gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Applications of Asymmetric Dihydroxylation Chemistry (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Patch Testing With a Routine Screening Tray in North America, 1987 Through 1989: IV. Occupation and Response (1991)

Between August 2, 1987 and July 30, 1989 1,579 patients with suspect allergic contact dermatitis were assessed of whom 288 were deemed to have work-related dermatitis. They were less likely to have atopic dermatitis but no more or less likely to have cutaneous allergy. Hand involvement was much more likely in the work-related cases (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3) when age, sex, diagnosis, and location were adjusted for using logistic regression. Rubber components, rosin, epoxy resin, and paraphenylenediamine patch test responses were all overrepresented in the work-related cases. With logistic regression analysis mercaptobenzothiazole (OR = 3.3) and wool wax alcohol (OR = 3.1) were associated with work-relatedness. We were unable to relate atopic dermatitis to occupational association or to irritant contact dermatitis.
Surface acoustic wave probe implant for predicting epileptic seizures (2023)

A system and method for predicting and avoiding a seizure in a patient. The system and method includes use of an implanted surface acoustic wave probe and coupled RF antenna to monitor temperature of the patient's brain, critical changes in the temperature characteristic of a precursor to the seizure. The system can activate an implanted cooling unit which can avoid or minimize a seizure in the patient.
Linking multiple relaxation, power-law attenuation, and fractional wave equations (2011)

The acoustic wave attenuation is described by an experimentally established frequency power law in a variety of complex media, e.g., biological tissue, polymers, rocks, and rubber. Recent papers present a variety of acoustical fractional derivative wave equations that have the ability to model power-law attenuation. On the other hand, a multiple relaxation model is widely recognized as a physically based description of the acoustic loss mechanisms as developed by Nachman et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 1584-1595 (1990)]. Through assumption of a continuum of relaxation mechanisms, each with an effective compressibility described by a distribution related to the Mittag-Leffler function, this paper shows that the wave equation corresponding to the multiple relaxation approach is identical to a given fractional derivative wave equation. This work therefore provides a physically based motivation for use of fractional wave equations in acoustic modeling.
Identification of Vibrational Modes in BaSi&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Epitaxial Films by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy (2018)

Infrared (IR) absorption and polarized Raman spectra were measured in BaSi 2 epitaxial films to investigate the vibrational modes and the symmetry of Si 4 cluster in BaSi 2 . By an analysis based on Raman and/or IR activity in the spectra, the symmetry of Si 4 cluster was determined as T h -symmetry and the observed Raman lines and IR peaks were assigned to A g , E g , F g , and F u , respectively. In the three Raman lines of F g -mode, one LO phonon line and two TO phonon lines were classified by the depolarization ratio of polarized Raman intensities.
Molecular isoforms of murine CD44 and evidence that the membrane proximal domain is not critical for hyaluronate recognition. (1992)

We previously found that the CD44 glycoprotein on some lymphocytes can mediate adhesion to hyaluronate (HA) bearing cells. However, many questions remain about the molecular heterogeneity of CD44 and mechanisms which control its recognition of this ligand. In vitro mutagenesis and DNA sequencing have now been used to investigate the importance of the membrane proximal region of murine CD44 for recognition of soluble or cell surface HA. CD44 with an 83 amino acid deletion in this region mediated binding to soluble ligand and the apparent avidity increased markedly in the presence of a particular antibody to CD44, IRAWB14. The shortened CD44 was however inefficient in mediating adhesion of transfected cells to HA immobilized on cell surfaces. Four new murine isoforms of CD44 were isolated from a carcinoma line by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Only two of them correspond to ones recently discovered in rat and human cells. The longest variant nearly doubled the length of the extracellular portion of the molecule and introduced an additional 20 potential sites for glycosylation. When expressed on T lymphoma cells, all four of the new murine CD44 isoforms were capable of mediating adhesion to HA bearing cells. This result contrasts with a report that a related human CD44 isoform lacks this ability when expressed on B lineage lymphoma cells. The new murine isoforms also conferred the ability to recognize soluble HA and were very responsive to the IRAWB14 antibody. A brief survey of normal murine cell lines and tissues revealed that the hemopoietic isoform was the most abundant species. These findings indicate that the NH2-terminal portion of CD44 is sufficient for HA recognition and that this function is not necessarily abrogated by variations which occur in the membrane proximal domain. They add to the known molecular diversity of CD44 and provide another experimental model in which isoform specific functions can be investigated.
Translation of liver stage activity of M5717, a Plasmodium elongation factor 2 inhibitor: from bench to bedside (2022)

This approach has the potential to accelerate the search for new anti-malarials, to reduce the number of healthy volunteers needed in a clinical study and decrease and refine the animal use in the preclinical phase.
A Mechanism of Efficient G6PD Inhibition by a Molecular Clip (2009)

Abstract In die Zange genommen : Eine synthetische molekulare Klammer bindet Nicotinamidadenindinucleotidphosphat (NADP + ) (siehe Bild) und besetzt zudem sowohl die Cofaktor‐ als auch die Substratbindestelle in Glucose‐6‐phosphat(G6P)‐Dehydrogenase. Diese Kombination zweier Inhibitionsmechanismen macht die Klammer hoch effektiv und selektiv für dieses Enzym gegenüber anderen Dehydrogenasen. magnified image
Growth and metastasis of fresh human melanoma tissue in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. (1991)

Cryopreserved cell suspensions of freshly excised melanoma metastases from nine patients were injected s.c. into C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. All 9 tumors grew as s.c. masses and six of nine were successfully transplanted into other SCID mice. Transplant inocula as low as 5 x 10(5) cells resulted in 100% tumor incidence. Moreover, seven of nine tumors metastasized, five from the original s.c. implants and two from transplanted s.c. tumors. Metastases were detected mainly in the lungs but also were found in abdominal viscera (liver, spleen, and pancreas) and thoracic lymph nodes. Flow cytometric analysis showed that expression of a panel of melanoma antigens, melanoma-associated proteoglycan, ganglioside GD3, and ganglioside GD2, was maintained with SCID passage. The original tumor inocula contained a variable percentage of tumor-associated lymphocytes (1-76%). Flow cytometry analysis indicated that these were mainly CD3+ T-cells. However, there was no correlation between the percentage of tumor-associated lymphocytes and the time required for development of a palpable tumor after s.c. injection or the ability to metastasize. These results demonstrate the growth and spontaneous metastasis of fresh human melanoma in SCID mice and suggest that this model could be important for therapeutic and basic biological studies.
Molecular cloning and expression in S. cerevisiae of two exochitinases from Trichoderma harzianum. (1995)

The synthetic exochitinase substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetylglucosamine was used to identify seven full-length exochitinase-encoding cDNAs from a Trichoderma harzianum cDNA library by expression in yeast. The cDNA clones represented transcripts of two exochitinase genes, designated as exc1 and exc2, which cross-hybridized under moderate stringency conditions in genomic Southern blots. The exc1 cDNA encodes a 578 amino acid polypeptide showing 72% similarity to the exc2-encoded 602-residue polypeptide. The deduced exochitinase amino acid sequences were found to be homologous with mammalian and fungal hexosaminidases as well as a bacterial chitobiosidase. The substrate specificity of the recombinant enzymes expressed in S. cerevisiae indicates that the enzymes are N-acetylglucosaminidases releasing single N-acetylglucosamine residues from the non-reducing end of the chitin substrate.
Process Characteristics and Physical Properties of MO-ALD ZrO2 Thin Films Deposited in a 300 mm Deposition System (2008)

This work presents a detailed investigation of the deposition of ZrO2 using a metallorganic precursor in a 300 mm wafer processing ALD system. The ZrO2 films in this study were characterized by inline spectroscopic ellipsometry and corona-oxide-semiconductor measurements, and offline Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A growth temperature window between 215 {degree sign}C and 340 {degree sign}C was investigated and the thermal CVD rate was observed to increase above 265 {degree sign}C, thus representing an upper temperature boundary for ALD-dominated growth. For a saturated process at 265 {degree sign}C, a within-wafer non-uniformity of &lt; 2 % for films deposited using 8 cycles or greater was obtained. An in-situ capping with TiN followed by an in-situ post-deposition rapid thermal anneal was also performed in order to assess the thermal stability of the deposited gate stack. For rapid thermal annealed films ({greater than or equal to} 900 {degree sign}C) with a TiN cap, no significant thermally-induced chemical changes were observed while a peak in the XRD spectra attributable to tetragonal and/or cubic phase ZrO2 was observed. Excellent film conformality and coverage over a FinFET structure was observed by TEM.
Power spectral entropy as an information-theoretic correlate of manner of articulation in American English (2017)

While all languages differentiate speech sounds by manner of articulation, none of the acoustic correlates proposed to date seem to account for how these contrasts are encoded in the speech signal. The present study describes power spectral entropy (PSE), which quantifies the amount of potential information conveyed in the power spectrum of a given sound. Results of acoustic analyses of speech samples extracted from the Texas Instruments-Massachusetts Institute of Technology database reveal a statistically significant correspondence between PSE and American English major classes of manner of articulation. Thus, PSE accurately captures an acoustic correlate of manner of articulation in American English.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Dieckmann Cyclizations Leading to Enantiopure Highly Functionalized Tetramic Acid Derivatives. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Elucidating the effect of impurities present in different crude glycerol sources on lipid and citric acid production by <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i><scp>SKY7</scp> (2020)

Abstract BACKGROUND Crude glycerol is an industrial by‐product of biodiesel producing companies and requires a high cost for purification. In fact, it is a good carbon source and can be used for lipid production from oleaginous microbes. However, crude glycerol has several impurities that may impact the cellular metabolism for lipid production. RESULTS In this study, crude glycerol from different sources was employed for lipid production and the effect of its impurities on the biomass and lipid production was investigated on Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7 , which is a well‐known yeast for lipid and citric acid production. Growth inhibition was observed in BIOCARDEL, BIOLIQ, and ROTHSAY glycerol when compared with pure glycerol. This was due to high sodium concentrations in BIOCARDEL, high potassium concentrations in BIOLIQ, and high sulphur concentrations in ROTHSAY glycerol. Among three crude glycerol sources, the highest lipid concentration (14.78 g L −1 ) was obtained using BIOCARDEL glycerol at 96 h. However, the higher citric acid concentrations of 18.70 g L −1 in ROTHSAY glycerol and 12.00 g L −1 in BIOLIQ were obtained at 96 h when compared with 8.30 g L −1 in BIOCARDEL glycerol. CONCLUSION A high potassium and sulphur concentration in glycerol medium inhibits cell growth and lipid production in Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7, while it favors citric acid production. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Selective Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Substituted Acetophenones with Bifunctional Oxo‐Tethered Ruthenium(II) Catalysts (2017)

Abstract A practical method for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of α‐substituted ketones was developed utilizing oxo‐tethered N ‐sulfonyldiamine‐ruthenium complexes. Reduction by HCO 2 H and HCO 2 K in a mixed solvent of EtOAc/H 2 O allowed for the selective synthesis of halohydrins from 2‐bromoacetophenone (98%) and 2‐chloroacetophenone (&gt;99%), leading to suppressed undesired side reactions stemming from formylation under the typical reaction conditions using an azeotropic 5:2 mixture of HCO 2 H and Et 3 N. A range of functional groups, such as halogens, methoxy, nitro, dimethylamino, and ester groups, were well tolerated, highlighting the potential of this method. Nearly complete selectivity with a preferable ee was maintained even with a substrate/catalyst (S/C) ratio of 5000. This catalyst system was also effective for the asymmetric reduction of α‐sulfonated ketones without eroding the leaving group. magnified image
Telemetrische Impedanzanalyse der Leber: Evaluation eines nichtinvasiven Instrumentariums zur Diagnose akuter Abstoßungsreaktionen nach experimenteller Lebertransplantation - Telemetric Assessment of Liver Impedance: Evaluation of a Device for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Acute Rejection After Experimental Liver Transplantation (2000)

Allograft rejection and its differentiation from other causes of organ dysfunction remains a diagnostic problem in liver transplant patients. Currently, acute rejection can be prevented only by a combination of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The diagnostic potential of a novel implantable telemetric rejection monitoring device has been assessed on the basis of the noninvasive impedance analysis in normal and liver transplanted pigs. The electric impedance data were correlated with biochemical and histological parameters. Acute rejection was correctly predicted in n = 4, and correctly excluded in n = 32, biopsy-related impedance recordings (p = 0.004). A correlation between impedance measurements and severity of histological findings r = 0.84; p = 0.0001) was confirmed. Only the biochemical parameters SGLDH and serum bilirubin revealed a comparable correlation. Impedance gradient analysis revealed evidence of a physiological relationship between liver function and the electrical properties of the organ. Telemetric impedance analysis would appear a promising means of assessing acute rejection noninvasively.
&lt;title&gt;Experimental determination of micromachined discrete and continuous device spring constants using nanoindentation method&lt;/title&gt; (2002)

A rapid and accurate static and quasi-static method for determining the out-of-plane spring constraints of cantilevers and a micromachined vibratory sensor is presented. In the past, much of the effort in nanoindentation application was to investigate the thin-film mechanical properties. In this paper, we have utilized the nanoindentation method to measure directly some micromachined device (e.g. microgyroscope) spring constants. The cantilevers and devices tested were fabricated using the MUMPS process and an SOI process (patent pending). Spring constants are determined using a commercial nanoindentation apparatus UMIS-2000 configured with both Berkovich and spherical indenter tip that can be placed onto the device with high accuracy. Typical load resolution is 20micrometers N to 0.5N and a displacement resolution of 0.05nm. Information was deduced from the penetration depth versus load curves during both loading and unloading.
On the nature of solutions produced by finite difference schemes in time domain (1999)

This paper is a review discussing properties of field solutions produced by various finite difference schemes in the time domain. Considered algorithms include standard FDTD as well as its modifications based on different sets of electromagnetic equations and/or different discretization in space. By developing their complete dispersion relations, conclusions are drawn regarding divergence, curl, and energy conserva tion by each of the emulated eigenmodes separately. This is in extension to previous works which were concerned with the total solution, and permits to formulate conditions for restricting the total solutions to physical uncoupled solenoidal and potential modes. Original classification of spurious modes for the time domain finite difference modelling is also proposed. It is shown that spurious compensating modes can propagate over the mesh in the case of penalty schemes with p≠0, and that spurious degenerate modes at high- and low-frequencies appear in the case of condensed node discretization. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of the mRNA-Binding Protein IGF2BP1 Suppresses Proliferation and Sensitizes Neuroblastoma Cells to Chemotherapeutic Agents (2021)

Gain at chromosome 17q21 in neuroblastoma is associated with a poor prognosis, independent of MYCN amplification status. Several potential proto-oncogenes have been identified in this region, one of them-insulin-like growth-factor-2 mRNA binding protein (IGF2BP1)-is expressed at high levels in stage 4 tumors, and associated with overall lower patient survival. Here, we demonstrate that down-regulation of IGF2BP1 activity, either by transcript silencing or chemical inhibition, suppresses neuroblastoma cell growth. Furthermore, the combination of IGF2BP1 inhibition along with commonly used chemotherapeutics that broadly affect DNA synthesis, or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that disrupt signal transduction, have a synergistic effect on the suppression of neuroblastoma cell proliferation.
From Batch to Continuous Chemical Synthesis—A Toolbox Approach (2014)

A toolbox approach for the transfer of batch to continuous chemical synthesis is presented. The approach considers reaction kinetics (Type A, B, C), reacting phases (single phase, liquid–liquid, gas–liquid and liquid–solid), and the reaction network (parallel and consecutive reactions) in order to select the most appropriate reactor module (Plate, Coil, or CSTR) for continuous operation. Then, three case studies using these three fundamental reactors are presented but require special considerations. For the reaction of dimethyl-oxalate with ethylmagnesium chloride, a plug-flow multi-injection technology must be used to decrease the local heat generation and improve yield. For the nitration of salicylic acid, a Plate reactor with mixing elements favoring some back-mixing followed by a plug-flow system at elevated temperatures is used instead of a tandem mixed-flow CSTR and plug-flow Coil reactor in order to minimize the risk of thermal decomposition of intermediates with a reduced volume penalty. Finally, a ring-closing metathesis reaction is discussed for which the utilization of a CSTR allows the removal of catalyst-poisoning ethylene formed during the reaction and keeps the substrate concentration low to increase the yield above that of a batch or plug-flow system.
Synthesis of pyrido[1,2‐<i>a</i>]pyrimido[4,5‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidin‐5‐ones. Cyclization reaction of 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid with acetic anhydride (1975)

Abstract Treatment of 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (X) with acetic anhydride under refluxing conditions afforded 10‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐5 H ‐pyrido[1,2‐ a ]‐pyrimido[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidin‐5‐one acetate (IX). The intermediate X was prepared from 4‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (V). The reaction of V with the sodium salt of 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine at room temperature gave 4‐(2‐amino‐3‐pyridyloxy)‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (VI). Treatment of VI with a hot aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and subsequent acidification gave X. Involvement of 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecaroboxylic acid ethyl ester (VIII) (Smiles rearrangement product) as an intermediate in the above alkaline hydrolysis reaction of VI to X was demonstrated by the isolation of VIII and its subsequent conversion into X under alkaline hydrolysis conditions. Acetylation of VIII with acetic anhydride in pyridine solution gave 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester acetate (XI), which afforded IX on fusion at 220°. This alternative synthesis of IX from XI supported the structural assignment of IX. Fusion of VI gave 10‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐5 H ‐pyrido[1,2‐ a ]pyrimido]4,5‐ d ]pyrimidin‐5‐one (VII). The latter was also obtained when VIII was fused at 210°. Acetylation of VII with acetic anhydride afforded IX.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Indole-Based Autoinducers on Quorum Sensing in <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (2020)

<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (<i>V. cholerae</i>) uses the autoinducer CAI-1 (cholera autoinducer 1) and several linked quorum sensing systems in order to efficiently sense its ever-changing environment and optimally coordinate population-wide gene expression. Indole has been reported as an important signal that is sensed by <i>V. cholerae</i>, and here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a focused library of synthetic indole-CAI-1 derivatives as tools to probe quorum sensing (QS) in this human pathogen. Our results show interesting and diverging effects for several conjugates, as compared to CAI-1, on virulence factor production and biofilm formation.
Reinforcement Learning based Control of Imitative Policies for Near-Accident Driving (2020)

Autonomous driving has achieved significant progress in recent years, but autonomous cars are still unable to tackle high-risk situations where a potential accident is likely. In such near-accident scenarios, even a minor change in the vehicle's actions may result in drastically different consequences. To avoid unsafe actions in near-accident scenarios, we need to fully explore the environment. However, reinforcement learning (RL) and imitation learning (IL), two widely-used policy learning methods, cannot model rapid phase transitions and are not scalable to fully cover all the states. To address driving in near-accident scenarios, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement and imitation learning (H-REIL) approach that consists of low-level policies learned by IL for discrete driving modes, and a high-level policy learned by RL that switches between different driving modes. Our approach exploits the advantages of both IL and RL by integrating them into a unified learning framework. Experimental results and user studies suggest our approach can achieve higher efficiency and safety compared to other methods. Analyses of the policies demonstrate our high-level policy appropriately switches between different low-level policies in near-accident driving situations.