gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pythagorean coupling: Complete population transfer in a four-state system (2011)

Complete population transfer in a four-coupled-modes system is analyzed from a geometrical point of view. An analytical solution of the dynamics is written by the use of two distinct frequencies, the generalization of the single Rabi frequency of the two-state dynamics. We also present its visualization on two separate Bloch spheres with two independent torque equations. With this scheme we analytically derive the requirements for complete population transfer in a four-state quantum system. Interestingly, the solutions are found to be linked to fundamental number theory, whereas complete population transfer occurs only if the ratios between coupling coefficients exactly match a set of Pythagorean triples.
Kinetic analysis of paramyxovirus-sialoglycan receptor interactions reveals virion motility (2023)

Many viruses initiate infection by binding to sialoglycan receptors at the cell surface. Binding to such receptors comes at a cost, however, as the sheer abundance of sialoglycans e.g. in mucus, may immobilize virions to non-functional decoy receptors. As a solution, sialoglycan-binding as well as sialoglycan-cleavage activities are often present in these viruses, which for paramyxoviruses are combined in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. The dynamic interactions of sialoglycan-binding paramyxoviruses with their receptors are thought to be key determinants of species tropism, replication and pathogenesis. Here we used biolayer interferometry to perform kinetic analyses of receptor interactions of animal and human paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, and human parainfluenza virus 3). We show that these viruses display strikingly different receptor interaction dynamics, which correlated with their receptor-binding and -cleavage activities and the presence of a second sialic acid binding site. Virion binding was followed by sialidase-driven release, during which virions cleaved sialoglycans until a virus-specific density was reached, which was largely independent of virion concentration. Sialidase-driven virion release was furthermore shown to be a cooperative process and to be affected by pH. We propose that paramyxoviruses display sialidase-driven virion motility on a receptor-coated surface, until a threshold receptor density is reached at which virions start to dissociate. Similar motility has previously been observed for influenza viruses and is likely to also apply to sialoglycan-interacting embecoviruses. Analysis of the balance between receptor-binding and -cleavage increases our understanding of host species tropism determinants and zoonotic potential of viruses.
Deposition of Fractal-Like Aerosol Aggregates in a Model of Human Nasal Cavity (2006)

Toxicity of diesel exhaust is related to the inhalation of nano-sized fractal-like aerosol aggregates. Their complex behavior (in comparison to spherical particles) should be taken into account in deposition modeling. The deposition of aerosol fractal-like aggregates in the model of a human nose was studied numerically for the flow rate corresponding to breathing conditions. The simplified geometry of the human nasal replica was implemented in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (FLUENT) used for calculation of the three-dimensional airflow structure. A Brownian dynamic (BD) algorithm was applied for determination of the aggregates deposition in the nasal cavity during inhalation. These calculations were carried out for several populations of aggregates. The values of parameters used in the BD simulations for characterization of fractal-like aggregates, that is, fractal dimension (Df) and the radius of gyration (Rg), were in the range of 1.7-2.1 and 0.24-0.36 microm, respectively. These are the representative values for soot aggregates emitted from diesel engines. The results of computation show approximately 20% penetration of submicrometer aggregates through the nose and a weak dependence of deposition efficiency on Df and Rg values. The proposed methodology may lead to a more realistic description of deposition of nonspherical aerosol particles in the respiratory system. A more sophisticated approach for description of fractal-like aggregates dynamics is suggested for future studies.
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Clinical and biological profiles (2017)

these results suggest that, despite biological differences that highlighted DAC aggressiveness, the molecular classification recently proposed in conventional PCa could also be applied in DAC.
J044052 Novel Optica1 Devices Developed with High-Strength Gels (2011)

Most of lenses embedded in optical devices used today are as hard as a glass and not deformable. Therefore, it is necessary to move the positions of the lenses in focusing and zooming. Actual optical devices sometimes become complex and large. In order to solve these problems, here we propose deformable lens system by virtue of high-strength, transparent and transformable hydrogels. We applied both double network gels (DNG) and shape-memory gels (SMG) to the deformable lens system, and evaluate the system for both DNG and SMG. In this system, a water layer is sandwiched between two gel sheets to compose a variable focus lens. By changing the water pressure of the water layer, the radius of convex curvature of the gel sheet surface can be controlled, and the focal length of the lens can be adjusted. It is found that the lens system performed well for both the DNG and SMG. For the SMG, the focal length can be fixed due to the shape memory properties of the SMG.
IC‐01‐01: Antemortem PiB binding correlates with postmortem amyloid density in a case with DLB on region of interest analysis (2010)

A majority of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are pathologically characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques along with Lewy body deposits. Although in-vivo binding of the PET tracer [11C]-Pittsburg Compound B (PiB) reflects amyloid pathology in patients with AD, the specificity of PiB binding in DLB is less clear. Our objective was to investigate the association between the Aβ and α-synuclein density in autopsied brain tissue sections and antemortem PiB binding in matching regions of interest (ROIs) in a pathologically confirmed case of DLB. A 76-year-old man presenting with a clinical diagnosis of DLB was followed for four years prior to death. The patient had undergone PiB-PET imaging and 3D volumetric MRI 18 months before death, and at that time was mildly demented (Clinical Dementia Rating score = 1). On post-mortem examination we examined 6 micron sections from 17 regions using Bielschowsky silver stain, Aβ (10D5), PHF-tau (AT8) and alpha-synuclein (LB509). Aβ density (area occupied) was determined using image analysis and α-synuclein density (number/mm2) was determined by manual counts of the outlined ROI. For image analysis, each coronal brain tissue slab was matched to a single coronal slice on the 3D MRI volume. ROIs were drawn on the MRI images to match the corresponding histological sections. PiB-PET image volume was co-registered to the 3D MRI scan which was segmented into gray matter, white matter and CSF. The median gray matter PiB uptake (referenced to the cerebellar uptake) was calculated for each of the 17 ROIs. The patient was pathologically diagnosed with DLB neocortical-type, Braak stage III neurofibrillary pathology, and low likelihood of AD by NIA-Reagan criteria. A significant correlation was found between Aβ density and PiB uptake in the 17 corresponding ROIs (r = 0.88; p < 0.0001) (Figure). There was no correlation between α-synuclein density and PiB uptake (r = 0.04; p = 0.90). The ROI-based analysis of imaging and histopathological data confirms that PiB uptake on PET is a valid marker for Aβ density in DLB. Absence of a correlation between α-synuclein density and PiB uptake further confirms the specificity of PiB binding to Aβ in DLB.
High‐Performance Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Enabled by Efficient Energy Transfer between Coupled Quasi‐2D Perovskite Layers (2020)

While there has been extensive investigation into modulating quasi-2D perovskite compositions in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for promoting their electroluminescence, very few reports have studied approaches involving enhancement of the energy transfer between quasi-2D perovskite layers of the film, which plays very important role for achieving high-performance perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs). In this work, a bifunctional ligand of 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzoic acid (ABA) cation is strategically introduced into the perovskite to diminish the weak van der Waals gap between individual perovskite layers for promoting coupled quasi-2D perovskite layers. In particular, the strengthened interaction between coupled quasi-2D perovskite layers favors an efficient energy transfer in the perovskite films. The introduced ABA can also simultaneously passivate the perovskite defects by reducing metallic Pb for less nonradiative recombination loss. Benefiting from the advanced properties of ABA incorporated perovskites, highly efficient blue PeLEDs with external quantum efficiency of 10.11% and a very long operational stability of 81.3 min, among the best performing blue quasi-2D PeLEDs, are achieved. Consequently, this work contributes an effective approach for high-performance and stable blue PeLEDs toward practical applications.
Gene manipulation using artificial restriction DNA cutter (2005)

Artificial restriction DNA cutter (ARCUT), which we developed recently, was used for manipulation of plasmid DNA. PCR product was inserted into pBR322 plasmid vector using ARCUT, and E. coli cells were transfected with this recombinant plasmid DNA. Successful growth of cells shows that the recombination proceeds without any unexpected mutations. Furthermore, this artificial system was applied to PCR-free construction of chimera protein.
Finite element models used for the analysis of cardiac defibrillation (1988)

A finite-element model has been developed of the canine heart and thorax to examine different aspects of the distribution of current through cardiac tissue during defibrillation. This two-dimensional, isotropic model has enabled the authors to analyze some of the determinants of defibrillation, and it has provided tools for the analysis and comparison of different electrode configurations for the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator. A more detailed interpretation of experimental data may require the extension of the model to a three-dimensional one with bisyncytial, anisotropic cardiac tissue.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Water, water, everywhere: sodium and water balance and the injured brain (2011)

Water content control and partition can be better assessed in clinic with NMR helping to make decisions, but with limited proven therapies. The timing for such interventions might be crucial and future biomarkers might be very helpful.
Characterization of the interaction of N-acyl-L-tryptophan benzyl ester neurokinin antagonists with the human neurokinin-1 receptor. (1994)

We have recently shown that a series of N-acyl-L-tryptophan benzyl esters are potent substance P antagonists (Macleod, A. M., Merchant, K. J., Cascieri, M. A., Sadowski, S., Ber, E., Swain, C. J., and Baker, R. (1993) J. Med Chem. 14, 2044-2045). We now report the detailed characterization of the interaction of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan-3,5-bistrifluoromethyl benzyl ester (L-732,138) with the human neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor. L-732,138 inhibits the binding of 125I-substance P to the cloned human NK1 receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with an IC50 of 2.3 +/- 0.7 nM. In contrast, it has 200-fold lower affinity for the cloned rat NK-1 receptor and has > 1000-fold lower affinity for the human NK-2 and NK-3 receptors. L-732,138 acts as a competitive antagonist of substance P, as shown by functional Schild analysis of the inhibition of substance P-induced inositol phosphate synthesis, by kinetic analysis of the dissociation rate, and by thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium binding of 125I-substance P to the NK-1 receptor. L-732,138 also competitively inhibits the binding of the quinuclidine amine antagonist, [125I]L-703,606, to the receptor. The compound has 230- and 10-fold reduced affinity for mutant NK-1 receptors in which histidine 265 or histidine 197, respectively, are replaced with alanine. We have previously shown that these residues play key roles in the binding of quinuclidine antagonists to the NK-1 receptor. These results suggest that the tryptophan and quinuclidine series of NK-1 antagonists bind to similar binding sites on the human NK-1 receptor.
Discussions on the persuasion of proof for medical tort lawsuits (2009)

Discussions were made regarding the burden of persuasion and that of proof in tort lawsuits,distribution of the burden of persuasion in both medical tort cases and those in non-medical malpractice tort lawsuits.It is found that in cases involving tort of medical institutions,medical behavior tort and non-medical tort cases should be set apart depending on the nature of the lawsuit.Under the existing legal system,it is also necessary to distinguish the medical behavior tort incurred by medical malpractice from that irrelevant to malpractice.which will be critical for distribution of the burden proof and calculation of the compensation.

Key words: 
Tort; Medical malpractice; Burden of proof
The ferroelectric phase transition in lithium tantalate single crystals: A composition-dependence study (2008)

The dielectric behavior of lithium tantalate (LT) single crystals has been investigated in the vicinity of the ferroelectric phase transition for nonstoichiometric and near-stoichiometric compositions. Fitting of the experimental data to a modified Curie-Weiss equation indicates the occurrence of a mildly relaxor-ferroelectric-like phase transition in congruent LT single crystals (with the Curie-Weiss exponent γ having a value 1.2, rather than the value unity for a regular ferroelectric). As the Li concentration of these crystals approaches the stoichiometric value, the phase transition gets sharper, indicative of an increasing amount of long-range ordering. The bulk concentration of cation vacancies has also been estimated.
Electrochemical Detection of Triglycerides Based on an Enzymatic Reaction and Electrocatalytic Oxidation with Nortropine‐<i>N</i>‐oxyl (2019)

Abstract This work investigated a simple triglycerides (TGs) detection method combining an enzymatic reaction, using only lipase, and the electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol with nortropine‐ N ‐oxyl (NNO). Tributyrin was employed as a model TG. In this method, TGs are degraded by lipase to glycerol and fatty acids, after which the glycerol reacts with NNO. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry trials demonstrated that the anodic peak current increased along with the glycerol concentration, giving currents of 53.2 and 97.3 μA (at +0.6 V vs . Ag/AgCl) in response to 10 and 100 mM glycerol, respectively. Amperometry confirmed the same response during constant potential electrolysis at+0.6 V vs . Ag/AgCl. This behavior was also observed in a system incorporating tributyrin and lipase, with increases in current proportional to the tributyrin concentration over the range of 0.1 to 10 mM.
Novel Magnetic Silica-Ionic Liquid Nanocomposites for Wastewater Treatment (2019)

In this work, new imidazolium silica-ionic liquids doped with magnetite nanocomposites are prepared for use in the field of water purification owing to their unique properties, which can be manipulated by an external magnetic field. A silane precursor based on aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) condensed with p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and glyoxal in an acetic acid solution is used to prepare disiloxyimidazolium ionic liquid (SIMIL). The silica composite (Si-IL) and silica-coated magnetite (Fe3O4-Si-IL) composites are prepared using the sol-gel technique. The chemical structures, morphologies, crystalline lattice structures, thermal stabilities, surface charges, surface areas, particle sizes, and magnetic characteristics of Fe3O4-Si-IL and Si-IL are investigated. The Fe3O4-Si-IL and Si-IL nanocomposites show excellent chemical adsorption capacities as 653 and 472 mg g−1, respectively, during times ranging 90 to 110 min when they are used as adsorbents to remove Congo red (CR) dye as a water pollutant.
Synthesis of Acylsilanes by Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Addition of Silicon Nucleophiles onto Acid Derivatives (2013)

Abstract The transition metal‐catalyzed transfer of silicon nucleophiles onto various electrophiles has recently gained considerable attention, due to the now readily available silicon pro‐nucleophiles such as silylboronates. Our interest lies in the addition of such species to acid derivatives for the generation of acylsilanes. We report herein an efficient method to synthesize these compounds, starting from easy‐to‐form anhydrides, with very good yields. magnified image
Segmenting by seeking the symmetry axis (2002)

We introduce a method for segmenting a shape from an image and simultaneously determining its symmetry axis. The symmetry is used to help the segmentation and in turn the segmentation determines the symmetry. The problem is formulated as one of minimizing a goodness of fitness function and Dijkstra's algorithm is used to find the global minimum of the cost function. The results are illustrated on real images.
Flow: Separating Consensus and Compute -- Execution Verification (2019)

Throughput limitations of existing blockchain architectures are well documented and are one of the most significant hurdles for their wide-spread adoption. In our previous proof-of-concept work, we have shown that separating computation from consensus can provide a significant throughput increase without compromising security. In our architecture, Consensus Nodes only define the transaction order but do not execute transactions. Instead, computing the block result is delegated to compute-optimized Execution Nodes, and dedicated Verification Nodes check the computation result. During normal operation, Consensus Nodes do not inspect the computation but oversee that participating nodes execute their tasks with due diligence and adjudicate potential result challenges. While the architecture can significantly increase throughput, Verification Nodes still have to duplicate the computation fully. In this paper, we refine the architecture such that result verification is distributed and parallelized across many Verification Nodes. The full architecture significantly increases throughput and delegates the computation work to the specialized Execution Nodes and the onus of checking it to a variety of less powerful Verification Nodes. We provide a full protocol specification of the verification process, including challenges to faulty computation results and the resulting adjudication process. Furthermore, we formally prove liveness and safety of the system.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Molecular signature of human embryonic stem cells and its comparison with the mouse. (2003)

The molecular mechanism underlying pluripotency is largely unknown. Here, we provide the first global transcriptional profile of the state of "stemness" in human embryonic stem cells (HESCs). We have identified a set of 918 genes enriched in undifferentiated HESCs compared with their differentiated counterparts. These include ligand/receptor pairs and secreted inhibitors of the FGF, TGFbeta/BMP, and Wnt pathways, highlighting a prevalent role for these pathways in HESCs. Importantly, a significant number of HESCs-enriched genes, including several signaling components, are found to be intersected with published mouse embryonic stem cell data, indicating that a "core molecular program" is shared between the two pluripotent stem cells. PMID: 12921741
Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Stack Layer Passivation for InAlAs/InGaAs InP-Based HEMTs With Good DC and RF Performances (2017)

This paper introduces a novel surface passivation using Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> (20-nm)/Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (15-nm) stack layers in InAlAs/InGaAs InP-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The new technology gives rise to good dc and RF performances in InP-based HEMTs. Notably different from the conventional Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> approach, an ultrathin layer of Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (15-nm) grown by atomic layer deposition is incorporated in the surface passivation, which is the main feature of this technology. After passivation, the Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -passivated HEMTs exhibit a superior dc performance demonstrating a high drain current up to 800 mA/mm, an increased peak transconductance of 1100 mS/mm at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</sub> = -0.2 V and a slight threshold voltage shift of ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> = +120 mV. In terms of their RF performance, a maximum oscillation frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> ) up to 340 GHz has been obtained, showing an excellent quality of the surface passivation. A physical explanation is addressed over why the good dc and RF performances have been achieved.
Optical fluctuation measurements of turbulence using a diagnostic beam on Phaedrus-T (1992)

Plasma density turbulence has been measured with the beam emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic system, using a low-power neutral beam with He0 and H0 as beam species. In general, He0 (588 nm) provided the best signal-to-noise ratio due to its lower edge plasma background interference. Simultaneous measurements of edge density fluctuations have been made with BES and Langmuir probes; the spectra are seen to be essentially identical, and the fluctuation amplitudes from both diagnostics are in close agreement. A poloidal coherence length of about 2–4 cm was observed. Radial propagation of modes was not seen, but a lab-frame poloidal phase velocity at r/a=0.77 of about 7×105 cm/s in the electron diamagnetic direction was observed, corresponding to m=8–75 kHz.
Fault-Tolerant Neural Network Accelerators With Selective TMR (2022)

This article presents a tool that analyzes sensitive computations in the neural network and triplicates them to increase the functional safety of the neural network accelerator. —Fei Su, Intel Corporation