gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of characteristics of VUV optical materials irradiated by F 2 laser (2001)

The 157 nm molecular fluorine laser is regarded as the next generation light source for semiconductor exposure technology in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. Research for high performance F<SUB>2</SUB> laser optical materials is therefore indispensable. In this paper, we describe methods and results of evaluating optical materials used in the 157 nm region. We have developed an in-situ VUV evaluation system, which can measure the transmittance in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) and the VUV region directly after laser irradiation and the temporal transmittance during 157 nm-laser irradiation without airborne contamination. The system consists of a 2 kHz F<SUB>2</SUB> laser, an in-situ VUV irradiation system and a specialized VUV spectrophotometer. Laser irradiation and measurements were carried out under high purity nitrogen gas. During the first phase of F<SUB>2</SUB> laser irradiation (0 approximately 0.7 million pulses), a rapid transmittance increase (87% yields 89%) of calcium fluoride (CaF<SUB>2</SUB>) substrates was observed and this change took almost place within one minute after starting the irradiation. It is assumed that this effect is due to surface cleaning by the F<SUB>2</SUB> laser beam. Surface polishing has been excluded because the sample surface roughness measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM) showed no difference before and after irradiation. After an irradiation of 0.1 million pulses, the fast initial increase of the transmittance slowed down and finally reached about 89%. The slower increase might be correlated with a reduced chemical bonding of hydroxyl groups on the surface, because the transmittance change at 157 nm was in good agreement with the measured VUV transmittance below 170 nm. This is corresponds with the hydroxyl absorption band below 170 nm. The transmittance and reflectance of high reflection coated substrates were examined as well. Obvious damage and a huge reflectivity loss (82.4% yields 47.4%) were observed after 1.5 billion irradiation pulses. The information obtained during this work is very useful in devising optical F<SUB>2</SUB> laser components.
Sex-Specific Differences in the Association Between Race/Ethnicity and NAFLD Among US Population (2021)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is spreading worldwide, with a racial/ethnic disparity. We examined the gender role in the racial/ethnic difference in NAFLD in the US population. We analyzed data for 3,292 individuals ≥18 years old from NHANES 2017-2018, a representative sample of the non-institutionalized adult population in the US. Exclusions were subjects with elevated transferrin level, chronic hepatitis B or C, excessive alcohol use, or prescription medications that might cause hepatic steatosis. NAFLD was diagnosed by FibroScan<sup>®</sup> using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) values: S0 <238, S1 = 238-259, S2 = 260-290, S3 >290. Data were analyzed using Chi square and multinomial regression. The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 47.9% [S2 = 16.1%, and S3 = 31.8%]. The prevalence of S3 was highest among Mexican Americans (46%), lowest among Blacks (22.7%), 29.9% in other Hispanics and 32.1% in Whites (<i>p</i> < 0.05). It was higher among Mexican American males (54.1%) compared to Mexican American females (37.7%) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In the adjusted model, Mexican Americans were two times more likely than Whites to have S2 and S3 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Only male Mexican Americans had higher odds of S2 and S3 relative to male White (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Males had higher odds of S3 relative to non-menopausal females (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was no difference in the odds of S2 or S3 NAFLD among the menopausal females with or without hormone therapy relative to non-menopausal females (<i>p</i> > 0.05). While Mexican Americans had the highest prevalence of severe NAFLD relative to the other racial/ethnic groups, only male Mexican Americans, but not females, had higher likelihood of both moderate and severe NAFLD relative to Whites. Interventions that specifically target Mexican American males are needed to increase awareness about NAFLD and its prevention.
Inoculating science against potential pandemics and information hazards (2018)

The recent de novo assembly of horsepox is an instructive example of an information hazard: published methods enabling poxvirus synthesis led to media coverage spelling out the implications, efficiently disseminating true information that might be used to cause harm. Whether or not the benefits justified the risks, the horsepox saga provides ample reason to upgrade the current system for screening synthesized DNA for hazardous sequences, which does not cover the majority of firms and cannot reliably prevent the assembly of potentially pandemic pathogens. An upgraded system might leverage one-way encryption to confidentially scrutinize virtually all commercial production by a cooperative international network of servers whose integrity can be verified by third parties. Funders could support participating institutions to ease the transition or outright subsidize the market to make clean DNA cheaper, while boycotts by journals, institutions, and funders could ensure compliance and require hardware-level locks on future DNA synthesizers. However, the underlying problem is that security and safety discussions among experts typically follow potentially hazardous events rather than anticipating them. Changing norms and incentives to favor preregistration and advisory peer review of planned experiments could test alternatives to the current closeted research model in select areas of science. Because the fields of synthetic mammalian virology and especially gene drive research involve technologies that could be unilaterally deployed and may self-replicate in the wild, they are compelling candidates for initial trials of early-stage peer review.
Experimental study of Marangoni flows in molten and solidifying Sn and Sn-Bi layers heated from the side (2002)

An experimental study of Marangoni flows in horizontal layers of tin based metallic alloys heated from the side is carried out, based on the observation of the motion of tracer particles at the surface associated with a direct measurement of temperatures in the melt. A key feature of the procedure is that the experiments are performed in a high vacuum environment to limit as much as possible the pollution of the liquid vapour interface. In pure tin, depending on the intensity of the driving force measured by the Reynolds-Marangoni number, either viscous or boundary layer flow regimes are found. In addition, the onset of temperature oscillations is found to be consistent with the hydrothermal wave instability mechanism proposed by Smith and Davis. In tin-bismuth alloys, the observed flow directions and velocities are interpreted in terms of a non linear dependence of the surface tension on temperature, and successfully compared with the dependence predicted by interpolating the available experimental surface tension data with the help of a simple thermodynamic model. During the directional solidification of the layer, the concentration gradient in the solute rich boundary layer ahead of the growth front is found to locally modify the flow pattern. For instance, when thermal and solutal driving forces act in the same direction, temperature oscillations are observed at low values of the Reynolds-Marangoni number. As for opposing driving forces, the situation is that a local reversal of the flow direction is observed in correlation with the morphological instability of the growth front.
Novel Results on Slow Coherency in Power Networks (2012)

In this thesis we revisit the classic slow coherency and area aggregation approach to model reduction in power networks. The slow coherency approach is based on identifying sparsely and densely connected areas of a network, within which all generators swing coherently. A time-scale separation and singular perturbation analysis then results in a reduced low-order system, where coherent areas are collapsed into aggregate variables.
Here, we study the application of slow coherency and area aggregation to first-order consensus systems and second-order power system swing dynamics. We unify different theoretic approaches and ideas found throughout the literature, we relax some technical assumptions, and we extend existing results. In particular, we provide a complete analysis of the second-order swing dynamics -- without restrictive assumptions on the system damping
Faraday rotation in semiconductors for photonic integration (2004)

Magnetically doped Fe:InP is demonstrated to provide 45/spl deg/ rotation at 1550 nm with only 1.66 dB insertion loss. Enhanced Faraday rotation in Fe:InGaAsP resonators and high-index contrast waveguides is also demonstrated.
Optical simulator and testbed for spacecraft star tracker development (2005)

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) is currently developing a prototype star scanner design incorporating a variation on the V-slit design concept, called the N-slit, which is intended for deployment on future NASA spacecraft missions, such as the Radiation Belt Storm Probe (RBSP). In order to effectively test and evaluate alternative designs, including optics, sensors, and tracking algorithms, we have developed a laboratory testbed that simulates celestial objects, including stars down to a specified magnitude. We do this by creating a light-hermetic dome-shaped projection environment using light emitting diodes of specified brightness coupled to the dome exterior via fiber-optic patch cords, which can be adjusted by current bias and selected for color, if necessary, to simulate stars over a particular range of magnitudes required for the desired system accuracy. We also simulate the spacecraft platform spin dynamics using a two-axis servo-actuated mount for the star tracker test unit within the dome. This same actuator or a similar assembly can then be transitioned to actual field tests for sensor down-select and full functionality demonstrations prior to follow-on spacecraft-qualified design. We will describe the design, construction, calibration, and operation of this simulator and preliminary results of star scanner sensor evaluation using a photomultiplier-based N-slit sensor.
Autoimmune Response as a Mechanism for a Dobzhansky-Muller-Type Incompatibility Syndrome in Plants (2020)

Epistatic interactions between genes are a major factor in evolution. Hybrid necrosis is an example of a deleterious phenotype caused by epistatic interactions that is observed in many intra- and interspecific plant hybrids. A large number of hybrid necrosis cases share phenotypic similarities, suggesting a common underlying mechanism across a wide range of plant species. Here, we report that approximately 2% of intraspecific crosses in Arabidopsis thaliana yield F1 progeny that express necrosis when grown under conditions typical of their natural habitats. We show that several independent cases result from epistatic interactions that trigger autoimmune-like responses. In at least one case, an allele of an NB-LRR disease resistance gene homolog is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of hybrid necrosis, when combined with a specific allele at a second locus. The A. thaliana cases provide insights into the molecular causes of hybrid necrosis, and serve as a model for further investigation of intra- and interspecific incompatibilities caused by a simple epistatic interaction. Moreover, our finding that plant immune-system genes are involved in hybrid necrosis suggests that selective pressures related to host–pathogen conflict might cause the evolution of gene flow barriers in plants.
Supplementary Figure S3 from Chromatin Regulators as a Guide for Cancer Treatment Choice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Comparison of Affymetrix and NanoString gene expression data&lt;/p&gt;
Development of Biomimetic Polyene Cyclization Directed towards Total Synthesis of Polycyclic Terpenoids (2007)

Asymmetric total synthesis of acid-sensitive (–)and (+)-caparrapi oxides and (+)-8-epicaparrapi oxide from farnesol are achieved using Sharpless–Katsuki epoxidation and Lewis acid-assisted chiral Bronsted acid (chiral LBA)-induced polyene cyclization as key steps. The relative configuration of (+)-dysifragin is determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction and its total synthesis is accomplished by the diastereoselective epoxidation of (+)-caparrapi oxide. Furthermore, (–)-caparrapi oxide can be directly synthesized from (S)-nerolidol and (R)-LBA with 88% ds by reagent control which overcame substrate control, while (–)-caparrapi oxide is obtained from (R)nerolidol and (R)-LBA with >99% ds by the double asymmetric induction.
Rapid Communication: A comparison of cardiac lesions and heart weights from market pigs that did and did not die during transport to one Ontario abattoir1 (2018)

In-transit losses of market hogs represent a small proportion of all market-weight pigs shipped in a year. This suggests that individual pig factors may be a significant cause of in-transit losses along with more traditionally considered environmental and transport factors. An investigation was performed to determine whether cardiac pathology and heart weights were associated with pigs that did or did not die during transport to an abattoir. The hearts from 70 pigs that died in-transit to one Ontario abattoir and 388 pigs that arrived alive were collected and examined. Hearts from pigs that died during transport demonstrated greater frequencies of cardiac lesions (<i>P</i> < 0.05). These included hypertrophy of ventricle walls (Left: 97% vs. 64%; Right: 86% vs. 57%), dilation of ventricle chambers (Left: 79% vs. 0.5%; Right: 100% vs. 5%), and dilation of the pulmonary artery and aorta (59% vs. 1.5%). Total heart weight to body weight ratios were increased (3.6 vs. 3.3 g/kg) and left ventricle plus septum weight over right ventricle weight ratio was decreased in pigs that died during transport over non-in-transit loss pigs (2.5 vs. 2.8; <i>P</i> < 0.05). This may indicate reduced cardiac function in hogs that died during transport. Pigs with reduced cardiac function would have exercise intolerance and be more susceptible to death during transport due to the increased cardiac workload required during sorting, loading, and transport of the pigs to the abattoir. Further research to quantify cardiac function in pigs with cardiac lesions or abnormal heart weight ratios is warranted.
Clinical application of pharmacokinetic analysis as a biomarker of solitary pulmonary nodules: Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MR imaging (2012)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate perfusion indices and pharmacokinetic parameters in solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). Thirty patients of 34 enrolled with SPNs (15-30 mm) were evaluated in this study. T1 and T2-weighted structural images and 2D turbo FLASH perfusion images were acquired with shallow free breathing. B-spline nonrigid image registration and optimization by χ² test against pharmacokinetic model curve were performed on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. This allowed voxel-by-voxel calculation of k(ep) , the rate constant for tracer transport to and from plasma and the extravascular extracellular space. Mean transit time, time-to-peak, initial slope, and maximum enhancement (E(max) ) were calculated from time-intensity curves fitted to a gamma variate function. After blinded data analysis, correlation with tissue histology from surgical resection or biopsy samples was performed. Histologic evaluation revealed 25 malignant and five benign SPNs. All benign SPNs had k(ep) < 1.0 min⁻¹. Nineteen of 25 (76%) malignant SPNs showed k(ep) > 1.0 min⁻¹. Sensitivity to diagnose malignant SPNs at a cutoff of k(ep) = 1.0 min⁻¹ was 76%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, negative predictive value was 45%, and accuracy was 80%. Of all indices studied, k(ep) was the most significant in differentiating malignant from benign SPNs.
Optimum Droop Parameter Settings of Islanded Microgrids With Renewable Energy Resources (2014)

Droop control is a key strategy for operating distributed generation (DG) islanded systems, i.e., islanded microgrids (IMGs). The droop parameter settings of the DG units can significantly impact the ability of an IMG to feed its demand. This paper proposes a new probabilistic algorithm for determining the optimum choice for such droop settings for the individual DG units in a distribution network in cases when a microgrid central controller is unavailable. The proposed algorithm adopts a constraint hierarchy approach to enhance the operation of IMGs by satisfying the operational constraints of the system and expanding its loading margin. The new algorithm takes into consideration the variety of possible IMG configurations that can be initiated in a distribution network (multi-microgrids), the uncertainty and variability associated with the output power of renewable DG units as well as the variability of the load, and the special features and operational philosophy associated with droop-controlled IMG systems. Simulation studies show that the proposed algorithm can facilitate the successful implementation of the IMG concept by reducing the customer interruptions and enhancing the IMGs’ loadability margins.
Prospective Identification and Skeletal Localization of Cells Capable of Multilineage Differentiation In Vivo (2010)

A prospective in vivo assay was used to identify cells with potential for multiple lineage differentiation. With this assay, it was first determined that the 5-fluorouracil resistant cells capable of osseous tissue formation in vivo also migrated toward stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in vitro. In parallel, an isolation method based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting was employed to identify a very small cell embryonic-like Lin-/Sca-1+CD45- cell that with as few as 500 cells was capable of forming bone-like structures in vivo. Differential marrow fractionation studies determined that the majority of the Lin-Sca-1+CD45- cells reside in the subendosteal regions of marrow. To determine whether these cells were capable of differentiating into multiple lineages, stromal cells harvested from Col2.3 Delta TK mice were implanted with a gelatin sponge into SCID mice to generate thymidine kinase sensitive ossicles. At 1.5 months, 2,000 green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ Lin-Sca-1+CD45- cells were injected into the ossicles. At harvest, colocalization of GFP-expressing cells with antibodies to the osteoblast-specific marker Runx-2 and the adipocyte marker PPAP gamma were observed. Based on the ability of the noncultured cells to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages in vivo and the ability to generate osseous tissues at low density, we propose that this population fulfills many of the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells.
Identification of back flash and shielding failure on transmission line based on time domain characteristics of traveling wave (2014)

Identification of lightning type can provide directive guidance for the operation and maintenance of transmission lines. In this study, a corresponding relationship satisfied by the polarities of three phases of fault traveling wave current is built under the condition that a fault of transmission line is caused by lightning. On the basis of the lightning overvoltage theory and the boundary condition of transmission line, it is proposed that the back flash should be identified according to the differences and similarities in polarities of three phases of current traveling waves. Based on the modified energy ratio, a method is proposed for the judgment of the transmission line fault caused by lightning and shielding failure, in accordance with the energy variation feature of transient traveling wave. Finally, the identification of types of lightning on the transmission line is achieved. The method is proved to be correct and have good application value by performing simulations and field experiments.
Carbon starvation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms selects for dispersal insensitive mutants (2021)

This suggests that while starvation can induce dispersal from the biofilm, it also results in strong selection for mutants that overproduce c-di-GMP and that fail to disperse in response to the dispersal cue, starvation.
Circulating cytokine levels in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy: influence of neoadjuvant total androgen suppression. (2009)

The precise mechanisms underlying this TAS-related increase of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 and decrease of the profibrotic cytokine TGFbeta remain unclear. However, previous reports have documented that androgens tend to be immunosuppressive in nature. It is conceivable, therefore, that administration of TAS shifts the ratio of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines toward a more immunostimulatory state.
Теоретические предпосылки разработки электродератизатора (2015)

The proposed by the authors calculation methodology allows to theoretically substantiate the main structural and technological parameters of the electric disinfestation device for the effective protection of AIC objects from rodents.
A study of Carbon and Nitrogen Free New Alloys with Superior Creep Properties More over 700°C (2007)

In order to improve the creep strength of the heat resistant steels at elevated temperatures over 700°C, a new attempt has been demonstrated using carbon and nitrogen free Fe-Ni martensitic and austenitic alloys strengthened by Laves phase such as Fe2W and Fe2Mo. It is important that these alloys are independent of any carbides and any carbo-nitrides as strengthening factors. The high temperature creep tests over 700°C exceed 36,000 hours and the test is continued. Creep behavior of alloys is found to be completely different from that of the conventional high-Cr ferritic steels. The alloys exhibit gradual change in the creep rate with strain both in the transient and acceleration creep regions, and give a larger strain for the minimum creep rate. Effect of Cr on the Fe-12Ni-9Co-10W alloys on the creep properties more over 700°C was investigated. It became clear that the value for 100,000 hours was exceeded at 700°C and 100MPa calculated from the Larson-Miller parameter at C=20. And surface appearance of crept specimen was investigated in detail.
Carbon formation on stainless steel 304H in convection section of ethane cracking plant (2014)

The coking of stainless steel 304H alloy (SS304H) has been investigated in ethane–steam mixtures in the presence/absence of a few ppm of H2S at 700°C. In this, first detailed study of the influence of H2S on carbon morphology on SS304H, we show that the addition of H2S greatly altered the carbon morphology, in the long-term experiments (90 h). For shorter exposure times (4 h), carbon formation decreased as H2S concentration was increased. This improved carbon tolerance of SS304H is likely due to adsorption of sulphfur on its surface. Addition of H2S did not change the ethane cracking initiation temperature or the product distribution.