gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust Learning against Logical Adversaries. (2020)

Test-time adversarial attacks have posed serious challenges to the robustness of machine learning models, and in many settings the adversarial manipulation needs not be bounded by small $\ell_p$-norms. Motivated by semantic-preserving attacks in security domain, we investigate logical adversaries, a broad class of attackers who create adversarial examples within a reflexive-transitive closure of a logical relation. We analyze the conditions for robustness and propose normalize-and-predict -- a learning framework with provable robustness guarantee. We compare our approach with adversarial training and derive a unified framework that provides the benefits of both approaches.Driven by the theoretical findings, we apply our framework to malware detection. We use our framework to learn new detectors and propose two generic logical attacks to validate model robustness. Experiment results on real-world data set show that attacks using logical relations can evade existing detectors, and our unified framework can significantly enhance model robustness.
Scaling of four-photon absorption in InAs (1997)

By monitoring the nonlinear absorption of picosecond laser pulses as a function of lattice temperature, we identify four-photon absorption in bulk InAs. Optical bandgap scaling of this process is consistent with a calculation obtained from fourth-order perturbation theory for allowed–allowed–allowed–forbidden transitions. A model of nonlinear absorption based on laser-induced impact ionization disagrees with the experimental results.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Stability of 2,4,6‐Trinitrobenzylamine. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Neue Naphthalin‐ und Cyclohexa‐1,3‐dien‐Silaethen‐Cycloaddukte (1991)

„Dichlorneopentylsilaethen”︁ 1 reagiert mit Naphthalin überraschend in einer [4 + 2]‐Cycloaddition zum endo ‐Produkt 2 . Dieses läßt sich mit LiALH 4 zu 3 reduzieren, das durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert wurde. Setzt man 1 dagegen mit Cyclohexa‐1,3‐dien um, bilden sich in einer [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition bicylische Silacyclobutane. magnified image
Comparative morphology of the whiskers and faces of mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>) and rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) (2023)

Understanding neural function requires quantification of the sensory signals that an animal's brain evolved to interpret. These signals in turn depend on the morphology and mechanics of the animal's sensory structures. Although the house mouse (Mus musculus) is one of the most common model species used in neuroscience, the spatial arrangement of its facial sensors has not yet been quantified. To address this gap, the present study quantifies the facial morphology of the mouse, with a particular focus on the geometry of its vibrissae (whiskers). The study develops equations that establish relationships between the three-dimensional (3D) locations of whisker basepoints, whisker geometry (arclength, curvature) and the 3D angles at which the whiskers emerge from the face. Additionally, the positions of facial sensory organs are quantified relative to bregma-lambda. Comparisons with the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) indicate that when normalized for head size, the whiskers of these two species have similar spacing density. The rostral-caudal distances between facial landmarks of the rat are a factor of ∼2.0 greater than the mouse, while the scale of bilateral distances is larger and more variable. We interpret these data to suggest that the larger size of rats compared with mice is a derived (apomorphic) trait. As rodents are increasingly important models in behavioral neuroscience, the morphological model developed here will help researchers generate naturalistic, multimodal patterns of stimulation for neurophysiological experiments and allow the generation of synthetic datasets and simulations to close the loop between brain, body and environment.
Polarization/radiometric based material classification (2003)

A technique for identifying the material properties of objects in an image using multiple images taken through a polarizing lens at various rotations in front of a stationary camera (only the filter moves). Using these images, it is possible to obtain the classification of material surfaces at all points on a spectacular highlight. The algorithm is demonstrated on laboratory images. The authors assume a point source, the theory can only be applied at points where specular reflection dominates. Extensions of the theory to deal with extended light sources, which greatly increase the portion of the image giving rise to specular reflection, are also considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Final results of controlled IL-12 monotherapy in adults with grade III or IV gliomas. (2020)

3040 Background: Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a master regulator of the immune system, results in anti-tumor responses in preclinical models, but safe use requires tightly controlled production. This phase 1 trial (NCT02026271) is the first to evaluate the safety and tolerability of Ad-RTS-hIL-12 (Ad) under transcriptional control with veledimex (V) in adults with grade III or IV gliomas. Methods: Multicenter, phase 1, open-label, 3 + 3 dose escalation study of Ad (a single intratumoral injection, 2 × 10 11 viral particles, Day 0) with oral V dosing (Days 0 to 14) of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg in subjects with rGBM. Results: 38 subjects were treated (resection group: V 10 mg (n = 6); 20 mg (n = 15); 30 mg (n = 4); 40 mg (n = 6); and, stereotactic group: V 20 mg, n = 7). The adverse event profile of Ad+ V, was predictable and controllable, with the main adverse reactions (ARs) being mild to moderate. All ARs were manageable and reversible upon withholding V. We observed increased peak (mean ± SEM) serum recombinant IL-12 and downstream endogenous IFN-g: V 10mg 21.4 ± 11.7 pg/mL and 14.6 ± 7.1 pg/mL; V 20 mg 25.8 ± 7.1 pg/mL and 57.0 ± 26.5 pg/mL; V 30 mg 65.7 ± 45.5 pg/mL and 60.7 ± 50.0 pg/mL; V 40mg 108.8 ± 41.0 pg/mL and 167.5 ± 70.9 pg/mL, V 20mg (stereotactic) 25.1 ± 7.2 pg/mL and 69.8 ± 48.5 pg/mL, respectively. In the V 20 mg cohort , there was an increase in tumor-associated T cells (CD3 + CD8 + %) from pre-Ad (mean ± SEM) 0.6 ± 0.4 to biopsy (~5 mons) 6.3 ± 5.0 and production of IFN-g 97.2 ± 85.3 pg/g (n = 2). Median overall survival (mOS) in the V 20 mg cohort (resection, n = 15) was 12.7 mons (mean follow-up, 13.1 mons). Subjects with unifocal disease (n = 6) who received low-dose (≤ 20mg total) dexamethasone during active dosing (Days 0-14) had an mOS of 17.8 mons. Tumor response data will be presented. Conclusions: Results of Controlled IL-12 in rGBM are promising, with V-dependent and proportional increases in IL-12 and IFN-g resulting in immune activation, with a favorable safety profile and encouraging survival. The 20 mg V dose is the recommended phase 2 dose. Controlled IL-12 is being evaluated in a monotherapy substudy (n = 36, V 20 mg) and two combination studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors for rGBM. Clinical trial information: NCT02026271 .
Trim DAC Design with Minimum DNL for Self-Trim with Self-Test Schemes (2011)

High precision mixed-signal design strongly depends on trimming techniques to overcome manufacturing induced variability, of which the digital trimming is the most popular approach. The central element of a digitally driven trim circuit is the trim DAC. Whilst it needs to be simple and cheap its electrical performance in the digital to analogue conversion process will affect the trim result. In this paper we analyse the trimmed distribution as a function of the DNL performance of the trim DAC. Of particular concern is the shaping of the distribution by comparator based self-calibration schemes. A minimum DNL trim DAC design is proposed that overcomes unwanted distribution tails. Eliminating distribution tails is a design goal for any type of trimming but it is crucially important if an on-chip self-test scheme shall be added to the self-trimming. A simulation model for the trimmed distribution is compared to actual silicon results of standard and minimum-DNL trim DACs.
The breakdown of classic spray atomization at device-relevant conditions. (2016)

Abstract not provided.
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS (1981)

Bowman Gray School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, Illinois
Time course of dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in acutely isolated CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons after pilocarpine-induced Status Epilepticus (2010)

Glutamate induces excitotoxic damage to hippocampal pyramidal neurons in Status Epilepticus (SE) and epilepsy. In this study, we investigated time course of dysregulation of calcium homeostasis at various intervals after an episode of SE in acutely isolated CA1hippocampal pyramidal. For this purpose, male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were subjected to pilocarpine-induced SE. The SE was blocked after 3 h with diazepam and MK-801. The CA1 pyramidal neurons were acutely isolated at 24 h, 48 h, 6 days, 10 days and one-month post-SE. The basal intracellular calcium levels [Ca++]i from individual neurons were determined by high speed image flourometery using Fura-2. Rise in neuronal [Ca++]i in response to 30 ?M glutamate (1 min) exposure was captured by Merlin image acquisition software. Calcium decay response curves were then constructed and compared with neurons from control animals at the same time points. The basal calcium levels in acutely isolated CA1 pyramidal neurons post SE were significantly higher (then control at different time points. The neurons studied at 24 h, 48 h, and 6 days were not able to restore calcium levels to normal after glutamate exposure. The neurons at 10 days and 1 month were gradually able to restore calcium levels to pre-glutamate levels. SE induced excitotoxic damage to the hippocampal pyramidal neurons that leads to neuronal death and disruption of calcium homeostasis. This is evidenced by an increase in basal [Ca++]i levels and inability to restore [Ca++]i to pre-glutamate levels after exposure. The neurons recover gradually over a period of 10 days after acute SE. This is the first direct evidence of dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in pyramidal neurons isolated from animals subjected to SE.
Terminal groups control self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in solution (2016)

The terminal groups of amphiphilic block copolymers are shown to control macromolecular self-assembly in aqueous solutions, in the micellar/lamellar region of the phase diagram. At the same concentration and using the same self-assembly conditions, dramatic differences are observed in polymer hydration and the resulting nano-/microstructure for two series of polymers with identical block chemistry and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). This suggests a strong contribution from end groups to the hydration as the initial step of the self-assembly process, and could be conveniently used to guide the particle morphology and size. Additionally, for polymers with those head groups which drive vesicular structures, differences in membrane organization affect their physical properties, such as permeability.
High efficient packet aggregation scheme for multi-rate and VoIP packet transmissions in next generation MU-MIMO WLANs (2014)

In the next generation wireless local area network (WLAN), the multi-user spatial multiplexing combined with packet aggregation can increase the system performance significantly. However, the space channel time may arise due to non-uniformity in the transmission times of wireless frames on the different spatial streams during MU-MIMO transmissions. In addition, for various communication services such as voice communication, the quality of service (QoS) provision is essential in the current WLANs. In this paper, our objectives are reduction of the space channel time and QoS provision for voice communications. Then, we propose a high efficient packet aggregation scheme taking into account the multi-rate and VoIP packet transmissions. The results of computer simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under recent WLAN environments.
Knowledge-sharing techniques for Egocentric Navigation (2004)

Teams of humans and robots working together can provide effective solutions to problems. In such applications, effective human-robot teaming relies on being able to communicate information about the current perception or understanding of the environment. In this paper, human-robot teaming on navigational tasks is discussed. The role of the human user will be to specify the goal point(s) for the robot, and also to interact with the robot in the event of perceptual errors. A novel navigation method, Egocentric Navigation (ENav), has been developed based on egocentric representations. In this paper, two knowledge sharing methods are described which exploit the characteristics of ENav. In the first method, robots share Landmark EgoSpheres, and in the second method the robot shares it Sensory EgoSphere with the human user for visual perception correction.
Effect of Mouthpiece Breathing on Cardiorespiratory Response to Intense Exercise (1995)

Use of mouthpiece and noseclips after breathing pattern at rest and during moderate exercise. Our purpose was to extend observations on mouthpiece breathing to its effects on the cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise and to develop and validate an algorithm for computer-assisted analysis of breathing pattern recorded with respiratory inductive plethysmography. Six normal men performed incremental bicycle exercise to volitional exhaustion on two occasions with and without mouthpiece and noseclip. ECG and breathing pattern recorded with a respiratory inductive plethysmograph were analyzed manually and with computer assistance. Mouthpiece breathing increased tidal volume and respiratory cycle time by up to 63 and 33% respectively (p < 0.02) during mild exercise, but it did not alter performance, heart rate, or breathing pattern at maximal exercise. Mean differences between inductive plethysmographic and spirometric tidal volumes were < 5% during validation at rest and maximal exercise. Application of the proposed algorithm for semiautomatic breathing pattern analysis provided significant time savings with no loss in precision compared with manual analysis. In conclusion, in normal men, performance and breathing pattern during maximal exercise are not altered by a mouthpiece and noseclip, and accurate computer-assisted measurement of ventilation from external transducers may be performed even during intense exercise.
Molecular single-event microkinetics of n-hexadecaneon hydrocracking Pt/H-BETA (2010)

The Single-Event MicroKinetic (SEMK) methodology for hydroisomerisation and –cracking has been extended from Pt/USY and Pt/ZSM-22 zeolites to a Pt/BETA zeolite. For the first time, the hydrocracking behavior of a hydrocarbon as heavy as n-hexadecane has been assessed using the molecular rather than the relumped version of the SEMK methodology. Compared to USY, the BETA zeolite was found to have stronger acid sites by 6 kJ mol, and to exhibit more pronounced cracking. The latter effect could only be accounted for by allowing to decrease the related kinetic descriptors by about 10 kJ mol.
Review—In-Situ Surface X-ray Diffraction Studies of Copper Electrodes: Atomic-Scale Interface Structure and Growth Behavior (2018)

The electroplating of copper by the damascene process is the predominantly used technique for on-chip wiring in the fabrication of ultra-large scale integrated microchips. In this process, void-free superconformal filling of trenches is achieved by multicomponent electrolytes, containing chloride and organic additives in addition to the Cu ions. In this paper we review studies of the atomic-scale Cu interface structure and homoepitaxial Cu electrodeposition behavior in acidic (pH 1–3) Cl-containing electrolyte by in-situ surface X-ray diffraction. This technique provides detailed insight on the 3D atomic arrangement at the electrode surface and fast time-resolved data on the kinetic growth mode. On Cu(111) a complex potential-dependent adlayer structure is found, involving transitions between a chemisorbed oxygen species to a hexagonal close-packed incommensurate chloride adlayer. In contrast, on Cu(001) a simple disorder-order transition to a c(2 × 2) Cl adlayer is found. Parallel to the latter, a crossover from step-flow to layer-by-layer and finally 3D growth occurs during Cu(001) electrodeposition, indicating a decreasing Cu surface mobility toward more positive potentials. The presence of the organic additive polyethylene glycol (PEG) stabilizes the partial c(2 × 2) Cl adlayer on the Cu(001) surface and leads to an inhibition of Cu deposition with a tendency to rougher growth.
Ověřená metodika pasivního vzorkování pro sledovánípolybromovaných difenyletherů a jiných hydrofobníchkontaminantů ve vodním prostředí - Certifikovaná metodika(Nmet) (2016)

Certifikovana metodika (Nmet) dle smlouvy c. 201301009 ze dne
16.12.2014. Metodika popisuje zařizeni/metodu pro ucinne
pasivni vzorkovani polybromovaných difenyletherů a dalsich
hydrofobnich organických latek (hexabromcyklododekan, nove
bromovane zhasece hořeni) z vodniho prostředi, ktere umožňuje
kvantifikaci volně rozpustěne koncentrace těchto latek ve
vodnim sloupci, v utvarech povrchových vod na koncentracni
urovni nižsi než 1 pg l-1. Tato metodika ma pomoci uživatelům
pasivniho vzorkovani, kteři chtěji realizovat pasivni odběr
vzorků bromovaných zhaseců hořeni nebo jiných hydrofobnich
kontaminantů vodniho prostředi ve svem výzkumu nebo při
monitorovani znecisťujicich latek. Je urcena pro uživatele
pasivnich vzorkovaců, zejmena pro firmy a instituce zabývajici
se kvalitou a znecistěnim vodniho ekosystemu. V podminkach CR
jsou to zejmena statni podniky Povodi, Ceský
hydrometeorologický ustav a spolecnosti zodpovědne za kvalitu
pitne vody. Metodika byla dne 22.12.2016 certifikovana
Ministerstvem životniho prostředi a publikovana ve Věstniku MŽP
1/2017.
Scanning SQUID Microscopy on Polycrystalline SmFeAsO<sub>0.85</sub>and NdFeAsO<sub>0.94</sub>F<sub>0.06</sub> (2008)

The order parameter of the recently-discovered ferric arsenide family of superconductors remains uncertain. Some early experiments on polycrystalline samples suggested line nodes in the order parameter, however later experiments on single crystals have strongly supported fullygapped superconductivity. An absence of nodes does not rule out unconventional order: phase shifts between the separate Fermi sheets and time-reversal symmetry-breaking components in the order parameter remain possibilities. One test for unconventional order is scanning magnetic microscopy on well-coupled polycrystalline samples: d-or p-wave order would result in orbital frustration, leading to spontaneous currents and magnetization in the superconducting state. We have performed scanning SQUID microscopy on SmFeAsO0.85 and NdFeAsO0.94F0.06, and in neither material do we find spontaneous orbital currents, ruling out p-or d-wave order.
Reverbalize (2014)

One of the most commonly-used audio production tools is the reverberator. Reverberators apply subtle or large echo effects to sound and are typically used in commercial audio recordings. Current reverberator interfaces are often complex and hard-to-understand. In this work, we describe Reverbalize, a novel and easy-to-use interface for a reverberator. Reverbalize uses crowdsourced data to create a 2-dimensional map of adjectives used to describe reverberation (e.g. "underwater'). Adjacent words describe similar reverberation effects. Word size correlates with agreement for the definition of a word. To use Reverbalize, the user simply clicks on the descriptive adjective that best describes the desired effect. The tool modifies the sound accordingly. A text search box also lets the user type in the desired word.
Normalizing Flows: Introduction and Ideas. (2019)

Normalizing Flows are generative models which produce tractable distributions where both sampling and density evaluation can be efficient and exact. The goal of this survey article is to give a coherent and comprehensive review of the literature around the construction and use of Normalizing Flows for distribution learning. We aim to provide context and explanation of the models, review current state-of-the-art literature, and identify open questions and promising future directions.
What matters most to cerebral aneurysms patients: A digital analysis of 1127 social media posts (2023)

IntroductionSocial media serves as a way for patients to post about their condition online, as well as for healthcare providers to disseminate information. Intrinsic bias exists exist when patients are given surveys by physicians or healthcare providers. We aim to investigate patient-centered social media posts regarding cerebral aneurysms on Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok.MethodsPosts that included "brain aneurysm", "#brainaneurysm", "#brainaneurysmsurvivor", and "#aneurysmsurvivor" were queried on Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok. Any posts unrelated to the patient experience were excluded. Five hundred and fourteen Instagram posts, fourty tweets, and five hundred seventy three TikTok posts about the patient experience were identified. Posts were coded for the relevant themes related to their experience with the disease.ResultsMost posts made online were by women (892, 82.1%). Patients made the post most of the time (776, 67.5%), while other individuals posted less often (420, 36.5%). The most common themes on Instagram were survival (475, 87.3%), spreading positivity (385, 70.77%), and recovery/rehabilitation (329, 60.5%). TikTok users most often referred to survival (573, 97.1%), raising awareness (464. 78.6%), and spreading positivity (414, 70.2%). Patients were more likely to discuss pre-operative pain (p = 0.0382), postoperative pain (p < 0.0001), invisible illness (p = 0.0130), humor (p = 0.0028), recovery (p < 0.0001), angiograms (p < 0.0001), and resiliency (p < 0.0001) when compared to other individuals posting about a patients' experience.ConclusionPatients often focus on different aspects of their care than do other individuals. This may be useful for physicians discussing treatment plans and prognoses with the patient and their families.
Non‐invasive clinical and microscopic evaluation of the response to treatment with clobetasol cream vs. calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate foam in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis: an investigator‐initiated, phase IV, unicentric, open, randomized clinical trial (2020)

Cal/BD foam is more effective than clobetasol, has better patient satisfaction and induces greater reduction in the hyperkeratosis/acanthosis, regardless of baseline epidermal hyperplasia.
Ab initio calculation of energy levels for phosphorus donors in silicon (2017)

The s manifold energy levels for phosphorus donors in silicon are important input parameters for the design and modeling of electronic devices on the nanoscale. In this paper we calculate these energy levels from first principles using density functional theory. The wavefunction of the donor electron's ground state is found to have a form that is similar to an atomic s orbital, with an effective Bohr radius of 1.8 nm. The corresponding binding energy of this state is found to be 41 meV, which is in good agreement with the currently accepted value of 45.59 meV. We also calculate the energies of the excited 1s(T <sub>2</sub>) and 1s(E) states, finding them to be 32 and 31 meV respectively.
Supplemental Table S4 from Clonal Hematopoiesis in Young Women Treated for Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;All Mutations Identified in One-Year Samples&lt;/p&gt;