gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pre-Applied Underfill (PAUF) for Fine Pitch Flip Chip 3D Chip Stacking (2012)

Current demands of the industry on performance and cost has triggered the electronics industry to use high I/O counts semiconductor packages. Copper pillar technology has been widely adopted for introducing high I/O counts in Flip Chip and 3D Chip Stacking. With the introduction of flipchip technology new avenues have been generated involving 3D chip stacking to expand the need for high performance. With the increase in the demand for high density, copper pillar technology is being adopted in the industry to address the fine pitch requirements in addition to providing enhanced thermal and electrical performance. For this study, Copper pillars and SnAg were electrolytically deposited using Dow's electroplating chemistry on internally developed test structures. After plating, wafers were diced and bonded using thermocompression bonding techniques. Copper pillar technology has been enabled to pass reliability requirements by using Underfill materials during the bonding. Underfill materials assist in redistributing the stress generated during reliability such as thermal fatigue testing. Out of the several Underfill technologies available, we have focused on pre-applied or wafer level underfill materials with 60% silica filler for this study. In the pre-applied underfill process the underfill is applied prior to bonding by coating directly on the whole wafer. Pre-applied underfill reduces the underfill dispense process time by being present prior to bonding. In this study, we have demonstrated the application of wafer level underfill for fine pitch bonding of internally developed test vehicles with SnAg-capped copper pillars with 25 μm diameter and 50 μm bump pitch. This paper demonstrates bonding alignment for fine pitch assembly with wafer level underfill to achieve 100% good solder joins after bonding. Wafer level underfill has been demonstrated successfully to bond and pass JEDEC level 3 preconditioning and standard TCT, HTS and HAST reliability tests. This paper also discusses defect mechanisms which have been found to optimize the bonding process and reliability performance. Alan/Rey ok move from Flip Chip and Wafer Level Packaging 1-6-12.
Supplementary Figure from Tumor Immunogenomic Features Determine Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Standard-of-Care Combinations of Bevacizumab and Cetuximab (2023)

Supplementary Figure from Tumor Immunogenomic Features Determine Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Standard-of-Care Combinations of Bevacizumab and Cetuximab
Effects of upper and lower limb static exertions on global synkineses in hemiparetic subjects (2000)

These results suggest that upper limb global synkinases are more prevalent in specific tasks and that this task specificity may reflect the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the generation of global synkinases.
Using Conceptests to Assess and Improve Student Conceptual Understanding in Introductory Geoscience Courses (2006)

Conceptests are higher-order multiple-choice questions that focus on one key concept of an instructor's major learning goals for a lesson. When coupled with student interaction through peer instruction, conceptests represent a rapid method of formative assessment of student understanding, require minimal changes to the instructional environment and introduce many of the recognized principles of effective teaching that enhance student learning. In this study, instructors from several different institutions developed over 300 conceptests for the geosciences. These instructors then used this suite of concept questions in a wide range of classroom settings, including large introductory general education Earth Science courses for non-majors at open enrollment institutions, smaller physical geology classes suitable for majors at private colleges, and in introductory geology laboratory settings. Results of pre- and post-class Geoscience Concept Inventory (GCI) testing and qualitative feedback from students and instructors showed that conceptests increased attendance, improved student satisfaction, and enhanced student achievement. Participating instructors found implementation of conceptests into their classes straightforward and required less than 30 minutes of preparation per class. The conceptest question database is available on-line for geoscience instructors.
Procarbazine is a potent mutagen at the heterozygous thymidine kinase (<i>tk</i><sup>+/−</sup>) locus of mouse lymphoma assay (1988)

Procarbazine (Natulan) is a potent inducer of gene mutations at the heterozygous tk +/- locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells in the presence of Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 metabolic activation (approximately 10(-3) mutant frequency at 10 micrograms/ml) while exerting a far weaker effect in the absence of S9. This mutagenicity is fairly robust with respect to the quantitative composition of the S9 mix and to variations in mouse lymphoma assay protocols (soft agar cloning versus 'microwell' assays). The high proportion of small colony tk -/- mutants induced by procarbazine together with the far weaker mutagenic response at the hemizygous hgprt locus in these same cells is interpreted in terms of a chromosomal or multi-gene mutational mechanism. Although procarbazine is clastogenic in vivo, it does not appear to be so under standard protocols using cultured human lymphocytes (+/- S9). It is not yet clear why this should be so, especially in light of its apparent clastogenicity in mouse lymphoma cells.
Long-term physical activity: an exogenous risk factor for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? (2016)

To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate a positive association between ALS and PA participation using a specifically designed and validated historical PA questionnaire. Despite the well-established health benefits of PA, a high activity lifestyle may also be associated with elevated risk of ALS. Large-scale prospective studies in the future may help to confirm this association.
Koretsky, A.P.: Contributions to Functional, Cellular, and Molecular Imaging with MRI (1996)

In 1990, a series of papers were published that used MRI/MRS on animal models to signal the potential for functional, cellular, and molecular imaging with MRI. These included the following: Ogawa and coworkers' first description of BOLD; Moseley and coworkers' first descriptions that diffusion was sensitive to cell damage in stroke and that diffusion was anisotropic in white matter; Lauterbur and coworkers' publication of their long overdue work on tracking neural precursors with iron oxide; and our report on MR of transgenic mice expressing creatine kinase in liver. In the following years, these approaches blossomed for applications to human and preclinical animal models. It is an honor to write a historical perspective on our contributions toward the transformation of MRI to functional, cellular, and molecular imaging.
Compressing Functional Tests for Microprocessors (2005)

In the past, test data volume reduction techniques have concentrated heavily on scan test data content. However, functional vectors continue to be utilized because they target unique defects and failure modes. Hence, functional vector compression can help alleviate the cost of functional test. Scan vector compression techniques are generally unsuitable in the functional domain and techniques specially tailored for functional test compression are required. Additionally, it may be possible to perform compression and decompression using software techniques without incurring the overhead of dedicated hardware. This paper proposes a set of software techniques targeted towards functional test compression.
An efficient memory compression scheme for 8 k FFT in a DVB-T receiver and the corresponding error model (2004)

This paper presents a methodology for the efficient compression of the memory needed for the storage of twiddle factors of long FFTs. Such FFTs are used for the demodulation of the received signal in DVB-T systems, where the minimization of size and power consumption, hence of cost, are of great importance. This minimization can be achieved by reducing the storage requirements. This paper shows that there is no need to store all the coefficients of the first and second stages, but only a fraction of them. The appropriate number of coefficients that have to be stored can be obtained by an error model which is also described and verified by extensive simulations. The proposed approach achieves a total of 94% memory compression at a cost of 1.3 dB in SQNR.
Molecular dynamics of prostaglandin F2.ALPHA.-cyclodextrin complexes in aqueous solution. (1980)

The molecular dynamics of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and its α- and β-cyclodextrin (α- and β-CyD) complexes in aqueous solution were investigated by means of carbon-13 nuclear relaxation measurements. Some reorientation times calculated for PGF2α in-dicated that the internal motion of the C16-C20 alkyl chain and the overall tumbling motion were predominantly reduced upon binding to α-and β-CyDs, respectively. Upon inclusion of PGF2α, the internal motion of primary alcohol groups slowed down by a factor of 6 in α-CyD and by a factor of 2 in β-CyD, in comparison with the overall motions. The stability of the inclusion complexes is discussed on the basis of dynamic coupling between the molecular motions of the host and guest molecules. Dynamic coupling coefficients of 0.12 and 0.75 were obtained for the PGF2α-α-CyD and PGF2α-β-CyD systems, respectively, indicating a greater dynamic rigidity for the β-CyD complex as compared with the α-CyD complex. On the basis of these observations, different inclusion modes are proposed in the α- and β-CyD complexes.
Accurate Optical Detection of Amphiphiles at Liquid-Crystal–Water Interfaces (2014)

The alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) is exquisitely sensitive to lipids and proteins at interfaces, making LCs strong candidates for biosensors. This work shows that the quantification of LC alignment can be substantially improved by illuminating LC sensors using circular, rather than linear, crossed polarizers, producing unparalleled detection sensitivity of surface chemicals.
Safety and efficacy of the feed additive consisting of Bacillus velezensis CECT 5940 (Ecobiol®) for turkeys for fattening, turkeys reared for breeding, minor poultry species for fattening and reared for laying and ornamental birds (Evonik Operations GmbH) (2021)

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the extension of use of the feed additive consisting of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> CECT 5940 (tradename: Ecobiol<sup>®</sup>) to turkeys for fattening, turkeys reared for breeding, minor poultry species for fattening and reared for laying and ornamental birds (except for reproduction). The product under assessment is based on viable spores of a strain originally identified as <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i>. During the course of the current assessment, the active agent has been reclassified as <i>B. velezensis</i> CECT 5940. The bacterial species <i>B. velezensis</i> is considered suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach. The identity of the active agent was established and the compliance with the other qualifications confirmed. Therefore, <i>B. velezensis</i> CECT 5940 is presumed safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. Since no concerns are expected from the other components of the additive, the additive Ecobiol<sup>®</sup> is also considered safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. The additive is not irritant to skin/eye or a skin sensitiser, but should be considered a respiratory sensitiser. The efficacy data previously evaluated allowed the Panel to conclude that the additive has the potential to be efficacious at the level of 1 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/kg feed in turkeys for fattening, turkeys reared for breeding, minor poultry species for fattening and reared for laying and ornamental birds (except for reproduction).
Home Detection Kit for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (LAS) Associated with Citrus Huanglongbing from Psyllids (2014)

Management of citrus huanglongbing (HLB) requires rapid detection of infected psyllids and trees in an orchard. Detection of HLB associated bacteria (LAS) can be done using psyllids since detection in infected trees is usually delayed (Manjunath et al., 2008). We have developed an easy to use, rapid and affordable detection kit for grower use for testing psyllids for LAS at a reasonable price for initial investment and an operating cost of about $2 per sample.. Eight psyllid samples can be simultaneously tested within 45 minutes. The psyllid DNA extraction and detection of LAS are conducted using a SmartDART™ unit which is operated by software installed on any android device for visualizing real time results. The test results can be e-mailed for both storage and analysis.&nbsp; The DNA prepared can be stored refrigerated and sent to a laboratory for validation. No other equipment (even pipets) is required for the test. The detection system was validated using a large number LAS isolates from many citrus varieties, from different countries; the results were comparable to that of traditional real time PCR data. Development of methods for multiplex detection of the pathogen and the host DNA from both psyllids and plant host are in progress. We believe the detection system will be useful for growers in intra-orchard management, for extension workers, nurserymen, and in areas where the disease has become endemic as well as in those areas where the disease has been recently introduced.
CIGS photovoltaics: reviewing an evolving paradigm (2021)

Abstract Copper indium selenide chalcopyrite-structure alloys with gallium (CIGS) are unique among the highest performing photovoltaic (PV) semiconductor technologies. They are structurally disordered, nonstoichiometric materials that have been engineered to achieve remarkably low bulk nonradiative recombination levels. Nevertheless, their performance can be further improved. This review adopts a fundamental thermodynamic perspective to comparatively assess the root causes of present limitations on CIGS PV performance. The topics of selectivity and passivation of contacts to CIGS and its multinary alloys are covered, highlighting pathways to maximizing the electrochemical potential between those contacts under illumination. An overview of absorber growth methods and resulting properties is also provided. We recommend that CIGS researchers consider strategies that have been successfully implemented in the more mature wafer-based GaAs and Si PV device technologies, based on the paradigm of an idealized PV device design using an isotropic absorber with minimal nonradiative recombination, maximal light trapping, and both electron-selective and hole-selective passivated contacts. We foresee that CIGS technology will reach the 25% efficiency level within the next few years through enhanced collection and reduced recombination. To significantly impact power-generation applications, cost-effective, manufacturable solutions are also essential.
Local Girth Choosability of Planar Graphs (2022)

In 1994, Thomassen famously proved that every planar graph is 5-choosable, resolving a conjecture initially posed by Vizing and, independently, Erd˝os, Rubin, and Taylor in the 1970s. Later, Thomassen proved that every planar graph of girth at least five is 3-choosable. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a local girth list assignment: a list assignment wherein the list size of a vertex depends not on the girth of the graph, but rather on the length of the shortest cycle in which the vertex is contained. We give a local list colouring theorem unifying the two theorems of Thomassen mentioned above. In particular, we show that if G is a planar graph and L is a list assignment for G such that |L(v)| ≥ 3 for all v ∈ V(G); |L(v)| ≥ 4 for every vertex v contained in a 4-cycle; and |L(v)| ≥ 5 for every v contained in a triangle, then G admits an L-colouring.
Mutations in Calmodulin Cause Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death (2012)

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a devastating inherited disorder characterized by episodic syncope and/or sudden cardiac arrest during exercise or acute emotion in individuals without structural cardiac abnormalities. Although rare, CPVT is suspected to cause a substantial part of sudden cardiac deaths in young individuals. Mutations in RYR2, encoding the cardiac sarcoplasmic calcium channel, have been identified as causative in approximately half of all dominantly inherited CPVT cases. Applying a genome-wide linkage analysis in a large Swedish family with a severe dominantly inherited form of CPVT-like arrhythmias, we mapped the disease locus to chromosome 14q31-32. Sequencing CALM1 encoding calmodulin revealed a heterozygous missense mutation (c.161A>T [p.Asn53Ile]) segregating with the disease. A second, de novo, missense mutation (c.293A>G [p.Asn97Ser]) was subsequently identified in an individual of Iraqi origin; this individual was diagnosed with CPVT from a screening of 61 arrhythmia samples with no identified RYR2 mutations. Both CALM1 substitutions demonstrated compromised calcium binding, and p.Asn97Ser displayed an aberrant interaction with the RYR2 calmodulin-binding-domain peptide at low calcium concentrations. We conclude that calmodulin mutations can cause severe cardiac arrhythmia and that the calmodulin genes are candidates for genetic screening of individual cases and families with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia and unexplained sudden cardiac death.
The effect of polymer solubilizing side-chains on solar cell stability (2015)

PSS/Ag). Device degradation is correlated to the morphological behavior of the polymer:blend upon AM1.5 illumination (UV-visible light, 50 °C) and have been investigated by AFM, XRD, and UV-Vis. Once exposed to the light and to the temperature the BHJ stability is governed by two processes (i) PCBM crystallization and (ii) PCBM dimerization. Dimerization results in a rapid initial performance decrease followed by a more gradual decrease caused by a slower thermally activated crystallization. Depending on the blend morphology, dictated by the polymer's alkyl chain, the two processes occur to different extents thereby modulating the BHJ stability. Thus, of the polymer side-chains explored, linear alkyl side-chains stabilized the bulk heterojunction most effectively followed by no side-chain, alkoxy and branched side-chains. Lowering the concentration of fullerene in the active layer also reduces the rate of degradation across the polymers tested. This is a result of both the rate of crystallization and dimerization of fullerene being dependent on its concentration and the nature of the polymer side-chains. This approach appears to be a general strategy to increase the polymer:PCBM stability.
Controlling the threshold voltage of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> field-effect transistors <i>via</i> remote fluorine plasma treatment (2019)

The threshold voltage of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistors is controlled <italic>via</italic> remote fluorine plasma treatment, enabling an enhancement-mode operation under double gate condition.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Oxidation of 3‐Monosubstituted Juglone Derivatives. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Incremental Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Adaptation Training Dynamically Tailored for Each Individual (2019)

Our data suggest that 17°/s retinal image slip (due to the 0.1 gain difference between demand and actual gain) is sufficient to drive robust VOR adaptation. The implications for vestibular rehabilitation are that Dynamic IVA training not only produces better VOR adaptation but also allows more flexible training, for example, training can be spread over several smaller time blocks, without undoing prior adaptation.
A β-Hairpin Epitope as Novel Structural Requirement for Protein Arginine Rhamnosylation (2020)

&lt;p&gt;Protein &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-glycosylation is ubiquitously present in all domains of life, and confers a plethora of functions to the protein including increased solubility, protection from degradation, interaction with receptors, and activation for function. For canonical asparagine glycosylation, the recognition sequence that directs glycosylation at specific asparagine residues is well-established. It generally holds for protein glycosylation that the primary amino acid sequence is most important for substrate recognition. Here we reveal that a recently discovered bacterial enzyme called EarP, that transfers rhamnose to a specific arginine residue in its acceptor protein EF-P, specifically recognizes a β-hairpin loop. Notably, while the rhamnosyltransferase activity of EarP is abolished when presented with linear substrate peptide sequences derived from EF-P &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;, the enzyme readily glycosylates the same sequence when presented in a cyclized β-hairpin mimic containing an l-Pro-d-Pro motif. Additional studies with other substrate-mimicking cyclic peptides revealed that EarP activity is sensitive to the method used to induce cyclization and in some cases is tolerant to amino acid sequence variation. Using detailed NMR approaches, we established that the active peptide substrates all share some degree of β-hairpin formation, and therefore conclude that the β-hairpin epitope is the major determinant of arginine-rhamnosylation by EarP. Our findings add a novel recognition motif to the existing knowledge on substrate specificity of protein glycosylation, and are expected to inform future identifications of rhamnosylation sites in other protein substrates.&lt;/p&gt;
Spectral Classified Vector Quantization (SCVQ) for Multispectral Images (2002)

Multi- and hyper-spectral data pose severe problems in terms of storage capacity and transmission bandwidth. Although recommendable, compression techniques require efficient approaches to guarantee an adequate fidelity level. In particular, depending on the final destination of the data, it could be necessary to maximize several parameters, as for instance the visual quality of the rendered data, the correctness of their interpretation, or the performance of their classification. Based on the idea of Spectral Vector Quantization, the approach proposed in this paper aims at combining a compression and a classification methodology into a single scheme, in which visual distortion and classification accuracy can be balanced a- priori according to the requirements of the target application. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be employed successfully in a wide range of application domains.