gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New readout and data-acquisition system for reducing dead time in the Gamma Ray Compton Telescope (2017)

For MeV gamma-ray astronomy, We have developed an electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC) as a next generation satellite telescope. Our detector consists of a Comptonscattering target and a scattered gamma-ray absorber. The target is a gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC), which uses μPIC as the 2-dimensional readout detector, and the absorber is position sensitive scintillation arrays (PSAs). We developed a prototype ETCC and certificated its performance in a groundbased experiment. The prototype ETCC had a sharp PSF of 15 (included 50%, 662 keV) at the ARM of 5 and the SPD of 100. We plan to update the prototype ETCC and observe the electronpositron annihilation line of the galactic center in Australia in early 2018 (SMILE-II+). In the data acquisition (DAQ) system of the prototype ETCC, the dead time is estimated to be 20 % at the trigger rate of 100 Hz in a balloon observation, and the prototype ETCC can work. The SMILE-II+ ETCC can also work at the balloon altitude. On the other hand, in the future observation with the ETCC, that has a larger effective area than the effective area of SMILE-II+ ETCC, the DAQ rate is expected to be 1 kHz. The dead time gets saturation due to sending data via VME bus and common start system in PSA. To overcome the two problem, we develop a new TPC readout board and a PSA readout unit. We create a test model ETCC which have the new TPC readout boards and the new PSA readout units. Although the dead time is 20 % at 30 Hz with a small ETCC in the prototype DAQ system, the dead time is 20 % at 2 kHz in the new system.
<i>Trans</i>-Hydrometalation of Alkynes by a Combination of InCl<sub>3</sub> and DIBAL-H:  One-Pot Access to Functionalized <i>(Z)</i>-Alkenes (2002)

[reaction: see text] Triethylborane-induced hydrometalation of alkynes proceeds in an anti manner to afford the corresponding (Z)-alkenylmetal compounds stereoselectively, where dichloroindium hydride would play a key role. A variety of functional groups including hydroxy, carbonyl, and carboxy groups were tolerant under the reaction conditions. Following iodolysis and cross-coupling reaction of the (Z)-alkenylmetal species show the usefulness of this strategy.
Motion video coding in CCITT SG XV-the coded picture format (2003)

Some of the work of the CCITT SG XV specialists group on coding on the standardization of low-bit-rate video codecs is described. Emphasis is placed on the issue of the coded picture format. It is shown how the decision was made to adopt a common format for coding and transmission that is independent of the local national television standard. The format meets the basic principle of sharing the burden of conversion between NTSC and PAL/SECAM regions and provides sufficient quality for the resolution of detailed still images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Differential Penicillin-Binding Protein 5 (PBP5) Levels in the Enterococcus faecium Clades with Different Levels of Ampicillin Resistance (2016)

Ampicillin resistance in Enterococcus faecium is a serious concern worldwide, complicating the treatment of E. faecium infections. Penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP5) is considered the main ampicillin resistance determinant in E. faecium The three known E. faecium clades showed sequence variations in the pbp5 gene that are associated with their ampicillin resistance phenotype; however, these changes alone do not explain the array of resistance levels observed among E. faecium clinical strains. We aimed to determine if the levels of PBP5 are differentially regulated between the E. faecium clades, with the hypothesis that variations in PBP5 levels could help account for the spectrum of ampicillin MICs seen in E. faecium We studied pbp5 mRNA levels and PBP5 protein levels as well as the genetic environment upstream of pbp5 in 16 E. faecium strains that belong to the different E. faecium clades and for which the ampicillin MICs covered a wide range. Our results found that pbp5 and PBP5 levels are increased in subclade A1 and A2 ampicillin-resistant strains compared to those in clade B and subclade A2 ampicillin-susceptible strains. Furthermore, we found evidence of major clade-associated rearrangements in the region upstream of pbp5, including large DNA fragment insertions, deletions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, that may be associated with the differential regulation of PBP5 levels between the E. faecium clades. Overall, these findings highlight the contribution of the clade background to the regulation of PBP5 abundance and point to differences in the region upstream of pbp5 as likely contributors to the differential expression of ampicillin resistance.
Design of an energy-efficient nonvolatile lookup table circuit using active-load-localized circuitry with self-terminated writing/reading (2023)

Abstract An energy-efficient nonvolatile lookup table (LUT) circuit, where both write and read currents are automatically terminated if desired write/read operations are completed, is proposed. The use of self-terminated writing makes it possible to cut off wasted write current by continuously monitoring voltage transitions owing to the resistance change in the storage element. In addition, wasted read current can be cut off by utilizing the voltage drop in active-load-localized circuitry as a read completion signal. In fact, the proposed 6-input LUT circuit reduces 59% of write energy and 47% read energy with only 5% of hardware overhead compared with those of a conventional circuit style under a 45 nm CMOS technology.
Radiative Loss In Small Inverted-F Antenna Transmission Line Model (2020)

An improved transmission line model of a lossy inverted-F antenna is presented, this model takes into account all losses in the antenna structure. So, complementary to ohmic losses, the radiative losses are introduced to improve the antenna input impedance model. This “extended” transmission line model proves to be accurate enough to allow the study of the antenna characteristics as function of its geometry and conductive material properties.
Photoluminescence quenching of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum thin films at interfaces with metal oxide films of different conductivities (2009)

We report a comprehensive study of photoluminescence (PL) quenching of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum $({\text{Alq}}_{3})$ at interfaces with thin films of tin oxide $({\text{SnO}}_{2})$ using both steady-state and time-resolved measurements. Quenching of excitons generated in the ${\text{Alq}}_{3}$ layer increased with increased conductivity of the ${\text{SnO}}_{2}$ films, which we relate with the presence of nonradiative energy transfer from excitons in ${\text{Alq}}_{3}$ to transitions in ${\text{SnO}}_{2}$. In addition, due to the semitransparency of ${\text{SnO}}_{2}$, the effects of optical interference on the steady-state PL quenching of ${\text{Alq}}_{3}$ are determined. We demonstrate that without accounting for the interference effects in the excitation, the extracted exciton diffusion length $({L}_{d})$ in ${\text{Alq}}_{3}$ is in the range of 10--20 nm. However, when using a numerical model to account for the optical interference effects, we find that ${L}_{d}$ is in the range of 5--9 nm, which agrees with ${L}_{d}$ extracted from time-resolved measurements (4--6 nm). We conclude that time-resolved measurements are least affected by optical interference, yielding the most accurate measurement of ${L}_{d}$.
Nitric Oxide Signaling in Myocarditis (2003)

The nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway plays important roles in the regulation of most organ systems. NO participates in physiologic regulation and pathophysiologic organ dysfunction. The latter is often mediated by induction of the high-output NO synthase isoform, NOS2, induced by cytokines. Myocarditis represents a prototypic clinical scenario for the induction of NOS2 within the heart. In this chapter, we review the physiologic roles for NOS 1 and NOS3 in cardiac function and the various consequences of NOS2 induction, which influences organ function, antiviral immunity, and apoptosis.
Tissue Metabolic Responses to Artificial Bending and Gravitation Stimuli in Betula platyphylla (2023)

Betula platyphylla Suk (Asian white birch) is an economically important tree species in the paper-pulping and biofuel industries. To investigate the mechanism of wood formation at the metabolic level, we evaluated metabolic responses associated with tension-wood formation. Four-year-old trees were subjected to artificial bending treatment for 6 weeks. The xylem growth rate of tension wood (TW) was significantly faster than that of opposite wood (OW), and it exhibited a higher cellulose content. Metabolomics analysis was performed on metabolites of TW, OW and normal wood (NW), and 183 metabolites were identified, of which levels of 142 were altered between groups. Metabolites related to fatty-acid and amino-acid metabolism, the glycolytic pathway, and the metabolism of fructose, mannose and starch sucrose were abundant in TW. Glucose 1-phosphoric acid, fructose and mannose associated with tension-wood development were elevated. Levels of xylitol and ribosol (related to the conversion of glucose), coniferol (the main monomer of lignin) and shikimic acid (an intermediate in lignin synthesis) were decreased in TW. These metabolites are likely involved in xylem development.
One ion to catch them all: Targeted high-precision Boltzmann thermometry over a wide temperature range with Gd3+ (2021)

Ratiometric luminescence thermometry with trivalent lanthanide ions and their 4f<sup>n</sup> energy levels is an emerging technique for non-invasive remote temperature sensing with high spatial and temporal resolution. Conventional ratiometric luminescence thermometry often relies on thermal coupling between two closely lying energy levels governed by Boltzmann's law. Despite its simplicity, Boltzmann thermometry with two excited levels allows precise temperature sensing, but only within a limited temperature range. While low temperatures slow down the nonradiative transitions required to generate a measurable population in the higher excitation level, temperatures that are too high favour equalized populations of the two excited levels, at the expense of low relative thermal sensitivity. In this work, we extend the concept of Boltzmann thermometry to more than two excited levels and provide quantitative guidelines that link the choice of energy gaps between multiple excited states to the performance in different temperature windows. By this approach, it is possible to retain the high relative sensitivity and precision of the temperature measurement over a wide temperature range within the same system. We demonstrate this concept using YAl<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (YAB):Pr<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup> with an excited <sup>6</sup>P<sub>J</sub> crystal field and spin-orbit split levels of Gd<sup>3+</sup> in the UV range to avoid a thermal black body background even at the highest temperatures. This phosphor is easily excitable with inexpensive and powerful blue LEDs at 450 nm. Zero-background luminescence thermometry is realized by using blue-to-UV energy transfer upconversion with the Pr<sup>3+</sup>-Gd<sup>3+</sup> couple upon excitation in the visible range. This method allows us to cover a temperature window between 30 and 800 K.
Approaches to Address New ABET Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Criteria in Biomedical Engineering Curricula (2023)

Abstract The lack of diversity in engineering is a persistent problem with few signs of pending improvement. Efforts to promote diversity in engineering schools have produced modest gains. Based on a commitment to be a change leader and fueled by recent updates in ABET criteria to include diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEI-J) as tenets of engineering education, the biomedical engineering (BME) community needs to find new ways to address the issues of DEI for all groups in our curricula. In an attempt to redesign engineering departments to be more inclusive of all student populations, institutions of higher learning are reviewing programs, policies, and the ways they engage students. This paper provides BME programs with some thinking about the integration of DEI into areas of curriculum, assessment, faculty practice and faculty support, infrastructure, and climate for change. This study reports on curricular innovations attempted to date in order to serve as a resource for biomedical undergraduate engineering curricula. The authors have collected critical resources and literature related to integrating DEI into courses and content as well as assessment and evaluation approaches. Sections include resources for BME design, diverse anatomy and physiology, person-centered language, ethics, and assessment and evaluation approaches to measuring climate, faculty, and student impacts. In addition to providing resources, we propose that the ABET DEI framework is missing a critical component: justice. We feel that justice should be emphasized, particularly in biomedical engineering programs because our field has the unique opportunity to promote awareness of injustices and racial disparities in the design, development, and delivery of healthcare and medical technologies. While this paper presents examples of integration in several course types and across different topics, it is intended to inspire additional efforts by the BME community to make more concerted changes to promote DEI in our educational programs. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract demonstrating main themes and connections between different themes in the DEI-J framework presented in the paper. Created with BioRender.com.
Optics in Ireland: introduction to the feature issue (2018)

This feature issue provides a snapshot of some of the applied optics and photonics related research and development activities currently taking place across Ireland. The issue contains some thirty papers, including contributions from universities and institutes of technology research groups, state research laboratories and institutes, and commercial companies.
Solution Chemistry of <i>N,N’</i>‐Disubstituted Amidines: Identification of Isomers and Evidence for Linear Dimer Formation (2016)

Amidines have found widespread use, but their solution chemistry remains poorly understood. In this work, X-ray crystallographic and detailed 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies have been performed to elucidate the preferred isomers and their interconversion mechanisms. Amidines are shown to exist as a mixture of E-syn and Z-anti isomers in solution and to form dimeric H-bonded aggregates that are also observed in the solid state. Rapid proton exchange/tautomerization reactions occur within the dimers, allowing fast interconversion of E-syn and Z-anti isomers even at very low temperatures. Three different exchange processes were identified in solution, and on this basis the unusual concentration and temperature dependence of the NMR spectra of these amidines could be explained. This work thus resolves some of the puzzles of the complex solution chemistry of this prominent class of compounds.
Why Ni is absent from the surface of La<sub>2</sub>NiO<sub>4+δ</sub>? (2015)

The calculated Gibbs reaction energy of La<sub>2</sub>NiO<sub>4</sub>decomposition (left) and the proposed resulting layered structure (right) provide an explanation for the experimentally observed Ni-absent surfaces and Ni-enriched subsurface layers on La<sub>2</sub>NiO<sub>4</sub>.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Keto‐11,12‐carbazate Derivatives of 6‐O‐Methylerythromycin A. Synthesis and in vitro Activity (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Machine-type communications (2016)

Machine-Type Communication (MTC) denotes the broad area of wireless communication with sensors, actuators, physical objects and other devices not directly operated by humans. Different types of radio access technologies are targeting MTC (see [1]). For Long Term Evolution (LTE), it has emerged as an important communication mode during the recent standard evolution. The research and development efforts made to enhance LTE in a way to support MTC clearly indicate the need for the wireless system architecture to address MTC. As the role of MTC is expected to grow in the future, there is a good opportunity in the development of a 5G wireless system to address MTC from the very beginning in the system design.
Mass Spectrometric Mechanistic Investigation of Ligand Modification in Hafnocene-Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization (2017)

We recently reported evidence that a cyclometalated intermediate can facilitate the polymerization of 1-hexene to append polymer chains to the termini of propyl groups of the Me2Hf(Cpn-Propyl)2 catalyst precursor. Herein we provide further mechanistic details on the activation of Me2Hf(Cpn-Propyl)2 by B(C6F5)3 and the polymerization of 1-hexene mainly by applying a battery of mass spectrometry-based techniques. First, a combination of MALDI and CID fragmentation is used to characterize the high molecular mass region (up to 6 kDa) of the isolated poly(1-hexene) material with attached metallocene. The CID fragmentation patterns are explained by relatively low-energy ligand losses and higher energy hydrocarbon chain degradation via C–C bond cleavage and 1,3-hydrogen shift reactions. Further mechanistic insights are gained by investigating 1-hexene polymerization reaction employing a properly 13C-labeled catalyst activated by B(C6F5)3. Mass spectrometry analyses, along with supporting NMR experiments, indicate that polymer chain growth from the propylcyclopentadienyl ligand proceeds via a series of 2,1-insertion ring expansions of the hafnium metallacycle. In contrast, free poly(1-hexene) chains are generated by conventional 1,2-insertions. In addition, six boron-containing species were identified from negative ion mode ESI-QqTOF: [B(C6F5)3]−•, [H–B(C6F5)3]−, [CH3–B(C6F5)3]−, [HO–B(C6F5)3]−, [C6H13–B(C6F5)3]−, and [B(C6F5)4]−.
On noise reduction in the Karhunen-Lo&amp;#x00E8;ve expansion domain (2009)

In this paper, we study the noise-reduction problem in the Karhunen-Loève expansion domain. We develop two classes of optimal filters. The first class estimates a frame of speech by filtering the corresponding frame of the noisy speech. We will show that several well-known existing methods belong or are closely related to this category. The second class, which has not been studied before, obtains noise reduction by filtering not only the current frame, but also a number of previous consecutive frames of the noisy speech. We will discuss how to design the optimal noise-reduction filters in each class and demonstrate the properties of the deduced optimal filters.
Cooperative beam tracking by multi-sensor data fusion in V2X networks (2019)

This research focuses on ultra-reliable low-latency Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) communications. We envision a system architecture and processing algorithms for the alignment of highly collimated V2X beams based either on millimeter-Wave (mmW) or Free-Space Optics (FSO). A sensor aided beam tracking strategy based on distributed processing of sensor data is used to counteract the detrimental effect of dynamics, guaranteeing a seamless communication. Sensor data are mutually exchanged among vehicles to estimate their kinematics, increasing the self-situational awareness and providing a geometrical description of the line-of-sight link between transceivers. Highly directional mmW and/or FSO communications are shown to be promising candidates for multiGbps V2X communications even in high mobility scenarios if supported by an adequate architecture and advanced processing techniques.
Red cell exchange transfusions lower cerebral blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction in pediatric sickle cell anemia (2017)

Blood transfusions are the mainstay of stroke prevention in pediatric sickle cell anemia (SCA), but the physiology conferring this benefit is unclear. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) are elevated in SCA, likely compensating for reduced arterial oxygen content (CaO<sub>2</sub>). We hypothesized that exchange transfusions would decrease CBF and OEF by increasing CaO<sub>2</sub>, thereby relieving cerebral oxygen metabolic stress. Twenty-one children with SCA receiving chronic transfusion therapy (CTT) underwent magnetic resonance imaging before and after exchange transfusions. Arterial spin labeling and asymmetric spin echo sequences measured CBF and OEF, respectively, which were compared pre- and posttransfusion. Volumes of tissue with OEF above successive thresholds (36%, 38%, and 40%), as a metric of regional metabolic stress, were compared pre- and posttransfusion. Transfusions increased hemoglobin (Hb; from 9.1 to 10.3 g/dL; <i>P</i> < .001) and decreased Hb S (from 39.7% to 24.3%; <i>P</i> < .001). Transfusions reduced CBF (from 88 to 82.4 mL/100 g per minute; <i>P</i> = .004) and OEF (from 34.4% to 31.2%; <i>P</i> < .001). At all thresholds, transfusions reduced the volume of peak OEF found in the deep white matter, a location at high infarct risk in SCA (<i>P</i> < .001). Reduction of elevated CBF and OEF, both globally and regionally, suggests that CTT mitigates infarct risk in pediatric SCA by relieving cerebral metabolic stress at patient- and tissue-specific levels.
Understanding Respiratory Restrictions as a Function of the Scoliotic Spinal Curve in Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome: A 4D Dynamic MR Imaging Study (2018)

Level II-diagnostic.
NDE performance in predicting failure strength of spherical composite specimens with implanted flaws (1988)

The results of a program to evaluate nondestructive inspection techniques on spherical composite specimens are presented. Seventy Kevlar-epoxy filament wound specimens were made such that ten of the specimens contained one of seven defect conditions which simulated manufacturing or handling defects. These defect conditions were a standard no-defect condition, Teflon-shim simulated delamination, ceramic bead simulated voids, 10% low-fiber alternate winding pattern, low-modulus alternate fiber type, variable tension, and dry (low-matrix) fiber. Some specimens were impact damaged by dropping them from various heights to a hard surface. Each specimen was inspected using a variety of nondestructive techniques to determine which methods were useful for detecting the defect conditions in the specimens. These techniques included combinations of A, B, and C-scan ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics, x-ray CAT scans, radiography, thermography, optical stress coating, and acoustic emission. The specimens were subsequently pressurized to failure to determine any detrimental effect the implanted flaw types might have on enclosed geometry structures. One important finding in the study was that nominal defects introduced during the manufacturing or handling process do not significantly reduce the ultimate burst strength of the composite material in this geometry when creep and fatigue mechanisms are insignificant. 11 refs., 12 figs.