gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flavor Delivery Systems (2003)

Abstract An overview is given of flavor delivery systems and technologies for flavor encapsulation. A central conceptual distinction made is between systems aimed at protecting the encapsulated flavor against evaporation and the adverse effects of environmental oxygen in low‐moisture states, and those whose principal aim is to modify the release of the encapsulated flavor during food processing, storage, or consumption. The former class of systems, which are designated as glass‐encapsulation systems since they are invariably based on amorphous carbohydrates in the glassy state, are generally prepared by well‐established technologies like spray drying and melt extrusion. These systems have found widespread commercial application. Accounts are given of the most‐used technologies and of the underlying material science. The latter class of systems, principally aimed at controlling the release rate of the encapsulated flavor, is far more diverse in composition, working principle, and manufacturing technology. Their common feature is that, in the food matrix, they retain a core structure whose role is to control both the rate and the extent of release of the encapsulated flavor. It is argued that application of such systems necessitates a careful tuning of the delivery system to both the specific composition of the flavor, the composition and structure of the food matrix and the conditions during food processing, storage and consumption, because of the comparatively well‐defined release aimed for. Several of the principal technologies are highlighted. Examples are given of successful applications in food matrices. It is conjectured that limitations currently experienced in the application of controlled release systems for flavors and that impede a truly widespread adoption in the food industry can only be eliminated by a concerted approach including encapsulation technology, flavor physico‐chemistry and chemistry, food materials science, and focused product development efforts.
Hydrogel‐based 3D bioprints repair rat small intestine injuries and integrate into native intestinal tissue (2020)

3D Printing has become a mainstay of industry, with several applications in the medical field. One area that could benefit from 3D printing is intestinal failure due to injury or genetic malformations. We bioprinted cylindrical tubes from rat vascular cells that were sized to form biopatches. 2 mm enterotomies were made in the small intestine of male Sprague-Dawley rats, and sealed with biopatches. These intestinal segments were connected to an ex vivo perfusion device that provided independent extraluminal and intraluminal perfusion. The fluorescence signal of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in the intraluminal perfusate, a non-absorbable fluorescent marker of intestinal integrity, was measured every 15 min over 90 min, and used to assess the integrity of the segments under both continuous perfusion and alternate-flow perfusion. Enterotomies were made an inch away from the ileocecal junction in male Wistar rats and sealed with biopatches. The animals were monitored daily and euthanized at post-operative days 7, 14, 21, and 30. Blinded histopathological analysis was conducted to compare the patch segments to native intestine. Biopatch-sealed intestinal segments withstood both continuous and pulsatile flow rates without leakage of FITC-inulin above the control baseline. 21 of 26 animals survived with normal activity, weight gain, and stool output. Histopathology of the explanted segments showed progressive villi and crypt formation over the enterotomies, with complete restoration of the epithelium by 30 days. This study presents a novel application of 3D bioprinting to develop a universal repair patch that can seal lesions in vivo, and fully integrate into the native intestine.
Community-based Construction of Draft and Final Translation Corpus Through a Translation Hosting Site Minna no Hon’yaku (MNH) (2010)

In this paper we report a way of constructing a translation corpus that contains not only source and target texts, but draft and final versions of target texts, through the translation hosting site Minna no Hon’yaku (MNH). We made MNH publicly available on April 2009. Since then, more than 1,000 users have registered and over 3,500 documents have been translated, as of February 2010, from English to Japanese and from Japanese to English. MNH provides an integrated translation-aid environment, QRedit, which enables translators to look up high-quality dictionaries and Wikipedia as well as to search Google seamlessly. As MNH keeps translation logs, a corpus consisting of source texts, draft translations in several versions, and final translations is constructed naturally through MNH. This corpus can be used for self-learning by inexperienced translators on MNH, and potentially for improving machine translation. 1.
Copper and Silver Derivatives of Scorpionates and Related Ligands (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal engineering strategies in alkane-bis(ammonium) 2,5-diaza-3,6-dioxobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylates (2004)

The crystal structures of (+)-3, (±)-4 and P-(–)-5 were studied; the competitive H-bonding of carboxylic groups in (+)-3 and (±)-4 leads to disruption of crystal structure elements, used previously in crystal engineering of chiral bis(lactams); the new structure elements may be described as 1D homochiral R22(10) tapes; the diastereomeric resolution in P-(–)-5 is rationalised using an analogy between the H-bonded structure of the salt and 2,5-diaza-3,6-dioxobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid dihydrate.
Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines Through the Catalytic Highly Enantioselective Alkylation of Glycine Amide Derivatives. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Elective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator removal with extraction of leads following catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and long-term surveillance (2020)

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) triggered by premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) is a syndrome within the category of idiopathic VF. Catheter ablation of triggering PVCs, first reported in 2002, may prevent recurrent episodes of VF.1–3 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are recommended in the current American guideline owing to the possibility of arrhythmia recurrence, yet the evidence cited was a single study of 38 patients.3,4 Long-term absence from significant arrhythmias is not a recognized indication for elective ICD removal with extraction of leads.
Smart Textile Fabrics Using Weaved Fiber Optic Sensors (2021)

Our research group at Redondo Optics and support collaborators have been working on developing novel methods for weaving fiber optic sensors within high performance synthetic textile materials used in the manufacturing of “Smart” fabrics. Specifically, our group has investigated and developed automated manufacturing techniques for weaving and braiding glass and plastic optical fiber sensors within the strands and yarns of the produced textiles. The weaved fiber sensors – Microbend &amp; FBGs Strain and Temperature, DCS &amp; DBS Chemical &amp; Biological – and support wearable electronics and power are used to monitor stress, strain, fatigue, load and movement, temperature, pressure, respiration and hearth rates, and body sweat chemical and biological constituents, and to transmit this information in real time to wearable communication devices for global dissemination to key intelligence sources. In the paper we provide on-going results on the use of the DIFOS technology for the global measurement of strain in high performance applications such as supersonic parachute canopies and strength member ropes, to jet fighter arresting gear cables in aircraft carriers.
Implementation and Image Quality Benefit of a Hybrid-Space PET Point Spread Function (2021)

High resolution PET imaging is being driven by recent advances in both scanner hardware and image reconstruction. As a result, images are being reconstructed with smaller pixel sizes and little or no post-reconstruction filtering. In certain circumstances, this combination can lead to distracting image artifacts due to high frequencies introduced by the projectors. We present a method that utilizes PET point spread function (PSF) processing to mitigate these artifacts while preserving image resolution. Our approach includes a "hybrid-space PSF," with components in both sinogram-space and image space. Radial smoothing of the sinogram data (or a broadened line of response if performing list mode reconstruction) is combined with a spatially invariant image smoothing. Unlike fully-image-based PSF approaches, this method allows a PSF kernel specific to each crystal pair, even when corrected for patient motion. The hybrid-space PSF approach also opens the door to isotope-dependent positron range imaging, by allowing the use of different image-based kernels for isotopes with different positron range, while preserving the same projection-based kernel (which is a function of detector design only). The effectiveness of the hybrid-space PSF approach is demonstrated with a brain <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> F-FDG dataset and spatial resolution point sources.
A parametric technique for superresolution image reconstruction (2002)

A model-based approach for superresolution signal reconstruction from noisy bandlimited Fourier data is proposed. The approach combines the virtues of parametric and nonparametric techniques by maximum-likelihood fitting of the data by a mixture of exponentials and smooth basis functions. Performance bounds are derived and analyzed, and a model computationally efficient algorithm is described. The performance of the algorithm in simulations closely matches the bounds over a wide range of operating conditions. Overall, the reconstructions are far superior to those obtained by traditional Fourier transform processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Germline HOXB13 G84E mutation carriers and risk to twenty common types of cancer: results from the UK Biobank (2020)

Germline HOXB13 G84E mutation has been consistently associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk, but its association with other cancers is controversial. We systematically tested its association with the 20 most common cancer types in subjects from the UK Biobank. The G84E mutation was found in 1,545 (0.34%) of 460,224 participants of European ancestry. While mutation status did not associate with cancer risk in females, it was significantly associated with increased risk in males; odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for overall cancer diagnosis was 2.19 (1.89-2.52), P = 2.5E-19. The association remained after excluding PCa; OR = 1.4 (1.16-1.68), P = 0.003, suggesting association with other cancers. Indeed, suggestive novel associations were found for two other cancer types; rectosigmoid cancer, OR = 2.25 (1.05-4.15), P = 0.05 and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), OR = 1.40 (1.12-1.74), P = 0.01. For NMSC, the association was found only in basal cell carcinoma, OR = 1.37 (1.07-1.74), P = 0.03. These findings have potential clinical utility for genetic counselling regarding HOXB13.
Mineralized Peyronie's plaque has a phenotypic resemblance to bone (2021)

Mineralized Peyronie's plaque (MPP) impairs penile function. The association, colocalization, and dynamic interplay between organic and inorganic constituents can provide insights into biomineralization of Peyronie's plaque. Human MPPs (n = 11) were surgically excised, and the organic and inorganic constituents were spatially mapped using multiple high-resolution imaging techniques. Multiscale image analyses resulted in spatial colocalization of elements within a highly porous material with heterogenous composition, lamellae, and osteocytic lacuna-like features with a morphological resemblance to bone. The lower (520 ± 179 mg/cc) and higher (1024 ± 155 mg/cc) mineral density regions were associated with higher (11%) and lower (7%) porosities in MPP. Energy dispersive X-ray and micro-X-ray fluorescent spectroscopic maps in the higher mineral density regions of MPP revealed higher counts of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and a Ca/P ratio of 1.48 ± 0.06 similar to bone. More importantly, higher counts of zinc (Zn) were localized at the interface between softer (more organic to inorganic ratio) and harder (less organic to inorganic ratio) tissue regions of MPP and adjacent softer matrix, indicating the involvement of Zn-related proteins and/or pathways in the formation of MPP. In particular, dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) was colocalized in a matrix rich in proteoglycans and collagen that contained osteocytic lacuna-like features. This combined materials science and biochemical with correlative microspectroscopic approach provided insights into the plausible cellular and biochemical pathways that incite mineralization of an existing fibrous Peyronie's plaque. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Aberrant human penile mineralization is known as mineralized Peyronie's plaque (MPP) and often results in a loss of form and function. This study focuses on investigating the spatial association of matrix proteins and elemental composition of MPP by colocalizing calcium, phosphorus, and trace metal zinc with dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), acidic proteoglycans, and fibrillar collagen along with the cellular components using high resolution correlative microspectroscopy techniques. Spatial maps provided insights into cellular and biochemical pathways that incite mineralization of fibrous Peyronie's plaque in humans.
Hierarchical Feedback Controllers for Robotic Assembly (1992)

How is navigating a unicycle amidst obstacles like manipulating beads on a necklace? This paper addresses that question by introducing a simple control system that appears to offer a common dynamical model for both situations. System (1) consists of a trivially controlled set of “steering” state variables and an additional set of “body” state variables that can be “driven” in a direction determined by the steering variables. The task will be to bring the state of the system to some desired equilibrium using feedback. A defect in the “steered” vector field precludes the possibility of stabilization via a single continuous feedback controller - the essence of what feedback is all about - incurs the necessity of a hierarchical system.\nFor more information: Kod*Lab
Avoiding constraints redundancy in predictive control optimization routines (2005)

This note concentrates on removing redundancy in the set of constraints for the multiparametric quadratic problems (mpQP) related with the constrained predictive control. The feasible domain is treated as a parameterized polyhedron with a focus on its parameterized vertices. The goal is to find a splitting of the parameters (state) space corresponding to domains with regular shape (nonredundant constraints), resulting in a table of regions where the constraints have a minimal representation, so that the online optimization routines can act with better performances. The procedure can be seen as a preprocessor either for the classical QP methods or for the routines based on explicit solutions. For important degrees of redundancy, the proposed technique may bring computational gains for real-time application or on the complexity of the positioning mechanism for evaluating the explicit solution.
Circulating Forms of Parathyroid Hormone: Peeling Back the Onion (2003)

Circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates normal bone and mineral ion homeostasis and is central in the pathogenesis of bone disease in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, especially in advanced renal insufficiency (1). The major biological effects of PTH, a linear polypeptide 84 amino acids in length, reflect activation of the G-protein-coupled PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTHR) expressed on target cells in the renal tubules and the osteoblastic lineage of bone (2). Activation of PTHRs requires only the most N-terminal portion of PTH [PTH(1–34) is a full agonist] and is mostly eliminated if the N-terminal serine residue of the human hormone is removed.

PTH, secreted by the parathyroid glands primarily in response to changes in blood ionized calcium, undergoes rapid endopeptidic cleavage, mainly by Kupffer cells in the liver (3). This event generates a series of N-truncated “CPTH” fragments (the corresponding N-terminal segments are destroyed in situ) that reenter the circulation and are cleared mainly by glomerular filtration, an important route for PTH clearance as well (4). Chemical analysis of PTH fragments isolated from rat blood after administration of radiolabeled bovine PTH established that hepatic metabolism yields a family of CPTH fragments with NH2 termini ranging between residues 34 and 43, although the methods used likely would not have detected substantially larger CPTH fragments (5). Interestingly, chemically similar CPTH fragments are secreted directly from the parathyroid glands as well, and the ratio of secreted CPTH fragments to intact PTH increases as blood calcium increases (6)(7). CPTH fragments typically circulate at a three- to fivefold molar excess over intact PTH, but this ratio may increase dramatically in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), depending on the severity and chronicity of renal insufficiency and the blood concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, all of which regulate PTH secretion (1)(8).

Measurement of …
The Serum M-Spike and Transplant Outcome in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. (2006)

Abstract Background: High dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-ASCT) has prolonged survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Patients who achieve a complete response (CR) benefit the most from this form of therapy. Thus, achieving a CR is an important goal of therapy and it will be beneficial if the probability of achieving CR can be determined for any patient before transplant. Patients and Methods: A large cohort of patients with myeloma who received HDT-ASCT at Mayo Clinic Rochester was studied. The impact of various demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics relating to the patients and their disease acquired were studied for their impact on response to HDT-ASCT, especially CR. Patients with a serum M-protein &lt;0.1g/dL were excluded. Response definitions were as defined by established criteria. Survival analysis was performed according to the Kaplan-Meier method while univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the proportional hazards method. We utilized knowledge of the rate of M-protein production by myeloma cells together with the clearance of the protein to estimate the pre-transplant disease burden. Results: We studied 224 patients with a median age of 56.5 years (32.6 – 71). Patients were transplanted a median of 8.7 months after diagnosis. Almost all patients had a response to HDT-ASCT and 78 (35%) achieved a CR. Those patients who achieved a CR had a longer time to progression (TTP) compared to those who did not achieve CR (Figure 1). The cohort was thus divided into two groups: patients who achieved CR and those that did not. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the two groups were compared. Among the pre-transplant parameters tested, only the size of the serum M-spike was a predictor for CR (p&lt;0.0001). A simple function that describes the probability of achieving CR based on the serum M-spike before HDT-ASCT is described. The estimated rate of tumor re-growth after HDT-ASCT in patients who obtain a CR and in patients who only get a partial response are presented. Conclusions: The pre-transplant disease burden in myeloma is the main determinant of response to HDT-ASCT. The individual probability of achieving CR can be estimated from simple clinical parameters providing a quantitative risk assessment prior to such a high-risk procedure. There is significant expansion of myeloma cells after HDT-ASCT. The design of clinical trials may benefit from knowledge of the kinetic aspects of the disease. Figure Figure
Transparent Conductive Oxides for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells (2010)

Silicon heterojunction solar cells passivated with thin amorphous silicon layers allow for very-high open circuit voltages. To achieve very-high efficiency solar cells, front and back transparent conductive oxides play a crucial role too as they serve as electrical contacts, antireflection coating and back surface reflector. In this work, we investigate the optical and electrical behaviour of silicon heterojunction solar cells with different front and back contacts for flat and textured wafers. The front contact consists either of 80 nm of ITO or 5 Cm of LPCVD ZnO and the back contact is either a stack of 50 nm ITO/silver or 1-5 Cm LPCVD ZnO/silver. We observe that for the frontside, on flat wafers, the highest current and fill factor are obtained with rough ZnO while on textured surfaces the best efficiency is obtained with ITO, thanks to the efficient quarter-wavelength antireflection coating combined with pyramidal texture. For the backside on textured wafers, best results are obtained with a stack of 5 Cm ZnO/silver giving superior light trapping and a better fill factor, compared to the ITO/silver stack. Using such a back contact we fabricate heterojunction devices of 2x2 cm2 using printed metallization and reaching Voc of 716 mV and efficiency of 20.1%.
Using Virtual Reality in Sea Level Rise Planning and Community Engagement—An Overview (2021)

As coastal communities around the globe contend with the impacts of climate change including coastal hazards such as sea level rise and more frequent coastal storms, educating stakeholders and the general public has become essential in order to adapt to and mitigate these risks. Communicating SLR and other coastal risks is not a simple task. First, SLR is a phenomenon that is abstract as it is physically distant from many people; second, the rise of the sea is a slow and temporally distant process which makes this issue psychologically distant from our everyday life. Virtual reality (VR) simulations may offer a way to overcome some of these challenges, enabling users to learn key principles related to climate change and coastal risks in an immersive, interactive, and safe learning environment. This article first presents the literature on environmental issues communication and engagement; second, it introduces VR technology evolution and expands the discussion on VR application for environmental literacy. We then provide an account of how three coastal communities have used VR experiences developed by multidisciplinary teams—including residents—to support communication and community outreach focused on SLR and discuss their implications.
<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR chemical shift assignments and conformational analysis for the two diastereomers of the vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor brodifacoum (2009)

Abstract Proton and 13 C NMR chemical shifts and 1 H 1 H scalar couplings for the two diastereomers of the potent vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) inhibitor brodifacoum have been determined at 293 K from acetone solutions containing both diastereomers. To facilitate difficult assignments, homo‐ and heteronuclear correlation spectra were acquired at 750 and 900 MHz over 268–303 K temperature range. Conformations of both diastereomers inferred from the scalar couplings and 1‐D NOE measurements reveal that one diastereomer ( SS/RR ) adopts a strained geometry in the cyclohexene ring system of the tetralin group. The NMR spectra also show evidence of line broadening due to conformational exchange at room temperature for the SR/RS diastereomer. These assignments and conformational analyses may be useful in studies of biomolecular interactions of brodifacoum with target proteins such as VKOR and in source determination of brodifacoum. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.