gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ash Properties of Alternative Biomass (2009)

The ash behavior during suspension firing of 12 alternative solid biofuels, such as pectin waste, mash from a beer brewery, or waste from cigarette production have been studied and compared to wood and straw ash behavior. Laboratory suspension firing tests were performed on an entrained flow reactor and a swirl burner test rig, with special emphasis on the formation of fly ash and ash deposit. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to support the interpretation of the experiments. To generalize the results of the combustion tests, the fuels are classified according to fuel ash analysis into three main groups depending upon their ash content of silica, alkali metal, and calcium and magnesium. To further detail the biomass classification, the relative molar ratio of Cl, S, and P to alkali were included. The study has led to knowledge on biomass fuel ash composition influence on ash transformation, ash deposit flux, and deposit chlorine content when biomass fuels are applied for suspension combustion.
<i>In Situ</i> Optimization of pH for Parts-Per-Billion Electrochemical Detection of Dissolved Hydrogen Sulfide Using Boron Doped Diamond Flow Electrodes (2014)

A novel electrochemical approach to the direct detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in aqueous solutions, covering a wide pH range (acid to alkali), is described. In brief, a dual band electrode device is employed, in a hydrodynamic flow cell, where the upstream electrode is used to controllably generate hydroxide ions (OH(-)), which flood the downstream detector electrode and provide the correct pH environment for complete conversion of H2S to the electrochemically detectable, sulfide (HS(-)) ion. All-diamond, coplanar conducting diamond band electrodes, insulated in diamond, were used due to their exceptional stability and robustness when applying extreme potentials, essential attributes for both local OH(-) generation via the reduction of water, and for in situ cleaning of the electrode, post oxidation of sulfide. Using a galvanostatic approach, it was demonstrated the pH locally could be modified by over five pH units, depending on the initial pH of the mobile phase and the applied current. Electrochemical detection limits of 13.6 ppb sulfide were achieved using flow injection amperometry. This approach which offers local control of the pH of the detector electrode in a solution, which is far from ideal for optimized detection of the analyte of interest, enhances the capabilities of online electrochemical detection systems.
Isokinematic leg extension training with an industrial robot (2016)

Resistance training of the leg extensor muscles is an important intervention in rehabilitation and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders such as hip or knee arthrosis and osteoporosis. With current training equipment, neither the exercise trajectory can be optimized nor the loadings on structures of the musculoskeletal system can be controlled. To overcome these limitations an experimental research platform for the development of new training scenarios is developed using an industrial robot for maximum flexibility together with kinetic and kinematic data and musculoskeletal models for estimating loadings on target structures. The focus of this paper lies on the implementation of isokinematic exercise, i.e. leg extension and flexion with constant velocity. A force triggered trajectory with smooth transitions between two points needs to be planned for the robot. An algorithm which uses continuous polynomials is proposed. It consists of three parts. First, the trajectory is planned in Cartesian space by intuitive definitions of e.g. start and end point or desired velocity and minimum resistive force. The trajectory can be visualized and optimized using OpenSim together with a model of the research platform, which makes the system usable for non experts in the field of robotics. Second, a smooth trajectory in joint space is generated from the planning points, using a third order polynomial for joint velocities between two adjacent points. Third, the trajectory is adapted to the measured force at the end effector, as the robot should only move along the trajectory, if the applied force by the user is high enough. The proposed algorithm is furthermore easily expandable to arbitrary force triggered motions with definable position and velocity profiles.
MOIRE: initial demonstration of a transmissive diffractive membrane optic for large lightweight optical telescopes (2012)

The desire to field space-based telescopes with apertures in excess of 10 meter diameter is forcing the development of extreme lightweighted large optics. Sparse apertures, shell optics, and membrane optics are a few of the approaches that have been investigated and demonstrated. Membrane optics in particular have been investigated for many years. The majority of the effort in membrane telescopes has been devoted to using reflective membrane optics with a fair level of success being realized for small laboratory level systems; however, extending this approach to large aperture systems has been problematic. An alternative approach in which the membrane is used as a diffractive transmission element has been previously proposed, offering a significant relaxation in the control requirements on the membrane surface figure. The general imaging principle has been demonstrated in 50-cm-scale laboratory systems using thin glass and replicated membranes at long f-number (f/50). In addition, a 5-meter diameter f/50 transmissive diffractive optic has been demonstrated, using 50-cm scale segments arrayed in a foldable origami pattern. In this paper we discuss Membrane Optical Imager Real-time Exploitation (MOIRE) Phase 1 developments that culminated in the development and demonstration of an 80 cm diameter, off-axis, F/6.5 phase diffractive transmissive membrane optic. This is a precursor for an optic envisioned as one segment of a 10 meter diameter telescope. This paper presents the demonstrated imaging wavefront performance and collection efficiency of an 80 cm membrane optic that would be used in an F/6.5 primary, discusses the anticipated areal density in relation to existing space telescopes, and identifies how such a component would be used in previously described optical system architectures.
Analytical and Clinical Performance of Amyloid-Beta Peptides Measurements in CSF of ADNIGO/2 Participants by an LC–MS/MS Reference Method (2020)

Long-term performance assessment substantiates our modified LC-MS/MS reference method for 3 Aβ peptides. The improved diagnostic performance of the CSF ratio Aβ42/Aβ40 suggests that Aβ42 and Aβ40 should be measured together and supports the need for an Aβ40 CRM.
Synthesis of Chiral Ferrocenyl Imidazolium Salts and Their Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I) Complexes (2003)

Chiral ferrocenyl imidazolium salts were obtained from optically pure ferrocenyl alcohols or acetates by substitution with retention of configurations. Their rhodium and iridium complexes were synthesized and applied to asymmetric hydrogenations. The benzimidazolylidene−iridium complex showed up to 52.6% ee in the transfer hydrogenation of 4‘-methylacetophenone.
Confusability of Phonemes Grouped According to their Viseme Classes in Noisy Environments (2004)

Using visual information, such as lip shapes and movements, as the secondary source of speech information has been shown to make speech recognition systems more robust to problems associated with environmental noise, training/testing mismatch and channel and speech style variations. Research into utilising visual information for speech recognition has been ongoing for 20 years, however over this period, a study into which visual information is the most useful or pertinent to improving speech recognition systems has yet to be performed. This paper presents a study to determine the confusability of the phonemes grouped into their viseme classes over various levels of noise in the audio domain. The rationale behind this approach is that by establishing the interclass confusion for a group of phonemes in their viseme class, a better understanding can be obtained on the complementary nature of the separate audio and visual information sources and this can be subsequently applied in the fusion stage of an audio-visual speech processing (AVSP) system. The experiments performed show high interclass confusion variability at the 0dB and-6dB SNR levels. Further analysis found that this was mainly due to a phonetic imbalance in the dataset. Due to this result, it was suggested that it would be appropriate for an AVSP system used for digit recognition applications heavily weight the visual modality for the phonemes that are most prevalent such as the phoneme N. 1.
Standards of practice in acute ischemic stroke intervention: International recommendations (2018)

This article was first published in JNIS. Cite this article as: Pierot L, Jayaraman MV, Szikora I, et al. Standards of practice in acute ischemic stroke intervention: international recommendations. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery. Published Online First: 28 August 2018. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014287.
Data from Identification and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of hepsin (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Hepsin is a type II transmembrane serine protease overexpressed in the majority of human prostate cancers. We recently demonstrated that hepsin promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis and thus represents a potential therapeutic target. Here we report the identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of hepsin catalytic activity. We utilized purified human hepsin for high-throughput screening of established drug and chemical diversity libraries and identified sixteen inhibitory compounds with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values against hepsin ranging from 0.23-2.31 μM and relative selectivity of up to 86-fold or greater. Two compounds are orally administered drugs established for human use. Four compounds attenuated hepsin-dependent pericellular serine protease activity in a dose dependent manner with limited or no cytotoxicity to a range of cell types. These compounds may be used as leads to develop even more potent and specific inhibitors of hepsin to prevent prostate cancer progression and metastasis. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(10):3343–51]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Photosensitivity and grating writing in hydrogen loaded germanosilicate core optical fibers at 325 and 351 nm (1997)

A refractive index grating has been side written in the core of a hydrogen loaded germanosilicate optical fiber using a phase mask and 351 nm light from an Ar ion laser, the longest wavelength yet reported, to the best of our knowledge, for a grating of this type. The grating strength was ∼1.25 dB, indicating an index change of ∼2×10−4. The fiber was sensitized by low temperature hydrogen loading followed by a brief exposure to a CO2 laser, resulting in the formation of high levels of germanium–oxygen deficiency centers. Fluorescence changes and UV transmission changes in hydrogen loaded germanosilicate glasses exposed to 325 nm and combined 351/364 nm radiation are also reported.
Monitoring the microcirculation in the ICU (2016)

Abstract The microcirculation is the key physiological compartment of the cardiovascular system where oxygen is delivered by convection and diffusion to respiring parenchymal cells to support cellular, and thereby organ, function. The microcirculation consists of microvessels less than 100 µmin diameter consisting of arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The smallest vessels (&amp;lt;6 µm) are the capillaries where most oxygen leaves the circulation by passive diffusion to cells. The critical role of the microcirculation has long been recognized, although it has recently been possible to image its function at the bedside, thus making it a clinically important compartment to monitor. Prior to this type of monitoring, peripheral perfusion was used as a surrogate before more advanced optical techniques were developed to image microcirculatory function both non-invasively and at the bedside. This chapter provides a brief overview of microcirculatory assessment.
A short formal route to (±)-lepadin B using a xanthate-mediated free radical cyclisation/vinylation sequenceElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental and characterisation data for the transformation of 13 and 14. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b203604e/ (2002)

A short route towards (±)-lepadin B has been developed starting from cyclohexenylamine, featuring a diastereoselective xanthate-mediated free radical cyclisation/vinylation sequence.
Viruseliminationskinetik unter Therapie mit Interferon-α 2a, Ribavirin und Amantadin bei Patienten mit chronischer Hepatitis C Infektion (2015)

Einleitung / Ziel: Unter einer antiviralen Therapie mit Interferon-a kommt es häufig zu einem biphasischen Abfall der Virenlast. Der initial rasche Abfall (bis 48h) erklärt sich durch eine Blockierung der Virenreplikation und Erhöhung der Eliminationsrate virusinfizierter Zellen. Der zweiten, langsamer verlaufenden Phase, in hohem Maße abhängig von der Elimination infizierter Zellen, geht meist ein kurzfristiger Anstieg der Virenzahl voraus. Frühere Untersuchungen konnten einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen der zweiten Reduktionsphase und dem längerfristigen Ansprechen auf eine antivirale Therapie aufzeigen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die frühe Virenreduktion unter einer Therapie mit Interferon-α 2a in konventioneller Dosierung und unter einer täglichen, hochdosierten Interferon-a 2a Induktionstherapie untersucht.
Theories of liquid crystallinity in polymers (2010)

In the previous chapter, the design of mesogenic molecules was examined in some detail with a view to understanding the relationship between chemical structure and liquid crystalline stability. However, just as it is important to relate properties to the chemical detail, it is of equal significance to be able to determine the stability of a mesophase on the basis of simple schematic representations of the molecules – the simpler the model, the more likely it is to be attractive to the theorist and it will have the great advantage of exposing the essence of any situation. For, in finding just those few features which are really necessary to make the model work, one is at the same time identifying them as the key elements.
F7: Clock synthesis design (2009)

One of the most critical and challenging functions present in almost every electronic system is clock generation or frequency synthesis. High-performance clocks or precise frequency references are needed in digital systems, data converters, serial data communications and wireless transceivers, to just name a few examples. Wireless systems heavily rely on the phase-locked-loop, but recent shifts into nanometer CMOS processes for RF SoCs open new architectural opportunities for all-digital and digitally-intensive implementations, both for carrier frequency synthesis and for phase-modulated transmission schemes. Data converter performance has improved so much that ADC performance is now limited as much by the clock-path noise and jitter, as by the quantization or thermal noise of the input signal path. That, of course, has led into new challenges for clock-generation systems with sub-ps or even sub-100fs rms jitter performance. The objective of this Forum is to present an overview of recent state-of-the-art developments in this crucial field, by leading experts.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Nanoglobular Macrocyclic Mn(II) Chelate Conjugates as Non-Gadolinium(III) MRI Contrast Agents (2011)

Because of the recent observation of the toxic side effects of Gd(III) based MRI contrast agents in patients with impaired renal function, there is strong interest on developing alternative contrast agents for MRI. In this study, macrocyclic Mn(II) chelates were conjugated to nanoglobular carriers, lysine dendrimers with a silsesquioxane core, to synthesize non-Gd(III) based MRI contrast agents. A generation 3 nanoglobular conjugate of Mn(II)-1,4,7-triaazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetate-GA amide (G3-NOTA-Mn) was also synthesized and evaluated. The per ion T(1) and T(2) relaxivities of G2, G3, G4 nanoglobular Mn(II)-DOTA monoamide conjugates decreased with increasing generation of the carriers. The T(1) relaxivities of G2, G3, and G4 nanoglobular Mn(II)-DOTA conjugates were 3.3, 2.8, and 2.4 mM(-1) s(-1) per Mn(II) chelate at 3 T, respectively. The T(1) relaxivity of G3-NOTA-Mn was 3.80 mM(-1) s(-1) per Mn(II) chelate at 3 T. The nanoglobular macrocyclic Mn(II) chelate conjugates showed good in vivo stability and were readily excreted via renal filtration. The conjugates resulted in much less nonspecific liver enhancement than MnCl(2) and were effective for contrast-enhanced tumor imaging in nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts at a dose of 0.03 mmol Mn/kg. The nanoglobular macrocyclic Mn(II) chelate conjugates are promising nongadolinium based MRI contrast agents.
Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders as a Resource for Better Understanding Parkinsonâ€™s Disease Modifier Genes (2015)

Antipsychotic-induced movement disorders are major side effects of antipsychotic drugs among schizophrenia patients, and include antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism (AIP) and tardive dyskinesia (TD). Substantial pharmacogenetic work has been done in this field, and several susceptibility variants have been suggested. In this paper, the genetics of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders is considered in a broader context. We hypothesize that genetic variants that are risk factors for AIP and TD may provide insights into the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since loss of dopaminergic stimulation (albeit pharmacological in AIP and degenerative in PD) is shared by the two clinical entities, genes associated with susceptibility to AIP may be modifier genes that influence clinical expression of PD sub-phenotypes, such as age at onset, disease severity or rate of progression. This is due to their possible functional influence on compensatory mechanisms for striatal dopamine loss. Better compensatory potential might be beneficial at the early and later stages of the PD course. AIP vulnerability variants may also be related to latent impairment in the nigrostriatal pathway, affecting its functionality, and leading to subclinical dopaminergic deficits in the striatum. Susceptibility of PD patients to early development of L-dopa induced dyskinesia (LID), is an additional relevant sub-phenotype. LID may share a common genetic background with TD, with which it shares clinical features. Genetic risk variants may predispose to both phenotypes, exerting a pleiotropic effect. According to this hypothesis, elucidating the genetics of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders may advance our understanding of multiple aspects of PD and it clinical course, rendering this a potentially rewarding field of study.
Chemical modification of Cladophora nanocellulose to provide a non-toxic material with anticoagulant properties (2016)

Frontiers Events is a rapidly growing calendar management system dedicated to the scheduling of academic events. This includes announcements and invitations, participant listings and search functionality, abstract handling and publication, related events and post-event exchanges. Whether an organizer or participant, make your event a Frontiers Event!
LONG-TERM OUTCOME AND ALLOANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN A NON-MYELOABLATIVE REGIMEN FOR INDUCTION OF RENAL ALLOGRAFT TOLERANCE1 (1999)

1) Production of anti-donor antibody was prevented in most recipients that developed mixed chimerism in the regimens with splenectomy at the time of donor bone marrow transplantation. 2) If splenectomy is not included in the initial conditioning regimen, induction of B cell tolerance is less likely and the result is late onset of alloantibody production and allograft rejection. 3) Immediate transplantation of the kidney at the time of recipient conditioning is not essential for induction of donor specific hyporesponsiveness by bone marrow transplantation.
Effects of alcohol on respiratory variables in normal humans (1999)

The study is designed to clarify the effect of low doses of alcohol on respiratory variables in air breathing normal subjects. Each subject was given an initial loading dose of alcohol (0.270 g/kg) followed, half an hour later, by a second dose (0.135 g/kg). Blood alcohol increased to a mean value of 52.0 +/- 3.0 (SEM) mg/100 ml at 1 hour. Resting ventilation increased significantly from a mean value of 6.25 +/- 0.41 litres min(-1) to 7.20 +/- 0.31 litres min(-1) 1 hour after alcohol (p= 0.025). Mean inspiratory flow was also increased (p= 0.045). End-tidal PCO² (PET CO²) showed a highly significant fall (1.87 +/- 0.35 mm Hg; p < 0.001) without a significant change in CO2 production rate (p > 0.05). PET CO² variability (100 x SD/mean) was low (mean 2.4%) and unaffected by alcohol. The longest end-expiratory pauses (apnoeas) observed for each subject were shortened significantly by alcohol (1.030 +/- 0.194 s and 0.690 +/- 0.138 s; p = 0.01). Moderate doses of alcohol in normal subjects, therefore lower PET CO² and shorten end-expiratory pauses (apnoeic periods) but do not affect PET CO² variability.
Doping by Design: Finding New n-type Dopable ABX4 Zintl Phases for Thermoelectrics (2020)

Doping remains a bottleneck in discovering novel functional materials for applications such as thermoelectrics (TE) and photovoltaics. The current computational approach to materials discovery is to identify candidates by predicting the functional properties of a pool of known materials, and hope that the candidates can be appropriately doped. What if we could "design" new materials that have the desired functionalities and doping properties? In this work, we use an approach, wherein we perform chemical replacements in a prototype structure, to realize doping by design. We hypothesize that the doping characteristics and functional performance of the prototype structure are translated to the new compounds created by chemical replacements. Discovery of new &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-type Zintl phases is desirable for TE; however, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-type Zintl phases are a rarity. We demonstrate our doping design strategy by discovering 7 new, previously-unreported ABX&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Zintl phases that adopt the prototypical KGaSb&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; structure. Among the new phases, we computationally confirm that NaAlSb&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, NaGaSb&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CsInSb&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; are &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-type dopable and potentially exhibit high &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-type TE performance, even exceeding that of KGaSb&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. Our structure prototyping approach offers a promising route to discover new materials with designed doping and functional properties.
A Fast Geometric Optics-Based Design Approach for Dielectric Rod Antennas (2015)

A simple and effective dielectric rod antenna design approach based on geometric optics and modal analysis is presented. The tapered antennas from microwave to terahertz can be readily designed with the equations presented in this paper. The radius of antenna is determined by the desired traveling wave mode inside the antenna. The field inside the antenna consists of the fundamental mode and the second mode. For the end-fire operation, there is only the fundamental mode. The length of the antenna is designed based on geometric optics theory so that most of the traveling wave will be converted to the radiating field towards the output plane, avoiding reflection inside the antenna. Such antennas can achieve wide bandwidth. The gain increases with the length of the antenna as long as the diameters and length satisfy the conditions given in this paper. A number of antenna design examples with high gain and wide bandwidth are presented. The measurement results of a 130 GHz rectangular antenna with a length of 4 λ show a bandwidth of 60 GHz and a gain of 12 dB.