gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoconductor selection for digital flat panel x-ray image detectors based on the dark current (2000)

We consider a flat panel direct conversion x-ray image detector in which a photoconductor is used to directly convert absorbed x-ray photons to collectable electron hole pairs. The storage capacitor at each pixel stores a quantity of charge proportional to the incident radiation. The charge stored at each pixel is read out every Δt seconds. Based on a condition for a minimal dynamic constraint, we have examined the corresponding range of constraints on the material properties to establish approximate x-ray photoconductor selection criteria. We consider requirements for radiology and fluoroscopy in which Δt=1 and 1/30 s, respectively. When the electrical contacts are totally blocking, the dark current is limited by bulk thermal generation. Minimum band gap Eg requirements depend on the concentration of defects Nd around the Fermi level and their recombination cross section Sr. For single crystal photoconductors with a neutral-defect concentration of the order of ∼1014 cm−3, we need Eg&amp;gt;1.5 eV for fluoroscopy and Eg&amp;gt;1.7 eV for radiology. For high purity single crystals, these band gap values can be lower, for example, Eg≈1.42 eV (GaAs) requires Nd&amp;lt;1012 cm−3. In the case of amorphous semiconductors, the dark current is due to the emission of carriers from a distribution of localized states in the energy gap. For a maximum integrated concentration of ∼1016 cm−3 of localized states around the Fermi level, calculations suggest Eg&amp;gt;1.75 eV for fluoroscopy and Eg&amp;gt;1.9 eV for radiology; amorphous selenium readily satisfies these conditions. When the dark current is controlled to thermal emission from the metal electrode into the semiconductor over a potential barrier φB (i.e., bulk thermal generation of carriers is negligible) then we find that the required Schottky barrier φB can be expressed in terms of the band gap Eg. For Schottky barriers φB∼0.6Eg, Eg&amp;gt;1.8 eV for fluoroscopy and &amp;gt;2.0 eV for radiology.
COVD-30. A SNAPSHOT OF THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON PATIENTS WITH NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS (2020)

Abstract BACKGROUND The impact of COVID-19 on patients with nervous system tumors is not known. This population is often immunosuppressed, susceptible to neurological complications, and requiring of frequent cancer care, all of which may confer vulnerability to poorer outcomes after infection. METHODS Clinical data were obtained from structured electronic medical record elements, clinical note text and laboratory RESULTS: Each source was identified, integrated and analyzed using the Palantir Foundry platform (Syntropy), part of the Context Engine Data Management System through the MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) IRB approved D3CODE initiative. The population of interest was patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who had been seen at the Brain and Spine Center for nervous system tumors. RESULTS 8,177 ambulatory patients were seen at the Brain and Spine Center from 3/1/20–9/1/20. COVID status was known for 1,753 (21%). Sixty-one (0.7%) were COVID-19 positive. Of these, 17 had primary nervous system tumors. Seven (41%) were treated in the emergency department or hospital for infection. Two were symptomatic but did not require further care. Eight were asymptomatic. Nine (53%) had alterations in cancer management within one week of COVID-19 diagnosis – delayed surgery (3), delayed/interrupted chemotherapy (2), delayed/interrupted radiation (2), cancer treatment discontinued (2). Eight patients (47%) had no clear impact of infection on their cancer treatment, three were on surveillance. Three (18%) unique patients had neurological symptoms attributed to/exacerbated by COVID-19 – encephalopathy (2), seizure (2), stroke (1). CONCLUSION No deleterious effects of alterations in cancer management after COVID-19 infection have been identified thus far, though longitudinal follow up is warranted. Our results suggest that COVID-19 infection frequently incurs medical complications or alterations in cancer treatment. The potential impacts of COVID-19 on our vulnerable neuro-oncology patient population should be further explored, and attention to these potential implications for our patients is warranted by treating clinicians.
Glutamine‐driven oxidative phosphorylation is a major ATP source in transformed mammalian cells in both normoxia and hypoxia (2013)

Mammalian cells can generate ATP via glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration. Oncogene activation and hypoxia promote glycolysis and lactate secretion. The significance of these metabolic changes to ATP production remains however ill defined. Here, we integrate LC-MS-based isotope tracer studies with oxygen uptake measurements in a quantitative redox-balanced metabolic flux model of mammalian cellular metabolism. We then apply this approach to assess the impact of Ras and Akt activation and hypoxia on energy metabolism. Both oncogene activation and hypoxia induce roughly a twofold increase in glycolytic flux. Ras activation and hypoxia also strongly decrease glucose oxidation. Oxidative phosphorylation, powered substantially by glutamine-driven TCA turning, however, persists and accounts for the majority of ATP production. Consistent with this, in all cases, pharmacological inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation markedly reduces energy charge, and glutamine but not glucose removal markedly lowers oxygen uptake. Thus, glutamine-driven oxidative phosphorylation is a major means of ATP production even in hypoxic cancer cells.
Anti-apoptotic effect of San Huang Shel Shin Tang cyclodextrin complex (SHSSTc) on CCl<sub>4</sub>-induced hepatotoxicity in rats (2014)

The metabolic loading is heavier in liver especially when injured or inflammation. San Huang Shel Shin Tang (SHSST) was an old traditional herbal decoction, which composed with Rheum officinale Baill, Scutellaria baicalnsis Geprgi and Coptis chinensis Franch (1:1:2 in weight), can provide a liver protection effects. We used a beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) drug modification method in reduce of the necessary dose of the SHSST. As the results, the FAS-FADD expressions leaded apoptosis in CCl4 intraperitoneal (IP) injection induced acute liver injury in rats. Silymarin, baicalein, SHSST, and SHSST β-CD complex (SHSSTc) pretreatments protected liver through the decreasing of the expressions of FAS-FADD and downstream caspase-3 and caspase-8. Particularly, SHSSTc (30 mg/kg day) treatment enhanced cell survival pathway activation through the PI3K, Akt and Bad phosphorylation. Compared with SHSST as well as silymarin and baicalein, SHSSTc provided a magnificent liver protection effect, especially in survival pathway activation/TUNEL-apoptotic cell reduction/serum cholesterol level suppression. All these data suggested that β-CD complex modified the SHSST and promoted the bioavailability and liver protection effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 663-670, 2016.
Ampicillin-Sulbactam vs Clindamycin in Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery: The Need for Gram-negative Coverage (1992)

This study was undertaken to assess whether gram-negative antimicrobial coverage is required in patients undergoing head and neck oncologic surgery. Ampicillin sodium-sulbactam sodium and clindamycin phosphate were compared in a prospective, randomized, parallel, double-blind trial of 212 patients undergoing head and neck procedures involving clean-contaminated wounds. Both antibiotics were given up to 1 hour before surgery and continued at 6-hour intervals after surgery for an additional eight doses. Fourteen infections occurred in the ampicillin-sulbactam-treated group (13.3%) and 29 infections in the clindamycin-treated group (27.1%). From patients receiving clindamycin, 29 gram-negative organisms were isolated, compared with six from those patients receiving ampicillin-sulbactam. This finding supports the need for gram-negative coverage in patients undergoing clean-contaminated head and neck oncologic surgery.
Citrus Oil Recovery: Using Modern “State-of-the-Art” Centrifuge Technology as Part of Economical Citrus Processing (2006)

The present citrus oil business is dominated by two trends: The price for orange oil as a bulk product is under serious market pressure. This has been ongoing for a number of years. In many regions of the world, for example, Southern Italy, this has led to a situation where oil is no longer recovered. However, due to insufficient deoiling, this results in giving away a valuable product (even at a low price) and increased waste water treatment costs or losses in revenue when selling the peels for animal feed. Based on 30,000 l/h emulsion of orange oil coming from the extractors, a return on investment between one and two years can be achieved at present prices as shown in Table 1. Therefore, large processors must focus on increasing production efficiency. In contrast to the economical situation for orange oil, we see a very strong dynamism in the market for other citrus oils. The price for more rare oils like grapefruit, pink grapefruit, lemon, and mandarin is increasing, partly influenced by climatic factors like hurricanes. This makes the recovered oil very valuable and brings an even stronger focus onto production efficiency. In addition, the tendency towards constructing bigger production lines is still very dominant in the market, especially in Brazil and the US. This increases the pressure for the equipment suppliers to provide the industry with units having higher capacity and efficiency. Westfalia Separator has reacted to this trend by introducing new models, such as the new ESE 500 for first stage oil emulsions and the new OSD 60 for second stage emulsions. These machines are tailor-made for these applications. In intense test work, these machines have been optimized for Brazilian as well as American processing conditions on various fruits. Mainly, the capacities have been brought up to a maximum level of 130 GPM depending on fruits and conditions. Furthermore, recovery rates could be optimized by approx. 10% from 3 lbs/ton to a level of 3.3 lbs/ton. Paper published with permission.
&lt;title&gt;Field results from the SCAPS laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) sensor for in-situ subsurface detection of petroleum hydrocarbons&lt;/title&gt; (1995)

Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) is a powerful technique for in-situ detection of subsurface contamination due to petroleum products. This paper describes the Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) LIF sensor which combines an LIF spectroscopic system with a cone penetrometer truck, and presents field results from a recent site characterization of a diesel fuel contaminated site. In addition to the LIF sensor measurements performed at the site, 130 soil samples were collected by hollow stem auger with split-spoon sampling and analyzed by EPA approved laboratory methods to validate the fluorescence sensor. The LIF sensor showed 96% agreement with the laboratory analysis on a detect/non- detect basis. Quantitative comparison of the fluorescence and analytical data show a strong correlation, suggesting that the fluorescence sensor may be capable of quantifying the contaminant concentration given a small number of soil samples for calibration.
Homogeneization effects of variable speed limits. (2014)

Changing factors (mainly traffic intensity and weather conditions) affecting road conditions require a suitable optimal speed at any time. To solve this problem, variable speed limit systems (VSL) - as opposed to fixed limits - have been developed in recent decades. This term has included a number of speed management systems, most notably dynamic speed limits (DSL). In order to avoid the indiscriminate use of both terms in the literature, this paper proposes a simple classification and offers a review of some experiences, how their effects are evaluated and their results. This study also presents a key indicator which measures the speed homogeneity and a methodology to obtain the data based on floating cars and GPS technology applying it to a case study on a section of the M30 urban motorway in Madrid (Spain). It also presents the relation between this indicator and road performance and emissions values.
&lt;title&gt;Dynamics of a SDOF system with shape memory element&lt;/title&gt; (2000)

Most current applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs) make use of static properties. However, the hysteresis in the load-deformation behavior also constitutes a very efficient damping mechanism in vibrational applications. The paper studies the SDOF vibration of a rigid mass suspended by a thin-walled SMA tube under torsional loading. The behavior is analyzed for the cases of quasiplasticity and pseudoelasticity on the basis of an improved version of the Mueller-Achenbach model. To illustrate the damping capacity and the nonlinear vibration characteristics, both, free and forced vibration cases are considered.
Accuracy Evaluation of Touch Tasks in Commodity Virtual and Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays (2021)

An increasing number of consumer-oriented head-mounted displays (HMD) for augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) are capable of finger and hand tracking. We report on the accuracy of off-the-shelf VR and AR HMDs when used for touch-based tasks such as pointing or drawing. Specifically, we report on the finger tracking accuracy of the VR head-mounted displays Oculus Quest, Vive Pro and the Leap Motion controller, when attached to a VR HMD, as well as the finger tracking accuracy of the AR head-mounted displays Microsoft HoloLens 2 and Magic Leap. We present the results of two experiments in which we compare the accuracy for absolute and relative pointing tasks using both human participants and a robot. The results suggest that HTC Vive has a lower spatial accuracy than the Oculus Quest and Leap Motion and that the Microsoft HoloLens 2 provides higher spatial accuracy than Magic Leap One. These findings can serve as decision support for researchers and practitioners in choosing which systems to use in the future.
Optical Sensors Constructed for an LD Pumped Solid-State Laser System. (1992)

For a laser diode (LD) pumped solid-state laser system using high power LD arrays, compact optical sensors of high speed, high response, low noise and low cost are needed. We constructed optical probes using Ge avalanche photo-diode (APD) and Si-APD for the wavelength region of 0.3-1.6μm. To measure the intensity distribution of laser beams, spectral distribution, and wavelength shift of LD arrays, we used a CCD linear image sensor and a polychromator which were designed and constructed.
Light regulated SIK1 remodels the synaptic phosphoproteome to induce sleep (2021)

SUMMARY The sleep and circadian systems act in concert to regulate sleep-wake timing, yet the molecular mechanisms that underpin their interaction to induce sleep remain unknown. Synaptic protein phosphorylation, driven by the kinase SIK3, correlates with sleep pressure, however it is unclear whether these phosphoproteome changes are causally responsible for inducing sleep. Here we show that the light-dependent activity of SIK1 controls the phosphorylation of a subset of the brain phosphoproteome to induce sleep in a manner that is independent of sleep pressure. By uncoupling phosphorylation and sleep induction from sleep pressure, we establish that synaptic protein phosphorylation provides a causal mechanism for the induction of sleep under different environmental contexts. Furthermore, we propose a framework that details how the salt-inducible kinases regulate the synaptic phosphoproteome to integrate exogenous and endogenous stimuli, thereby providing the molecular basis upon which the sleep and circadian systems interact to control the sleep-wake cycle.
Carbon Paper with a High Surface Area Prepared from Carbon Nanofibers Obtained through the Liquid Pulse Injection Technique (2018)

To improve the performance of carbon paper used for applications such as electrodes for electrochemical devices and air filters, two types of long carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with average diameters of 20 and 49 nm were prepared by the liquid pulse injection (LPI) technique by adjusting reaction conditions. Carbon paper was made from the CNFs through a simple filtration process. The paper prepared from the CNFs with an average diameter of 20 nm (LPI-CNF(20) paper) was firm and flexible even though it was prepared without using any binders. LPI-CNF(20) paper also had a high surface area and showed a high electrical conductivity and a moderate gas permeability according to its void size. These properties are required for cathodes in the latest battery systems such as lithium-air batteries. In electrochemical experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of LPI-CNF(20) paper as a cathode, the paper showed a larger discharge capacity on the basis of the cathode weight than a conventional cathode (a commercially available carbon paper combined with a porous carbon), which indicated that it has a high potential to be used as a cathode in lithium-air batteries.
Edge-to-edge repairs of P2 prolapsed mitral valves in isolated swine hearts. (2011)

In this acute assessment of E2E repair of surgically induced mitral valve P2 prolapses, it was observed that a placed A2-P2 (Alfieri) stitch did not change the annulus area, but caused a significant decrease in the orifice area while successfully eliminating regurgitation, but without causing stenosis.
Percutaneous disc decompression using nucleoplasty in patients with discogenic low back pain (2012)

Poster: ECR 2012 / C-2358 / Percutaneous disc decompression using nucleoplasty in patients with discogenic low back pain by: P. Nikolopoulos , P. Maniatis, A. P. Giannila, A. D. Kelekis, J. Papailiou, C. Triantopoulou; Athens/GR
Effects of UVB Radiation on 4-Hydroxy-2-<i>trans</i>-nonenal Metabolism and Toxicity in Human Keratinocytes (2007)

Endogenous lipid peroxidation (LPO)-derived aldehydes accumulate in human skin after photoexposure and contribute to the development of skin cytotoxicity and cancer. This study employed LC−ESI-MS and HPLC−UV−DAD techniques to investigate the effect of UVB radiation on the biotransformation and detoxification of the prototype aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) using the human keratinocyte cell line (NCTC 2544). In parallel we followed the keratinocytes' cytotoxic response to HNE through morphological analysis and cell viability assay. In UVB-unstressed keratinocytes, even a supraphysiological dose of the aldehyde (200 μM) was rapidly and completely cleared in metabolized form (free and GSH-conjugated metabolites) from the cell, with no signs of cytotoxicity. By contrast, UVB preexposure already at 1 MED (50 mJ/cm2, the minimal erythemal dose in humans) markedly impaired HNE metabolism. After 2 h of incubation, the relative amount of GSH-conjugated adducts dose-dependently dropped from 44% (unirradiated cells) to 22% at 3 MED as a consequence of UVB-induced GSH depletion (no impairment of GST A4.4 nor of G6PD activities was observed). The levels of free metabolites, 1,4-dihydroxy-trans-nonene (DHN) and 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenoic acid (HNA), were modified (+30% DHN, −22% HNA) only at 3 MED, in parallel to the AR and ALDH enzyme activity modulation. In addition, a dose-dependent increase of unmodified HNE was found in the extracellular medium, paralleled by a significant fraction of the HNE-incubated dose not recovered at the intra- or extracellular level. The impairment of HNE metabolism paralleled a dramatic cytotoxic response. These results provide a reasonable explanation for the massive accumulation of carbonyl toxins in human skin in vivo after photoexposure and shed light on the detrimental effects of UVB radiation in the presence of unmetabolized LPO metabolites.
Une ontologie pour l'acquisition et l'exploitation des connaissances en conception inventive. (2010)

Previous studies found that cytokinins (CTKs) are able to significantly promote glycyrrhizic acid (GA) accumulation. This study analyzed the correlation between the contents of GA and CTKs in 98 one-year-old liquorice plants by the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The full length of the liquorice IPT gene was cloned and the Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IPT gene in the samples were obtained. The molecular marker of high GA content was found by performing correlation analysis on the SNPs of the IPT gene. Results indicated that the contents of GA and CTKs were positively correlated. The full-length sequence of the IPT gene was 1002 bps, and five SNPs were found in the 98 liquorice samples. One of five SNPs was 348 bps, exhibiting missense mutation and the rest displaying synonymous mutations. In the five SNPs, 348 bps was primarily associated SNP, whereas 821 and 848 bps were auxiliary associated SNP. The findings of this study provided insight into the molecular mechanism of GA genetic variation, serving as basis for improving the GA content in cultivated liquorice and the good varieties breeding.
Synthesis of [3.3.3]propellanes by ‘exocyclic’ transannular cycloaddition of olefinic methylenecyclopropanes (1988)

Olefinic methylenecyclopropanes undergo quantitative transannular ring closure under catalysis by Group 10 metals to give [3.3.3]propellanes, through cycloaddition of a trimethylenemethane-like intermediate.
Towards an expert consensus to delineate a clinical syndrome of chronic breathlessness (2017)

Breathlessness that persists despite treatment for the underlying conditions is debilitating. Identifying this discrete entity as a clinical syndrome should raise awareness amongst patients, clinicians, service providers, researchers and research funders.Using the Delphi method, questions and statements were generated <i>via</i> expert group consultations and one-to-one interviews (n=17). These were subsequently circulated in three survey rounds (n=34, n=25, n=31) to an extended international group from various settings (clinical and laboratory; hospital, hospice and community) and working within the basic sciences and clinical specialties. The <i>a priori</i> target agreement for each question was 70%. Findings were discussed at a multinational workshop.The agreed term, chronic breathlessness syndrome, was defined as breathlessness that persists despite optimal treatment of the underlying pathophysiology and that results in disability. A stated duration was not needed for "chronic". Key terms for French and German translation were also discussed and the need for further consensus recognised, especially with regard to cultural and linguistic interpretation.We propose criteria for chronic breathlessness syndrome. Recognition is an important first step to address the therapeutic nihilism that has pervaded this neglected symptom and could empower patients and caregivers, improve clinical care, focus research, and encourage wider uptake of available and emerging evidence-based interventions.
Investigating the GRNN Oracle as a Method for Combining Multiple Predictive Models of Colon Cancer Recurrence from Gene Microarrays (2013)

In previous work, we applied an advanced genetic algorithm method for feature subset selection combined with noise perturbation in an attempt to overcome the over-fitting that is typical with microarray datasets. The method was applied to a dataset from Moffitt Cancer Center and the clinical outcome to be predicted was cancer recurrence in less than 5 years. By its nature, the method yields multiple gene signatures, each as small as possible and often these signatures will share one or more genes. The question is how to combine the predictions from multiple predictors. In the previous work, we produced an ensemble prediction by a simple majority vote rule, and observed that performance on a validation set was considerably worse than on the learning set. Our conclusion was that the training and validation sets were not equally representative of the same population, and therefore could not provide reliable gene signatures. Here we report on an effort to apply a more sophisticated ensemble method, the Generalized Regression Neural network (GRNN) Oracle, but this did not allow us to reverse our original conclusion.