gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficiency study of a 2.2-kV, 1-ns, 1-MHz pulsed power generator based on a drift-step-recovery diode (2013)

Nanosecond pulsed-power generators featuring high peak and average power are attractive for ultra-wideband radars in applications such as through-wall detection and ground penetration. The efficiency of the pulse production scheme has a major importance in battery operated devices. This paper presents an efficiency study of a 2.2-kV, 1 ns pulsed power circuit. The circuit consists of a power MOSFET serving as a prime switch and a fast drift-step recovery diode (DSRD) connected in parallel to the load. The MOSFET utilizes a low-voltage DC power supply to pump and pulse the DSRD in the forward and reverse directions. An additional low-current DC power supply is used to provide a voltage bias in order to balance the DSRD forward with respect to its reverse charge. In order to study the circuit's efficiency, it was operated at a wide range of operating parameters, including the main and bias source voltages, and the trigger duration of the prime switch. A peak voltage of 2.2 kV with a rise-time of less than 1 ns and a rise-rate of 3 kV/ns was obtained, where the efficiency was 24%. A higher efficiency of 52% was obtained when the circuit was optimized to an output peak voltage of 1.15 kV. The circuit was operated in single-shot mode, as well as in bursts of up to 100 pulses at a repetition rate of 1 MHz. Thus, during the burst a peak and average power of 96.8 kW and 155 W, respectively, were obtained.
Programmable video clock synthesizer with sub 0.5 ns drift (2003)

This paper presents a video clock synthesizer. The block is programmable; it accepts input frequencies from 20 kHz to 5 MHz and produces output frequencies up to 200 MHz. The synthesizer is designed to reduce phase drift in the output clock. This parameter is critical in video applications because large phase drift can result in the loss of pixel data. The phase drift was measured at less than 0.5 ns for all input clocks greater than 30 kHz. This represents an improvement of a factor of 6 on measurements reported on a related synthesizer in a recent publication. Another key parameter of the synthesizer is VDD sensitivity of the open loop VCO. This is particularly important in noisy VLSI applications. This sensitivity was measured at 0.18%/volt, which makes the device suitable for integration. The synthesizer area is 1.2 mm/sup 2/ (0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS) and it consumes 17 mW at 110 MHz.
Robust classification systems for imprecise environments (1998)

In real-world environments it is usually difficult to specify target operating conditions precisely. This uncertainty makes building robust classification systems problematic. We show that it is possible to build a hybrid classifier that will perform at least as well as the best available classifier for any target conditions. This robust performance extends across a wide variety of comparison frameworks, including the optimization of metrics such as accuracy, expected cost, lift, precision, recall, and workforce utilization. In some cases, the performance of the hybrid can actually surpass that of the best known classifier. The hybrid is also efficient to build, to store, and to update. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that a robust hybrid classifier is needed for many real-world problems. Introduction Traditionally, classification systems have been built by experimenting with many different classifiers, comparing their performance and choosing the classifier that performs best....
Salt-Sensitivity of Proximal Reabsorption Alters Macula Densa Salt and Explains the Paradoxical Effect of Dietary Salt on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Diabetes Mellitus (2002)

GFR varies inversely with dietary NaCl in patients with early type I diabetes and in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. To explain this paradox within the laws of physiology, it was hypothesized that it results from heightened sensitivity of the diabetic proximal tubule to dietary salt because changes in proximal reabsorption (Jprox) elicit reciprocal adjustments in GFR through the normal actions of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). Micropuncture was done in rats after 5 wk of moderately hyperglycemic STZ-diabetes and 1 wk of different NaCl diets. First, single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) and early distal tubular Na(+), Cl(-) and K(+) concentration (representing the TGF signal) were measured by collecting from early distal nephrons. In nondiabetics, dietary salt did not affect SNGFR or the TGF signal. In diabetics, the TGF signal varied directly with dietary salt while SNGFR varied inversely with dietary salt. Next, Jprox was measured by collecting from late proximal tubules. To control for different SNGFR, SNGFR was manipulated by perfusing Henle's loop to alter TGF activity. Controlling for SNGFR, dietary salt did not affect Jprox in nondiabetics but exerted a major inverse impact on Jprox in diabetics. In conclusion, normal rats acclimate to dietary NaCl by primarily adjusting transport downstream of the macula densa. In contrast, diabetes renders reabsorption in the proximal tubule sensitive to dietary NaCl with subsequent effects on the TGF signal. This explains the paradoxical effect of dietary NaCl on GFR in early diabetes.
Coronary hemodynamic data in ischemic heart disease according to ischemic behavior during pacing (1983)

In order to study the circulatory changes induced by maximal atrial pacing in coronary patients, coronary sinus blood flow (CBF) measured by continuous thermodilution, lactate extraction coefficient (K), arteriovenous difference in oxygen (AVO2 diff), and aortic blood pressure (BP) were measured at basal state and at maximal heart rate (HRmax) in 11 patients without coronary disease (group I) and in 28 patients with severe coronary lesions, divided into two groups according to the absence (group IIa) or the presence (group IIb) of chest pain and ST-segment depression at HRmax X K was inverted in group IIb (24 +/- 17% vs -23 +/- 39%, p less than 0.001), but remained unchanged in group I and group IIa. Despite similar HRmax, percent increase in CBF was significantly lower in group IIb (54 +/- 34%), than in group I (113 +/- 54%, p less than 0.01). This contrasts with the higher values of the product of heart rate times systolic blood pressure (HR X SBP) as well as of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in group IIb. The decrease in coronary resistances was lower in group IIb than in group I (p less than 0.001), and also lower than in group IIa (p less than 0.05). The ratio MVO2 X CBF/systolic BP X HRmax was significantly lowered only in group IIb (p less than 0.001) confirming the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and oxygen demand. In coronary patients, myocardial ischemia induced by atrial pacing is related to an insufficient increase in CBF, well evidenced by continuous thermodilution.
Use of Large Standoff Magnetometry for Geohazard Pipeline Integrity Investigations (2020)

Buried steel pipelines are subjected to mechanical stress emanating from either internal or external forces, resulting from geohazards, shear or external loading, and hoop stress. These conditions are important factors that can be detrimental to the integrity of a pipeline and lead to potential ruptures and failures if not properly and proactively managed with applicable monitoring and / or inspection tools. Some of the failures have resulted from the development of concentrations of stress that have led to dents, ruptures, cracks, buckles, leaks, etc. Pipeline operators have proactively installed ground monitoring devices or frequently performed inspections in the areas that present concern to mitigate problems prior to an incident. These conditions become even more challenging on difficult to pig pipelines driving the need for use of non-intrusive, and non-destructive indirect inspection tools.
SNF1-related protein kinase 2 directly regulate group C Raf-like protein kinases in abscisic acid signaling (2020)

ABSTRUCT A phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) has a major role in abiotic stress responses in plants, and subclass III SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) mediates ABA signaling. In this study, we identified Raf36, a group C Raf-like protein kinase in Arabidopsis, as an interacting protein with SnRK2. A series of reverse genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that Raf36 negatively regulates ABA responses and is directly phosphorylated by SnRK2s. In addition, we found that Raf22, another C-type Raf-like kinase, functions partially redundantly with Raf36 to regulate ABA responses. Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis using Arabidopsis wild-type and raf22raf36-1 plants identified proteins that are phosphorylated downstream of Raf36 and Raf22 in planta . Together, these results reveal a novel subsection of ABA-responsive phosphosignaling pathways branching from SnRK2.
Observer-Based Adaptive Fuzzy Finite-Time Control Design With Prescribed Performance for Switched Pure-Feedback Nonlinear Systems (2020)

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy finite-time control problem for pure-feedback switched nonlinear systems with prescribed performance is investigate. By utilizing the prescribed performance technique, we mean that the system output is converge to the predefined bounds. By using the dynamic surface control (DSC) and the backstepping technique, we establish a novel adaptive fuzzy finite-time pure-feedback switching control method. In such a scheme, the Butterworth low-pass filter (LPF) is used to construct the fuzzy observer, which can estimate the immeasurable states and avoid algebraic loop problem. In accordance with the stability theory of common Lyapunov function (CLF), the designed controller can ensures that the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin in finite time. Finally, an example is given to illustrate this method and verify its validity and effectiveness.
An Efficient, Regioselective Pathway to Cationic and Zwitterionic <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Cellulose Ionomers (2016)

Cationic derivatives of cellulose and other polysaccharides are attractive targets for biomedical applications due to their propensity for electrostatically binding with anionic biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and certain proteins. To date, however, relatively few practical synthetic methods have been described for their preparation. Herein, we report a useful and efficient strategy for cationic cellulose ester salt preparation by the reaction of 6-bromo-6-deoxycellulose acetate with pyridine or 1-methylimidazole. Dimethyl sulfoxide solvent favored this displacement reaction to produce cationic cellulose acetate derivatives, resulting in high degrees of substitution (DS) exclusively at the C-6 position. These cationic cellulose derivatives bearing substantial, permanent positive charge exhibit surprising thermal stability, dissolve readily in water, and bind strongly with a hydrophilic and anionic surface, supporting their potential for a variety of applications such as permeation enhancement, mucoadhesion, and gene or drug delivery. Expanding upon this chemistry, we reacted a 6-imidazolyl-6-deoxycellulose derivative with 1,3-propane sultone to demonstrate the potential for further elaboration to regioselectively substituted zwitterionic cellulose derivatives.
Development of 14-MeV Neutron Measurement with Nuclear Emulsion for DT Burning Plasma Diagnostics (2013)

A method for the measurement of energetic DT neutron tails resulting from knock-on alpha particles is needed to study plasma physics in a fusion reactor. A nuclear emulsion offers satisfactory performance for the detection of fast neutrons and measures their energies using three-dimensional tracking information. However, the time required for analysis forms a bottleneck in the implementation of this measurement technique. Recently, the analysis speed of nuclear emulsion has dramatically increased because of our development. In this report, we propose the use of nuclear emulsion for DT burning plasma diagnostics using the latest analysis technology and the validation of the methodology. In addition, we discuss the prospects of improving nuclear emulsion technologies for fusion plasma diagnostics.
Theoretical Study of Epoxidation Reactions Relevant to Hydrocarbon Oxidation (2017)

Advances in computational modeling tools have allowed for the construction of detailed chemical models of oxidation processes to enhance the understanding of mechanisms and answer questions of interest in diverse fields such as DNA damage, lubricant oxidation, food chemistry, and art conservation. The construction of detailed kinetic models is facilitated by the use of kinetic correlations, such as Evans–Polanyi relationships, where the activation energy, EA, is related linearly to the heat of reaction, ΔHR: EA = E0 + α ΔHR. In this work, we present an Evans–Polanyi relationship based on properties determined from hybrid G4 quantum chemical calculations for an epoxidation reaction of peroxy species. We explore a broader chemical space at a higher level of theory than previous reports, and as a result, the importance of several key structural features, such as alkylhydroperoxy functional groups, that can strongly influence the trends observed was revealed. We suggest a subdivision of the reaction family into separate Evans–Polanyi relationships to accurately capture EA values quantitatively. We also quantified the impact of local unsaturation during the epoxidation reaction, demonstrating that it raises the energy barrier by 6.6 kcal/mol on average when compared to that of an alkyl radical counterpart.
Multi-Sensor Health Diagnosis Using Deep Belief Network Based State Classification (2011)

Effective health diagnosis provides multifarious benefits such as improved safety, improved reliability and reduced costs for the operation and maintenance of complex engineered systems. This paper presents a novel multi-sensor health diagnosis method using Deep Belief Networks (DBN) based state classification. The DBN has recently become a popular approach in machine learning for its promised advantages such as fast inference and the ability to encode richer and higher order network structures. The DBN employs a hierarchical structure with multiple stacked Restricted Boltzmann Machines and works through a layer by layer successive learning process. The proposed multi-sensor health diagnosis methodology using the DBN based state classification can be structured in three consecutive stages: first, defining health states and collecting sensory data for DBN training and testing; second, developing DBN based classification models for the diagnosis of predefined health states; third, validating DBN classification models with testing sensory dataset. The performance of health diagnostics using DBN based health state classification is compared with four existing classification methods and demonstrated with two case studies.
Prognostic factors in limited small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): Results of a large retrospective study in a monocentric setting (2004)

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Testing the magnetism of polymerized fullerene (2004)

We present band structure calculations of rhombohedral ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ performed in the local-spin-density approximation. Rhombohedral ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}({\mathrm{R}\mathrm{h}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}}_{60})$ is a two-dimensional polymer of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ with trigonal topology. No magnetic solution exists for ${\mathrm{R}\mathrm{h}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and energy bands with different spins are found to be identical and not split. The calculated C $2p$ partial density of states is compared to carbon $K$-edge x-ray emission and absorption spectra and shows good agreement. It is concluded that the rhombohedral distortion of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ itself cannot induce magnetic ordering in the molecular carbon. The result of magnetization measurements performed on the same ${\mathrm{R}\mathrm{h}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ sample corroborates this conclusion.
Surgical Management of Supratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations (1991)

Summary: We present an overview of the surgical management of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM), including grading, patient evaluation, and preoperative as well as postoperative screening procedures with CT, MRI, and MR-angiography. In addition, surgical techniques are described in detail, with special consideration given to large AVM, paraventricular AVM, and functional area AVM. In terms of surgical results, we present data on relative outcomes, morbidity, and mortality as reported in major historical series. Although direct surgical excision is recommended for most cases, consideration should be given to embolization and radiosurgery; and we emphasize that the surgical decision-making process employ current grading systems to determine the relative risk-benefits of various treatment modalities.
Terminal Group Analyses of Photopolymerized Products Using a MALDI-TOFMS for the Study on the Oxime Ester type Photoinitiators (2010)

Terminal group analyses of photochemically initiated polymers were conducted using a matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) in combination with a preparative SEC, a real time FTIR and a gray scale photospeed method. The analysis enabled the assignment of the terminal groups of resulting oligomers from an acrylate monomer and oximate type photoinitiator. Identified built-in terminal groups revealed solvent chain-transfer and difference in photoinitiation due to the chemical structure of oximate.
Slotline to coplanar waveguide band-stop filter modelling (2002)

In this paper an S-parameter matrix reduction scheme based on the dual symmetric properties of a slotline to CPW transition is elaborated. The method suggested can be used in conjunction with any type of EM field solver. This scheme allows a condensed set of scattering parameters for a symmetrical slotline to coplanar waveguide junction to be efficiently calculated. Based on the junction, a compact microwave band-stop filter is realised and its performance discussed.
Submillimeter-Wavelength Plasma Diagnostics For Semiconductor Manufacturing (2003)

Submillimeter‐wavelength, linear‐absorption spectroscopy has been applied as a chemical diagnostic of a reactive‐ion etching plasma in a modified capacitively coupled Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) reactor. Approximately 1 mW of narrow‐band (< 10 kHz) submillimeter radiation between 450 GHz and 750 GHz is produced using a backward‐wave oscillator (BWO). The submillimeter method offers high sensitivity for the ≈ 1 MHz linewidth, Doppler‐broadened absorption lines typical of gas‐phase molecules at a total pressure of less than 133 Pa (1 Torr). A large variety of molecules can be detected, limited primarily by the need for a permanent electric dipole moment and for accurate line frequency predictions, which are often available in the literature. The capabilities of the diagnostic method have been demonstrated by the following three applications: 1) the measurement of water‐vapor contamination in the reactor and in the precursor gas; 2) the assessment of progress in the cleaning of the reactor; and 3) the determination of the endpoint in the etching of a SiO2 thin film on silicon.
MEASUREMENT OF MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM A MODIFIED IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORT (1983)

Commercial oil-shale production has the potential to release significant amounts of mercury to the atmosphere. Two techniques to measure mercury in oil-shale-retort offgas, Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy and gold-bead amalgamation collection and analysis, are discussed and compared. A technique for speciating between organic and atomic forms of Hg is also discussed. The measured mercury emission rates and speciation results are presented.
Supplementary Table S2: Tissue Information. from Genomic and Immunological Tumor Profiling Identifies Targetable Pathways and Extensive CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/PDL1&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Immune Infiltration in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Sample ID and Tissue Information.&lt;/p&gt;
Development and Validation of a Physics-Based, Dynamic Model of a Gas Turbine (2013)

This paper presents and validates a physics-based, dynamic model of a gas turbine. The model is an extension of that proposed by Badmus et al. [1], such that representation of a complete gas turbine is achieved. It includes new models of several gas turbine components, in particular the turbine and compressor, and also applies a well known method for prescribing boundary conditions [10] to the gas path. This model first uses data from a previously published, static model of the same gas turbine to determine this dynamic model’s many so-called ‘forcing terms’. A least-squares optimisation is then undertaken to estimate the shaft inertia and the thermal inertia of system components using transient test data. Importantly, these optimised results are all close to physically reasonable estimates. Further, they show that the shaft dynamics are only significant for a short period at the start of most transients, after which the dynamic effects of thermal storage are dominant. The complete gas turbine model is then validated against transient test data. Whilst the simulated traces demonstrate some steady-state error arising from the static model [12], the overall system dynamics appear to be captured well. Since steady-state error can be integrated out in a control system, this suggests that the proposed dynamic model is appropriate for use in a model-based, gas turbine controller.
A randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, comparative study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 1% azithromycin&amp;ndash;0.1% dexamethasone combination compared to 1% azithromycin alone, dexamethasone 0.1% alone, and vehicle in the treatment of subjects with blepharitis (2016)

A higher percentage of subjects in the combination group achieved complete clinical resolution of the signs and symptoms of blepharitis at day 15 than with 1% azithromycin and vehicle, but outcomes were similar to treatment with 0.1% dexamethasone alone. The combination was well tolerated.
Cranberry seed fibre: a promising prebiotic fibre and its fermentation by the probiotic<i>Bacillus coagulans</i><scp>MTCC</scp>5856 (2018)

Summary Cranberry, a versatile fruit, is known for nutritional as well as medicinal properties due to the presence of bioactive compounds. However, cranberry fruit has not been fully explored for its prebiotic potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate prebiotic potential of cranberry seed fibre ( CSF ) and also evaluate its fermentability by the probiotic strain Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856. The resistance to gastric acid and porcine pancreatic enzymatic ( PPE ) hydrolysis of CSF was investigated using an in vitro model. It was found that CSF was resistant to gastric acid and also nondigestible to PPE hydrolysis. CSF as sole nutrition source was evaluated for the fermentability by B. coagulans MTCC 5856. A significant amount of short‐chain fatty acids was produced by the B. coagulans MTCC 5856 while fermenting cranberry fibres anaerobically. CSF supported the growth of B. coagulans MTCC 5856 and also inhibited the growth of E. coli ATCC 25922 when cocultured in an anaerobic environment. CSF from the cranberry fruit exhibited prebiotic potential and also found to be fermentable by B. coagulans MTCC 5856. This study provided the scientific evidence of CSF as a prebiotic fibre and also its suitability with the probiotic B. coagulans MTCC 5856 for an ideal synbiotic preparation.
Deterministic Timing Jitter Analysis of SOA-Amplified Intensity-Modulated Optical Pulses (2012)

We demonstrate a detailed theoretical and experimental analysis of the deterministic timing jitter induced on intensity-modulated optical pulse streams when propagating through a SOA. The mathematical analysis reveals an approximate linear relationship between jitter and pulse intensity modulation when the SOA gain recovery time is shorter than the pulse period. The theoretical results have been confirmed by experimental deterministic timing jitter measurements for intensity modulation levels up to 8 dB, showing good agreement between theory and experiment.