gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Coupling for Direct Imaging of Electrocatalytic Heterogeneity (2012)

Here we report the use of fluorescence microscopy and closed bipolar electrodes to reveal electrochemical and electrocatalytic activity on large electrochemical arrays. We demonstrate fluorescence-enabled electrochemical microscopy (FEEM) as a new electrochemical approach for imaging transient and heterogeneous electrochemical processes. This method uses a bipolar electrode mechanism to directly couple a conventional oxidation reaction, e.g., the oxidation of ferrocene, to a special fluorogenic reduction reaction. The generation of the fluorescent product on the cathodic pole enables one to directly monitor an electrochemical process with optical microscopy. We demonstrate the use of this method on a large electrochemical array containing thousands or more parallel bipolar microelectrodes to enable spatially and temporally resolved electrochemical imaging. We first image molecular transport of a redox analyte in solution using an array containing roughly 1000 carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes. We then carry out a simple electrocatalysis experiment to show how FEEM can be used for electrocatalyst screening. This new method could prove useful for imaging transient electrochemical events, such as fast exocytosis events on single and networks of neurons, and for parallel, high-throughput screening of new electrocatalysts.
Degradation of Insulin and Calcitonin and Their Protection by Various Protease Inhibitors in Rat Caecal Contents: Implications in Peptide Delivery to the Colon (1997)

The objective of this study was to examine the metabolism of insulin and calcitonin, and their protection by various protease inhibitors, in the large intestine. Fresh caecal contents were prepared from non-fasted rats and the degradation of insulin and calcitonin was studied in a suspension of rat caecal contents, as a model of the content of the large intestine. Both insulin and calcitonin were metabolized in suspensions of rat caecal contents, but the degradation of calcitonin was much faster than that of insulin. The degradation of insulin was fastest at pH 6.8. Protease inhibitors such as camostat and aprotinin inhibited the degradation of insulin and calcitonin in rat caecal contents, which was consistent with the high chymotrypsin activity of these contents. These findings suggest that care should be taken when administering peptide drugs to the large intestine for colon-specific drug delivery because they can be degraded in rat caecal contents. Protease inhibitors might be useful for increasing the stability of these peptides in the large intestine, thereby improving their large-intestinal absorption to the systemic circulation.
New insights into the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2018)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. The two histopathological markers of AD are amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles of aggregated, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The majority of AD cases are late-onset, after the age of 65, where a clear cause is still unknown. However, there are likely different multifactorial contributors including age, enviornment, biology and genetics which can increase risk for the disease. Genetic predisposition is considerable, with heritability estimates of 60-80%. Genetic factors such as rare variants of TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) strongly increase the risk of developing AD, confirming the role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. In the last 5 years, several studies have dissected the mechanisms by which TREM2, as well as its rare variants affect amyloid and tau pathologies and their consequences in both animal models and in human studies. In this review, we summarize increases in our understanding of the involvement of TREM2 and microglia in AD development that may open new therapeutic strategies targeting the immune system to influence AD pathogenesis.
A facile approach to synthesize an oxo-functionalized graphene/polymer composite for low-voltage operating memory devices (2015)

Polystyrene-derivative wrapped oxo-functionalized graphene, prepared by controlled chemistry, can be used as a floating gate in memory devices operating at 3 V.
Spontaneous Agonal Respiration in a Swine Model of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (1994)

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Beam shaping with a plano-aspheric lens pair (2003)

A pair of plano-aspheric lenses can be used to transform a collimated, radially symmetric, Gaussian beam to a radially symmetric flat-top beam. Diffraction of the output beam due to the choice of irradiance profile, as well as the finite aperture of the optics, must be considered if a propagating beam is required. Choosing both lenses to be positive, one can show that the aspheric surfaces are strictly convex, which facilitates fabrication by magnetorheological figuring. A fused silica lens pair is demonstrated, which can be used at any wavelength from 250 to 1550 nm to transform a Gaussian to a flat-top beam. Measurements of both the irradiance profile and phase of the output beam are presented and compared to the ideal design. These optics transform 78% of the total input beam power into the flat-top region of the output beam, which is uniform to better than 5% rms. For applications requiring uniform illumination, this represents a fourfold improvement in power utilization over the Gaussian input. The output wavefront is flat to a quarter wave at 514 nm, resulting in a beam that propagates approximately 0.5 m without significant change in profile.
Purging of Mammary Carcinoma Cells During Ex Vivo Culture of CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells With Recombinant Immunotoxins (1998)

Tumor cells have been found in autologous hematopoietic cell transplants used after high-dose chemotherapy. To specifically eliminate contaminating mammary tumor cells during ex vivo expansion of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, we used recombinant immunotoxins (ITs) directed against cell-surface antigens expressed on mammary carcinoma cells. ITs were expressed from fusion cDNAs combining a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) directed against the Erb-B2 or epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors with a truncatedPseudomonas exotoxin A fragment devoid of its cell-binding domain. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells did not express Erb-B2 and EGF receptors as detected by Western blotting. Ex vivo expansion of total hematopoietic cells or of colony-forming cells from CD34+ progenitors in the presence of stem-cell factor (SCF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-3, IL-6, and erythropoietin (Epo) was not affected when ITs were added to the cultures. In contrast, MDA-MB 453 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells were depleted in a dose- and time-dependent manner by more than 3 log in coculture with CD34+ cells over a period of 7 days in the presence of 100 to 1,000 ng/mL of anti–Erb-B2 IT. This included elimination of the subpopulations with regrowth potential. Similarly, addition of either anti–Erb-B2 or anti-EGF receptor ITs to primary breast cancer cells isolated from patients with metastatic disease resulted in elimination of cytokeratin-positive cells in seven of seven samples. ITs are highly efficient and convenient to use for the depletion of mammary tumor cells during ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitor-cell autografts.
ALPi: A DDoS Defense System for High-Speed Networks (2006)

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks pose a significant threat to the Internet. Most solutions proposed to-date face scalability problems as the size and speed of the network increase, with no widespread DDoS solution deployed in the industry. PacketScore has been proposed as a proactive DDoS defense scheme, which detects DDoS attacks, differentiates attack packets from legitimate ones with the use of packet scoring (where the score of a packet is calculated based on attribute values it possesses), and discards packets whose scores are lower than a dynamic threshold. In this paper, we propose ALPi, a new scheme which extends the packet scoring concept with reduced implementation complexity and enhanced performance. More specifically, a leaky-bucket overflow control scheme simplifies the score computation, and facilitates high-speed implementation. An attribute-value-variation scoring scheme analyzes the deviations of the current traffic attribute values, and increases the accuracy of detecting and differentiating attacks. An enhanced control-theoretic packet discarding method allows both schemes to be more adaptive to challenging attacks such as those with ever-changing signatures and intensities. When combined together, the proposed extensions not only greatly reduce the memory requirement and implementation complexity but also substantially improve the accuracies in attack detection and packet differentiation. This makes ALPi an attractive DDoS defense system amenable for high-speed hardware implementation.
Bacterial Capture by Peptide-Mimetic Oligoacyllysine Surfaces (2010)

Most procedures for detecting pathogens in liquid media require an initial concentration step. However, poor recovery efficiencies of conventional methods, such as filtration, often lead to low sensitivity. Here, we describe a strategy for concentrating bacteria using their binding affinity for an oligoacyllysine (OAK), a novel peptide-mimetic antimicrobial compound. We show that the resin-linked OAK (ROAK) efficiently captures a variety of pathogens in different media, upon brief incubation with ROAK beads or after continuous flow through a ROAK-packed column. Using Escherichia coli expressing green fluorescent protein, we show that binding occurs rapidly during incubation and persists after filtration as visualized by confocal microscopy. The high binding affinity of bacteria was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance technology using an OAK-linked chip. ROAK-bound bacteria remained viable and were readily identifiable by real-time PCR after ethanol elution. A single ROAK bead is estimated to capture about 3,000 bacterial cells in culture medium, in contaminated saline or tap water. ROAK beads can be regenerated for multiple uses after brief ethanol treatment. Collectively, the data support the notion that OAK-based coating of polymeric surfaces might represent a useful means for medium filtration as well as for concentration of bacteria.
Effect of Smoking Cessation on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clopidogrel after PCI: The Smoking Cessation Paradox Study (2020)

Smoking cessation in clopidogrel-treated patients after PCI is associated with increased platelet reactivity and greater risk of HPR. Alternative P2Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitors may be considered in selected patients who stop smoking after PCI.
<i>S</i>‐Adenosyl Methionine Cofactor Modifications Enhance the Biocatalytic Repertoire of Small Molecule <i>C</i>‐Alkylation (2019)

Abstract A tandem enzymatic strategy to enhance the scope of C ‐alkylation of small molecules via the in situ formation of S ‐adenosyl methionine (SAM) cofactor analogues is described. A solvent‐exposed channel present in the SAM‐forming enzyme SalL tolerates 5′‐chloro‐5′‐deoxyadenosine (ClDA) analogues modified at the 2‐position of the adenine nucleobase. Coupling SalL‐catalyzed cofactor production with C ‐(m)ethyl transfer to coumarin substrates catalyzed by the methyltransferase (MTase) NovO forms C ‐(m)ethylated coumarins in superior yield and greater substrate scope relative to that obtained using cofactors lacking nucleobase modifications. Establishing the molecular determinants that influence C ‐alkylation provides the basis to develop a late‐stage enzymatic platform for the preparation of high value small molecules.
Standardized Credit Indices (2012)

This chapter provides a description of the corporate standardized credit indices iTraxx and CDX, focusing on the importance of standardization. It first gives a first intuitive way of pricing the index that is the basics of some of the corporate credit indices and their tranches. Moreover, it discusses the concept of standardization and explains the necessity for it. Followed by standardization, it extends the concepts to the tranches on the capital structure of the indices, demonstrating the leap in innovation behind these instruments. Finally, it shows simple relations between the CDS quotes of the collateral and the index spread.
Liver steatosis coexists with myocardial insulin resistance and coronary dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes (2006)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is a common comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes and links to the risk of coronary syndromes. The aim was to determine the manifestations of metabolic syndrome in different organs in patients with liver steatosis. We studied 55 type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease using positron emission tomography. Myocardial perfusion was measured with [15O]H2O and myocardial and skeletal muscle glucose uptake with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia. Liver fat content was determined by magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy. Patients were divided on the basis of their median (8%) into two groups with low (4.6 +/- 2.0%) and high (17.4 +/- 8.0%) liver fat content. The groups were well matched for age, BMI, and fasting plasma glucose. In addition to insulin resistance at the whole body level (P = 0.012) and muscle (P = 0.002), the high liver fat group had lower insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake (P = 0.040) and glucose extraction rate (P = 0.0006) compared with the low liver fat group. In multiple regression analysis, liver fat content was the most significant explanatory variable for myocardial insulin resistance. In addition, the high liver fat group had increased concentrations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, soluble forms of E-selectin, vascular adhesion protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (P < 0.05) and lower coronary flow reserve (P = 0.02) compared with the low liver fat group. In conclusion, in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, liver fat content is a novel independent indicator of myocardial insulin resistance and reduced coronary functional capacity. Further studies will reveal the effect of hepatic fat reduction on myocardial metabolism and coronary function.
3D location estimation of light sources in room-scale scenes (2021)

In this paper we present our on-going work on light source estimation in room-scale scenes for more photorealistic experiences. Our unique input is an up-to-date textured 3D mesh of a real uncontrolled environment obtained using a consumer mobile device. We base our approach on the detection of real shadows in a single RGB-D image rendered for a top viewpoint. Contrary to prior art, our approach does not consider any object-based segmentation, neither simplifying assumptions on the scene geometry or on poorly textured surfaces. The 3D locations of light sources are automatically estimated, and for now, the lighting model is completed with intensity values obtained interactively through a GUI displaying augmentations on the scanned scene. This lighting model can then be reused to light the MR scene coherently during mobile experiences. Results on various indoor and outdoor scenes show the beginnings of a promising work. To illustrate the complexity of the problem and to make the community aware of the importance of a correct lighting on user perception, we also fairly show how slightly inaccurate light estimation results or incomplete geometry knowledge can go completely unnoticed in some simple cases but can also deeply impact the final rendering photorealism in some other cases.
Alteration of replication protein A binding mode on single-stranded DNA by NSMF potentiates RPA phosphorylation by ATR kinase (2023)

Replication protein A (RPA), a eukaryotic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein, dynamically interacts with ssDNA in different binding modes and plays essential roles in DNA metabolism such as replication, repair, and recombination. RPA accumulation on ssDNA due to replication stress triggers the DNA damage response (DDR) by activating the ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related (ATR) kinase, which phosphorylates itself and downstream DDR factors, including RPA. We recently reported that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor (NSMF), a neuronal protein associated with Kallmann syndrome, promotes RPA32 phosphorylation via ATR upon replication stress. However, how NSMF enhances ATR-mediated RPA32 phosphorylation remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that NSMF colocalizes and physically interacts with RPA at DNA damage sites in vivo and in vitro. Using purified RPA and NSMF in biochemical and single-molecule assays, we find that NSMF selectively displaces RPA in the more weakly bound 8- and 20-nucleotide binding modes from ssDNA, allowing the retention of more stable RPA molecules in the 30-nt binding mode. The 30-nt binding mode of RPA enhances RPA32 phosphorylation by ATR, and phosphorylated RPA becomes stabilized on ssDNA. Our findings provide new mechanistic insight into how NSMF facilitates the role of RPA in the ATR pathway.
On underdetermined source separation (1999)

This paper discusses some theoretical results on underdetermined source separation, i.e. when the mixing matrix is degenerate, especially when there is more sources than observations. In this case, we show that the sources can be restored up to an arbitrary additive random vector. In the particular case of discrete sources, very relevant for digital communications, we show that this vector is certain.
Self‐Assembly of 9,10‐Bis(phenylethynyl) Anthracene (BPEA) Derivatives: Influence of π–π and Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions on Aggregate Morphology and Self‐Assembly Mechanism (2017)

9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracenes (BPEAs) are an important class of dyes in various applications including chemiluminescence emitters, materials for photon upconversion, and for optoelectronic devices. Some of these applications require control over the packing modes of the molecules within the active layer, which can be effected by bottom-up self-assembly. Studies aimed at controlling the molecular organization of BPEAs have primarily focused on bulk or liquid-crystal materials, whereas in-depth investigations of BPEA-based assemblies in solution remain elusive. In this article, the self-assembly of two new BPEA derivatives with hydrophobic side chains is reported, one of them featuring amide functional groups and the other one lacking them. Comparison of the self-assembly behavior of both systems in solution using spectroscopic (UV/Vis, fluorescence, and NMR), microscopic (AFM), and theoretical (PM6) studies reveals the crucial role of the amide groups in controlling the self-assembly. For both systems, the formation of H-type face-to-face π-stacks is proposed, whereas the interplay of π-stacking and H-bonding is responsible for driving the formation of 1D stacks and increasing the binding constant by two to three orders of magnitude. Our findings show that H-bonding is a prerequisite to create ordered BPEA assemblies in solution.
Maternal anxiety about first trimester nuchal translucency screening and impact of positive screening results (2007)

Women with positive screening results did not have a sustained increase in anxiety and remained supportive about the value of screening. Clinician concerns about causing maternal anxiety should not be an impediment to screening.
Electrowetting enabled magnetic particle immunoassay with on-chip magnetic washing (2013)

This work demonstrates a unique DMF (Digital Microfluidics) immunoassay chip with 17 microelectrodes in an area of 6×6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which manipulates both electric and magnetic fields, to carry magnetic particle based immunoassay. Superparamagentic particles act as a label for the analyte in measurement and Hall sensor response indicates the presence of target analyte. This report describes magnetic washing (pulling of unbound magnetic beads) on DMF chip without any external magnet or additional component. The chip has a novel fabrication process where 600×600 micron electrodes are interspaced with a gap of 22 micron. The movement of the droplet on the chip is controlled automatically by using FPGA Altera DE0.
Corneal endothelium after refractive surgery (2011)

Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
[Significance and mechanism of thoracic and lumbar spine injuries in traffic accidents]. (1990)

An analysis of 96 persons who sustained injuries to dorsal and lumbar vertebrae during traffic accidents, established that spinal injuries (sustained by 3.8% of the 96 persons) are quite rare. Pedestrians, the elderly, and polytraumatized persons with extensive head injuries as accompanying trauma following particularly serious accidents are at especially high risk. The most frequent spinal injuries are compression fractures, which especially often give rise to the injury pattern found in the spine of motorcycle riders, pedestrians, and car passengers not wearing seat belts. In these cases a so-called "pushing-further" mechanism is quite often assumed as the biomechanical cause. In comparison, ruptures of the transverse process have often been established for car passengers wearing seat belts, which can be attributed causally to a psoas effect resulting from an overstretching movement of the body and muscular strain. Basically three different biomechanical movement patterns were established in this study: sliding mechanism, shearing effect and psoas effect; which of these is are involved depends on the capacity in which the person affected takes part in street traffic. All the spinal fractures examined can be classed as trauma sustained while travelling at high speed. They are not observed following collisions at low or moderate speed.
Identification of Forbidden Lines in the Soft—X-Ray Spectrum of the TFR Tokamak (1978)

We report an observation of electric quadrupole transitions in a laboratory plasma. Two intense lines seen at 58.832 and 57.927 \AA{} in the spectrum of the TFR tokamak are attributed to the $E2$ transitions $3{d}^{10}\ensuremath{-}3{d}^{9}4s(J=2)$ of Mo xv. This classification is based on the agreement between experimental and computed values for wavelengths and intensities of these lines in the tokamak plasma. The influence of cascades on intensities is discussed.
High charge-carrier mobility enables exploitation of carrier multiplication in quantum-dot films (2013)

Carrier multiplication, the generation of multiple electron-hole pairs by a single photon, is of great interest for solar cells as it may enhance their photocurrent. This process has been shown to occur efficiently in colloidal quantum dots, however, harvesting of the generated multiple charges has proved difficult. Here we show that by tuning the charge-carrier mobility in quantum-dot films, carrier multiplication can be optimized and may show an efficiency as high as in colloidal dispersion. Our results are explained quantitatively by the competition between dissociation of multiple electron-hole pairs and Auger recombination. Above a mobility of ~1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), all charges escape Auger recombination and are quantitatively converted to free charges, offering the prospect of cheap quantum-dot solar cells with efficiencies in excess of the Shockley-Queisser limit. In addition, we show that the threshold energy for carrier multiplication is reduced to twice the band gap of the quantum dots.