gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-Destructive Testing of Wood by Radiography (2005)

Throughout human history, wood has been used for various purposes: for
building shelters, houses and bridges, for manufacturing furniture and
household or agricultural appliances (from ploughs to spoons), as burning
material or simply as walking sticks. Contemporarily, vast amounts of wood
are going into paper production. As a consequence, different qualities of
wood are selected appropriately for the various applications. Beams incorporated
into buildings and constructions have to be sturdy and durable;
boards for furniture are supposed to be free of knots or are expected to have
certain ornamental structures. As long as wood is not simply destined for
burning it should be free of undesired knots or internal damages such as rot
or worm holes. Particularly in cases of infestation with wood destroying
fungi that definitely impairs mechanical strength and even may generate
hollows such damages are frequently invisible from the outside. Radiographic
methods are capable to detect internal damages as well as hidden
knots without the need of drilling holes or cutting a specimen to pieces.
The most thoroughly method to visualise the interior of a wooden specimen
is tomography which shows annual growth rings in their complete circumference
and all the knots or damages that might be included. However, some
of them as well as patterns of annual rings suitable for dendrological investigations
are recognisable with a less laborious method that might be applicable
even in the field, i.e. contemporary digital radiography combined with
image processing. Samples of lumber shall be presented showing the typical
annual ring structures and some infested areas.
Devitrite-Based Optical Diffusers (2014)

Devitrite is a novel material produced by heat treatment of commercial soda-lime-silica glass. It consists of fans of needle-like crystals which can extend up to several millimeters and have interspacings of up to a few hundred nanometers. To date, only the material properties of devitrite have been reported, and there has been a distinct lack of research on using it for optical applications. In this study, we demonstrate that randomly oriented fans of devitrite crystals can act as highly efficient diffusers for visible light. Devitrite crystals produce phase modulation of light because of their relatively high anisotropy. The nanoscale spacings between these needles enable light to be diffused to large scattering angles. Experimentally measured results suggest that light diffusion patterns with beam widths of up to 120° are produced. Since devitrite is an inexpensive material to produce, it has the potential to be used in a variety of commercial applications.
Hole traps in oxide layers thermally grown on SiC (1996)

Hole trapping in the oxides thermally grown on different polytypes of SiC (3C, 4H, 6H) was studied using photogeneration of charge carriers in SiO2 and electron-spin-resonance spectroscopy. Oxygen vacancy defects were found to be the dominant hole traps in the oxide. Generation of thermally unstable SiC/SiO2 interface states is observed during hole injection, which resembles creation of hydrogen-related states at the Si/SiO2 interface.
Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. (2009)

Over the last two decades, it has become increasingly clear that reactive oxygen species (ROS), including free radicals are involved in cardiovascular disease. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the clinical implications of these oxidants. The ROS are common by-products of many oxidative biochemical and physiological processes. They can be released by xanthine oxidase, NAD(P)H oxidase, lipoxygenases, mitochondria, or the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase in vascular cells. ROS mediate various signaling pathways that underlie vascular inflammation in atherogenesis. Various animal models of oxidative stress support that ROS have causal role in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. They are too reactive to be tolerated in living tissue, and aerobic organisms use sophisticated defense system, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic for prevention of overload of free radicals. In a number of pathophysiological conditions, the delicate equilibrium between free-radical production and antioxidant capability can be altered in favor of the former, thus leading to oxidative stress and increased tissue injury. This review focuses on the biochemical evidences concerning involvement of ROS in several cardiovascular diseases, namely atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Small file aggregation in a parallel computing system (2023)

Techniques are provided for small file aggregation in a parallel computing system. An exemplary method for storing a plurality of files generated by a plurality of processes in a parallel computing system comprises aggregating the plurality of files into a single aggregated file; and generating metadata for the single aggregated file. The metadata comprises an offset and a length of each of the plurality of files in the single aggregated file. The metadata can be used to unpack one or more of the files from the single aggregated file.
A microbial detection array (MDA) for viral and bacterial detection (2010)

The MDA can be used to identify the suite of viruses and bacteria present in complex samples.
Context-Aware Services in Smart Environments: A Review (2007)

Telecooperation GroupTU DarmstadtHochschulstrase 10D-64283 Darmstadtbrdiczka AT tk.informatik.tu-darmstadt.deAbstract This paper addresses the topic of providing context-aware services in smart environments. We review recent work insmart environments, and further deﬁne and debate essential as-pects concerning context-aware service supply. Future challengesfor the research in context-aware smart environments are men-tioned and discussed.
Structure and rheology of semidilute suspension under shear (1993)

We study the structure and viscosity of a semidilute colloidal suspension under stationary shear. For a model hard-sphere suspension with no hydrodynamic interactions we obtain accurate results for the low-density limit of the steady-state structure factor and shear-rate-dependent viscosity coefficients. In contrast with predictions of the earlier theories, we find a nonzero distortion of the structure factor in the plane perpendicular to the flow direction. The observed changes of the structure factor are correlated with shear thinning of the suspension.
High T(c) superconductors: Technical and commercial challenge (1995)

Some basic questions of the way which leads from the discovery of high-T(c) superconductors to their applications is surveyed. The influence of high-T(c) superconducting technology on the industrial and social development is also briefly analyzed.
Analysis of p53 Gene Mutations in Human Gliomas by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism and DNA Sequencing (1994)

Mutations in the p53 gene have been recognized in brain tumors, and clonal expansion of p53 mutant cells has been shown to be associated with glioma progression. However, studies on the p53 gene have been limited by the need for frozen tissues. We have developed a method utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the direct analysis of p53 mutation by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and by direct DNA sequencing of the p53 gene using a single 10-microns paraffin-embedded tissue section. We applied this method to screen for p53 gene mutations in exons 5-8 in human gliomas utilizing paraffin-embedded tissues. Twenty paraffin blocks containing tumor were selected from surgical specimens from 17 different adult patients. Tumors included six anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs), nine glioblastomas (GBs), and two mixed malignant gliomas (MMGs). The tissue section on the stained glass slide was used to guide microdissection of an unstained adjacent tissue section to ensure > 90% of the tumor cell population for p53 mutational analysis. Simultaneously, microdissection of the tissue was also carried out to obtain normal tissue from adjacent areas as a control. Mutations in the p53 gene were identified in 3 of 17 (18%) patients by PCR-SSCP analysis and subsequently confirmed by PCR-based DNA sequencing. Mutations in exon 5 resulting in amino acid substitution were found in one thalamic AA (codon 158, CGC > CTT: Arg > Leu) and one cerebral hemispheric GB (codon 151, CCG > CTG: Pro > Leu).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of hemophilia A: possible implications towards a more effective therapeutic regime. (1999)

Hemophilic care was revolutionized in the late 50's, when factor VIII (FVIII) substitution therapy became accessible. Since then, plasma-derived FVIII preparations with varying degrees of purity have been widely used. The availability of such products has resulted in a great improvement of life quality and life expectancy of affected people. However, FVIII concentrates have been involved in the transmission of blood borne viruses like HIV and HCV. The tremendous development of molecular biology techniques, in association with modern biotechnology has allowed the large-scale production of first generation biopharmaceuticals such as recombinant FVIII, for clinical purposes. In parallel, intense research has revealed the genetic basis of hemophilia A, many aspects of FVIII biosynthesis and the biological function of FVIII. Synergistic efforts between genetic engineering and biotechnology have the potential to develop second generation products and therapeutic strategies based solely on "protein engineering". Integration of basic research results in new treatment concepts should allow the rational design of FVIII molecules endowed with improved functional properties. Such molecules may be highly beneficial in the development of future strategies in FVIII inhibitor therapy and in FVIII somatic gene therapy.
Supplementary figure 1 from The BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Dabrafenib and Trametinib: Effects on Immune Function and in Combination with Immunomodulatory Antibodies Targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary figure 1. Tumor growth kinetics in individual mice treated with trametinib (T) in combination with the immunomodulator-targeting PD1 in the CT26 murine syngeneic model.&lt;/p&gt;
Effects of the Over-Expression of the rolC Gene on Leaf Development in Transgenic Periclinal Chimeric Plants (1993)

Journal Article Effects of the Over-Expression of the rolC Gene on Leaf Development in Transgenic Periclinal Chimeric Plants Get access Yutaka Oono, Yutaka Oono 1Department of Biological Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, 060 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Takashi Suzuki, Takashi Suzuki 2Department of Horticulture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, 060 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Seiichi Toki, Seiichi Toki 1Department of Biological Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, 060 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hirofumi Uchimiya Hirofumi Uchimiya 3Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of TokyoBunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 34, Issue 5, July 1993, Pages 745–752, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078478 Published: 01 July 1993 Article history Received: 29 January 1993 Accepted: 17 May 1993 Published: 01 July 1993
SU‐F‐I‐41: Calibration‐Free Material Decomposition for Dual‐Energy CT (2016)

Purpose: To eliminate tedious phantom calibration or manually region of interest (ROI) selection as required in dual‐energy CT material decomposition, we establish a new projection‐domain material decomposition framework with incorporation of energy spectrum. Methods: Similar to the case of dual‐energy CT, the integral of the basis material image in our model is expressed as a linear combination of basis functions, which are the polynomials of high‐ and low‐energy raw projection data. To yield the unknown coefficients of the linear combination, the proposed algorithm minimizes the quadratic error between the high‐ and low‐energy raw projection data and the projection calculated using material images. We evaluate the algorithm with an iodine concentration numerical phantom at different dose and iodine concentration levels. The x‐ray energy spectra of the high and low energy are estimated using an indirect transmission method. The derived monochromatic images are compared with the high‐ and low‐energy CT images to demonstrate beam hardening artifacts reduction. Quantitative results were measured and compared to the true values. Results: The differences between the true density value used for simulation and that were obtained from the monochromatic images, are 1.8%, 1.3%, 2.3%, and 2.9% for the dose levels from standard dose to 1/8 dose, and are 0.4%, 0.7%, 1.5%, and 1.8% for the four iodine concentration levels from 6 mg/mL to 24 mg/mL. For all of the cases, beam hardening artifacts, especially streaks shown between dense inserts, are almost completely removed in the monochromatic images. Conclusion: The proposed algorithm provides an effective way to yield material images and artifacts‐free monochromatic images at different dose levels without the need for phantom calibration or ROI selection. Furthermore, the approach also yields accurate results when the concentration of the iodine concentrate insert is very low, suggesting the algorithm is robust with respect to the low‐contrast scenario.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Negative Regulation of p53 by the Long Isoform of ErbB3 Binding Protein Ebp1 in Brain Tumors (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Negative Regulation of p53 by the Long Isoform of ErbB3 Binding Protein Ebp1 in Brain Tumors
Measurements of ionization states in warm dense aluminum with betatron radiation (2017)

Time-resolved measurements of the ionization states of warm dense aluminum via K-shell absorption spectroscopy are demonstrated using betatron radiation generated from laser wakefield acceleration as a probe. The warm dense aluminum is generated by irradiating a free-standing nanofoil with a femtosecond optical laser pulse and was heated to an electron temperature of ∼20-25 eV at a close-to-solid mass density. Absorption dips in the transmitted x-ray spectrum due to the Al^{4+} and Al^{5+} ions are clearly seen during the experiments. The measured absorption spectra are compared to simulations with various ionization potential depression models, including the commonly used Stewart-Pyatt model and an alternative modified Ecker-Kröll model. The observed absorption spectra are in approximate agreement with these models, though indicating a slightly higher state of ionization and closer agreement for simulations with the modified Ecker-Kröll model.
Potential Role of Traditional Chinese Medicines by Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Compared With Targeted Small Molecules in Colorectal Cancer Therapy (2021)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a global public health problem because of its high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. The previous clinical treatment for CRC mainly involves conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. With the development of tumor molecular targeted therapy, small molecule inhibitors present a great advantage in improving the survival of patients with advanced CRC. However, various side effects and drug resistance induced by chemotherapy are still the major obstacles to improve the clinical benefit. Thus, it is crucial to find new and alternative drugs for CRC treatment. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been proved to have low toxicity and multi-target characteristics. In the last few decades, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that TCMs exhibit strong anticancer effects in both experimental and clinical models and may serve as alternative chemotherapy agents for CRC treatment. Notably, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of CRC by modulating the stability of β-catenin in the cytoplasm. Targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a novel direction for developing therapies for CRC. In this review, we outlined the anti-tumor effects of small molecular inhibitors on CRC through Wnt/β-catenin pathway. More importantly, we focused on the potential role of TCMs against tumors by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling at different stages of CRC, including precancerous lesions, early stage of CRC and advanced CRC. Furthermore, we also discussed perspectives to develop potential new drugs from TCMs <i>via</i> Wnt/β-catenin pathway for the treatment of CRC.
ECSA 2010 Industry Track (2010)

The Industry Track provides a forum for practitioners and industrial and academic researchers describing methods, techniques, and practices as well as other results of direct relevance and applicability to practicing software architects. Contributions take the form of extended abstracts and full papers and focus on practical lessons that drawn from experience and encourage interactive discussion on the presented topic.
On Hard Exploration for Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study in Pommerman (2019)

How to best explore in domains with sparse, delayed, and deceptive rewards is an important open problem for reinforcement learning (RL). This paper considers one such domain, the recently-proposed multi-agent benchmark of Pommerman. This domain is very challenging for RL — past work has shown that model-free RL algorithms fail to achieve significant learning without artificially reducing the environment’s complexity. In this paper, we illuminate reasons behind this failure by providing a thorough analysis on the hardness of random exploration in Pommerman. While model-free random exploration is typically futile, we develop a model-based automatic reasoning module that can be used for safer exploration by pruning actions that will surely lead the agent to death. We empirically demonstrate that this module can significantly improve learning.
Strengthening timber with CFRP or steel plates - Short and long-term performance (2008)

The limiting factors when it comes to design of timber structures are often stiffness properties of timber products. The stiffness requirements in serviceability limit state, both short-term and longterm deformation especially in horizontal members, is a factor that often makes it necessary to increase the dimensions of the member. Both the results from experimental studies and the results of analytical modelling are presented. The experimental study comprises results from short-term tests to failure of nine glulam beams strengthened with bonded steel plates or CFRP laminates and mechano-sorptive creep tests of strengthened glulam lamellas loaded in bending at 8 MPa. Positive effects on the strengthening when it comes to short-term and long-term behaviour were shown. The arrangement of the reinforcement in the cross-section makes it possible to control the behaviour of the beams in terms of strength, stiffness and ductility. The experimental results agreed very well with the proposed models for calculating both stiffness and moment capacity of the beams.
Temperature stress differentially modulates transcription in meiotic anthers of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive tomato plants (2011)

In contrast to the heat-sensitive genotype, the heat-tolerant genotype exhibits moderate transcriptional changes under moderate heat stress. Moreover, the heat-tolerant genotype also shows a different constitutive gene expression profile compared to the heat-sensitive genotype, indicating genetic differences in adaptation to increased temperatures. In the heat-tolerant genotype, the majority of changes in gene expression is represented by up-regulation, while in the heat-sensitive genotype there is a general trend to down-regulate gene expression upon MHS. The putative functions associated with the genes identified by cDNA-AFLP or microarray indicate the involvement of heat shock, metabolism, antioxidant and development pathways. Based on the observed differences in response to MHS and on literature sources, we identified a number of candidate transcripts involved in heat-tolerance.
Anticipating the Future: Leonardo’s Unpublished Anatomical and Mathematical Observations (2019)

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) has often perceived by contemporary audiences as a futurist. But was Leonardo truly a futurist? To a futurist, futurity was not simply the future but rather a state of mind, an awareness of the still-to-come, the potential and excess of the not-yet-here. Despite popular understanding of him as a prescient genius, looking at Leonardo’s work this mindset does not seem to accurately describe the fifteenth-century polymath and artist. This chapter, written by Morteza Gharib, Francis C. Wells, with Mari-Tere Álvarez, examines Leonardo’s drawings and texts on two seemingly fantastical subjects—the anatomy of the human heart and his musings on velocity—both instances in which the artist and genius seems to predict the future. Predictions of the future or musings of a futurist?
Abstract P193: Anti-fibrotic and Anti-oxidant Actions of a Muscadine Grape Extract Supplement on Hypertension-induced Cardiac Damage (2017)

Approximately 75 million U.S. adults suffer from hypertension, an independent risk factor for pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The current study examines the effects of a muscadine grape extract formulation (MGE; Piedmont Research &amp; Development Corp.) with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties on hypertension-induced cardiac damage in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a 4-week Ang II infusion (24 μg/kg/h). We previously showed that MGE in the drinking water had no effect on blood pressure or systolic function in normotensive or hypertensive rats; however, MGE ameliorated the Ang II-induced decrease in diastolic function and increase in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. In the current study, MGE supplementation of Ang II-treated rats decreased interstitial cardiac fibrosis, reducing collagen III staining in the myocardium (0.9 ± 0.2% control, 6.8 ± 1.0% Ang II, and 2.8 ± 0.4% Ang II/MGE; p&lt;0.01). MGE alone had no effect on any parameters assessed. The positive correlation between collagen and diastolic function with Ang II compared to control (p&lt;0.01) was significantly abrogated by co-administration of MGE. TGFβ is a critical cytokine that stimulates cardiac fibrosis. The Ang II-mediated increase in cardiac TGFβ mRNA was attenuated by MGE (relative gene expression: 1.0 ± 0.1 control, 2.0 ± 0.4 Ang II, 1.1 ± 0.2 Ang II/MGE; p&lt;0.05) as was downstream pSmad2 protein in cardiomyocytes (% nuclei: 26.1 ± 6 control, 53.8 ± 9.6 Ang II, 27.6 ± 5.5 Ang II/MGE; p&lt;0.05) and cardiac fibroblasts (2.3 ± 1.1 control, 11.7 ± 4.9 Ang II, 2.2 ± 0.5 Ang II/MGE; p&lt;0.05). NADPH oxidase is a primary contributor to cardiac oxidative stress and excess ROS production can lead to activation of pro-fibrotic pathways. MGE significantly reduced the Ang II-induced increase in p22phox mRNA (relative gene expression: 1.0 ± 0.1 control, 1.9 ± 0.1 Ang II, 1.0 ± 0.1 Ang II/MGE; p&lt;0.0001) and protein (relative density: 1.0 ± 0.2 control, 5.4 ± 1.6 Ang II, 2.9 ± 1.0 Ang II/MGE; p&lt;0.05), a subunit required for NADPH oxidase activity. These results indicate that MGE ameliorates cardiac fibrosis by targeting NADPH oxidase and the TGFβ pro-fibrotic pathway, suggesting that MGE supplementation may be an effective, natural therapeutic for hypertension-induced cardiac damage.
Supplementary Table S2 from IL15 by Continuous Intravenous Infusion to Adult Patients with Solid Tumors in a Phase I Trial Induced Dramatic NK-Cell Subset Expansion (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S2&lt;/p&gt;