gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and Topological Control on Physical Properties of Arsenic Selenide Glasses (2014)

The structures of Ge-doped arsenic selenide glasses with Se contents varying between 25 and 90 at. % are studied using a combination of high-resolution, two-dimensional (77)Se nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that, in contrast to the conventional wisdom, the compositional evolution of the structural connectivity in Se-excess glasses does not follow the chain-crossing model, and chemical order is likely violated with the formation of a small but significant fraction of As-As bonds. The addition of As to Se results in a nearly random cross-linking of Se chains by AsSe3 pyramids, and a highly chemically ordered network consisting primarily of corner-shared AsSe3 pyramids is formed at the stoichiometric composition. Further increase in As content, up to 40 at. % Se, results in the formation of a significant fraction of As4Se3 molecules with As-As homopolar bonds, and consequently the connectivity and packing efficiency of the network decrease and anharmonic interactions increase. Finally, in the highly As-rich region with <40 at. % Se, the relative concentration of the As4Se3 molecules decreases rapidly and large clusters of As atoms connected via Se-Se-As and As-Se-As linkages dominate. These three composition regions with distinct structural characteristics and the corresponding mixing entropy of the Se environments are reflected in the appearance of multiple extrema in the compositional variation of a wide range of physical properties of these glasses, including density, glass transition temperature, thermal expansivity, and fragility.
Biocompatibility (2016)

Like most of the materials used by humans, polymeric materials are proposed in the literature and occasionally exploited clinically, as such, as devices or as part of devices, by surgeons, dentists, and pharmacists to treat traumata and diseases. Applications have in common the fact that polymers function in contact with animal and human cells, tissues, and/or organs. More recently, people have realized that polymers that are used as plastics in packaging, as colloidal suspension in paints, and under many other forms in the environment, are also in contact with living systems and raise problems related to sustainability, delivery of chemicals or pollutants, and elimination of wastes. These problems are basically comparable to those found in therapy. Last but not least, biotechnology and renewable resources are regarded as attractive sources of polymers. In all cases, water, ions, biopolymers, cells, and tissues are involved. Polymer scientists, therapists, biologists, and ecologists should thus use the same terminology to reflect similar properties, phenomena, and mechanisms. Of particular interest is the domain of the so-called “degradable or biodegradable polymers” that are aimed at providing materials with specific time-limited applications in medicine and in the environment where the respect of living systems, the elimination, and/or the bio-recycling are mandatory, at least ideally.
Do Farmers Pay Federal Income Taxes? (1990)

This paper examines the proposition that the Federal income tax provides a net subsidy to the farm sector. The net effect on Federal income tax revenues from exempting farm income and disallowing farm losses for various sizes and types of farms is determined. The analysis finds that the income tax results in a small net subsidy to farming by the U.S. Treasury.
Benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase, a soluble oxygenase from tobacco, catalyzes salicylic acid biosynthesis. (1995)

Benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase (BA2H) catalyzes the biosynthesis of salicylic acid from benzoic acid. The enzyme has been partially purified and characterized as a soluble protein of 160 kDa. High-efficiency in vivo labeling of salicylic acid with 18O2 suggested that BA2H is an oxygenase that specifically hydroxylates the ortho position of benzoic acid. The enzyme was strongly induced by either tobacco mosaic virus inoculation or benzoic acid infiltration of tobacco leaves and it was inhibited by CO and other inhibitors of cytochrome P450 hydroxylases. The BA2H activity was immunodepleted by antibodies raised against SU2, a soluble cytochrome P450 from Streptomyces griseolus. The anti-SU2 antibodies immunoprecipitated a radiolabeled polypeptide of around 160 kDa from the soluble protein extracts of L-[35S]-methionine-fed tobacco leaves. Purified BA2H showed CO-difference spectra with a maximum at 457 nm. These data suggest that BA2H belongs to a novel class of soluble, high molecular weight cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Spatial filtering using dielectric photonic crystals at beam-type excitation (2010)

Spatial filtering is demonstrated at beam-type excitations by utilizing finite thickness slabs of two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals (PCs) showing exotic Fabry–Perot resonances that are preserved over a wide range of variation of the incidence angle. Bandstop and dual-bandpass filtering effects are illustrated theoretically and the corresponding filters are validated in the microwave experiments by using square-lattice PCs. It is shown that the basic transmission features that were observed earlier for a plane-wave illumination are also recognizable at beam-type excitations. The proposed spatial filtering mechanism exhibits directional beaming. The desired widths and the locations of the passbands and stopbands are attainable in the angle domain with a proper choice of the operating frequency for the given excitation characteristics.
Regional Dura Mater Differentially Regulates Osteoblast Gene Expression (2003)

Recent studies have suggested that regionally differentiated dura mater regulates murine cranial suture fate by providing growth factors to the osteoblasts in the overlying suture complex. To determine if regionally differentiated dura mater is capable of effecting changes in osteoblast gene expression, an in vitro coculture system was established in which osteoblast-enriched cell cultures derived from neonatal rat calvaria were grown in serum-free media in the presence of dural cells derived from posterior frontal (PF) or sagittal (SAG) dural tissues, recapitulating the in situ relation between the underlying dura mater and the osteoblasts in the overlying cranial suture. In this study, the changes in osteoblast gene expression induced by signaling from regional dura mater were examined by analyzing total cellular RNA isolated from osteoblasts cocultured with PF or SAG dural cells. The expression of extracellular matrix molecules (alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin) and the transcription factor Msx2 was assessed. Consistent with previous data, the findings demonstrate that osteoblasts cocultured with dural cells undergo changes in gene expression indicative of a more differentiated osteoblast. Additionally, the data suggest that regionally differentiated dura mater isolated from the PF suture enhances the expression of osteogenic genes to a greater extent than SAG suture-derived dural cells. These data support an osteoinductive role for suture-derived dural cells in vitro that may have implications for suture biology in vivo.
Impact of Morphometry, Myelinization and Synaptic Current Strength on Spike Conduction in Human and Cat Spiral Ganglion Neurons (2013)

Wasting synaptic energy boosts spike initiation, which guarantees the rapid transmission of temporal fine structure of auditory signals. However, a lack of myelin in the soma regions of human type I neurons causes a large delay in spike conduction in comparison with cat neurons. The absent myelin, in combination with a longer peripheral process, causes quantitative differences of temporal parameters in the electrically stimulated human cochlea compared to the cat cochlea.
Evaluation of MBR effluent characteristics for reuse purposes (2005)

One of the advantages of MBR is its excellent effluent quality, which is suitable for a wide range of reuse purposes. We investigated the characteristics of MBR effluent and evaluated them based on the Japanese guideline for the reuse of treated wastewater. As the result, MBR effluent showed qualitative coaracteristics that satisfy the requirement except chromaticity for recreational purpose. Further treatment, such as by oxone or activated carbon, will be required to remove the remaining color. MBR shows high removal efficiency of bacteria and other hazardous microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium. We investigated the removal efficiency of virus by MBR using coliphage as an alternative index. The results showed that high removal efficiency for coliphage could be obtained by MBR. The removal mechanism appears to be that coliphage are attached to the activated sludge and thus rejected by the membrane together with activated sludge particles. With regard to the endocrine disrupters, no significant differences were observed between MBR and CAS in the removal of main endocrine disrupters.
Studies of volatile high temperature corrosion products via the free-jet MBMS technique (2018)

In high temperature applications such as heat engines, heat exchangers, and chemical process plants, metal and ceramic structural materials are exposed to harsh chemical environments. It is important to understand the mechanism of corrosion of these materials under such conditions. Most laboratory studies of corrosion involve a sensitive microbalance with the sample suspended in a furnace and particular gas atmosphere (thermogravimetric apparatus--TGA). This system allows one to follow the kinetics of reaction and then characterize the corrosion products. Corrosion products are often condensed phase oxides, sulfides, carbides, etc. However, they may often be volatile products such as volatile oxides, hydroxides, chlorides, and oxychlorides. In a TGA, these form as down-stream deposits, which must be chemically analyzed after an experiment. In such a {open_quotes}pseudo-transpiration{close_quotes} experiment, speculations can then be made regarding the composition of these vapor species. Clearly, an in-situ mass spectrometric sampling method is far superior for such analysis. The free-jet expansion, molecular beam mass spectrometric technique allows direct identification of these species. The features of this technique--a rapid transition to collisionless flow, beam cooling, and a high velocity molecular beam--preserve the chemical and dynamic integrity of the beam. In this paper, several studies on volatile corrosion products will be summarized. It will be shown how the mass spectrometric results are combined with other data to elucidate the reaction mechanism. These studies fall into two categories: volatile chlorides and oxychlorides, and volatile hydroxides. Corrosion by chlorine occurs in waste incineration and chemical process plants; formation of volatile hydroxides occurs in combustion environments since water is always a product of combustion.
Co-sputtered SiC + Ag nanomixtures as visible wavelength negative index metamaterials (2012)

The fabrication and characterization of a novel metamaterial that shows negative index in the visible (blue) is reported. The real part of the negative index of this metamaterial at 405 nm, comprising co-sputtered SiC + Ag nanoparticle mixture on a glass substrate, is deduced from results of double Michelson interferometry setup which shows a negative phase delay. It is numerically verified that this metamaterial can yield near-field super-resolution imaging for both TE and TM polarizations.
Terrain and Model Queries Using Scalar Representations With Wavelet Compression (2009)

In this paper, we present efficient height/distance field data structures for line-of-sight (LOS) queries on terrains and collision queries on arbitrary 3-D models. The data structure uses a pyramid of quad-shaped regions with the original height/distance field at the highest level and an overall minimum/maximum value at the lower levels. The pyramid can compactly be stored in a wavelet-like decomposition but using max and plus operations. Additionally, we show how to get minimum/maximum values for regions in a wavelet decomposition using real algebra. For LOS calculations, we compare with a kd-tree representation containing the maximum height values. Furthermore, we show that the LOS calculation is a special case of a collision detection query. Using our wavelet-like approach, even general and arbitrary collision detection queries can efficiently be answered.
Influence of the “second gap” on the transparency of transparent conducting oxides: An <i>ab initio</i> study (2016)

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are essential to many technologies. These materials are doped (n- or p-type) oxides with a large enough band gap (ideally &amp;gt;3 eV) to ensure transparency. However, the high carrier concentration present in TCOs leads additionally to the possibility for optical transitions from the occupied conduction bands to higher states for n-type materials and from lower states to the unoccupied valence bands for p-type TCOs. The “second gap” formed by these transitions might limit transparency, and a large second gap has been sometimes proposed as a design criteria for high performance TCOs. Here, we study the influence of this second gap on optical absorption using ab initio computations for several well-known n- and p-type TCOs. Our work demonstrates that most known n-type TCOs do not suffer from second gap absorption in the visible even at very high carrier concentrations. On the contrary, p-type oxides show lowering of their optical transmission for high carrier concentrations due to second gap effects. We link this dissimilarity to the different chemistries involved in n- versus typical p-type TCOs. Quantitatively, we show that second gap effects lead to only moderate loss of transmission (even in p-type TCOs) and suggest that a wide second gap, while beneficial, should not be considered as a needed criteria for a working TCO.
Investigating the Energy Transduction Mechanism of P‐type ATPases with Fe<sup>2+</sup>‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage (2003)

This paper discusses specific oxidative cleavage of renal Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and gastric H(+),K(+)-ATPase, catalyzed by bound Fe(2+) or the complex ATP-Fe(2+), and its implication for the energy transduction mechanism of P-type ATPases. The cleavage technique provides information on the spatial organization of the proteins in different conformations and, since ATP-Fe(2+) substitutes for ATP-Mg(2+) in activating ATPase activity, on Mg(2+)-ligating residues in different conformations. The experiments predict the existence of large movements of N, P, and A cytoplasmic domains accompanying E(1)-E(2) and E(1) P-E(2)P conformational transitions-open in E(1) conformations and closed in E(2) conformations. These features fit well with the Ca(2+)-ATPase crystal structures in E(1) or E(2) conformations and also provide evidence on ATP and Mg(2+) binding sites that is not available from the structures. By combining information from cleavage experiments with molecular modeling, based on the Ca(2+)-ATPase structure, features such as an N to P domain interaction in an E(1). ATP-Mg(2+) conformation can be inferred. The organization of the N, P, and A domains and the ATP and Mg(2+) binding sites in the different conformational states appears to be essentially similar for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, H(+),K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase. The oxidative cleavage technique may be a valuable tool to investigate long-range interactions that transduce the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP to active cation movements in P-type ATPases.
Holographic optical probing of the computing properties of single neurons (2021)

Neurons receive synaptic inputs via its dendrites and understanding the processing of those inputs as well as the influence of the dendrite’s non-linear properties are key components to decode the neuron’s computing power. Recent breakthroughs to understand dendritic function make use holographic structured illumination to stimulate and/or record dendritic activity either via photochemical or optogenetic tools. In this talk, I will summarize our efforts where we used holograms to probe the integrative and non-linear properties of dendrites of a neuron. Understanding the role of dendrites in neuronal function offer significant insights as to how these neurons function as tiny computers in the brain.
Wireless visual sensor network resource allocation using cross-layer optimization (2008)

In this paper, we propose an approach to manage network resources for a Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) visual sensor network where nodes monitor scenes with varying levels of motion. It uses cross-layer optimization across the physical layer, the link layer and the application layer. Our technique simultaneously assigns a source coding rate, a channel coding rate, and a power level to all nodes in the network based on one of two criteria that maximize the quality of video of the entire network as a whole, subject to a constraint on the total chip rate. One criterion results in the minimal average end-to-end distortion amongst all nodes, while the other criterion minimizes the maximum distortion of the network. Our approach allows one to determine the capacity of the visual sensor network based on the number of nodes and the quality of video that must be transmitted. For bandwidth-limited applications, one can also determine the minimum bandwidth needed to accommodate a number of nodes with a specific target chip rate. Video captured by a sensor node camera is encoded and decoded using the H.264 video codec by a centralized control unit at the network layer. To reduce the computational complexity of the solution, Universal Rate-Distortion Characteristics (URDCs) are obtained experimentally to relate bit error probabilities to the distortion of corrupted video. Bit error rates are found first by using Viterbi's upper bounds on the bit error probability and second, by simulating nodes transmitting data spread by Total Square Correlation (TSC) codes over a Rayleigh-faded DS-CDMA channel and receiving that data using Auxiliary Vector (AV) filtering.
Application of substation anti-misoperation locking system based on IEC61850 (2009)

IEC61850 standard has brought new idea and method to traditional substation anti-misoperation locking system.This paper discusses the application of IEC61850 standard in substation anti-misoperation locking system.The new advantage of IEC61850 will be applied to solve the problem existing in traditional anti-misoperation locking system.Uniform data model guarantees consistency of understanding of data model between IEDs from different vendors.The data exchange of IEC61850--GOOSE technology will be used to exchange interlock information between IEDs.Rapid data exchange guarantees real-time performance of calculation of interlock condition of IEDs.So,the application of IEC61850 technology will eliminate procurement ambiguity,lower installation cost,and improve operational reliability of anti-misoperation system.
Plasmids in Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O:3 and O:9: correlation with epithelial cell adherence in vitro (1981)

Human isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O:3 (biotype 4) and O:9 (biotype 3) harbored plasmids sized approximately 47 and 44 megadaltons, respectively. No such plasmids were found in "apathogenic" strains of Y. enterocolitica belonging to biotype 1. There was a positive correlation among the presence of plasmid, autoagglutination, and adherence to and toxicity for HEp-2 cell cultures; all of these properties were lost by culturing at 37 degrees C in the absence of calcium. Strains of Y. enterocolitica O:3 and O:9 cured of the plasmids showed increased invasiveness in the HEp-2 cell culture model, but no invasiveness in guinea pig eye. It is suggested that the plasmids of Y. enterocolitica primarily determine epithelial cell adherence, but may also be associated with other pathogenic properties.
Tandem Function of Nucleotide Binding Domains Confers Competence to Sulfonylurea Receptor in Gating ATP-sensitive K+ Channels (2002)

Fundamental to the metabolic sensor function of ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels is the sulfonylurea receptor. This ATP-binding cassette protein, which contains nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) with conserved Walker motifs, regulates the ATP sensitivity of the pore-forming Kir6.2 subunit. Although NBD2 hydrolyzes ATP, a property essential in K(ATP) channel gating, the role of NBD1, which has limited catalytic activity, if at all, remains less understood. Here, we provide functional evidence that cooperative interaction, rather than the independent contribution of each NBD, is critical for K(ATP) channel regulation. Gating of cardiac K(ATP) channels by distinct conformations in the NBD2 ATPase cycle, induced by gamma-phosphate analogs, was disrupted by point mutation not only of the Walker motif in NBD2 but also in NBD1. Cooling membrane patches to decelerate the intrinsic ATPase activity counteracted ATP-induced K(ATP) channel inhibition, an effect that mimicked stabilization of the MgADP-bound posthydrolytic state at NBD2 by the gamma-phosphate analog orthovanadate. Temperature-induced channel activation was abolished by mutations that either prevent stabilization of MgADP at NBD2 or ATP at NBD1. These findings provide a paradigm of K(ATP) channel gating based on integration of both NBDs into a functional unit within the multimeric channel complex.
Extraction of Uranium from Seawater: Design and Testing of a Symbiotic System (Final Report) (2017)

The U.S. Department of Energy in October 2014 awarded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) a Nuclear Energy University Program grant (DE-NE0008268) to investigate the design and testing of a symbiotic system to harvest uranium from seawater. As defined in the proposal, the goals for the project are: 1. Address the design of machines for seawater uranium mining. 2. Develop design rules for a uranium harvesting system that would be integrated into an offshore wind power tower. 3. Fabricate a 1/50th size scale prototype for bench and pool-testing to verify initial analysis and theory. 4. Design, build, and test a second 1/10th size scale prototype in the ocean for more comprehensive testing and validation. This report describes work done as part of DE-NE0008268 from 10/01/2014 to 11/30/2017 entitled, “Extraction of Uranium from Seawater: Design and Testing of a Symbiotic System.” This effort is part of the Seawater Uranium Recovery Program. This report details the publications and presentations to date on the project, an introduction to the project’s goals and background research into previous work done to achieve these goals thus far. From there, the report describes an algorithm developed during the project used to optimize the adsorption of uranium by changing mechanical parameters such as immersion time and adsorbent reuses is described. Next, a design tool developed as part of the project to determine the global feasibility of symbiotic uranium harvesting systems. Additionally, the report details work done on shell enclosures for uranium adsorption. Moving on, the results from the design, building, and testing of a 1/50th physical scale prototype of a highly feasible symbiotic uranium harvester is described. Then, the report describes the results from flume experiment used to determine the affect of enclosure shells on the uptake of uranium by the adsorbent they enclose. From there the report details the design of a Symbiotic Machine for Ocean uRanium Extraction (SMORE). Next, the results of the 1/10th scale physical scale prototype of a highly feasible symbiotic uranium harvester are presented. The report then details the design and results of an experiment to examine the hydrodynamic effects of a uranium harvester on the offshore wind turbine it is attached to using a 1/150th Froude scale tow tank test. Finally, the report details the results of an initial cost-analysis for the production of uranium from seawater from such a symbiotic device.