gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Triplet Energy Transfers in Electrostatic Host−Guest Assemblies of Unsaturated Organometallic Cluster Cations and Carboxylate-Containing Porphyrin Pigments (2008)

The unsaturated cyclic [M3(dppm)3(CO)](2+) clusters (M = Pt, Pd; dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2; such as PF6(-) salt) exhibit a cavity formed by the six dppm-phenyl groups placed like a picket fence above the unsaturated triangular M3 dicationic center. Electrostatic interactions of the M(3+) units inside this cavity with the carboxylate anion RCO2(-) [R = tetraphenylporphyrinatozinc(II), ZnTPP; p-phenyltritolylporphyrinatozinc(II), ZnTTPP; p-phenyltritolylporphyrinatopalladium(II), PdTTPP] form dyads for through-space triplet energy transfers. The binding constants are on the order of 20,000 M(-1) in all six cases (298 K). The energy diagram built upon absorption and emission spectra at 298 and 77 K places the [Pt3(dppm)3(CO)](2+) and [Pd3(dppm)3(CO)](2+) as triplet energy donors, respectively, with respect to the ZnTPPCO2(-), ZnTTPPCO2(-), and PdTTPPCO2(-) pigments, which act as acceptors. Evidence for energy transfer is provided by the transient absorption spectra at 298 K, where triplet-triplet absorption bands of the metalloporphyrin chromophores are depicted at all time (at 298 K) with total absence of the charge-separated state in the nanosecond to microsecond time scale. Rates for energy transfer (ranging in the 10(4) s(-1) time scale) are extracted from the emission lifetimes of the [Pt3(dppm)3(CO)](2+) donor in the free chromophore and the host-guest assemblies. The emission intensity of [Pd3(dppm)3(CO)](2+) is too weak to measure its spectrum and emission lifetime in the presence of the strongly luminescent metalloporphyrin-containing materials. For the [Pd3(dppm)3(CO)](2+)...metalloporphyrin dyads, evidence for fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime quenching of the porphyrin chromophore at 298 K is provided. These quenchings, exhibiting rates of 10(4) (triplet) and 10(8) s(-1) (singlet), are attributed to a photoinduced electron transfer from the metalloporphyrin to the cluster due to the low reduction potential.
A new technique for probing length scales in clear air (2009)

When light is transmitted through the atmosphere, it can scatter off turbulent vortex filaments in the air that have different densities and indices of refraction. These filaments, or eddies, are distributed through a turbulent air flow and their scale size represents the boundary between an energy cascade down size scales that ends in viscous energy dissipation. We are measuring with high spatial and temporal precision spatial and temporal correlation functions that reveal the turbulence dynamics and inner scale in conditions of single scattering. In essence, we can "see" the shadows of individual turbulent vortices. These measurements are made over short path lengths in conditions of known Reynold's number and average temperature. By changing the characteristics of the air flow in a volume, different length scales can be associated with different conditions. This creates a "fingerprint" that characterizes the turbulence.
Field Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Colletotrichum truncatum of Transgenic Soybean Expressing the NmDef02 Plant Defensin Gene (2020)

Fungal diseases lead to significant losses in soybean yields and a decline in seed quality; such is the case of the Asian soybean rust and anthracnose caused by <i>Phakopsora pachyrhizi</i> and <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>, respectively. Currently, the development of transgenic plants carrying antifungal defensins offers an alternative for plant protection against pathogens. This paper shows the production of transgenic soybean plants expressing the <i>NmDef02</i> defensin gene using the biolistic delivery system, in an attempt to improve resistance against diseases and reduce the need for chemicals. Transgenic lines were assessed in field conditions under the natural infections of <i>P. pachyrhizi</i> and <i>C. truncatum</i>. The constitutive expression of the <i>NmDef02</i> gene in transgenic soybean plants was shown to enhance resistance against these important plant pathogens. The quantification of the <i>P. pachyrhizi</i> biomass in infected soybean leaves revealed significant differences between transgenic lines and the non-transgenic control. In certain transgenic lines there was a strong reduction of fungal biomass, revealing a less severe disease. Integration and expression of the transgenes were confirmed by PCR, Southern blot, and qRT-PCR, where the Def1 line showed a higher relative expression of defensin. It was also found that the expression of the <i>NmDef02</i> defensin gene in plants of the Def1 line did not have a negative effect on the nodulation induced by <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum.</i> These results indicate that transgenic soybean plants expressing the <i>NmDef02</i> defensin gene have a substantially enhanced resistance to economically important diseases, providing a sound environmental approach for decreasing yield losses and lowering the burden of chemicals in agriculture.
A 2.4-GHz MEMS-based PLL-free multi-channel receiver with channel filtering at RF (2012)

A low power 2.4-GHz receiver exploiting the intrinsic high quality factor (Q) of Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonators is presented. A novel way of performing simple integer division of the BAW digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) signal to address multi-channels and thus making the receiver become PLL-free is proposed in this paper. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first one to report a multi-channel (arbitrary frequency) receiver whose frequency synthesis depends solely on the low phase noise BAW DCO and does not include a PLL. A pseudo-lattice made of BAW resonators and capacitors is used in the channel selection filter at RF. The filter provides both bandwidth and frequency tuning by Q-enhancement of the pseudo-lattice and capacitor switching respectively. The RF front-end involves both conventional and sub-sampling based down-conversion. The receiver is integrated in 0.18-μm CMOS process. The channel filter is tuned to provide 1-MHz bandwidth and the front-end provides 46.2-dB of conversion gain with 48.5-dB rejection at 15-MHz offset from the center frequency. The receiver consumes 5.94-mA from a 1.8-V power supply.
Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: Pressure Vessels for Aerospace Applications (2010)

Abstract A composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is a thin liner overwrapped by fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite material (FRPMC) through either wet filament winding process or layup with prepegs. Because of the weight benefit, space shuttle and International Space Station used COPVs for the storage of various fluids including gaseous oxygen, gaseous nitrogen, and gaseous helium. Other space systems such as launch vehicles and satellites also use COPVs in their propulsion or control subsystems. This chapter describes briefly the manufacturing process for producing a COPV and some key design and test requirements that are being imposed on space flight COPVs.
Electrochemical Carboxylation of α,α-Difluorotoluene Derivatives and Its Application to the Synthesis of α-Fluorinated Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (2008)

Electrochemical carboxylation of α,α-difluorotoluene derivatives resulted in an efficient fixation of carbon dioxide to give the corresponding α-fluorophenylacetic acids in good yields, and this reaction was successfully applied to the synthesis of α-fluorinated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Nano, micro, and macro-scale effects on cochlear tuning (2019)

Reconciling the highly tuned and nonlinear basilar membrane (BM) response at the base with the nearly low-pass and weakly nonlinear response at the apex has presented a longstanding challenge to cochlear mechanics modelers. Recent experiments have shown that the BM centric view of cochlear mechanics is incomplete and have highlighted the importance of modeling and measuring the dynamics of the organ of Corti (OoC). Here, we describe a new computational model of the guinea pig cochlea that can correctly simulate the response at all frequencies. The model shows that the electromotile force from the outer hair cells modulate the differential motion between the reticular lamina and the BM. Model calculations at the apex show that the geometric taper of the scalae duct as well as the cytoarchitecture of the OoC breaks the scaling symmetry observed at the base. Further, the model predicts that the neural tuning at the base is primarily governed by the macroscopic dynamics of the cochlear partition, while the micro-scale fluid dynamics and the nano-scale channel dynamics dominate the neural tuning at the apex. Overall, the model provides a physiological explanation for the differences between high and low frequency hearing observed in psychophysical experiments. [Work supported by NIH-R01-04084.]
Rate of spontaneous mutation at human loci encoding protein structure. (1980)

The techniques of electrophoresis were used in a search for evidence of mutation affecting protein structure, the indicators being hemoglobin and a set of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes. Among 94,796 locus tests on Amerindians from Central and South America, there was no evidence for mutation. Among 105,649 locus tests on newborn infants in Ann Arbor, Michigan, there was also no evidence for mutation. We have previously failed to encounter any mutations in a series of 208,196 locus tests involving Japanese children [Neel, J. V., Satoh, C., Hamilton, H. B., Otake, M., Goriki, K., Kageoka, T., Fugita, M., Neriishi, S & Asakawa,J. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 4221-4225], and H. Harris, D. A. Hopkinson, and E. B. Robson [(1974) Ann. Hum. Genet. 37, 237-253] found no mutations in 113,478 locus tests on inhabitants of the United Kingdom. This failure to demonstrate any mutations of this type in a total of 522,119 locus tests excludes, at the 95% level of probability, a mutation rate greater than 0.6 X 10(-5)/locus per generation in this combination of populations.
A systematic model to predict transcriptional regulatory mechanisms based on overrepresentation of transcription factor binding profiles (2006)

An important aspect of understanding a biological pathway is to delineate the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the genes involved. Two important tasks are often encountered when studying transcription regulation, i.e., (1) the identification of common transcriptional regulators of a set of coexpressed genes; (2) the identification of genes that are regulated by one or several transcription factors. In this study, a systematic and statistical approach was taken to accomplish these tasks by establishing an integrated model considering all of the promoters and characterized transcription factors (TFs) in the genome. A promoter analysis pipeline (PAP) was developed to implement this approach. PAP was tested using coregulated gene clusters collected from the literature. In most test cases, PAP identified the transcription regulators of the input genes accurately. When compared with chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment data, PAP's predictions are consistent with the experimental observations. When PAP was used to analyze one published expression-profiling data set and two novel coregulated gene sets, PAP was able to generate biologically meaningful hypotheses. Therefore, by taking a systematic approach of considering all promoters and characterized TFs in our model, we were able to make more reliable predictions about the regulation of gene expression in mammalian organisms.
Synthesis of a Cyclic Guanidine Hemiaminal Pertinent to the Axinellamines (2007)

Potential methods for the generation of the cyclic guanidine hemiaminal functionality of axinellamine A (1) from a hydantoin precursor are examined.An activation-reduction sequence was developed for the reduction of cyclic acyl guanidines.‡ Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ekkehard Winterfeldt on the occasion of his 75th birthday
Progressive Granulomatous Pneumonitis in Response to Cosmetic Subcutaneous Silicone Injections in a Patient With HIV-1 Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature (2012)

Silicone, commonly used in cosmetic procedures owing to its presumed inertness, can yield serious sequelae including acute embolization and pneumonitis. Chronic pulmonary sequelae in response to silicone injection have not been previously described. We report a case of chronic progressive granulomatous pneumonitis in response to subcutaneous silicone injections in a transgender male-to-female patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). After receiving silicone injections to the buttock, the patient developed rapid onset dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, fever, and chills. Chest computed tomography revealed diffuse peripheral interstitial opacities. She responded symptomatically to prednisone with subsequent intermittent symptomatic flares. Four years later, she developed marked dyspnea and cough. Chest computed tomography showed progressive diffuse ground-glass and nodular opacities. Lung biopsies demonstrated numerous spheroid silicone particles within the lung interstitium and small pulmonary vessels, surrounded by foreign body giant cells and nonnecrotizing granulomatous inflammation. We speculate that HIV-1-infected patients may be at risk for chronic, progressive granulomatous pneumonitis due to silicone injection years after their procedure owing to shifting levels of cell-mediated immunity.
The<i>SUR2</i>gene of<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>encodes the cytochrome P450 CYP83B1, a modulator of auxin homeostasis (2000)

Genetic screens have been performed to identify mutants with altered auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis. A tagged allele of the auxin-overproducing mutant sur2 was identified within a transposon mutagenized population. The SUR2 gene was cloned and shown to encode the CYP83B1 protein, which belongs to the large family of the P450-dependent monooxygenases. SUR2 expression is up-regulated in sur1 mutants and induced by exogenous auxin in the wild type. Analysis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis and metabolism in sur2 plants indicates that the mutation causes a conditional increase in the pool size of IAA through up-regulation of IAA synthesis.
Synthesis of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (2023)

A method of making 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine.
Partial-Insulation Winding Technique for NbTi Coils (2013)

In 2010, we reported, for the first time, the no-insulation (NI) winding technique for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) pancake coils. Based on our test results of small NbTi NI coils, reported in 2011, the key benefits, i.e., enhanced mechanical integrity, compactness, and thermal stability, of the NI winding technique, appear intact for low-temperature superconducting (LTS) windings. However, the intrinsic charging delay observed in NI coils, caused by the lack of insulation, is more pronounced in LTS coils of a bare round wire than in HTS pancakes of thin, wide tape. Thus, to significantly reduce the charging delay in LTS coils of a bare round wire, we proposed a partial-insulation (PI) winding technique, a variation of the NI technique. In the PI winding of a bare round wire, a thin insulation sheet is introduced every few layers-note that in the PI winding, there are no turn-to-turn insulations. This paper reports results, experimental and analytical, of the PI winding technique in which bare-round-wire NI and PI coils were prepared to quantify the effects of PI winding technique. Three LTS coils of the identical dimension and magnet constant were wound with 0.4 mm diameter NbTi mono-filament wire and tested in a bath of liquid helium at 4.2 K, respectively, with three winding techniques: insulated (INS); NI; and PI. We analyzed the experimental results by applying an equivalent circuit model that had earlier been successfully applied to another set of experimental results. A graph model of resistance matrix was applied to estimate characteristic resistance of both NI and PI coils.
Detection Performance of Chemical Warfare Agent with Portable Aspiration-Type Ion Mobility Spectrometer (2006)

The detection performance of a portable aspiration-type ion mobility spectrometer (ChemPro100, Environics) was investigated with nerve gases, blister agents, blood agents and related compounds. The vapors of sarin, soman, tabun were recognized as "Nerve (nerve gas)" after about 10∼20 s sampling, and the detection limits were below 0.1 mg/m3. The vapors of mustard gas and lewisite 1 were recognized as "Blister (blister agent)" after about 10∼20 s sampling, and the detection limits were several mg/m3. The gases of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride were not recognized as "Blood (blood agent)". The vapors of nerve gas simulants, such as dimethylmethylphosphonate and N,N -dimethylformamide, were recognized as "Nerve", and the vapors of blister agent simulants, such as 2-chloroethylethylsulfide, ethanol, toluence and chloroform, were recognized as "Blister". The other solvents were recognized as "Unknown chemical".
ISLETS IN ALGINATE MACROBEADS REVERSE DIABETES DESPITE MINIMAL ACUTE INSULIN SECRETORY RESPONSES1 (2001)

We conclude that, after transplantation into diabetic Lewis rats, macroencapsulated islets have significantly impaired insulin secretion despite achieving normal fed glycemic levels.
Accelerated Terahertz Metasurface Design with Deep Learning (2020)

There has been a flurry of recent research on all-dielectric metasurfaces (ADMs), and demonstrations of exotic scattering responses have been shown. Dielectric metasurfaces – like metal-based metamaterials – are scalable with size, are based on geometry rather than chemical makeup, but lack some of their drawbacks. For example, ADMs do not possess Ohmic losses, can have high melting temperatures, and possess low thermal conductivities, all of which make them great candidates for potential thermal applications. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1, 2</sup> However, ADMs possess a significant evanescent field, making it difficult to design super-unit cell combinations, owing to strong non-linear unit cell interactions. There is currently lack of a complete theory of super unit cell combinations of ADMs, and simulation combined with conventional optimization techniques are unable to efficiently identify potential solutions.
Development of a Neutron and Gamma-Ray Flux Distribution Measurement System with Scintillator and Optical Fiber Combination (2001)

for the real time measurement of neutron flux and gamma-ray intensity distribution in reactor cores, a system composed of scintillator-optical fiber detector and fiber driver was newly tried. A pulse counting system that we successfully developed before was difficult to use in such an intense radiation field in the core, because there were very intense output of both scintillation light from the scintillator and Chernkov light in the optical fiber itself. The current from the photomultiplier was therefore measured this time. To distinguish the scintillation light component with longer wave length, 690 nm, from the Cherenkov light component with shorter wave length, an optical filter was used which had the cutoff wave length, 680 nm, just shorter than the scintillation wave length. However it was not possible to completely eliminate the Cherenkov component, therefore the difference between the signal from a fiber with the scintillator on the tip and the signal from the fiber without the scintillator was taken.
Design Strategy for Zinc Anodes with Enhanced Utilization and Retention: Electrodeposited Zinc Oxide on Carbon Mesh Protected by Ionomeric Layers (2018)

In order to establish secondary zinc–oxygen batteries as sustainable and cost-efficient future energy storage technology, the cycle life of zinc anodes must be further improved. We show that using a three-dimensional carbon mesh as a host structure for the active material zinc oxide and then coating it homogeneously with an ionomeric, hydroxide-conductive confinement layer yields unprecedented cycling stability. Long-term stable charge/discharge of the zinc anode can only be achieved by using this order of compounds: oxidized zincate species that would otherwise leech into the bulk electrolyte are directly confined at the electron conductive host structure by the applied ionomeric coating. We confirm with operando X-ray diffraction measurements that the defined layer of electrodeposited active material (zinc oxide) can be converted efficiently into zinc during charge—and reversed then back to zinc oxide during discharge—directly on the carbon host. We evidence high utilization of the active material (up to 93% based on initial amount of zinc oxide) and enhanced capacity retention (4 times higher compared to uncoated anodes after 30 cycles), tested for coin-type cell batteries with optimal amount of ionomeric coating. Analyses by means of scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry are used to prove that the polymer applied is chemically and electrochemically stable. In addition, permeability measurements prove low permeation rates for zincate ions for the tested ionomeric membranes, and zinc–oxygen cells without zincate species in the bulk electrolyte indicate the confinement of zincate ions during cycling—keeping them near the electrochemical active surface area where they are needed.
Design and Validation of a Sensitive Multisteroid LC-MS/MS Assay for the Routine Clinical Use: One-Step Sample Preparation with Phospholipid Removal and Comparison to Immunoassays (2022)

Steroid analysis in clinical laboratories is dominated by immunoassays (IAs) that have a high sample turnover but are inherently limited in trueness, precision, and sensitivity. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has proved to be a far more capable tool, delivering better sensitivity, specificity, and the possibility of parallel analysis of multiple steroids and metabolites, providing the endocrinologist with more reliable and comprehensive diagnostic information. An LC-MS/MS assay with gradient elution over less than eight minutes and a one-step sample preparation combining protein precipitation with phospholipid removal of off-line solid-phase extraction was developed and validated. It allowed the quantification of 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), 11-deoxycortisol (11-DF), 17-OH-progesterone (17P), 21-deoxycortisol (21-DF), androstenedione (ANDRO), aldosterone (ALDO), corticosterone (CC), cortisol (CL), cortisone (CN), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), and testosterone (TES) in human serum. Interday imprecision was generally better than 15%, trueness was proven by recovery experiments with ISO 17034-certified reference materials, proficiency testing (UK NEQAS), and measuring serum reference standards. In-house comparison against IVD-CE-certified immunoassays (IA) for 17P, ANDRO, CL, DHEAS, E2, PROG, and TES was conducted by assessing leftover routine patient samples and purpose-built patient serum pools. None of the compared routine IAs were meeting the standards of the LC-MS/MS. Insufficient overall comparability was found for ANDRO and 17P (mean bias > +65%). Accuracy limitations at lower concentrations were present in IAs for PROG, E2, and TES.