gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The filter-loading effect by ambient aerosols in filter absorption photometers depends on the coating of the sampled particles (2017)

Abstract. Black carbon is a primary aerosol tracer for high-temperature combustion emissions and can be used to characterize the time evolution of its sources. It is correlated with a decrease in public health and contributes to atmospheric warming. Black carbon measurements are usually conducted with absorption filter photometers, which are prone to several artifacts, including the filter-loading effect – a saturation of the instrumental response due to the accumulation of the sample in the filter matrix. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that this filter-loading effect depends on the optical properties of particles present in the filter matrix, especially on the black carbon particle coating. We conducted field campaigns in contrasting environments to determine the influence of source characteristics, particle age and coating on the magnitude of the filter-loading effect. High-time-resolution measurements of the filter-loading parameter in filter absorption photometers show daily and seasonal variations of the effect. The variation is most pronounced in the near-infrared region, where the black carbon mass concentration is determined. During winter, the filter-loading parameter value increases with the absorption Ångström exponent. It is suggested that this effect is related to the size of the black carbon particle core as the wood burning (with higher values of the absorption Ångström exponent) produces soot particles with larger diameters. A reduction of the filter-loading effect is correlated with the availability of the coating material. As the coating of ambient aerosols is reduced or removed, the filter-loading parameter increases. Coatings composed of ammonium sulfate and secondary organics seem to be responsible for the variation of the loading effect. The potential source contribution function analysis shows that high values of the filter-loading parameter in the infrared are indicative of local pollution, whereas low values of the filter-loading parameter result from ageing and coating during long-range transport. Our results show that the filter-loading parameter can be used as a proxy for determination of the particle coating, thus allowing for differentiation between local/fresh and transported/aged particles.
<i>RGS6</i> Variants Are Associated With Dietary Fat Intake in Hispanics: The IRAS Family Study (2011)

Recently, a genome‐wide association scan was completed in the IRAS (Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study) Family Study (IRASFS) Hispanic‐American cohort. Multiple single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the G‐protein signaling 6 ( RGS6 ) gene were found to be associated with adiposity phenotypes. RGS6 has shown downstream antagonistic interplay with opioid receptors, targets of fatty/sugary food agonists. The possibility that RGS6 promotes tolerance and tachyphylaxis among the opioid receptor is a plausible pathway for overconsuming fat/sugar‐laden food. Therefore, we hypothesized that RGS6 variants are associated with intake of fatty/sugary foods. In 932 Hispanics from San Antonio and San Luis Valley, CO, the following dietary intake variables were assessed using the Block Brief 2000 food frequency questionnaire: total calories, total fat, % calories from fat, % calories from saturated fat, protein, % calories from protein, carbohydrates, % calories from carbohydrates, and daily frequency of servings of fats/oils/sweets. We tested for association between 23 SNPs in RGS6 and dietary intake using a variance components measured genotype approach. All models were adjusted for gender, recruitment site, admixture, BMI, and age. Using an additive genetic model, rs1402064 was associated with higher intake of fats/oils/sweets, total calories, total fat and saturated fat ( P = 0.0007, 0.026, 0.023, and 0.024). SNPs rs847330 and rs847354 were associated with higher intake of fats/oils/sweets ( P = 0.002 and 0.018), total fat ( P = 0.040 and 0.048) and saturated fat ( P = 0.044 and 0.041). Finally, rs769148 was associated with higher intake of fats/oils/sweets ( P = 0.002). RGS6 is a new candidate gene for adiposity traits that may be associated with a behavioral tendency toward fat‐laden food intake.
Enhanced access schemes based on channel statistics for cognitive wireless networks (2014)

We study from a network-layer perspective a simple cognitive network consisting of one primary user (PU) and one secondary user (SU) sharing the spectrum with the primary. We propose and analyze two different access schemes at the SU aiming at maximizing its stable throughput while guaranteeing the stability of the PU's queue. These schemes exploit the SU's knowledge of the statistics of the channels as well as the average arrival rate to the PU. The first scheme is where the SU does not perform any sensing but accesses the channel at all slots with fixed probability p*. The second scheme is where the SU senses the channel at all slots and accesses the channel with probabilities p <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> * and p <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> * when the PU is sensed to be idle and busy respectively. We also compare these schemes to the traditional opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) where the SU accesses the channel with probability one only if the channel is sensed to be idle. The analysis shows that if the PU and/or SU receivers can decode simultaneous transmissions with high success probability, then schemes with no sensing are preferred as they provide to the SU more duration for data transmission and they outperform schemes with sensing. In this case, the OSA scheme is over- protective. Otherwise, schemes with sensing are preferred since sensing is crucial for PU protection. Therefore, using complex receivers that can handle simultaneous transmissions successfully alleviates the need of complex SU transmitters with strong sensing capability which might be preferred in some circumstances.
Ambiguity of structure determination from a minimum of diffraction intensities (2014)

Although the ambiguity of the crystal structures determined directly from diffraction intensities has been historically recognized, it is not well understood in quantitative terms. Bernstein's theorem has recently been used to obtain the number of one-dimensional crystal structures of equal point atoms, given a minimum set of diffraction intensities. By a similar approach, the number of two- and three-dimensional crystal structures that can be determined from a minimum intensity data set is estimated herein. The ambiguity of structure determination from the algebraic minimum of data increases at least exponentially fast with the increasing structure size. Substituting lower-resolution intensities by higher-resolution ones in the minimum data set has little or no effect on this ambiguity if the number of such substitutions is relatively small.
Indications of Transformation Products from Hydraulic Fracturing Additives in Shale-Gas Wastewater (2016)

Unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) generates large volumes of wastewater, the detailed composition of which must be known for adequate risk assessment and treatment. In particular, transformation products of geogenic compounds and disclosed additives have not been described. This study investigated six Fayetteville Shale wastewater samples for organic composition using a suite of one- and two-dimensional gas chromatographic techniques to capture a broad distribution of chemical structures. Following the application of strict compound-identification-confidence criteria, we classified compounds according to their putative origin. Samples displayed distinct chemical distributions composed of typical geogenic substances (hydrocarbons and hopane biomarkers), disclosed UNGD additives (e.g., hydrocarbons, phthalates such as diisobutyl phthalate, and radical initiators such as azobis(isobutyronitrile)), and undisclosed compounds (e.g., halogenated hydrocarbons, such as 2-bromohexane or 4-bromoheptane). Undisclosed chloromethyl alkanoates (chloromethyl propanoate, pentanoate, and octanoate) were identified as potential delayed acids (i.e., those that release acidic moieties only after hydrolytic cleavage, the rate of which could be potentially controlled), suggesting they were deliberately introduced to react in the subsurface. In contrast, the identification of halogenated methanes and acetones suggested that those compounds were formed as unintended byproducts. Our study highlights the possibility that UNGD operations generate transformation products and underscores the value of disclosing additives injected into the subsurface.
Identification and characterization of <i>RET</i> fusions in advanced colorectal cancer (2015)

There is an unmet clinical need for molecularly directed therapies available for metastatic colorectal cancer. Comprehensive genomic profiling has the potential to identify actionable genomic alterations in colorectal cancer. Through comprehensive genomic profiling we prospectively identified 6 RET fusion kinases, including two novel fusions of CCDC6-RET and NCOA4-RET, in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. RET fusion kinases represent a novel class of oncogenic driver in CRC and occurred at a 0.2% frequency without concurrent driver mutations, including KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA or other fusion tyrosine kinases. Multiple RET kinase inhibitors were cytotoxic to RET fusion kinase positive cancer cells and not RET fusion kinase negative CRC cells. The presence of a RET fusion kinase may identify a subset of metastatic CRC patients with a high response rate to RET kinase inhibition. This is the first characterization of RET fusions in CRC patients and highlights the therapeutic significance of prospective comprehensive genomic profiling in advanced CRC.
TU-D-210A-04: Development of High Frequency Ultrasound Transducers for Medical Imaging (2009)

Ultrasonic imaging is one of the most important and still growing diagnostic tools today. Ultrasonic imaging is more appealing as a clinical imaging modality compared to such imaging modalities as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging, and x-ray computed tomography (CT) in that it is more cost-effective, non-invasive, capable of real-time operation, and portable while providing images of comparable quality and resolution. State-of-the-art ultrasonic scanners offer real-time gray scale images of anatomical detail with millimeter spatial resolution superimposed on which is a map of Doppler blood flow information displayed in color. Clinical applications of these devices are still expanding and the operating frequencies of these devices seem to inch higher and higher. High frequency (HF) ultrasound (>20 MHz) yields improved spatial resolution at the expense of a shallower depth of penetration. There are a number of clinical problems that may benefit from high frequency ultrasonic imaging. Intravascular imaging with probes mounted on catheter tips at frequencies higher than 20 MHz with the highest frequency being 60 MHz has been used to characterize atherosclerotic plaque and to guide stent placement and angioplastic procedures. The medical efficacy of ultrasonic imaging of anterior segments of the eye at frequencies higher than 50 MHz in diagnosing glaucoma and ocular tumors and in assisting refractive surgery has been demonstrated. Applications in dermatology for defining tumor involvement and for monitoring treatment, in vascular surgery for characterizing atherosclerotic plaques, and in small animal imaging are also being investigated. To further expand the role of HF ultrasound, probe performance must be improved since current HF ultrasound imaging devices, dubbed “ultrasound biomicroscopes” or “UBMs” by a number of investigators use mechanically scanned single element transducers. Compared to electronic scanning with linear arrays, mechanical scanning of a single element transducer has three major drawbacks: poorer resolution, slower frame rate, and motion of the probe. Single element transducers can only produce beams with a fixed focus which means the spatial resolution of the device is best only within the depth of focus, i.e., in a very tight zone and degrades rapidly beyond the focal point. Mechanical motion of the transducer limits the frame rate, is unreliable, and may cause discomfort and, at worst, hazard to the patient. My presentation will introduce several HF ultrasound transducers currently being developed by the NIH Transducer Resource Center at the University of California. Emphasis will be placed on the construction and implementation of high frequency array transducers. Learning Objectives: 1. Familiarize audience with high frequency ultrasound transducers and their applications.
Bioresorbable magnesium implants for first in human surgical fixation of ankle fractures: HR-pQCT assessment of the implantation site (2023)

Einleitung Bioresorbierbare Implantate sollen Stabilität für die Frakturheilung bieten und danach resorbiert werden, so dass eine Implantatentfernung überflüssig wird. Wir stellen die Langzeitergebnisse der First in Human Studie vor und berichten über die Nachbeobachtung von 6 PatientInnen mit medialen Malleolusfrakturen, die mit bioresorbierbaren Magnesiumschrauben ZX00 versorgt wurden.
Strongly Extended Superradiance in Diamond Metamaterials (2017)

Zero index metamaterials (ZIM) experience near-perfect spatial coherence and infinite spatial wavelength. We model, through both analytical calculations and simulations, superradiant emission of silicon vacancy centers (SiV) in a diamond ZIM that extends well beyond the emission wavelength near 737 nm.
Single-molecule kinetics under force: probing protein folding and enzymatic activity with optical tweezers (2010)

Weak non-covalent bonds between and within single molecules govern many aspects of biological structure and function (e.g. receptor-ligand binding, protein folding) In living systems, these interactions are often subject to mechanical forces, which can greatly alter their kinetics and activity. My group develops and applies single-molecule manipulation techniques to explore and quantify these force-dependent kinetics. We have developed a variety of optical tweezers techniques, such as high-resolution 3D position tracking using interference imaging (0.2 nm resolution in z, 1 nm in x-y) [1,2], active feedback for longterm stability in trap height and focus (1-2 nm stability) [2], and intensity modulation imaging for quantifying high-frequency fluctuation above the acquistion rate of a detector (power spectrum measurements above 100 kHz can be made with a slow camera) [3]. We have used these methods to quantify the force-dependent unfolding and refolding kinetics of proteins, including the cytoskeletal protein spectrin in collaboration with E. Evans [4], and the A2 domain of the von Willebrand factor blood clotting protein in collaboration with T. Springer [5]. Furthermore, we have studied the kinetics of the ADAMTS13 enzyme acting on a single A2 domain, and have shown that physiolgical forces in the circulation can act as a cofactor for enzymatic cleavage, regulating hemostatic activity [5].References1. W.P. Wong, V. Heinrich, E. Evans, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 790, P5.1-P5.10 (2004).2. V. Heinrich, W.P. Wong, K. Halvorsen, E. Evans, Langmuir, 24, 1194-1203 (2008).3. W.P. Wong and K. Halvorsen, Optics Letters 34 (3), 277-279 (2009).4. E. Evans, K. Halvorsen, K. Kinoshita, and W.P. Wong, Handbook of Single Molecule Biophysics, P. Hinterdorfer, ed., Springer (2009).5. X. Zhang, K. Halvorsen, C.-Z. Zhang, W.P. Wong, and T.A. Springer, Science 324 (5932), 1330-1334 (2009).
ESD Generator Tip Current Reconstruction Using a Current Probe Measurement at the Ground Strap (2019)

Monitoring ESD generator discharge current during IEC 61000-4-2 testing helps to better understand product failures. By acquiring the discharge waveform using an oscilloscope, this enables the operator to both document the current waveform which resulted in product failure, and to identify the presence of secondary ESD event within the product. Placing a current probe such as an F-65 current clamp at the tip of the ESD generator may change the discharge current waveform shape due to probe loading. In addition, the inclusion of an extra cable and current clamp increases physical weight at the tip of the ESD generator and reduces operator convenience during testing. In order to overcome the probe loading effect, a non-intrusive measurement method of positioning the F-65 current clamp at the ground strap of the ESD generator is proposed. The disadvantage of this configuration is that the captured waveform does not include the initial high-frequency peak current directly. Since the waveform measured at the ground strap does not contain high frequency components, mathematical processing is needed to reconstruct the initial nanosecond high-frequency current waveform which may lead to product failure. The goal of this work is to reconstruct the high-frequency discharge tip current waveform by measuring the current on the ground strap and applying deconvolution. The deconvolution method is first validated using circuit simulation. In addition, measurements are performed with different ESD generators to determine the effectiveness of the reconstruction algorithm.
Amyloid and Tau in Neurodegeneration (2019)

Background and Hypothesis:Familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD) are two autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in the BRI2 gene. FBD and FDD are characterized by widespread cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), parenchymal amyloid deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles.Previous studies have shown that accumulation of Danish amyloid peptide (ADan) induces hyperphosphorylation of tau and cell cytotoxicity; however, progress in our understanding of the interaction between ADan and tau has been hindered by the lack of antibodies against ADan. In addition, whether the British amyloid peptide (ABri) has a similar effect on tau phosphorylation remains unknown. The main goals of our project are to generate monoclonal antibodies against ADan and to test whether the ABri peptide induces hyperphosphorylation of tau and cell cytotoxicity. Experimental Design or Project Methods:A peptide homologous to the C-terminus of the ADan peptide was used to immunize 5 mice. Serum samples were tested from mice with high ELISA titers and the best 2 animals were used for cell fusion. Cell culture supernatants were screened by ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry. ABri peptides were used as negative controls.HEK cells expressing human tau were used to assess the interaction between ABri and tau. We performed immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis to investigate tau phosphorylation. Results:A total of 11 clones tested positive by western blot. 3 clones tested positive for ABri and were discarded. 5 clones were tested by immunohistochemistry. 3 of the positive clones will be used for subcloning to complete clonality. Work in progress on the interaction between ABri and tau will determine whether ABri induces tau hyperphosphorylation in cell culture. Conclusion and Potential Impact:Our work will provide novel tools to study the interaction between amyloid and tau in neurodegenerative diseases and may uncover possible new targets for pharmaceutical intervention in tauopathies.
TAKOKO - Technischer Bericht 1: Definition der Szenarien (2005)

Taken together, these results show that, despite angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition treatment, oxidative capacity is reduced in human and experimental heart failure and that endothelin-1 and angiotensin II could be involved in the downregulation of the mitochondrial transcription cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: Approach Towards an EPC Synthesis of Nodusmicin (I). Part 5. Stereoselective Introduction of a Side Chain at the cis‐Decalin Part of Nodusmicin. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society (2015)

Genome instability is a prerequisite for the development of cancer. It occurs when genome maintenance systems fail to safeguard the genome's integrity, whether as a consequence of inherited defects or induced via exposure to environmental agents (chemicals, biological agents and radiation). Thus, genome instability can be defined as an enhanced tendency for the genome to acquire mutations; ranging from changes to the nucleotide sequence to chromosomal gain, rearrangements or loss. This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability. The selected chemicals with their mechanisms of action proposed to indirectly contribute to genome instability are: heavy metals (DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length), acrylamide (DNA repair, chromosome segregation), bisphenol A (epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation), benomyl (chromosome segregation), quinones (epigenetic modification) and nano-sized particles (epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length). The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study. The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis.
Dependences of Thermal Behaviors on the Number of Layers in Langmuir−Blodgett Films of 2-Octadecyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. 1. Order−Disorder Transitions in the Films Investigated by Ultraviolet−Visible and Infrared Spectroscopies (1996)

Dependences of thermal behaviors on the number of layers in Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films of 2-octadecyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (octadecyl-TCNQ) have been investigated for both morphological and molecular structural aspects by using ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. The temperature-dependent morphological changes have been monitored by the base-line shift in the UV−vis spectra of the LB films. The changes in the base-line in the 450−600 nm region suggest that the domains in the one-layer film decompose progressively with temperature even just above room temperature. In contrast, the domains in the seven- and 11-layer films are stable until 80 °C and undergo rather abrupt collapse between 80 and 90 °C. These differences in the thermal behaviors of the domain structure between the one-layer film and the seven- and 11-layer films may be attributed to the differences in the film thickness, the effect of the interaction between the first layer and a CaF2 substrate, and the longitudinal interaction between the domains. The IR spectral measurements for the LB films at elevated temperatures reveal that the order−disorder transition temperature of the one-layer LB film is lower by about 5 °C than that of the 11-layer film, which is close to the chain melting point of the bulk material. Of particular interest is that the domain structure of the one-layer film shows the gradual temperature change but that the molecular orientation and structure in the domains experience the clear order−disorder transition.