gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controversies in 21st Century Virology (2006)

In an era of medicine where the patient has the potential to access the vast array of scientific literature that is now on offer, it is important to convey ground-breaking research, not only in the form of reviews, perspectives and editorials, but also by presenting pure opinion and discussion. Ask The Experts is designed to allow experts in their respective fields of virology to voice their ideas on issues that have made headlines around the world, owing to their important and controversial nature. Avian influenza, biological weapons and HIV antivirals are just some of the most widely debated areas of biomedical science in the 21st century among both scientists and the public. Kenneth Alibek, Michael Katze, Mark Wainberg and Richard Webby give their views to Future Virology.
Liquid fuel vaporising burner (1984)

A liquid fuel vaporizing burner comprising a combustion chamber, a fuel inlet, a primary air inlet, a secondary air inlet, and a microprocessor controller. The fuel inlet communicates with the combustion chamber. The primary air inlet communicates with the combustion chamber and is interactive with the fuel inlet. The heated secondary air inlet extends about the combustion chamber in heat exchange relationship. The combustion chamber has walls of generally heat conductive material. The combustion chamber comprises a combustion region and an exhaust region. The secondary air inlet opens at one end to the atmosphere and at its other end to a mixing passage. The microprocessor controller is electrically connected to thermocouples about the burner, to the primary and secondary air inlets, and to the fuel inlet.
The human immune response to defined immunogens of Schistosoma mansoni: elevated antibody levels to paramyosin in stool-negative individuals from two endemic areas in Brazil (1989)

Sera from individuals living in 2 areas endemic for Schistosoma mansoni in Minas Gerais, Brazil were assayed for the presence of antibodies against paramyosin and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), molecules previously implicated as vaccine immunogens from studies in laboratory hosts. A group was identified consisting of subjects who were stool-negative and had no record of previous infection but who were seropositive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against crude adult worm antigen (SWAP). These individuals had anti-paramyosin antibody levels which were dramatically elevated with respect to those measured in infected (stool-positive) individuals living in the same endemic area. In contrast, the same 2 groups of stool-positive and stool-negative subjects could not be distinguished on the basis of their seroreactivity to either GST or SWAP. After chemotherapy, anti-paramyosin antibodies rose above pre-treatment levels and remained elevated in those individuals who became stool-negative. In contrast, anti-paramyosin antibodies decreased to pretreatment values in drug-treated individuals who failed to show complete parasitological cure. These results suggest that the immune response of humans to paramyosin may play a role in natural resistance to schistosome infection, and that an elevated antibody level against this antigen may be a useful correlate of drug-induced cure.
Evaluating the Unaccounted Cost of Distraction of Display Ads to the Users (2010)

Displaying advertisements is the primary business model for most of the content and services on the web. The ads provide free web services to a user in return for an advertising distraction cost. Understanding this distraction cost of ads may be essential in order to further improve and streamline the user-experience and business model of the web. In this paper, we address the issue of evaluating the cost of distraction from display ads to users. Our study is divided into two stages, the latter stage being the primary focus of the paper. In the first stage, we summarize the results of an extensive user-survey. This survey provided a qualitative understanding of the user pain points with today‟s ads and their delivery. The survey pointed to us that it is not the ads themselves, but their effect on webpage navigation, which is considered a major inconvenience
Influence of Composition of Amphiphilic Double-Crystalline P3HT-<i>b</i>-PEG Block Copolymers on Structure Formation in Aqueous Solution (2016)

A series of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HT-b-PEG) with constant P3HT block length block and variable PEG block lengths are presented. Alkyne-functionalized P3HT with high absolute molecular weight of 11.4 kg/mol is combined with azide-functionalized PEGs via copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC). The resulting P3HT-b-PEG block copolymers have PEG weight fractions between 15 and 64 wt %. In bulk materials the crystallinity in the conjugated block is similar to pure P3HT, while the crystallinity of PEG is influenced with decreasing PEG block length. On addition of MeOH as a nonsolvent for the P3HT block, these block copolymers are able to form stable micellar aggregates if the PEG fraction is >31 wt %. In AFM, DLS, and cryo-TEM, P3HT-b-PEG micelles are found to have a spherical or cylindrical shape with diameters of around 25 nm and lengths between 40 nm and some hundred nanometers. It is found that short PEG blocks lead to bigger block copolymer micelles. Thus, a correlation of composition on solution structure and its consequences on the crystallization of both blocks is given.
Specificities of three tight-binding Lac repressors (1992)

Tight binding mutants of Lac repressor exhibit complex repression phenomena. In this work, in vivo Lac operator binding of three such mutants of E. coli Lac repressor (X86: ser 61-leu, l12: pro 3-tyr and the double mutant l12X86: pro 3-tyr, ser 61-leu) was analyzed. Repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis controlled by ideal lac operator and its 27 symmetric operator variants containing each possible base-pair at each single half-operator position in the presence of the tight-binding Lac repressor mutants was determined. The average increase of repression with all operator variants was about 3 fold with the X86 mutant. It was about 4 fold with the l12 mutant and about 2 fold with the double mutant l12X86 as compared to wildtype Lac repressor. The X86 mutant showed the same increase of affinity to all operator variants, whereas the l12 and l12X86 mutants exhibited lower repression with some variants than with most others. These results suggest that the X86 mutant has gained no additional specificity. In contrast the l12 mutant and the l12X86 mutant exhibit a relaxed specificity for certain base pairs in positions 1 and 3 of lac operator. This suggests that the extreme N-terminus of Lac repressor may interact with the inner base-pairs in the minor groove.
&lt;title&gt;Self-assembled monolayers of Lewis bases: effects on surface and interfacial electronic properties in III-V optical semiconductors&lt;/title&gt; (1994)

The nature and disposition of surface states can have a dramatic effect on the near-surface electronic properties in semiconductor heterostructures. In particular the lack of a well-defined surface oxide in III-V materials means that surface band bending can cause surface recombination velocities to be up to 10<SUP>3</SUP> larger than in Si-based materials. Raman scattering by coupled longitudinal optic phonons and 2D electron gas electrons in In<SUB>0.52</SUB>Al<SUB>0.48</SUB>AsIn<SUB>0.53</SUB>Ga<SUB>0.47</SUB>As (delta) -doped heterostructures is used to demonstrate the extreme sensitivity to surface states. The two highest frequency modes, of the three coupled electron-phonon modes expected in this system, were observed, with the L<SUB>+</SUB> mode being identified for the first time in InGaAs-based systems. The large dispersion of this mode makes it a particularly sensitive probe for changes in such properties as carrier concentration and subband energy. For structures with higher carrier concentrations coupling of the longitudinal optic phonon to multiple electron intersubband transitions is resolved. In order to passivate native surface states organic thiols are being investigated. Measurements on bulk GaAs indicate a change in the surface depletion region thickness, within the abrupt junction model, of up to 50 angstrom (ca. 30%). Changes in carrier scattering times up to 50% have also been observed.
Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring in Radically Treated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Challenges and Future Directions (2023)

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis can identify patients with residual disease before it is clinically or radiologically evident. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is an advancing area in the management of radically treated solid tumors. Which MRD assay is optimum and when it should be used is still not defined. Whilst promising, the clinical utility of this technology to guide patient care is still investigational in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has not entered routine care. Once technically and clinically optimized, MRD may be utilized to personalize adjuvant therapy, detect disease relapse earlier and improve cure rates. In this review, we discuss the current status of MRD monitoring in NSCLC by summarizing frequently used MRD assays and their associated evidence in NSCLC. We discuss the potential applications of these technologies and the challenge of demonstrating MRD clinical utility in trials.
Thymic Influences on Autoimmunity in MRL‐<i>1pr</i> Mice (1982)

We have examined the role of the thymus in the development of autoimmunity in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL-lpr) mice. MRL-lpr mice develop a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by features of systemic lupus erythematosus and by massive proliferation of a subpopulation of Lyt-1+23- T cells. Using fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, we have found an abnormal pattern of differentiation within the MRL-lpr thymus characterized by a loss of Lyt-123+ thymocytes and an increased frequency of Lyt-1+23- thymocytes. Neonatal thymectomy retarded lymphoproliferation, reduced autoantibody concentrations, improved renal function, and prolonged life. Furthermore, neonatal thymectomy resulted in a relatively specific elimination of the subset of T cells involved in the lymphoproliferative process. These findings suggest that thymic maturation of T cells with alloantigenic characteristics of a helper subpopulation may contribute to the marked lymphoproliferation and severe autoimmunity of MRL-lpr mice. Neonatal thymectomy may protect against autoimmunity by preventing the maturation of this helper subpopulation.
Moving sound source parameter estimation using a single microphone and signal extrema samples (2015)

Estimating the parameters of moving sound sources using only the source signal is of interest in low-power, and contact-less source monitoring applications, such as, industrial robotics and bio-acoustics. The received signal embeds the motion attributes of the source via Doppler effect. In this paper, we analyze the Doppler effect on mixture of time-varying sinusoids. Focusing, on the instantaneous frequency (IF) of the received signal, we show that the IF profile composed of IF and its first two derivatives can be used to obtain source motion parameters. This requires a smooth estimate of IF profile. However, the numerical implementation of traditional approaches, such as analytic signal and energy separation approach, gives oscillatory behavior hence a non-smooth IF estimate. We devise an algorithm using non-uniformly spaced signal extrema samples of the received signal for smooth IF profile estimation. Using the smooth IF profiles for a source moving on a linear trajectory with constant velocity, an accurate estimate of moving source parameters is obtained. We see promise of this approach for an arbitrary trajectory motion parameter estimation.
Supplementary Figures 1-3, Table 1 from Intravital Imaging Reveals Transient Changes in Pigment Production and Brn2 Expression during Metastatic Melanoma Dissemination (2023)

Supplementary Figures 1-3, Table 1 from Intravital Imaging Reveals Transient Changes in Pigment Production and Brn2 Expression during Metastatic Melanoma Dissemination
<i>In situ</i>Ellipsometric Measurement during Growth of Ge on Si(111) by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2002)

Ellipsometric measurements were applied to investigate Ge heteroepitaxial growth by molecular beam epitaxy on a Si(111) substrate, and the changes of optical constants and film thickness were monitored. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were also observed. Remarkable changes of optical constants were observed during the film growth depending on the change of surface morphology due to the Stranski–Krastanov (S–K) growth mode of Ge films on Si(111). When Ge was grown further, the RHEED pattern showed the characteristic reconstruction surface of Ge(111) in spite of the Ge heteroepitaxial growth on Si(111) substrate. The change of optical constants during the film growth could be well explained in terms of the S–K growth mode and coalescence of islands. It is shown that in situ ellipsometry is a useful method for investigating the growth mode as well as monitoring the film thickness.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 7/11 (2011)

Abstract The cover image of this issue is a brightfield microscopy image illustrating the high density of cholesterol crystals accumulating within atherosclerotic plaques of high fat cholesterol diet‐fed Apoe −/− mice, and is provided by Freigang et al. ( pp . 2040–2051). In their article, Freigang et al. identify Nrf2 as the transcription factor that regulates the potent inflammatory response triggered by such crystals. Cholesterol crystals are usually only visible as negative shadows, so‐called “clefts”, in the conventional staining techniques, whereas here the crystals are directly visualised by in situ fixation, cryosectioning and Oil Red O‐ and HE‐staining.
4. Advanced Dynamic Programming (2005)

4.1 Introduction Several desirable attributes of dynamic programming (DP) provide the reasons for using these algorithms. Here is a summary: • The number of numerical operations is linear in the number of optimization parameters, which enables one to solve for a smooth input/control history. This is in contrast to SQP/RQP, where the number of operations is cubic or quadratic. • The combination of discrete dynamic programming (DDP) and homotopy enables one to initialize the optimization problem with a zero initial guess. This means that the algorithm eliminates the sensitivity to the initial guess. • DDP enables one to attack the true optimization problem with a direct method instead of initializing an indirect method with a direct method to obtain the same results. This chapter expands upon these attributes by directly enforcing equality and inequality constraints on the states and controls. In Chapter 3, these constraints were handled with penalty functions, which often resulted in mediocre performance. The equality constraints are imposed by Lagrange multipliers, while the inequality constraints are enforced with a primal-dual interior point method. Before discussing these enhancements, this chapter begins, as the previous chapter finished, with an advanced application of DDP to the real-time guidance of the multiple launch rocket system (MLRS). The development in Section 4.2 is originally from Dohrmann, Eisler, and Robinett [39, 40]. 4.2 A Dynamic Programming Approach to Rocket Guidance Problems This example applies the DP approach to a burnout-to-apogee guidance of precision munitions problem.
Guest–Host Supramolecular Assembly of Injectable Hydrogel Nanofibers for Cell Encapsulation (2021)

The fibrous architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is recognized as an integral regulator of cell function. However, there is an unmet need to develop mechanically robust biomaterials mimicking nanofibrous tissue topography that are also injectable to enable minimally invasive delivery. In this study, we have developed a fibrous hydrogel composed of supramolecularly assembled hyaluronic acid (HA) nanofibers that exhibits mechanical integrity, shear-thinning behavior, rapid self-healing, and cytocompatibility. HA was modified with methacrylates to permit fiber photo-cross-linking following electrospinning and either "guest" adamantane or "host" β-cyclodextrin groups to guide supramolecular fibrous hydrogel assembly. Analysis of fibrous hydrogel rheological properties showed that the mixed guest-host fibrous hydrogel was more mechanically robust (6.6 ± 2.0 kPa, storage modulus (<i>G</i>')) than unmixed guest hydrogel fibers (1.0 ± 0.1 kPa) or host hydrogel fibers (1.1 ± 0.1 kPa) separately. The reversible nature of the guest-host supramolecular interactions also allowed for shear-thinning and self-healing behavior as demonstrated by cyclic deformation testing. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in fibrous hydrogels demonstrated satisfactory viability following injection and after 7 days of culture (>85%). Encapsulated hMSCs were more spread and elongated when cultured in viscoelastic guest-host hydrogels compared to nonfibrous elastic controls, with hMSCs also showing significantly decreased circularity in fibrous guest-host hydrogels compared to nonfibrous guest-host hydrogels. Together, these data highlight the potential of this injectable fibrous hydrogel platform for cell and tissue engineering applications requiring minimally invasive delivery.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan-Mediated Uptake of Apolipoprotein E−Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Particles:  A Major Pathway at Physiological Particle Concentrations (1997)

We explored potential mechanisms of non-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-mediated uptake of triglyceride-rich particles (TGRP) in the presence of apolipoprotein E (apo E). Human fibroblasts were incubated with model intermediate-density lipoprotein- (IDL-) sized TGRP (10-1000 microg of neutral lipid/mL) containing apo E. The extent of receptor-mediated uptake of TGRP was assessed with (a) an anti-apo E monoclonal antibody, which blocks receptor interaction; (b) incubation with heparin; (c) normal vs LDL receptor-negative fibroblasts; and (d) receptor-associated protein (RAP) to determine the potential contribution of LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan- (HSPG-) mediated uptake was examined with or without the addition of heparinase and heparitinase to cell incubation mixtures. At low particle concentrations (</=100 microg of neutral lipid/mL), almost all apo E-TGRP uptake was via the LDL receptor. At higher particle concentrations, within the physiologic range (>250 microg of neutral lipid/mL), most (>/=60%) particle uptake and internalization was via HSPG-mediated pathways. This HSPG pathway did not involve classical lipoprotein receptors, such as LRP or the LDL receptor. These data suggest that in peripheral tissues, such as the arterial wall, apo E may act in TGRP as a ligand for uptake not only via the LDL receptor and LRP pathways but also via HSPG pathways that are receptor-independent. Thus, at physiologic particle concentrations apo E-TGRP can be bound and internalized in certain cells by relatively low affinity but high capacity HSPG-mediated pathways.
Fractional Hammerstein system identification using polynomial non-linear state space model (2015)

Fractional systems are known to model complex dynamics with a reduced number of parameters. This paper deals with identification of discrete fractional order systems based on non-linear Hammerstein models. Such systems consist of a static non-linear block followed by a linear dynamic system. The polynomial non-linear state space equations (PNLSS) are used to represent the fractional Hammerstein system and an output error identification method is developed. Different simulations test the method fitting ability to approximate the non linear fractional system behaviour at various signal to noise ratios.
Search for low Energy solar Axions with CAST (2008)

We have started the development of a detector system, sensitive to single photons in the eV energy range, to be suitably coupled to one of the CAST magnet ports. This system should open to CAST a window on possible detection of low energy Axion Like Particles emitted by the sun. Preliminary tests have involved a cooled photomultiplier tube coupled to the CAST magnet via a Galileian telescope and a switched 40 m long optical fiber. This system has reached the limit background level of the detector alone in ideal conditions, and two solar tracking runs have been performed with it at CAST. Such a measurement has never been done before with an axion helioscope. We will present results from these runs and briefly discuss future detector developments.
Phospholipase A2 inhibitor and LY6/PLAUR domain-containing protein PINLYP regulates type I interferon innate immunity (2021)

Type I interferons (IFNs) are the first frontline of the host innate immune response against invading pathogens. Herein, we characterized an unknown protein encoded by phospholipase A2 inhibitor and LY6/PLAUR domain-containing (PINLYP) gene that interacted with TBK1 and induced type I IFN in a TBK1- and IRF3-dependent manner. Loss of PINLYP impaired the activation of IRF3 and production of IFN-β induced by DNA virus, RNA virus, and various Toll-like receptor ligands in multiple cell types. Because PINLYP deficiency in mice engendered an early embryonic lethality in mice, we generated a conditional mouse in which PINLYP was depleted in dendritic cells. Mice lacking PINLYP in dendritic cells were defective in type I IFN induction and more susceptible to lethal virus infection. Thus, PINLYP is a positive regulator of type I IFN innate immunity and important for effective host defense against viral infection.
n-Butane oxidation using VO(H2PO4)2 as catalyst derived from an aldehyde/ketone based preparation method (2000)

A detailed study of n-butane oxidation over vanadium phosphate catalysts derived from in situ activation of VO(H2PO4)2 is described and discussed. New methods of preparation of VO(H2PO4)2 are described using the reaction of V2O5 and H3PO4 or VOPO4 ·2H2O with an aldehyde or ketone as a reducing agent. It is proposed that the enol form of the aldehyde and ketone act as the reducing agent. VO(H2PO4)2 can also be obtained by reduction of VOPO4 phases with alcohols. The catalysts derived from VO(H2PO4)2 by in situ activation in 1.5% butane in air at 400°C for 72 h are largely disordered and, by detailed powder X-ray diffraction and laser Raman spectroscopy, are shown to be comprised mainly of disordered material containing some untransformed VO(H2PO4)2, VOPO4 phases and possibly some VO(PO3)2. The catalysts derived from all the forms of VO(H2PO4)2 investigated are found to exhibit maleic anhydride selectivities in the range 20–30% and it is concluded that the low selectivity is due to the presence of VOPO4 phases in the activated catalysts.
Object Attitude Estimation And Tracking From Single Video Sensor (1989)

This paper describes a new technique for estimating the attitude and location of rigid body objects from a single image of the object. his technique has been Implemented in software on workstation platforms utilized by TAU for image sequence analysis.
Effect of uncertainty on optimization of microgrids (2010)

Microgrids can be defined as entities which include low voltage networks, loads, energy storage systems, and several small modular generation systems. Various uncertainties exist in microgrids. They are caused by load and the intermittent output power of some distribution generation units. In a spinning reserve estimation problem, all uncertainties are rounded. In this paper, how the various uncertainties affect the optimization results of a spinning reserve estimation problem in microgrids is explicitly investigated.