gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of a colonoscope for distal duodenal stent placement in patients with malignant obstruction (2008)

Duodenal stent placement can effectively and safely be performed using a colonoscope in patients with an obstruction at the level of the distal duodenum or proximal jejunum. A colonoscope has the advantage that it is long enough and offers good endoscopic stiffness, which avoids looping in the stomach.
Broadcasting Method Based on Topology Control for Fault-Tolerant MANET (2011)

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have the disadvantage of decreased network reliability due to the mobility of intermediate terminals, unstable wireless links, and battery exhaustion. The reliability of networks is characterized by their level of k-connectivity. The problem optimizing a network lifetime by minimizing power consumption at a given k-connectivity is called the transmission-power assignment problem (TPAP). There are several conventional approaches to solve this problem. However, a performance evaluation of mobile networks has not yet been conducted. This paper proposes a broadcasting method based on topology control for MANETs with the aim of achieving dual objectives of reducing power consumption and ensuring an acceptable reliability level. Simulation results show that the proposed method can ensure high network reliability and reduce power consumption.
Bringing the Semantic Web home: a research agenda for local, personalized SWUI (2008)

Regulation of chloroplast gene expression involves networked and concerted interactions of nucleus-encoded factors with their target sites on untranslated regions (UTRs) of chloroplast transcripts. So far, only a few cis-acting elements within such 5'UTR sequences have been identified as functional determinants of mRNA stability and efficient translation in Chlamydomonas in vivo. In this study, we have used chloroplast transformation and site-directed mutagenesis to analyse the functions of the 5'UTRs of tobacco psbA and rbcL fused to the coding region of the reporter gene uidA. Various mutant versions of the psbA leader, as well as rbcL/psbA hybrid leader elements, were investigated. Our results showed a 1.5- to 3-fold decrease in uidA mRNA levels and a 1.5- to 6-fold reduction in uidA translation efficiency in all psbA 5'UTR stem-loop mutants generated by sequence deletions and base alterations. This indicates that the correct primary sequence and secondary structure of the psbA 5'UTR stem-loop are required for mRNA stabilisation and translation. The 5'-terminal segment of the rbcL 5'UTR did not enhance the stability or translational activity of chimeric uidA mRNA under the standard light-dark regime of 16 h light and 8 h dark. Stabilising effects were, however, observed when the cells were kept continuously in the dark. Possible reasons for the influence of the 5'UTR of the tobacco psbA on mRNA stability and translation efficiency are discussed.
Biomechanics of plate fixation following traditional olecranon osteotomy versus novel proximal ulna osteotomy for visualizing a distal humerus injury (2023)

After a distal humeral injury, olecranon osteotomy (OO) is a traditional way to visualize the distal humerus for performing fracture fixation. In contrast, the current authors previously showed that novel proximal ulna osteotomy (PUO) allows better access to the distal humerus without ligamentous compromise. Therefore, this study biomechanically compared plating repair following OO versus PUO. The left or right ulna from eight matched pairs of human cadaveric elbows were randomly assigned to receive OO or PUO and repaired using pre-contoured titanium plates. Destructive and non-destructive mechanical tests were performed to assess stability. Mechanical tests on OO versus PUO groups yielded average results for ulna cantilever bending stiffness at a 90° elbow angle (29.6 vs 30.5 N/mm, <i>p</i> = 0.742), triceps tendon pull stiffness at a 90° elbow angle (28.2 vs 24.4 N/mm, <i>p</i> = 0.051), triceps tendon pull stiffness at a 110° elbow angle (61.9 vs 59.5 N/mm, <i>p</i> = 0.640), and triceps tendon pull failure load at a 110° elbow angle (1070.1 vs 1359.7 N, <i>p</i> = 0.078). OO and PUO elbows had similar failure mechanisms, namely, tendon tear or avulsion from the ulna with or without some fracture of the proximal bone fragment, or complete avulsion of the proximal bone fragment from the plate. The similar biomechanical stability (i.e., no statistical difference for 4 of 4 mechanical measurements) and failure mechanisms of OO and PUO plated elbows support the clinical use of PUO as a possible alternative to OO for visualizing the distal humerus.
Genetic Engineering (1981)

Die in den letzten Jahren entwickelten Methoden des Genetic Engineering bieten die Möglichkeit, im Labor Organismen zu konstruieren, die in der Natur nicht vorkommen. Vor allem die in vitro Techniken, die hier in kurzer Form diskutiert werden, zeigen für den Bereich der Biotechnologie große Zukunftsaussichten. Sie eröffnen einerseits der biotechnologischen Produktion eine Palette an neuen Produkten, anderseits bieten sie vielversprechende Aussichten bei der Züchtung von industriellen Hochleistungsstämmen. Ein wesentliches Problem dabei ist, die Anwendung dieser Methoden auch bei industriell nutzbaren Mikroorganismenstämmen zu ermöglichen. Als Beispiel dafür wird gezeigt, wie ein eventuell brauchbares System für in vitro Genetic Engineering beim KnallgasbakteriumAlcaligenes eutrophus H 16, das genetisch wenig untersucht ist, entwickelt werden konnte.
Learning More from Microarrays: Insights from Modules and Networks (2005)

Global gene expression patterns can provide comprehensive molecular portraits of biologic diversity and complex disease states, but understanding the physiologic meaning and genetic basis of the myriad gene expression changes have been a challenge. Several new analytic strategies have now been developed to improve the interpretation of microarray data. Because genes work together in groups to carry out specific functions, defining the unit of analysis by coherent changes in biologically meaningful sets of genes, termed modules, improves our understanding of the biological processes underlying the gene expression changes. The gene module approach has been used in exploratory discovery of defective oxidative phosphorylation in diabetes mellitus and also has allowed definitive hypothesis testing on a genomic scale for the relationship between wound healing and cancer and for the oncogenic mechanism of cyclin D. To understand the genetic basis of global gene expression patterns, computational modeling of regulatory networks can highlight key regulators of the gene expression changes, and many of these predictions can now be experimentally validated using global chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis.
Dicentric chromosome breakage in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> is influenced by pericentric heterochromatin and occurs in nonconserved hotspots (2023)

Chromosome breakage plays an important role in the evolution of karyotypes and can produce deleterious effects within a single individual, such as aneuploidy or cancer. Forces that influence how and where chromosomes break are not fully understood. In humans, breakage tends to occur in conserved hotspots called common fragile sites (CFS), especially during replication stress. By following the fate of dicentric chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, we find that breakage under tension also tends to occur in specific hotspots. Our experimental approach was to induce sister chromatid exchange in a ring chromosome to generate a dicentric chromosome with a double chromatid bridge. In the following cell division, the dicentric bridges may break. We analyzed the breakage patterns of 3 different ring-X chromosomes. These chromosomes differ by the amount and quality of heterochromatin they carry as well as their genealogical history. For all 3 chromosomes, breakage occurs preferentially in several hotspots. Surprisingly, we found that the hotspot locations are not conserved between the 3 chromosomes: each displays a unique array of breakage hotspots. The lack of hotspot conservation, along with a lack of response to aphidicolin, suggests that these breakage sites are not entirely analogous to CFS and may reveal new mechanisms of chromosome fragility. Additionally, the frequency of dicentric breakage and the durability of each chromosome's spindle attachment vary significantly between the 3 chromosomes and are correlated with the origin of the centromere and the amount of pericentric heterochromatin. We suggest that different centromere strengths could account for this.
A Chemoenzymatic and Enantioselective Route to the Tricyclic Frameworks Associated with the Protoilludane and Marasmane Classes of Sesquiterpene (2004)

The enantiomerically pure cis-1,2-dihydrocatechol 3, which is obtained in quantity by microbial dihydroxylation of toluene, has been converted over ten steps, including an initial Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction, into the tricyclic ketone 12. Direct irradiation of a benzene solution of the latter compound affords a mixture of compounds 13 and 14 which embody the tricyclic frameworks of the sesquiterpene natural products tsugicoline A (1) and isovelleral (2), respectively.
Profiling the Cancer Genome (2010)

Cancer profiling studies have had a profound impact on our understanding of the biology of cancers in a number of ways, including providing insights into the biological heterogeneity of specific cancer types, identification of novel oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and defining pathways that interact to drive the growth of individual cancers. Several large-scale genomic studies are underway that aim to catalog all biologically significant mutational events in each cancer type, and these findings will allow researchers to understand how mutational networks function within individual tumors. The identification of molecular predictive and prognostic tools to facilitate treatment decisions is an important step for individualized patient therapy and, ultimately, in improving patient outcomes. Whereas there are still significant challenges to implementing genomic testing and targeted therapy into routine clinical practice, rapid technological advancements provide hope for overcoming these obstacles.
Potential genotoxicity of wastewater‐contaminated pore waters with comparison to sediment toxicity and macrobenthic community composition (2002)

The objectives of this survey were to determine the genotoxic potential of sediment pore waters above and below 10 wastewater outfalls and to compare the results to sediment chemical quality guidelines, acute toxicity, and macrobenthic community composition. The focus of the study was on genotoxicity since its occurrence in environmental media below wastewater discharges in the Gulf of Mexico region has not been reported in the scientific literature. Pore waters from 43 sediment samples were assayed using a microbial mutagenicity assay before and after activation with a rat liver microsome mix (S-9). A combination of either direct or activated responses was observed for 40% of the pore waters. Direct, activated, and both direct and activated responses were observed in 5, 26, and 9% of the total samples, respectively. Mutagenic effects were observed below 7 of the 10 outfall areas and in 4 of 6 control areas associated with 6 outfalls. The lowest pore water concentrations causing an activated mutagenic response were statistically similar above and below the outfalls. Mutagenicity occurred more frequently than acute toxicity to estuarine and freshwater invertebrates and there was no consistent relationship between its occurrence and the exceedance of sediment chemical quality guidelines. In contrast, there was some indication that mutagenic activity paralleled low benthic community diversity. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 63–73, 2002
Trade-off evaluation for speech enhancement algorithms with respect to the a priori SNR estimation (2012)

In this paper, a modified a priori SNR estimator is proposed for speech enhancement. The well-known decision-directed (DD) approach is modified by matching each gain function with the noisy speech spectrum at current frame rather than the previous one. The proposed algorithm eliminates the speech transient distortion and reduces the impact from the choice of the gain function towards the level of smoothing in the SNR estimate. An objective evaluation metric is employed to measure the trade-off between musical noise, noise reduction and speech distortion. Performance is evaluated and compared between a modified sigmoid gain function, the state-of-the-art log-spectral amplitude estimator and the Wiener filter. Simulation results show that the modified DD approach performs better in terms of the trade-off evaluation.
Generierung von Aryl‐ und Heteroarylmagnesium‐Reagenzien in Toluol mittels Br/Mg‐ oder Cl/Mg‐Austausch (2018)

Abstract Das Alkylmagnesiumalkoxid s BuMgOR⋅LiOR (R=2‐Ethylhexyl), das als eine 1.5 m Lösung in Toluol hergestellt wurde, ermöglicht einen sehr schnellen Br/Mg‐Austausch mit Aryl‐ und Heteroarylbromiden, wobei Aryl‐ und Heteroarylalkoxide (ArMgOR⋅LiOR) in Toluol gebildet werden. Diese Grignard‐Reagenzien reagieren mit einer Vielzahl an Elektrophilen, einschließlich Aldehyden, Ketonen, Iminen, Allylbromiden, Acylchloriden, Epoxiden und Aziridinen in guten Ausbeuten. Bemerkenswerterweise ermöglicht das ähnliche Reagenz s Bu 2 Mg⋅2 LiOR einen Cl/Mg‐Austausch mit verschiedenen elektronenreichen Arylchloriden in Toluol, wobei Diorganomagnesiumspezies des Typs Ar 2 Mg⋅2 LiOR gebildet werden, die gut mit Aldehyden und Allylbromiden reagieren.
Elemental excitations in MoI3 one-dimensional van der Waals nanowires (2022)

We report the polarization-dependent Raman spectra of exfoliated MoI3, a van der Waals material with a “true one-dimensional” crystal structure that can be exfoliated to individual atomic chains. The temperature evolution of several Raman features reveals an anomalous behavior suggesting a phase transition of magnetic origin. Theoretical considerations indicate that MoI3 is an easy-plane antiferromagnet with alternating spins along the dimerized chains and with inter-chain helical spin ordering. The calculated frequencies of phonons and magnons are consistent with the interpretation of the experimental Raman data. The obtained results shed light on the specifics of the phononic and magnonic states in MoI3 and provide a strong motivation for further study of this unique material with potential for future spintronic applications.
Identification of fluocinolone acetonide to prevent paclitaxel‐induced peripheral neuropathy (2016)

Paclitaxel (PTX) is among the most commonly used cancer drugs that cause chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a debilitating and serious dose-limiting side effect. Currently, no drugs exist to prevent CIPN, and symptomatic therapy is often ineffective. In order to identify therapeutic candidates to prevent axonal degeneration induced by PTX, we carried out a phenotypic drug screening using primary rodent dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. We identified fluocinolone acetonide as a neuroprotective compound and verified it through secondary screens. Furthermore, we showed its efficacy in a mouse model of PTX-induced peripheral neuropathy and confirmed with four different cancer cell lines that fluocinolone acetonide does not interfere with PTX's antitumor activity. Our study identifies fluocinolone acetonide as a potential therapy to prevent CIPN caused by PTX.
Incentivizing a Carbon-Free Economy: A Method to Identify Free-Riders (2020)

Top-down approaches to reducing global carbon dioxide emissions have so far met with limited success, even though most countries accept the urgency of mitigating climate change and have en­tered into various agreements that should help reduce emissions. This article does not dismiss the importance of such “top-down” agreements for developing rational strategies to achieve declining total emissions, but it suggests a complementary approach to encourage immediate “bottom-up” progress on climate goals that do not need to wait for global cooperation. This paper develops a framework to identify free-riding behavior among countries that use three readily measured pa­rameters of the country’s economy: carbon intensity, rate of change of the carbon intensity, and per capita GDP. It then goes on to propose a simple formula to calculate trade sanctions against a free-riding country that could be used in bilateral actions to incentivize carbon emissions reduc­tions. The paper argues that the value of the goods, the difference in carbon intensity between the importer and exporter, and the cost of carbon removal can be used to calculate the unfair trade ad­vantage of a free-riding country. The dynamics of the proposed framework are tested through three case studies, highlighting current free-rider behavior—based on historic emissions for the period 1991–2012; an alternate, hypothetical scenario whereby a subset of countries follow aggressive carbon emission reductions; and a 450 ppm stabilization scenario.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry and Mechanism of the Wittig Reaction. Diastereomeric Reaction Intermediates and Analysis of the Reaction Course. (1987)

Abstract Individual diastereoisomeric 1,2‐oxaphosphetanes such as (III) and (IV) have been directly observed in the Wittig olefination reaction by use of high‐field NMR spectroscopy at low temp., permitting detailed evaluation of these intermediates.
Enhanced Characteristics of In0.5Ga0.5As Quantum Dot Infrared Photo Detector with Hydrogen Plasma Treatment (2008)

Device characteristics of In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dot infrared detector (QDIP) have been enhanced with hydrogen plasma treatment. After the hydrogen (H) plasma treatment, the dark currents were noticeably decreased and photoluminescence (PL) intensity was increased by H-passivation of interfacial traps between quantum dots and GaAs and of non-radiative defect centers caused during QD growths. Photo response, which could not be observed in as-grown QDIP due to large dark currents which obscured the photocurrent signal, was measured successfully after H-treatment due to H-passivation.
Toward a Flexible Bidding Strategy with Preference Analysis (2013)

Today, the majority of solution development is completed under a fixed-price contract. Due to the inherent uncertainty of executing a project with many unpredictable factors, the solution developer bears significant risk in terms of cost, delivery time and quality. Compared to a variable-price (time-and-materials) contract, a fixed-price contract shifts most of the development risk from clients to developers. Therefore, it is important for developers to understand the level of risk inherent in a project and take the proper steps to mitigate risks. From the analysis of custom application development projects using service-oriented architecture methods, we observe that extension of the project duration utilizing a smaller development team can help to reduce the project effort (working hours) and therefore reduce the development cost. We characterize the relationship between deterioration in team performance and the increase in project team size through multivariate regression. We also provide a method to adjust the results of standard project estimation methods to take into account client-side risks. We then propose simple client and developer utility functions to quantify these trade-offs. This serves as an initial framework to identify choices that can be made during the bidding process to reduce development risks.
A quantitative evaluation of reordering in OBS networks and its impact on TCP performance (2008)

This paper presents a layered framework to measure the reordering introduced by contention resolution strategies in OBS networks. In particular, characterization is based on the reordering metrics proposed by the IETF IPPM WG. The obtained results are twofold. First, they quantify the impact of burst reordering on TCP throughput performance. Second, they give insight into solving burst reordering by well dimensioned buffers.
A fast boundary cloud method for exterior 2D electrostatic analysis (2002)

Abstract An accelerated boundary cloud method (BCM) for boundary‐only analysis of exterior electrostatic problems is presented in this paper. The BCM uses scattered points instead of the classical boundary elements to discretize the surface of the conductors. The dense linear system of equations generated by the BCM are solved by a GMRES iterative solver combined with a singular value decomposition based rapid matrix–vector multiplication technique. The accelerated technique takes advantage of the fact that the integral equation kernel (2D Green's function in our case) is locally smooth and, therefore, can be dramatically compressed by using a singular value decomposition technique. The acceleration technique greatly speeds up the solution phase of the linear system by accelerating the computation of the dense matrix–vector product and reducing the storage required by the BCM. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Molecular-beam epitaxy of (Ga,Mn)As crystal nanowires on surface GaAs(100) (2012)

Arrays of (Ga,Mn)As crystal nanowires on a GaAs (100) substrate were first obtained using molecular-beam epitaxy at 485°C. From the diffraction patterns of the reflected fast electrons, it was found that crystal nanowires are formed in this system in a cubic crystallographic phase.
Assessment of the Electrophysiological Properties of the Muscle Fibers of a Transplanted Hand (2011)

The results indicate that in the investigated muscle, the baseline value of CV and its dependency on discharge rate were similar as in able-bodied individuals, despite a period of several months of denervation.
Comparative analysis of environmental sequences: potential and challenges (2006)

Environmental sequencing, also dubbed metagenomics, is increasingly being used to obtain insights into organismal communities in diverse habitats, and has a variety of potential applications foreseeable in biotechnology and medicine. The first public large-scale data provide already a wealth of information hidden in vast amounts of fragmented pieces of DNA from unknown species residing in these environments. Comparative sequence analysis is essential for the interpretation of such data. However, different layers of complexity that are intrinsic to each sample require the establishment of some baselines for comparison: how to normalize for the differences in phylogenetic and functional diversity, how to avoid biases from incomplete data, and how to deal with differences in species dominance or genome sizes? Here we discuss a few of these items and delineate some simple discriminative sequence properties for four distinct habitats.
Nanoparticles Containing Curcumin Useful for Suppressing Macrophages In Vivo in Mice (2015)

To explore a novel method using liposomes to suppress macrophages, we screened food constituents through cell culture assays. Curcumin was one of the strongest compounds exhibiting suppressive effects on macrophages. We subsequently tried various methods to prepare liposomal curcumin, and eventually succeeded in preparing liposomes with sufficient amounts of curcumin to suppress macrophages by incorporating a complex of curcumin and bovine serum albumin. The diameter of the resultant nanoparticles, the liposomes containing curcumin, ranged from 60 to 100 nm. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that after intraperitoneal administration of the liposomes containing curcumin into mice, these were incorporated mainly by macrophages positive for F4/80, CD36, and CD11b antigens. Peritoneal cells prepared from mice injected in vivo with the liposomes containing curcumin apparently decreased interleukin-6-producing activities. Major changes in body weight and survival rates in the mice were not observed after administrating the liposomes containing curcumin. These results indicate that the liposomes containing curcumin are safe and useful for the selective suppression of macrophages in vivo in mice.