gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic studies of Pr^3+ ions in silver halide crystals (2000)

The luminescence of AgBr and AgBrCl crystals doped with Pr(3+) rare-earth ions was investigated in the visible and infrared spectral ranges. We measured the excitation, emission, and absorption spectra as well as the kinetic parameters over a broad temperature range. The strong influence of the silver halide composition on Pr(3+) ions spectroscopic properties was revealed. We calculated useful optical parameters for Pr:AgBr crystals by using the Judd-Ofelt approximation. Good agreement between the theoretical and the measured parameters was obtained.
&lt;title&gt;Observation of human chromosome fibers in a water layer by laser-plasma x-ray contact microscopy&lt;/title&gt; (1993)

Soft x-ray contact microscopy was applied to hydrated human chromosomes. Chromosomes of human lymphocytes were spread on a clean surface of distilled water, attached on an x-ray resist, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), immediately covered with a silicon nitride window, and mounted in a simple hydrated chamber. The specimens were exposed to a single shot of laser-produced gold plasma x rays (600 ps) in a vacuum chamber. The developed images were observed with transmission electron microscope using the replica method with a plasma polymerization-film in a glow discharge. The results show that we have imaged the complicated entanglement of chromosome fibers in a hydrated condition. The thickness was estimated as 10 nm in an average of four narrow parts of these fibers. Particle like structures were observed in many places. The present results prove that a hydrated biological specimen is observable with the contrast produced by its components themselves using soft x-ray microscopy at the resolution of 10 nm. During this imaging exposure, however, the silicon nitride (SiN) window was broken. We have studied the reason for this evidence and found that the energy absorbed by the SiN window or water layer was very high. The estimated temperature increase was 870 -1470 degree(s)C for SiN and 43 degree(s)C for the water layer. These results suggest that the temperature increase may be responsible for the breakage of SiN window.
Morbus Huntington und Huntington-ähnliche Erkrankungen (2013)

Zusammenfassung Der M. Huntington (Huntington-Chorea, Huntington disease, HD) ist die Hauptursache für eine hereditäre Chorea und ist gekennzeichnet durch die klinische Trias aus Bewegungsstörung, psychiatrischen Auffälligkeiten und kognitiven Leistungseinbußen. Neben der HD gibt es mehrere Erkrankungen, die mit einem HD-Phänotyp einhergehen und klinisch nur schwer von der HD zu unterscheiden sind, die sog. HD-ähnlichen Erkrankungen. Diese seltenen Erkrankungen wurden als HD-“like“(L)1 bis HDL4 bezeichnet. Mittlerweile sind pathogene Mutationen im Prionprotein( PRNP )-Gen (HDL1), im „Junctophilin“-3( JPH3 )-Gen (HDL2) und im TATA-box-bindendes-Protein( TBP )-Gen (Synonym SCA17, HDL4) identifiziert worden. Darüber hinaus gibt es eine Reihe von Erkrankungen, die gelegentlich mit einem HD-Phänotyp imponieren, auch wenn i. d. R. andere Symptome vorherrschen. Diese Erkrankungen (u. a. spinozerebelläre Ataxien (SCA), dentatorubrale-pallidoluysiale Atrophie (DRPLA), Neuroferritinopathie, Chorea-Akanthozytose, benigne Chorea) müssen differenzialdiagnostisch in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn die HD bei einem Indexpatienten mit typischer Symptomatik molekulargenetisch nicht bestätigt werden kann. In diesem Artikel wird daher eine Übersicht über die wichtigsten Erkrankungen gegeben, die mit einem HD-Phänotyp in der Klinik vorstellig werden können. Zudem werden diagnostische Indikatoren aufgezeigt, die bei der Differenzialdiagnose helfen könnten.
3‐(2‐Pyrrolidin‐1‐ylethyl)‐5‐(1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐indole Derivatives as High Affinity Human 5‐HT<sub>1B/1D</sub> Ligands. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stanford's Distantly Supervised Slot Filling Systems for KBP 2014 (2014)

We describe Stanford’s entry in the TACKBP 2014 Slot Filling challenge. We submitted two broad approaches to Slot Filling, both strongly based on the ideas of distant supervision: one built on the DeepDive framework (Niu et al., 2012), and another based on the multi-instance multilabel relation extractor of Surdeanu et al. (2012). In addition, we evaluate the impact of learned and hard-coded patterns on performance for slot filling, and the impact of the partial annotations described in Angeli et al. (2014).
A study on the fluid dynamics of domestic Gas burners (2009)

Domestic gas burners are investigated experimentally and numerically in order to further understand the fluid dynamics processes that drive the cooking appliance performances. In particular, a numerical simulation tool has been developed in order to predict the onset of two flame instabilities which may deteriorate the performances of the burner: the flame back and flame lift. The numerical model has been firstly validated by comparing the simulated flow field with a data set of experimental measurements. A prediction criterion for the flame back instability has been formulated based on isothermal simulations without involving the combustion modelization. This analysis has been verified by a Design Of Experiments investigation performed on different burner prototype geometries. On the contrary, the formulation of a prediction criterion regarding the flame lift instability has required the use of a combustion model in the numerical code. In this analysis, the structure and aerodynamics of the flame generated by a cooking appliance has thus been characterized by experimental and numerical investigations, in which, by varying the flow inlet conditions, the flame behaviour was studied from a stable reference case toward a complete blow-out.
Diabetic Kidney Disease Alters the Transcriptome and Function of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells but Maintains Immunomodulatory and Paracrine Activities Important for Renal Repair (2021)

&lt;a&gt;Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) facilitate repair in experimental diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the hyperglycemic and uremic milieu may diminish regenerative capacity of patient-derived therapy. We hypothesized that DKD reduces human MSC paracrine function. Adipose-derived MSC from 38 DKD participants and 16 controls were assessed for cell surface markers, tri-lineage differentiation, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; function (co-culture or conditioned medium experiments with T cells and human kidney cells [HK-2]), secretome profile, and cellular senescence abundance. The direction of association between MSC function and patient characteristics were also tested. RNA-seq analysis identified 353 differentially expressed genes and downregulation of several immunomodulatory genes/pathways in DKD- &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt;. Control-MSC. DKD-MSC phenotype, differentiation, and tube formation capacity were preserved but migration was reduced. DKD-MSC with and without interferon-γ priming inhibited T-cell proliferation greater than Control-MSC. DKD-MSC-medium contained higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase-1 and prostaglandin-E2) and pro-repair factors (hepatocyte growth factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1) but lower Interleukin-6 vs. Control-MSC-medium. DKD-MSC-medium protected high glucose plus transforming growth factor-β-exposed HK-2 cells by reducing apoptotic, fibrotic and inflammatory marker expression. Few DKD-MSC functions were affected by patient characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, kidney function or urine albumin excretion. However, senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity was lower in DKD-MSC from participants on metformin therapy. Therefore, while &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;DKD altered the transcriptome and migratory function of culture-expanded MSC, DKD-MSC functionality, trophic factor secretion and immunomodulatory activities contributing to repair remained intact. &lt;/a&gt;These observations support testing patient-derived MSC therapy and may inform preconditioning regimens in DKD clinical trials.
Neurotrophin mRNA expression in the developing tooth suggests multiple roles in innervation and organogenesis (1997)

To analyze the roles of neurotrophins during early development of rat teeth, we studied the expression of neurotrophin mRNAs from the initiation of first molar formation to the completion of crown morphogenesis. With RNAase protection assay all neurotrophin mRNAs were detected in embryonic teeth. In situ hybridization analysis revealed developmentally changing, distinct expression patterns for nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), which were shown not to be regulated by or dependent on peripheral innervation. NGF mRNAs appeared in the mesenchymal target field of the tooth at the time of the trigeminal axon ingrowth (embryonic days 14-15: E14-E15), and they were also present along the pathway taken by growing trigeminal axons. NT-4/5 mRNAs were uniformly expressed in all epithelial cells, but brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts were not detected. All neurotrophins induced neurite outgrowth from E13-E16 trigeminal ganglion explants. These results suggest that NGF is involved in the guidance of trigeminal axons to embryonic teeth. In postnatal teeth, expression of NGF mRNAs, but not other neurotrophins, correlated with trigeminal axon ingrowth, proposing that NGF is involved in local sprouting and establishment of the final innervation pattern of the dental papilla and dentin. These results suggest that NGF is required for tooth innervation and that other neurotrophins may also have regulatory roles. In addition, the expression patterns of NGF, NT-3, and NT-4/5 as well as of neurotrophin receptors suggest that the neurotrophin system may also serve non-neuronal functions during tooth development.
Cochlear Implantation in Postlingually Deaf Adults is Time-sensitive Towards Positive Outcome: Prediction using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques (2018)

Given our aging society and the prevalence of age-related hearing loss that often develops during adulthood, hearing loss is a common public health issue affecting almost all older adults. Moderate-to-moderately severe hearing loss can usually be corrected with hearing aids; however, severe-to-profound hearing loss often requires a cochlear implant (CI). However, post-operative CI results vary, and the performance of the previous prediction models is limited, indicating that a new approach is needed. For postlingually deaf adults (n de120) who received CI with full insertion, we predicted CI outcomes using a Random-Forest Regression (RFR) model and investigated the effect of preoperative factors on CI outcomes. Postoperative word recognition scores (WRS) served as the dependent variable to predict. Predictors included duration of deafness (DoD), age at CI operation (ageCI), duration of hearing-aid use (DoHA), preoperative hearing threshold and sentence recognition score. Prediction accuracy was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient r between the true WRS and predicted WRS. The fitting using a linear model resulted in prediction of WRS with r = 0.7 and MAE = 15.6 ± 9. RFR outperformed the linear model (r = 0.96, MAE = 6.1 ± 4.7, p < 0.00001). Cross-hospital data validation showed reliable performance using RFR (r = 0.91, MAE = 9.6 ± 5.2). The contribution of DoD to prediction was the highest (MAE increase when omitted: 14.8), followed by ageCI (8.9) and DoHA (7.5). After CI, patients with DoD < 10 years presented better WRSs and smaller variations (p < 0.01) than those with longer DoD. Better WRS was also explained by younger age at CI and longer-term DoHA. Machine learning demonstrated a robust prediction performance for CI outcomes in postlingually deaf adults across different institutes, providing a reference value for counseling patients considering CI. Health care providers should be aware that the patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss who cannot have benefit from hearing aids need to proceed with CI as soon as possible and should continue using hearing aids until after CI operation.
Development of a Powered-Knee Transfemoral Prosthesis Prototype (2011)

Commercial prosthetic limb development for transfemoral amputees has historically focused on legged locomotive function with energetically dissipative or conservative limbs. While such passive devices are effective at approximating the mechanics of the knee during level walking and stair/slope descent, the inability of these limbs to impose net positive power prevents amputees from executing a number of activities of daily living. Activities such as ascending slopes, ascending stairs, and jumping require net positive power outputs that are not fully realizable with current prosthetic leg technology [1–3]. While functionality has improved with microprocessor-based passive limbs [4], amputees continue to exhibit increased metabolic demands and non-anthropomorphic asymmetric gait [5].
Analyses of Factors Affecting Endothelial Cell Density in an Eye Bank Corneal Donor Database (2016)

Age, race, ocular surgery (cataract and refractive), and DM seem to significantly affect donor corneal ECD. Of these variables, age, a history of cataract surgery, and DM were found to be the greatest risk factors for inadequate donor cell density (less than 2000/mm).
Rerouting of Metabolism into Desired Cellular Products by Nutrient Stress: Fluxes Reveal the Selected Pathways in Cyanobacterial Photosynthesis (2018)

Boosting cellular growth rates while redirecting metabolism to make desired products are the preeminent goals of gene engineering of photoautotrophs, yet so far these goals have been hardly achieved owing to lack of understanding of the functional pathways and their choke points. Here we apply a <sup>13</sup>C mass isotopic method (INST-MFA) to quantify instantaneous fluxes of metabolites during photoautotrophic growth. INST-MFA determines the globally most accurate set of absolute fluxes for each metabolite from a finite set of measured <sup>13</sup>C-isotopomer fluxes by minimizing the sum of squared residuals between experimental and predicted mass isotopomers. We show that the widely observed shift in biomass composition in cyanobacteria, demonstrated here with Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, favoring glycogen synthesis during nitrogen starvation is caused by (1) increased flux through a bottleneck step in gluconeogenesis (3PG → GAP/DHAP), and (2) flux overflow through a previously unrecognized hybrid gluconeogenesis-pentose phosphate (hGPP) pathway. Our data suggest the slower growth rate and biomass accumulation under N starvation is due to a reduced carbon fixation rate and a reduced flux of carbon into amino acid precursors. Additionally, <sup>13</sup>C flux from α-ketoglutarate to succinate is demonstrated to occur via succinic semialdehyde, an alternative to the conventional TCA cycle, in Synechococcus 7002 under photoautotrophic conditions. We found that pyruvate and oxaloacetate are synthesized mainly by malate dehydrogenase with minimal flux into acetyl coenzyme-A via pyruvate dehydrogenase. Nutrient stress induces major shifts in fluxes into new pathways that deviate from historical metabolic pathways derived from model bacteria.
Synthesis and Properties of a Number of Sulfamide 1‐Acylated Indoline Derivatives. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
<i>K</i> <sup> <i>R</i> </sup> ‐Curve Behavior of Duplex Ceramics (1991)

The fracture toughness behavior during crack growth ( K R ‐curve behavior) of duplex ceramics is investigated. Different types of K R ‐curves can be distinguished depending on the microstructural designs of these materials which are characterized by the volume fraction and size of the dispersed pressure zones, and by their effective volume expansion. According to their K R ‐curve behavior, duplex ceramics can be subdivided into two groups consisting of “short‐range” and “long‐range” toughened materials. The experimental results are discussed regarding the appearance of different toughening mechanisms which are documented by crack path micrographs. An unusual toughening effect, a “crackbranching chain reaction,” is documented by in situ observations. The critical stress to nucleate the observed process zone development is calculated and compared with the internal stress intensity factor K i which has been previously proposed for these materials and with the material strength.
Unraveling the association between socioeconomic diversity and consumer price index in a tourism country (2021)

Abstract Diversity has tremendous value in modern society. Economic theories suggest that cultural and ethnic diversity may contribute to economic development and prosperity. To date, however, the correspondence between diversity measures and the economic indicators, such as the Consumer Price Index, has not been quantified. This is primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining data on the micro behaviors and macroeconomic indicators. In this paper, we explore the relationship between diversity measures extracted from large-scale and high-resolution mobile phone data, and the CPIs in different sectors in a tourism country. Interestingly, we show that diversity measures associate strongly with the general and sectoral CPIs, using phone records in Andorra. Based on these strong predictive relationships, we construct daily, and spatial maps to monitor CPI measures at a high resolution to complement existing CPI measures from the statistical office. The case study on Andorra used in this study contributes to two growing literature: linking diversity with economic outcomes, and macro-economic monitoring with large-scale data. Future study is required to examine the relationship between the two measures in other countries.
Bacterially Produced Manganese Oxide and Todorokite:  UV Raman Spectroscopic Comparison (2004)

UV Raman spectroscopic data measured at two distinct conditions, low and high laser power, establish that the manganese oxide (SP6-MnOx) produced by the freshwater bacterium (Leptothrix discophora SP-6) closely resembles the 3 × 3-tunnel todorokite among the MnO2 materials studied. Under the two conditions, the effect of hydration/cation and the phase transition of todorokite or SP6-MnOx to Mn3O4 or birnessite will be described. A higher concentration of Mg2+ incorporated in the framework of the SP6-MnOx than in todorokite is probably responsible for the formation of a new Raman band obtained at high laser powers, matching the most intense UV Raman band of synthetic birnessite. Also, we present the assignment of Raman bands for todorokite mineral and discuss the mutual exclusion principle that should hold for all the MnO2 materials studied. These experiments provide characterization of hydrous, poorly crystalline, or nanocrystalline metal oxides, which are frequently difficult to identify.
Synthesis and Acetylcholinesterase/Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of 4‐Amino‐2,3‐diaryl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrofuro(and thieno)[2,3‐b]quinolines, and 4‐Amino‐5,6,7,8,9‐pentahydro‐2,3‐diphenylcyclohepta[e]furo(and thieno)[2,3‐b]pyridines. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone improves skin barrier function impaired by endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids (2021)

Excess glucocorticoids (GCs) with either endogenous or exogenous origins deteriorate skin barrier function. GCs bind to mineralocorticoid and GC receptors (MRs and GRs) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Inappropriate MR activation by GCs mediates various GC-induced cutaneous adverse events. We examined whether MR antagonists can ameliorate GC-mediated skin barrier dysfunction in NHEKs, reconstructed human epidermis (RHE), and subjects under psychological stress (PS). In a preliminary clinical investigation, topical MR antagonists improved skin barrier function in topical GC-treated subjects. In NHEKs, cortisol induced nuclear translocation of GR and MR, and GR and MR antagonists inhibited cortisol-induced reductions of keratinocyte differentiation. We identified 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (7,3',4'-THIF) as a novel compound that inhibits MR transcriptional activity by screening 30 cosmetic compounds. 7,3',4'-THIF ameliorated the cortisol effect which decreases keratinocyte differentiation in NHEKs and RHE. In a clinical study on PS subjects, 7,3',4'-THIF (0.1%)-containing cream improved skin barrier function, including skin surface pH, barrier recovery rate, and stratum corneum lipids. In conclusion, skin barrier dysfunction owing to excess GC is mediated by MR and GR; thus, it could be prevented by treatment with MR antagonists. Therefore, topical MR antagonists are a promising therapeutic option for skin barrier dysfunction after topical GC treatment or PS.
A distributed optical fiber sensing system for data center thermal monitoring (2018)

Temperature monitoring and regulation is a critical aspect of data center administration. Currently, conventional discrete transistor-based thermal sensing systems are widely used for this purpose, which requires a discrete device for each temperature measurement in the special domain. This leads to an increase in both complexity and cost as the data center grows in scale. This manuscript describes a real-time multiplexed optical fiber thermal sensing system for data center applications which simultaneously measures thousands of discrete points along the length of the fiber under test. This system allows for real-time thermal monitoring of several hundred servers with a spatial resolution of 1 cm, a temperature resolution of &lt;1 &deg;C, and a system update rate of 1 Hz. Temperature inside of individual servers and the ambient room temperature outside the racks can be simultaneously monitored in real time using a single optical fiber probe. To investigate this concept, a pilot experiment is presented which monitored the dynamic server temperature distribution using the proposed fiber sensing system. Temperature data recorded using built-in thermal sensors within the CPU of the server under test were simultaneously recorded and compared to measurements made. In order to induce a temperature change within the server, a computationally intensive task was undertaken during temperature testing. Both methods of temperature measurement demonstrated similar trends, indicating that the proposed multiplexed optical fiber-based system has substantial potential as a scalable method of distributed data center temperature monitoring.
Harvey W. Cushing and cerebrovascular surgery: Part I, aneurysms (2004)

The development of surgical techniques for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms has paralleled the evolution of the specialty of neurological surgery. During the Cushing era, intracranial aneurysms were considered inoperable and only ligation of the carotid artery was performed. Cushing understood the limitations of this approach and advised the need for a more thorough understanding of aneurysm pathology before further consideration could be given to the surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Despite his focus on brain tumors, Cushing's contributions to the discipline of neurovascular surgery are of great importance. With the assistance of Sir Charles Symonds, Cushing described the syndrome of subarachnoid hemorrhage. He considered inserting muscle strips into cerebral aneurysms to promote aneurysm sac thrombosis and designed the "silver clip," which was modified by McKenzie and later used by Dandy to clip the first intracranial aneurysm. Cushing was the first surgeon to wrap aneurysms in muscle fragments to prevent recurrent hemorrhage. He established the foundation on which pioneers such as Norman Dott and Walter Dandy launched the modern era of neurovascular surgery.
On the Configuration of Sensors and Actuators on a Pioneer 3-AT Robot Controlled through the Robotic Operating System ROS (2010)

Supported by DOE URPR (University Research Program in Robotics) grant DE-FG52-04NA25590 and by NSF grants
ECCS CAREER #0811347, IIS #0812338, CNS #0709329.