gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&lt;title&gt;Polyguide technology for passive optical interconnects&lt;/title&gt; (1996)

DuPont has developed an optical interconnect technology consisting of polymer materials and fabrication and assembly processes. This technology, referred to as Polyguide, provides the user with the capability to mass produce channel optical waveguides that perform splitting, point to point interconnection, wavelength discrimination and other optical functions. These materials and processes make packaging practical. This has been demonstrated with optical printed wiring boards, connectorized multilayer ceramic modules and discrete pigtailed components. Critical interfacing requirements have also been met. These include the passively aligned attachment of single mode optical fiber arrays and the fabrication of low loss mirrors for coupling to laser diodes, LEDs, and photodectors. As part of the ARPA funded POLO project DuPont is advancing the fabrication and assembly processes to allow low cost deployment of optical interconnects. A description of current Polyguide technology and performance specifications will be presented. Demonstrations of packaging will be reviewed. This polymer system addresses most of the tasks required for the practical utilization of optical waveguides. Polyguide technology can enable optical connectivity and transmission in many new products.
Unsupervised Audio Source Separation Using Generative Priors (2020)

State-of-the-art under-determined audio source separation systems rely on supervised end-end training of carefully tailored neural network architectures operating either in the time or the spectral domain. However, these methods are severely challenged in terms of requiring access to expensive source level labeled data and being specific to a given set of sources and the mixing process, which demands complete re-training when those assumptions change. This strongly emphasizes the need for unsupervised methods that can leverage the recent advances in data-driven modeling, and compensate for the lack of labeled data through meaningful priors. To this end, we propose a novel approach for audio source separation based on generative priors trained on individual sources. Through the use of projected gradient descent optimization, our approach simultaneously searches in the source-specific latent spaces to effectively recover the constituent sources. Though the generative priors can be defined in the time domain directly, e.g. WaveGAN, we find that using spectral domain loss functions for our optimization leads to good-quality source estimates. Our empirical studies on standard spoken digit and instrument datasets clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach over classical as well as state-of-the-art unsupervised baselines.
Analysis of Crank Angle-Resolved Vortex Characteristics Under High Swirl Condition in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine (2017)

In-cylinder air flow structure makes significant impacts on fuel spray dispersion, fuel mixture formation, and flame propagation in spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines. While flow vortices can be observed during the early stage of intake stroke, it is very difficult to clearly identify their transient characteristics because these vortices are of multiple length scales with very different swirl motion strength. In this study, a high-speed time-resolved 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) is applied to record the flow structure of in-cylinder flow field along a swirl plane at 30 mm below the injector tip. First, a discretized method using flow field velocity vectors is presented to identify the location, strength, and rotating direction of vortices at different crank angles. The transients of vortex formation and dissipation processes are revealed by tracing the location and motion of the vortex center during the intake and compression strokes. In addition, an analysis method known as the wind-rose diagram, which is implemented for meteorological application, has been adopted to show the velocity direction distributions of 100 consecutive cycles. Results show that there exists more than one vortex center during early intake stroke and their fluctuations between each cycle can be clearly visualized. In summary, this approach provides an effective way to identify the vortex structure and to track the motion of vortex center for both large-scale and small-scale vortices.
Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Host−Pathogen Interactions: The Macrophage Response to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Lipids (2008)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an intracellular pathogen possessing a complex mixture of cell wall lipids that are thought to modulate the activities of host macrophages. In this study, we employed two state-of-the-art quantitative proteomic approaches, metabolic labeling SILAC and chemical isobaric tagging iTRAQ, to study changes in macrophage protein expression in response to exposure to M. tuberculosis lipids. From a total of 1286 proteins identified, 463 were discovered by both isotope-labeling strategies at a high consistency, and the rest of proteins were detected by only one of the two approaches. Upon exposure to mycobacterial cell wall lipids, 166 macrophage proteins showed differential expression. These included proteins involved in the immune response, oxidation and reduction, and vesicle transport, as well as other cellular processes. The response of the macrophage proteome to M. tuberculosis lipids reflects the cell's innate defense mechanisms as well as lipid-induced processes that may benefit the pathogen.
Preclinical safety profile of alendronate. (1999)

Acute toxicity studies showed that the LD50 values of oral alendronate in female animals corresponded to human oral doses of 27,800 mg in rats and 48,300 mg in mice; LD50 values in male animals were even higher. Chronic toxicity studies showed clinically nonrelevant retention of primary spongiosa of bone in areas of endochondral bone formation, serum biochemical changes (reductions in serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase) and nephrotoxicity. Of the 5 genotoxicity studies performed, 4 showed no evidence of mutagenicity, including those most relevant to human carcinogenic potential. Carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice at maximum tolerated doses showed no increased tumour incidence associated with alendronate treatment. Alendronate had no effect on fertility or reproductive performance in male or female rats receiving oral doses up to 5 mg/kg/day. No adverse developmental effects were noted at doses up to 25 mg/kg/day in rats and 35 mg/kg/day in rabbits. Alendronate had no deleterious effect on bone strength or morphology. The evidence presented in these studies supports the conclusion that alendronate administered to humans at therapeutic doses is a safe drug for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Cellulose Swelling by Aprotic and Protic Solvents: What are the Similarities and Differences? (2008)

Abstract The swelling of microcrystalline, native and mercerized cotton and eucalyptus celluloses by 16 aprotic solvents was investigated. The number of moles of solvent/anhydroglucose unit, nSw, correlates well with solvent molar volume, basicity and dipolarity/polarizability. Swelling is sensitive to cellulose crystallite size, surface area and the presence of its chains in parallel or anti‐parallel arrangements. Use of solvatochromic parameters is a superior alternative to the use of other descriptors, such as Hildebrand's solubility parameters and Gutmann's donor numbers. The calculated nSw for 28 protic and aprotic solvents correlated well with their experimental counterparts, although hydrogen bond donation by the solvent was not included. magnified image
Neurophotonic strategies for observing and controlling neural circuits (2018)

To enable the understanding and repair of complex biological systems such as the brain, we are creating novel optical tools that enable molecular-resolution maps of large scale systems, as well as technologies for observing and controlling high-speed physiological dynamics in such systems. First, we have developed a method for imaging large 3-D specimens with nanoscale precision, by embedding them in a swellable polymer, homogenizing their mechanical properties, and exposing them to water - which causes them to expand isotropically manyfold. This method, which we call expansion microscopy (ExM), enables scalable, inexpensive diffraction-limited microscopes to do large-volume nanoscopy, in a multiplexed fashion. Second, we have developed a set of genetically-encoded reagents, known as optogenetic tools, that when expressed in specific neurons, enable their electrical activities to be precisely driven or silenced in response to millisecond timescale pulses of light. Finally, we are developing novel reagents and systems to enable the imaging of fast physiological processes in 3-D with millisecond precision. In this way we aim to enable the systematic mapping, control, and dynamical observation of complex biological systems like the brain.
Hipikat: a project memory for software development (2005)

Sociological and technical difficulties, such as a lack of informal encounters, can make it difficult for new members of noncollocated software development teams to learn from their more experienced colleagues. To address this situation, we have developed a tool, named Hipikat that provides developers with efficient and effective access to the group memory for a software development project that is implicitly formed by all of the artifacts produced during the development. This project memory is built automatically with little or no change to existing work practices. After describing the Hipikat tool, we present two studies investigating Hipikat's usefulness in software modification tasks. One study evaluated the usefulness of Hipikat's recommendations on a sample of 20 modification tasks performed on the Eclipse Java IDE during the development of release 2.1 of the Eclipse software. We describe the study, present quantitative measures of Hipikat's performance, and describe in detail three cases that illustrate a range of issues that we have identified in the results. In the other study, we evaluated whether software developers who are new to a project can benefit from the artifacts that Hipikat recommends from the project memory. We describe the study, present qualitative observations, and suggest implications of using project memory as a learning aid for project newcomers.
Function-Private Subspace-Membership Encryption and Its Applications. (2013)

Boneh, Raghunathan, and Segev (CRYPTO &amp;apos;13) have recently put forward the notion of function privacy and applied it to identity-based encryption, motivated by the need for providing predicate privacy in public-key searchable encryption. Intuitively, their notion asks that decryp-tion keys reveal essentially no information on their corresponding identities, beyond the absolute minimum necessary. While Boneh et al. showed how to construct function-private identity-based encryption (which implies predicate-private encrypted keyword search), searchable encryption typically requires a richer set of predicates. In this paper we signicantly extend the function privacy framework. First, we introduce the notion of subspace-membership encryption, a generalization of inner-product encryption, and formalize a meaningful and realistic notion for capturing its function privacy. Then, we present a generic construction of a function-private subspace-membership encryption scheme based on any inner-product encryption scheme. Finally, we show that function-private subspace-membership encryption can be used to construct function-private identity-based encryption. These are the rst generic constructions of function-private encryption schemes based on non-function-private
Relationship between limb length discrepancy and load distribution across the sacroiliac joint—a finite element study (2012)

We assessed the relationship between leg length discrepancy (LLD) and the load distribution across the sacro-iliac joint (SIJ). A finite element model of the spine-pelvis was developed with different amounts of LLD by increasing the length of the right femur in the model. Peak stresses and contact loads across the SIJ were computed for different amounts of LLD (1, 2, and 3 cm). The load and the peak stresses across the SIJ articular surfaces progressively increased with the increase in the LLD. Trying to offset the LLD surgically by lengthening of the short side, shortening or stunting the growth (epiphysiodesis) of the long side, or by shoe lifts should decrease the load across the SIJ and should theoretically decrease SIJ pain.
Clinical Phenotypes of Parkinson’s Disease Associate with Distinct Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Enterotypes (2021)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a clinically heterogenic disorder characterized by distinct clinical entities. Most studies on motor deficits dichotomize PD into tremor dominant (TD) or non-tremor dominant (non-TD) with akinetic-rigid features (AR). Different pathophysiological mechanisms may affect the onset of motor manifestations. Recent studies have suggested that gut microbes may be involved in PD pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the gut microbiota and metabolome composition in PD patients in relation to TD and non-TD phenotypes. In order to address this issue, gut microbiota and the metabolome structure of PD patients were determined from faecal samples using 16S next generation sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches. The results showed a reduction in the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, <i>Blautia</i>, <i>Coprococcus</i>, <i>Lachnospira</i>, and an increase in Enterobacteriaceae, <i>Escherichia</i> and <i>Serratia</i> linked to non-TD subtypes. Moreover, the levels of important molecules (i.e., nicotinic acid, cadaverine, glucuronic acid) were altered in relation to the severity of phenotype. We hypothesize that the microbiota/metabolome enterotypes associated to non-TD subtypes may favor the development of gut inflammatory environment and gastrointestinal dysfunctions and therefore a more severe α-synucleinopathy. This study adds important information to PD pathogenesis and emphasizes the potential pathophysiological link between gut microbiota/metabolites and PD motor subtypes.
Ultrasensitive Thyrotropin Immunoassay Based on Enzymatically Amplified Time-Resolved Fluorescence with a Terbium Chelate (1992)

We describe an ultrasensitive, enzymatically amplified time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in serum with use of a terbium chelate as the detectable moiety. In this assay, thyrotropin is first simultaneously reacted with a solid-phase (microtiter well) monoclonal antibody and a soluble biotinylated monoclonal detection antibody. After washing, a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate is added, followed by another washing. Alkaline phosphatase acts on the substrate 5-fluorosalicyl phosphate (FSAP) to produce 5-fluorosalicylic acid (FSA). FSA, but not FSAP, can then form with Tb3+ and EDTA a highly fluorescent ternary complex of long fluorescence lifetime. This complex is quantified with time-resolved fluorometry. The thyrotropin assay is highly sensitive (detection limit approximately 0.003 milli-int. unit/L when a total assay time of 85 min is used), precise, and accurate. The thyrotropin assay can also be completed in less than 30 min (detection limit 0.013 milli-int. unit/L), thus making this procedure a candidate technology for high-throughput automated analyzers.
Augment Bone Graft Products Compare Favorably With Autologous Bone Graft in an Ovine Model of Lumbar Interbody Spine Fusion (2011)

Augment-treated specimens had the highest fusion scores. Treatment with either of the Augment products significantly promoted interbody spine fusion compared with empty spacers and was equivalent to autograft-induced fusion. No adverse events were noted.
Human Milk Adiponectin Is Associated with Infant Growth in Two Independent Cohorts (2009)

Our data suggest milk adiponectin may play a role in the early growth and development of breastfed infants.
Global Longitudinal Strain and Outcome After Endoscopic Mitral Valve Repair (2022)

In patients with SMR undergoing endoscopic MV repair, LV-GLS and LASr are independently associated with long-term survival and reverse remodelling and may be helpful in selecting SMR patients who may benefit from this procedure.
Effect of Spectral Channels on Speech Recognition, Comprehension, and Listening Effort in Cochlear-Implant Users (2020)

In favorable listening conditions, cochlear-implant (CI) users can reach high speech recognition scores with as little as seven active electrodes. Here, we hypothesized that even when speech recognition is high, additional spectral channels may still benefit other aspects of speech perception, such as comprehension and listening effort. Twenty-five adult, postlingually deafened CI users, selected from two Dutch implant centers for high clinical word identification scores, participated in two experiments. Experimental conditions were created by varying the number of active electrodes of the CIs between 7 and 15. In Experiment 1, response times (RTs) on the secondary task in a dual-task paradigm were used as an indirect measure of listening effort, and in Experiment 2, sentence verification task (SVT) accuracy and RTs were used to measure speech comprehension and listening effort, respectively. Speech recognition was near ceiling for all conditions tested, as intended by the design. However, the dual-task paradigm failed to show the hypothesized decrease in RTs with increasing spectral channels. The SVT did show a systematic improvement in both speech comprehension and response speed across all conditions. In conclusion, the SVT revealed additional benefits in both speech comprehension and listening effort for conditions in which high speech recognition was already achieved. Hence, adding spectral channels may provide benefits for CI listeners that may not be reflected by traditional speech tests. The SVT is a relatively simple task that is easy to implement and may therefore be a good candidate for identifying such additional benefits in research or clinical settings.
A filtered backprojection algorithm with ray‐by‐ray noise weighting (2013)

A ray-based noise-weighting scheme is introduced to the FBP algorithm. This new FBP-type algorithm significantly reduces or removes the streaking artifacts in low-dose CT.
Michael Sela: Scientist, statesman, sage (1924–2022) (2022)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Resting brain dynamics at different timescales capture distinct aspects of human behavior (2019)

Linking human behavior to resting-state brain function is a central question in systems neuroscience. In particular, the functional timescales at which different types of behavioral factors are encoded remain largely unexplored. The behavioral counterparts of static functional connectivity (FC), at the resolution of several minutes, have been studied but behavioral correlates of dynamic measures of FC at the resolution of a few seconds remain unclear. Here, using resting-state fMRI and 58 phenotypic measures from the Human Connectome Project, we find that dynamic FC captures task-based phenotypes (e.g., processing speed or fluid intelligence scores), whereas self-reported measures (e.g., loneliness or life satisfaction) are equally well explained by static and dynamic FC. Furthermore, behaviorally relevant dynamic FC emerges from the interconnections across all resting-state networks, rather than within or between pairs of networks. Our findings shed new light on the timescales of cognitive processes involved in distinct facets of behavior.
The nucleotide composition of microsatellites impacts both replication fidelity and mismatch repair in human colorectal cells (2010)

Microsatellite instability is a key mechanism of colon carcinogenesis. We have previously studied mutations within a (CA)13 microsatellite using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-based reporter assay that allows the distinction of replication errors and mismatch repair (MMR) activity. Here we utilize this assay to compare mutations of mono- and dinucleotide repeats in human colorectal cells. HCT116 and HCT116+chr3 cells were stably transfected with EGFP-based plasmids harboring A10, G10, G16, (CA)13 and (CA)26 repeats. EGFP-positive mutant fractions were quantitated by flow cytometry, mutation rates were calculated and the mutant spectrum was analyzed by cycle sequencing. EGFP fluorescence pattern changed with the microsatellite's nucleotide sequence and cell type and clonal variations were observed in mononucleotide repeats. Replication errors (as calculated in HCT116) at A10 repeats were 5-10-fold higher than in G10, G16 were 30-fold higher than G10 and (CA)26 were 10-fold higher than (CA)13. The mutation rates in hMLH1-proficient HCT116+chr3 were 30-230-fold lower than in HCT116. MMR was more efficient in G16 than in A10 clones leading to a higher stability of poly-G tracts. Mutation spectra revealed predominantly 1-unit deletions in A10, (CA)13 and G10 and 2-unit deletions or 1-unit insertion in (CA)26. These findings indicate that both replication fidelity and MMR are affected by the microsatellite's nucleotide composition.
Immunophenotyping of GGTA1/CMAH KO Pig Renal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. (2014)

Background: Deleting genes in pigs that produce the aGal and Neu5Gc carbohydrate xenoantigens reduced human antibody binding to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig cells. The remaining mechanism of rejection in these new pigs is unclear. We used renal microvascular endothelial cells (RMEC) to evaluate the human preformed antibody-mediated response and human T cell-mediated response against GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs in vitro. Methods: Renal cells were isolated using collagenase perfusion. Cultured GGTA1/CMAH KO RMEC were analyzed for endothelial cell markers CD31 and swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) DR using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. IgM/G binding in human serum to GGTA1 KO, GGTA1/CMAH KO and wild type RMEC was measured. Differences in human IgM/G binding toward CD31+ (RMEC) and CD31- renal cells were examined. Human CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with irradiated GGTA1/CMAH KO renal cells for mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Results: The co-expression of the endothelial marker CD31 and SLA-DR were considered RMEC. RMEC consists of 15-20% of the GGTA1/CMAH KO renal cells and expressed CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and SLA class I and class II DR, while CD31- renal cells expressed only vWF and SLA class I. GGTA1/CMAH KO RMEC lacked both aGal and Neu5Gc unlike wild type pig renal cells. Human IgM/G bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO renal cells in a dose dependent manner. IgG binding to GGTA1/CMAH renal cells was reduced by 55% when compared to domestic renal cells and reduced by 10% when compared to GGTA1 KO renal cells. Under the same condition, however, IgM binding with GGTA1/CMAH KO renal cells was reduced by 70% compared to domestic renal cells and 50% when compared to GGTA1 KO renal cells. Human IgM/G bound 3-fold/1.25-fold greater to CD31+ GGTA1/CMAH KO RMEC than CD31- renal cells. Pretreatment with anti-SLA II DR antibody, not anti vWF antibody, reduced 15-20% IgG binding to GGTA1/CMAH RMEC. Finally, 62% of human CD4+ T cells proliferated in response to GGTA1/CMAH KO RMEC and by 41% in response to CD31- renal cells. Conclusion: RMEC are a useful for assessing the immunoreactivity of genetically modified pigs. Additional genes of interest can be modified in RMEC cultures or tested on RMEC isolated from newly genetically modified pigs.