gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cassette mutagenesis of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1992)

We constructed a series of BspMI cassettes that simplify the introduction of specific point mutations in the polymerase domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. A series of point mutants were constructed by using these cassette vectors. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H activities of 20 point mutations in the conserved portion of the polymerase domain were assayed. All the mutations analyzed are conservative substitutions of evolutionarily conserved amino acids. The mutations were divided into four classes. The first class has little effect on either polymerase or RNase H activity. The second class affects RNase H but not polymerase activity, while the third class has a normal RNase H activity with diminished polymerase activity. The fourth class affects both activities.
Effect of pH on the Hydrolytic Kinetics of Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase from<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2014)

The effect of pH on the steady state kinetics of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) from Bacillus subtilis was examined using glutamyl-(3-carboxyl)-4-nitroanilide as the chromogenic reporter substrate. The enzyme was active in the pH range 7.0–11.0 with the optimum activity at pH 11.0. We noticed a pH dependent transformation in the nature of substrate consumption kinetics. The substrate saturation curves were hyperbolic in the pH range 7.0–9.0 but changed into sigmoid form at pH 10.0 and 11.0. Hill’s coefficients were &gt;1. We also analysed the effect of pH on the structure of the enzyme. The circular dichroism spectra of the enzyme sample at pH 9.0 and 11.0 were coincidental in both far and near UV regions indicating conservation of the secondary and tertiary structures, respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme sample was the same in both pH 7.0 and 11.0 indicating conservation of the quaternary structure. These results show that the kinetic transformation does not involve significant conformational changes. Cooperative binding of multiple substrate molecules may not be the basis for the sigmoid kinetics as only one substrate binding site has been noticed in the reported crystal structures of B. subtilis GGT.
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Ba-filled skutterudites by grain size reduction and Ag nanoparticle inclusion (2011)

Ba-filled skutterudite compounds, Ba0.3Co4Sb12, with dispersed Ag nanoparticles have been synthesized by ball milling followed by hot pressing. The influence of Ag nanoparticles and their size distribution on electrical and thermal transport properties has been investigated in the temperature range from room temperature to 823 K. It was found that Ag nanoparticles in the Ba0.3Co4Sb12 matrix drastically enhance the electric conductivity and slightly increase the Seebeck coefficient. Surprisingly, Ag nanoparticles do not alter the carrier density of Ag/Ba0.3Co4Sb12 nanocomposites. This large improvement in the electrical conductivity as well as the corresponding power factor is assumed to come primarily from the enhanced mobility in Ag/Ba0.3Co4Sb12 nanocomposites. In addition, a large reduction in thermal conductivity is achieved by grain size reduction resulting from ball milling processing and as a result of the embedded Ag nanoparticles that scatter a wider range of phonon frequencies. These concomitant effects result in an enhanced thermoelectric performance with the dimensionless figure of merit ZT some 30% higher in comparison to the parent Ba0.3Co4Sb12. Moreover, we found it is advantageous to employ a wider size distribution of Ag nanoparticles to reduce the thermal conductivity to a large degree by enhancing phonon scattering. These observations demonstrate an exciting scientific opportunity to raise the figure-of-merit of filled skutterudites.
&lt;title&gt;Automated motion estimation from M-mode echocardiograms&lt;/title&gt; (1994)

New algorithms for motion estimation from sequential images are applied to M-mode echocardiograms. Motion is estimated by finding a transformation which relates an initial and final image. The transformation includes a 1D displacement field and modifications in image intensity. The displacements and intensity modifications are adjusted iteratively using the method of convex projections applied to linearized constraint equations. Preliminary results indicate that this method is effective in estimating motion from M-mode images. Computed velocity vectors are approximately tangent to the visible heart wall boundary trajectories. Motion computed from a single reference time appears to provide a means for tracking individual heart wall boundaries.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Variations of N‐Acetylneuraminic. Part 15. Synthesis of 9‐Deoxy‐, 7,9‐Dideoxy‐, and 4,7,9‐Trideoxy‐N‐acetylneuraminic Acid and Their Behavior Toward CMP‐Sialate Synthase. (1990)

Abstract The procedures used for the synthesis of the title compound (VI) are also applied to the preparation of the derivatives (IX) and (XII) (no yield given).
Unexpected formation of 1,3-diselenetanes from the reaction of camphor enolate with selenium (1994)

The reaction of camphor enolate with selenium in THF affords mainly the corresponding diselenide, whereas a mixture of two isomeric 1,3-diselenetanes–one of which is characterized by X-ray crystallography–is produced in the presence of methyl iodide.
Part I: The challenge of functional preservation: an integrated systems approach using diffusion-weighted, image-guided, exoscopic-assisted, transulcal radial corridors (2015)

Abstract Surgical access to subcortical lesions in the sensorimotor area can lead to a high degree of cognitive and functional morbidity through injury to white matter fiber tracts. Inherent technological challenges limit resection of lesions in the sensorimotor area. A systematic and integrated approach to address these challenges termed the six-pillar approach has been developed. While individual elements of these pillars have been reported elsewhere, the authors hypothesize that the consistent adoption of standardized imaging, navigation, access, optics and resection technologies as a system identifies and protects eloquent tissue. In addition, this approach allows for the targeted harvest of viable cells to serve as the substrate for molecular regenerative therapy. An illustrative case with resection of a low-grade glioma in the sensorimotor region using the six-pillar approach is included to highlight the strengths of this approach.
Sequence of the pS2 mRNA induced by estrogen in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (1984)

We present the complete sequence of an mRNA which is induced by estrogen in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 [pS2 mRNA, Masiakowski et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 7895-7903 (1982)]. Primer extension and cloning of double-stranded cDNA (ds-cDNA) into a vector designed to make full-length cDNA were used to determine the sequence of the fifteen 5'-terminal nucleotides which were not present in the original pS2 ds-cDNA clone. The mRNA sequence has a major open reading frame encoding 84 amino-acids, flanked by a 40 nucleotide 5'-untranslated region and a 198 nucleotide 3'-untranslated region preceding the polyA tail. The 3'-untranslated region contains a polyadenylation signal, AUUAAA, 14 nucleotides upstream from the polyA tail. The derived protein sequence contains a putative signal peptide region suggesting that the protein may be secreted. The nucleotide and derived amino-acid sequences were compared to previously determined sequences, particularly to those of hormone-regulated proteins and growth factors, and no obvious similarities were observed.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN CAVITATION IN A MULTI-HOLE INJECTOR AND PROGRESS OF LIQUID JET ATOMIZATION (2020)

In the present study the relation between cavitation inside a multi-hole mini-sac nozzle and the progress of the liquid jet atomization was analyzed by means of a quantitative image analysis of transient cavitation in the injector and the atomizing spray. The unsteady string cavitation forming inside the sac and wall cavitation in an orifice of a transparent three-hole injector model were captured using a high-speed camera, and the deforming and atomizing liquid jet was visualized using a synchronized high-speed camera simultaneously. In order to clarify the relation between cavitation and the liquid jet atomization, string cavitation in the sac and cavitation in the orifice were evaluated by introducing cavitation index Ic(z; t). The atomization characteristics of the liquid jet were evaluated by using the atomization index Ia and the width of the spray Bs along the spray axis. The spatio-temporal analysis of these three indices clarified that the appearance of string cavitation is correlated with the reduction in wall cavitation length in the nozzle hole and enhances the atom-ization of the spray. The present achievement by means of quantitative spatio-temporal analysis may contribute to establishing new design approaches of high-performance fuel injectors.
Radical polymerization activity and mechanistic approach in a new three-component photoinitiating system (2000)

A new three-component photoinitiating system (based on isopropylthioxanthone ITX, amine AH, and a bifunctional benzophenone–ketosulfone BP-SK photoinitiator) for acrylate polymerization reactions was investigated through steady-state photolysis (photodegradation, redox potentials, and acidity release determinations) and time-resolved laser spectroscopy. The photopolymerization activity has been checked. It is shown that addition of ITX to BP-SK/AH clearly enhances the efficiency of the photopolymerization of clear or pigmented coatings. This is explained (although, a direct interaction between the triplet state of ITX and BP-SK occurs to some extents) on the basis of the interaction of BP-SK with the ketyl radical of ITX. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 4531–4541, 2000
Calcium Silicate and Calcium Hydroxide Materials for Pulp Capping: Biointeractivity, Porosity, Solubility and Bioactivity of Current Formulations (2015)

calcium silicate-based cements are biointeractive (ion-releasing) bioactive (apatite-forming) functional biomaterials. The high rate of calcium release and the fast formation of apatite may well explain the role of calcium silicate biomaterials as scaffold to induce new dentin bridge formation and clinical healing.
Adverse events during sedation for oro‐dental trauma in an Israeli paediatric emergency department (2021)

There is a paucity of data regarding the safety of the practice of sedation for oro-dental trauma in paediatric emergency departments (ED). A previous study reported the safety of intramuscular ketamine administered as a single agent. In the paediatric ED of a tertiary trauma centre in Israel, one of two ketamine-based regimens is used for sedating children with intraoral injuries according to the physician's discretion: a single dose of intramuscular ketamine or a combination of ketamine and propofol (KP) intravenously. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of KP sedation in children undergoing emergency treatment of oro-dental injuries in this paediatric ED. The primary outcome was sedation adverse events that required intervention (SAERI): prolonged oxygen desaturation and apnoea, laryngospasm, hypotension, bradycardia, partial or complete airway obstruction, and pulmonary aspiration. During the 2 years study period, 17 children were sedated with KP, 20 with intramuscular ketamine and 29 with nitrous oxide. Patients who were treated with ketamine-based sedation or with nitrous oxide sedation had a median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 3 (2-4) years and 7 (5-9) years, respectively. No SAERI occurred in patients who were sedated with intramuscular ketamine. One (3.4%) SAERI was reported in a patient who was sedated with N<sub>2</sub> O. Six/17 (35%) SAERI occurred in patients who were sedated with KP. These findings suggest that caution should be used when young children with oro-dental injuries are sedated with KP in the ED.
Isolation of 10-nm filaments from astrocytes in the mouse optic nerve. (1981)

Astroglial filaments approximately 10 nm in diameter were isolated from degenerated mouse optic nerves by Triton X-100 and DNase I treatments followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 2-4 wk after bilateral enucleation, optic nerves contained virtually a single population of 10-nm filaments (astroglial filaments), free from neurofilaments. In negative-staining and thin-section electron microscopy, the isolated filaments were seen as nonbranching linear structures with smooth contour, and were morphologically identical to those in situ. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the isolated filaments to be composed of two major polypeptides with molecular weights of 45,000 and 55,000, present in an approximate molar ratio of 1:1. These findings, together with the results of one-dimensional peptide mapping and solubility study, indicate that the astroglial filaments in the mouse optic nerve are primarily composed of these two polypeptides.
Digital Signal Processing for Space-Division Multiplexing (SDM) Transmission (2019)

This paper reviews the fundamentals and recent progresses of digital signal processing for SDM transmission with few-mode fiber and multicore fiber. The used MIMO processing in high-capacity/long-distance transmission and signal-quality equalization techniques are explained.
Electric Turbocharging for Energy Regeneration and Increased Efficiency at Real Driving Conditions (2017)

Modern downsized internal combustion engines benefit from high-efficiency turbocharging systems for increasing their volumetric efficiency. However, despite the efficiency increase, turbochargers often lack fast transient response due to the nature of the energy exchange with the engine, which deteriorates the vehicle’s drivability. An electrically-assisted turbocharger can be used for improving the transient response without any parasitic losses to the engine while providing energy recovery for increasing overall system efficiency. The present study provides a detailed numerical investigation on the potential of e-turbocharging to control load and if possible replace the wastegate valve. A parametric study of the optimum compressor/turbine sizing and wastegate area was performed for maximum torque, fast response time and energy regeneration across the real driving conditions speed/load area of the engine. The results showed that the implementation of a motor-generator could contribute to reducing the response time of the engine by up to 90% while improving its thermal efficiency and generating up to 6.6 kWh of energy. Suppressing the wastegate can only be achieved when a larger turbine is implemented, which as a result deteriorates the engine’s response and leads to energy provision demands at low engine speeds.
Organosubstituierte 1,1′‐Spirobisilole und 1,1′‐Spirobigermole durch vierfache Organoborierung von Tetra‐1‐alkinylsilanen und ‐germanen (1993)

Organosubstituted 1,1′‐Spirobisiloles and 1,1′‐Spirobigermoles by Fourfold Organoboration of Tetra‐1‐alkynylsilanes and ‐germanes [1] Si(CCR) 4 [RMe (A), RPh ( B ), RSiMe 3 ( C) ] and Ge(CCR) 4 [RMe ( D ), RPh ( E )] react with Et 3 B by twofold intermolecular ethyloboration and twofold intramolecular vinyloboration to form the organo‐substituted 5‐sila(germa)spiro[4.4]nonatetraenes , RMe: 1a , RPh: 1b ; MGe, RMe: 2d , RPh: 2e ] via the mono‐and bisethyloboration compounds 3 or 4 (e.g. 3b , 4c ) with different rates: Ge &gt; Si; Me &gt; Ph. For comparison, compounds Sn(CCR) 4 [RMe ( F ), RPh ( G )] react with Et 3 B in the absence of a solvent to mixtures of various spirotin compounds ( 5f, 5g, 6f, 8f, 9g, 10g, 11g ) of which only 9g (RPh) corresponds to the spirosilanes and ‐germanes. This is the result of effective competition between intramolecular and intermolecular organoboration in the case of the tetra‐1‐alkynyltin compounds. The protodeborylation of 1a, b and 2d, e with MeCO 2 H leads to 12a, b and 13d, e , respectively. 12a isomerises by UV irradiation to allyl isomers 12a′ . From 12a with 2 equiv. of maleic anhydride the 1:2 addition compound 14a is obtained, the autaddition of 12a, d leads to 15a, d . Spiro compound 12a reacts with (OC) 5 Fe or CpCo(C 2 H 4 ) 2 to give the cyclodiastereomeric η 4 1‐complexes [(OC) 3 Fe] 2 ‐ 12a ( 16a 1 –a 4 ; X‐ray structure analysis of meso ‐ 16a 1 ), (OC) 3 Fe‐ 12a ( 17a ) and (CpCo) 2 ‐ 12a ( 18a 1 –a 4 ). – All products were characterized by multinuclear NMR, including measurements of the coupling constants 1 J ( 13 C 13 C), 2 J ( 29 Si 29 Si), n J ( 29 Si 13 C) and n J ( 119 Sn 13 C).
ChemInform Abstract: (Imidazol‐2‐yl)methyl‐1,3‐propanediones: Regioselective C—H Functionalization of the Imidazole Ring by Acylacetylene/Aldehyde Pairs. (2016)

Abstract The reaction is carried out under metal‐free conditions with aromatic reactants.
Estimation of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from Global Positioning System observations (1998)

Plate tectonic motions have been estimated in Papua New Guinea from a 20 station network of Global Positioning System sites that has been observed over five campaigns from 1990 to 1996. The present velocities of the sites are consistent with geological models in which the South Bismarck, Woodlark, and Solomon Sea Plates form the principal tectonic elements between the Pacific and Australian Plates in this region. Active spreading is observed on the Woodlark Basin Spreading Centre but at a rate that is about half the rate determined from magnetic reversals. The other major motions observed are subduction on the New Britain Trench, seafloor spreading across the Bismarck Sea Seismic Lineation, convergence across the Ramu‐Markham Fault and left‐lateral strike slip across the Papuan Peninsula. These motions are consistent with a 8.2° Myr −1 clockwise rotation of the South Bismarck Plate about a pole in the Huon Gulf and a rotation of the Woodlark Plate away from the Australian Plate. Second order deformation may also be occurring; in particular, Manus Island and northern New Ireland may be moving northward relative to the Pacific Plate at ∼5–8 mm yr −1 (significant at the 95% but not at the 99% confidence level) which may suggest the existence of a North Bismarck Plate.
Use of neural networks fro designing robust flat-optics on flexible substrates (2022)

We present an inverse design platform that enables the fast design of flexible flat-optics that maintain high performance under deformations. The platform is based on evolutionary large-scale optimizers, and neural network predictors.
Working without Accumulation Membrane in Flow Field-Flow Fractionation<sup>a</sup> (2000)

Nonideal interaction of sample with the separation device is a difficulty found in chromatographic methods as well as in field-flow fractionation. However, in field-flow fractionation (FFF), greater flexibility in the choice of carrier solution composition is possible, thus reducing the need of a wide choice of surface chemistry when nonideal sample interaction is to be minimized. The use of an ultrafiltration membrane as the surface for the accumulation wall is common practice in flow field-flow fractionation. Typical membranes in use are laminates of a skin membrane onto a backing material such as woven polyester. At this point, only a limited choice of membrane chemistries is available. Many membranes have been developed for protein applications as membranes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industries. While these membranes work well for protein applications, flow field-flow fractionation is applicable to polymeric particulate as well as protein samples. Thus, sample interaction with the membrane surface is possible with nonprotein applications and these interactions can induce significant secondary effects on retention ratio and affect instrumental reliability. Also, the woven texture of membranes may detrimentally affect the FFF separation. For these reasons, the study of flow field-flow fractionation using a flat, smooth surface of controlled chemistry is of relevance. We present here the results of a new, membraneless channel that uses a bare frit as the accumulation wall and that is intended for analysis of micrometer-sized particles only. Selectivity results are comparable to those obtained with the membrane, while relative sample recovery indicates that the best quantitative performance can be obtained without the membrane. Moreover, neither sample immobilization nor losses through the frit occur when operating membraneless. On the other hand, first experimental evidence of a certain level of frit surface activity suggests that optimization of experimental conditions is required.
Ospemifene for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy: potential benefits in bone and breast (2013)

Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), or estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist, that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy, a chronic condition that affects up to 60% of postmenopausal women. Ospemifene is the first and only nonestrogen compound approved for this indication. Compared with other approved SERMs, such as tamoxifen, toremifene, bazedoxifene, and raloxifene, the estrogen-like effects of ospemifene in the vaginal epithelium are unique. This review first discusses the rationale for developing ospemifene, including its mechanism of action, and then focuses on the clinical development of ospemifene for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Included are discussions of the effects of ospemifene on the endometrium, serum lipids, coagulation markers, bone, and breast cancer. In conclusion, ospemifene is a SERM with a unique estrogen agonist/antagonist tissue profile that was recently approved in the US for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Ospemifene warrants further clinical investigation for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and breast cancer.
Determinants of induced sustained arrhythmias in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. (1987)

We prospectively studied 196 consecutive survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) not associated with acute myocardial infarction and 46 consecutive, control patients without prior ventricular arrhythmias. Programmed stimulation included two extrastimuli (S3 protocol) in all patients and three extrastimuli (S4 protocol) in the last 140 study patients and in all control patients. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or VF was not induced in any control patient. In study patients, logistic regression identified two independent predictors of induced, sustained VT for both S3 and S4 protocols: prior spontaneous, sustained VT (37 patients; p less than or equal to .001) and prior myocardial infarction (113 patients; p = .005). With the S3 protocol, sustained VT was induced in 54% of patients with both prior myocardial infarction and prior sustained VT vs 4% without either; with the S4 protocol, sustained VT was induced in 91% vs 13%, respectively. Eighty-three percent of induced VT episodes had a cycle length less than 300 msec, and all required termination by cardioversion or pacing. VF was induced only in survivors of out-of-hospital VF without prior, spontaneous, sustained VT (S3 protocol, 9%; S4 protocol, 24%) but not in study patients with prior sustained VT (S3, p = .10; S4, p = .05) or control patients (S3, p = .06; S4, p = .01). The mean coupling intervals of extrastimuli that induced VF were not significantly different from the intervals that induced sustained VT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)