gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Fabrication of HTS-SQUID Gradiometer With Imbalance of 10<sup>–4</sup> Using a Gradiometric SQUID Structure (2022)

We have succeeded in fabricating a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) thin-film gradiometer with small imbalance by applying an HTS multilayer process, including crossovers, superconductive contacts, and ramp-edge Josephson junctions. The gradiometer consists of a series pickup coil and a gradiometric superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) structure. Since the intrinsic imbalance of the series pickup coil is found to be small, a highly balanced gradiometer can be obtained by selecting the gradiometric SQUID inductor with imbalance that cancels the imbalance of the pickup coil out. The fabricated gradiometer showed the imbalance better than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">–4</sup> by applying a homogeneous magnetic field using a large circular coil in an outdoor experiment.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1-Benzhydryl-4-Methane-Sulfonyl-Piperazine (2007)

The title compound, 1-benzhydryl-4-methanesulfonyl-piperazine, was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution of 1-benzhydryl-piperazine with methyl sulfonyl chloride. The product obtained was characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the structure was investigated by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal class in the space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 9.5820(4 Berquin , I. M. & Sloane , B. F. ( 1994 ). Prospectives in Drug Discovery and Design , 2 , 371 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) A○, b = 16.8150(12 Upadhayaya , R. S. , Sinha , N. , Jain , S. , Kishore , N. , Chandra , R. , & Arora , S. K. ( 2004 ). Bioorg. Med. Chem. , 12 , 2225 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) A○, c = 13.5280(8 Hulme , C. (1999). Tetrahedron Lett. , 40, 5295.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) A○, β = 127.270(5 Dimitroff , C. J. , Sharma , A. , & Bernacki , R. ( 1998 ). J. Cancer Invest. , 16 , 279 .[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar])°, and V = 1734.5(2 Sashida , H. & Abiko , Y. ( 1985 ). Biochempharm. , 34 , 3875 . [Google Scholar])A○ 3 for Z = 4. The structure reveals that the piperazine ring is in a chair conformation. There is a large discrepancy around the bond angles of the piperazine N atoms. The geometry around the S atom is distorted tetrahedral.
Impaction Bone Grafting in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty—Using Mesh and Cone to Contain the Defect: A Report of 3 Cases (2020)

Uncontained tibial bone defects are a challenge in revision total knee arthroplasty. The present study reports on the results of a modified surgical technique for impaction bone grafting using metaphyseal cones and wire mesh. Three patients (2 male, 1 female; average age: 71.3 years) underwent revision total knee arthroplasty. All patients presented with uncontained medial tibial bone defects, one of the patients with an additional posterior cortical tibial split fracture. All cases were treated with a metaphyseal cone and outside mesh to create a contained defect. Between the mesh and cone, fresh frozen cancellous chips mixed with β-tricalcium phosphate were impacted. No evidence of loosening or osteolysis was present at 3.6-year follow-up. Impaction bone grafting using an outside mesh and inside cone for defect containment provides a durable reconstruction of tibial bone defects.
Dopamine promotes NMDA receptor hypofunction in the retina through D1 receptor-mediated Csk activation, Src inhibition and decrease of GluN2B phosphorylation (2017)

Dopamine and glutamate are critical neurotransmitters involved in light-induced synaptic activity in the retina. In brain neurons, dopamine D<sub>1</sub> receptors (D<sub>1</sub>Rs) and the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase Src can, independently, modulate the behavior of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Here we studied the interplay between D<sub>1</sub>Rs, Src and NMDARs in retinal neurons. We reveal that dopamine-mediated D<sub>1</sub>R stimulation provoked NMDAR hypofunction in retinal neurons by attenuating NMDA-gated currents, by preventing NMDA-elicited calcium mobilization and by decreasing the phosphorylation of NMDAR subunit GluN2B. This dopamine effect was dependent on upregulation of the canonical D<sub>1</sub>R/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/PKA pathway, of PKA-induced activation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and of Src inhibition. Accordingly, knocking down Csk or overexpressing a Csk phosphoresistant Src mutant abrogated the dopamine-induced NMDAR hypofunction. Overall, the interplay between dopamine and NMDAR hypofunction, through the D<sub>1</sub>R/Csk/Src/GluN2B pathway, might impact on light-regulated synaptic activity in retinal neurons.
Soft Decision Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes Using Sphere Decoding (2008)

A new soft decision decoding method for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes is proposed. This method uses sphere decoding in an effort to reduce the decoding complexity. With sphere decoding, instead of considering all of the possible transmitted codewords to determine the most probable one, we only consider the codewords whose distances from the received signal are smaller than a specific search radius. This results in a considerable reduction in the complexity. For an (N,K) RS code, we consider a set of K most reliable and independent positions of a codeword and for each of these positions, an ordered list of most probable transmitted symbols in decreasing order of probability is determined. We start from the hard-decision decoded codeword and we try to find more probable codewords. The search is started by selecting a tentative solution consisting of the K most reliable code symbols whose distance from the corresponding symbols in the received vector is less than the search radius. The acceptable values for each of these K code symbols are determined based of the ordered set of most probable transmitted symbols which means that for each code symbol, we start from the most probable one. We re-encode these K code symbols. If the resulting codeword is within the search radius, we add it to the list of the candidate transmitted codewords. The ordering that was discussed earlier will help finding the candidate codewords quickly. Our method results in considerable improvement of the performance of RS codes compared to hard decision decoding with a moderate increase in complexity.
A natural relation between user-perceived quality and network-level perturbations (2006)

Extended abstract with formulae. Excerpts as follows: During the recent years, networked applications and services on top of Internet such as e-business, voice communication and media distribution and have become popular. This development has entailed a growth of interest in end-user-perceived Quality of Service (QoS). The recently proposed Quality of Experience (QoE) concept includes both end-to-end network-level Quality of Service (QoS) and user satisfaction with the service. Besides of factors such as network coverage, service offers and level of support, even subjective factors such as user experience and perception need to be taken into account. A major challenge, however, consists in quantifying losses of QoE from the users’ points of view. As far as network problems are the reason for perceived quality problems, it is worthwhile to have formulae at hand that reflect the impact of perturbations on user perception. They might be used to quantify depreciations of user perception based on comparably simple-to-measure network-level parameters. In this contribution, we propose an exponential relation between user perception and perturbations on network level, which looks like a natural law.
Cdc42-dependent structural development of auditory supporting cells is required for wound healing at adulthood (2012)

Cdc42 regulates the initial establishment of cytoskeletal and junctional structures, but only little is known about its role at later stages of cellular differentiation. We studied Cdc42's role in vivo in auditory supporting cells, epithelial cells with high structural complexity. Cdc42 inactivation was induced early postnatally using the Cdc42(loxP/loxP);Fgfr3-iCre-ER(T2) mice. Cdc42 depletion impaired elongation of adherens junctions and F-actin belts, leading to constriction of the sensory epithelial surface. Fragmented F-actin belts, junctions containing ectopic lumens and misexpression of a basolateral membrane protein in the apical domain were observed. These defects and changes in aPKCλ/ι expression suggested that apical polarization is impaired. Following a lesion at adulthood, supporting cells with Cdc42 loss-induced maturational defects collapsed and failed to remodel F-actin belts, a process that is critical to scar formation. Thus, Cdc42 is required for structural differentiation of auditory supporting cells and this proper maturation is necessary for wound healing in adults.
Unusual conformation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) bound to diphtheria toxin: A comparison with NAD bound to the oxidoreductase enzymes (1997)

The conformation of NAD bound to diphtheria toxin (DT), an ADP-ribosylating enzyme, has been compared to the conformations of NAD(P) bound to 23 distinct NAD(P)-binding oxidoreductase enzymes, whose structures are available in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank. For the oxidoreductase enzymes, NAD(P) functions as a cofactor in electron transfer, whereas for DT, NAD is a labile substrate in which the N-glycosidic bond between the nicotinamide ring and the N-ribose is cleaved. All NAD(P) conformations were compared by (1) visual inspection of superimposed molecules, (2) RMSD of atomic positions, (3) principal component analysis, and (4) analysis of torsion angles and other conformational parameters. Whereas the majority of oxidoreductase-bound NAD(P) conformations are found to be similar, the conformation of NAD bound to DT is found to be unusual. Distinctive features of the conformation of NAD bound to DT that may be relevant to DT's function as an ADP-ribosylating enzyme include (1) an unusually short distance between the PN and N1N atoms, reflecting a highly folded conformation for the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) portion of NAD, and (2) a torsion angle chi N approximately 0 degree about the scissile N-glycosidic bond, placing the nicotinamide ring outside of the preferred anti and syn orientations. In NAD bound to DT, the highly folded NMN conformation and torsion angle chi N approximately 0 degree could contribute to catalysis, possibly by orienting the C1'N atom of NAD for nucleophilic attack, or by placing strain on the N-glycosidic bond, which is cleaved by DT. The unusual overall conformation of NAD bound to DT is likely to reflect the structure of DT, which is unusual among NAD(P)-binding enzymes. In DT, the NAD binding site is formed at the junction of two antiparallel beta-sheets. In contrast, although the 24 oxidoreductase enzymes belong to at least six different structural classes, almost all of them bind NAD(P) at the C-terminal end of a parallel beta-sheet. The structural alignments and principal component analysis show that enzymes of the same structural class bind to particularly similar conformations of NAD(P), with few exceptions. The conformation of NAD bound to DT superimposes closely with that of an NAD analogue bound to Pseudomonas exotoxin A, an ADP-ribosylating toxin that is structurally homologous to DT. This suggests that all of the ADP-ribosylating enzymes that are structurally homologous to DT and ETA will bind a highly similar conformation of NAD.
Immune Infiltrates Expressing Podoplanin (PDPN) are Present in Multiple Sclerosis but not Glioblastoma (S12.002) (2015)

OBJECTIVE To characterize expression of PDPN and PDPN ligands in multiple sclerosis (MS) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) inflammatory infiltrates and to delineate their function in human lymphocytes. BACKGROUND The transmembrane glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN) plays a critical role in the development of the lymphatic system and the biology of immune cells. Recent work suggests that PDPN is specifically expressed under Th17 conditions in mouse models of MS and rheumatoid arthritis. Additional work suggests that Th17 cells are present in GBM and PDPN is expressed by glioblastoma tumor cells. DESIGN/METHODS MS, GBM, and control tissues were labeled with antibodies against PDPN, CLEC-2, and Galectin-8 and against cellular markers for lymphocytes and microglia/macrophages. In in vitro experiments, naïve CD4+ T cells from healthy donors were isolated and sorted by FACS Aria. Cells were cultured under Th17 polarizing conditions in the presence and absence of CLEC-2 and evaluated with flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. RESULTS PDPN was expressed in lymphocytic infiltrates in MS lesions but not GBM. Expression of the PDPN-ligand CLEC-2 was significantly higher in MS as compared to GBM-associated inflammation. The PDPN-ligand Galectin-8 was expressed by lymphocytes in both MS and GBM. In addition, PDPN was expressed by endothelial cells in active MS lesions and meningeal stromal cells but not in GBM or control CNS. In vitro, PDPN was present on a sub-population of CD4+ T cells under Th17 polarizing conditions. Stimulation of these cells with CLEC-2 promoted T cell proliferation and a shift away from a Th17 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a qualitative difference in the inflammatory responses in MS and GBM. PDPN may provide co-regulatory signaling in MS infiltrates but not in GBM-associated inflammation, suggesting that different immunoregulatory pathways are utilized in autoimmune and tumor microenvironments.
Probing the Robustness of Inhibitors of Tuberculosis Aminoglycoside Resistance Enzyme Eis by Mutagenesis (2019)

Each year, millions of people worldwide contract tuberculosis (TB), the deadliest infection. The spread of infections with drug-resistant strains of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) that are refractory to treatment poses a major global challenge. A major cause of resistance to antitubercular drugs of last resort, aminoglycosides, is overexpression of the Eis (enhanced intracellular survival) enzyme of <i>Mtb</i>, which inactivates aminoglycosides by acetylating them. We showed previously that this inactivation of aminoglycosides could be overcome by our recently reported Eis inhibitors that are currently in development as potential aminoglycoside adjunctive therapeutics against drug-resistant TB. To interrogate the robustness of the Eis inhibitors, we investigated the enzymatic activity of Eis and its inhibition by Eis inhibitors from three different structural families for nine single-residue mutants of Eis, including those found in the clinic. Three engineered mutations of the substrate binding site, D26A, W36A, and F84A, abolished inhibitor binding while compromising Eis enzymatic activity 2- to 3-fold. All other Eis mutants, including clinically observed ones, were potently inhibited by at least one inhibitor. This study helps position us one step ahead of <i>Mtb</i> resistance to Eis inhibitors as they are being developed for TB therapy.
0.15 μm gate length InAlAs/InGaAs power metamorphic HEMT on GaAs substrate with extremely low noise characteristics (2003)

The 0.15 /spl mu/m gate-length power metamorphic HEMTs (MHEMT) with wide head T-shaped gate has been fabricated and the DC, microwave, and noise performance of the device were characterized. The MHEMT device shows the DC output characteristics having an extrinsic transconductance of 740 mS/mm and a threshold voltage of -0.75 V. The f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ obtained for the 0.15 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 100 pm MHEMT device are 150 GHz and 240 GHz, respectively. The MHEMTs exhibit the minimum noise figure, NF/sub min/, of 0.79 dB and associated gain of 10.5 dB at 26 GHz. The NF/sub min/ measured at 40 GHz is 1.21 dB with associated gain of 6.41 dB. This noise data is the lowest value ever reported for power MHEMT devices with InGaAs channel of 53% In. The excellent noise characteristics might result from the low gate resistance due to the wide head T-shaped gate and the improved device performance.
The Role of Educational Interventions in Facing Social Media Threats: Overarching Principles of the COURAGE Project (2023)

Abstract Social media are offering new opportunities for communication and interaction way beyond what was possible only a few years ago. However, social media are also virtual spaces where young people are exposed to a variety of threats. Digital addiction, discrimination, hate speech, misinformation, polarization as well as manipulative influences of algorithms, body stereotyping, and cyberbullying are examples of challenges that find fertile ground on social media. Educators and students are not adequately prepared to face these challenges. To this aim, the COURAGE project, presented in this paper, introduces new tools and learning methodologies that can be adopted within higher education learning paths to train educators to deal with social media threats. The overarching principles of the COURAGE project leverage the most recent advances in the fields of artificial intelligence and in the educational domain paired with social and media psychological insights to support the development of the COURAGE ecosystem. The results of the experiments currently implemented with teachers and students of secondary schools as well as the impact of the COURAGE project on societal changes and ethical questions are presented and discussed.
Placental Maternal Vascular Malperfusion Is Associated with Prepregnancy and Early Pregnancy Maternal Cardiovascular and Thrombotic Profiles (2022)

Characteristics of maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) are frequently observed in placentas from pregnancies impacted by preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm labor, and intrauterine fetal demise. We sought to evaluate the associations of features of MVM with subclinical measures of cardiovascular health and coagulation potential in healthy young women. Sixty-three healthy young women were recruited and assessed prior to pregnancy on cycle day 9 ± 4, at gestational age 90 ± 6 of early pregnancy, and gestational age 216 ± 5 of late pregnancy. Women were assessed for plasma volume, blood pressure, response to volume loading, cardiac output, and uterine hemodynamics. Platelet-poor plasma was collected to assess thrombin generation on a subset of 33 women at all time points. Following delivery, placentas were collected and analyzed for evidence of MVM. Thrombin generation (TG) was evaluated in the presence of tissue factor (TF) with and without recombinant soluble thrombomodulin (TM). For each, we compared TG lagtime, peak level, and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP). Comparisons were made between dichotomized presence and absence of each individual feature of MVM and cardiovascular and coagulation features. Mean ± standard deviation are presented. Women were 31 ± 4 years of age, body mass index of 24 ± 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 86% white race, and 80% nulliparous. MVM occurred in 70% of placentas, with infarcts and agglutination (44%), decidual arteriopathy (40%), accelerated villous maturation (32%), placental hypoplasia (29%), and distal villous hypoplasia (17%) documented. Decidual arteriopathy and distal villous hypoplasia were associated with prepregnancy maternal physiology, including decreased plasma volume and subclinical cardiovascular variations. All assessed MVM characteristics had identifiable early pregnancy physiologic characteristics consistent with altered cardiovascular function and decreased uterine response to pregnancy when compared with women who did and did not develop MVM. Accelerated villous maturation was the only MVM feature to differ by thrombin generation parameters in early pregnancy. Thrombin generation potential and blood pressure were elevated in late pregnancy in women who developed decidual arteriopathy. Prepregnancy health status and adaptation to pregnancy play important roles in pregnancy outcomes. Both cardiovascular health and thrombin generation potential may influence early placentation. Longitudinal assessment of subclinical maternal factors may allow for better understanding of the etiologies of MVM lesions, as well as allow for identification of a timeline of the origins of placental pathologies.
Highly efficient Raman amplification in a polarization-preserving optical fiber (1985)

In a forward pump configuration, a Raman gain coefficient of 4.8×10−11 cm/W and a gain as high as 40 dB/W have been successfully attained with a combination of 1.34-μm pump and 1.42-μm signal pulses. A 20-dB gain at a wavelength of 1.52 μm was also obtained at a 3.7-W input. The test fiber is a 1-km-long polarization-preserving and absorption-reducing type polarization-preserving fiber which has a GeO2 highly doped core with a small core diameter of 4.5 μm. It is also shown that the 3-dB gain bandwidth is around 130–135 cm−1 and that optical power ratio of the amplified signal to the spontaneous emission is about 24 dB for the 1.42-μm 1st Stokes line.
Performance Evaluation of Sulfated-TiO<sub>2</sub> as a Modifier to Co−Ni−ZrO<sub>2</sub> Catalyst in a Dual-Bed Reactor for the Selective Production of C<sub>4</sub> Hydrocarbons from Syngas (2001)

Modified Fischer−Tropsch (MFT) synthesis was performed at atmospheric pressure in a fixed-bed microreactor with a dual-bed configuration using Co−Ni−ZrO2 and sulfated-TiO2 solid acid catalysts. The sulfate loading in the sulfated-TiO2 catalyst was in the range 5−15 wt % whereas sulfated-TiO2 to Co−Ni−ZrO2 catalyst mass ratio was 1−3. The catalyst system was activated by reduction at temperatures ranging from 573 to 723 K for 16 h whereas sulfated-TiO2 catalyst was calcined at temperatures in the range 723−923 K for 4 h. MFT reactions were performed at weight hourly space velocities (WHSV) in the range 5−20 h-1 and reaction temperatures ranging from 513 to 533 K. Though these parameters did not have substantial effects on the hydrocarbon product composition, the optimum selectivities for C5+ hydrocarbons, i-C4 hydrocarbons, and C2−C4 olefins from syngas using Co−Ni−ZrO2 due to the presence of the modifier sulfated-TiO2 were increased from 26 to 31 wt %, 2 to 4 wt % and 34 to 44 wt %, respectively. However, the presence of sulfated-TiO2 catalyst had no substantial effect on the selectivity for total C4 hydrocarbons. Though the sulfated-TiO2 catalysts possessed large amounts of acid sites, these sites were weak, and as such, could only catalyze reactions such as isomerization, oligomerization, dehydrogenation and alkylation. The more demanding cracking reactions could not be promoted on sulfated-TiO2 catalysts. The weak acidity exhibited by sulfated-TiO2 catalysts is an asset in that it was able to maintain activity stability for a long period of time in contrast to the performance of sulfated-ZrO2 catalysts, which deactivated rapidly because of its strong acid sites.