gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Außenputze - früher und heute. (2015)

Die Aufgabe von Außenputzen bestand ursprünglich darin, dem oft aus unterschiedlichen Steinen bestehenden Mauerwerk ein einheitliches Aussehen zu geben, quasi als Sichtputz. Hierfür haben sich mit den vorhandenen Bindemitteln entsprechende Handwerkstechniken entwickelt. Mit der Verwendung großformatiger Mauersteine und der Produktion von besonders wärmedämmenden Leichtsteinen nach der Energiekrise in den 1970er-Jahren entstanden neue Fragen bezüglich des richtigen Putzes, um Schäden zu vermeiden. Die Mauerwerksarten und die diversen heutigen Putzarten - wasserabweisende, wärmedämmende, Sanier-, Entkopplungs- oder Armierungsputze - mit speziellen bauphysikalischen Aufgaben sind so unterschiedlich, dass alte Handwerksregeln allein nicht mehr angewandt werden können. Im Labor und Freiland des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Bauphysik IBP wurden begleitend Untersuchungen zu diesen Putzarten durchgeführt, die jeweils in Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht wurden und hier mit generellen Ausführungen zur Putztechnologie, mit Hinweisen zu Ursachen von Putzschäden und zur Messtechnik zusammengefasst sind. Abschließend erfolgt eine kritische Bewertung der nationalen und europäischen Putznormung, die den Stand der Technik nicht adäquat wiedergibt.
Direct acute tubular damage contributes to Shigatoxin‐mediated kidney failure (2014)

The pathogenesis and therapy of Shigatoxin 2 (Stx2)-mediated kidney failure remain controversial. Our aim was to test whether, during an infection with Stx2-producing E. coli (STEC), Stx2 exerts direct effects on renal tubular epithelium and thereby possibly contributes to acute renal failure. Mice represent a suitable model because they, like humans, express the Stx2-receptor Gb3 in the tubular epithelium but, in contrast to humans, not in glomerular endothelia, and are thus free of glomerular thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). In wild-type mice, Stx2 caused acute tubular dysfunction with consequent electrolyte disturbance, which was most likely the cause of death. Tubule-specific depletion of Gb3 protected the mice from acute renal failure. In vitro, Stx2 induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in human tubular epithelial cells, thus implicating a direct effect of Stx2 on the tubular epithelium. To correlate these results to human disease, kidney biopsies and outcome were analysed in patients with Stx2-associated kidney failure (n = 11, aged 22-44 years). The majority of kidney biopsies showed different stages of an ongoing TMA; however, no glomerular complement activation could be demonstrated. All biopsies, including those without TMA, showed severe acute tubular damage. Due to these findings, patients were treated with supportive therapy without complement-inhibiting antibodies (eculizumab) or immunoadsorption. Despite the severity of the initial disease [creatinine 6.34 (1.31-17.60) mg/dl, lactate dehydrogenase 1944 (753-2792) U/l, platelets 33 (19-124)/nl and haemoglobin 6.2 (5.2-7.8) g/dl; median (range)], all patients were discharged after 33 (range 19-43) days with no neurological symptoms and no dialysis requirement [creatinine 1.39 (range 0.84-2.86) mg/dl]. The creatinine decreased further to 0.90 (range 0.66-1.27) mg/dl after 24 months. Based on these data, one may surmise that acute tubular damage represents a separate pathophysiological mechanism, importantly contributing to Stx2-mediated acute kidney failure. Specifically in young adults, an excellent outcome can be achieved by supportive therapy only.
Using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography as an alternative to resin fractionation to assess the hydrophobicity of natural organic matter (2012)

Resin fractionation is the most widely used technique to isolate and characterize natural organic matter (NOM) based on its hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, however, it is also recognized as a time consuming technique. This paper describes the use of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) as a rapid assessment technique to determine the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of NOM. The optimum column separation condition was achieved and without the need for concentrating the sample prior to analysis and with good reproducibility of the peak retention time and the peak area. The characterization results were further compared with the traditional resin fractionation technique using DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The results demonstrated that the polarities defined by the two methods were different but consistent and also that the fractions absorbed onto XAD-4 were less hydrophobic than those absorbed onto DAX-8. The difference in definition between resin fractionation and RPHPLC were further investigated.
Mass Spectrometric Detection of Nanoparticle Host–Guest Interactions in Cells (2014)

Synthetic host-guest chemistry is a versatile tool for biomedical applications. Characterization and detection of host-guest complexes in biological systems, however, is challenging due to the complexity of the biological milieu. Here, we describe and apply a mass spectrometric method to monitor the association and dissociation of nanoparticle (NP)-based host-guest interactions that integrates NP-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix assisted laser desoption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. This LDI/MALDI approach reveals how NP surface functionality affects host-guest interactions in cells, information difficult to achieve using other techniques.
Split and Merge Strategies for Solving Uncertain Equations Using Affine Arithmetic (2015)

The behaviour of systems is determined by various parameters. Due to several reasons like e. g. manufacturing tolerances these parameters can have some uncertainties. Corner Case and Monte Carlo simulations are well known approaches to handle uncertain systems. They sample the corners and random points of the parameter space, respectively. Both require many runs and do not guarantee the inclusion of the worst case. As alternatives, range based approaches can be used. They model parameter uncertainties as ranges. The simulation outputs are ranges which include all possible results created by the parameter uncertainties. One type of range arithmetic is the affine arithmetic, which allows to maintain linear correlations to avoid over-approximation. An equation solver based on affine arithmetic has been proposed earlier. Unlike many other range based approaches it can solve implicit non-linear equations. This is necessary for analog circuit simulation. For large uncertainties the solver suffers from convergence problems. To overcome these problems it is possible to split the parameter ranges, calculate the solutions separately and merge them again. For higher dimensional systems this leads to excessive runtimes as each parameter is split. To minimize the additional runtime several split and merge strategies are proposed and compared using two analog circuit examples.
3D deconvolution of adaptive-optics corrected retinal images (2006)

We report on a deconvolution method developed in a Bayesian framework for adaptive-optics corrected images of the human retina. The method takes into account the three-dimensional nature of the imaging process; it incorporates a positivity constraint and a regularization metric in order to avoid uncontrolled noise amplification. This regularization metric is designed to simultaneously smooth noise out and preserve edges, while staying convex in order to keep the solution unique. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, and in particular of the edge-preserving regularization, on realistic simulated data.
Liquid Crystals Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Applications: Structural Properties (2014)

AbstractNanocomposites consisting of liquid crystals and nanoparticles have been studied for their applications in devices, such as photovoltaics and to model biological devices. Understanding the structure the liquid crystal assumes in the vicinity of the nanoparticles, and how it compares to the bulk structure of the liquid crystals gives us an idea of how light, and electrons are transmitted from the liquid crystal to the nanoparticle and how sharp is this transmission. The structure depends on the functionalization (or lack of it) that the nanoparticle has and seems to reflect the faceting or the arrangement of the nanoparticle.Keywords: Liquid crystal nanocompositesX-ray scatteringphotovoltaicspolarized microscopy
Live Animal Markets in Minnesota: A Potential Source for Emergence of Novel Influenza A Viruses and Interspecies Transmission (2015)

At markets where swine and persons are in close contact, swine-origin IAVs are prevalent and potentially provide conditions for novel IAV emergence.
Concentrated Ambient Particles Alter Myocardial Blood Flow during Acute Ischemia in Conscious Canines (2008)

These results suggest that PM exacerbates myocardial ischemia by increased coronary vascular resistance and decreased myocardial perfusion. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of these effects.
Steam Oxidation Resistant Protective Layer on Ferritic Steels Formed by Heavy Deformation and Pre-Oxidation Treatment (2003)

The steam oxidation behavior of Mod. 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel, which was pre-oxidized in air after heavy compressive deformation, was studied. This procedure provided a Cr2O3-type thin oxide layer, which has oxidation protectiveness in high temperature steam atmosphere. The protectiveness of such oxide layer, however, depended on the magnitude of deformation. The thin protective layer which formed on the severely deformed region maintained during the test period of up to 1.44 Ms in steam at 650°C, while thick oxide scale grew on the region provided with less deformation.
Super-resolution using a local matching designed for suppressing errors of reconstructed edges (2012)

A novel registration algorithm for multi-frame super-resolution (SR) is proposed. SR requires known LR pixels shifted by non-integer amounts of pixels. Such LR pixels can be acquired from non-target frames using registration. A method suitable for implementing registration in consumer products is the block-matching algorithm (BMA). However, when the BMA is used, in the case of processing a straight edge, it is shown that the arrangement tends to be irregular. It is also shown that the quality of reconstructed images becomes poor when the arrangement of the registered pixels is irregular. The proposed method is based on the BMA but is designed for improving the arrangement of the registered pixels. The experimental results show that (1) the pixels are registered near each position to be reconstructed, and (2) the quality of reconstructed images is improved. To make the proposed method practical for consumer products, the search is performed using a fast block-matching algorithm.
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-7 from Inhibition of Glutaminase Preferentially Slows Growth of Glioma Cells with Mutant IDH1 (2023)

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-7 from Inhibition of Glutaminase Preferentially Slows Growth of Glioma Cells with Mutant IDH1
An Analysis of Time to Improvement in Oxygenation in Japanese Preterm and Late Preterm or Term Neonates With Hypoxic Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension (2019)

iNO treatment provided acute, sustained improvement in oxygenation in neonates with GAs <34 and ≥34 weeks; 70% of patients had improvement within 1 h, but the remaining 30% took >1 h to respond. Initiation of iNO at lower OIs was associated with reduced mortality compared with higher OI.
Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation failed to change dopamine synthesis rate: Preliminary L‐[β‐<sup>11</sup>C]DOPA positron emission tomography study in patients with depression (2010)

We have examined the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on central dopaminergic function in patients with depression using positron emission tomography with L-[β-11C]DOPA, a ligand to assess the rate of endogenous dopamine synthesis. Eight patients were treated with 10-daily sessions of rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Positron emission tomography scanning was performed in each patient twice, before the first session and 1 day after the last session. Although four out of eight patients responded to rTMS, there were no changes in the striatal dopamine synthesis rate (k) following rTMS. These results suggest that chronic rTMS had a limited effect on the dopaminergic system.
IL-2 Plus IL-15 Leads to Enhanced Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Invariant Natural Killer T Cells (2018)

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been shown to play an important role in immune regulation, defense against pathogens, and cancer immunity, despite representing a minority population of lymphocytes. Emerging murine and human data demonstrate that within this immunoregulatory capacity, iNKT cells function to suppress graft-versus-host disease without loss of the graft-versus-tumor effect, making them ideal to exploit in hematopoietic cell transplantation. Given these key functions and the relative paucity of these cells, the ability to ex vivo expand human iNKT cells is of critical importance to clinical applications. Therefore, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for iNKT cell expansion and the effects of expansion method on the iNKT cell cytokine production profile. Several expansion culture conditions were explored following initial magnetic bead-based iNKT enrichment and stimulation with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded irradiated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on day 0: inclusion of either IL-2 or IL-2 plus IL-15 and day 10 restimulation with either α-GalCer-loaded irradiated autologous PBMCs or α-GalCer-loaded irradiated K562 cells engineered to express CD1d, CD86, 4-1BBL, and OX40L ("B82" cells; Tian G et al. J Clin Invest. 2016 Jun 1;126(6):2341-55). We found significant heterogeneity in the numbers of circulating iNKT cells in healthy donors, ranging from .05-0.3% of CD3+ cells, as well as in the fold expansion obtained following two weeks of in vitro culture. Ex vivo expansion using B82 cells for day 10 stimulation and IL-2 alone routinely yielded viability >90% and purity >95%, and we obtained a median of 3.5 × 107 iNKT cells starting from a median of 5.5 × 108 PBMCs following two weeks of expansion. However, we found that when iNKT cells were expanded with autologous PBMCs used on day 10 for restimulation, fold expansion was equivalent to or higher than when B82 cells were used on day 10 and the inclusion of IL-15 along with IL-2 in the culture media led to substantially enhanced fold expansion as compared to IL-2 alone (mean 634 versus 458). Following PMA/ionomycin stimulation, cytokine production profiles were similar regardless of expansion conditions, with nearly all iNKT cells producing IFNγ (ranging 94.4-99.9%), and a smaller fraction of iNKT cells producing IL-4 (ranging 21.0-36.1%). The majority of IL-4 producing iNKT cells were CD4+ (mean 82.5%, range 56.6-96.7%). These data describe the ex vivo expansion capacity of iNKT cells and culture conditions which lead to optimal expansion. These results contribute to our understanding of human iNKT cells and could inform the design of future clinical trials utilizing iNKT cells.
Patterns of Exposure of Carnivores to Selected Pathogens in the Betampona Natural Reserve Landscape, Madagascar (2018)

Carnivores of Madagascar are at increased risk of extinction due to anthropogenic loss of habitat, hunting, and interactions with introduced carnivores. Interactions between introduced and native animals also present the potential for introduction of pathogens into new geographic areas or host species. Here, we provide serologic data regarding pathogen exposure of domestic and native carnivores from the Betampona Natural Reserve Landscape, a protected area in eastern Madagascar. For the Eupleridae, we found limited evidence of exposure to viruses from domestic animals but greater prevalence for Toxoplasma gondii (39%) and Leptospira interrogans (40%). We also evaluated the associations between the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens and the demographic and spatial variables. We showed that individual characteristics such as sex and species were associated with exposure to T. gondii but not to L. interrogans or canine parvovirus (CPV). Finally, we investigated the spatial structure of pathogen exposure in Betampona and found no evidence of spatial structuring, indicating the absence of hotspots and agent-free refugia for T. gondii, L. interrogans, and CPV in the protected area. Our results may be useful for assessing and monitoring disease risk and for formulating control strategies to minimize the negative impact of exotic species on the endemic carnivores of Madagascar.
Blood T-cell receptor diversity decreases during the course of HIV infection, but the potential for a diverse repertoire persists (2012)

HIV infection results in a decrease in circulating CD4(+) T-cell and naive T-cell numbers. If such losses were associated with an erosion of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity in the peripheral T-cell pool, this might exacerbate the state of persistent immunodeficiency. Existing methods for the analysis of the TCR repertoire have demonstrated skewed distributions of TCR genes in HIV-infected subjects but cannot directly measure TCR diversity. Here we used AmpliCot, a quantitative assay based on DNA hybridization kinetics, to measure TCR diversity in a cross-sectional comparison of 19 HIV-infected persons to 18 HIV-uninfected controls. HIV-infected persons had a 10-fold decrease in total TCR repertoire diversity in 1.5 mL of blood compared with uninfected controls, with decreased diversity correlating most closely with a lower CD4(+) T-cell percentage. Nonetheless, the TCR repertoire diversity of sort-purified T-cell subpopulations in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects was comparable. These observations suggest that the TCR repertoire diversity changes in whole blood during HIV disease progression are primarily the result of changes in the number and proportion of T-cell subpopulations and that most HIV-infected persons may retain a sufficiently diverse TCR repertoire to permit immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy alone, without thymopoiesis.
Precognition: Thinking about the query before it happens (2005)

Web Information Retrieval and Integration is one of the most challenging of emerging information retrieval domains. Traditional approaches of returning all of exactly what the user asks for are not feasible; what does a user do with a billion pages in rank order? Identifying relevant documents requires substantially more “thought” go into selecting each result; but the data scale is such that doing the “thinking” at query time as a post-processing of results is not really a viable option. The solution that WebFountain[5] has pursued is that of examining the pages and really “thinking” about them before the query occurs. There are many kinds of analysis that are easier to do page by page than over a whole corpus. For example, trying to find all of the pages that contain a mention a drugs which contain aspirin is difficult (there are thousands of drugs and brand names that do). A query with this kind of term fan-out is untenable in a high performance system. Instead, consider a program that scanned a document and was able to add a tag Drug: Aspirin whenever it found one of the variants. While doing so it could also add Drug: Cox I inhibitor and Drug-type: Analgesic. This allows high level queries such as Drug: Cox II inhibitor NEAR Condition: Cardiac Disease to be processed as a simple 2 term boolean query. But there is more to finding information than simple boolean queries. In many cases it is not actually the pages that are of interest, but aggregate information on them. With the proper indexes and complex joining functionality it is possible to explore what trends and relationships occur between entities mentioned on webpages. For example, what I say in my blog about a popular music artist is not a good predictor of their popularity, but the trend of the number of all blog mentions is an excellent predictor of sales two weeks later. We have found the same true for certain classes of book sales as well. Understanding the strong relationships between people, places, universities, companies, products, etc. is another example where the preponderance of existence in a particular set of websites is sufficient evidence to propose a linkage. These higher level annotations and more complex querying capabilities enable not only better point querying, but also open the door for more interesting higher level applications. Examples include exploring trends in discussions and information diffusion[6], identifying templates[4], detecting collusion[3], finding connections[1], finding the connections between the real world and the web[7], and discovering aliases[8], just to name a few. In short, the creation of this semi-structured metadata from unstructured source data allows the system to begin to perform “business intelligence” type queries over the unstructured corpus. Traditionally, the thought of generating and storing all this metadata has been prohibitive. However, the price on low end storage has been dropping, recently falling below $.31 a gig. This opens the door for this kind of research even in small scale systems. References
Reply to Veerman et al. Comment on “Rosenzweig et al. Very Low Prostate PET/CT PSMA Uptake May Be Misleading in Staging Radical Prostatectomy Candidates. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 410” (2022)

We thank the commenters for their important insights [...].
Cognate Space Identification for Forced Response Structural Redesign (2002)

LargE Admissibility Perturbations (LEAP) is a general methodology, which solves redesign problems of complex structures with, among others, forced response amplitude constraints. In previous work, two LEAP algorithms, namely the Incremental Method (IM) and the Direct Method (DM), were developed. A powerful feature of LEAP is the general perturbation equations derived in terms of normal modes, the selection of which is a determinant factor for a successful redesign. The normal modes of a structure may be categorized as stretching, bending, torsional, and mixed modes and grouped into cognate spaces. In the context of redesign by LEAP, the physical interpretation of a mode-to-response cognate space lies in the fact that a mode from one space barely affects change in a mode from another space. Perturbation equations require computation of many perturbation terms corresponding to individual modes. Identifying modes with negligible contribution to the change in forced response amplitude eliminates a priori computation of numerous perturbation terms. Two methods of determining mode-to-response cognate space, one for IM and one for DM, are presented and compared. Trade-off between computational time and accuracy is assessed in order to provide practical guidelines to the designer. The developed LEAP redesign algorithms are applied to the redesign of a simple cantilever beam and a complex offshore tower.