gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Photosensitive Poly(hydroxyimide) with High Refractive Index (2010)

A positive-type chemically amplified photosensitive poly(hydroxyimide) (PSPHI) based on the partially imidized poly(hydroxyimide) (PHI) prepared from 4,4'-[p-thiobis(phenylenesulfanyl)]diphthalic anhydride and bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)-sulfone, 9,9-bis[4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl-methyloxy)phenyl]fluorene (TBMPF) as a dissolution inhibitor, and (5-propylsulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)-(2-methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) as a photoacid generator has been developed. This PSPHI consisting of the partially imidized PHI (80wt%), TBMPF (16 wt%), and PTMA (4 wt%) showed high transparency in the 450 nm wavelength and high refractive index of 1.698 and low birefringence of 0.0025. The PSPHI exhibited high sensitivity of 25 mJ/cm2 and high contrast of 8.4 when it was exposed to a 436 nm line (g-line), post-exposure baked at 130 °C for 2 min, and developed with an aqueous alkaline developer, 2.38 wt% tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution/10 wt% iso-propanol at 25 °C. A clear positive pattern of 4 μm line and space was obtained on a film exposed to 50 mJ/cm2 of g-line by a contact printing method.
Fundamentals‐based low‐dimensional combustion modeling of spark‐ignited internal combustion engines (2010)

Abstract A four‐mode low‐dimensional model for the in‐cylinder combustion process in an internal combustion engine is developed. The lumped parameter ordinary differential equation model is based on two mixing times that capture the reactant mixing limitations inside the cylinder and mixing limitations caused by the input and exit stream distribution. For a given inlet and operating conditions, the model predicts the exhaust composition of regulated gases (total unburned HCs, CO, and NO x ) as well as the in‐cylinder pressure and temperature. The model is able to capture the qualitative trends observed with change in fuel composition (gasoline and ethanol blending), air/fuel ratio, spark timing, engine load, and speed. The results show good qualitative and fair quantitative agreement with the experimental results published in the literature and demonstrate the possibility of such low‐dimensional model for real‐time control. Improvements and extensions to the model are discussed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Dual Role for Inflammasome Sensors NLRP1 and NLRP3 in Murine Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii (2014)

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that are a major component of the innate immune system. They contain "sensor" proteins that are responsible for detecting various microbial and environmental danger signals and function by activating caspase-1, an enzyme that mediates cleavage and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful protozoan parasite capable of infecting a wide range of host species that have variable levels of resistance. We report here that T. gondii is a novel activator of the NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes in vivo and establish a role for these sensors in host resistance to toxoplasmosis. Using mice deficient in IL-18 and IL-18R, we show that the IL-18 cytokine plays a pivotal role by limiting parasite replication to promote murine survival.
Faber approximation to the Mori-Zwanzig equation (2017)

We develop a new effective approximation of the Mori-Zwanzig equation based on operator series expansions of the orthogonal dynamics propagator. In particular, we study the Faber series, which yields asymptotically optimal approximations converging at least $R$-superlinearly with the polynomial order for linear dynamical systems. We provide a through theoretical analysis of the new method and present numerical applications to random wave propagation and harmonic chains of oscillators interacting on the Bethe lattice and on graphs with arbitrary topology.
Polarization Engineering of AlGaN/GaN HEMT With Graded InGaN Sub-Channel for High-Linearity X-Band Applications (2019)

We report on the power and linearity performance of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition grown polarization-engineered novel structure that combines the AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor with a graded InGaN sub-channel layer. The fabricated transistors with composite two-dimensional(2D) and three-dimensional(3D) electron channels showed nearly flat transconductance and power gain profiles. The maximum f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> and f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> values of 18 GHz and 38 GHz were measured for 0.7-μm gate-length transistors. Load-pull measurement at 10 GHz revealed a maximum output power of 2.2 W/mm. Two-tone measurement at 10 GHz showed an excellent OIP3 of 38 dBm for 150-μm device width and a corresponding linearity figure of merit OIP3/P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</sub> of 9.7 dB. These results suggest that InGaN-based composite 2D-3D channel transistors could be useful for high-frequency applications requiring high linearity.
Integration of Size and Binocular Disparity Visual Cues in Manual Depth-Control Tasks (2006)

and Mary K. Kaiser NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035 Humans rely on a plethora of visual cues to inform judgments of the depth or range of a particular object or feature. One source of information is binocular (or stereo) vision, enabled by the slight differences in the images between the two eyes. Another source of information is the size, in visual angle, of the feature or object. Although it is possible to provide binocular disparity in a display, it typically implies increased system cost or lower update rates; therefore it is useful to determine how critical it is to provide binocular disparity to the user. This paper describes the results of several experiments investigating the integration of stereo and size cues in performing manual control tasks. In the first experiment, a visual cue integration model was developed for two types of manual control tasks (rate-control and acceleration-control) and different levels of cue salience. The results of this experiment were that stereo disparity dominated judgments of depth position, while size dominated judgment of depth rate. From this experiment, it was hypothesized that stereo disparity would do more to improve performance on rate-control tasks more than on acceleration-control tasks. Two additional experiments were conducted, with and without stereo display, to test this hypothesis at different update rates. The results confirmed that while stereo disparity improved performance on rate-control tasks, it did not improve performance on acceleration-control tasks; in fact, performance was reduced with stereo disparity when the display method reduced update rate below a particular threshold.
Suppl. Figure Legends from Epigenetically Regulated Chromosome 14q32 miRNA Cluster Induces Metastasis and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients (2023)

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Role of Fetuin-A in Injury and Infection (2011)

Injury and infection, seemingly unrelated conditions, converge on a common process inflammation, which is mediated partly by innate immune cells including macrophages and monocytes. These innate immune cells are equipped with pattern recognition receptors (such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9) (Brightbill et al. 1999; Poltorak et al. 1998; Hemmi et al. 2000), and can recognize both damageand pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, such as HMGB1; and PAMPs, such as endotoxin) (Andersson et al. 2000; Chen et al. 2009;Krieg 2002;Wang et al. 1999;Ivanov et al. 2007). In response to various PAMPs or DAMPs, innate immune cells release proinflammatory cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1, IFN-┛ or HMGB1 to mount inflammatory responses. If dysregulated, an uncontrolled inflammation may adversely lead to detrimental consequences. To orchestrate the inflammatory response to infection and injury, the liver strategically re-prioritizes the synthesis and systemic release of a group of proteins collectively termed “acute phase proteins” (APPs). For instance, fetuin-A, also called the alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein for the human homologue (Christie et al. 1987), has been implicated as an anti-inflammatory protein during injury or infections. In this book chapter, we summarize emerging evidence to support fetuin-A as an acute phase protein capable of attenuating injuryor infection-elicited inflammatory responses.
Bleeding and ischaemic events after first bleed in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients: risk and timing (2022)

In anticoagulated AF patients, major bleeding but not CRNMB was associated with a high risk of adverse outcomes, part of which may be explained by OAC discontinuation. Most events occurred late after the bleeding episode, emphasizing the importance of long-term follow-up in these patients.
3D chemical mapping using terahertz pulsed imaging (2005)

We report the use of a terahertz pulsed imaging technique for three-dimensional chemical mapping. Terahertz radiation reflected from a sample was measured pixel-by-pixel in time domain using a terahertz pulsed imaging system developed at TeraView Ltd, UK. The recorded terahertz waveforms were then transformed into frequency domain using time-partitioned Fourier transform. Structural maps of samples were obtained by analyzing the terahertz time-domain data whilst chemical maps were obtained from terahertz spectral data sets. For a sample comprising chemical A at the surface of a polyethylene pellet and chemical B buried inside the pellet, we have separated the component spatial patterns of the two chemicals using their spectral fingerprints. The reconstructed three-dimensional chemical maps not only locate the chemicals in the object, but also identify each chemical. We also demonstrate the capabilities of terahertz pulsed imaging for non-destructive analysis of coating thickness and quality, and for detecting and identifying explosive materials such as RDX.
Survey of Laser Markets Relevant to Inertial Fusion Energy Drivers, information for National Research Council (2011)

Development of a new technology for commercial application can be significantly accelerated by leveraging related technologies used in other markets. Synergies across multiple application domains attract research and development (R and D) talent - widening the innovation pipeline - and increases the market demand in common components and subsystems to provide performance improvements and cost reductions. For these reasons, driver development plans for inertial fusion energy (IFE) should consider the non-fusion technology base that can be lveraged for application to IFE. At this time, two laser driver technologies are being proposed for IFE: solid-state lasers (SSLs) and KrF gas (excimer) lasers. This document provides a brief survey of organizations actively engaged in these technologies. This is intended to facilitate comparison of the opportunities for leveraging the larger technical community for IFE laser driver development. They have included tables that summarize the commercial organizations selling solid-state and KrF lasers, and a brief summary of organizations actively engaged in R and D on these technologies.
The ATM–p53 pathway suppresses aneuploidy-induced tumorigenesis (2010)

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is essential for proper sister chromatid segregation. Defects in this checkpoint can lead to chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. An increasing body of evidence suggests that aneuploidy can play a causal role in tumorigenesis. However, mutant mice that are prone to aneuploidy have only mild tumor phenotypes, suggesting that there are limiting factors in the aneuploidy-induced tumorigenesis. Here we provide evidence that p53 is such a limiting factor. We show that aneuploidy activates p53 and that loss of p53 drastically accelerates tumor development in two independent aneuploidy models. The p53 activation depends on the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene product and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Thus, the ATM-p53 pathway safeguards not only DNA damage but also aneuploidy.
Map and function of<i>gad</i>mutations in<i>Physarum polycephalum</i> (1983)

SUMMARY Amoebae and plasmodia are alternate vegetative forms in the life cycle of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum . Haploid amoebae carrying heterothallic alleles of the matA (or mt ) locus ordinarily form plasmodia only by crossing, but occasionally give rise to mutants that form plasmodia by selfing as well as by crossing. Twelve independently isolated mutants of this type have been studied. Eight carry mutations (termed gad or greater asexual differentiation mutations) within approximately 0·2 map units of matA . Another mutation ( gad-12 ) is linked neither to matA nor to any of 9 other markers tested. The remaining three mutations are linked to matA and map as follows: matA –0·5 units – gad-4 –4 units – gad-6 – 8 units – gad-11 . One mutation, gad-11 , has been tested in strains carrying each of the five matA alleles ( matAl, 2, 3, 4 , and h ) available in a common genetic background; the mutation is expressed with all five alleles. The mutation npfF1 (formerly aptA1 ), which was isolated as a suppressor of selfing in Colonia ( matAh ) amoebae, suppresses the action of each of the 12 gad mutations. The similarly isolated mutation npfA1 is also epistatic to eight of the mutations, but permits selfing with gad-5, 6, 12 and 13 . For double mutant strains containing gad-12 and gad-1, 2, 4, 6 or 11 , the selfing behaviour of each double mutant differs from that of either single mutant. Mixtures of gad − npfF1 with gad + npf + amoebae readily form plasmodia, a result suggesting that gad mutations are dominant or semi-dominant. We conclude that the commitment of a cell to differentiate into a plasmodium is under the control of a complex group of genes linked to matA .
Rejection of P/sup +/ contamination in P/sup ++/ implants on the Eaton 8250 (2003)

Implants with P/sup ++/ have some risk of contamination with P/sup +/ at approximately half the desired energy. The dimer P/sub 2//sup +/ breaks up after extraction resulting in P/sup +/ ions that have the same magnetic rigidity as P/sup ++/ ions. Medium current implanters used for P/sup ++/ often include a reflective energy filter (REF) after the mass analysis magnet to reject P/sup +/ ions. As the beam passes through an electrode biased at over half the extraction potential, the P/sup +/ ions do not have enough energy to pass through and are rejected. The beam transport of the Eaten 8250 includes electrostatic lenses and scanning which are inherently selective against the P/sup +/ ion because it has half of the electrostatic rigidity (E/Q) of the P/sup ++/ ion. This paper describes the beam transport mechanisms that lead to this effect and shows that P/sup +/ contamination of P/sup ++/ implants is below the level of detection with SIMS without the use of an REF.
Immediate ambulation following diagnostic coronary angiography procedures utilizing a vascular closure device (The Closer). (2002)

Use of The Closer after diagnostic angiography with subsequent immediate ambulation is safe and effective for most patients. Overall, hemostasis was achieved in 96% of patients, with 89% of our patients able to ambulate immediately and 7% able to ambulate after intermediate duration bed rest.
A Circuit-Theoretic Approach to State Estimation (2019)

Traditional state estimation (SE) methods that are based on nonlinear minimization of the sum of localized measurement error functionals are known to suffer from non-convergence and large residual errors. In this paper we propose an equivalent circuit formulation (ECF)-based SE approach that inherently considers the complete network topology and associated physical constraints. We analyze the mathematical differences between the two approaches and show that our approach produces a linear state-estimator that is mathematically a quadratic programming (QP) problem with closed-form solution. Furthermore, this formulation imposes additional topology-based constraints that provably shrink the feasible region and promote convergence to a more physically meaningful solution. From a probabilistic viewpoint, we show that our method applies prior knowledge into the estimate, thus converging to a more physics-based estimate than the traditional observation-driven maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Importantly, incorporation of the entire system topology and underlying physics, while being linear, makes ECF-based SE advantageous for large-scale systems.
Rapid High-Resolution Visible Light 3D Printing (2020)

Light-driven 3D printing to convert liquid resins into solid objects (i.e., photocuring) has traditionally been dominated by engineering disciplines, yielding the fastest build speeds and highest resolution of any additive manufacturing process. However, the reliance on high-energy UV/violet light limits the materials scope due to degradation and attenuation (e.g., absorption and/or scattering). Chemical innovation to shift the spectrum into more mild and tunable visible wavelengths promises to improve compatibility and expand the repertoire of accessible objects, including those containing biological compounds, nanocomposites, and multimaterial structures. Photochemistry at these longer wavelengths currently suffers from slow reaction times precluding its utility. Herein, novel panchromatic photopolymer resins were developed and applied for the first time to realize rapid high-resolution visible light 3D printing. The combination of electron-deficient and electron-rich coinitiators was critical to overcoming the speed-limited photocuring with visible light. Furthermore, azo-dyes were identified as vital resin components to confine curing to irradiation zones, improving spatial resolution. A unique screening method was used to streamline optimization (e.g., exposure time and azo-dye loading) and correlate resin composition to resolution, cure rate, and mechanical performance. Ultimately, a versatile and general visible-light-based printing method was shown to afford (1) stiff and soft objects with feature sizes <100 μm, (2) build speeds up to 45 mm/h, and (3) mechanical isotropy, rivaling modern UV-based 3D printing technology and providing a foundation from which bio- and composite-printing can emerge.
Pyrethroid resistance persists in spider mite predator. (1980)

Spider mite predators laboratory-selected for pyrethroid resistance successfully overwintered in a northern California apple orchard.
Soil classification using mid-infrared off-normal active differential reflectance characteristics (1992)

Active mid-infrared laser reflectance characteristics of 18 different bench-mark soil samples were measured at various angles of incidence between 0 degrees and 80 degrees at 9.283-, 9.569-, 10.247-, and 10.633-micron m wavelengths for both co-polarized and cross-polarized conditions. The soil samples were characterized in terms of the soil taxonomy, mineralogy, geographic location, soil texture, and organic carbon content. Selected samples represented wide variability in soil properties. Measurements indicate that these soils have unique reflectance signatures in the 9- to 11-micron m mid-infrared region. On the basis of the data, an algorithm is presented using off-normal co-polarized reflectance ratios at various wavelengths, to uniquely identify all 18 soils investigated. The authors show from theoretical considerations and experimental observations that the reflectance ratios are more insensitive to variations in incidence angle at angles off-normal compared to near-normal incidence.
Static voltage stability detection using local measurement for microgrids in a power distribution network (2015)

Microgrid, integrated with generation, storage, and load, either produces or consumes power. When power consumption increases at a microgrid's point of common coupling (PCC), the entire power distribution network is at risk of voltage collapse. Critical load impedance and continuation power flow were currently used to assess static voltage stability in power systems. Critical load impedance was derived based on a Thevenin equivalent circuit model, but information used to derive the equivalent circuit is usually not available and accurate parameter estimation takes time. Because continuation power flow used approximation, this method is not accurate unless close to voltage collapse. To predict impending voltage collapse for a microgrid, this paper introduces a static voltage stability detector that only uses local measurements available at the microgrid's PCC. A voltage stability index depicts the distance of microgrid's power consumption from voltage collapse. Therefore, microgrid manager needs to take more urgent action when the index is smaller. Furthermore, microgrid manager predicts voltage stability index once a local load forecast is available. Compared with existing techniques, this voltage stability detector is accurate and easy to implement for microgrids in a power distribution network.
Production and characterization of epoxy syntactic foams highly loaded with thermoplastic microballoons (2017)

Glass microballoon syntactic foams consisting of 60–70 vol% hollow glass microballoons and epoxy resin matrix have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their unique combination of mechanical properties and low density, with applications in the naval and aerospace industries. An important limitation of these materials is the volume fraction ceiling (∼0.74) and subsequent density limit (0.36 g/cm 3 ). Utilizing thermoplastic microballoons, syntactic foams were produced with densities as low as 0.067 g/cm 3 , achieved by developing a method that produces epoxy/microballoon compositions comprising an unusually high volume fraction of microballoons (0.75–0.95). The resulting morphology features microballoons which, having expanded in a restricted volume, are deformed into irregular shapes that efficiently pack together and are encapsulated by a thin coating of epoxy. The compressive yield strength, tensile strength and initial modulus of these highly loaded syntactic foams exhibit a non-linear decrease with increasing microballoon volume fraction to values typical of highly porous polymers, but display a high degree of recovery, or rebound, from large compressive strain compared with glass microballoon syntactic foams.