gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inorganic and Hybrid Nanofibrous Materials Templated with Organogelators (2008)

This article presents a general overview about the designed synthesis of one-dimensional (1-D) inorganic and organic–inorganic hybrid fibrous nanostructures templated through the use of organogelator-based supramolecular assemblies. The growing number of structural families and derivatives of low-molecular-weight organogelators (LMOGs) already used as templates for materials transcription are first presented, including a detailed compilation with relevant information about the gelation properties and the morphologies of their resulting self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFINs). The main types of intermolecular interactions responsible for the gel-phase formation and some of the principal variables governing the gelation process and controlling the obtained fibrous morphologies (fibers, rods, ribbons, helices, tubes, etc.) are also discussed. After highlighting the most important processing methodologies that are available for materials transcription through organogel templates (coassembly, post-transcription, or self-templating procedures), the manuscript presents an updated description of the different inorganic (silica-based, other metal oxides, nonoxides) and organic–inorganic hybrid fibrous materials so far templated by using these approaches. The key mechanistic aspects and different templating pathways involved in the transcription process are also discussed, concluding with a final discussion about challenging aspects or future prospects in this field.
Mass spectrometric study of (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4‐n</sub>Si(SCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>n</sub> (n=1‐4) and (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Si(‐SCH<sub>2</sub>‐)<sub>2</sub> (1983)

Abstract The mass spectra of the series (CH 3 ) 4‐n Si(SCH 3 ) n (n=1‐4) and of (CH 3 ) 2 Si(‐SCH 2 ‐) 2 were studied and the fragmentation processes under electron impact are discussed. The main features of the mass spectra are: (i) the high abundance of the molecular ions, (ii) the competitive loss of methyl and thiomethyl radicals from the molecular ions with formation of the base peak ions, (iii) the elimination of a number of neutral fragments as the most likely fragmentation process of the base peak ions.
Additional techniques to reduce heatsink emissions utilizing RF absorbers (2012)

This paper compares the electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction of several radio-frequency (RF) absorber configurations with integrated circuits (IC) and associated heatsinks.
Radiation quality of beams of negative pions (1981)

As a negative pion stops in tissue, it attaches itself to an adjacent atom to form a mesonic atom. Subsequently, the wave function of the pion interacts with that of the nucleus and the pion is absorbed. Because the energy associated with the rest mass of the pion is greater than the separation energy of the nuclear particles, the nucleus disintegrates (pion star). In tissue, approximately 40 MeV goes into overcoming the binding energies; 20 MeV goes into kinetic energy of charged particles; 80 MeV goes into kinetic energy of neutrons. In cases where biological studies are performed with beams of negative pions, as much as 20% of the total absorbed dose in the treatment volume and about 50% of the high-LET dose (> 100 keV/..mu..m) can result from neutrons. The degree of biological response and the variation of that response throughout the treatment volume can be altered by the neutron dose.
Qualification of offshore facilities prior to application in a new field (2009)

A strict emission regime for marine operations in Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), increasing fuel prices and tax on environmental emissions, have led to a need to consider alternative solutions for supplying power for offshore oil and gas installations. Conventionally, natural gas and diesel are used for the production of electricity on offshore installations. However, this conventional approach has developed into a real burden, as it conflicts with the aim of achieving least emission to the environment. Electrification has been considered as one of the alternatives to cut down the emission level to a reasonable extent as well as to increase the power supply efficiency. This analysis deals with electrification of new facilities, while the cost of electrification of existing facilities has not been estimated yet. Although electrification might be selected as the best available technique for a given field, it is necessary to assure that the electrification technique will be fit for the purpose if it is going to be implemented in an unknown environment. This paper will address a method to qualify the electrification technique for a new oil field development on the NCS. Further, this study will help to confirm that the Best Available Technique (BAT) should be qualified prior to the implementation to avoid consequence of harm to the environment, society, health and finances.
Coal Hydrophobicity and its Role in Filtration and Dewatering (1991)

Surface hydrophobicity as indicated by the three-phase contact angle can be important in fine coal filtration and dewatering. Coal hydrophobicity is generally a maximum for low- and medium-volatile bituminous coals and a minimum for lower rank coals; It is reduced by surface oxidation. Theoretical considerations and experimental evidence suggest that residual filter cake moisture content is minimised when coal hydrophobicity is maximised. Coal hydrophobicity and dewaterability can be enhanced through adsorption of a surfactant or a film of oil.
Implication de la voie des microARN dans la réplication du VIH-1 (2007)

International audience
Beyond core object recognition: Recurrent processes account for object recognition under occlusion (2019)

Core object recognition, the ability to rapidly recognize objects despite variations in their appearance, is largely solved through the feedforward processing of visual information. Deep neural networks are shown to achieve human-level performance in these tasks, and explain the primate brain representation. On the other hand, object recognition under more challenging conditions (i.e. beyond the core recognition problem) is less characterized. One such example is object recognition under occlusion. It is unclear to what extent feedforward and recurrent processes contribute in object recognition under occlusion. Furthermore, we do not know whether the conventional deep neural networks, such as AlexNet, which were shown to be successful in solving core object recognition, can perform similarly well in problems that go beyond the core recognition. Here, we characterize neural dynamics of object recognition under occlusion, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), while participants were presented with images of objects with various levels of occlusion. We provide evidence from multivariate analysis of MEG data, behavioral data, and computational modelling, demonstrating an essential role for recurrent processes in object recognition under occlusion. Furthermore, the computational model with local recurrent connections, used here, suggests a mechanistic explanation of how the human brain might be solving this problem.
Extremely Dilute Lyotropic 3D Crystalline Phase in a Water/Oil/Surfactant/Cosurfactant Mixture (1996)

In a system made of water/NaCl/octane/sodium dodecylsulphate/octanol we found a very dilute phase exhibiting a long range order in addition to classical microemulsion phases. Light and high resolution x-ray scattering show that this dilute phase exhibits three-dimensional order. Repeat distances as large as 2200 \AA{} can be measured with both light and x-ray scattering. The crystalline phase appears upon swelling a microemulsion phase with oil. All the experimental parameters seem to vary continuously from the microemulsion to this crystalline phase.
Absence of Concentration Congruity in Six Compounded Polidocanol Samples Obtained for Leg Sclerotherapy (2011)

In this study, compounded POL solutions did not deliver the claimed concentration five out of six times. This inconsistency poses risks to the patient and the treating physician during venous sclerotherapy with pharmacy-compounded POL. Merz Aesthetics provided funding for this study.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTERNAL MICROBEAM-PIXE SYSTEM USING THIN FILM WINDOWS (1999)

A external microbeam system using polyimide windows has been developed for PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) analysis in air. A beamline consists of a magnetic quadrupole-doublet lens, cylindrical objective slits and double-deflection scanning coils. Polyimide films with a thickness of 3.5 μm or 7.5 μm were used for the exit windows. Spot sizes in air were measured by beam-induced fluorescence of CsI scintillation plates. A minimum spot size obtained was about 10 μm for a 1.5 MeV proton beam. PIXE-mapping images of a Cu grid were successfully obtained in air.
Comparison of classifier performance for information fusion in automated Diabetic Retinopathy screening (2011)

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a vascular disorder affecting the retina due to prolonged Diabetes. It can lead to sudden vision loss in advanced stages. Screening and routine monitoring is the most effective way of avoiding vision loss due to DR. Abramoff et al. developed and evaluated an automated DR screening system. One of the most important parts of this system, the information fusion module, combines information obtained from different images and various image properties. Niemeijer et al. compared several methods for DR information fusion and concluded that k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) provided the best performance for their system. The aim of this work was to compare performance of the Random Forest (RF) classifier with that of the kNN classifier for DR information fusion. We performed experiments on a dataset containing images from 10303 eye examinations. Additionally we also compared performance of the two classifiers in an important sub-problem of DR screening - red lesion detection. In both the experiments, the RF classifier showed significantly better performance.
A broad-spectrum macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (2022)

Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had great societal and health consequences. Despite the availability of vaccines, infection rates remain high due to immune evasive Omicron sublineages. Broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to safeguard against emerging variants and future pandemics. We used mRNA display under a reprogrammed genetic code to find a spike-targeting macrocyclic peptide that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain infection and pseudoviruses containing spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants or related sarbecoviruses. Structural and bioinformatic analyses reveal a conserved binding pocket between the receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain and S2 region, distal to the ACE2 receptor-interaction site. Our data reveal a hitherto unexplored site of vulnerability in sarbecoviruses that peptides and potentially other drug-like molecules can target. Significance statement This study reports on the discovery of a macrocyclic peptide that is able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by exploiting a new vulnerable site in the spike glycoprotein. This region is highly conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants and the subgenus sarbecovirus. Due to the inaccessability and mutational contraint of this site, it is anticipated to be resistant to the development of resistance through antibody selective pressure. In addition to the discovery of a new molecule for development of potential new peptide or biomolecule therapeutics, the discovery of this broadly active conserved site can also stimulate a new direction of drug development, which together may prevent future outbreaks of related viruses.
Binding and mobility of isolated indium atoms on Si(111)7×7 (1992)

The perturbed \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} angular correlation method has been used to study diffusion and desorption of isolated $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ atoms adsorbed on a Si(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface. Two different adsorption sites are found and their hyperfine parameters are determined as a function of temperature and compared to first-principles calculations. The activation energy for the migration to regular adsorption sites is determined to 0.72(5) eV. The relative population of the two adsorption sites changes at about 500 K corresponding to an activation energy of 1.61(15) eV for this process. The binding energy of the indium atoms is estimated to 1.93(10) eV. The desorption behavior is found to be strongly dependent on In concentration in the low coverage regime.
What Is Direct Allorecognition? (2016)

Direct allorecognition is the process by which donor-derived major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes, typically presented by donor-derived 'passenger' dendritic cells, are recognised directly by recipient T cells. In this review, we discuss the two principle theories which have been proposed to explain why individuals possess a high-precursor frequency of T cells with direct allospecificity and how self-restricted T cells recognise allogeneic MHC-peptide complexes. These theories, both of which are supported by functional and structural data, suggest that T cells recognising allogeneic MHC-peptide complexes focus either on the allopeptides bound to the allo-MHC molecules or the allo-MHC molecules themselves. We discuss how direct alloimmune responses may be sustained long term, the consequences of this for graft outcome and highlight novel strategies which are currently being investigated as a potential means of reducing rejection mediated through this pathway.
Rotenone induces neurotoxicity through Rac1‐dependent activation of NADPH oxidase in SHSY‐5Y cells (2013)

Neurodegenerative diseases are attributed to impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Oxidative stress has been considered a contributing factor in the pathology of impaired UPS by promoting protein misfolding and subsequent protein aggregate formation. Increasing evidence suggests that NADPH oxidase is a likely source of excessive oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism of activation and its role in impaired UPS is not understood. We show that activation of NADPH oxidase in a neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY-5Y) resulted in increased oxidative and nitrosative stress, elevated cytosolic calcium, ER-stress, impaired UPS, and apoptosis. Rac1 inhibition mitigated the oxidative/nitrosative stress, prevented calcium-dependent ER-stress, and partially rescued UPS function. These findings demonstrate that Rac1 and NADPH oxidase play an important role in rotenone neurotoxicity.
Phase Formation and Solidification Routes Near Mo-Mo&lt;SUB&gt;5&lt;/SUB&gt;SiB&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; Eutectic Point in Mo-Si-B System (2010)

The phase formation behavior during solidification in the Mo-Si-B system was experimentally examined around the triple junction point (T) of the Mo solid solution (Moss), Mo5SiB2 (T2) and Mo2B primary phases in the Mo-Si-B liquidus projection suggested by Yang and Chang through thermodynamic calculations, and the solidification routes of the Mo-Si-B alloys were reconsidered based on the obtained results. Alloys of four different compositions around the T point were produced by arc-melting. The primary phases observed in these alloys were in excellent agreement with the liquidus projection proposed by Yang and Chang. The solidification routes were basically Moss (primary) → Moss + Mo2B → Moss + T2 eutectic → Moss + T2 + Mo3Si (A15), T2 (primary) → Moss + T2 eutectic → Moss + T2 + A15, or Mo2B (primary) → Moss + T2 eutectic → Moss + T2 + A15, depending on the composition. However, a quantitative EPMA analysis indicated the compositions of the Moss-T2 eutectic and Moss + T2 + A15 phases differed from the reported liquidus projection. This is due to the difficulties interpreting the unusual solidification routes in the Mo-Si-B system and their as-cast microstructures.
Possible relationship between esophageal dilatation and severity of M. abscessus pulmonary disease (2021)

Esophageal dilatation was correlated with severity of Mab-PD and airway mycobacterial burden. Gastroesophageal reflux might be associated with Mab disease progression.
Reducing Flow-Induced-Vibration of Head-Gimbal-Assemblies in Hard-Disk-Drives (2006)

This paper details the two key technologies that can be used to develop hard disk drives with less windage. One is improving the head gimbal assembly configuration and the other is lessening the airflow in hard disk drives
Patterns of Gene Expression During <i>Drosophila</i> Mesoderm Development (2001)

The transcription factor Twist initiates Drosophila mesoderm development, resulting in the formation of heart, somatic muscle, and other cell types. Using a Drosophila embryo sorter, we isolated enough homozygous twist mutant embryos to perform DNA microarray experiments. Transcription profiles of twist loss-of-function embryos, embryos with ubiquitous twist expression, and wild-type embryos were compared at different developmental stages. The results implicate hundreds of genes, many with vertebrate homologs, in stage-specific processes in mesoderm development. One such gene, gleeful, related to the vertebrate Gli genes, is essential for somatic muscle development and sufficient to cause neural cells to express a muscle marker.
[Clinical trials of new therapeutic pharmacology for sickle cell disease]. (2007)

Following the generation of transgenic mouse models of sickle cell disease, pre-clinical trials have shown the beneficial effects of various potential therapeutic molecules for the acute or chronic manifestations of the disease. Several molecules are upon evaluation in phase I to phase III clinical trials. These therapeutic approaches target: 1) membrane cation transport systems and channels involved in sickle cell dehydration; 2) adherence of erythrocytes to endothelium; 3) activation of circulating and endothelial cells participating in the vasoocclusive events and local ischemia. The Gardos channel (calcium activated potassium channel KCNN4) is inhibited by the clotrimazole metabolite ICA17043, in phase III trial. The K-Cl co-transport (KCC1/3/4) activated by the depletion of erythrocyte magnesium is inhibited by Magnesium pidolate; dipyridamole inhibits ion transports upon deoxygenation. Sulfasalazyne (inhibitor of the NF-jB pathway) inhibits the abnormal activation of endothelial cells. Nitric oxide (NO) is the most potent vasodilator. It prevents the activation of leucocytes, platelets and endothelial cells in patients with sickle cell disease and vascular remodelling. The L-arginine, the NO precursor, provides could be beneficial in sickle cell patients.
The quality of function of renal allografts is associated with donor age (1995)

Abstract The quality of renal allograft function was assessed by prospective measurement of creatinine clearance at 1 year (n= 197) and at 3 years (n= 115) after cadaveric renal transplantation in a cohort of 268 patients treated with triple therapy immunosuppression. Donor age (P < 0.0012) and recipient age (P < 0.01) were independently associated with creatinine clearance both at 1 and at 3 years. In patients with donor age above 50 years and recipient age above 45 years, the mean creatinine clearance was 32.7 (SD 10.4) ml/min (n= 27). When the donor age was below 30 years and recipient age below 45 years, the mean creatinine clearance was 55.6 (SD 14.4) ml/min (n= 47, P < 0.001). However, in these patients there was no significant association between graft function and many of the factors known to influence graft survival, such as HLA matching, sensitisation of the recipient, and the occurrence of rejection. In conclusion, the quality of renal allograft function declined with increasing donor and recipient age in our patients, whilst immunological factors were not significantly associated with function in surviving grafts.
A Multi-Modal English-Italian Parallel Corpus for End-to-End Speech-to-Text Machine Translation (2020)

We discuss a set of methods for the creation of IESTAC: a English-Italian speech and text parallel corpus designed for the training of end-to-end speech-to-text machine translation models and publicly released as part of this work. We first mapped English LibriVox audiobooks and their corresponding English Gutenberg Project e-books to Italian e-books with a set of three complementary methods. Then we aligned the English and the Italian texts using both traditional Gale-Church based alignment methods and a recently proposed tool to perform bilingual sentences alignment computing the cosine similarity of multilingual sentence embeddings. Finally, we forced the alignment between the English audiobooks and the English side of our textual parallel corpus with a text-to-speech and dynamic time warping based forced alignment tool. For each step, we provide the reader with a critical discussion based on detailed evaluation and comparison of the results of the different methods.
Cytotoxic Immune Response After Retroviral-Mediated Hepatic Gene Transfer in Rat Does Not Preclude Expression from Adeno-Associated Virus 1 Transduced Muscles (2003)

Intravenous delivery of nls-lacZ retroviral vectors to the regenerating liver triggers a cytotoxic immune response directed against transduced hepatocytes. We sought to determine whether prior immunization with retroviral vectors impacted on adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated muscular expression of the same transgene. The first group of rats first received nls-lacZ retroviral vectors intravenously after a partial hepatectomy. Thirty days later they received AAV vectors intramuscularly in both legs. In the second group, animals received the same vectors in the opposite sequence (i.e., AAV first and retroviruses 20 days later). In the first group, immune response occurred after retrovirus delivery with appearance of anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies and elimination of transduced hepatocytes. However, the immune response did not prevent sustained (9-month) beta-galactosidase expression in AAV-injected muscles. In the second group, AAV injections did not induce immune response and resulted in beta-galactosidase expression in myofibers. In this group, subsequent delivery of retroviral vectors triggered appearance of immune response and elimination of transduced hepatocytes. However, the immune response did not modify beta-galactosidase expression in AAV-transduced myofibers for up to 9 months. These results demonstrate a differential susceptibility between retrovirally transduced liver and AAV-transduced muscles to immune response against the transgene product.
Beam asymmetry<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>Σ</mml:mi></mml:math>for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>photoproduction on the proton for photon energies from 1.102 to 1.862 GeV (2013)

Beam asymmetries for the reactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ have been measured with the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) and a tagged, linearly polarized photon beam with energies from 1.102--1.862 GeV. A Fourier moment technique for extracting beam asymmetries from experimental data is described. The results reported here possess greater precision and finer energy resolution than previous measurements. Our data for both pion reactions appear to favor the SAID and Bonn-Gatchina scattering analyses over the older Mainz MAID predictions. After incorporating the present set of beam asymmetries into the world database, exploratory fits made with the SAID analysis indicate that the largest changes from previous fits are for properties of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1700)3/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1905)5/{2}^{+}$ states.