gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Vaccines for Glioblastoma: Clinical Update and Perspective (2016)

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer. Aggressive treatment with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy provides limited overall survival benefit. Glioblastomas have a formidable tumor microenvironment that is hostile to immunological effector cells and these cancers produce profound systemic immunosuppression. However, surgical resection of these tumors creates conditions that favor the use of immunotherapeutic strategies. Therefore, extensive surgical resection, when feasible, will remain part of the equation to provide an environment in which active specific immunotherapy has the greatest chance of working. Toward that end, a number of vaccination protocols are under investigation. Vaccines studied to date have produced cellular and humoral antitumor responses, but unequivocal clinical efficacy has yet to be demonstrated. In addition, focus is shifting toward the prospect of therapies involving vaccines in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulatory agents so that effector cells remain active against their targets systemically and within the tumor microenvironment.
The Effects of Ash Deposits on High-Temperature Corrosion of Alloys in a Fluidized Bed Combustion System (2001)

Five 1,000-h combustion tests firing 5 different coals were conducted in a 0.1-MWth fluidized bed combustion (FBC) facility at Western Kentucky University (WKU) with the operating conditions simulating those of the FBC unit at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s (TVA) Shawnee Power Station. Five coals were selected with various S and Cl contents ranging from high S (4.48%) and high Cl (0.47%) to low S (0.97%) and low Cl (0.012%). Three types of uncooled steel coupons (Types 304 [UNS S30400], 309 [UNS S30900], and 347 [UNS S34700] stainless steel [SS]) were prepared and installed, based on the advice of TVA, to simulate the evaporator tubes in the superheater region (550°C to 600°C [1,020°F to 1,100°F]). Metal wastage of each coupon was determined by measuring the thickness before and after each combustion test. In order to study the relationship between metal corrosion and ash deposits, a total of 170 ash deposits were collected from the test coupon surfaces during the 5,000-h testing and analyzed. The major components in the deposits were Ca-based compounds, with S content ~ 10% to 15%, and chloride content ~ 0.5% to 5%. It was concluded that the Ca sorbent in the FBC system can capture not only the S but also the chloride effectively, and as a result decrease the gas phase chloride concentration in the FBC system down to a level of &amp;lt; 60 ppm. The concentration is unlikely to have contributed much to corrosion of the metal in the FBC system. Alkali metals (K and Na) were observed only on the surface of the alloys. High S contents were found in the outer part of the deposits and appeared to be associated with Ca and Mg, suggesting that the fly ash may have reacted further after being deposited on the surface of the metal. There was good agreement between locations of high-S concentrations and high-Cr content in the inner layers of the corrosion scale on the samples, indicating that corrosion involved sulfidation attack. S is the major element causing corrosion of the metal.
New interconnect evaluation metric for high-speed IO (2011)

This paper proposes new frequency-domain (FD) metrics to evaluate and optimize interconnects for high-speed IO. In this paper, we focused on a spring-probe socket for interconnects and PCIe Gen3 for the high-speed IO. For design optimization, we adapted a holistic approach utilizing response surface methodology. Using the proposed metrics, the spring-probe socket design was optimized to minimize impact on the IO channel performance. In order to check the validity of the new metrics, an optimized socket design via voltage margin and timing margin from eye opening was compared.
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions of Boilers in Finland (1989)

This article discusses nitrogen oxide emissions from various types of boilers in Finland. The boilers have been classified into 61 classes according to their size, combustion technique, and main fuel. A specific emission coefficient (ng NO2/J = mg NO2/MJ) for each class has been determined, based on literature surveys and actual measurements. The total NOX emission has been calculated for each class, using the emission coefficient and energy statistics. The effect of various techniques for emission reduction has also been investigated. The development of NOX emissions has been estimated for both the case where no preventing actions have been taken and for four defined cases where alternative reduction measures are assumed The total NOX emission from energy production in Finland was 107,000 tons NO2 in 1987. Seventy-five percent of this amount originated in boilers larger than 1 MWfuel effect (input effect), and the rest in smaller boilers and industrial processes. The most important boiler classes from the NOX emission’s point of view were coal-fired boilers, with an emission of approximately 38,000 tons NO2, peat-fired boilers and boilers fired with a mixture of fuels, emitting approximately 12,000 tons NO2 each. By 2005, the total NOX emission from energy production would increase 50 percent to approximately 160,000 tons if left uncontrolled. The emission level would be 140,000 tons if primary reduction techniques are applied, and 110,000 tons NO2, if catalytic NOX reduction devices are installed in boilers larger than 300 MW.
Fabrication and characterization of 100-nm-thick GaAs cantilevers (1996)

We describe a new process for making submicron, micromechanical cantilevers out of GaAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The extremely high aspect ratios of these cantilevers (typically 100 nm thick and 100 μm long) give spring constants as low as 10−4 N/m. We present characterizations of the cantilevers’ resonant frequencies, quality factors, and spring constants. The ability to fabricate III–V GaAs-based mechanical microstructures offers new opportunities for integration with electronics for strain-sensitive force detection.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Epidithiodioxopiperazines by Directed Oxidation of Hydroxyproline‐Derived Dioxopiperazines. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fluticasone Propionate Protects against Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation and Modified Immune Cell Activation Markers in Healthy Volunteers (2020)

BackgroundOzone exposure induces airway neutrophilia and modifies innate immune monocytic cell-surface phenotypes in healthy individuals. High-dose inhaled corticosteroids can reduce O3-induced airway inflammation, but their effect on innate immune activation is unknown.ObjectivesWe used a human O3 inhalation challenge model to examine the effectiveness of clinically relevant doses of inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation and markers of innate immune activation in healthy volunteers.MethodsSeventeen O3-responsive subjects [> 10% increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in sputum, PMNs per milligram vs. baseline sputum] received placebo, or either a single therapeutic dose (0.5 mg) or a high dose (2 mg) of inhaled fluticasone proprionate (FP) 1 hr before a 3-hr O3 challenge (0.25 ppm) on three separate occasions at least 2 weeks apart. Lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, sputum, and systemic biomarkers were assessed 1–5 hr after the O3 challenge. To determine the effect of FP on cellular function, we assessed sputum cells from seven subjects by flow cytometry for cell-surface marker activation.ResultsFP had no effect on O3-induced lung function decline. Compared with placebo, 0.5 mg and 2 mg FP reduced O3-induced sputum neutrophilia by 18% and 35%, respectively. A similar effect was observed on the airway-specific serum biomarker Clara cell protein 16 (CCP16). Furthermore, FP pretreatment significantly reduced O3-induced modification of CD11b, mCD14, CD64, CD16, HLA-DR, and CD86 on sputum monocytes in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionsThis study confirmed and extended data demonstrating the protective effect of FP against O3-induced airway inflammation and immune cell activation.
Buried all-epitaxial microcavity for cavity-QED with quantum dots (2006)

Optical characterization of a novel type of semiconductor microcavity based on a fully-buried, all-epitaxial design reveals many properties essential for a manufacturable technology. We demonstrate detailed mode-imaging, lasing, as well as a sizeable Purcell effect.
Exploring the Variation between EC and BC in a Variety of Locations (2012)

Despite intensive research over the past three decades, a generally accepted standard method to measure black carbon (BC) or elemental carbon (EC) still does not exist. Data on BC and EC concentrations are method specific and can differ widely. This work was motivated by the lack of any prior study that established the variability between these two measures of carbonaceous particulate matter. Measurements of BC and EC were performed at different locations across Asia and the South Pacific in both urban and suburban locations. Filter samples were collected during the winter of 2007 to the winter of 2010 and analyzed for both BC and EC. EC was measured using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE_A) protocol. Black carbon was measured by the EELS reflectometer (Diffusion Systems, Ltd). Bangladesh had the highest correlation coefficient of 0.93. Bangkok, Thailand on the other hand had the lowest correlation coefficient of 0.34. A review of previously reported source apportionment of BC concentrations in these locations showed that New Zealand had the highest percentage (82%) of BC from biomass while Mongolia had the lowest percentage of 3.1%. The fraction of BC emissions from diesel vehicles was found predominant in Mumbai, India with values as high as 80%. Mongolia had the lowest emission of BC from diesel vehicle (5.4%) with coal- and biomass-combustion being the dominant sources.
A body force-based method for prediction of multiple-pure-tone noise: Validation (2010)

Emissions, fuel burn, and noise are the main drivers for innovative aircraft design. Embedded propulsion systems, such as for example used in hybrid-wing body aircraft, can offer fuel burn and noise reduction benefits but the impact of inlet flow distortion on the generation and propagation of turbomachinery noise has yet to be assessed. A novel approach is used to quantify the effects of non-uniform flow on the creation and propagation of multiple pure tone (MPT) noise. The ultimate goal is to conduct a parametric study of S-duct inlets to quantify the effects of inlet design parameters on the acoustic signature. The key challenge is that the effects of distortion transfer, noise source generation and propagation through the non-uniform flow field are inherently coupled such that a simultaneous computation of the aerodynamics and acoustics is required to capture the mechanisms at play. The technical approach is based on a body force description of the fan blade row that is able to capture the distortion transfer and the blade-to-blade flow variations that cause the MPT noise while reducing computational cost. A single, 3-D full-wheel CFD simulation, in which the Euler equations are solved to second-order spatial and temporal accuracy, simultaneously computes the MPT noise generation and its propagation in distorted inlet flow. A new method of producing the blade-to-blade variations in the body force field for MPT noise generation has been developed and validated. The numerical dissipation inherent to the solver is quantified and used to correct for non-physical attenuation in the far-field noise spectra. Source generation, acoustic propagation and acoustic energy transfer between modes is examined in detail. The new method is validated on NASA's Source Diagnostic Test fan and inlet, showing good agreement with experimental data for aerodynamic performance, acoustic source generation, and far-field noise spectra. The next steps involve the assessment of MPT noise in serpentine inlet ducts and the development of a reduced order formulation suitable for incorporation into NASA's ANOPP framework. © 2010 by Jeff Defoe, Alex Narkaj &amp; Zoltan Spakovszky.
Spectrum of Znfn1a1 (Ikaros) Inactivation and its Association with Loss of Heterozygosity in Radiogenic T-Cell Lymphomas in Susceptible B6C3F1 Mice (2002)

Ikaros (now known as Znfn1a1), a Krüppel-type zinc-finger transcription factor that plays a critical role in both lineage commitment and differentiation of lymphoid cells, has recently been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene. We have previously reported a high frequency of LOH (approximately 50%) at the Znfn1a1 locus in radiation-induced T-cell lymphoma in susceptible B6C3F1 mice. The aim of the present study was to delineate the types of Znfn1a1 inactivation, with special reference to the LOH status, and to determine the relative contribution of each type of Znfn1a1 inactivation in radiation-induced T-cell lymphomas in B6C3F1 mice. We demonstrated that Znfn1a1 was frequently altered (in approximately 50% of T-cell lymphomas), and that its inactivation was caused by a variety of mechanisms, which came under one of the following four categories: (1) null expression (14%); (2) expression of unusual dominant-negative isoforms (11%); (3) amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal zinc-finger domain for DNA binding caused by point mutations (22%); (4) lack of the Znfn1a1 isoform 1 due to the creation of a stop codon by insertion of a dinucleotide in exon 3 (3%). The null expression, amino acid substitutions, and dinucleotide insertion inactivation types were well correlated with LOH at the Znfn1a1 allele (86%) and were consistent with Knudson's two-hit theory. On the other hand, T-cell lymphomas expressing dominant-negative Znfn1a1 isoforms retained both alleles. These results indicate that Znfn1a1 inactivation takes place by a variety of mechanisms in radiation-induced murine T-cell lymphomas and is frequently associated with LOH, this association depending on the type of inactivation.
Secreted Proteases Control Autolysin-mediated Biofilm Growth of Staphylococcus aureus (2013)

Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal of humans, secretes Esp protease to prevent Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and colonization. Blocking S. aureus colonization may reduce the incidence of invasive infectious diseases; however, the mechanism whereby Esp disrupts biofilms is unknown. We show here that Esp cleaves autolysin (Atl)-derived murein hydrolases and prevents staphylococcal release of DNA, which serves as extracellular matrix in biofilms. The three-dimensional structure of Esp was revealed by x-ray crystallography and shown to be highly similar to that of S. aureus V8 (SspA). Both atl and sspA are necessary for biofilm formation, and purified SspA cleaves Atl-derived murein hydrolases. Thus, S. aureus biofilms are formed via the controlled secretion and proteolysis of autolysin, and this developmental program appears to be perturbed by the Esp protease of S. epidermidis.
A Unified Approach to Japanese and English Question Answering. (2005)

We present our unified approach to question answering in different languages and describe our experiments on the Japanese language NTCIR-3 Question Answering Challenge (QAC-1) tasks 1 and 2. The model we use for Japanese language question answering (QA) is identical to the one we have applied successfully on the English language TREC QA tasks, based on a novel statistical, non-linguistic and datadriven approach to question answering. Using this method on the formal run of QAC-1 we obtain an MRR of 0.340 on task 1 and an average F-score of 0.159. The top1 accuracy of 26.5 % compares very well with results obtained using an identical approach on the TREC evaluations.
Ventricular shunt tap as a predictor of proximal shunt malfunction in children: a prospective study (2008)

Poor flow of CSF on shunt tap is highly predictive of obstruction of the proximal catheter. Because not all patients with good flow on shunt tap underwent surgical shunt exploration, the specificity of this test cannot be determined. Nonetheless, a shunt tap that reveals good flow with a normal opening pressure can be misleading, and management of such cases should be based on clinical judgment.
PCIF1-mediated deposition of 5′-cap <i>N</i> <sup>6</sup> ,2′- <i>O</i> -dimethyladenosine in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA regulates susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection (2023)

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to be a major health problem worldwide. Due to the fast emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and developing novel inhibitors are essential and urgent. Here, we investigated the potential roles of <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>,2'-<i>O</i>-dimethyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A<sub>m</sub>), one of the most abundant modifications of eukaryotic messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNAs), in SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells. Using genome-wide m<sup>6</sup>A<sub>m</sub>-exo-seq, RNA sequencing analysis, and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing, we demonstrate that phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD)-interacting factor 1 (PCIF1), a cap-specific adenine <i>N<sup>6</sup></i>-methyltransferase, plays a major role in facilitating infection of primary human lung epithelial cells and cell lines by SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, and other coronaviruses. We show that PCIF1 promotes infection by sustaining expression of the coronavirus receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) via m<sup>6</sup>A<sub>m</sub>-dependent mRNA stabilization. In PCIF1-depleted cells, both ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression and viral infection are rescued by re-expression of wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, PCIF1. These findings suggest a role for PCIF1 and cap m<sup>6</sup>A<sub>m</sub> in regulating SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and identify a potential therapeutic target for prevention of infection.
Separation of time scales and direct computation of weights in deep\n neural networks (2017)

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing our lives at an ever increasing\npace. At the heart of this revolution is the recent advancements in deep neural\nnetworks (DNN), learning to perform sophisticated, high-level tasks. However,\ntraining DNNs requires massive amounts of data and is very computationally\nintensive. Gaining analytical understanding of the solutions found by DNNs can\nhelp us devise more efficient training algorithms, replacing the commonly used\nmthod of stochastic gradient descent (SGD). We analyze the dynamics of SGD and\nshow that, indeed, direct computation of the solutions is possible in many\ncases. We show that a high performing setup used in DNNs introduces a\nseparation of time-scales in the training dynamics, allowing SGD to train\nlayers from the lowest (closest to input) to the highest. We then show that for\neach layer, the distribution of solutions found by SGD can be estimated using a\nclass-based principal component analysis (PCA) of the layer's input. This\nfinding allows us to forgo SGD entirely and directly derive the DNN parameters\nusing this class-based PCA, which can be well estimated using significantly\nless data than SGD. We implement these results on image datasets MNIST, CIFAR10\nand CIFAR100 and find that, in fact, layers derived using our class-based PCA\nperform comparable or superior to neural networks of the same size and\narchitecture trained using SGD. We also confirm that the class-based PCA often\nconverges using a fraction of the data required for SGD. Thus, using our method\ntraining time can be reduced both by requiring less training data than SGD, and\nby eliminating layers in the costly backpropagation step of the training.\n
CO and Its Application to Gastrointestinal Disease (2011)

Carbon monoxide (CO) has been reported to be a biologically active product. CO is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase (GC) and involved in increased cGMP production, activation of type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase and in smooth muscle relaxation. CO also modulates cGMP levels and leads to cGMP-dependent protein kinase I. This is one of the targets of CO that acts as a smooth muscle relaxant by direct effects on the contractile machinery as well as by altering Ca2+ homeostasis and voltage-gated ion channel activity. The K+ channel, amongst others, is activated through the CO-dependent increase of cGMP. In the body, two isoforms of heme oxygenases (HO-1, HO-2) catalyze the synthesis of CO from Fe protoporphyrin IX (heme). Concerning the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, the HO-1 level is elevated mainly in infiltrative inflammatory cells in the intestinal mucosa in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Not only endogenous CO but also exogenous CO has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by various mechanisms and are involved in attenuating colonic mucosal inflammation. Recently, CO has been reported to have other functions such as colonic epithelial restitution. Further study is needed to reveal a beneficial role of CO in the clinical field.
Dual-Band Electrochromism: Plasmonic and Polaronic Mechanisms (2022)

Electrochromic windows that dynamically absorb incident solar irradiation are envisioned as smart technology devices that can reduce power consumption in buildings and accelerate progress toward sustainable development. While regulating the visible light in interior spaces to suite the comfort of occupants, electrochromic windows also offer thermal control by controlling the flux of solar energy, including infrared radiation. The ability to selectively modulate visible and the infrared solar transmittance is denoted as dual-band electrochromism. Dual-band control can be achieved by employing materials that absorb light in different spectral regions when electrochemically charged, with light absorption due to either a polaronic or a plasmonic mechanism, depending on the charging conditions. In this perspective, we discuss how adopting a plasmonic or a polaronic approach can affect the performance of an electrochromic device in terms of different quantitative figures-of-merit, and the challenges and opportunities for designing better dual-band electrochromic devices in the future.
ROSEOFLAVIN AS A BLUE LIGHT RECEPTOR ANALOG: SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION (1980)

Abstract— The blue light absorption band of roseoflavin is polarized along the axis roughly connecting N 3 ‐C 8 positions. A weak, second π→π* transition with a polarization angle of ca. 25° is hidden under the short wavelength side of the blue absorption band. The excited state of roseoflavin is somewhat more basic than the ground state, by a 1.5 p K a unit. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of roseoflavin are substantially lower than those of other flavins, thus making it kinetically less efficient as a blue light photoreceptor.