gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Narrative Review: The U.S. Pharmacopeia and Model Guidelines for Medicare Part D Formularies (2006)

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 includes a provision directing the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to request that the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) develop a list of categories and classes (the USP Model Guidelines) that can be used by prescription drug plans in developing their formularies for the Part D prescription drug benefit. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) used the Model Guidelines and USP's related listing, termed the Formulary Key Drug Types, to evaluate prescription drug plan formularies submitted by prescription drug plan sponsors intending to provide the new Part D benefit. This article recounts how USP's all-volunteer Model Guidelines Expert Committee developed the USP Model Guidelines and Formulary Key Drug Types, working under a cooperative agreement with CMS in response to the Secretary's request. The Model Guidelines and Formulary Key Drug Types are updated annually to reflect advances in evidence-based medicine, thereby offering timely guidance to CMS and to prescription drug plans based on USP's demonstrated expertise in setting standards.
Utility of transient testing to characterize thermal interface materials (2008)

This paper analyzes a transient method for the characterization of low-resistance thermal interfaces of microelectronic packages. The transient method can yield additional information about the package not available with traditional static methods at the cost of greater numerical complexity, hardware requirements, and sensitivity to noise. While the method is established for package-level thermal analysis of mounted and assembled parts, its ability to measure the relatively minor thermal impedance of thin thermal interface material (TIM) layers has not yet been fully studied. We combine the transient thermal test with displacement measurements of the bond line thickness to fully characterize the interface.
PERFORMANCE PROFILES OF WOMEN DIVISION-I COLLEGIATE FIELD HOCKEY PLAYERS: A POSITIONAL COMPARISON (1999)

610 The sport of Field Hockey is growing in popularity in the United States. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical characteristics and performance abilities of women NCAA division I collegiate field hockey players. Fourteen players (19.6±1.1 yrs, 1.67±0.04 m, 64.4±5.7 kg, 23.6±3.3 %BF) were tested in the following tests: upper body explosive power via bench throws on a Plyometric Power Machine, dominant handgrip strength via a hand held dynamometer, musculoskeletal flexibility via lateral bending test, and aerobic power/capacity estimated from a 2-mile run for time. Team members were grouped into offense (n = 8) and defense (n = 6) and were compared with a Mann Whitney U-test (p ≤ 0.05). Results were: (Table)TableThe defensive players revealed higher body mass, %BF, upper body power and handgrip strength. The offensive players showed higher aerobic capacity and flexibility. These data suggest that positional play in women's field hockey is delineated by differences in physical characteristics and physical performance. Whether these difference are a result of self-selection or chronic positional play training-induced adaptations remains to be elucidated. Future research will ascertain optimal training strategies for enhancing factors related to positional play in field hockey.
Control Rabi Flopping Applied to Photon Echoes for Quantum Memories (2018)

Photon echo-based quantum memory protocols presented over the last decade are primarily to solve the population inversion constraint in conventional photon echoes. In addition to population inversion, other major constraints limiting quantum memory applications are the low retrieval efficiency and short storage time, in which the importance of these factors has recently increased because of the challenges of the entangled qubit scalability and quantum repeaters. Here, I present, analyze and discuss the solution model for a Controlled Double Rephasing (CDR) echo protocol to satisfy non-inversion, near-perfect retrieval efficiency, and ultra-long storage time. In the CDR echo, a coherent Rabi pulse pair plays a key role for controlling both the ensemble phase and echo propagation direction, where the followings are the major results. Firstly, a counter propagating control Rabi pulse-pair-induced backward echo is free from echo reabsorption, resulting in a near perfect retrieval efficiency. Secondly, the control Rabi pulse pair induces an optical-spin coherence conversion like in the ultraslow light-based photon storage, resulting in a storage time extension up to spin decay time. Finally, the control Rabi flopping to a third state induces a π phase shift to the ensemble coherence, resulting in an emissive echo in the double rephasing scheme, where the π phase shift is due to optical-spin coherence conversion process.
 Conclusion: This study reveals that the control Rabi flopping in a three-level system applied to conventional photon echoes for storage time extension induces a π phase shift to the coher ent ensemble.
Better Words : Evaluating EFL Dictionaries, Gabriele Stein : book review (2006)

Gabriele Stein, a Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Heidelberg, is one of the most authoritative academics in the study of English as a foreign language, and has published a wide range of research in the field of English lexicography. This book which is a collection of reprinted articles and previously unprinted papers, forms a cornerstone in EFL lexicography. It is a useful reference book for both EFL teachers and students alike, as well as for lexicographers.
L-Carnosine: multifunctional dipeptide buffer for sustained-duration topical ophthalmic formulations (2009)

The use of L-carnosine as an excipient in topical ophthalmic formulations containing gellan gum, a carbohydrate polymer with in-situ gelling properties upon mixing with mammalian tear fluid, was developed as a novel platform to extend precorneal duration. Specific utilisation of L-carnosine as a buffer in gellan gum carrying vehicles was characterised. Buffer capacity was evaluated using 7.5, 13.3, and 44.2 mM L-carnosine in a pH range of 5.5–7.5. Accelerated chemical stability was determined by HPLC at L-carnosine concentrations of 5–100 mM. Combinations of 7.5 mM L-carnosine with 0.06–0.6% (w/v) gellan gum were characterised rheologically. L-Carnosine-buffered solutions of gellan gum were tested for acute topical ocular tolerance in vivo in pigmented rabbits. A unique formulation combining timolol (which lowers intraocular pressure) in L-carnosine-buffered gellan gum was compared with Timoptic-XE in normotensive dogs. L-Carnosine exhibited optimal pharmaceutical characteristics for use as a buffer in chronically administered topical ocular formulations. Enhancement trends were observed in solution-to-gel transition of L-carnosine-buffered vehicles containing gellan gum vs comparators. Topical tolerability of L-carnosine-buffered gellan gum formulations and lowering of intraocular pressure were equivalent with timolol and Timoptic-XE. Functional synergy between excipients in gellan gum formulations buffered with L-carnosine has potential for topical ocular dosage forms with sustained precorneal residence.
Anti-immunoglobulin and phorbol ester induce phosphorylation of proteins associated with the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton in murine B lymphocytes. (1986)

Protein phosphorylations are rapidly induced in intact B cells by antibodies to surface immunoglobulin (anti-IgM) and by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). A comparison of the molecular weight, isoelectric points, phosphopeptides, and phosphoamino acids of the phosphoproteins induced by anti-IgM and by PMA suggests that anti-IgM acts through the activation of protein kinase C. This conclusion is strengthened by the observation that prolonged treatment with PMA ablates the ability of anti-IgM to induce phosphorylation, presumably by depleting cellular protein kinase C. Furthermore, the effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on protein phosphorylation are quite distinct from the effects of anti-IgM. The six most prominent phosphoproteins induced by PMA, with approximate Mr values of 47, 55, 62, 68, 68, and 65-70 X 10(3), are associated with the plasma membrane. Of these, four are apparently associated with the cytoskeleton, suggesting that the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins may be important events early in B cell activation. Examination of protein phosphorylation in cell lines derived from different tissues has identified one major B cell phosphoprotein (Mr 65-70 X 10(3), which is absent in T cells, and two phosphoproteins (Mr 55 and 68 X 10(3), which are observed in cells of hematopoietic origin but which are absent or uncommon in other cell types.
Fabrication of Three‐Dimensional HTS Coils for Accelerator Magnets (2014)

A project to develop fundamental technologies for accelerator magnets wound with high-T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> superconductors (HTS) is now in progress. The target applications of this project are fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerators for carbon cancer therapy systems and accelerator-driven subcritical reactors (ADSRs). A conceptual design study of superconducting coils for FFAG accelerators has been carried out. Minimizing the coil volume results in a complicated coil shape. The coils designed for FFAG accelerators consist of two characteristic sections: an aperture section and a side section. The aperture section has a negative-bend part and the side section has a saddle-like three-dimensional (3-D) bent part. When using tape-shaped HTS conductors, it is difficult to form complicated 3-D coil windings without adding strain to the conductors. A large strain results in deformation of the coil shape and a drastic decrease in superconducting properties, such as the critical current and then-index. To evaluate the superconducting properties of a 3-D coil, a small test coil having a negative-bend part and a 3-D bent part was designed and fabricated. The dimensions of the test coil were about 400 mm long and 440 mm wide. The total length of a 5 mm-wide YBCO-coated conductor used for the test coil was 14 m. The voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of the test coil were measured in liquid nitrogen. The n-index of the test coil was evaluated to be 37 in an electric field range of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> -10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> V/m, indicating that the superconducting properties of the test coil did not decrease.
Protein Methyltransferases as Targets for Personalized Cancer Therapeutics (2012)

A variety of molecular mechanisms work together to effect strict control of gene transcription in human cells. Paramount among these mechanisms is a collection of post-translational modifications of chromatin that facilitate conformational transitions between transcriptionally permissive and suppressive chromatin structures (Figure 1; refs. 1, 2). Each of these modifications is catalyzed by a specific set of enzymes (Figure 2). Not surprisingly, dysregulation of chromatin modification leads to pathologic alterations in gene transcription, hence to human disease. Among chromatin modifying enzymes, the protein methyltransferases (PMTs) stand out due to the large size of the class, and the disease association of many of these enzymes (3).
Synthesis of New Asymmetric Phosphonylated Thiazolines and their Use in Olefination Reactions (2000)

N-(2-Hydroxyalkyl)-2-phosphonoethanethioamides were prepared from a readily accessible phosphonodithioacetate and commercial chiral β-amino alcohols. Taking advantage of both the presence of the hydroxy group (nucleofuge) and of the C=S (nucleophile) in the same molecule, we obtained new chiral phosphonylated thiazolines by an intramolecular cyclisation using the Mitsunobu procedure. These thiazoline-phosphonates were then involved in Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction to give asymmetric vinylic thiazolines.
Enhanced antibacterial properties on superhydrophobic micro‐nano structured titanium surface (2022)

Micro/nano scale surface modifications of titanium based orthopedic and cardiovascular implants has shown to augment biocompatibility. However, bacterial infection remains a serious concern for implant failure, aggravated by increasing antibiotic resistance and over usage of antibiotics. Bacteria cell adhesion on implant surface leads to colonization and biofilm formation resulting in morbidity and mortality. Hence, there is a need to develop new implant surfaces with high antibacterial properties. Recent developments have shown that superhydrophobic surfaces prevent protein and bacteria cell adhesion. In this study, a thermochemical treatment was used modify the surface properties for high efficacy antibacterial activity on titanium surface. The modification led to a micro-nano surface topography and upon modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silane the surfaces were superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic, respectively. The modified surfaces were characterized for morphology, wettability, chemistry, corrosion resistance and surface charge. The antibacterial capability was characterized with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by evaluating the bacteria cell inhibition, adhesion kinetics, and biofilm formation. The results indicated that the superhydrophobic micro-nano structured titanium surface reduced bacteria cell adhesion significantly (>90%) and prevented biofilm formation compared to the unmodified titanium surface after 24 h of incubation.
A magneto-rheological fluid shock absorber for an off-road motorcycle (2003)

This study presents theoretical and experimental investigations of a controllable, semi-active, fail-safe, magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) shock absorber for the rear suspension of an off-road motorcycle. A fail-safe MRF damper refers to a device that retains a minimum required damping capacity in the event of a power supply or electronic system failure. A theoretical fluid mechanics-based model is developed to predict the controllable damping force in terms of the physical parameters of the device, the magneto-rheological fluid properties, the electromagnetic circuit parameters, and the input motion. The specific application for this proof-of-concept study is a retrofit of a Honda XR 400 Enduro Motorcycle shock absorber. The MRF damper emulates the original equipment manufacturer shock absorber performance in its passive off mode (i.e., no applied magnetic field) and provides controllable dynamic damping rebound and compression forces, when activated.
Dust-induced degradation of solar arrays on Mars (2002)

The atmosphere of Mars contains a considerable amount of suspended dust. This dust will settle out of the atmosphere and deposit onto the surfaces of solar arrays, resulting in degradation of performance. The amount of dust coverage and the amount of performance lost is calculated, using available data on Martian conditions. Since the amount of dust in the atmosphere varies, the degradation of array performance could be between a half percent and 50% over a 30 day mission, and between 20% and 90% over a 2-year mission.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5,6′‐DIHYDROXY‐2′,3′,4′,6,7‐PENTAMETHOXYFLAVONE (1985)

Abstract Durch Kondensation der aus (I) gemäß dem Formelschema dargestellten aromatischen Aldehyde (II) bis (IV) mit dem Acetophenon (V) entstehen die Chalcone (VI), aus denen nach Oxidation zu den entsprechenden Flavonen und anschließender Deblockierung die Verbindungen (VII) erhalten werden.
Enzyme‐Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms (2021)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme for numerous biocatalytic pathways. While in nature, NAD<sup>+</sup> is continuously regenerated from NADH by enzymes, all synthetic NAD<sup>+</sup> regeneration strategies require a continuous supply of expensive reagents and generate byproducts, making these strategies unattractive. In contrast, we present an artificial enzyme combination that produces NAD<sup>+</sup> from oxygen and water continuously; no additional organic substrates are required once a minimal amount pyruvate is supplied. Three enzymes, i.e., LDH, LOX, and CAT, are covalently encapsulated into a substrate-permeable silica nanoreactor by a mild fluoride-catalyzed sol-gel process. The enzymes retain their activity inside of the nanoreactors and are protected against proteolysis and heat. We successfully used NAD<sup>+</sup> from the nanoreactors for the continuous production of NAD<sup>+</sup> i) to sense glucose in artificial glucose metabolism, and ii) to reduce the non-oxygen binding methemoglobin to oxygen-binding hemoglobin. This latter conversion might be used for the treatment of Methemoglobinemia. We believe that this versatile tool will allow the design of artificial NAD<sup>+</sup> -dependent metabolisms or NAD<sup>+</sup> -mediated redox-reactions.
An actuator system for investigating electrophysiological and biomechanical features around the human ankle joint during gait (1995)

A system has been developed which is able to impose a fast ankle rotation during gait. The two-link system consists of a mechanical joint which is strapped to the calf and the foot of the subject. The mechanical joint turns around the ankle joint by means of Bowden wires and it is connected to a motor placed next to a treadmill where the subject is walking. By position feedback from the mechanical joint the motor is regulated in such a may that it follows the movement of the ankle joint without influencing the gait pattern. The system is designed to impose a fast ankle rotation with a displacement of up to 20/spl deg/, e.g., a 8/spl deg/ stretch is performed with a rise time of 32 ms during any time of the gait cycle. The system attached to the subject's leg weights in total 0.9 kg. The system is designed to elicit a stretch reflex in the ankle extensor muscles during walking. The prospect of the system is to investigate electrophysiological and biomechanical features during a naturally evoked stretch reflex of the ankle extensors in both healthy and motor impaired subjects. The system is able to produce a perturbation of the ankle extensors at a walking speed of up to 6 km/h during the total gait cycle.
Diagenesis of Vera Rubin ridge, Gale crater, Mars from Mastcam multispectral images (2020)

Images from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission of lacustrine sedimentary rocks of Vera Rubin ridge on “Mt. Sharp” in Gale crater, Mars, have shown stark color variations from red to purple to gray. These color differences cross-cut stratigraphy and are likely due to diagenetic alteration of the sediments after deposition. However, the chemistry and timing of these fluid interactions is unclear. Determining how diagenetic processes may have modified chemical and mineralogical signatures of ancient martian environments is critical for understanding the past habitability of Mars and achieving the goals of the MSL mission. Here we use visible/near-infrared spectra from Mastcam and ChemCam to determine the mineralogical origins of color variations in the ridge. Color variations are consistent with changes in spectral properties related to the crystallinity, grain size, and texture of hematite. Coarse-grained gray hematite spectrally dominates in the gray patches and is present in the purple areas, while nanophase and fine-grained red crystalline hematite are present and spectrally dominate in the red and purple areas. We hypothesize that these differences were caused by grain size coarsening of hematite by diagenetic fluids, as observed in terrestrial analogs. In this model, early primary reddening by oxidizing fluids near the surface was followed during or after burial by bleaching to form the gray patches, possibly with limited secondary reddening after exhumation. Diagenetic alteration may have diminished the preservation of biosignatures and changed the composition of the sediments, making it more difficult to interpret how conditions evolved in the paleolake over time.
Aqueous Solutions of Uranium(VI) as Studied by Time-Resolved Emission Spectroscopy: A Round-Robin Test (2003)

Results of an inter-laboratory round-robin study of the application of time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) to the speciation of uranium(VI) in aqueous media are presented. The round-robin study involved 13 independent laboratories, using various instrumentation and data analysis methods. Samples were prepared based on appropriate speciation diagrams and, in general, were found to be chemically stable for at least six months. Four different types of aqueous uranyl solutions were studied: (1) acidic medium where UO2(2+)aq is the single emitting species, (2) uranyl in the presence of fluoride ions, (3) uranyl in the presence of sulfate ions, and (4) uranyl in aqueous solutions at different pH, promoting the formation of hydrolyzed species. Results between the laboratories are compared in terms of the number of decay components, luminescence lifetimes, and spectral band positions. The successes and limitations of TRES in uranyl analysis and speciation in aqueous solutions are discussed.
Guided Generative Adversarial Neural Network for Representation Learning and High Fidelity Audio Generation using Fewer Labelled Audio Data (2020)

Recent improvements in Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs) have shown their ability to generate higher quality samples as well as to learn good representations for transfer learning. Most of the representation learning methods based on GANs learn representations ignoring their post-use scenario, which can lead to increased generalisation ability. However, the model can become redundant if it is intended for a specific task. For example, assume we have a vast unlabelled audio dataset, and we want to learn a representation from this dataset so that it can be used to improve the emotion recognition performance of a small labelled audio dataset. During the representation learning training, if the model does not know the post emotion recognition task, it can completely ignore emotion-related characteristics in the learnt representation. This is a fundamental challenge for any unsupervised representation learning model. In this paper, we aim to address this challenge by proposing a novel GAN framework: Guided Generative Neural Network (GGAN), which guides a GAN to focus on learning desired representations and generating superior quality samples for audio data leveraging fewer labelled samples. Experimental results show that using a very small amount of labelled data as guidance, a GGAN learns significantly better representations.