gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monolithic transimpedance amplifier design for large photodiode capacitance and wide temperature range (2005)

In this paper we present a study on the front-end of an optical receiver operating at 850 nm with a large integrated Si photodiode. The large photodiode implies a large capacitance. Combined with the low responsivity at 850nm this makes the design of a receiver with high bandwidth and high sensitivity challenging, especially when the junction temperature range from -40°C till 140°C. We compare different front-end topologies and suggest a method to compensate for the variations over temperature of the bandwidth. It is shown that a common-emitter front-end provides best sensitivity as long as the required bandwidth can be achieved.
A Novel Mutation W388X Underlying Properdin Deficiency in a Finnish Family (2012)

Properdin deficiency is a rare immunological disorder inherited as an X-chromosomal recessive trait. Properdin deficiency poses a significant risk for severe meningococcal infections. About 20 mutations have been reported to underlie properdin deficiency. Here we report a large Finnish family with a novel mutation in the properdin gene (CFP). Based on the total absence of properdin activity in a 14-year-old male patient with an infection resembling meningococcal bacteraemia, the coding region and splice sites of the gene were sequenced. The mutation is located in exon 9 and changes guanine to adenine at nucleotide 1164 (c.1164G>A) that causes tryptophan to change to a premature stop codon (W388X). The mother of the patient was shown to be a carrier of the mutation. In total, the mutation was identified in six females and three young males in the family. The mutation must be inherited from the grandfather who had died of an unknown infectious disease. This is the first mutation of the properdin gene identified in Finland.
Search for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math>and invisible quarkonium decays (2013)

We search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decays $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and the invisible decays $J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ via $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)$, respectively, using a data sample of $471\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ $B\overline{B}$ pairs collected by the BABAR experiment. We fully reconstruct the hadronic decay of one of the $B$ mesons in the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B\overline{B}$ decay, and search for the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ decay in the rest of the event. We observe no significant excess of signal decays over background and report branching fraction upper limits of $\mathcal{B}({B}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;3.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, $\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{0}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;8.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, $\mathcal{B}({B}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*+}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;11.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, $\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*0}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;9.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, and combined upper limits of $\mathcal{B}(B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ and $\mathcal{B}(B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;7.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, all at the 90% confidence level. For the invisible quarkonium decays, we report branching fraction upper limits of $\mathcal{B}(J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;3.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $\mathcal{B}(\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})&lt;15.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at the 90% confidence level. Using the improved kinematic resolution achieved from hadronic reconstruction, we also provide partial branching fraction limits for the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ decays over the full kinematic spectrum.
Toxicity, elimination, and metabolism of 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin in rats and dogs. (1987)

10-Ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (10-EdAM) is an antifolate compound with greater therapeutic activity than methotrexate against transplanted tumors in mice. When given weekly for 3 weeks, the 10% lethal dose in rats was 125 mg/kg (i.p.) and in dogs it was 2.5 mg/kg (i.v.). The major histopathological findings in intoxicated animals were damage to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in rats and dogs and hypocellularity of the marrow in rats. The elimination of 50 mg/kg of 10-EdAM from the plasma of rats was triexponential with a terminal phase t1/2 of 18.5 h but a mean residence time of 0.7 h. The primary route of elimination in rats was biliary secretion of parent compound and eventual excretion of the parent compound and the deglutamate metabolite in the feces; the 7-hydroxy metabolite was also present in plasma, bile, and feces. Biliary elimination was independent of dose over a 5-fold range. The elimination of 10-EdAM from the plasma of dogs was also triexponential with a mean terminal phase t1/2 of 9.1 h and a mean residence time of 2.5 h; nonrenal clearance was the primary route of elimination. The pharmacokinetic parameters were independent of dose over the range of 0.25 to 5.0 mg/kg. High tissue concentrations of 10-EdAM were observed initially in liver, kidney, and small intestine of rats, while concentrations in bone marrow were low. Some polyglutamate formation was observed in these tissues as early as 0.5 h after drug administration but declined over 72 h.
The Role of the Thymus in Immune Reconstitution in Aging, Bone Marrow Transplantation, and HIV-1 Infection (2000)

The human thymus is a complex chimeric organ comprised of central (thymic epithelial space) and peripheral (perivascular space) components that functions well into adult life to produce naive T lymphocytes. Recent advances in identifying thymic emigrants and development of safe methods to study thymic function in vivo in adults have provided new opportunities to understand the role that the human thymus plays in immune reconstitution in aging, in bone marrow transplantation, and in HIV-1 infection. The emerging concept is that there are age-dependent contributions of thymic emigrants and proliferation of postthymic T cells to maintain the peripheral T cell pool and to contribute to T cell regeneration, with the thymus contributing more at younger ages and peripheral T cell expansion contributing more in older subjects. New studies have revealed a dynamic interplay between postnatal thymus output and peripheral T cell pool proliferation, which play important roles in determining the nature of immune reconstitution in congenital immunodeficiency diseases, in bone marrow transplantation, and in HIV-1 infection. In this paper, we review recent data on human postnatal thymus function that, taken together, support the notion that the human thymus is functional well into the sixth decade and plays a role throughout life to optimize human immune system function.
Nitrative Stress Causes Nitration, Oxidation, and Subunit Cross Linking in Human Hemoglobin (2013)

Abstract Hemoglobin (Hb) is the most abundant protein in human blood and we showed that under oxidative/nitrative stress conditions it is susceptible to cysteine oxidation, tyrosine nitration, and formation of a dimer of Hb subunits through tyrosine linkage. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Hb and its subunits efficiently convert nitrite into reactive nitrogen species, through reactions that are typical of peroxidases. If an exogenous phenolic substrate is present, Hb promotes its nitration with a fivefold higher efficiency with respect to the peroxidase‐like phenol coupling reaction. In the absence of an exogenous substrate, the protein itself undergoes covalent modification. Trypsin treatment of Hb modified under conditions mimicking pathophysiological conditions, followed byHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis, allowed detection of nitration of Yα24, Yα42, Yβ130 and Yβ145, and conversion of Cα104, Cβ93 and Cβ112 into cysteine sulfinic acids. As additional biomarkers of nitrative stress, we found a covalent dimer of Hb αβ subunits and covalently linked heme‐peptide. The dimer is selectively nitrated at Yα42. In a preliminary analysis of samples of human blood we found that low amounts of the dimer of subunits are always present. Therefore, if a correlation between the extent of Hb subunits coupling and pathological states could be established, this dimer could become an easily detectable biomarker of pathological conditions.
The Nuclear Form of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase Is a Protein Thiol Peroxidase Contributing to Sperm Chromatin Stability (2005)

The selenoenzyme phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is regarded as the major molecular target of selenodeficiency in rodents, accounting for most of the histopathological and structural abnormalities of testicular tissue and male germ cells. PHGPx exists as a cytosolic form, mitochondrial form, and nuclear form (nPHGPx) predominantly expressed in late spermatids and spermatozoa. Here, we demonstrate that mice with a targeted deletion of the nPHGPx gene were, unlike mice with the full knockout (KO) of PHGPx, not only viable but also, surprisingly, fully fertile. While both morphological analysis of testis and epididymis and sperm parameter measurements did not show any apparent abnormality, toluidine blue and acridine orange stainings of spermatozoa indicated defective chromatin condensation in the KO sperm isolated from the caput epididymis. Furthermore, upon drying and hydrating, KO sperm exhibited a significant proportion of morphologically abnormal heads. Monobromobimane labeling and protein-free thiol titration revealed significantly less extensive oxidation in the cauda epididymis when compared to that in the wild type. We conclude that nPHGPx, by acting as a protein thiol peroxidase in vivo, contributes to the structural stability of sperm chromatin.
Copper/TEMPO Redox Redux: Analysis of PCET Oxidation of TEMPOH by Copper(II) and the Reaction of TEMPO with Copper(I) (2019)

Copper salts and organic aminoxyls, such as TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-<i>N</i>-oxyl), are versatile catalysts for aerobic alcohol oxidation. Previous reports in the literature contain conflicting proposals concerning the redox interactions that take place between copper(I) and copper(II) salts with the aminoxyl and hydroxylamine species, TEMPO and TEMPOH, respectively. Here, we reinvestigate these reactions in an effort to resolve the conflicting claims in the literature. Under anaerobic conditions, Cu<sup>II</sup>X<sub>2</sub> salts [X = acetate (OAc), trifluoroacetate (TFA), and triflate (OTf)] are shown to promote the rapid proton-coupled oxidation of TEMPOH to TEMPO: Cu<sup>II</sup>X<sub>2</sub> + TEMPOH → Cu<sup>I</sup>X + TEMPO + HX. In the reaction with acetate, however, slow reoxidation of Cu<sup>I</sup>OAc occurs. This process requires both TEMPO and HOAc and coincides with the reduction of TEMPO to 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Analogous reactivity is not observed with trifluoroacetate and triflate species. Overall, the facility of the proton-coupled oxidation of TEMPOH by Cu<sup>II</sup> salts suggests that this process could contribute to catalyst regeneration under aerobic oxidation conditions.
Treatment patterns, visual acuity and quality-of-life outcomes of the WAVE study - A noninterventional study of ranibizumab treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Germany (2012)

The number of administered intravitreal injections of ranibizumab over the first year of treatment was very low but still achieved a stabilization of BCVA, a reduction in CRT and maintained vision-related quality of life. The management of patients with neovascular AMD in Germany needs to be improved to achieve better treatment results.
Comprehensive Multiwavelength Observations of the 1992 January 7 Solar Flare (1996)

Observations of a solar flare that occurred at 2022 UT on 1992 January 7, during the 1991 December/1992 January Max `91 campaign, are presented. This flare was observed simultaneously in Hα, radio (at microwave and millimeter wavelengths), and soft and hard X-rays (by the Yohkoh spacecraft) with high spatial and moderate spectral resolution. A comparison of magneto grams before and after the flare shows evidence of the emergence of new magnetic flux of opposite polarity at the flare site. Although this flare was only of moderate size (GOES classification C8.9 and Hα importance SF), it exhibited several distinct bursts and at least 10 spatially distinct hard/soft X-ray sources. Cospatial Hα brightenings suggest that most of the X-ray sources are located at footpoints of magnetic loops. Two of the hard X-ray sources have no Hα counterparts and are therefore believed to be located at loop tops. The flare consisted of three bursts of particle acceleration followed by a purely thermal phase. High spectral resolution Ca XIX line profiles indicate upflows shortly after the second acceleration phase. Analysis of the microwave/hard X-ray/soft X-ray emission from individual sources provides information on the radio emission mechanisms, the energetic electron population, the magnetic field strength, and the plasma density. These parameters were estimated for the two microwave sources observed during the third acceleration burst; these sources were simultaneously detected in soft X-rays, and one of the sources is also seen in hard X-ray maps. Although the microwave emission is consistent with the gyro synchrotron mechanism, the millimeter emission, which peaks during the thermal phase when all nonthermal activity has ceased, is likely due to thermal bremsstrahlung from the soft X-ray emitting hot plasma. The energy lost to collisions by the energetic (&gt;15 keV) electrons and the energy contained in the thermal plasma are calculated for each source. The energy injected by the nonthermal electrons from all sources is estimated to be 10<SUP>30</SUP> ergs. Only the soft X-ray sources with gradual time profiles seem to show the Neupert effect.
From Presumed Benefit to Potential Harm — Hormone Therapy and Heart Disease (2003)

During the past decade, postmenopausal hormone therapy became one of the most frequently prescribed therapies in the United States, with a highly diversified portfolio of presumed benefits for postmenopausal women. The belief that hormone therapy might reduce a woman's risk of coronary heart disease contributed considerably to its widespread use. Beginning in 1998, results from a series of randomized clinical trials, including new data presented in this issue of the Journal by Manson et al. (pages 523–534) and Hodis et al. (pages 535–545), have clearly demonstrated that hormone therapy does not slow the clinical or anatomical progression of established coronary . . .
Exploiting Metasurfaces in Wire Antennas Beyond Cloaking Applications (2022)

Many different applications of electromagnetic cloaking for wire antenna systems have been proposed in the literature in the last decades. The scattering engineering of the antenna has been made possible thanks to the use of thin and conformal metasurface wrapped around the radiating element. More recently, the cloaking functionality of the metasurface has been enriched by loading the conformal coat with electronic elements, allowing to conceive unprecedented configurations in antenna systems. Here, we aim at further expanding the degree of freedom in antenna design, by reporting new possibilities enabled by reconfigurable covering metasurface for tailoring not only the radiation and scattering characteristics of the antenna but also its electrical properties. These new potentialities introduced by metasurface coats may pave the way to a new class of wired antennas where the electrical and radiation characteristics are made reconfigurable by simply varying the covering metasurface properties.
Layered Lithium Vanadium Fluorophosphate, Li<sub>5</sub>V(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>: A 4 V Class Positive Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2008)

A single-phase, well-crystallized Li5V(PO4)2F2/carbon nanocomposite has been prepared by an optimized solid-state route, and its electrochemical behavior was examined as a positive electrode active material in lithium-ion batteries. The microcrystalline powder was synthesized by the reaction of amorphous VPO4/C with Li3PO4 and LiF. Synthesis of the VPO4/C precursor utilized carbon to reduce V2O5 and simultaneously create a nanoparticle reactive material, with the amount being tailored to result in a small excess at the end of the reaction to increase the bulk electronic conductivity of the final Li5V(PO4)2F2 composite. Quench techniques were used to isolate the metastable two-dimensional Li5V(PO4)2F2 as a pure single phase. 6Li MAS NMR studies identified the crystallographic lithium sites and provided information on lithium-ion mobility and exchange in the two-dimensional layered structure. Lithium cells of the Li5V(PO4)2F2/C composite exhibited a reversible plateau at 4.15 V followed by a second plateau at 4.65 V, which correspond to the V3+/V4+ and V4+/V5+ redox couples, respectively, and a charge capacity of 165 mA h g−1, which is close to theoretical (170 mA h g−1). These operating voltages are very similar to those of the V3+/V4+ couple in Li3V2(PO4)3 or LiVPO4F and the V4+/V5+ couple in Li3V2(PO4)3.
Amyloidogenicity, Cytotoxicity, and Receptor Activity of Bovine Amylin: Implications for Xenobiotic Transplantation and the Design of Nontoxic Amylin Variants (2018)

Islet amyloid formation contributes to β-cell death and dysfunction in type-2 diabetes and to the failure of islet transplants. Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide, IAPP), a normally soluble 37 residue polypeptide hormone produced in the pancreatic β-cells, is responsible for amyloid formation in type-2 diabetes and is deficient in type-1 diabetes. Amylin normally plays an adaptive role in metabolism, and the development of nontoxic, non-amyloidogenic, bioactive variants of human amylin are of interest for use as adjuncts to insulin therapy. Naturally occurring non-amyloidogenic variants are of interest for xenobiotic transplantation and because they can provide clues toward understanding the amyloidogenicity of human amylin. The sequence of amylin is well-conserved among species, but sequence differences strongly correlate with in vitro amyloidogenicity and with islet amyloid formation in vivo. Bovine amylin differs from the human peptide at 10 positions and is one of the most divergent among known amylin sequences. We show that bovine amylin oligomerizes but is not toxic to cultured β-cells and that it is considerably less amyloidogenic than the human polypeptide and is only a low-potency agonist at human amylin-responsive receptors. The bovine sequence contains several nonconservative substitutions relative to human amylin, including His to Pro, Ser to Pro, and Asn to Lys replacements. The effect of these substitutions is analyzed in the context of wild-type human amylin; the results provide insight into their role in receptor activation, the mode of assembly of human amylin, and the design of soluble amylin analogues.
Author Correction: Machine Learning Classifies Core and Outer Fucosylation of N-Glycoproteins Using Mass Spectrometry (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Performance of a Rotational Sensor to Decipher Volcano Seismic Signals on Etna, Italy (2022)

Abstract Volcano‐seismic signals such as long‐period events and tremor are important indicators for volcanic activity and unrest. However, their wavefield is complex and characterization and location using traditional seismological instrumentation is often difficult. In 2019 we recorded the full seismic wavefield using a newly developed 3C rotational sensor co‐located with a 3C traditional seismometer on Etna, Italy. We compare the performance of the rotational sensor, the seismometer and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia‐Osservatorio Etneo (INGV‐OE) seismic network with respect to the analysis of complex volcano‐seismic signals. We create event catalogs for volcano‐tectonic (VT) and long‐period (LP) events combining a STA/LTA algorithm and cross‐correlations. The event detection based on the rotational sensor is as reliable as the seismometer‐based detection. The LP events are dominated by SH‐type waves. Derived SH phase velocities range from 500 to 1,000 m/s for LP events and 300–400 m/s for volcanic tremor. SH‐waves compose the tremor during weak volcanic activity and SH‐ and SV‐waves during sustained strombolian activity. We derive back azimuths using (a) horizontal rotational components and (b) vertical rotation rate and transverse acceleration. The estimated back azimuths are consistent with the INGV‐OE event location for (a) VT events with an epicentral distance larger than 3 km and some closer events, (b) LP events and tremor in the main crater area. Measuring the full wavefield we can reliably analyze the back azimuths, phase velocities and wavefield composition for VT, LP events and tremor in regions that are difficult to access such as volcanoes.
Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Mice Lacking Selenoprotein Biosynthesis in Neurons (2014)

Selenium exerts many, if not most, of its physiological functions as a selenocysteine moiety in proteins. Selenoproteins are involved in many biochemical processes including regulation of cellular redox state, calcium homeostasis, protein biosynthesis, and degradation. A neurodevelopmental syndrome called progressive cerebello-cortical atrophy (PCCA) is caused by mutations in the selenocysteine synthase gene, SEPSECS, demonstrating that selenoproteins are essential for human brain development. While we have shown that selenoproteins are required for correct hippocampal and cortical interneuron development, little is known about the functions of selenoproteins in the cerebellum. Therefore, we have abrogated neuronal selenoprotein biosynthesis by conditional deletion of the gene encoding selenocysteyl tRNA([Ser]Sec) (gene symbol Trsp). Enzymatic activity of cellular glutathione peroxidase and cytosolic thioredoxin reductase is reduced in cerebellar extracts from Trsp-mutant mice. These mice grow slowly and fail to gain postural control or to coordinate their movements. Histological analysis reveals marked cerebellar hypoplasia, associated with Purkinje cell death and decreased granule cell proliferation. Purkinje cell death occurs along parasagittal stripes as observed in other models of Purkinje cell loss. Neuron-specific inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) used the same Cre driver phenocopies tRNA([Ser]Sec) mutants in several aspects: cerebellar hypoplasia, stripe-like Purkinje cell loss, and reduced granule cell proliferation. Parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons (stellate and/or basket cells) are virtually absent in tRNA([Ser]Sec)-mutant mice, while some remained in Gpx4-mutant mice. Our data show that selenoproteins are specifically required in postmitotic neurons of the developing cerebellum, thus providing a rational explanation for cerebellar hypoplasia as occurring in PCCA patients.