gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nobel Lecture: Nanoscopy with freely propagating light (2015)

15 MoreReceived 11 May 2015DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1169© 2015 Nobel Foundation, Published by The American Physical Society*The 2014 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was shared by Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, and William E. Moerner. These papers are the text of the address given in conjunction with the award.
Arrays of nanoscale magnetic dots: Fabrication by x-ray interference lithography and characterization (2004)

X-ray interference lithography (XIL) was employed in combination with electrodeposition to fabricate arrays of nanoscale nickel dots which are uniform over 40μm and have periods down to 71nm. Using extreme-ultraviolet light, XIL has the potential to produce magnetic dot arrays over large areas with periods well below 50nm, and down to a theoretical limit of 6.5nm for a 13nm x-ray wavelength. In the nickel dot arrays, we observed the effect of interdot magnetic stray field interactions. Measuring the hysteresis loops using the magneto-optical Kerr effect, a double switching via the vortex state was observed in the nickel dots with diameters down to 44nm and large dot separations. As the dot separations are reduced to below around 50nm a single switching, occurring by collective rotation of the magnetic spins, is favored due to interdot magnetic stray field interactions. This results in magnetic flux closure through several dots which could be visualized with micromagnetic simulations. Further evidence of the stray field interactions was seen in photoemission electron microscopy images, where bands of contrast corresponding to chains of coupled dots were observed.
Characterization and Reactions of Previously Elusive 17-Electron Cations:  Electrochemical Oxidations of (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)Cr(CO)<sub>3</sub>and (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)Co(CO)<sub>2</sub>in the Presence of [B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup> (2002)

The electrochemical oxidations of (C6H6)Cr(CO)3, 1, and (C5H5)Co(CO)2, 2, when carried out in CH2Cl2/[NBu4][B(C6F5)4], allow the physical or chemical characterization of the 17-electron cations 1+ and 2+ at room temperature. The generation of 1+ on a synthetic time scale permits an electrochemical "switch" process involving facile substitution of CO by PPh3 as a route to (C6H6)Cr(CO)2PPh3. The radical 2+ undergoes a second-order reaction to give a product assigned as the metal-metal bonded dimer dication [Cp2Co2(CO)4]2+. The new anodic chemistry of these often-studied 18-electron compounds is made possible by increases in the solubility and thermal stability of the cation radicals in media containing the poorly nucleophilic anion [B(C6F5)4]-, TFAB.
Biogeochemical Cycling of Manganese at Hydrothermal Vents (1990)

Abstract : The interactions between bacteria and metals in the ocean are profoundly important both in environments with high levels of metals, such as hydrothermal vents, as well as in metal-poor oligotrophic environments. These represent the environmental extremes for metal concentrations. Metals affect primary productivity by both metal limitation of phytoplankton growth and by serving as a potential energy source for bacterial (autotrophic) growth. In addition, the highly charged surfaces of metal oxide particles, which, to a large extent, are microbially produced, govern much trace metal and organic geochemistry. The role these oxides surfaces play is evident both in hydrothermal vent plumes (which, because they are dispersed hundreds of kilometers away from venting sources, have a profound influence on the chemistry and ecology of the deep sea) as well as in the photic zone, where trace metals and organics are transported via metal oxides out of surface layer and through the water column (so called redox-mediated transport').
A Framework for Quality Assurance in Crowdsourcing (2013)

The emergence of online paid micro-crowdsourcing platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), allows on-demand and at scale distribution of tasks to human workers around the world. In such settings, online workers come and complete small tasks posted by a company, working for as long or as little as they wish. Such temporary employer-employee relationships give rise to adverse selection, moral hazard, and many other challenges. How can we ensure that the submitted work is accurate, especially when the verification cost is comparable to the cost of performing the task? How can we estimate the exhibited quality of the workers? What pricing strategies should be used to induce the effort of workers with varying ability levels? We develop a comprehensive framework for managing the quality in such micro crowdsourcing settings: First, we describe an algorithm for estimating the error rates of the participating workers, and show how to separate systematic worker biases from unrecoverable errors and generate an unbiased “worker quality” measurement. Next, we present a selective repeated-labeling algorithm that acquires labels in a way so that quality requirements can be met at minimum cost. Then, we propose a quality-adjusted pricing scheme that adjusts the payment level according to the contributed value by each worker. We test our compensation scheme in a principal-agent setting in which workers respond to incentives by varying their effort. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed pricing scheme is able to induce workers to exert higher levels of effort and yield larger profits for employers compared to the commonly adopted uniform pricing schemes. We also describe strategies that build on our quality control and pricing framework, to tackle crowdsourced tasks of increasingly higher complexity, while still maintaining a tight quality control of the process.
A case study on IVR applications' provisioning as cloud computing services (2014)

Interactive Voice Response (IVR) applications (e.g. automated attendant, automated survey) have become ubiquitous. However, very few, if any, IVR applications are provisioned today as cloud computing services despite all the potential benefits. Cloud computing is an emerging multi-faceted paradigm, whose main facets are Infrastructure as a Service-IaaS, Platform as a Service-PaaS, and Software as a Service-SaaS. This paper proposes a case study on IVR applications' provisioning as cloud computing services. It identifies the IVR substrates (e.g. key detector, voice recorder and dialog manager) on which the IVR applications rely and proposes at the IaaS level an IVR substrate virtualization infrastructure. Substrates' virtualization enables a more efficient resource usage, a key benefit inherent to cloud computing. The article also proposes at the PaaS level an accompanying platform to develop and manage the IVR applications which use the identified virtualized substrates. A few typical IVR applications are also developed and managed to illustrate the SaaS facet of cloud computing. The implementation is described, along with the prototype and the performance measurements.
Circular polarization switchable single layer microstrip array antenna (2012)

In this paper, a circular polarization switchable single layer microstrip array antenna is proposed and the performances of the array antenna are confirmed experimentally. The array antenna consists of the orthogonal dual linear polarized microstrip array antenna which has several air-bridges, a 90-deg. hybrid circuit and a SPDT switch circuit loading four PIN diodes on a single layer substrate. It is possible to entirely integrate RF circuits with array antennas due to realization of the novel SPDT switch. By integrating the array antenna with both the SPDT switch circuit and the 90-deg. hybrid circuit, the circular polarizations (RHCP, LHCP) can be easily switched by the diode ON/OFF conditions. The design frequency is 10GHz. In the measurement, the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 3.8% is obtained. Therefore, excellent the circular polarization switching performances of the proposed array antenna has been verified.
In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of a Putative Inhibitor of Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Production (1991)

Our main objective was to test the efficacy of 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione (LY83583) in vivo, a putative inhibitor of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) production. If the drug proved capable of lowering plasma, vascular, and kidney levels of cGMP and of inhibiting the hypotensive effect of sodium nitroprusside and methacholine, then LY83583 could be of potential use in exploring the contribution of cGMP to cardiovascular and renal physiology. We found that when administered to trained conscious rats, LY83583 (1-mg/kg bolus, followed by a 2-hr infusion of 3 mg/kg.hr) decreased plasma cGMP concentration by 36% (P less than 0.01). Doubling the dosage of drug (2-mg/kg bolus, 6 mg/kg.hr) decreased plasma cGMP by 46% (P less than 0.05). We next measured tissue levels of cGMP ex vivo from rats that had received LY83583 or vehicle for 2 hr. The cGMP content of aortic segments when LY83583 was infused at the low dose, or renal cortical tissue when LY83583 was infused at both doses, was not significantly different from the cGMP content of tissue from rats that had received vehicle. LY83583 in doses up to 10-mg/kg bolus, followed by 6 mg/kg.hr infusion also failed to attenuate the hypotensive response to sodium nitroprusside or methacholine in conscious rats. Last, we tested whether, in our hands, LY83583 could reduce cGMP of aortic segments and kidney cortical slices in vitro. We found that after 10 min of incubation, 10(-5) M LY83583 decreased intracellular cGMP by approximately 65% and 50% in aortic and kidney tissues, respectively. In order to ascertain whether LY83583 lowered cGMP by stimulating phosphodiesterase, we incubated tissues with 10(-4) M 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine to inhibit the enzyme. In the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine LY83583 still exerted an inhibitory effect on cGMP production by aortic and kidney tissues. In conclusion, although LY83583 is a useful agent to lower renal and vascular tissues levels of cGMP in vitro, its efficacy in vivo seems doubtful.
282 Pan-tumor analysis of the association between PD-L1 combined positive score and response to pembrolizumab monotherapy (2020)

<h3>Background</h3> PD-L1 is expressed on both tumor and immune cells; however, the mechanism by which PD-L1 modulates the adaptive immune response on tumor versus immune cells may differ. Additionally, the prevalence of PD-L1 expression and the partitioning between tumor and immune compartments varies by tumor type. While PD-L1 expression on tumor or immune cells can be scored separately, the PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) captures both tumor and immune cell expression in one aggregate score. We performed a retrospective, exploratory analysis of the effectiveness of CPS as an enrichment biomarker across several studies of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with multiple tumor types. <h3>Methods</h3> PD-L1 expression was assessed using PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx. Expression was measured using CPS (defined as the number of PD-L1–staining cells [tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages] divided by the total number of tumor cells, multiplied by 100) in tumor samples from single-arm (KEYNOTE-052 [UC], KEYNOTE-059 cohort 1 [G/GEJ], KEYNOTE-086 [TNBC], KEYNOTE-158 [cervical; SCLC], KEYNOTE-180 [EC], KEYNOTE-224 [HCC], KEYNOTE-427 [RCC]) and randomized (KEYNOTE-040 [HNSCC], KEYNOTE-045 [UC], KEYNOTE-061 [G/GEJ], KEYNOTE-119 [TNBC], KEYNOTE-240 [HCC]) pembrolizumab studies. Data were pooled across tumor types for pembrolizumab and for standard-of-care (in controlled studies), and then estimates of response rate, prevalence, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were performed over various CPS cutpoints. CPS distribution by response, tumor type, and line of therapy were also assessed. <h3>Results</h3> There were 3769 treated patients with available PD-L1 CPS (pembrolizumab, n=2678; standard-of-care, n=1091). The area under the ROC curve for ORR was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.61–0.66) for pembrolizumab and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.43–0.53) for standard-of-care when a positive association was evaluated between CPS and ORR (figure 1); individual cutpoints of 1, 10, 20, and 50 were examined (table 1). Figure 2 shows a boxplot of CPS distribution for response in pembrolizumab-treated patients. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This retrospective, exploratory pan-tumor analysis demonstrates that CPS is an effective scoring method for measuring PD-L1 expression and can be used as a predictive biomarker to identify patients likely to respond to pembrolizumab monotherapy. CPS demonstrated enrichment of response to pembrolizumab monotherapy across most, but not all, tumor types, including some tumor types for which efficacy favors pembrolizumab regardless of PD-L1 expression, and for which a companion diagnostic is therefore not needed. In the randomized studies, CPS did not show a consistent association with ORR for standard-of-care therapy.
Molecular mechanics and the polymerization mechanism of homogeneous and heterogeneous Ziegler‐Natta catalysts (1993)

Abstract Examples of the application of simple molecular mechanics techniques to the study of the polymerization mechanism of various types of Ziegler‐Natta catalysts are reported. Details are given on the new mechanism of enantioselectivity suggested by molecular mechanics studies. The validity of the latter, involving a “chiral orientation of the growing chain” which had never been suspected before, has been experimentally proved both for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein 120 alters sleep and induces cytokine mRNA expression in rats [published errata appear in Am J Physiol 1996 Aug;271(2 Pt 2):section R following table of contents and 1996 Dec;271(6 Pt 3):section R following table of contents] (1996)

Sleep is altered during the course of viral infection, including that in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent. Alterations in the sleep of HIV-infected individuals occur early in the course of infection, prior to the onset of AIDS. The mechanisms for such alterations in sleep are not known. The HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) induces the synthesis and secretion of cytokines that enhance [e.g., interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor] and suppress (e.g., IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist) sleep. We used a well-defined rat model to test the hypothesis that the HIV gp120 alters sleep. Recombinant HIV-1IIIB gp120 was injected intracerebroventricularly (20- 500 ng) into rats prior to dark onset. Sleep-wake behavior was not altered after the 20-ng dose, whereas both non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) were initially enhanced and subsequently suppressed after the 100-ng dose. NREMS was enhanced for 8 h after the 500-ng dose; REMS was not affected by this dose. Brain temperature was not altered by any of the gp120 doses used in this study. In addition, mRNA expression for IL-1 beta and IL-10 was induced in the hypothalamus by gp120; this brain region is crucial for the regulation of sleep. These new data support the hypothesis that altered cytokine concentrations within the central nervous system play a pivotal role in the complex alterations in sleep observed during HIV infection.
Molecular cloning of the gene of a penicillin-binding protein supposed to cause high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus (1986)

A novel penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2' (Mr about 75,000), is known to be induced in excessively large amount by most beta-lactam compounds in cells of a clinically isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus, TK784, that is highly resistant to beta-lactams and also most other antibiotics. This protein has very low affinities to most beta-lactam compounds and has been supposed to be the cause of the resistance of the cells to beta-lactams. A 14-kilobase DNA fragment was isolated from the cells that carried the gene encoding this penicillin-binding protein and also a genetically linked marker that is responsible for the resistance to tobramycin. This DNA was cloned on plasmid pACYC184 and was shown to cause both production of PBP-2' and resistance to tobramycin in Escherichia coli cells. However, the formation of PBP-2' in E. coli was only moderate and was independent of normal inducer beta-lactams. The PBP-2' formed in the E. coli cells showed slow kinetics of binding to beta-lactams similar to that of PBP-2' formed in the original S. aureus cells and gave a similar pattern of peptides to the latter when digested with the proteolytic V8 enzyme of S. aureus.
Persistent Immune Responses Induced by a Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Vaccine Delivered in Association with Electroporation in the Skin of Nonhuman Primates (2009)

Strategies to improve vaccine efficacy are still required, especially in the case of chronic infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DNA vaccines have potential advantages over conventional vaccines; however, low immunological efficacy has been demonstrated in many experiments involving large animals and in clinical trials. To improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, we have designed a plasmid vector exploiting the binding capacity of the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein and we have used electroporation (EP) to increase DNA uptake after intradermal inoculation. We demonstrated, in nonhuman primates (NHPs), efficient induction of anti-HIV immunity with an improved DNA vaccine vector encoding an artificial fusion protein, consisting of several proteins and selected epitopes from HIV-1. We show that a DNA vaccine delivery method combining intradermal injection and noninvasive EP dramatically increased expression of the vaccine antigen selectively in the epidermis, and our observations strongly suggest the involvement of Langerhans cells in the strength and quality of the anti-HIV immune response. Although the humoral responses to the vaccine were transient, the cellular responses were exceptionally robust and persisted, at high levels, more than 2 years after the last vaccine boost. The immune responses were characterized by the induction of significant proportions of T cells producing both interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 cytokines, in both subpopulations, CD4(+) and CD8(+). This strategy is an attractive approach for vaccination in humans because of its high efficacy and the possible use of newly developed devices for EP.
A Noise Aware CML Latch Modelling for Large System Simulation (2015)

Modern high speed communication systems often employ both analog and digital blocks. This poses a challenge for simulation of closed loop system dynamics in presence of non-idealities in any of the analog blocks. Due to the size and complexity of such systems it is not possible to do full system level simulation with circuit level models. The presence of digital control blocks makes it difficult to elevate block level observations to system level performance. A major challenge is the difficulty in estimating the error rate at the output of digital latches (continuous-time to discrete-time domain crossing boundaries) in the presence of noise and non-ideal analog input signals. Simplistic models used currently are often inadequate in capturing the long term effects of non ideal behavior at the block level. In this paper we propose a simulation framework to estimate latch transition probabilities in the response to distorted input and clock waveforms in presence of white noise. The evaluated transition probabilities can then be used to estimate system performance in an event driven Markov chain based model.
Mechanistic Modeling Framework for Predicting Extreme Battery Response: Coupled Hierarchical Models for Thermal Mechanical Electrical and (Electro)chemical Processes. (2016)

Abstract not provided.
As-S/Ag systems for integrated optics (2003)

The advantages of the use of metal-chalcogenide systems, and the As-S/Ag system in particular, in integrated optics such as optical interconnections are described. The As-S/Ag system has a number of desirable properties which make it attractive for applications in integrated optics, and these are discussed. It is shown that the metal photodissolution effect has an inherently high spatial resolution, well into the submicron range using optical lithography and on the scale of a few tens of nanometers or less with electron-beam exposure. This unusual combination of properties, their easy fabrication in thin- and thick-film form, and the ability to selectively etch either the undoped or doped material make the chalcogenide compounds uniquely appropriate to a variety of applications in integrated optics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Spitting success and accuracy in archer fishes Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton, 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767) (2011)

Spitting success and accuracy of two congeneric archer fishes Toxotes chatareus and Toxotes jaculatrix were studied to determine whether spitting success and accuracy rate varied with height and/or group size. Overall, individuals of both species exhibited greater spitting success rate when alone than in a group. Greatest spitting success was observed in T. jaculatrix (29.87%) when alone followed by T. chatareus (27.55%), while lowest spitting success (14.88%) was observed for the average of all individuals in a group of two T. chatareus and two T. jaculatrix. Based on spitting accuracy categories right side high (RH), right side low (RL) and left side high (LH) showed no significant differences among the test groups.
Four Wave Mixing Propagation in Fishnet Metamaterials (2013)

We experimentally investigate the nonlinear propagation in thick optical negative index materials. The ratio of the forward to backward four wave mixing generation was shown to follow the prediction of the phase-matching relations.
N3Sim: A simulation framework for diffusion-based molecular communication (2011)

We designed N3Sim in order to simulate a set of
nanomachines which communicate through molecular diffusion in a fluid medium.
Design Optimization of Microstrip Square-Ring Band-Pass Filter with Quasi-Elliptic Function (2003)

Resonant processes in dual-mode microstrip square-ring band-pass filter fed through L-shaped coupling arms have been studied using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations. The performed field analysis has revealed that coupling arms act as additional half-wavelength resonators coupled with the ring through both electric and magnetic fields. New filter designs with horseshoe resonators instead of coupling arms have been developed, which provide either pure magnetic or electric coupling at the resonant frequency. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility to essentially improve filter characteristics. Simulations results have been verified by the measurements of fabricated prototypes.
Ghost driver (2015)

How will pedestrians and cyclists interact with self-driving cars when there is no human driver? To find answers to this question we need a secure experimental design in which pedestrians can interact with a car that appears to drive on its own. In Ghost Driver we staged a fake autonomous car by installing LIDARs, cameras and decals on the outside of the vehicle and by covering the driver with a seat costume so that it appeared that there was no driver in the car. In initial field studies we found that this Wizard-of-Oz technique convinced more than 80% of the participants that the car was driving autonomously without a driver. Consequently the Ghost Driver methodology could become a platform for further investigation of how pedestrians or cyclists interact with driverless vehicles.