gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluoride crystals: materials for near-infrared solid state lasers (2013)

In this work we present an overview of the best 2&mu;m laser results obtained in Tm-doped fluoride hosts LiYF<sub>4</sub>(YLF), LiLuF<sub>4</sub> (LLF) and BaY<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> (BYF) and we report on the growth, spectroscopy and first laser test emission of a novel mixed material BaYLuF<sub>8</sub> (BYLF), interesting as a variant of BYF material with a partial substitution of Y<sup>3+</sup> ions by Lu<sup>3+</sup>. The novel host is interesting mainly because indications are that the mixed crystal would be sturdier than BYF. The addition of Lutetium would improve the thermo-mechanical properties going into the direction of high power applications, as suggest from works on YLF and its isomorph LLF. A detailed description of Czochralski growth of fluoride laser materials is provided, focusing on the growth parameters of the novel BYLF:Tm<sup>3+</sup>12% material grown. With regard of spectroscopy analysis, we report on the results obtained with BYLF host. Detailed absorption, fluorescence and lifetime measurements have been performed focusing on the <sup>3</sup>H<sub>4</sub> and <sup>3</sup>F<sub>4</sub> manifolds, the pumping and upper laser level. Moreover diode pumped CW laser emission at 2 &mu;m has been achieved in BYLF: Tm<sup>3+</sup>12% sample obtaining a slope efficiency of about 28% with respect to the absorbed power.
Glial reactions in Parkinson's disease (2007)

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are particularly vulnerable to oxidative and inflammatory attack. Such processes may play a crucial role in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Since glia are the main generators of these processes, the possibility that PD may be caused by glial dysfunction needs to be considered. This review concentrates on glial reactions in PD. Reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia are abundant in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD cases indicating a robust inflammatory state. Glia normally serve neuroprotective roles but, given adverse stimulation, they may contribute to damaging chronic inflammation. Microglia, the phagocytes of brain, may be the main contributors since they can produce large numbers of superoxide anions and other neurotoxins. Their toxicity towards dopaminergic neurons has been demonstrated in tissue culture and various animal models of PD. The MPTP and alpha-synuclein models are of particular interest. Years after exposure to MPTP, inflammation has been observed in the SN. This has established that an acute insult to the SN can result in a sustained local inflammation. The alpha-synuclein model indicates that an endogenous protein can induce inflammation, and, when overexpressed, can lead to autosomal dominant PD. Less is known about the role of astrocytes than microglia, but they are known to secrete both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules and may play a role in modulating microglial activity. Oligodendrocytes do not seem to play a role in promoting inflammation although, like neurons, they may be damaged by inflammatory processes. Further research concerning glial reactions in PD may lead to disease-modifying therapeutic approaches.
Performance of single carbon granules as perspective for larger scale capacitive bioanodes (2016)

The use of high surface area electrodes, like carbon-based felt or granules, in Bioelectrochemical Systems is crucial for high volumetric current production. In case activated carbon granules are used, charge can also be stored in the form of an electric double layer in the pores, which has been shown to improve bioanode performance. So far, it is not known how much current can be generated by a single granule. In this study, we investigate the current production and charge storage behavior of a single carbon granule. Two types of activated carbon granules and one graphite granule are tested to find the untapped potential of granular bioanodes. A single activated carbon granule produces up to 0.6 mA, corresponding to 60 mA cm−3 granule volume at −300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl anode potential. Charge – discharge experiments show that capacitive granules produced 1.3–2.0 times more charge compared to a graphite granule with low surface area. When extrapolated to other granular systems, our study indicates that the current generated by granular bioanodes can be improved with several orders of magnitude, which could form the basis of an economically feasible Microbial Fuel Cell.
Uptake of bixin by blood lipoproteins and leukocytes in cats (2007)

Bixin was used originally as remedies for asthma, pleurisy, sunstroke and burns. The uptake of bixin in companion animals is unknown. We fed domestic shorthair cats bixin extracted from the annatto seed (1.6% bixin, &lt;0.3% norbixin). In experiment 1, domestic cats (3 yr old; n = 8/dose) were orally dosed with 0, 1, 5 or 10 mg bixin and blood was taken at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Plasma bixin concentrations in cats fed 0, 1, 5 or 10 mg bixin increased dose‐dependently and reached maximum concentrations of 0, 9, 45 and 119 nmol/L, respectively. Peak bixin concentration was observed at 1 h after dosing, with an elimination half‐life of 2 h. The uptake profile for norbixin was similar to bixin except that norbixin concentration averaged 10–30 times lower than bixin. In experiment 2, cats were orally administered 0, 1, 5 or 10 mg bixin daily for 14 d. Blood was taken 1 h after dosing on d 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 14 to measure bixin uptake in plasma, lipoproteins (d 6 and 14) and leukocyte subcellular fractions (d 14). Plasma bixin concentration in cats fed bixin peaked on d 1. Bixin uptake by HDL, LDL and VLDL was two times higher on d 14 compared to d 6. Uptake by the HDL and LDL fractions was similar and was approximately 2 times higher than in the VLDL fraction. The steady‐state plasma concentration was 0, 10, 48 and 106 nmol/L, respectively. There was a significant dose‐dependent uptake of bixin by leukocyte nuclei, microsomes and mitochondria. At the 5 and 10 mg doses, the mitochondria accounted for 58–60% of total bixin uptake by blood leukocytes; distribution between the nuclei and microsomes was similar.
Parallel Laboratory and Industrial Scale Aluminium Filtration Tests with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>and SiC Based CFF Filters (2014)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Set-Up Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements
Quantization of Two or More Variables: Statistical Analysis of Quantization Noise (2008)

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New-onset Obesity After Lung Transplantation: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes (2022)

A greater understanding of the multifaceted nature of post-LTx obesity may lead to interventions that are better tailored to the characteristics of these individuals.
Laser Generated Broadband Rayleigh Waveform Evolution for Metal Additive Manufacturing Process Monitoring (2022)

This work proposes that laser pulses can generate finite amplitude Rayleigh waves for process monitoring during additive manufacturing. The noncontact process monitoring uses a pulsed laser to generate Rayleigh waves, and an adaptive laser interferometer to receive them. Experiments and models in the literature show that finite amplitude waveforms evolve with propagation distance and that shocks can even form in the in-plane particle velocity waveform. The nonlinear waveform evolution is indicative of the material nonlinearity, which is sensitive to the material microstructure, which in turn affects strength and fracture properties. The measurements are made inside a directed energy deposition additive manufacturing chamber on planar Ti-6Al-4V and IN-718 depositions. By detecting the out-of-plane particle displacement waveform, the in-plane displacement and velocity waveforms are also available. The waveform evolution can be characterized (i) for one source amplitude by reception at different points or (ii) by reception at one point by applying different source amplitudes. Sample results are provided for intentionally adjusted key process parameters: laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing.
Interpreting the pervasive observation of U-shaped Site Frequency Spectra (2023)

The standard neutral model of molecular evolution has traditionally been used as the null model for population genomics. We gathered a collection of 45 genome-wide site frequency spectra from a diverse set of species, most of which display an excess of low and high frequency variants compared to the expectation of the standard neutral model, resulting in U-shaped spectra. We show that multiple merger coalescent models often provide a better fit to these observations than the standard Kingman coalescent. Hence, in many circumstances these under-utilized models may serve as the more appropriate reference for genomic analyses. We further discuss the underlying evolutionary processes that may result in the widespread U-shape of frequency spectra.
Minimally Supervised Method for Multilingual Paraphrase Extraction from Definition Sentences on the Web (2013)

We propose a minimally supervised method for multilingual paraphrase extraction from definition sentences on the Web. Hashimoto et al. (2011) extracted paraphrases from Japanese definition sentences on the Web, assuming that definition sentences defining the same concept tend to contain paraphrases. However, their method requires manually annotated data and is language dependent. We extend their framework and develop a minimally supervised method applicable to multiple languages. Our experiments show that our method is comparable to Hashimoto et al.’s for Japanese and outperforms previous unsupervised methods for English, Japanese, and Chinese, and that our method extracts 10,000 paraphrases with 92 % precision for English, 82.5 % precision for Japanese, and 82 % precision for Chinese. 1
A 10-Bit Column-Parallel Single Slope ADC Based on Two-Step TDC with Error Calibration for CMOS Image Sensors (2015)

This paper presents a 10-bit column-parallel single slope analog-to-digital converter (SS ADC) with a two-step time-to-digital converter (TDC) to overcome the long conversion time problem in conventional SS ADC for high-speed CMOS image sensors (CIS). The time interval proportional to the input signal is generated by a ramp generator and a comparator, which is digitized by a two-step TDC consisting of coarse and fine conversions to achieve a high-precision time-interval measurement. To mitigate the impact of propagation delay mismatch, a calibration circuit is also proposed to calibrate the delay skew within -T/2 to T/2. The proposed ADC is designed in 0.18 μm CMOS process. The power dissipation of each column circuit is 232 μW at supply voltages of 3.3 V for the analog circuits and 1.8 V for the digital blocks. The post simulation results indicate that the ADC achieves a SNDR of 60.89 dB (9.82 ENOB) and a SFDR of 79.98 dB at a conversion rate of 2 MS/s after calibration, while the SNDR and SFDR are limited to 41.52 dB and 67.64 dB, respectively before calibration. The differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) without calibration are +15.80/-15.29 LSB and +1.68/-15.34 LSB while they are reduced down to +0.75/-0.25 LSB and +0.76/-0.78 LSB with the proposed calibration.
Optical frequency shifter using linearly birefringent monomode fibre (1987)

An optical frequency shifter has been constructed which uses travelling acoustic flexure waves induced on a single linearly birefringent monomode fibre to produce mode coupling between the two orthogonal polarisation eigenmodes. The output of the frequency shifter is examined using a heterodyne interferometer. The measured efficiency was ̃2% at a shift frequency of 491 kHz.
ARM: XSACRCFRMZPPI (2018)

xsacr
A Multidimensional Approach to Explore the Experiences with Ethnic Matching amongst Chinese Social Service Practitioners in the Greater Toronto Area (2021)

Abstract In multicultural societies, social workers often work with people of diverse cultural backgrounds. As one of the strategies to facilitate social workers’ cultural competence in diverse settings, they are often matched with clients of the same or similar cultural backgrounds. This practice is called ethnic matching and is commonly utilised in ethno-specific and immigrant-serving organisations. This practice has been extensively studied in the literature and is believed to be beneficial to treatment acceptability and service quality. Nonetheless, most of the existing literature focuses on the practitioner–client dyad without taking the broader context into consideration. This study adopted a multidimensional cultural competence approach to examine Chinese practitioners’ lived experiences of serving Chinese immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Six focus groups were conducted (n = 34), and data were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Results show themes across four levels: (i) personal: personal experience as a motivator; (ii) interpersonal: shared culture and language as a double-edged sword; (iii) organisational: service target shifts and increased difficulty to ethnically match and (iv) community: intracommunity heterogeneity and mismatch. This study provides recommendations for social workers, educators and policymakers to consider when applying ethnic matching in cross-cultural settings.
Optimization of the Distribution and Localization of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Differential Evolution Approach (2016)

Location information for wireless sensor nodes is needed in most of the routing protocols for distributed sensor networks to determine the distance between two particular nodes in order to estimate the energy consumption. Differential evolution obtains a suboptimal solution based on three features included in the objective function: area, energy, and redundancy. The use of obstacles is considered to check how these barriers affect the behavior of the whole solution. The obstacles are considered like new restrictions aside of the typical restrictions of area boundaries and the overlap minimization. At each generation, the best element is tested to check whether the node distribution is able to create a minimum spanning tree and then to arrange the nodes using the smallest distance from the initial position to the suboptimal end position based on the Hungarian algorithm. This work presents results for different scenarios delimited by walls and testing whether it is possible to obtain a suboptimal solution with inner obstacles. Also, a case with an area delimited by a star shape is presented showing that the algorithm is able to fill the whole area, even if such area is delimited for the peaks of the star.
Model for the mechanical pellet-cladding interaction during power cycles (1986)

The use of solid breeders in blanket components of fusion reactors is necessitated by the need for tritium breeding, with avoidance of problems arising from liquid metal breeders; such as corrosion and MHD pressure drop. The material 9-C (low activation equivalent of HT-9) is used for the outside structure of the module, as well as for solid breeder pin cladding. The first wall is cooled with high velocity helium through coolant channels, while the pins are cooled by helium in a cross-flow configuration. The first zone is made up entirely of beryllium pins for neutron breeding, and then two solid breeder zones follow. In order to minimize maintenance time, a satisfactory configuration has to withstand transient phenomena associated with power-ramps and shutdowns while giving optimal thermomechanical performance in reasonable lifetime. These objectives can be reached by selecting suitable geometry and material specifications as well as prescribed temperature histories. Finding the minimal allowable ramp rate for startup is important from the economy of the operation, since overly conservative startup can amount to substantial percentage of the power cycle. In the stage of preliminary design the main concern is failure of the cladding due to high stresses or large total strains. The following analysis provides a simplified tool for design based on macroscopic mechanical interaction between the breeder and the cladding. The next most important effect to include in the analysis is phenomena associated with failure of materials at the micro-scale such as stress corrosion, creep fracture and fatigue.
Computationally driven discovery of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors: from design to experimental validation (preprint) (2021)

We report the fast-track computationally-driven discovery of new SARS-CoV2 Main Protease (Mpro) inhibitors whose potency range from mM for initial non-covalent ligands to high nM for the final covalent compound (IC50=830 +/-50 nM). The project extensively relied on high-resolution all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and absolute binding free energy calculations performed using the polarizable AMOEBA force field. The study is complemented by extensive adaptive sampling simulations used to rationalize different ligands binding poses through the explicit reconstruction of the ligand-protein conformational space. Machine learning predictions are also utilized to predict selected compound properties. Computations were performed on GPU-accelerated supercomputers and high-performance cloud infrastructures to exponentially reduce time-to-solution, and were systematically coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to drive synthesis and in vitro characterization of compounds. The study highlights the power of in silico strategies that rely on structure-based approaches for drug design and address protein conformational heterogeneity. The proposed scaffolds open a path toward further optimization of Mpro inhibitors with nM affinities.
A Conserved Cysteine Motif Is Critical for Rice Ceramide Kinase Activity and Function (2011)

OsCERK is a bona fide ceramide kinase with a functionally and evolutionarily conserved Cys-rich motif that plays an important role in modulating cell fate in plants. The vital function of the conserved motif in both human and rice CERKs suggests that the biochemical mechanism of CERKs is similar in animals and plants. Furthermore, ceramides induce cell death with similar features in monocot and dicot plants.
Adsorption of Ethyl Pyruvate on Pt(111) Studied by XPS and UPS (2000)

The adsorption of ethyl pyruvate on Pt(111) at low temperature was investigated by XP and UP spectroscopy. The assignment of the photoelectron spectra was assisted by calculation of correlated ionization potentials. Comparison of the XP and UP spectra of the condensed and chemisorbed layer indicates a strong ethyl pyruvate adsorption bond in the latter. Upon chemisorption, the HOMO of ethyl pyruvate, which is a lone-pair orbital delocalized over both CO groups, is stabilized by about 0.7 eV with respect to the other orbitals, which is characteristic for a lone-pair bonding mechanism. The same bonding mechanism was found for coverages far below saturation. The XP spectra further indicate that the ketone CO is more strongly involved in the chemisorption bond than the carboxyl CO of ethyl pyruvate. The packing density of the saturated chemisorbed ethyl pyruvate layer, as determined by XPS, is high. This points toward an upright or tilted orientation of ethyl pyruvate in this layer, in line with the observed bonding mechanism.
Modality-integrated magnetic catheter tracking for x-ray vascular interventions (2005)

A novel setup for the integration of a magnetic tracking system (MTS) into a catheter laboratory environment by attaching the field generator of the MTS to the C-arm of the x-ray system was investigated. The metal interference of the x-ray system with the MTS then becomes static and can be calibrated. The registration of a tracked catheter to 2D live x-ray images with high and well-defined accuracy is thus possible for arbitrary C-arm positions. Interference with imaging by blocking the field of view is avoided. Real-time registration methods to maintain the registration of the catheter also to static 2D or 3D images (roadmaps), regardless of the C-arm rotation during catheter tracking, were investigated. Residual registration errors of the tracked catheter with respect to the static roadmaps (2D and 3D) were reduced by using the vessel geometry and shape information. The algorithms potentially allow for motion correction (e.g. due to respiration). Using the shape-based correction algorithms the average registration accuracies to static roadmaps for different C-arm angulations and catheter positions were determined to be 3.3-4.2 mm. The magnetic registration of the C-arm was furthermore allowed to compute the imaging geometry (position of the C-arm) and to produce virtual angiographic preview images before contrast injection and x-ray dose application. Thus, optimal projection geometries and collimator settings for the target region can be chosen in an 'off line' fashion. The proposed MTS-supported navigation setup on both 3D (static) and 2D (live and static) roadmaps merges the high resolution and real-time feedback of 2D x-ray images with the navigation support from 3D static images.
Feedback effects in a laser diode due to Rayleigh backscattering from an optical fibre (1982)

Feedback effects in a laser diode due to Rayleigh back-scattering in a 50 m fibre with or without end reflections are reported. Linewidth reduction by more than 200 and wavelength instability on a millisecond scale are observed. An analytical model based on the statistical nature of the back-scattering shows good agreement with the experimental results.
Parametric Study for Lossless Casing Treatment on a Mixed-Flow Compressor Rotor (2015)

A systematic numerical study has been carried out to investigate the effects of casing treatment slots geometry and location on the stall margin and peak efficiency of an isolated mixed-flow rotor at high subsonic flow conditions. Based on the literature review for axial rotor, a semi-circular axial skewed slot casing treatment placed in the leading edge region was chosen as the starting configuration as it has the best potential of producing stall margin improvement with low peak efficiency loss. A computational parametric study was performed from this baseline casing treatment geometry to identify the most important geometrical design parameters and to arrive at a design with noticeable stall margin improvement and no loss in peak efficiency. The results show that the design parameters with the largest impact on stall margin improvement and peak efficiency are: open area ratio, slot skew angle, slot axial length and slot axial position. The slots depth and slot shape seem to have only limited influence on performance. While not yet optimized, a slot casing treatment design with significant stall margin improvement and no loss in peak efficiency was obtained. To the authors’ knowledge, this work is the most extensive slot casing treatments parametric study so far in term of number of design parameters considered.
Silent mutations inthephenylalanine hydroxylase gene asan aidtothediagnosis ofphenylketonuria (1991)

Directsequencing ofthephenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)geneindicated theexistence of silent mutations incodons232,245,and385, linked tospecific RFLP haplotypes inseveral Caucasianpopulations, namelyGermans, Bulgarians, Italians, Turks,andLithuanians. Allthreemutations createa newrestriction site andcanbeeasily detected onPCR amplifiedDNA.Theusefulness ofthesilent mutationsfordiagnostic purposes depends onthe haplotype distribution inthetargetpopulation. Thecombinedanalysis ofthesemarkers andoneortwoPKU mutations formsasimple panelofdiagnostic tests withfull informativenessina largeproportion ofPKU families, whichhelpstoavoidtheproblems ofgenetic heterogeneity andofprenatal genomicSouthernblotanalysis.
New Properties for iCalendar (2016)

This document defines a set of new properties for iCalendar data and
extends the use of some existing properties to the entire iCalendar
object.