gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tightly regulated, yet flexible, directional switching mechanism of a rotary motor (2019)

Summary Biological switches are wide spread in many biological systems. Among them, the switch of the bacterial flagellar motor has generated much interest because it affects a mechanical process rather than a chemical reaction, it controls the direction of rotation of a rotary motor rather than being an on/off switch, and it is exceptionally ultrasensitive. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying its function has remained unknown. Here we resolved unique features of this mechanism: On the one hand, it is tightly regulated by multiple means, involving three binding sites and two different covalent modifications, with the binding specificity being dictated by the type of covalent modification and by a strict binding sequence. On the other hand, it endows the motor with flexibility as it involves an intermediate stage of brief switches that provides a “go/no go” situation, in which the motor can either proceed to a stable rotation in the new direction or shift back to the original direction. This intermediate stage appears to be a means of the cell to produce angular deflection of swimming while maintaining directional persistence. Furthermore, we show by mathematical modeling that such a switching mechanism can provide ultrasensitivity. This unique combination of tight regulation, flexibility, and ultrasensitivity makes this switching mechanism of special interest.
A compact plasmonic MOS-based 2x2 electro-optic switch (2015)

We report on a three-waveguide electro-optic switch for compact photonic integrated circuits and data routing applications. The device features a plasmonic metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) mode for enhanced light-matter-interactions. The switching mechanism originates from a capacitor-like design where the refractive index of the active medium, Indium-Tin-Oxide, is altered via shifting the plasma frequency due to carrier accumulation inside the waveguide-based MOS structure. This light manipulation mechanism controls the transmission direction of transverse magnetic polarized light into either a CROSS or BAR waveguide port. The extinction ratio of 18 dB (7) dB for the CROSS (BAR) state, respectively, is achieved via a gating voltage bias. The ultrafast broadband fJ/bit device allows for seamless integration with Siliconon- Insulator platforms to for low-cost manufacturing.
How to build digital library (2010)

How to build digital library is the only book that offer all the knowledge and tools needed to construct and maintain a digital library, regardless of the size or purpose
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF IMIDAZO(4,5‐D)PYRIDAZINE NUCLEOSIDES RELATED TO INOSINE (1978)

Abstract Bei der Kondensation der aus (Ia) hergestellten Trimethylsilylverbindung (Ib) mit dem geschützten Ribofuranoseacetat (II) erhält man (IIIa), aus dem das Ribofuranosylderivat (IIIb) erhalten wird.
An Application of Meta Search Agent System Based on Semantized Tags for Enhanced Web Searching (2020)

Web searching techniques have been investigated and implemented in many aspects. Particularly, in case of personalization, more important issue is how to manipulate the results retrieved from search engines for better user understandability and satisfaction. Such manipulation processes are i) ranking the results in accordance with user relevance, and ii) exchanging the results between users who have similar tastes. Thus, our work has been mainly focusing on relevance-based ranking mechanism as well as sharing schemes for the results retrieved from heterogeneous web information sources. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model for meta search agent systems with three main functionalities, i.e., i) URL filtering method for preprocessing, ii) tag-based information conceptualization scheme for ranking, and iii) ontology-based standardization scheme for sharing. It means that the proposed meta search agent model exploits semantized tags to formalize and share heterogeneous information obtained from multiple search engines and to finally maintain the shared information. Within the tag-based information space, a conceptual distance between retrieval interest and search results can be efficiently computed. By conducting some experimentations, we have shown the semantized tag model can conceptualize the retrieved results, and make them sharable. We also compare performance of the proposed system with hyperlink-based methodologies.
Selection by Phage Display of Single Domain Antibodies Specific to Antigens in Their Native Conformation (2012)

Phage display of antibody fragments and other binding molecules is a well-established technique to identify ligands interacting with any molecule of interest. Selection of in vivo matured single domain antibody fragments from phage display libraries is very powerful as in these libraries each clone represents a noncombinatorial functional domain of a naturally circulating antibody, and thus such libraries contain a high number of antigen-specific clones. Consequently, individual binders to antigens of interest are efficiently obtained typically after one or two selection rounds. Furthermore, the large functional diversity within these antibody libraries allows the application of different and more stringent selection conditions resulting in the selection of complementary antibody panels. In this chapter, we present a guide to perform selections against purified antigens and antigens in their native conformation and context.
High-power density actuation through Terfenol-D resonant motion and magnetorheological flow control (2004)

There is currently a need for compact actuators capable of producing large deflections, large forces, and broad frequency bandwidth. In all existing transducer materials, large force and broadband responses are obtained at the price of small displacements and methods for transmitting very short transducer element motion to large deformations need to be developed. This paper addresses the development of a hybrid actuator which provides virtually unlimited deflections and large forces through magnetorheological (MR) flow control and rectification of the resonant mechanical vibrations produced by a magnetostrictive Terfenol-D pump. The device is a self-contained unit which produces large work output concurrently with stiffness and damping control, and is compact and self-locking when unpowered. To increase the output force, hydraulic advantage is created by implementing a driven piston diameter that is larger than the drive piston. Since the pump operates at high speeds in the low kHz range, a fast-acting MR fluid valve is required. The paper presents a four-port MR fluid valve in which the fluid controls its own flow while carrying the full transducer load. A prototype two-port valve was designed and constructed. Experimental measurements at various pressure levels are presented which demonstrate the new valve concept.
Optical Response of Strained- and Unstrained-Silicon Cold-Electron Bolometers (2016)

We describe the optical characterisation of two silicon cold-electron bolometers each consisting of a small ( $$32\,\times \,14~\mathrm {\upmu m}$$ ) island of degenerately doped silicon with superconducting aluminium contacts. Radiation is coupled into the silicon absorber with a twin-slot antenna designed to couple to 160-GHz radiation through a silicon lens. The first device has a highly doped silicon absorber, the second has a highly doped strained-silicon absorber. Using a novel method of cross-correlating the outputs from two parallel amplifiers, we measure noise-equivalent powers of $$3.0 \times 10^{-16}$$ and $$6.6 \times 10^{-17}~\mathrm {W\,Hz^{{-1}/{2}}}$$ for the control and strained device, respectively, when observing radiation from a 77-K source. In the case of the strained device, the noise-equivalent power is limited by the photon noise.
Theory of the quasiparticle excitation in high-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>cuprates: Quasiparticle charge and nodal-antinodal dichotomy (2011)

A variational theory is proposed for the quasiparticle excitation in high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates. The theory goes beyond the usual Gutzwiller projected mean-field state description by including the spin-charge recombination effect in the resonating-valence-bond background. The spin-charge recombination effect is found to qualitatively alter the behavior of the quasiparticle charge as a function of doping and cause considerable anisotropy in quasiparticle weight on the Fermi surface.
Heterolyse von Re<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>: Erzeugung und Stabilisierung des Kations [ReO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (1993)

Frei von Nebenprodukten und ohne änderung der Oxidationsstufe des Metalls läßt sich Re 2 O 7 in [ReO 3 ] + und [ReO 4 ] − spalten, wenn man das Kation durch offenkettige oder cyclische dreizähnige Donorliganden (X = NH, NCH 3 , S in 1 ) stabilisiert. Die koordinations‐chemisch getriebene Heterolyse wird durch eine unsymmetrische Solvatisierung von Re 2 O 7 in Donorlösungsmitteln wie THF vorbereitet. magnified image
Multistage all-optical WDM-to-TDM-to-WDM and TDM-to-WDM-to-TDM data-format conversion and reconversion through 80 km of fiber and three EDFA's (1995)

We demonstrate error free, all-optical multistage 2-Gb/s data format conversion and reconversion between two wavelength channels and one high-speed time channel. We perform both WDM-to-TDM-to-WDM and TDM-to-WDM-to-TDM conversions based on SOA cross-gain compression. Our system uses 80 km of fiber and three EDFA's between the stages, and our scheme can be extended to include many channels. This system may serve as a key building block for all-optical WDM networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Continuous flow hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-dimethylfuran over alumina-supported nickel–iron alloy catalysts (2023)

Continuous hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran is successfully developed and demonstrated using alumina-supported nickel–iron alloy catalysts with in situ observation of the structural transformation.
Table S1 to S5 from CBP/p300 Drives the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells through Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Mechanisms (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary table 1 shows the list of 2153 genes identified as the human Treg differentiation geneset. Supplementary table 2 shows the list of 2602 genes regulated by CBP/p300 bromodomain during Treg differentiation. Supplementary table 3 shows the list of 824 genes identified as Treg-specific CBP/p300 bromodomain-dependent geneset. Supplementary table 4 shows the list of 959 genes identified by H3K27Ac ChIPseq that are directly acetylated by CBP/p300 during Treg differentiation. Supplementary table 5 shows the list of 57 genes in the Treg-specific gene signature identified by combined analysis of H3K27Ac ChIPseq and RNAseq dataset analyses.&lt;/p&gt;
Size-Dependent Characteristics of Indium-Seeded Si Nanowire Growth (2008)

Si nanowires were grown by a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism using indium catalyst particles with sizes between 10 and 200 nm. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicates that the growth morphology of the nanostructures changes drastically when the particle size is only a few tens of nanometers. The larger wires are monocrystalline, growing with 111 orientation and limited tapering. The simultaneously grown smaller wires appear strongly tapered, due to an accumulation of amorphous Si on the sidewalls, and present a poor crystalline quality. A model based on the solubility of Si in the In-Si eutectic is proposed to account for the size-dependent change of morphology.
Crystal Structures, Dehydration Mechanism, and Chiral Discrimination in the Solid State of a Hydantoin Derivative (2011)

(±) 5-Methyl-5-(4′-ethylphenyl) hydantoin (18H) crystallizes in usual organic solvents as a conglomerate in the P212121 space group. A new monohydrated racemic compound of 18H could however be obtained by antisolvent induced crystallization. The structure of this first hydrate of a hydantoin was successfully resolved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in space group P21/c, and the crystal packing shows an association of homochiral molecular ribbons resulting from strong hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule and the hydantoin rings. At 30 °C and under low relative humidity (in the range 0–30%), the monohydrate exhibits an efflorescent behavior, with a reversible evolution toward a metastable anhydrous racemic phase through a cooperative zip-like mechanism. But under specific conditions (40–60% R.H., 30 °C), dehydration also leads to the nucleation and growth of the stable conglomerate, as confirmed by dynamic vapor sorption and X-ray powder diffraction analyses. The detailed analyses of solid–solid transformations between a hydrated racemic phase, an anhydrous racemic phase, and/or two anhydrous enantiomerically pure phases provide an opportunity to investigate examples of chiral recognition mechanisms in the solid state. The way the water molecules are released from the racemic monohydrate at 30 °C plays a decisive role in the nucleation and growth of the conglomerate.
Local Gas Holdup Measurement in Sparged and Aerated Tanks by γ-Ray Attenuation Technique (2004)

In the present work, a γ-ray attenuation technique was used to measure gas holdup distribution in stirred tanks. Measurements have been carried out in a 0.57-m-i.d. tank agitated by a pitched blade downflow turbine (PBTD45°) and a disk turbine under two different conditions, namely, surface aeration and sparger aeration beneath the impeller. The measurements have been made at various operating speeds. In both the cases, the average gas holdup calculated by integration of the local gas holdup was found to match well with those obtained by visual observations based on volume expansion. The gas holdup profiles also enable identification of speeds of regime transition. This technique appears to be promising for the characterization of industrial stirred reactors.
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure study of polynuclear cationic selenium clusters (1990)

Homopolynuclear selenium cations have been structurally characterised in solution, for the first time, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In H2SO4· 30% SO3 oleum and in NaCl–AlCl3 eutectic at 150 °C, oxidation of selenium produces, respectively, two- and three-species equilibria between dipositively charged selenium ions of different nuclearities. Their structural determination was performed by reference to the X-ray absorption spectra of solid Se4(AlCl4)2 and Se8(AlCl4)2.
A small-scale randomised controlled trial of home telemonitoring in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2016)

Introduction This was a pilot study to examine the effects of home telemonitoring (TM) of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods A randomised controlled 12-month trial of 42 patients with severe COPD was conducted. Home TM of oximetry, temperature, pulse, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, spirometry, and weight with telephone support and home visits was tested against a control group receiving only identical telephone support and home visits. Results The results suggest that TM had a reduction in COPD-related admissions, emergency department presentations, and hospital bed days. TM also seemed to increase the interval between COPD-related exacerbations requiring a hospital visit and prolonged the time to the first admission. The interval between hospital visits was significantly different between the study arms, while the other findings did not reach significance and only suggest a trend. There was a reduction in hospital admission costs. TM was adopted well by most patients and eventually, also by the nursing staff, though it did not seem to change patients' psychological well-being. Discussion Ability to draw firm conclusions is limited due to the small sample size. However the trends of reducing hospital visits warrant a larger study of a similar design. When designing such a trial, one should consider the potential impact of the high quality of care already made available to this patient cohort.
Avian Biotechnology: Insights from Germ Cell-mediated Transgenic Systems (2010)

Aves species have become valuable models for numerous experimental and biotechnological purposes due to their unique embryological and physiological traits. This review integrates recent progress and new insights into the molecular and physiological mechanisms of transgenic fowl production. Recent reports have indicated that birds are essential for studying vertebrate development and the conservation of endangered bird species, as well as serving as bioreactor hens. Over the last decade, germ cells and genetic modification have become pivotal components for the production of transgenic animals. Three prerequisites must be met for successfully producing transgenic fowl: the effective manipulation of various types of avian pluripotent cells without the loss of differentiation capacity, the manipulation of genes of interest without altering normal gene function, and increasing the efficiency of germ line chimera production. An understanding of the cellular and molecular signals that regulate germ cells as well as the development of a stable gene delivery method will make these species indispensable tools for basic research and biotechnological applications.
An Ultra Low-Noise Front-End ASIC for High- Purity Germanium Point-Contact Detectors in Liquid Nitrogen (2017)

We present an ultra low-noise front-end application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for high purity germanium (HPGe) p-type point-contact (PPC) detectors operating in liquid nitrogen (LN) for low background experiments. The ASIC provides low-noise charge amplification for an input range of 100 eV to 50 keV, anti-aliasing filtering while preserving a minimum of ~60 ns event rise time, an analog output buffer to drive the cold/warm interface, and is fabricated in a commercial 180-nm CMOS technology. Given a full depletion capacitance of the HPGe PPC as low as ~100 fF, the ASIC achieves the lowest possible equivalent noise charge (ENC) ~3.9 electrons at 2 μs at LN temperature, and dissipates ~9 mW.
Automation of a Crawford-cell exposure system (1982)

An automated 50-Ω Crawford cell exposure system for irradiating laboratory animals in the 225-500-MHz frequency range is described. Power measurements are obtained and analyzed in this system via an HP 436A power meter under the control of an LSI-11 minicomputer. Dosimetric information, in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR), is collected with the minicomputer automatically measuring absorbed power at preset exposure time intervals for a specified duration. Instantaneous values of SAR are computed, stored on a disk file, and displayed on a video terminal. The average whole-body SAR is computed and displayed at the end of each exposure. An interactive system-operating program facilitates data acquisition and analysis, and provides maximum flexibility and ease of operation.
Recovery of Mo/Si multilayer coated optical substrates (2023)

Mo/Si multilayers are removed from superpolished ZERODUR and fused silica substrates with a dry etching process that, under suitable processing conditions, produces negligible change in either the substrate surface figure or surface roughness. The two step dry etching process removes SiO.sub.2 overlayer with a fluroine-containing gas and then moves molybdenum and silicon multilayers with a chlorine-containing gas. Full recovery of the initial normal incidence extreme ultra-violet (EUV) reflectance response has been demonstrated on reprocessed substrates.
VCAM-1+ macrophage subset as ‘educators’ in fetal liver for transition to definitive hematopoiesis (2019)

Hematopoietic ontogeny has been well studied and are described in the literature as waves of activity (1). Intuitively, it is expected that early hematopoiesis will begin in the yolk sac since the early embryo will need support from blood cells, commonly termed the first wave (2). Consistent with the need for blood cells during the first wave, this period produces nucleated erythrocytes to ensure sufficient oxygenation. The second wave begins to generate a broader population of primitive hematopoiesis that can produce myeloid and lymphoid cells. This begins to prepare the nascent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to leave the embryonic niche of early development to the fetal liver. The HSCs that are permanent after birth and throughout the life of an individual are populated in the bone marrow during the third wave of embryonic hematopoiesis in the aorta gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region (3).
Electric vehicle impact assessment study based on data-logged vehicle and driver behavior (2011)

Traditionally, the impact of charging electric vehicles in the electricity grid is determined through scenario-analysis and based on statistical data. In this paper, instead of making assumptions on driving behavior, the energy consumption was calculated with measured driving profiles of conventional vehicles in order to quantify the future impact on the grid in more detail. As a function of the penetration of the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles, the increase in the peak power requirement in the grid is assessed.
Deep neural networks automate detection for tracking of submicron scale particles in 2D and 3D (2017)

Particle tracking is a powerful biophysical tool that requires conversion of large video files into position time series, i.e. traces of the species of interest for data analysis. Current tracking methods, based on a limited set of input parameters to identify bright objects, are ill-equipped to handle the spectrum of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and poor signal-to-noise ratios typically presented by submicron species in complex biological environments. Extensive user involvement is frequently necessary to optimize and execute tracking methods, which is not only inefficient but introduces user bias. To develop a fully automated tracking algorithm, we developed a convolutional neural network comprised of over 50,000 parameters, and employed deep learning to train the network on a diverse portfolio of video conditions. The neural network tracker, with no user-dependent input parameters, offered superior tracking performance, with exceptionally low lower false positive and false negative rates on both 2D and 3D simulated videos and 2D experimental videos of difficult-to-track species.
Verbal Working Memory in Older Adults: The Roles of Phonological Capacities and Processing Speed (2016)

Purpose This study examined the potential roles of phonological sensitivity and processing speed in age-related declines of verbal working memory. Method Twenty younger and 25 older adults with age-normal hearing participated. Two measures of verbal working memory were collected: digit span and serial recall of words. Processing speed was indexed using response times during those tasks. Three other measures were also obtained, assessing phonological awareness, processing, and recoding. Results Forward and reverse digit spans were similar across groups. Accuracy on the serial recall task was poorer for older than for younger adults, and response times were slower. When response time served as a covariate, the age effect for accuracy was reduced. Phonological capacities were equivalent across age groups, so we were unable to account for differences across age groups in verbal working memory. Nonetheless, when outcomes for only older adults were considered, phonological awareness and processing speed explained significant proportions of variance in serial recall accuracy. Conclusion Slowing in processing abilities accounts for the primary trajectory of age-related declines in verbal working memory. However, individual differences in phonological capacities explain variability among individual older adults.