gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Well Casing Integrity Excellence: A Case History of Evaluating Casing Integrity Using Modern Imaging and Corrosion Tool Logs in Ghawar Field in Saudi Aramco (2009)

Abstract Ensuring good casing integrity is very important to prolong well life. Cement quality is a major element for ensuring casing integrity. Well casing integrity excellence is the key aspect that makes a well in good condition and keeps the well completion suitable to produce crude oil from an oil producer or inject water in an injector. Recently, advances in cement and well completion practices have significantly improved the quality of wells and extended their operating life. Also, the installation of a Cathodic Protection System (CPS) on every well, and tubing packer completion in some wells, prevented external corrosion and consequently casing failure. However, casing integrity problems were discovered in three isolated cases. This paper will discuss issues related to three wells where casing leaks or behind casing channeling were detected across a high-pressure zone located above the main reservoir. A team, consisting of professionals from various engineering departments, was formed to explore remedial options and techniques, as well as employ tools and new technologies that assess well casing integrity excellence. Implementing the recommendations and findings of this team have improved well casing integrity. As well casing is an important asset to ensure well safety, continuous operation and environmental protection; there is an ever increasing need for tools that verify wells with suspect casing integrity problems. These tools are the Cathodic Protection Evaluation Tool (CPET), Ultrasonic Inspection Tool (USIT), Ultrasonic Corrosion Inspection Tool (UCIT) and the Electro-Magnetic Imaging Tool (EMIT). The EMIT provides real images of the multiple casing strings. CPET, USIT, UCIT and EMIT were selected and run on three wells Well-A10, Well-A20 (oil producers) and Well-B1 (water injector) with suspected casing integrity problems. These logs detected and imaged the corroded, scaled and cracked intervals before performing remedial actions to return the wells to an operating status by renovating casing integrity.
Simulation of Fracture Behavior in Asphalt Concrete Using a Heterogeneous Cohesive Zone Discrete Element Model (2008)

With increasing traffic loads and changes in crude petroleum refining techniques, cracking in asphalt pavements continues to be a major cause of structural and functional deterioration of these systems, particularly in cold climates. Although modern design tools such as the AASHTO Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide have recognized the need to predict pavement cracking in pavement life cycle cost analyses, the development of true fracture tests and associated models is hampered by a lack of fundamental knowledge of the physical nature of cracking in asphalt concrete materials. A clustered discrete element method (DEM) was employed as a means to investigate fracture mechanisms in asphalt concrete at low temperatures. The DEM approach was first verified by comparing elastic continuum theory and the discontinuum approach using uniform axial compression and cantilever beam models. A bilinear cohesive zone model was implemented into the DEM framework to enable simulation of crack initiation and propagation in asphalt concrete. Verification of the cohesive zone fracture model was carried out using a double cantilever beam. The main advantage of the DEM approach was that a mesoscale representation of the morphology of the material could be easily incorporated into the model using high-resolution imaging, image analysis software, and by developing a relatively simple mesh generation code. The simulation results were shown to compare favorably with experimental results, and moreover, the simulations provide new insight into the mechanisms of fracture in asphalt concrete. The modeling technique can provide more details of the fracture process in laboratory fracture tests, the influence of heterogeneity on crack path, and the effects of local material strength and fracture energy on global fracture test response.
Apparent correction to the speed of light in a gravitational potential (2014)

The effects of physical interactions are usually incorporated into the quantum theory by including the corresponding terms in the Hamiltonian. Here we consider the effects of including the gravitational potential energy of massive particles in the Hamiltonian of quantum electrodynamics. This results in a predicted correction to the speed of light that is proportional to the fine structure constant. The correction to the speed of light obtained in this way depends on the gravitational potential and not the gravitational field, which is not gauge invariant and presumably nonphysical. Nevertheless, the predicted results are in reasonable agreement with experimental observations from Supernova 1987a.
Psychosocial Effect of Newborn Genomic Sequencing on Families in the BabySeq Project (2021)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02422511.
<i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> P140 and P110 Cytadhesins Are Reciprocally Stabilized and Required for Cell Adhesion and Terminal-Organelle Development (2006)

Mycoplasma genitalium is a human pathogen that mediates cell adhesion by a complex structure known as the attachment organelle. This structure is composed of cytadhesins and cytadherence-associated proteins, but few data are available about the specific role of these proteins in M. genitalium cytadherence. We have deleted by homologous recombination the mg191 and mg192 genes from the MgPa operon encoding the P140 and P110 cytadhesins. Molecular characterization of these mutants has revealed a reciprocal posttranslational stabilization between the two proteins. Loss of either P140 or P110 yields a hemadsorption-negative phenotype and correlates with decreased or increased levels of cytoskeleton-related proteins MG386 and DnaK, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis reveals the absolute requirement of P140 and P110 for the proper development of the attachment organelle. The phenotype described for these mutants resembles that of the spontaneous class I and class II cytadherence-negative mutants [G. R. Mernaugh, S. F. Dallo, S. C. Holt, and J. B. Baseman, Clin. Infect. Dis. 17(Suppl. 1):S69-S78, 1993], whose genetic basis remained undetermined until now. Complementation assays and sequencing analysis demonstrate that class I and class II mutants are the consequence of large deletions affecting the mg192 and mg191-mg192 genes, respectively. These deletions originated from single-recombination events involving sequences of the MgPa operon and the MgPa island located immediately downstream. We also demonstrate the translocation of MgPa sequences to a particular MgPa island by double-crossover events. Based on these observations, we propose that in addition to being a source of antigenic variation, MgPa islands could be also involved in a general phase variation mechanism switching on and off, in a reversible or irreversible way, the adhesion properties of M. genitalium.
Time resolved measurement of spatially averaged microwave conductivity of air plasmas formed by 100 picosecond laser pulses (1993)

Summary form only given, as follows. Applications of gaseous plasma switching and relativistic ionization front studies can require measurements of microwave complex conductivity spatially integrated over many microwave wavelengths. Time-dependent conductivities and permittivities of 1-atm air plasmas formed by focusing energetic 100-picosecond laser pulses of 1064-nm wavelength into a long section of rectangular waveguide (WR90) have been determined. Laser propagation is along the waveguide length perpendicular to the electric field of the 10 GHz, TE/sub 10/, CW (continuous wave) probe. Laser and microwave waveforms counterpropagate. Visible arcs of length typically exceeding 40 cm were formed using a 9-meter focal length lens. X-band interferometric results are therefore spatially averaged longitudinally and transversely. Time resolved results have been obtained using laser pulse energies from 300 mJoules to a few Joules.
A soluble fluorous phase polymer support (1997)

The synthesis of fluorous phase soluble fluoropolymer supports that readily covalently bind amine-containing reagents and that react with and separate from reagents in aqueous and hydrocarbon solvents is described.
Solvated Ions in Water (2016)

In most undergraduate chemistry classes, students are taught to consider reactions in which cations and anions dissolved in water are depicted as isolated ions. For example, the magnesium ion is depicted as Mg2+, or at best Mg2+(aq). For anions, these descriptions may be adequate (if not accurate). However, for cations, these abbreviations almost always fail to describe the critical chemical attributes of the dissolved species. A much more meaningful description of Mg2+ dissolved in water is [Mg(H2O)6]2+, because Mg2+ in water does not behave like a bare Mg2+ ion, nor do the waters coordinated to the Mg2+ behave anything like water molecules in the bulk fluid. In many respects, the [Mg(H2O)6]2+ ion acts like a dissolved molecular species. In this chapter, we discuss the simple solvation of anions and cations as a prelude to exploring more complex reactions of soluble oxide precursors called hydrolysis products. The two key classes of water–oxide reactions introduced here are acid–base and ligand exchange. First, consider how simple anions modify the structure and properties of water. As discussed in Chapter 3, water is a dynamic and highly fluxional “oxide” containing transient rings and clusters based on tetrahedral oxygen anions held together by linear hydrogen bonds. Simple halide ions can insert into this structure by occupying sites that would normally be occupied by other water molecules because they have radii (ranging from 0.13 to 0.22 nm in the series from F− to I−) that are comparable to that of the O2− ion (0.14 nm). Such substitution is clearly seen in the structures of ionic clathrate hydrates, where the anion can replace one and sometimes even two water molecules. Larger anions can also replace water molecules within clathrate hydrate cages. For example, carboxylate hydrate structures incorporate the carboxylate group within the water framework whereas the hydrophobic hydrocarbon “tails” occupy a cavity within the water framework, as in methane hydrate (see Chapter 3). Water molecules form hydrogen bonds to dissolved halide ions just as they can to other water molecules, as designated by OH−Y−.
A photonic integrated circuit based optical mesh node for avionic WDM optical networks (2016)

Modern aircraft utilize electrical connections and signals for transport of all flight-critical information. Traditionally, all avionic subsystems were connected using point-to-point duplex links, which increase the weight and complexity of the aircraft wiring, as well as complicate upgrades with new systems and services. More recently, networking technologies like Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (ADFX) have been developed and deployed on the latest commercial platforms offering the advantages of a networked environment while providing deterministic quality of service needed for safety-critical applications. At the same time, for bandwidth hungry sensing applications on board of avionic platforms, fiber optic point-to-point connections have been introduced, mainly using multimode optical signals and fibers. It is envisioned that with future needs for additional bandwidth on board aircraft, electrical networks and multimode optical links will be replaced with a unified single mode optical network, which will provide a future proof communication infrastructure for the life of the aircraft. This ultimate solution in terms of available bandwidth and flexibility will reduce the aircraft weight while reducing the operating costs and out-of-service time. Addition of new sensors or other equipment will be simplified through standard optical interfaces connected to the optical backbone network.
Cerebral Bases of Subliminal and Supraliminal Priming during Reading (2006)

Several studies have investigated the neural correlates of conscious perception by contrasting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation to conscious and nonconscious visual stimuli. The results often reveal an amplification of posterior occipito-temporal activation and its extension into a parieto-frontal network. However, some of these effects might be due to a greater deployment of attentional or strategical processes in the conscious condition. Here, we examined the brain activity evoked by visible and invisible stimuli, both of which were irrelevant to the task. We collected fMRI data in a masking paradigm in which subliminal versus supraliminal letter strings were presented as primes while subjects focused attention on another subsequent, highly visible target word. Under those conditions, prime visibility was associated with greater activity confined to bilateral posterior occipito-temporal cortices, without extension into frontal and parietal cortices. However, supraliminal primes, compared with subliminal primes, evoked more extensive repetition suppression in a widely distributed set of parieto-frontal areas. Furthermore, only supraliminal primes caused phonological repetition enhancement in left inferior frontal and anterior insular cortex. Those results suggest a 2-stage view of conscious access: Relative to masked stimuli, unmasked stimuli elicit increased occipito-temporal activity, thus allowing them to compete for global conscious access and to induce priming in multiple distant areas. In the absence of attention, however, their access to a second stage of distributed parieto-frontal processing may remain blocked.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Paxillin Is a Target for Somatic Mutations in Lung Cancer: Implications for Cell Growth and Invasion (2023)

Supplementary Figure 5 from Paxillin Is a Target for Somatic Mutations in Lung Cancer: Implications for Cell Growth and Invasion
Stoichiometric Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO by Phosphine/AlX<sub>3</sub>-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs (2013)

The reactions of the bulky phosphines Mes3P or (otol)3P with AlX3 (X = I, Br, Cl) and CO2 are probed and shown to give complexes of the form Mes3PC(OAlX3)2 (X = I (3), Br (4), Cl (5)) and (otol)3PC(OAlI3)2 (6). The former compounds under CO2 are further transformed to Mes3PC(OAlX2)2OAlX3 (X = I (8), Br (10)) and [Mes3PX][AlX4] (X = I (9), Br (11)). These latter reactions are thought to proceed via dissociation of alane, as evidenced by the generation of (otol)3PC(OAl(C6F5)3) from (otol)3PC(OAl(C6F5)3)2 (7) and the isolation of (otol)3PC(O)OAl(OC(CF3)3)3 (15). Subsequent insertion of CO2 into the Al–X bond is evidenced by the characterization of [(C6F5)C(O)OAl(C6F5)2]2 (14) from the reaction of Al(C6F5)3 and CO2. The isolation of Al(C6F5)3·2(C6H5Br) (16) also suggests dissociation of Al(C6F5)3 from 7 may be facilitated by interactions with solvent. Kinetics of the formation of 8/9 from 3 show the reaction is first order in 3 and CO2 and the rate-determining step involves an associative process. A mechanism involving dissociation of alane and subsequent insertion of CO2 into the Al–X bond is proposed.
A new, convenient, and efficient route to dimolybdenum(II) compounds from molybdenum oxide (MoO3) (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA new, convenient, and efficient route to dimolybdenum(II) compounds from molybdenum oxide (MoO3)Avi Bino and Dan GibsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 12, 4277–4278Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00532a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00532a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views226Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhancing Garbage Collection Synchronization Using Explicit Bit Barriers (2015)

Multicore architectures offer a convenient way to unlock concurrency between application (called mutator) and garbage collector, yet efficient synchronization between the two by means of barriers is critical to unlock this concurrency. Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM), now commercially available, opens up new ways for synchronization with dramatically lower overhead for the mutator. Unfortunately, HTM-based schemes proposed to date either require specialized hardware support or impose severe overhead through invocation of OS-level trap handlers. This paper proposes Explicit Bit Barriers (EBB), a novel approach for fast synchronization between the mutator and HTM-encapsulated relocation tasks. We compare the efficiency of EBBs with read barriers based on virtual memory that rely on OS-level trap handlers. We show that EBBs are nearly as efficient as those needing specialized hardware, but run on commodity Intel processors with TSX extensions.
Light control of Arabidopsis developmental pattern. (1998)

As sessile organisms, higher plants are characterized by a high degree of developmental pattern plasticity in response to environmental signals, and in many cases respond to the changing environment by tailoring their developmental patterns in a way that maximizes their chances of survival and reproduction. Given the importance of photosynthesis to plant survival, light signals are arguably among the most important environmental cues to plant development. Genetic analysis of the light control of the Arabidopsis seedling development pattern has revealed that the pleiotropic COP/DET/FUS genes play a key role in integrating light signals and modulating developmental pattern formation. Recent studies support a working model in which COP1 act within the nucleus to sequester and inactivate transcription factors in darkness, while light abrogates this association by modulating COP1 nuclear abundance. This results in activation of the transcription factors and expression of genes responsible for photomorphogenic development. The other pleiotropic COP/DET/FUS proteins act to maintain the proper nuclear localization or retention of COP1 in darkness.
An Improved Capillary Electrophoresis Procedure for the Determination of Organic Acids in Grape Juice and Wine (1999)

Major organic acids in grape juice and wine were separated and quantified by an improved capillary electrophoretic (CE) method. Indirect UV detection with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid as a background electrolyte buffer (pH 5.60) was used in this method. Although indirect UV generally uses low buffer concentrations, in this case an adequate buffer capacity was required to ensure reproducible migration times due to the pH dependency of the charge and thus mobility of the organic acids. Tartaric, malic, citric, succinic, acetic, and lactic acids were baseline resolved in 7.3 minutes by reversing the electroosmotic flow. Sample preparation was 0.45 µm filtration and a 40-fold dilution with glyoxylic acid as the internal standard. The accuracy and precision of the CE-method were better than ± 2% at 2500 mg/L. Migration time reproducibility of better than ± 1% was achieved. All acids gave linear detector responses from 5 to 125 mg/L (diluted 40-fold) with the exception of succinic (5 to 20 mg/L) and acetic (5 to 18 mg/L). This CE method enables rapid (&lt; 13 minutes total analysis time) and simultaneous analysis of major organic acids without sample cleanup in grape juice and wine for assessing the stability of products during manufacturing processes.
Selective Priming and Expansion of Antigen-Specific Foxp3−CD4+ T Cells during <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Infection (2009)

The Foxp3-expressing subset of regulatory CD4(+) T cells have defined Ag specificity and play essential roles in maintaining peripheral tolerance by suppressing the activation of self-reactive T cells. Similarly, during chronic infection, pathogen-specific Foxp3-expressing CD4(+) T cells expand and actively suppress pathogen-specific effector T cells. Herein, we used MHC class II tetramers and Foxp3(gfp) knockin mice to track the kinetics and magnitude whereby pathogen-specific Foxp3(+)CD4(+) and Foxp3(-)CD4(+) cells are primed and expand after acute infection with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) expressing the non-"self"-Ag 2W1S(52-68). We demonstrate that Lm infection selectively primes proliferation, expansion, and subsequent contraction of Lm-specific Foxp3(-) effector CD4(+) cells, while the numbers of Lm-specific Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory cells remain essentially unchanged. In sharp contrast, purified 2W1S(52-68) peptide primes coordinated expansion of both Foxp3(+) regulatory and Foxp3(-) effector T cells with the same Ag specificity. Taken together, these results indicate selective priming and expansion of Foxp3(-) CD4 T cells is a distinguishing feature for acute bacterial infection.
Transient Studies of Ballistic Acceleration of Electrons in a GaAs Quantum-Well Structure (1991)

Ballistic transport in semiconductors has been of considerable interest recently [ref]. Ballistic drift of hot electrons and holes across short channels of heterojunctions has been studied extensively by using injector-spectrometer techniques [1]. We have performed time-resolved measurements in an attempt to study ballistic effects in electron transport. By using femtosecond spectroscopy, we have observed the quasi-ballistic acceleration of electrons in the planes of a multiple quantum-well structure.
Modulated Raman spectroscopy for enhanced identification of bladder tumor cells in urine samples (2011)

Standard Raman spectroscopy (SRS) is a noninvasive technique that is used in the biomedical field to discriminate between normal and cancer cells. However, the presence of a strong fluorescence background detracts from the use of SRS in real-time clinical applications. Recently, we have reported a novel modulated Raman spectroscopy (MRS) technique to extract the Raman spectra from the background. In this paper, we present the first application of MRS to the identification of human urothelial cells (SV-HUC-1) and bladder cancer cells (MGH) in urine samples. These results are compared to those obtained by SRS. Classification using the principal component analysis clearly shows that MRS allows discrimination between Raman spectra of SV-HUC-1 and MGH cells with high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (95%). MRS is also used to distinguish between SV-HUC-1 and MGH cells after exposure to urine for up to 6 h. We observe a marked change in the MRS of SV-HUC-1 and MGH cells with time in urine, indicating that the conditions of sample collection will be important for the application of this methodology to clinical urine samples.
Effective Expression of a Transcript Factor liked Protein in Eschericha coli with RIG-plasmid (2002)

Parasite genes often use codons which are rarely used in Eschericha coli,possibly resulting lower protein yields of recombinant protein.RIG plasmid contains the genes encode several rare tRNAs.When co-transformed into E.coli with expression plasmid containing gene coding human mitochondial transcript terminator liked protein,RIG can greatly increase levels of overexpressed protein.RIG is a good solution for codon bias.