gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of hydralazine in spontaneous tumours assessed by oxygen electrodes and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (1996)

Hydralazine can substantially decrease the blood flow, oxygen status and energy metabolism of transplanted tumours. In spontaneous tumours, two recent studies reported no effects of hydralazine on energy metabolism measured by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS), although another study saw changes in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) distributions measured with electrodes. We have now performed 31P-MRS and pO2 measurements in the same T138 spontaneous tumours, before and after intravenously (i.v.) injecting anaesthetised mice with 5 mg kg-1 hydralazine. Tumour pO2 was measured with an Eppendorf oxygen electrode and 31P-MRS spectra obtained with a 7-tesla SISCO magnet. Of 12 tumours all showed an increase in the percentage of pO2 values < or = 5 mmHg after hydralazine treatment and 10/12 showed a decrease in median pO2. The average (+/-1 s.e.) values for the percentage < or = 5 mmHg went from 45% (+/-9) to 79% (+/-5) and the median from 9 mmHg (+/-2) to 2 mmHg (+/-1). With the 31P-MRS 8/12 tumours showed an increase in the ratio of the peaks of inorganic phosphate to beta-nucleoside triphosphate with the average (+/-1 s.e.) values going from 1.1 (+/-0.2) to 2.4 (+/-0.9). Thus spontaneous tumours can respond to hydralazine and do so in a way consistent with that reported for transplanted tumours.
Intrinsic properties and evoked responses of guinea pig subicular neurons in vitro (1993)

1. Intracellular recordings were used to examine the membrane properties and evoked responses of subicular neurons in horizontal and parasagittal slices from guinea pig brain as a step toward understanding excitatory transmission through the hippocampus. 2. Most cells (49/74) could fire a burst discharge, a portion of which was Ca2+ dependent, in response to direct depolarization or in response to orthodromic or antidromic activation. Other cells (23/74) could not be made to burst, but instead fired single repetitive spikes when directly depolarized or single spikes in response to orthodromic or antidromic activation. Two recorded cells appeared to be interneurons and differed from bursting and non-bursting cells in action-potential shape and response to extracellular stimulation. 3. Bursting cells differed from nonbursting cells in their membrane properties: 1) their time constants were typically shorter (averaging 7.4 ms for bursting cells and 11.5 ms for nonbursting cells), 2) they exhibited a pronounced "sag" in the potential response to hyperpolarizing current injection, and 3) they responded at the break of a hyperpolarizing stimulus with a depolarization (anodal break potential). The sag and the anodal break potential were not detected in recordings from nonbursting neurons. 4. A single-spiking mode could be induced in bursting cells by depolarization from resting potential to about -60 mV. Conversely, hyperpolarization of nonbursting cells did not convert them to bursting cells. 5. Both bursting and nonbursting cell types could be antidromically driven. Whereas both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) were prominent in nonbursting cells, IPSPs were observed at a lower stimulus intensities than EPSPs in most cells. EPSPs were evident in bursting cells and they triggered burst discharges. IPSPs in bursting cells were detected only when these cells were depolarized, eliminating burst responses. 6. Spontaneous firing rates were low (averaging < 1 spike/s) for both cell types. Addition of picrotoxin produced spontaneous burst or EPSP responses in bursting cells, synchronous with different patterns of picrotoxin-induced population bursts originating in CA3 and/or entorhinal cortex. Individual subicular cells followed CA3 or entorhinal cortex or both. No such activity was recorded in nonbursting cells. No increases in activity in either cell type were seen after picrotoxin application to isolated pieces of subicular cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Copolymer Adjuvants in Malaria Vaccine Development (1994)

Protection against virulent challenge with murine Plasmodium yoelii malaria was induced by immunization with whole killed blood-stage parasites in copolymer P1004 and detoxified lipopolysaccharide as adjuvant. Similar immunization with Freund's complete adjuvant and other water-in-oil emulsions failed to protect. Protection was associated with the production of antibody of the IgG2a isotype against epitopes measured by immunofluorescence. Several formulations that did not protect elicited high antibody titers measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or titers of other isotypes measured by indirect immunofluorescent assay. The results provide additional evidence that the adjuvants influenced both the isotype and specificity of antibody. The implications of these findings for vaccine development are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Carrier‐Based Ion‐Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. Part 2. Ionophores for Potentiometric and Optical Sensors (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Unsteady forces on spheres during free-surface water entry (2012)

Abstract We present a study of the forces during free-surface water entry of spheres of varying masses, diameters, and surface treatments. Previous studies have shown that the formation of a subsurface air cavity by a falling sphere is conditional upon impact speed and surface treatment. This study focuses on the forces experienced by the sphere in both cavity-forming and non-cavity-forming cases. Unsteady force estimates require accurate determination of the deceleration for both high and low mass ratios, especially as inertial and hydrodynamic effects approach equality. Using high-speed imaging, high-speed particle image velocimetry, and numerical simulation, we examine the nature of the forces in each case. The effect of mass ratio is shown, where a lighter sphere undergoes larger decelerations and more dramatic trajectory changes. In the non-cavity-forming cases, the forces are modulated by the growth and shedding of a strong, ring-like vortex structure. In the cavity-forming cases, little vorticity is shed by the sphere, and the forces are modulated by the unsteady pressure required for the opening and closing of the air cavity. A data-driven boundary-element-type method is developed to accurately describe the unsteady forces using cavity shape data from experiments.
Cyclic Guanidines as Efficient Organocatalysts for the Synthesis of Polyurethanes (2012)

A systematic survey of basic/nucleophilic organocatalysts for the polyaddition in bulk of polyols, PEG-600, and PTMO-650, to isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) has been performed. Guanidines were shown to be very efficient catalysts for the urethane linkage formation. Bicyclic penta-alkylated guanidines such as MTBD led to polyurethane molecular weight and dispersity that are in the range of those observed with tin-based catalysts such as DBTDL. Tetra-alkylated guanidine such as TBD was shown to be a weaker catalyst as compared to pentaalkylated guanidines, as a result of its high reactivity toward isocyanate, resulting in the formation of a less nucleophilic urea. Although the mechanism has not yet been firmly established, these experiments suggest that a nucleophilic-catalysis mechanism, involving the attack of one of the nitrogen of the guanidine onto the unsaturated system of the isocyanate, should not be totally ruled out with such strong Brönsted base catalysts.
On the Nature of Motivational Orientations: Implications of Assessed Goals and Gender Differences for Motivational Goal Theory (2010)

In a historical revision of the achievement goal construct, Elliot (2005) recognized that there is little consensus on whether the term “goal” in “achievement goal orientations” (GO) is best represented as an “aim”, as an overarching orientation encompassing several “aims”, or as a combination of aims and other processes -self-regulation, etc.-. Elliot pointed also that goal theory research provides evidence for different models of GO. As there were no consensus on these issues, we decided to get evidence about the nature and structure of GO, about the role of gender differences in the configuration of such structure, and about relations between GO, expectancies, volitional processes and achievement. A total of 382 university students from different faculties of two public universities of Madrid (Spain) that voluntarily accepted to fill in a questionnaire that assessed different goals, expectancies and self-regulatory processes participated in the study. Scales reliability, confirmatory factor analyses, multiple-group analyses, and correlation and regression analyses were carried out. Results support the trichotomous model of GO, the consideration of GO as a combination of aims and other psychological processes, showed some gender differences and favour the adoption of a multiple goal perspective for explaining students' motivation.
Interplay between Optical Gain and Photoinduced Absorption in CdSe Nanocrystals (2004)

A potential complication associated with the realization of the optical-gain regime in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) arises from the competing phenomenon of excited-state absorption. Here, we apply an ultrafast transient absorption technique to study the competition between optical gain and excited-state (photoinduced) absorption in CdSe NCs as a function of NC size, surface passivation, and solvent/matrix identity. We observe that for NCs prepared in such a commonly used solvent as hexane, the contribution from photoinduced absorption rapidly increases with decreasing NC radius, and it completely suppresses optical gain in NCs of small sizes. Further, the magnitude of photoinduced absorption is sensitive both to the type and the quality of surface passivation, as well as to the identity of the solvent/matrix material. These observations, along with a strong size dependence, indicate that photoinduced absorption interfering with optical gain is not intrinsic to CdSe NCs but, instead, results from the involvement of NC interface states/processes.
Dye-sensitized photooxidation of vitamin E revisited. New 7-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-1-ene-3,6-dione products by oxygenation and ring-contraction of .alpha.-tocopherol (1991)

The dye-sensitized photooxidation of alpha-tocopherol, the major component of the biological antioxidant vitamin E, was reinvestigated under biomimetic conditions. When methylene blue was used as the sensitizer and ethanol-phosphate buffer (pH 6.8; 7:3, v/v) as the solvent, the reaction led to the formation, besides alpha-tocopherol qunione (3) and its epoxide (4), of three hitherto unknown photooxygenation products accounting overall for about 15% of the consumed substrate. These were identified as two diastereoisomers corresponding to the gross structure of 1,2,8-trimethyl-4-methylene-8-phytyl-7-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-1-ene-3,6-dione (8) and one diastereomer of the hydrated derivative 4-hydroxy-1,2,4,8-tetramethyl-8-phytyl-7-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-1-ene-3,6-dione (9). Formation of the 7-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-1-ene-3,6-dione system was envisaged as resulting from a ring-contracting rearrangement of an epoxyquinone hemiketal intermediate (10) or a related species arising from singlet oxygenation of alpha-tocopherol.
Compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for Mars (CRISM): characterization results for instrument and focal plane subsystems (2004)

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) will launch in 2005 on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) mission, with its primary science objective to characterize sites with aqueous mineral deposits hyperspectrally at high spatial resolution. CRISM’s two Offner relay spectrometers share a single entrance slit with a dichroic beamsplitter. The IR focal plane contains a 640 (spatial) x 480 (spectral) HgCdTe FPA with a 980 nm to 3960 nm spectral bandpass. It is cooled to 110 K to minimize dark current, and coupled to a 28 mm long cold shield to minimize thermal background. The spectrometer housing is cooled to -90 C for the same reason. A three-zone IR filter consisting of two broadband filters and a linear variable filter overlays the IR focal plane, eliminating multiple grating orders and providing additional attenuation of the thermal background. The visible focal plane contains a 640 (spatial) x 480 (spectral) silicon photodiode array, with a 380-1050 nm spectral bandpass occupying approximately 106 rows of the detector. A two-zone filter comprised of two different Schott glasses eliminates multiple grating orders. The two focal planes together cover 544 spectral channels with a dispersion of 6.55 nm/channel in the VNIR and 6.63 nm/channel in the IR. The optics and focal planes are gimbaled, and a pre-programmed slew can be used to remove groundtrack motion while superimposing a scan across a target. CRISM will operate in two basic modes: a scanning, high resolution mode to hyperspectrally map small, targeted areas of high scientific interest, and a fixed, nadir-pointed, lower resolution pixel-binned mode using selected wavelength channels to obtain near-global coverage to find targets. Preliminary performance of the CRISM instrument is presented, and is compared with prior system design predictions.
In Vivo Cell Seeding With Anti-CD34 Antibodies Successfully Accelerates Endothelialization but Stimulates Intimal Hyperplasia in Porcine Arteriovenous Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts (2005)

Autoseeding with anti-CD34 antibodies results in rapid endothelialization within 72 hours. Despite persistent endothelial graft coverage, IH at the outflow tract is increased profoundly at 4 weeks after implantation. Further modifications are required to stimulate the protective effects of trapped endothelial cells.
Author response: Single cell analysis reveals human cytomegalovirus drives latently infected cells towards an anergic-like monocyte state (2020)

Most people around the world unknowingly carry the human cytomegalovirus, as this virus can become dormant after infection and hide in small numbers of blood stem cells (which give rise to blood and immune cells). Dormant viruses still make their host cells read their genetic information and create viral proteins – a process known as gene expression – but they do not use them to quickly multiply. However, it is possible for the cytomegalovirus to reawaken at a later stage and start replicating again, which can be fatal for people with weakened immune systems. It is therefore important to understand exactly how the virus can stay dormant, and how it reactivates. Only certain infected cells allow dormant viruses to later reactivate; in others, it never starts to multiply again. Techniques that can monitor individual cells are therefore needed to understand how the host cells and the viruses interact during dormant infection and reactivation. To investigate this, Shnayder et al. infected blood stem cells in the laboratory and used a method known as single-cell RNA analysis, which highlights all the genes (including viral genes) that are expressed in a cell. This showed that in certain cells, the virus dampens the cell defenses, leading to a higher rate of viral gene expression and, in turn, easier reactivation. Further experiments showed that the blood stem cells that expressed the viral genes were marked to become a type of immune cells known as monocytes. In turn, these infected monocytes were shown to be less able to defend the body against infection, suggesting that latent human cytomegalovirus suppresses the body’s innate immune response. The reactivation of human cytomegalovirus is a dangerous issue for patients who have just received an organ or blood stem cells transplant. The study by Shnayder et al. indicates that treatments that boost innate immunity may help to prevent the virus from reawakening, but more work is needed to test this theory.
UnBBayes: Modeling Uncertainty for Plausible Reasoning in the Semantic Web (2010)

Ontologies provide the â€œsemantic glueâ€ to enable knowledge sharing among systems collaborating in radical information sharing domains: open world domains in which Anyone can say Anything about Any topic (AAA), and entities may not have unique names. Traditional ontologies fail to provide adequate support for uncertainty, a ubiquitous characteristic of RIS environments. This paper presents a framework for modeling RIS domains using probabilistic ontologies. The case study presented in this work has shown that such research, albeit in its infancy, can help to support interoperability among systems in an open environment, fusing multiple sources of noisy information to perform reasoning and problem solving in an open world.
Threshold Based Optical Streaming Telemetry (2020)

<strong>Threshold Based Streaming Telemetry for Optical Network Elements</strong> <em>Visit the GitHub repository for further details.</em>
Functional complement-fixing antibodies are generated against a <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> capsule conjugate vaccine in non-human primates (2016)

Abstract Campylobacter jejuni is among the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide and efforts to develop protective measures against the pathogen are ongoing. One of the few defined virulence factors targeted for vaccine development is the capsule polysaccharide (CPS). We have developed a capsule conjugate vaccine against a prototype CPS, type HS23/36, that confers 100% protection against diarrhea caused by a homologous strain of C. jejuni in a non-human primate (NHP) model; however the mechanisms of protection remain unknown. Other licensed capsule conjugate vaccines against encapsulated gram-negative organisms use bactericidal antibody titers as a correlate of protection. We developed a flow cytometry-based serum bactericidal assay (SBA) to determine if increased levels of complement-fixing antibodies correlate with protection against C. jejuni. Sera from NHPs immunized with HS23/36 CPS-CRM197 vaccine showed significantly higher SBA titers when compared with control NHPs. Results were similar to those of a bacteriological-based SBA. All NHPs, irrespective of immune status, that did not develop diarrhea, had higher SBA titers compared with NHPs that developed diarrhea. Importantly, a strong correlation was found between serum anti-CPS IgG and SBA titers in NHPs and similar studies will be conducted in upcoming human clinical trials. This flow cytometry-based SBA assay is much simpler than bacteriological-based assays and should facilitate analyses of functional antibodies against multivalent C. jejuni capsule conjugate vaccines.
ChemInform Abstract: Macroexpansion Methodology. Part 5. An Enolate‐Accelerated Cope Rearrangement. (1986)

Abstract Der Ester (I) wird über das Trimethylsilyl‐Derivat zur Triensäure (II) isomerisiert, die in das Trienon (III) übergeführt wird.
Progress in soft glass microstructured fibres (2005)

This paper reports on the progress in soft glass MOF fabrication, modelling, application, and assessment of future directions. Further progress in dispersion management, fibre loss and coupling promises practical nonlinear devices. Other areas of particular interest are LMA-MOFs and photonic bandgap fibres operating in the mid-IR.
Flat Roof Construction Manual (2010)

often described as the "fifth façade", the flat roof is extremely popular with architects. Its essential task is to shelter the space beneath it from the elements. Beyond this, the use of flat roofs may be optimized by integrating them as green roofs, roof terraces, circulation areas, and even productive solar roofs. In practice, however, their correct and professional realization is a highly exacting task: in addition to providing the planner with basic rules of construction and design, the Flat Roof Manual also supplies an overview of the use and construction types as well as the standard assemblies for flat roofs. Together with the most important standards and bodies of regulations, construction drawings of the principal connection points round out the volume.
Melting behavior of poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s with long alkyl side‐chains (1997)

Abstract The melting behavior of two non‐oriented poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s (P3ATs) containing 12 and 14 carbon atoms, respectively, in the alkyl side chain was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. We show that the two P3ATs display three melting endotherms after an isothermal annealing from the melt. Two of the melting peaks arise from the ordered structures which are completed in the course of the quenching of the sample from the melt, and judging from the essentially constant melting temperatures and heats of fusion, they are not influenced by the subsequent isothermal annealing conditions. On the other hand, a much slower crystallization induced by the annealing, which occurs over a wide range of temperatures, is responsible for the appearance of a third melting endotherm which is strongly dependent on the crystallization condition. We show that this secondary crystallization is not a perfection of the existing ordered structures, rather it results in distinct crystals which melt at a temperature T m slightly above the crystallization temperature T c . Moreover, it is shown that the plot of T m versus T c parallels the line of T m = T c , and that the difference T m − T c increases linearly as the number of carbon atoms in the side chain decreases. On the basis of the calorimetric and X‐ray diffraction measurements, it is suggested that the secondary crystallization originates from the alkyl side chains.