogenarians, despite similar stroke- and treatment-related factors. While there was a trend towards higher mortality and worse functional outcomes in nonagenarians, the difference was not statistically significant in this relatively small retrospective study.
Copper(II) Activation of Nitrite: Nitrosation of Nucleophiles and Generation of NO by Thiols (2016)

Nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) and nitroso compounds (E-NO, E = RS, RO, and R<sub>2</sub>N) in mammalian plasma and cells serve important roles in nitric oxide (NO) dependent as well as NO independent signaling. Employing an electron deficient β-diketiminato copper(II) nitrito complex [Cl<sub>2</sub>NN<sub>F6</sub>]Cu(κ<sup>2</sup>-O<sub>2</sub>N)·THF, thiols mediate reduction of nitrite to NO. In contrast to NO generation upon reaction of thiols at iron nitrite species, at copper this conversion proceeds through nucleophilic attack of thiol RSH on the bound nitrite in [Cu<sup>II</sup>](κ<sup>2</sup>-O<sub>2</sub>N) that leads to S-nitrosation to give the S-nitrosothiol RSNO and copper(II) hydroxide [Cu<sup>II</sup>]-OH. This nitrosation pathway is general and results in the nitrosation of the amine Ph<sub>2</sub>NH and alcohol <sup>t</sup>BuOH to give Ph<sub>2</sub>NNO and <sup>t</sup>BuONO, respectively. NO formation from thiols occurs from the reaction of RSNO and a copper(II) thiolate [Cu<sup>II</sup>]-SR intermediate formed upon reaction of an additional equiv thiol with [Cu<sup>II</sup>]-OH.
Demo Abstract: RF Soil Moisture Sensing via Radar Backscatter Tags (2020)

We present a sensing system that determines soil moisture via RF using backscatter tags paired with a commodity ultra-wideband RF transceiver. Despite decades of research confirming the benefits, soil moisture sensors are still not widely adopted on working farms for three key reasons: the high cost of sensors, the difficulty of deploying and maintaining these sensors, and the lack of reliable internet access in rural areas. We seek to address some of these obstacles by designing a low-cost soil moisture sensing system that uses a hybrid approach of pairing completely wireless backscatter tags with a mobile reader.(p)(/p)We designed and built a backscatter tag prototype and tested our system both in laboratory and in situ at an organic farm field. Our backscatter tag has a projected battery lifetime of up to 15 years on 4xAA batteries, and can operate at a depth of at least 30cm and up to 75cm. It achieves an average accuracy within 0.01-0.03cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> of the ground truth with a 90th percentile of 0.034cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , which is comparable to state-of-the-art commercial soil sensors, at an order of magnitude lower cost.
Meeting Global Cooling Demand with Photovoltaics during the 21st Century (2019)

Space conditioning, and cooling in particular, is a key factor in human productivity and well-being across the globe. During the 21st century, global cooling demand is expected to grow significantly due to the increase in wealth and population in sunny nations across the globe and the advance of global warming. The same locations that see high demand for cooling are also ideal for electricity generation via photovoltaics (PV). Despite the apparent synergy between cooling demand and PV generation, the potential of the cooling sector to sustain PV generation has not been assessed on a global scale. Here, we perform a global assessment of increased PV electricity adoption enabled by the residential cooling sector during the 21st century. Already today, utilizing PV production for cooling could facilitate an additional installed PV capacity of approximately 540 GW, more than the global PV capacity of today. Using established scenarios of population and income growth, as well as accounting for future global warming, we further project that the global residential cooling sector could sustain an added PV capacity between 20-200 GW each year for most of the 21st century, on par with the current global manufacturing capacity of 100 GW. Furthermore, we find that without storage, PV could directly power approximately 50% of cooling demand, and that this fraction is set to increase from 49% to 56% during the 21st century, as cooling demand grows in locations where PV and cooling have a higher synergy. With this geographic shift in demand, the potential of distributed storage also grows. We simulate that with a 1 m$^3$ water-based latent thermal storage per household, the fraction of cooling demand met with PV would increase from 55% to 70% during the century. These results show that the synergy between cooling and PV is notable and could significantly accelerate the growth of the global PV industry.
Lipocalin 2 Regulates Inflammation during Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infections (2012)

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a worldwide disease that continues to kill more than 1.5 million people every year worldwide. The accumulation of lymphocytes mediates the formation of the tubercle granuloma in the lung and is crucial for host protection against M.tuberculosis infection. However, paradoxically the tubercle granuloma is also the basis for the immunopathology associated with the disease and very little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that constrain the inflammation associated with the granulomas. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a member of the lipocalin family of proteins and binds to bacterial siderophores thereby sequestering iron required for bacterial growth. Thus far, it is not known whether Lcn2 plays a role in the inflammatory response to mycobacterial pulmonary infections. In the present study, using models of acute and chronic mycobacterial pulmonary infections, we reveal a novel role for Lcn2 in constraining T cell lymphocytic accumulation and inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory chemokines, such as CXCL9. In contrast, Lcn2 promotes neutrophil recruitment during mycobacterial pulmonary infection, by inducing G-CSF and KC in alveolar macrophages. Importantly, despite a common role for Lcn2 in regulating chemokines during mycobacterial pulmonary infections, Lcn2 deficient mice are more susceptible to acute M.bovis BCG, but not low dose M.tuberculosis pulmonary infection.
Computertomography/Robot-assisted Retrograde Drilling of Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle Joint (2011)

The aim of this article is to describe a novel computertomography-guided robot-assisted surgery technique for retrograde drilling of osteochondral lesions of the talus and distal tibia.
A Well‐Defined Complex for Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols: Design, Synthesis, and Mechanistic Considerations (2003)

Ein Hauch frischer Luft: In Gegenwart von 0.5–0.1 Mol-% Katalysator konnte eine Vielfalt von Alkoholen oxidiert werden – in einigen Fällen sogar an der Luft (siehe Schema). Mechanistische Schlüsse können anhand einer Kristallstruktur, die auf ungewöhnliche Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen dem koordinierten Wasser und Acetatliganden hinweist, und eines starken kinetischen Isotopeneffekts gezogen werden. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2003/z51997_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Consumer Comfort with Vehicle Automation: Changes Over Time (2019)

Higher levels of vehicle automation are forecast as a potential mobility solution for many, but understanding consumer comfort and acceptance of selfdriving technologies remains an open question. Results from a series of surveys over three years showed a slight increase in the percentage of people comfortable with full self-driving automation in 2018, following a drop from 2016 to 2017. The recovery in comfort with higher levels of automation was most pronounced among younger adults between ages 25 and 44. However, the percentage of people only comfortable with no automation or features that activate only in certain situations such as in an emergency also increased in the past year, indicating a polarizing trend. Results from the survey also showed that acceptance of self-driving vehicles is conditional on people’s ability to drive as well as having assurance regarding the safety of the technology. Responses also point to a possible misunderstanding among the public regarding the definition and availability of full self-driving technology, indicating a need for improved messaging and consumer education.
Predicting molding forces in SMC compression molding (1990)

Abstract A model relating molding force, compression speed, and part thickness, to material properties, part size, and processing conditions (mold and charge temperature) is necessary, to determine the ranges of closing speed feasible, when molding a predetermined part with a press of given capacity (tonnage). The faster we can close, in principle, the faster reacting systems we can run in a given press. A model has been developed to predict the force required for compression molding of SMC under non‐isothermal conditions. The model requires two material rheological parameters, namely, the material resistance to extension η and a friction coefficient λ. A method has been developed to measure these coefficients. Preheating the charge is an attractive way of decreasing the molding force required. Also higher molding temperatures would give lower friction and thus lower molding force.
Large-signal settling optimization of SC circuits using two-stage amplifiers with current-buffer miller compensation (2009)

The large-signal performances of switched-capacitor (SC) circuits employing two-stage operational amplifiers (opamps) with current-buffer Miller compensation are analyzed. Well-defined rules to fix carefully the bias currents of the two op-amp stages are proposed in order to optimize the amplifier settling behavior. Simulation results related to op-amps designed in a commercial 0.35 ¿m CMOS technology show the usefulness of the proposed design guidelines.
Multi-mode 3D ultrasonic phased array imaging method using piezoelectric and laser ultrasonic system (PLUS) (2023)

Abstract As a high-resolution 3D phased-array imaging method, a piezoelectric and laser ultrasonic system (PLUS) was proposed, which is a combination of a piezoelectric transmitter and an ultra-multiple scan of a laser Doppler vibrometer. Thus far, PLUS has used an identical mode for incident and scattered waves. On the other hand, the ultrasonic scattering phenomena can accompany the mode conversion, which may provide further information on defects. In this paper, we propose multi-mode PLUS to enhance its imaging capability and attain more robustness. After describing the principle of multi-mode PLUS, we validated the imaging algorithm and demonstrated the improvement in the image resolution using a dataset of simulated received waves for the longitudinal-wave incidence to scatterers. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrated the efficacy of multi-mode PLUS in a specimen with branched stress corrosion cracking.
Radiowaves scattering from irregular building facades through MoM analysis (2011)

In this paper, The Method of Moment (MoM) is applied to solve rigorously the scattered field from regular or irregular building facades, in order to study the effect of balconies. These facades are made of concrete material and illuminated by a plane wave. Theses studies are made both in near and far field zones. It is shown that, in the far field region, the balconies can be approximate with a good accuracy as corrugations. In both cases, the irregular facade reduces the energy in the specular direction and backscattered field appears in the incidence direction compared to the scattered field by a planar facade. The working frequency is radiowave frequency at 900 MHz.
Eigenray Tracing in 3D Heterogeneous Media (2018)

Summary Conventional two-point ray tracing in a general 3D heterogeneous medium is normally performed by a shooting method. The location and the slowness components are specified at the start point, and the ray path is the solution of ODEs with the initial conditions. The ray arrives to some proximity of the destination, and the start direction is then successively refined, so that the ray path eventually includes the destination point. Eigenray tracing, however, is a boundary-value problem, rather than an initial-value problem. The boundary conditions are two endpoint locations, and the ray trajectory satisfies Fermat’s principle of least traveltime. In this study, we apply the non-linear Finite Element Analysis to find the least-time ray path. The ray trajectory is split into a number of three-nodal segments with quadratic interpolation of trajectory points, traveltime and other functions between the nodes. For each segment, we compute the traveltime, and its first and second derivatives with respect to the nodal locations. The local derivatives (related to a single segment) are combined into the global derivatives of the entire path. For the least time, the first derivatives vanish. Knowledge of the second derivatives makes it possible to apply the Newton method for ray path optimization.
Studies of Deformation Processes in Cellulosics Using Raman Microscopy (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Introduction Principles of Raman microscopy Deformation processes in cellulosics Concluding remarks and future applications Dedication Notes References
Visualizing Flocculation and Adsorption Processes in Papermaking Using Fluorescence Microscopy (2000)

Polymer adsorption characteristics in complex papermaking systems have been elucidated using tagged reagents and the well-established technique of fluorescence microscopy. Interactions between polymers and components of papermaking slurries have been previously well researched, but the theories put forth are usually based on indirect inferences. Moreover, the use of simple model systems often does not permit correlation with real systems. The present study clearly shows that, under shear conditions and time scales prevalent on a paper machine, polymer partitions to inorganic fillers and fiber fines. In the absence of fillers, the polymer adheres to high surface area regions of the fiber, viz., fibrils that result from mechanical fiber processing operations. The roles of surface area, electrostatic interactions, and other papermaking operations are discussed in detail. We believe this study to be the first extension of fluorescence microscopy for visualizing polymer partitioning in complex systems such as papermaking slurries. On the basis of the data provided here, it should be facile to extend this application for studying polymer behavior in other systems such as sludge dewatering and mineral processing.
Infrared spectroscopy of human tissue. IV. Detection of dysplastic and neoplastic changes of human cervical tissue via infrared microscopy. (1998)

Infrared absorption spectra of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human cervical tissue are reported for normal, dysplastic and neoplastic samples. The spectral differences found in this study between these states of the tissues are far less than those observed for single cells by us and others. Nevertheless, we find a direct correspondence between spectral data from tissue sections, obtained from biopsies, and individual exfoliated cells, typically obtained during a pap procedure. We also find that spectra due to dysplastic samples fall about halfway between the spectral features of normal and cancerous samples.
Microbial Transformations of S‐Naproxen by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142. (2003)

Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 was used to catalyze the biotransformation of S(-)-naproxen (1) to three major metabolites that were isolated by solvent extraction, purified chromatographically, and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Metabolites were identified as O-desmethylnaproxen (2), 7-hydroxynaproxen (3) and 7-hydroxy-O-desmethyinaproxen (4). The kinetics of naproxen biotransformation to 2 and 4 was established over an 84 h period to show that naproxen was completely metabolized at 36 h, the major metabolite was O-desmethylnaproxen at 24 h, and the 7-hydroxy-O-desmethylnaproxen that was formed after 24 h.
Orbiting astronomical satellite for investigating stellar systems (OASIS): a paradigm shift in realizing large space telescopes (2022)

OASIS (Orbiting Astronomical Satellite for Investigating Stellar Systems) is a space-based, MIDEX mission concept that employs a 14 meter inflatable aperture and cryogenic heterodyne receivers to perform high resolution (R&lt;10<sup>6</sup>) observations at terahertz frequencies. OASIS targets far-infrared transitions of H<sub>2</sub>O and its isotopologues, as well as HD and other molecular species from 660 to 63 &mu;m that are otherwise obscured by the Earth’s atmosphere. OASIS will have &lt;10x the collecting area and &lt;4x the angular resolution of Herschel and complements the short wavelength capabilities of JWST. With its large collecting area and suite of terahertz heterodyne receivers, OASIS will have the sensitivity to follow the water trail from galaxies to oceans. OASIS represents a paradigm shift in the realization of large space apertures. Our paper will focus on how the development work for OASIS can be leveraged to realize a new generation of space telescopes.
ABCB1 is predominantly expressed in human fetal neural stem/progenitor cells at an early development stage (2009)

ABCB1 is a human ABC transporter originally characterized by its ability to cause resistance to chemotherapy drugs in cancer cells, and later found to be functionally expressed in human neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vitro. Here, we performed a detailed examination of ABCB1's expression on human NSPCs in vitro and in human fetal brain tissues, and analyzed the cellular properties of the human NSPCs expressing ABCB1. We confirmed that ABCB1 was expressed on the surface of human NSPCs, and its level correlated well with those of Nestin and CD133. The population of fluorescence-activated cell sorter-sorted human NSPCs expressing high levels of ABCB1 showed enrichment of proliferating cells, higher expression of 246 genes (e.g., RGS6, IGFBP7, GFAP, TNC, Hes1), and lower expression of 71 genes (e.g., STMN2, DLX5, BASP1, DCX, CD24) compared with human NSPCs expressing low or no ABCB1. In situ, ABCB1 was selectively expressed in cells in the ventricular or subventricular regions of lateral ventricles that expressed Nestin in human development. These findings suggest that ABCB1 is predominantly expressed in immature human fetal NSPCs in vitro and at early developmental stages in vivo, and that it may be a useful marker for human NSPCs.