gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2012)

This article aims to provide an educational document of magnetic resonance imaging principles for applied biomedical users of the technology. Basic principles are illustrated using simple experimental models on a preclinical imaging system.
Virtual Screening for HIV Protease Inhibitors: A Comparison of AutoDock 4 and Vina (2010)

In ranking smaller molecules with few rotatable bonds, AutoDock 4 and Vina were equally capable, though both exhibited a size-related bias in scoring. However, as Vina executes more quickly and is able to more accurately rank larger molecules, researchers should look to it first when undertaking a virtual screen.
Dissection of the Late Steps in Aureothin Biosynthesis (2005)

Part of the queue. Biosynthesis of the cytostatic polyketide aureothin (1) in Streptomyces thioluteus was found to involve two tailoring steps (see scheme). Mutational biosynthesis of nor-deoxyaureothin (α-2) and a hydroxylated derivative (3), together with biotransformation experiments revealed a well-defined order for the polyketide-tailoring steps. Regioselective γ-pyrone methylation was found to be the penultimate biosynthetic step prior to furan-ring formation. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2006/z500161_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Isolation and characterization of a new polycyclic system from the reaction of (dimethylamino)diethylborane with 2,2'-biimidazole (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation and characterization of a new polycyclic system from the reaction of (dimethylamino)diethylborane with 2,2'-biimidazoleKurt Niedenzu, Haibin Deng, David Knoeppel, Jeanette Krause, and Sheldon G. ShoreCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 14, 3162–3164Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00040a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00040a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Dreidimensional gedruckte, zellbeladene Konstrukte aus Spinnenseide (2015)

Abstract Biofabrikation ist ein aufstrebendes Forschungsgebiet, in dem additive Fertigungsverfahren eingesetzt werden. Dabei werden hierarchische, gewebeähnliche Strukturen durch Kombination von Zellen, Material und Druckprozess hergestellt. Materialien, die druckbar und zugleich zytokompatibel sind (Biotinten) stellen derzeit den größten Engpass dar. Da rekombinante Spinnenseidenproteine zytokompatibel und nicht immunogen sind sowie physikalisch vernetzt werden können, wurde hier ihr Potenzial als neues Biotintensystem analysiert. Zellbeladene Konstrukte aus Spinnenseide können durch robotergesteuerte Dosierung, ohne zusätzliche Vernetzer oder Verdicker, gedruckt werden. Fibroblasten können mindestens eine Woche in diesen Konstrukten überleben, adhärieren und proliferieren. Die Einführung von Zelladhäsionsdomänen in die Spinnenseidenproteine ermöglicht die zusätzliche Steuerung von Zell‐Material‐Interaktionen. Hydrogele aus Spinnenseide sind damit eine vielversprechende neue Biotinte für die Biofabrikation.
Zur initiierung der Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylchlorid mit Kaliumperoxidisulfat. 2: Initiatorzerfall während der Polymerisation (1987)

Abstract Während der Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylchlorid wird der Initiator Kaliumperoxidisulfat durch eine komplexe Reaktionsfolge verbraucht. Auf der Grundlage experimenteller Ergebnisse wurden Vorstellungen zum Mechanismus des Initiatorzerfalls entwickelt. Dabei wurden die Rolle der Phasengrenzen Herausgearbeitet und bisher nicht betrachtete Teilreaktionen im Gesamtbild der Emulsionspolymerisation berücksichtigt.
THE EFFECT OF BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR FOR ENDOTHELIALIZATION AND GRAFT HEALING IN FABRIC VASCULAR PROSTHESES (1996)

Tomizawa, Y.; Noishiki, Y.; Okoshi, T.; Nishida, H.; Endo, M.; Koyanagi, H. Author Information
Appearance-based virtual view generation of temporally-varying events from multi-camera images in the 3D room (2003)

We present an "appearance based" virtual view generation method for temporally-varying events taken by multiple cameras of the "3D Room", developed by our group. With this method we can generate images from any virtual view point between two selected real views. The virtual appearance view generation method is based on simple interpolation between two selected views. The correspondence between the views are automatically generated from the multiple images by use of the volumetric model shape reconstruction framework. Since the correspondences are obtained by the recovered volumetric model, even occluded regions in the views can be correctly interpolated in the virtual view images. The virtual view image sequences are presented for demonstrating the performance of the virtual view image generation in the 3D Room.
Caspase-8 Mediates Mitochondrial Release of Pro-apoptotic Proteins in a Manner Independent of Its Proteolytic Activity in Apoptosis Induced by the Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Acetoxycycloheximide in Human Leukemia Jurkat Cells (2008)

The cysteine protease caspase-8 plays an essential role in apoptosis induced by death receptors. The protein synthesis inhibitor acetoxycycloheximide (Ac-CHX) has been previously shown to induce rapid apoptosis mediated by the release of cytochrome c in human leukemia Jurkat cells. In this study, the novel molecular mechanism that links caspase-8 to the mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic proteins has been identified. Jurkat cells deficient in caspase-8 were more resistant to Ac-CHX than wild-type Jurkat cells and manifested decreased apoptosis induction and caspase activation as well as inefficient release of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and AIF into the cytosol. In contrast to Fas ligand stimulation, the general caspase inhibitor barely prevented the mitochondrial release of these pro-apoptotic proteins in Ac-CHX-treated cells, suggesting that caspase-8 activity is dispensable for triggering the mitochondrial pathway in Ac-CHX-induced apoptosis. Consistent with this notion, caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cells reconstituted with catalytically inactive caspase-8 became sensitive to Ac-CHX and exhibited apoptosis, caspase activation, the liberation of pro-apoptotic proteins into the cytosol, and Bak conformational change as efficiently as wild-type Jurkat cells. Unlike caspase-3, -6, -7, and -9, a small but significant portion of caspase-8 was found to localize in mitochondria before and after exposure to Ac-CHX. These results clearly demonstrate that caspase-8 is able to mediate the mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic proteins in a manner independent of its proteolytic activity in Ac-CHX-induced apoptosis.
Determining the pulse-echo electromechanical characteristic of a transducer using flat plates and point targets (2004)

A common technique to determine the electromechanical response of a spherically focusing transducer is to use a reference pulse echo from a flat plate in the focal plane of the transducer. We show that when the pressure focusing gain of the transducer is much greater than unity, the focal plane reflection is a valid approximation of the desired electromechanical response. An alternative calibration target is a point scatterer and we show theoretically and experimentally that this waveform is the double time differential of the flat-plate response. The use of calibration to describe general scatterers through a Born approximation (Jensen, J. A. (1991), J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 182–190) is discussed.
On GNSS Synchronization Performance Degradation under Interference Scenarios: Bias and Misspecified Cramér-Rao Bounds (2023)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) play a key role in a plethora of applications, ranging from navigation and timing to Earth observation and space weather characterization. For navigation purposes, interference scenarios are among the most challenging operation conditions, with a clear impact on the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of signal synchronization parameters. While several interference mitigation techniques exist, an approach for theoretically analyzing GNSS MLE performance degradation under interference, which is fundamental for system/receiver design, is lacking. The main goal of this contribution is to provide such analysis, by deriving closed-form expressions of the misspecified Cramér–Rao (MCRB) bound and estimation bias, for a generic GNSS signal corrupted by interference. The proposed bias and MCRB expressions are validated for a linear frequency-modulation chirp signal interference.
The Crystal Structure of Dimethyl (2Z, 6Z)-2,7-bis-(benzyloxycarbonylamino) octa-2,6-diendioate: A Useful Precursor for Optically Pure 2,7-Diaminosuberic Acid (1999)

Needle shaped single crystals of the dimethyl ester of (2Z, 6Z)-2,7-bis-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)- octa-2,6-diendioic acid (1), C 26 H 28 N 2 O 8 were obtained by very slow cooling from methanol/ethylacetate solution 20:1. 1 crystallizes in the anorthic space group Pl̅ (No.2) with a = 4.813(5), b = 12.277(6), c = 12.340(7) Å, α =117.15(3)°, β = 97.52(4)°, γ = 92.02(4)°, Z =1. The crystal structure was determined from diffractometer data (MoKα-radiation). It was solved by direct methods and refined to a conventional R of 0.054 for 1452 Fo's and 178 refined parameters. The molecule is characterized by the presence of an inversion center. In the crystal structure the molecules are stacked along the crystallographic a-axis. In this direction - which coincides with the needle axis of the crystals - each molecule is connected with its neighbors through almost linear N-H···O-hydrogen bonds.
The Relationship Between Stereopsis and Visual Acuity After Occlusion Therapy for Amblyopia (2020)

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between visual acuity (VA) and stereoacuity after occlusion therapy in patients with various types of amblyopia. Methods: 61 children with amblyopia caused by anisometropia with no strabismus (26 children), small angle (≤ 8PD ) or intermittent strabismus (20), or both (15). All were treated with occlusion therapy. VA and near stereopsis using the Titmus test (Stereo Optical Inc, Chicago) were measured at each clinic visit. Results: Mean age at initiation of therapy was 5.1 years (range 3.5 – 8) and mean follow-up 52.3 weeks (range 13 – 192). Mean duration of occlusion was 36 weeks (range 12 – 102). After occlusion treatment, mean VA of all children improved from 0.43 to 0.78 (P &lt; .0001), while mean stereoacuity improved from 1167.4 seconds of arc to 101(P &lt; .0001). By the last visit, 85.2% (52/61) of patients demonstrated at least 2 lines improvement in VA. There was a significant linear relationship between VA and stereoacuity (P &lt; .001). The 26 anisometropic patients without strabismus enjoyed a similar improvement in VA and stereopsis (P&lt; .0001), as did the 35 with small angle or intermittent strabismus (P&lt; .0001). Conclusions: When employing occlusion therapy for amblyopia (due to anisometropia, small angle or intermittent strabismus, or a combination), as visual acuity improves, stereopsis generally also improves.
An Extended Generalized Average Modeling Framework for Power Converters (2023)

The generalized averaged modeling (GAM) technique is traditionally employed to capture the dynamic performance of power electronic converters. This article proposes an improved version of it, named the extended-GAM (EGAM) technique, which supports the multiplication of two double Fourier series (DFS) signals in the time domain. Multiplication of DFS signals in the time domain translates to the 2-D convolution of coefficients of the DFS terms of their equivalent discrete Fourier image representations. Thus, the proposed EGAM technique, capable of capturing many harmonics present in the output of a power converter, effectively captures the dynamic behavior of power converters excited by two distinct frequencies. The proposed technique is then converted into an algorithm suitable for numerical platforms, which typically use ordinary differential equation solvers. The proposed algorithm is validated based on the observations of the effects of harmonic truncation. The efficacy of the proposed technique is assessed through a case study, wherein a single-phase inverter employs <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> filters on both the dc link and the ac side. Finally, it is shown that the results obtained with the proposed method show an excellent congruence between simulation and hardware experimental models. Additionally, the proposed algorithm is packaged into a MATLAB toolbox and shared for future implementations.
Displacement measurement of the depth migration of transparent cells (2006)

This letter reports a method for displacement measurement of the depth migration of transparent cells. This proposed optical spatial filtering method allows visualization of the transparent cells and determination of depth migration as a horizontal displacement positive or negative first order diffracted light on the detector surface. When the sample is displaced upward or downward from the focal plane, first and negative first order diffracted light form images at a different point as a light circle. The coordinates of these two light circles on the detector surface change places when the displacement of depth migration moves to the opposite direction.
Development of Analytical Method for &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C Determination in Biomedical Sample by Laser Spectroscopy (2018)

医薬品開発プロセスにおいて，放射性炭素（14C）標識化合物をヒトに単回投与してヒト薬物動態を評価するマイクロドーズ臨床試験が実用化されつつあり，医薬品開発の低コスト化とリードタイムの大幅短縮が期待されている。本研究では，マイクロドーズ臨床試験における高感度と低コストを兼ね備えた簡便な14C測定への適用を念頭に，高感度レーザー分光に基づく生体試料中14C分析システムを開発した。
Interreader Agreement of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System on MRI: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (2020)

3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:795-804.
An EUV Spectrometer For Atmospheric Remote Sensing (1989)

We describe a sounding rocket experiment to investigate mechanisms governing the interactions between two of the fundamental components of the solar-terrestrial system: the solar ionizing radiation and the Earth&apos;s upper atmosphere. The experiment was designed to characterize the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) emissions resulting from these interactions in terms of physical parameters so that EUV remote sensing can be gainfully employed as a quantitative diagnostic of the terrestrial atmosphere and plasma environment. Although several EUV observations of the Earth&apos;s airglow have been made, these measurements have never been complemented with simultaneous measurements of the solar EUV flux, thereby making the interpretations somewhat ambiguous. The payload consisted of (1) a high resolution (-1.5 &Aring;) spectrometer to measure the EUV emissions (980-1360 A) of the Earth&apos;s dayglow, (2) a moderate resolution (-10 &Aring;) EUV spectrometer (250-1450 &Aring;), to measure the solar irradiation responsible for the photoelectron production, and (3) a hydrogen Lyman Alpha photometer to monitor the solar irradiance and geocoronal emissions. The experiment was con-ducted from a four-stage Black Brant XII sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island, Virginia, on September 30, 1988.
Flatland optics (2000)

"Flatland optics" is a new outlook on wave optics. The light propagates, or diffracts, or interferes… in the "Flat" (x, z) domain. The y-direction is used for manipulation, for example for radical spectrum shaping.
Preparation and Characterization of Bridged Naphthoxazinium Salts (1999)

By condensation of bridged 4-arylazo-substituted 3-hydroxyanilines 18 and bridged or unbridged 4-arylazo-substituted 1-naphthylamines 19–23 with bridged 1-naphthylamines 15–17 and 3-aminophenols 14, respectively, in the presence of perchloric acid, bridged naphthoxazinium perchlorates 24–30 have been prepared. The spectral properties of the products have been compared with those of the bridged phenoxazinium salt 31 as well as with data for some unbridged analogues.
Coarse-graining of the perplexity for the spatial distribution of molecules (2023)

Biological tissue consists of various molecules. Instead of focusing on a particular molecule, we consider the Shannon entropy which is calculated from the abundance of different molecules at each spot in the tissue. The spatial distribution of the Shannon entropy is of interest. In this paper, we first obtain the heat map of perplexity, whose logarithm is the entropy. To characterize the spatial variety of molecules, we propose a scalar $k$ that is concerned with the coarse-graining of the perplexity heat map. To verify the usefulness of the number, experiments with MSI (mass spectrometry imaging) were performed for mouse kidneys. We found that $k$ has large values in the renal pelvis area, cortex area, veins, and arteries in the mouse kidney, whereas fractal dimensions fail to distinguish those regions.
Palmaz-Schatz stenting for treatment of focal vein graft stenosis: Immediate results and long-term outcome (1994)

Stenting resulted in excellent immediate and long-term angiographic results in this group of focally diseased, older saphenous vein grafts. Despite the high immediate success and very low (17%) angiographic restenosis rate at 6 months, approximately one half of these patients required further revascularization in the following 2 years, mainly because of disease progression at other sites.
Linear and Nonlinear Trading Models with Gradient Boosted Random Forests and Application to Singapore Stock Market (2013)

This paper presents new trading models for the stock market and test whether they are able to consistently generate excess returns from the Singapore Exchange (SGX). Instead of conventional ways of modeling stock prices, we construct models which relate the market indicators to a trading decision directly. Furthermore, unlike a reversal trading system or a binary system of buy and sell, we allow three modes of trades, namely, buy, sell or stand by, and the stand-by case is important as it caters to the market conditions where a model does not produce a strong signal of buy or sell. Linear trading models are firstly developed with the scoring technique which weights higher on successful indicators, as well as with the Least Squares technique which tries to match the past perfect trades with its weights. The linear models are then made adaptive by using the forgetting factor to address market changes. Because stock markets could be highly nonlinear sometimes, the Random Forest is adopted as a nonlinear trading model, and improved with Gradient Boosting to form a new technique—Gradient Boosted Random Forest. All the models are trained and evaluated on nine stocks and one index, and statistical tests such as randomness, linear and nonlinear correlations are conducted on the data to check the statistical significance of the inputs and their relation with the output before a model is trained. Our empirical results show that the proposed trading methods are able to generate excess returns compared with the buy-and-hold strategy.
Abstract 2809: Pathway dependence on the tyrosine kinase TYK2 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2011)

Abstract To identify novel oncogenic pathways that are dysregulated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), we carried out an RNA interference (RNAi) screen using a retroviral library of inducible short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in T-ALL cell lines. We found that loss of TYK2, a JAK family tyrosine kinase, was lethal in each of three T-ALL cell lines that we tested in this screen. An independent RNAi screen using a small-interference RNA (siRNA) library that individually silences each member of the tyrosine kinase gene family in primary T-ALL cells from a pediatric T-ALL specimens also demonstrated a dependence on TYK2 for cell viability. We confirmed by targeted knock-down analysis with multiple independent shRNAs that the loss of TYK2 induces apoptosis in T-ALL cells, whereas knock-down of other JAK proteins (JAK1, JAK2 or JAK3) had no effect. The TYK2 protein is constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in many T-ALL cell lines, and sequence analysis of the TYK2 gene in T-ALL cell lines and patient samples revealed a diversity of TYK2 point mutations in the FERM domain (V15A), pseudo-kinase domain (V731I) and kinase domain (E957D and R1027H). TYK2 cDNAs harboring each of these mutations, but not wild-type TYK2 cDNA, could transform Ba/F3 cells to factor-independent growth, and TYK2 was heavily phosphorylated in the Ba/F3 cell lines transformed with mutant cDNAs, indicating that these mutations activated the TYK2 kinase. TYK2-dependent T-ALL cell lines and the transformed Ba/F3 cells were sensitive to small-molecule JAK/TYK2 inhibitors. Moreover, we identified that inhibition of TYK2 induces downregulation of STAT1 phosphorylation, and that loss of STAT1 inhibits the growth of TYK2-dependent T-ALL cells, indicating that this transcription factor is involved in the TYK2 pathway and required for cell survival. Gene expression analysis after TYK2 or STAT1 knock-down in TYK2-dependent T-ALL cell lines revealed that BCL2 is upregulated by this pathway. In conclusion, our results establish a requirement for the TYK2-STAT1 pathway to promote T-ALL cell the survival, and establish TYK2 as a novel therapeutic target for this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2809. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2809