gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Axonal Delays in Feedforward Spiking Neural Networks for Accurate Spoken Word Recognition (2023)

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are a promising research avenue for building accurate and efficient automatic speech recognition systems. Recent advances in audio-to-spike encoding and training algorithms enable SNN to be applied in practical tasks. Biologically-inspired SNN communicates using sparse asynchronous events. Therefore, spike-timing is critical to SNN performance. In this aspect, most works focus on training synaptic weights and few have considered delays in event transmission, namely axonal delay. In this work, we consider a learnable axonal delay capped at a maximum value, which can be adapted according to the axonal delay distribution in each network layer. We show that our proposed method achieves the best classification results reported on the SHD dataset (92.45%) and NTIDIGITS dataset (95.09%). Our work illustrates the potential of training axonal delays for tasks with complex temporal structures.
Exposure dependence of the developed depth in nonadiabatic photolithography using visible optical near fields (2007)

We have developed new type of photolithography based on a nonadiabatic photochemical process that exposes an ultraviolet-photoresist using a visible optical near field. Investigating the exposure dependence of the developed depth using nonadiabatic photolithography, we found that the depth increased with the exposure threshold. To explain this result, the optical field intensity was simulated by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The evolution of the developed depth was proportional to the optical field intensity and its spatial gradient, agreeing closely with the simulated result that took into account the nonadiabatic processes. Another experimental result is to support our explanation, that in nonadiabatic photolithography, a component of the exposure progresses inside the photoresist.
Use of Micropathways to Improve Oxygen Transport in a Hepatic System (2000)

Establishing suitable oxygen transport pathways within bioartificial liver replacement devices continues to be an important engineering challenge. Oxygen delivery is critical since this is one of the nutrients necessary to maintain hepatocyte viability and function. In the current study, the microporosity of a collagen extracellular matrix has been modified to permit both diffusion and convection mass transport. Using fluorescent visualization, the enhancement technique was found to extend the oxygen transport distance from 170 microns to 360 microns. Furthermore, in hepatocyte culture studies, the enhancement technique was observed to yield a sixfold increase in the amount of viable hepatocytes able to be sustained by a single O2 source. Normalized function studies confirm that hepatocyte function was also improved in the enhanced collagen configurations.
The jPET-D4: Imaging Performance of the 4-Layer Depth-of-Interaction PET Scanner (2006)

The jPET-D4 is a high-performance brain PET scanner which achieves not only high spatial resolution but also high scanner sensitivity by discriminating 4-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI) information. The scanner is designed to have 5 rings of 24 detector blocks each, and the detector block consists of 1,024 GSO crystals of 2.9 mm /spl times/ 2.9 mm /spl times/ 7.5 mm, which are arranged in 4 layers of 16 /spl times/ 16 arrays. In this paper, we investigated the imaging performance of the jPET-D4 prototype where one of the 5 block-detector rings was assembled. In order to reduce computational cost while retaining the advantage of DOI information in iterative image reconstruction, we have proposed the DOI compression (DOIC) method which reduces data dimensions with suppressing resolution loss. We have also proposed an approximated system model for the jPET-D4 which enables fast system matrix calculation while preserving image quality. The experimental results show that almost uniform spatial resolution of 2-3 mm is obtained over the field-of-view by using the 4-layer DOI information. A Huffman phantom image clearly shows the excellent imaging performance of the jPET-D4.
Electric field-dependent nonphotorefractive gratings in a nonlinear photoconducting polymer (1994)

The molecularly doped polymer system polyvinylcarbazole:Lophine 1:2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, which is both photoconductive and optically nonlinear, forms a grating whose diffraction efficiency is strongly dependent on the externally applied electric field. Two-beam coupling measurements show no energy transfer between the beams and grating translation measurements and reveal an index of refraction grating that is not phase shifted relative to the light intensity pattern at any value of the externally applied field. These results lead to the conclusion that, even though diffraction is field dependent, the grating is not photorefractive in origin. This illustrates the importance of two-beam coupling measurements for characterization of potentially photorefractive polymers. A possible origin of the nonphotorefractive grating based on quadratic electroabsorption is discussed.
Purification and Partial Characterization of α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase from Human Liver1 (1991)

A deficiency in alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is known as mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB or Sanfilippo B syndrome. We purified this enzyme almost 39,000-fold from liver to homogeneity with 3% recovery. Use of concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose resulted in 13.4-fold and 11.6-fold purifications of the enzymatic activity, respectively. The molecular mass was estimated to be 300 kDa by gel filtration and 80 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. The isoelectric point was 5.1, optimal pH was 4.5, and the Km for p-nitrophenyl alpha-N-acetylglucosamine was 0.13-0.20 mM. The purified enzyme was stable at 50 degrees C for 1 h and within the pH range of 6.5-8.5. Anti-serum against the purified enzyme raised in BALB/c mice inhibited the activities of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase.
Inflammasome Activation by Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Directs Th17 Responses and Protection against <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> (2010)

Inflammasome-mediated IL-1beta production is central to the innate immune defects that give rise to certain autoinflammatory diseases and may also be associated with the generation of IL-17-producing CD4(+) T (Th17) cells that mediate autoimmunity. However, the role of the inflammasome in driving adaptive immunity to infection has not been addressed. In this article, we demonstrate that inflammasome-mediated IL-1beta plays a critical role in promoting Ag-specific Th17 cells and in generating protective immunity against Bordetella pertussis infection. Using a murine respiratory challenge model, we demonstrated that the course of B. pertussis infection was significantly exacerbated in IL-1R type I-defective (IL-1RI(-/-)) mice. We found that adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA), a key virulence factor secreted by B. pertussis, induced robust IL-1beta production by dendritic cells through activation of caspase-1 and the NALP3-containing inflammasome complex. Using mutant toxins, we demonstrate that CyaA-mediated activation of caspase-1 was not dependent on adenylate cyclase enzyme activity but was dependent on the pore-forming capacity of CyaA. In addition, CyaA promoted the induction of Ag-specific Th17 cells in wild-type but not IL-1RI(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the bacterial load was enhanced in IL-17-defective mice. Our findings demonstrate that CyaA, a virulence factor from B. pertussis, promotes innate IL-1beta production via activation of the NALP3 inflammasome and, thereby, polarizes T cell responses toward the Th17 subtype. In addition to its known role in subverting host immunity, our findings suggest that CyaA can promote IL-1beta-mediated Th17 cells, which promote clearance of the bacteria from the respiratory tract.
The 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran approach to (+)-milbemycin β<sub>3</sub>. Part 1. An alternative synthesis of (2S,4S,6R,8R,9S)-2-formylmethyl-4-(dimethyl-t-butylsilyloxy)-8,9-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (1987)

A more efficient synthesis of the title compound (12), previously used in a total synthesis of (+)-milbemycin β3(2), is described. The key step in the sequence involves a nucleophilic cleavage of the oxirane (33) by the organocuprate (28) derived from metallation of (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (26).
Dynamic signal combining for distributed microphone systems in car environments (2011)

Distributed microphone systems in cars usually provide dedicated microphones for several speakers where each micro phone captures the desired speech signal at the best. The signal quality may differ strongly among the speaker channels depending on the microphone position, the microphone type, the kind of background noise, and the speaker himself. When combining these signals to a weighted mix annoying switching artifacts may result. In this contribution a new dynamic signal mixer is presented that uses spectral preprocessing to compensate both for different speech signal levels and for different background noise levels and colorations. Thus, artifacts are avoided and smooth transitions can be achieved for the various speech level and the background noise spectrum at speaker changes.
The challenge of face recognition from digital point-and-shoot cameras (2013)

Inexpensive “point-and-shoot” camera technology has combined with social network technology to give the general population a motivation to use face recognition technology. Users expect a lot; they want to snap pictures, shoot videos, upload, and have their friends, family and acquaintances more-or-less automatically recognized. Despite the apparent simplicity of the problem, face recognition in this context is hard. Roughly speaking, failure rates in the 4 to 8 out of 10 range are common. In contrast, error rates drop to roughly 1 in 1,000 for well controlled imagery. To spur advancement in face and person recognition this paper introduces the Point-and-Shoot Face Recognition Challenge (PaSC). The challenge includes 9,376 still images of 293 people balanced with respect to distance to the camera, alternative sensors, frontal versus not-frontal views, and varying location. There are also 2,802 videos for 265 people: a subset of the 293. Verification results are presented for public baseline algorithms and a commercial algorithm for three cases: comparing still images to still images, videos to videos, and still images to videos.
Air Permeation Rate of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB/3 and OSB/4) (2014)

Measurements of air permeation rate were taken according to EN 12114 for OSB boards, which were manufactured for this purpose in accordance with the requirements of EN 300 by a commercial manufacturer. The study measured the air permeation rate of samples and evaluated the influence of selected parameters on the resulting values. The effects of these factors on the rate of air permeation were specified, showing the particular influences of board thickness (12 mm and 18 mm) and type (OSB/3 and OSB/4). The dependence of the measured values of air permeation rate on the pressure difference was described using linear equations within a regression analysis. The group of OSB/3 samples exhibited a lower resistance to air permeation than OSB/4 (about 61% for both thicknesses). In addition, in both groups, 18 mm samples showed a higher resistance to air permeation than samples with a thickness of 12 mm (OSB/3 by about 40% and OSB/4 by about 41%).
A Deep Learning Algorithm for Automatic 3D Segmentation of Rotator Cuff Muscle and Fat from Clinical MRI Scans (2023)

The authors aimed to develop and validate an automated artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for three-dimensional (3D) segmentation of all four rotator cuff (RC) muscles to quantify intramuscular fat infiltration (FI) and individual muscle volume. The dataset included retrospectively collected RC MRI scans in 232 patients (63 with normal RCs, 169 with RC tears). A two-stage AI model was developed to segment all RC muscles and their FI in each stage. For comparison, single-stage and Otsu filtering models were created. Using the two-stage model, segmentation performance demonstrated high Dice scores (mean, 0.92 ± 0.14 [SD]), low volume errors (mean, 5.72% ± 9.23), and low FI errors (mean, 1.54% ± 2.79) when validated in 30 scans. There was a significant correlation between the 3D FI in the RC tear scans with a Goutallier grade (ρ = 0.53, <i>P</i> < .001) and FI found from a single two-dimensional (2D) section (all muscles, ρ > 0.70; <i>P</i> < .001). However, Bland-Altman analysis of the 3D compared with the 2D analyses of FI demonstrated a proportional bias (all muscles, <i>P</i> < .001). Compared with Goutallier classification or single-image quantification, the AI method allowed for more variability in images and led to objective separate quantifications of muscle volume and FI in all RC muscles. <b>Keywords:</b> Rotator Cuff, Artificial Intelligence, Segmentation, Fat Infiltration, Muscle Volume, MRI, Shoulder Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2023.
Determination of huperzine a in<i>Huperzia selago</i>plants from wild population and obtained in<i>in vitro</i>culture by high-performance liquid chromatography using a chaotropic mobile phase (2011)

This article is the first report describing a new validated method to determine the content of HupA in Huperzia selago (Huperziaceae) from wild population and obtained in in vitro culture using the chaotropic mobile phase. An aqueous-organic (acetonitrile) mobile phase with an added chaotropic salt (NaPF 6 ) was used. The system of mobile phases ensured very high selectivity and efficiency at up to N = 6683 963 theoretical plates calculated for isocratic mode. A Hypercosil GOLD column, C18 250 4.6 mm, and a Hypercosil GOLD precolumn, 5UM 10 4 mm, were employed for detection at four wavelengths, 230 nm being analytical. The regression coefficient (R 2 ) of the calibration was 0.9993 over the range 25-1252 g mL -1 . The recovery rates were 98.36-105.1% with RSD <2.9%. The intra-and inter-day precisions, expressed as RSD, ranged from 1.2% to 2.7%. LOD for HupA was 14 ng mL -1 for a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1. The limit of quantification was 140 ng mL -1 . The huperzine A (HupA) content of the plant material ranged from 0.65 mg g -1 dry weight (d.w.) to 1.59 mg g -1 d.w. (material from wild plants) and from 0.44 to 1.10 mg g -1 d.w. (material from in vitro cultures). Interestingly, in our study, plants of H. selago derived from wild population had one of the highest HupA concentrations recorded for a club moss (1.59 mg g -1 d.w.). The findings demonstrate that H. selago, found in Europe and North America, is an alternative source of HupA, richer than H. serrata. In order to confirm that HupA was present in the alkaloid extracts, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of the patterns were performed in the positive ion mode. The fragmentation quasi-molecular ion of the standard HupA (m/z = 243, [M+H] + ) and the ion with m/z = 243 found in the samples were identical, confirming the compound as HupA.
A middleware approach to integrate referent tracking in EHR systems. (2007)

The purpose of a Referent Tracking System (RTS) is to manage the representation of particulars in a database and to share this information with Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems. We describe how an implementation of such a RTS can be integrated in an EHR system using middleware technology based on web services. We describe the functional and technical requirements of such an approach and document our experiences with MedtuityEMR, an EHR system that stores patient data in XML.
Extracellular pressure stimulates tumor cell adhesion in vitro by paxillin activation (2006)

Metastasizing colon cancer cells bind target tissues primarily via integrins. Extracellular pressure or shear stress stimulates integrin-mediated adhesion to matrix proteins or endothelial cells by activating the focal adhesion proteins FAK and Src. Because this effect is blocked by cytoskeletal perturbation and paxillin may link the cytoskeleton to the focal adhesion complex, we evaluated the role of paxillin in pressure-induced malignant colonocyte adhesion. We studied SW620 colon cancer cells and confirmed key results in Caco-2 colon cancer cells, primary human colon cancer cells, and a murine colonic adenocarcinoma. We evaluated adhesion to collagen at ambient and 15 mmHg increased pressure after 30 minutes, and paxillin, FAK, and Src phosphorylation in suspended cells prior to adhesion. Some cells were treated with siRNA to paxillin or FAK, or the Src inhibitor PP2. We also compared pressure-induced signals in suspended cells with adhesion-induced signals after adhesion to collagen. Pressure stimulated adhesion and paxillin phosphorylation in SW620 and Caco-2 cells and human primary colon cancer cells. Pressure also increased paxillin phosphorylation in murine carcinoma cells. SiRNA to paxillin decreased SW620 and Caco-2 paxillin without altering basal levels of phosphorylated paxillin. Paxillin reduction decreased basal adhesion to collagen, and inhibited pressure-stimulated adhesion, as well as paxillin, FAK397, FAK576, and Src476 phosphorylation. Neither PP2 nor siRNA to FAK inhibited induction of paxillin phosphorylation by pressure. In contrast, adhesion stimulated FAK, Src, and paxillin phosphorylation regardless of paxillin reduction. In summary, pressure induced paxillin phosphorylation in colon cancer cells. Paxillin reduction inhibited basal adhesion and blocked the pressure-mediated increase in adhesion, as well as pressure-induced FAK and Src signals, while adhesion-induced signals were preserved. Paxillin may be an upstream mediator of pressure-stimulated adhesion, important in metastasis.
Synthesis and evaluation of phenyl substituted sydnones as potential DPPH-radical scavengers (2007)

A series of phenyl substituted sydnones has been synthesized and their radical-scavenging activity has been studied on DPPH free radical. Out of eighteen compounds screened, nine compounds show interesting activity. A mechanism is presented whereby sydnones scavenge DPPH radical through donating H-atom at 4 th -position. Its strong radical-scavenging activity mainly arises from 1, 2, 3-oxadiazolium-5-olate ring. Different substituents and their positions on the phenyl ring differently influence DPPH scavenging activity and therefore, may provide clues to design and develop better free-radical scavenging sydnones with multiple activities.
Towards a quality model for model composition effort (2014)

This paper proposes an initial quality model for model composition effort, which serves as a frame of reference to developers and researchers to plan and perform qualitative and quantitative investigations, as well as replicate and reproduce empirical studies. A series of empirical studies supports the proposed quality model, including five industrial case studies, two controlled experiments, three quasi-experiments, interviews and seven observational studies. Moreover, these studies have systematically demonstrated the real benefits of using a frame of reference to enable learning about model composition effort from experimentation.
Visible‐Light‐Assisted Synthesis of Allylic Triflamides via Dual Acridinium/Co Catalysis (2021)

Abstract A dehydrogenative functionalization of styryl carbon‐carbon double bonds with triflamide is described via dual visible‐light photoredox/cobaloxime catalysis. A range of allylic triflamides (20 examples) were isolated in moderate to good yields (up to 88%) under stoichiometric acceptorless conditions. Dedicated labelling, as well as spectroscopic experiments, enabled to shed light on the concatenated photo‐ and chemo‐catalytic cycles. magnified image
Immunotherapy of Cancer — Some Up-To-Date Approaches (2015)

Treatment of cancer is currently based on three main modalities: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Most solid tumours can only be cured at an early stage, due to the lack of effective systemic treatment. Surgery and radiotherapy are highly effective for eradicating localized tumours, but unfortunately cannot target disseminated disease. Chemotherapy represents systemic treatment, but the clinical use of current drugs is to a large extent hampered by their limited specificity.
Evolution of magnetic and transport properties in pore-modified CoAlO antidot arrays (2007)

10.1088/0022-3727/40/4/002
EVIDENCE THAT ADENOSINE IS A KEY COMPONENT IN CAROLINA RINSE RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCING GRAFT FAILURE AFTER ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RAT (1991)

Recently, a rinse solution, Carolina rinse, designed to minimize reperfusion injury following liver transplantation in the rat has been developed. When used to rinse cold-stored grafts prior to completion of implantation surgery, Carolina rinse improved postoperative survival dramatically. Here we report the results of studies designed to determine the key components of Carolina rinse. Livers were explanted, stored for 12 hr in cold UW solution (0-4 degrees C), and rinsed with 15 ml of Ringer's solution immediately prior to completion of implantation surgery. In this group, 12/13 rats died within 2 days (nonsurvival conditions). In a second group, explants stored under identical conditions were rinsed with 15 ml of Carolina rinse. Carolina rinse increased average 30-day survival time significantly to over 75%. Furthermore, when grafts were rinsed with Carolina rinse lacking nicardipine or with the pH increased to 7.4, long-term survival of recipient rats was also about 75% (i.e., the modifications did not affect survival). However, Carolina rinse lost its efficacy (12% survival) when adenosine was omitted. In addition, when donor livers were rinsed with Ringer's solution containing adenosine (0.1 mM), average survival time was increased from 8% to 63%. Rinsing with Ringer's solution containing higher concentrations of adenosine (5 mM), however, did not improve survival significantly. Survival was also not improved by rinsing with Ringer's containing 0.1 mM ribose and 0.1 mM adenine, substrates for ATP synthesis that are not vasoactive. SGOT values were around 3000 U/L 1-3 days postoperatively in the nonsurviving group rinsed with Ringer's solution alone. Values were decreased over 6-fold by Carolina rinse but were not reduced significantly by Ringer's solution containing adenosine. Thus, adenosine improves survival following liver transplantation without preventing parenchymal cell injury, indicating that adenosine may work via nonhepatic mechanisms. Liver injury was also assessed by electron microscopy. After either adenosine or Ringer's rinse, sinusoidal thrombi and polymorphonuclear margination were observed together with a pattern of pericentral hepatocellular vacuolization and disruption of the sinusoidal lining characteristic of changes observed following hypoxia. With Ringer's rinse, Kupffer cells exhibited surface irregularity in pericentral regions indicative of activation. Following adenosine rinse, however, Kupffer cells appeared more flattened with less ruffling and reduced surface debris (i.e., they were less activated). Carbon uptake by Kupffer cells was also decreased significantly by Ringer's rinse when adenosine was present. Furthermore, adenosine lowered intracellular free calcium concentration in cultured Kupffer cells and improved hepatic microcirculation postoperatively. Adenosine rinse also affected extrahepatic systems: it reduced postoperative clotting time and diminished lung injury significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Synchrotron X-Ray Measurement of Direct Injection Gasoline Fuel Sprays (2001)

Abstract A quantitative and time-resolved radiographic has been used to characterize direct-injection (Dl) gasoline sprays in near-nozzle region. The highly penetrative nature of x-rays promises the direct measurements of dense sprays that are difficult to study by visible-light optical techniques. Appropriate models were developed to determine the fuel volume fraction as a function of time and positions. The results also show quantitatively the strong asymmetry of the hollow-cone sprays studied here.