gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A review on food recognition technology for health applications (2020)

Food understanding from digital media has become a challenge with important applications in many different domains. On the other hand, food is a crucial part of human life since the health is strictly affected by diet. The impact of food in people life led Computer Vision specialists to develop new methods for automatic food intake monitoring and food logging. In this review paper we provide an overview about automatic food intake monitoring, by focusing on technical aspects and Computer Vision works which solve the main involved tasks (<i>i.e.</i>, classification, recognitions, segmentation, etc.). Specifically, we conducted a systematic review on main scientific databases, including interdisciplinary databases (<i>i.e</i>., Scopus) as well as academic databases in the field of computer science that focus on topics related to image understanding (<i>i.e.</i>, recognition, analysis, retrieval). The search queries were based on the following key words: "food recognition", "food classification", "food portion estimation", "food logging" and "food image dataset". A total of 434 papers have been retrieved. We excluded 329 works in the first screening and performed a new check for the remaining 105 papers. Then, we manually added 5 recent relevant studies. Our final selection includes 23 papers that present systems for automatic food intake monitoring, as well as 46 papers which addressed Computer Vision tasks related food images analysis which we consider essential for a comprehensive overview about this research topic. A discussion that highlights the limitations of this research field is reported in conclusions.
Generation of 500 MeV–1 GeV energy electrons from laser wakefield acceleration via ionization induced injection using CO2 mixed in He (2013)

Laser wakefield acceleration of 500 MeV to 1 GeV electron bunches has been demonstrated using ionization injection in mixtures of 4% to 10% of CO2 in He. 80 TW laser pulses were propagated through 5 mm gas jet targets at electron densities of 0.4−1.5×1019cm−3. Ionization injection led to lower density thresholds, a higher total electron charge, and an increased probability of producing electrons above 500 MeV in energy compared to self-injection in He gas alone. Electrons with GeV energies were also observed on a few shots and indicative of an additional energy enhancement mechanism.
Abstract 15433: Lpa Variants Are Associated With Residual Cardiovascular Risk in Patients Receiving Statins Abstract (2017)

Introduction: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death globally. Although therapy with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) decreases circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein...
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Al2(MoO4)3 and MoO3 Phases Induced by Phosphate in Molybdena‐Phosphorus Catalysts. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synchrotron X‐ray and Neutron Diffraction Studies in Solid‐State Chemistry (1992)

Abstract Neutron diffraction studies, especially with powders, play an important role in structural solid‐state chemistry, making possible the precise determination of the location of light atoms, particularly hydrogen, and enabling a distinction to be made between certain neighboring elements in the periodic table that are difficult to distinguish in experiments with X‐rays. Neutron diffraction investigations also make a unique contribution in the area of magnetic structure determination. The availability of intense synchrotron X‐rays sources, however, is opening up new opportunities to the structural chemist, many of them complementary to the “traditional” strengths of neutron methods. The key features of synchrotron radiation in relation to structural studies are the wavelength tunability, which facilitates the use of resonant diffraction methods, and the high brightness and excellent vertical collimation of the source, which make possible the construction of diffractometers with unparalleled angular and spatial resolution. The following types of experiments are now possible with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction: (1) The ab initio determination of structures from powder diffraction data. (2) The differentiation between different oxidation states of an element (valence contrast experiments) based upon the sensitivity of an absorption edge to the valence of the element in question. (3) The differentiation of elements adjacent to each other in the periodic table, which is now feasible with synchrotron X‐rays for all elements beyond chromium. (4) Site‐selective X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. (5) The study of cation occupancies in materials where more than one element occupies a site that is, or may be, partially occupied. (Such problems are important in zeolite chemistry and high‐temperature superconductors.) (6) The determination of crystal structures from microcrystals. (7) In situ and rapid, time‐resolved diffraction studies. This review examines the roles played by X‐ray and neutron diffraction studies in modern solid‐state chemistry, and describes some recent examples in which the use of neutron radiation or synchrotron X‐rays has been advantageous.
Study on Electrostatic Inchworm Motor Device for a Heterogeneous Integrated Microrobot System (2019)

Ideal microrobots are on the millimeter-scale with integrated actuators, power sources, sensors, and controllers. Numerous researchers are inspired by insects for the mechanical or electrical design of microrobots. Previously, the authors proposed and demonstrated microrobots that can replicate the tripod gait locomotion of an ant, the legs of which were actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. The SMA provided a large deformation and force, but the power consumed by actuating a single leg reached as high as 94 mW. This paper discusses a silicon electrostatic inchworm motor chip to move a robot leg with low energy consumption using a small power source. The inchworm motor chip was actuated by electrostatic motors. The power consumption was as low as 1.0 mW, in contrast with SMA actuators. The reciprocal motion of the inchworm motor chip is powered by silicon photovoltaic cells. The results show that the 7.5 mm2 photovoltaic cells could produce 60 V to actuate the inchworm motor chip, and the generated force is enough to move the leg of the microrobot. Thus, we demonstrated the actuation of a microrobot leg using an electrostatic inchworm motor chip, which is the first reported instance of an electrostatic motor driving an off-chip structure.
CT-Realistic Lung Nodule Simulation from 3D Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks for Robust Lung Segmentation (2018)

Data availability plays a critical role for the performance of deep learning systems. This challenge is especially acute within the medical image domain, particularly when pathologies are involved, due to two factors: 1) limited number of cases, and 2) large variations in location, scale, and appearance. In this work, we investigate whether augmenting a dataset with artificially generated lung nodules can improve the robustness of the progressive holistically nested network (P-HNN) model for pathological lung segmentation of CT scans. To achieve this goal, we develop a 3D generative adversarial network (GAN) that effectively learns lung nodule property distributions in 3D space. In order to embed the nodules within their background context, we condition the GAN based on a volume of interest whose central part containing the nodule has been erased. To further improve realism and blending with the background, we propose a novel multi-mask reconstruction loss. We train our method on over 1000 nodules from the LIDC dataset. Qualitative results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method compared to the state-of-art. We then use our GAN to generate simulated training images where nodules lie on the lung border, which are cases where the published P-HNN model struggles. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that armed with these simulated images, the P-HNN model learns to better segment lung regions under these challenging situations. As a result, our system provides a promising means to help overcome the data paucity that commonly afflicts medical imaging.
Reliability characteristics of thin porous low-K silica-based interconnect dielectrics (2013)

The dielectric breakdown field (EBD) and the time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB) of eight different low-K films with porosities between 3% (K=3.2) and 50% (K=1.8) and thicknesses between 15 and 60 nm were investigated using imec's planar capacitors (p-cap) test vehicle. EBD values decrease linearly with porosity to reach 6MV/cm at 50% porosity. The analogous Organo-Silicate Glass (OSG) films show a similar field acceleration factors independently of porosity. An OSG 2.0 film with 45% porosity and a periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) 1.8 film, both sealed with 12-nm OSG 3.0 sealing also showed the same field acceleration factor. On the other hand, the corresponding Weibull slopes vary and decrease linearly with porosity, which is in agreement with the percolation model. Also, the Weibull slopes decrease linearly with dielectric thickness. Extrapolating those data and analyzing the maximum allowed electrical fields to meet 10-years lifetime (E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</sub> ), critical dielectric spacing are discussed as a function of porosity. It is shown that for 20-nm spacing remedial measures are required for porosities >30%.
A Contribution to the Design of Robust Profile Modifications in Spur and Helical Gears by Combining Analytical Results and Numerical Simulations (2012)

This paper addresses the definition of robust profile modifications in spur and helical gears. An original methodology is introduced which relies on closed-form analytical results on transmission errors combined with a gradient descent algorithm and a Gauss quadrature (GQ) based full factorial method. The results compare very well with those delivered by using classic Monte Carlo simulations with a considerable gain in computational time. The influence of the probability distribution law for the design parameters (depth and extent of modification) is analyzed along with the contribution of gear quality grade and load variation. Some optimum robust linear relief is presented which minimizes transmission error fluctuations over a broad range of loads even in the presence of significant geometrical tolerances.
Reply (2005)

We appreciate the comments of Huo and Huang related to our recent publication. Huo and Huang are not in full agreement with our conclusions. First, Huo and Huang misunderstood that the majority (96%) of the patients in our study had undergone radical treatment (resection or loco-regional therapy), suggesting that most of them belonged to an early or intermediate stage. However, the potentially curative (radical) treatments such as resection or percutaneous ablation were performed only in 45% (2,023 of 4,525) of the patients. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed on 39% of the patients. Patients who received TACE, a noncurative modality, are categorized mostly into the advanced stage and partly into the intermediate stage. In that sense, Huo and Huang's claim is not correct. Second, it is incorrect to state that the JIS score is similar to the BCLC system. There is a difference between a prognostic staging system and a treatment allocation staging system. The CLIP score and the JIS score were developed for the prediction of prognosis in patients with HCC. In contrast, BCLC staging was developed for the adequate allocation of the HCC patients into given treatment modalities. Third, Huo and Huang state that the JIS system is only meaningful in the population that is predominantly treated with radical therapy. As already noted, 55% of our patient population was allocated to the relatively conservative treatment modalities such as TACE, chemolipiodolization, or no treatment; therefore, their statement is again out of focus. Conversely, the JIS score works well in the stratification of HCC patients from early stage to advanced stage. The JIS system is useful not only in selected patients but also the entire spectrum, from early to end-stage HCC patients. We agree with Huo and Huang that the JIS system works well in areas where HCC is diagnosed at a relatively early stage, whereas the CLIP system would only prevail when patients predominantly belonged to an intermediate or late stage, a condition in which aggressive therapy is less likely. In that sense, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan1-3 is fairly important because the cutoff size of 2 cm for the nodule is crucial for curative treatment. Microscopic portal venous invasion and intrahepatic metastasis are already noted even in the small HCC nodules less than 2 cm in diameter in 27% and 10% of cases, respectively.4 Actually, until 10 years ago the CLIP and JIS scores had an identical prognostic significance among Japanese patients, but over the past 10 years the JIS score is apparently superior to CLIP score (M. Kudo et al., unpublished data). Masatoshi Kudo*, * Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Calcium Ionophore, Calcimycin, Kills<i>Leishmania</i>Promastigotes by Activating Parasite Nitric Oxide Synthase (2017)

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus <i>Leishmania</i>. There is no vaccine against human leishmaniasis and the treatment of the disease would benefit from a broader spectrum and a higher efficacy of leishmanicidal compounds. We analyzed the leishmanicidal activity and the mechanism of action of the calcium ionophore, calcimycin. <i>L. major</i> promastigotes were coincubated with calcimycin and the viability of the cells was assessed using resazurin assay. Calcimycin displayed dose-dependent effect with IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.16 <i>μ</i>M. Analysis of propidium iodide/LDS-751 stained promastigotes revealed that lower concentrations of calcimycin had cytostatic effect and higher concentrations had cytotoxic effect. To establish the mechanism of action of calcimycin, which is known to stimulate activity of mammalian constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS), we coincubated <i>L. major</i> promastigotes with calcimycin and selective NOS inhibitors ARL-17477 or L-NNA. Addition of these inhibitors substantially decreased the toxicity of calcimycin to <i>Leishmania</i> promastigotes. In doing so, we demonstrated for the first time that calcimycin has a direct leishmanicidal effect on <i>L. major</i> promastigotes. Also, we showed that <i>Leishmania</i> constitutive Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase is involved in the parasite cell death. These data suggest activation of <i>Leishmania</i> nitric oxide synthase as a new therapeutic approach.
3D geomechanical modeling of a tight‐gas reservoir, Rulison field, Piceance Basin, Colorado (2007)

A 3‐dimensional geomechanical model has been built to increase the understanding of depleted zones, stress magnitudes, and stress anisotropy at Rulison field. The model also gives valuable insight into completion practices in a tight gas sandstone reservoir. Zonal pressure tests are used to tell us important information about pore pressures, stress magnitudes, relative permeabilities, and levels of depletion. In addition, these tests allow us to calibrate our 3‐D model with well constrained reservoir properties. We then compare the results of this zonal pressure test to other pressure tests done within the RCP survey site and to compare areas that are depleted with other data (seismic, geologic, and engineering). The work is an overview of the results of the recent pressure test on well 441‐20 compared to older tests done in the area to assess depletion and stress magnitudes. The results are then analyzed with time‐lapse shear wave data completed in 2005 by Michael Rumon (Rumon, 2005). Finally, these data are compared to the predictive model built to analyze the subsurface stresses. These results can be correlated to seismic data and also used for better well completions to produce ‘bypassed’ pay and to avoid using high cost fracturing into already depleted zones.
Spinal Cord Injury: Repair, Plasticity and Rehabilitation (2017)

Abstract Devastating functional deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) are no longer considered irreversible. Laboratory findings indicate that some improvements can be achieved with therapeutic approaches designed to promote tissue repair. It also has become widely recognised that the spinal cord is not a ‘hard‐wired’ structure; neural circuits can undergo spontaneous anatomical, neurophysiological, or molecular remodelling (i.e. endogenous neuroplasticity) after injury with accompanying behavioural changes. New rehabilitation regimens and spinal cord electrical stimulation have likewise been found to have great potential for enhancing neuroplasticity and activating synaptic networks below the spinal level of injury. While many challenges remain, promising therapeutic strategies are now emerging for promoting significant improvements in quality of life after SCI by integrating cellular and molecular treatments with neurorehabilitation and complementary neuroengineering approaches. Key Concepts Spinal cord injury is no longer viewed as an untreatable condition. The spinal cord is not a rigidly wired structure; it can exhibit structural and functional remodelling. Intrinsic ‘neuroplasticity’ can contribute to partial improvement in function post spinal cord injury. Novel therapeutic approaches have emerged, which target cellular responses to spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injuries are rarely anatomically complete, even when defined clinically as being functionally or neurologically complete. Uninjured pathways and spinal interneurons can play important roles in subserving spontaneous functional improvements in lieu of original pathways that fail to show long‐distance regrowth. Transplantation of neural progenitors that are destined to become spinal neurons may contribute to interneuronal relays capable of transmitting functional information between separated regions of the injured spinal cord. Specialised rehabilitation regimens, exercise and electrical stimulation of muscles can promote and guide plasticity that improves motor function. Electrical stimulation of the injured spinal cord can evoke some voluntary movement in people who otherwise exhibit complete loss of voluntary control of movement below the spinal level of injury. Optimal therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury are unlikely to result from a single type of treatment, but rather from strategies involving two or more complementary approaches.
Energy management in real-time multi-tier internet services (2008)

Energy management only recently emerged as a major consideration in the design of high-performance Internet services. As a result of requirements for continual performance scaling, the energy required to provide these services also massively increased—an unfortunate corollary of Moore's Law. At the same time, the high scalability of Internet services is commonly achieved by employing multi-tier (functionally distributed) clustered architectures. At high-demand sites, the number of server computers in such clusters can be very large (on the order of thousands or above). Due to the high overall power consumption and related heat dissipation that these server farms exhibit, severe operational challenges arise such as high energy costs, high cooling costs (operation and maintenance), costly infrastructure requirements (such as sophisticated power-delivery and cooling systems), increased space demands (server unit density is limited by heat dissipation), and decreased system reliability (heat-related failures). These increased operational costs constitute a significant part of total upkeep and maintenance expenses of large sites. Advances in networking technology have and will continue to cause demand and reliance on Internet-based services to accelerate, exacerbating the above-mentioned issues. 
By 2002, researchers already identified that there is significant potential for reducing energy use in Web servers. Because of observed daily and weekly demand fluctuations due to the natural cycle of human activity levels, Internet server workloads tend to show extended periods of low-load or even near-idle operation. Furthermore, newer server-class hardware started to adopt power saving modes previously only supported on mobile systems, which allows judicious reduction of server capacity (and the corresponding energy use) during those off-peak load conditions. Since then, several techniques appeared to manage power dissipation of individual machines. However, since most techniques incur some performance penalty, minimizing the global energy expenditure of a cluster with minimal effect on its performance remains a challenge. 
This dissertation presents the theoretical analysis of several aspects of this energy minimization problem, starting out with a basic multi-tier server model, which is then extended to deal with multiple priorities and reconfigurable clusters; it discusses the optimization of spare capacity in such clusters when multiple machine sleep states are available; and finally, it analyzes how external disturbances, such as those triggering dynamic thermal management actions, affect the performance of cluster power management algorithms.
Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Myopia and Hyperopia Provides Evidence for Replication of 11 Loci (2014)

Refractive error (RE) is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its axial length that causes object images to be focused off the retina. The two major subtypes of RE are myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness), which represent opposite ends of the distribution of the quantitative measure of spherical refraction. We performed a fixed effects meta-analysis of genome-wide association results of myopia and hyperopia from 9 studies of European-derived populations: AREDS, KORA, FES, OGP-Talana, MESA, RSI, RSII, RSIII and ERF. One genome-wide significant region was observed for myopia, corresponding to a previously identified myopia locus on 8q12 (p = 1.25×10(-8)), which has been reported by Kiefer et al. as significantly associated with myopia age at onset and Verhoeven et al. as significantly associated to mean spherical-equivalent (MSE) refractive error. We observed two genome-wide significant associations with hyperopia. These regions overlapped with loci on 15q14 (minimum p value = 9.11×10(-11)) and 8q12 (minimum p value 1.82×10(-11)) previously reported for MSE and myopia age at onset. We also used an intermarker linkage- disequilibrium-based method for calculating the effective number of tests in targeted regional replication analyses. We analyzed myopia (which represents the closest phenotype in our data to the one used by Kiefer et al.) and showed replication of 10 additional loci associated with myopia previously reported by Kiefer et al. This is the first replication of these loci using myopia as the trait under analysis. "Replication-level" association was also seen between hyperopia and 12 of Kiefer et al.'s published loci. For the loci that show evidence of association to both myopia and hyperopia, the estimated effect of the risk alleles were in opposite directions for the two traits. This suggests that these loci are important contributors to variation of refractive error across the distribution.