gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zoledronic acid inhibits osteosarcoma growth in an orthotopic model (2007)

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been shown to reduce osteolysis in bone metastasis. Its efficacy in osteosarcoma has not been convincingly proved in a clinically relevant model for the disease. In vitro, ZOL decreased osteosarcoma cell proliferation, mainly due to an increase in apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. There was a decrease in cell migration at >or=10 micromol/L concentrations, but invasion was inhibited at a much lower dose of 0.1 micromol/L. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that ZOL overall caused an increased expression of osteocalcin and decreased expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteonectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, with no change in expression of osteoprotegerin. ZOL administration s.c. twice weekly at 0.12 mg/kg to SaOS-2 tumor-bearing mice resulted in primary tumor growth inhibition, reduction in lung metastases, and dramatic decrease in osteolysis. Furthermore, in the ZOL cohort, there was a clear reduction in the number of osteoclasts in bone exposed to tumor and a lower tumor vessel density. These data point to the adjuvant potential of ZOL in the management of osteosarcoma not only for its antiosteolytic properties but also for its ability to directly halt tumor cell growth and metastasis via its effects on viability, invasion, differentiation, and angiogenesis.
Controlled Radical Polymerization of Acrylates Regulated by Visible Light (2014)

The controlled radical polymerization of a variety of acrylate monomers is reported using an Ir-catalyzed visible light mediated process leading to well-defined homo-, random, and block copolymers. The polymerizations could be efficiently activated and deactivated using light while maintaining a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and first order kinetics. The robust nature of the <i>fac</i>-[Ir(ppy)<sub>3</sub>] catalyst allows carboxylic acids to be directly introduced at the chain ends through functional initiators or along the backbone of random copolymers (controlled process up to 50 mol % acrylic acid incorporation). In contrast to traditional ATRP procedures, low polydispersity block copolymers, poly(acrylate)-<i>b</i>-(acrylate), poly(methacrylate)-<i>b</i>-(acrylate), and poly(acrylate)-<i>b</i>-(methacrylate), could be prepared with no monomer sequence requirements. These results illustrate the increasing generality and utility of light mediated Ir-catalyzed polymerization as a platform for polymer synthesis.
An unusual effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid on synaptic transmission of frog tectal neurones <i>in vitro</i> (1985)

Bath-applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhanced, in a dose-dependent fashion, the amplitude of optic nerve-evoked monosynaptic excitatory responses of the frog optic tectum superfused in vitro at 7 degrees C. Muscimol was more potent than GABA in eliciting similar effects. GABA-induced responses were antagonized by picrotoxin and were insensitive to bicuculline or strychnine. Raising the bath temperature to 20 degrees C reduced the potency of GABA on these preparations. No significant effect of GABA on the compound action potential of the whole optic nerve was found. These data indicate that GABA can amplify visual inputs to the tectum through bicuculline-insensitive mechanisms.
Mean and Unsteady Flow Reconstruction Using Data-Assimilation and Resolvent Analysis (2019)

A methodology is presented that exploits both data-assimilation techniques and resolvent analysis for reconstructing turbulent flows, containing organized structures, with an efficient set of measurements. The mean (time-averaged) flow is obtained using variational data-assimilation that minimizes the discrepancy between a limited set of flow measurements, generally from an experiment, and a numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. The fluctuations are educed from resolvent analysis and time-resolved data at a single point in the flow. Resolvent analysis also guides where measurements of the mean and fluctuating quantities are needed for efficient reconstruction of a simple example case study: flow around a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of . For this flow, resolvent analysis reveals that the leading singular value, most amplified modes, and the mean profile for scale with the shedding frequency and length of the recirculation bubble. A relationship between these two parameters reinforces the notion that a wave maker, for which the length scales with the recirculation bubble, determines the frequency and region where an instability mechanism is active. The procedure offers a way to choose sensor locations that capture the main coherent structures of a flow and a method for computing mean pressure by using correctly weighted resolvent modes.
A Validated Scoring Rubric for Explain-in-Plain-English Questions (2020)

Previous research has identified the ability to read code and understand its high-level purpose as an important developmental skill that is harder to do (for a given piece of code) than executing code in one's head for a given input ("code tracing"), but easier to do than writing the code. Prior work involving code reading ("Explain in plain English") problems, have used a scoring rubric inspired by the SOLO taxonomy, but we found it difficult to employ because it didn't adequately handle the three dimensions of answer quality: correctness, level of abstraction, and ambiguity. In this paper, we describe a 7-point rubric that we developed for scoring student responses to "Explain in plain English'' questions, and we validate this rubric through four means. First, we find that the scale can be reliably applied with with a median Krippendorff's alpha (inter-rater reliability) of 0.775. Second, we report on an experiment to assess the validity of our scale. Third, we find that a survey consisting of 12 code reading questions had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.954). Last, we find that our scores for code reading questions in a large enrollment (N = 452) data structures course are correlated (Pearson's R = 0.555) to code writing performance to a similar degree as found in previous work.
1-O-Benzyl-β-L-arabinopyranose, 1-O-Benzyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-L-arabinopyranose and 1-O-Benzyl-2-O-benzoyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-L-arabinopyranose (1996)

The sugar ring of 1-O-benzyl-β-l-arabinopyranose (C12H16O5), (I) adopts the 4C1 chair conformation. In 1-O-benzyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-l-arabinopyranose (C15H20O5), (II) and 1-O-benzyl-2-O-benzoyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-l-arabinopyranose (C22H24O6), (III), the pyranosyl rings have a slightly distorted chair 4C1 towards 0H1 conformation. The five-membered isopropylidene ring in (II) and (III) adopts a slightly distorted envelope conformation. The methylene carbon atoms of the benzyl group are slightly displaced out of the plane of the phenyl ring in all three crystal structures. All three hydroxy groups in (I) participate in hydrogen bonds each as donor and acceptor simultaneously, forming a two-dimensional hydrogen-bond network. In (II), molecules linked by hydrogen bonds form polymeric chains along the b axis.
Microwave and millimeter-wave ranging for coherent distributed RF systems (2015)

Microwave and millimeter-wave ranging systems, waveforms, and experimental results are described for coherent distributed RF systems applications. Measured results show that coherent distributed systems operating at carrier frequencies with coherence at λ/10 are possible well into the millimeter-wave regime by using widely separated two-tone ranging waveforms. The two-tone waveform in the context of continuous-wave ranging is introduced. A method for overcoming the range-ambiguous output of the matched filter processing is described. Microwave and millimeter-wave ranging measurements are shown and compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bound for range accuracy.
Analysis of the mechanical properties of chromosomes in air and liquid by AFM (2021)

Chromosomes contain all the genomic information thus making the study of chromosomes practical and significant. Herein, the morphologies of chromosomes prepared with different methods were monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, the mechanical properties of chromosomes in air and liquid were investigated quantitatively through AFM-based force spectroscopy. The differences of chromosome morphologies and mechanical properties caused by sample preparations indicated that the chromosome characterization in liquid was more meaningful to reveal the physiological characteristics of chromosomes.
The Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS) for Subaru Telescope (2010)

Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS) is the first near-infrared instrument with a wide field of view capable of acquiring spectra simultaneously from up to 400 objects. It has been developed as a common-use instrument for the F/2 prime-focus of the Subaru Telescope. The field coverage of 30' diameter is achieved using a new 3-element corrector optimized in the near-infrared (0.9-1.8um) wavelength range. Due to limited space at the prime-focus, we have had to develop a novel fibre positioner called "Echidna" together with two OH-airglow suppressed spectrographs. FMOS consists of three subsystems: the prime focus unit for IR, the fibre positioning system/connector units, and the two spectrographs. After full systems integration, FMOS was installed on the telescope in late 2007. Many aspects of performance were checked through various test and engineering observations. In this paper, we present the optical and mechanical components of FMOS and show the results of our on-sky engineering observations to date.
On the trade-off between spectrum efficiency with dedicated access and short end-to-end transmission delays with random access in DVB-RCS2 (2013)

This paper analyses the performance of TCP over random and dedicated access methods in the context of DVB-RCS2. Random access methods introduce a lower connection delay compared to dedicated methods. We investigate the potential to improve the performance of short flows in regards to transmission delay, over random access methods for DVB-RCS2 that is currently under development. Our simulation experiments show that the transmission of the first ten IP datagrams of each TCP flow can be 500\,ms faster with random access than with dedicated access making the former of interest to carry Internet traffic. Such methods, however, are less efficient in regards to bandwidth usage than dedicated access mecanisms and less reliable in overloaded network conditions. Two aspects of channel usage optimization can be distinguished: reducing the duration of ressource utilization with random access methods, or increasing the spectrum efficiency with dedicated access methods. This article argues that service providers may let low-cost users exploit the DVB-RCS2 to browse the web by introducing different services, which choice is based on the channel access method.
Using the SPE/WPC/AAPG/SPEE/SEG PRMS To Evaluate Unconventional Resources (2012)

Summary It is the intention of the SPE/World Petroleum Council (WPC)/ American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)/ Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE)/ Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) to provide a consistent approach to estimating petroleum quantities, evaluating development projects, and presenting results within a comprehensive classification framework. The reserves and resources definitions and application guidelines are designed to be applicable to both conventional and unconventional petroleum accumulations, regardless of their in-place characteristics, the extraction method applied, or the degree of processing required to yield a marketable product. The fact that unconventional resources are usually pervasive throughout a large area and are not significantly affected by hydrodynamic influences may require different approaches in evaluation. Assessments may include an increased sampling density to define uncertainty of in-place volumes and the variations in quality of reservoir and of hydrocarbons and their detailed spatial distribution for the design of specialized extraction methods. This paper summarizes the special problems in the estimation and evaluation of shale gas. However, similar procedures can be used for other unconventional resources. The material is largely drawn from the recently published SPE Application Guidelines to the PRMS, supplemented with illustrations from actual field examples. The rapidly advancing exploitation of unconventional resources has opened up many development opportunities, especially in North America. Shale gas and bitumen have already caused major impact on energy supply. We anticipate these opportunities will expand rapidly throughout the world. Achieving a better understanding of the special problems in unconventional-resources evaluation will help us build on PRMS to develop a more consistent approach to classification and categorization, accounting for unique project risks and uncertainties.
Real-time Alerting System for COVID-19 Using Wearable Data (2021)

Early detection of infectious disease is crucial for reducing transmission and facilitating early intervention. We built a real-time smartwatch-based alerting system for the detection of aberrant physiological and activity signals (e.g. resting heart rate, steps) associated with early infection onset at the individual level. Upon applying this system to a cohort of 3,246 participants, we found that alerts were generated for pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 infections in 78% of cases, and pre-symptomatic signals were observed a median of three days prior to symptom onset. Furthermore, by examining over 100,000 survey annotations, we found that other respiratory infections as well as events not associated with COVID-19 (e.g. stress, alcohol consumption, travel) could trigger alerts, albeit at a lower mean period (1.9 days) than those observed in the COVID-19 cases (4.3 days). Thus this system has potential both for advanced warning of COVID-19 as well as a general system for measuring health via detection of physiological shifts from personal baselines. The system is open-source and scalable to millions of users, offering a personal health monitoring system that can operate in real time on a global scale.
Efficient Wireless Broadcasting Based on Systematic Binary Deterministic Rateless Codes (2010)

We investigate the design and use of systematic binary deterministic rateless (BDR) codes for information transmission over block-erasure broadcast channels. BDR codes are designed to obtain a level of maximal distance separable (MDS) properties, making these codes ideal for the considered broadcast scenario. For a certain number of encoded redundancy blocks, we derive an expression for the probability that the MDS properties are maintained. Moreover, if limited feedback is available, we extend the BDR coding protocol to further improve the system performance. Numerical results show that for a finite number of source blocks and as the number of users grows the proposed systematic BDR codes performs significantly better than LT codes. The proposed schemes with feedback have better performance than traditional ARQ schemes.
Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity as a dynamic measure of cardiac anticholinergic drug effect (2001)

1. In this study, the analysis of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was applied to the dynamic assessment of cardiac anticholinergic drug effect in healthy male volunteers. 2. The anticholinergic effects of single intravenous (i.v.) injections of atropine (10 microg kg(-1)), glycopyrrolate (5 microg kg(-1)) and scopolamine (5 microg kg(-1)), as well as a 2-h infusion of glycopyrrolate (5 microg kg(-1) h(-1)) were investigated. Baroreflex sensitivity, a validated measure of cardiac parasympathetic reflex regulation, was repeatedly measured from 5-min recordings of electrocardiogram (ECG) and continuous blood pressure by using the sequence technique, a method based on detection of spontaneous fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate. 3. Single injections of atropine, glycopyrrolate and scopolamine decreased the mean BRS by 71 +/- 32, 68 +/- 23 and 27 +/- 45%, respectively, whereas the slow glycopyrrolate infusion gradually decreased BRS (up to 83 +/- 11% reduction) and increased both systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressures (DAP) (on an average, by 9 mmHg). 4. During the withdrawal of the parasympathetic blockade (indicated by increasing BRS), the proportion of baroreflex sequences in the recordings increased transiently from 10 up to 20-25%, probably reflecting the restoration of the baroreflex integrity and the baroreflex-induced attempt to counteract the blood pressure increase. 5. The sequence method to study BRS seems to be feasible in the assessment of cardiac anticholinergic drug effects, and it also provides good time resolution for the dynamic measurements.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Pendrin Potentiate the Diuretic Action of Furosemide (2016)

Pendrin is a Cl<sup>-</sup>/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> exchanger expressed in type B and non-A, non-B intercalated cells in the distal nephron, where it facilitates Cl<sup>-</sup> absorption and is involved in Na<sup>+</sup> absorption and acid-base balance. Pendrin-knockout mice show no fluid-electrolyte abnormalities under baseline conditions, although mice with double knockout of pendrin and the Na<sup>+</sup>/Cl<sup>-</sup> cotransporter (NCC) manifest profound salt wasting. Thus, pendrin may attenuate diuretic-induced salt loss, but this function remains unconfirmed. To clarify the physiologic role of pendrin under conditions not confounded by gene knockout, and to test the potential utility of pendrin inhibitors for diuretic therapy, we tested in mice a small-molecule pendrin inhibitor identified from a high-throughput screen. In vitro, a pyrazole-thiophenesulfonamide, PDS<sub>inh</sub>-C01, inhibited Cl<sup>-</sup>/anion exchange mediated by mouse pendrin with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1-3 µM, without affecting other major kidney tubule transporters. Administration of PDS<sub>inh</sub>-C01 to mice at predicted therapeutic doses, determined from serum and urine pharmacokinetics, did not affect urine output, osmolality, salt excretion, or acid-base balance. However, in mice treated acutely with furosemide, administration of PDS<sub>inh</sub>-C01 produced a 30% increase in urine output, with increased Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> excretion. In mice treated long term with furosemide, in which renal pendrin is upregulated, PDS<sub>inh</sub>-C01 produced a 60% increase in urine output. Our findings clarify the role of pendrin in kidney function and suggest pendrin inhibition as a novel approach to potentiate the action of loop diuretics. Such combination therapy might enhance diuresis and salt excretion for treatment of hypertension and edema, perhaps including diuretic-resistant edema.
A Study on Effects of Implicit and Explicit Language Model Information\n for DBLSTM-CTC Based Handwriting Recognition (2020)

Deep Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (D-BLSTM) with a Connectionist\nTemporal Classification (CTC) output layer has been established as one of the\nstate-of-the-art solutions for handwriting recognition. It is well known that\nthe DBLSTM trained by using a CTC objective function will learn both local\ncharacter image dependency for character modeling and long-range contextual\ndependency for implicit language modeling. In this paper, we study the effects\nof implicit and explicit language model information for DBLSTM-CTC based\nhandwriting recognition by comparing the performance of using or without using\nan explicit language model in decoding. It is observed that even using one\nmillion lines of training sentences to train the DBLSTM, using an explicit\nlanguage model is still helpful. To deal with such a large-scale training\nproblem, a GPU-based training tool has been developed for CTC training of\nDBLSTM by using a mini-batch based epochwise Back Propagation Through Time\n(BPTT) algorithm.\n
Photophysical Properties of Donor–Acceptor−π Bridge–Acceptor Sensitizers with a Naphthobisthiadiazole Auxiliary Acceptor: Toward Longer-Wavelength Access in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2022)

Accessing longer-wavelength photons is a critical research direction in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Currently, dye-sensitized solar cells are exceptional at generating high photovoltages with shorter wavelength photons, but few examples exist of DSSCs using photons in the shortwave infrared region (>1000 nm). New dye building blocks are critical toward accessing these longer-wavelength photons. With this in mind, five new triphenylamine-based metal-free dyes derived from a donor–auxiliary acceptor−π bridge–acceptor (D–A′−π–A) structure are characterized theoretically for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The driving force of electron injection, the spontaneity of dye regeneration, charge-transfer length, and partial density of states of the isolated and TiO2-bound dyes, which are all critical to DSSC performance, are systematically investigated via first-principles calculations. We find that replacing the high-performing benzothiadiazole (BTD) auxiliary acceptor building block with a longer conjugation length and stronger electron-withdrawing building block, naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c′]bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole) (NTz), is beneficial toward the kinetics of charge injection along with reducing the optical energy gap of the designed dyes. The obtained results imply that using the NTz unit extends the absorption spectrum toward longer wavelengths and improves charge separation due to the planarity and conjugation length extension that arises from the NTz fragment. The shift of the conduction band of TiO2 (ΔECB value) is higher for the designed NTz-based dyes than for the BTD-based dye on TiO2, suggesting that the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of a dye-sensitized solar cell device will also be higher. Concerning the photophysical properties of the dyes, the NTz-based dyes are promising as they possess a longer excited state and longer radiative lifetime than a BTD-based dye. We synthesize a model NTz-based dye and a BTD analogue for comparison with computational results. The optical properties of the NTz-based dye are computed to validate our computational approach, which agrees with the experimental observations. Our combined computational and experimental approach sheds light on the physical principle of molecular photogenerated charge transfer and provides valuable guidance for the further molecular synthesis of long-wavelength absorbing materials.
Ad-hoc network recovery after severe disaster (2019)

In this paper, a method of recovering communication after a disaster is presented. It consists in spreading in the area access points, using drones for examples. The access points allow persons who have personal phones with wireless connection capability, to communicate via these access points. The access points form a wireless mesh network which enable access to gate ways that remained after the disaster in the neighborhood of the disaster are or gate ways that can be added after the disaster. The reliability of such a system is analysed.
CO<sub>2</sub>‐Stable and Cobalt‐Free Dual‐Phase Membrane for Oxygen Separation (2010)

Cleaning up their act: A novel CO2-stable and cobalt-free dual-phase membrane for oxygen separation from air has been developed that consists of 40 wt % NiFe2O4 and 60 wt % Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ. This membrane shows a steady oxygen permeation flux over 100 h using CO2 as sweep gas at 1000 °C. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.