gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Location-Based Handover Triggering for Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Networks (2022)

Broadband low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are a reality. The integration of satellite and terrestrial systems for mobile communications is taking-off with the development of non-terrestrial networks (NTN) and the ongoing deployment of private constellations. Due to the highly mobile nature of LEO satellites, one of the critical research areas is the design of the mobility mechanisms to ensure robust service continuity for the end-user. Recent studies in the domain of Earth-moving cells have shown that measurement-based handover (HO) triggering events cannot guarantee a low number of radio link failures without an increase in signalling and measurement reporting. In this work, we present a new HO triggering event that exploits the predictable movement of LEO satellites and uses the distance between the user’s location and the centre of the moving cells on the ground. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated with system-level simulations and compared against the measurement-based baseline HO and Rel-16 Conditional HO (CHO). It is found that the location-based HO triggering event completely eliminates the HO failures as well as unnecessary HOs and ping-pongs. As a result, the location-based HO triggering event extends the mean time-of-stay from values below 2 s to 4.8 s where the optimal mean time-of-stay is 4.9 s.
Symmetry Properties of Molecular Vibrations (2015)

An introduction to symmetry and group theoretical principles underlying vibrational spectroscopy is presented in this chapter. The basic concepts of group theory, as applied to vibrational spectroscopy, are also presented in the chapter, and a connection between this relatively unfamiliar branch of mathematics to multidimensional vector spaces and linear algebra is made. The aim of the chapter is to present sufficient information for the discussion of vibrational spectra and the derivation of symmetry-based selection rules. It focuses on group theory to determine which of the vibrational modes of a molecule are allowed in infrared absorption or Raman scattering spectroscopy. Next, the symmetry rules for infrared absorption, based on the symmetry species for given vibrational transitions are discussed. Finally, the chapter presents a detailed derivation of the allowed vibrational transitions for tetrahedral molecules, followed by a summary of the vibrations of small molecules with symmetry lower than tetrahedral.
Alterations in serum steroid concentrations in the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria: Correlations with season and reproductive status (1999)

Serum steroid hormones in the peripheral circulation of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria, were measured at the time of capture and at various times throughout the year while the animals were maintained as a captive breeding population. These analyses demonstrate interesting correlations between changes in hormone concentrations and annual reproductive events. Animals were sampled once (78 females, 20 males) or multiple times (15 females). For both groups of females, 17β-estradiol was detected throughout the year with significant elevations occurring during October and November when ovarian follicles begin to mature (as determined through necropsy examinations), and January and February when maximum mating activity is observed and egg laying begins. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in females only during January and February. Testosterone elevations were synchronous with longer-term elevations in 17β-estradiol in females sampled either once or repetitively. Testosterone concentrations in males were significantly elevated during times of maximum breeding activity compared to periods of sexual inactivity. Data from females sampled during five stages of the egg laying process, as defined by the position of palpable egg capsules within the reproductive tract, revealed that 17β-estradiol was highest when egg capsules were forming in the nidamental gland (stage 2) or uterus (stage 3); testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were maximal when eggs were in the uterus (stage 3) or cloaca (stage 4); and progesterone was significantly elevated immediately after oviposition (stage 5), suggesting a possible role for progesterone in the regulation of sequential laying of egg pairs. J. Exp. Zool. 284:575–585, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Origin of the Catalytic Activity of Bovine Seminal Ribonuclease against Double-Stranded RNA (1998)

Bovine seminal ribonuclease (RNase) binds, melts, and (in the case of RNA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of double-stranded nucleic acid 30-fold better under physiological conditions than its pancreatic homologue, the well-known RNase A. Reported here are site-directed mutagenesis experiments that identify the sequence determinants of this enhanced catalytic activity. These experiments have been guided in part by experimental reconstructions of ancestral RNases from extinct organisms that were intermediates in the evolution of the RNase superfamily. It is shown that the enhanced interactions between bovine seminal RNase and double-stranded nucleic acid do not arise from the increased number of basic residues carried by the seminal enzyme. Rather, a combination of a dimeric structure and the introduction of two glycine residues at positions 38 and 111 on the periphery of the active site confers the full catalytic activity of bovine seminal RNase against duplex RNA. A structural model is presented to explain these data, the use of evolutionary reconstructions to guide protein engineering experiments is discussed, and a new variant of RNase A, A(Q28L K31C S32C D38G E111G), which contains all of the elements identified in these experiments as being important for duplex activity, is prepared. This is the most powerful catalyst within this subfamily yet observed, some 46-fold more active against duplex RNA than RNase A.
Basement Membrane Gene Expression by Sertoli and Peritubular Myoid Cells in Vitro in the Rat1 (1995)

Both Sertoli and myoid cells have been shown to be required for the appropriate deposition of basement membrane in the testis. We sought to define the pattern of basement membrane gene expression in Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells in vitro in order to begin to understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in basement membrane synthesis. Sertoli and myoid cells cultured alone or together were examined for synthesis of basement membrane components. Immunocytochemical localization demonstrated that Sertoli cells alone produced laminin and collagen IV, but not fibronectin, while myoid cells produced all three proteins. In Sertoli:myoid cocultures, a sequential deposition of the components into extracellular fibers was noted during 5 days of culture. Northern blot analysis revealed that mRNA levels for the laminin B1 chain and collagen IV increased from Days 3 to 5 in Sertoli cell monocultures. By contrast, the levels of laminin B1, collagen IV, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and fibronectin decreased in the cocultures. Transcripts for the laminin A chain were not detected in the myoid cells; instead these cells produced the mRNA for the laminin homologue, merosin. This observation was confirmed by immunolocalization of merosin to the tunica propria of the testis and in cultured myoid cells. These data describe the expression of the basement membrane genes by Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells and provide the basis for future studies to determine the mechanisms that regulate the expression of the basement membrane genes in the testis.
Synthesis of (pGlu‐5, MePhe‐8, Sar‐9) Substance P (5–11) (DiMe‐C7) using a polyacrylamide resin and biological activity on guinea pig ileum and tracheal smooth muscle (1987)

DiMe-C7 (pGlu-Gln-Phe-MePhe-MeGly-Leu-MetNH2), a metabolically stable analogue of Substance P, was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis using a polyacrylamide resin and a labile anchorage derived from glycolic acid. Myotropic activities in guinea pig ileum (ED50 = 4.0 +/- 1.5 10(-8) M) and guinea pig trachea (ED50 = 8.6 +/- 3.5 10(-8) M) are discussed in comparison with the corresponding activities of Substance P.
Quadrupole effects in crown ether–salt complexes: A solid‐state NMR study (1993)

Abstract 7 Li, 23 Na and 13 C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy under static and magic angle spinning conditions was used to study the salt complexes of lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium perchlorate and lithium nitrate with 12‐crown‐4 and of sodium nitrate with 15‐crown‐5, Structural and dynamic features of the compounds are discussed, focusing on the quadrupolar interaction and temperature‐dependent phenomena.
Development of a Large-Format Science-Grade CMOS Active Pixel Sensor, for Extreme Ultra Violet Spectroscopy and Imaging in Space Science (2005)

We describe our programme to develop a large-format science-grade CMOS active pixel sensor for future space science missions, and in particular an extreme ultra-violet spectrograph for solar physics studies on ESA's Solar Orbiter. Our route to EUV sensitivity relies on adapting the back-thinning and rear-illumination techniques first developed for CCD sensors. So far we have designed and tested a 4k x 3k 5-micrometer pixel sensor fabricated on a 0.25-micrometer CMOS imager process. Wafer samples of these sensors have been thinned by e2v technologies with the aim of obtaining good sensitivity at EUV wavelengths. We present our results to date, and plans for a new sensor of 2k x 2k 10-micrometer pixels to be fabricated on a 0.35-micrometer CMOS process.
Prospects of Electrifying Chemical Manufacturing through Co-Conversion (2022)

Over the next few decades the chemical industry will need to reduce drastically the greenhouse gas emissions footprint associated with the manufacturing of chemicals and fuels. Electrifying manufacturing of some intermediates or products holds promise to help meet this challenge. While techno-economic (TEA) and life-cycle (LCA) analyses of the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to products such as CO, formic acid, ethylene, and ethanol indicate their promise, these also highlight the challenge to compete in terms of cost with present day chemical conversion processes operated at scale [1]. This contribution will elaborate on the prospects of electrochemical co-conversion: performing desired chemical conversions on both electrodes of an electrolyzer. Such an electrolysis process not only uses renewable energy to produce two or more value added products simultaneously, it also avoids the energy intense oxygen evolution reaction that oftentimes is paired with CO 2 reduction or hydrogen evolution (water electrolysis). Indeed, when coupled with CO 2 reduction to CO, the oxygen evolution reaction on the anode consumes about 90% of the energy required to drive the overall process. Performing oxidation reactions, in particular oxidation of organic substrates, reduces the cell potential by about 0.8V, representing a reduction in overall energy consumption of 30-50%, depending on the cathode process and operating conditions. . Co-conversion electrolysis process technology could be a starting point for a new generation of chemical manufacturing technology that is significantly more energy efficient than the traditional thermochemical processes, while also able to use renewable feedstocks, such as CO 2 , water, biomass adducts, or organic waste streams. This presentation will dive into technoeconomic and lifecycle analyses of a wide range of co-conversion scenarios. Using gross margin and other models, the question will be answered which electrolysis process comprised of specific combinations of cathodic reactions (CO 2 reduction, hydrogen evolution, ...) and anodic reactions (various specific oxidations of organic compounds) will have the best economic prospects. Similarly, the work will provide insights as to what combinations of anodic and cathode chemical conversions are most promising from a lifecycle point of view, in reducing CO2 emissions. This work also will provide insights with respect to what factors (catalyst cost, electrode durability, ...) have the most potential in helping to further improve economic viability and to further reduce CO 2 emissions.
Pheophorbide <i>a</i> May Regulate Jasmonate Signaling during Dark-Induced Senescence (2019)

Chlorophyll degradation is one of the most visible signs of leaf senescence. During senescence, chlorophyll is degraded in the multistep pheophorbide <i>a</i> oxygenase (PAO)/phyllobilin pathway. This pathway is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level, allowing coordinated and efficient remobilization of nitrogen toward sink organs. Using a combination of transcriptome and metabolite analyses during dark-induced senescence of Arabidopsis (<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>) mutants deficient in key steps of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, we show an unanticipated role for one of the pathway intermediates, i.e. pheophorbide <i>a</i> Both jasmonic acid-related gene expression and jasmonic acid precursors specifically accumulated in <i>pao1</i>, a mutant deficient in PAO. We propose that pheophorbide <i>a</i>, the last intact porphyrin intermediate of chlorophyll degradation and a unique pathway "bottleneck," has been recruited as a signaling molecule of chloroplast metabolic status. Our work challenges the assumption that chlorophyll breakdown is merely a result of senescence, and proposes that the flux of pheophorbide <i>a</i> through the pathway acts in a feed-forward loop that remodels the nuclear transcriptome and controls the pace of chlorophyll degradation in senescing leaves.
Preliminary electromagnetic measurement results from trident Warrior'13 using sources of opportunity (2014)

Summary form only given. Trident Warrior 2013 was conducted off the coast of Norfolk, VA from July 12-18, 2013. Passive RF measurements were made between 80-700 Hz using a vertically polarized monopole and a horizontally polarized bicone antennas that are mounted on the R/V Knorr. The RF measurements are composed of three phases: 1. Estimation of unknown source parameters from ship measurements next to the shore as a function of relative azimuth. These include the source power, antenna pattern, and losses. 2. Antenna patterns of receiving antennas attached to the ship are measured by spinning the ship around its axis and averaging the results of multiple turns. 3. One-way RF signal for multiple sources of opportunity are continuously recorded as the ship moves off shore and returns. After the parameters in (1) and (2) are calculated, it is possible to statistically estimate the propagation effects of the ducting environment. The sources of opportunity are composed of numerous FM, TV, Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR), and Tactical Air Navigation System (TACAN). In addition, a large number of direct atmospheric measurements were made using kites, balloons, drifting bouys, and Scan Eagle UAV. The RF data can be used to validate atmospheric predictions and local measurements. It can also be used to estimate statistically the propagation loss on a point in space along the coast where source of opportunity SNR is large. Finally, it is possible to invert for the environment and assimilate the data into atmospheric models using an entirely passive system.
Calibration of a Low Cost Clock Using Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) (Preprint) (2004)

The WAAS uses geo-stationary satellites to receive data measured from many ground stations and transmits information to GPS users for position correction. Since the WAAS satellites are geo-stationary, the Doppler frequency caused by their motion is very small, typically, in the order of a few tens of Hz. Thus, the signal transmitted by the WAAS can be used to calibrate the sampling frequency in a GPS receiver. The WAAS signal frequency is at 1575.42 MHz. The sampling frequency of a C/A code GPS receiver is in the neighborhood of 5 MHz. The ratio of these two frequencies is about 300, thus, 10 Hz inaccuracy in the WAAS frequency will be translated to about 0.03 Hz (10/300). The accuracy of the sampling frequency measured through this approach should be less than 1 Hz. The clock in a low cost Motorola GPS receiver (Model M12 Oncore) is used in this study. The WAAS signal can be rather weak for users in certain areas. Two seconds of data collected by a software receiver using the Motorola front end are used in this study. The result using this approach has been compared with an high accurate RF (Radio Frequency) frequency counter (1 Hz accuracy). There is no difference in result. The detail of the algorithms and the clock calibration is reported.
FT-IR spectromicroscopy of mammalian cell cultures during necrosis and apoptosis induced by drugs (2010)

FT-IR is used in the field of biology and medicine to detect bimolecular changes in disordered cells and tissues. In this report, using FT-IR microscopy, we characterize changes in apoptotic and necrotic Jurkat cells with respect to normal cells. The analysis of deconvoluted regions of the FT-IR spectra showed significant differences compared to the controls in three spectral regions. In particular, the apoptotic cells were characterized by an increase in the absorption at 2925 cm −1 , due to the asymmetric CH 2 -stretching ( ν as CH 2 ) of membrane lipids whereas the spectral areas ratio (A 1654 /A 1629 ) of the amide I region indicated an increase in apoptotic cells of more α-helical structures with respect to of β -sheet content. Interestingly, apoptotic cells showed the appearance of a peak around 1743 cm¯ 1 , ν (C=O) assigned to acid ester. Because no other similar increase for lipid bands was observed, the increase of A 1745 is not simply due to an increase in the number of lipid molecules or their density but could also be indicative as marker of apoptosis. These spectral changes were not observed in necrotic Jurkat cells.
Die Synthese von Actinioerythrol, Violerythrin und anderen 2,2′‐Dinor‐carotinoiden (1978)

The Synthesis of Actinioerythrol, Violerythrin and other 2,2′‐Dinor‐carotenoids 2,2′‐Dinor‐carotenoids including the naturally occurring actinioerythrol ( 1 ) and the blue carotenoid violerythrin ( 2 ), as well as 2,2′‐dinor‐rhodoxanthin ( 25 ) and 2,2′‐dinor‐zeaxanthin ( 27 ) and others have been obtained by total synthesis.
An Unobtrusive Human Activity Recognition System Using Low Resolution Thermal Sensors, Machine and Deep Learning (2022)

Given the aging population, healthcare systems need to be established to deal with health issues such as injurious falls. Wearable devices can be used to detect falls. However, most wearable devices are obtrusive, and patients generally do not like or may forget to wear them. In this study, we developed an unobtrusive monitoring system using infrared technology to unobtrusively detect locations and recognize human activities such as sitting, standing, walking, lying, and falling. We prototyped a system consisting of two 24×32 thermal array sensors and collected data from healthy young volunteers performing ten different scenarios. A supervised deep learning (DL)-based approach classified activities and detected locations from images. The performance of the DL approach was also compared with the machine learning (ML)-based methods. In addition, we fused the data of two sensors and formed a stereo system, which resulted in better performance compared to a single sensor. Furthermore, to detect critical activities such as falling and lying on floor, we performed a binary classification in which one class was falling plus lying on floor and another class was all the remaining activities. Using the DL-based algorithm on the stereo dataset to recognize activities, overall average accuracy and F1-score were achieved as 97.6%, and 0.935, respectively. These scores for location detection were 97.3%, and 0.927, respectively. These scores for binary classification were 97.9%, and 0.945, respectively. Our results suggest the proposed system recognized human activities, detected locations, and detected critical activities namely falling and lying on floor accurately.
Anhydrous Nitrates and Nitrosonium Nitratometallates of Manganese and Cobalt, M(NO3)2, NO[Mn(NO3)3], and (NO)2[Co(NO3)4]: Synthesis and Crystal Structure (2002)

Crystalline NO[Mn(NO3)3] (I) and (NO)2[Co(NO3)4] (II) were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding metal and a liquid N2O4/ethylacetate mixture. I is orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 9.414(2), b = 15.929(3), c = 10.180(2) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0286. II is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 14.463(3), b = 19.154(4), c = 13.724(3) Å, β = 120.90(3), Z = 12, R1 = 0.0890. Structure I consists of [Mn(NO3)3]– sheets with NO+ cations between them. Two types of Mn atoms have CNMn = 7 and 8. Structure II is ionic containing isolated [Co(NO3)4]-anions and NO+ cations with CNCo = 8. Crystals of Mn(NO3)2 (III) and Co(NO3)2 (IV) were obtained by concentration of metal nitrate hydrate solutions in 100% HNO3 in a desiccator with P2O5. III is cubic, Pa 3, a = 7.527(2) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0987. IV is trigonal, R 3, a = 10.500(2), c = 12.837(3) Å, Z = 12, R1 = 0.0354. The three dimensional structure III is isotypic to the strontium and barium dinitrates. Structure IV contains a three dimensional network of interconnected Co(NO3)6/3 units with a distorted octahedral coordination environment of Co atoms. General correlations between central atom coordination and coordination modes of NO3 groups are discussed. Wasserfreie Nitrate und Nitrosoniumnitratometallate von Mangan und Cobalt: M(NO3)2, NO[Mn(NO3)3], und (NO)2[Co(NO3)4]: Synthese und Kristallstrukturen Kristalline Verbindungen von NO[Mn(NO3)3] (I) und (NO)2[Co(NO3)4] (II) wurden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Metalle mit flüssigem N2O4-Ethylacetat-Gemisch synthetisiert. I ist orthorhombisch, Pca21, a = 9,414(2), b = 15,929(3), c = 10,180(2) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0,0286. II ist monoklin, C2/c, a = 14,463(3), b = 19,154(4), c = 13,724(3) Å, β = 120,90(3), Z = 12, R1 = 0,0890. Die Struktur von I ist aus [Mn(NO3)3]–-Schichten aufgebaut, zwischen denen sich NO+-Kationen befinden. Es existieren zwei Typen von verschieden koordinierten Mn-Atomen mit KZMn = 7 und 8. Die Struktur von II ist ionisch, aufgebaut aus isolierten [Co(NO3)4]2–-Anionen und NO+-Kationen (KZCo = 8). Die Kristalle von Mn(NO3)2 (III) und Co(NO3)2 (IV) wurden im Exsiccator beim Konzentrieren der Lösungen von Metallnitrat-Hydraten in 100% HNO3 in Anwesenheit von P2O5 erhalten. III ist kubisch, Pa 3, a = 7,527(2) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0,0987. IV ist trigonal, R 3, a = 10,500(2), c = 12,837(3) Å, Z = 12, R1 = 0,0354. Die dreidimensionale Struktur von III ist zu den entsprechenden Strontium- bzw. Bariumdinitraten isotyp. Die Struktur IV ist aus einem dreidimensionalen Gerüst von miteinander verknüpften Co(NO3)6/3-Einheiten mit verzerrt oktaedrischer Cobalt-Koordination aufgebaut. Allgemeine Korrelationen zwischen der Koordinationszahl der Metallatome und den Koordinationsmoden der NO3-Gruppen werden diskutiert.
Die Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von Lithiumtrifluormethansulfonat Li[SO<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>] · (THF) / The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Lithiumtrifluoromethanesulphonate Li[SO<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>] · (THF) (1990)

The title compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /c with a = 1023.4(1), b = 985.4(1), c = 1915.3(4) pm, β = 97.73(1)°, V = 1914.9·10 -30 m 3 and Z = 8. The X-ray structure was solved from 1977 observed reflections with I &amp;gt; 6σ(I) and refined to a final R value of 0.044. The structure shows Li tetracoordinated by one THF-oxygen and by three oxygen atoms each belonging to a different SO 3 CF 3 group.