gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONICITY OF ACL DEFICIENCY AND INTRA-ARTICULAR INJURY. AN ANALYSIS OF 5086 PATIENTS (2012)

To determine the relationship between advancing months from ACL rupture and the incidence of intra-articular meniscal and chondral damage. From a prospectively collected database 5086 patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction, using hamstring graft, carried out between January 2000 and August 2010 were identified. Data collected included the interval between injury and surgery, type and location of meniscal tears (requiring meniscectomy) and location and severity of chondral damage (ICRS grading system). Patients were grouped according to time interval and age. The median time from ACL injury to ACL reconstruction was 3 months (range 0.25 to 480). Overall, an increasing incidence of medial meniscal injury and chondral damage occurred with advancing chronicity of ACL deficiency. The incidence of medial meniscal injury requiring meniscectomy increased from 18% of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction within 4 months of injury to 59% of patients if ACL reconstruction was delayed more than 12 months (p The increasing incidence of secondary pathology with advancing chronicity was more pronounced in the younger age groups. The risk of a medial meniscal tear requiring resection was significantly less if surgery was performed before 5 months in the 50 years group (OR 1.5). Advancing age was associated with a greater incidence of chondral damage and medial meniscal injury, but not lateral meniscal injury. Males had a greater incidence of lateral meniscal tears (34% vs. 20%), but not medial (28% vs. 25%) or chondral damage (35% vs. 36%), compared to females. The incidence of chondral damage and medial meniscal tears increases with advancing time after ACL injury. Particularly in younger patients, ACL reconstruction should be performed within 4 months of ACL injury in order to minimise the risk of irreversible damage to meniscal and chondral structures.
High-Performance MoS2 Field-Effect Transistors Enabled by Chloride Doping: Record Low Contact Resistance (0.5 kohm*um) and Record High Drain Current (460 uA/um) (2014)

In this paper, we report a novel chemical doping technique to reduce the contact resistance (Rc) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) - eliminating two major roadblocks (namely, doping and high Rc) towards demonstration of high-performance TMDs field-effect transistors (FETs). By using 1,2 dichloroethane (DCE) as the doping reagent, we demonstrate an active n-type doping density &gt; 2*1019 cm-3 in a few-layer MoS2 film. This enabled us to reduce the Rc value to a record low number of 0.5 kohm*um, which is ~10x lower than the control sample without doping. The corresponding specific contact resistivity (pc) is found to decrease by two orders of magnitude. With such low Rc, we demonstrate 100 nm channel length (Lch) MoS2 FET with a drain current (Ids) of 460 uA/um at Vds = 1.6 V, which is twice the best value reported so far on MoS2 FETs.
Total Synthesis of Periplanone‐B Via Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reaction with Furan‐Diene and Allene‐Dienophile (1994)

Abstract A synthetic route towards (±)‐periplanone‐B is described based on (i) an intramolecular Diels‐Alder reaction involving a furan‐diene and an allene‐dienophile, (ii) selective (C‐O)‐cleavage in the resulting adduct by lithium di‐ tert ‐butylbiphenyl radical anion; (iii) a Grob fragmentation leading to the ten‐membered ring, as key‐steps.
Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain by MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound (2006)

The effect of focused ultrasound on the absorption of liposome‐encapsulated doxorubicin in the brain was investigated. By applying focused ultrasound in the presence of microbubble ultrasound contrast agent, we achieved targeted drug delivery to the brain in vivo. Tissue drug concentrations in sonicated brain corresponded with cytotoxic levels measured in various human tumors and were significantly different from those measured in unexposed contralateral control samples (p ⩽ 0.02). In addition, increased MR signal enhancement at the focal location on contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted fast spin echo images correlated with increased penetration of doxorubicin into brain tissue (r = 0.85), indicating the potential of MRI to be used as an indicator of blood‐brain barrier permeability during treatment. Further investigation is required to evaluate the efficacy of this technique and to optimize its parameters for clinical application.
On the Legal and Economic Activities of Buddhist Nuns (2014)

One of the most obvious limitations of even recent work on the economics and business or corporate law of Buddhist monasticism in early India has been its almost exclusive focus on male monasticism, on male monasteries and monks. Nuns and nunneries have once again been overlooked or dropped between the cracks. There is, of course, no good reason for this, especially since it has been clear for some time from Buddhist inscriptional records that up until the Gupta period, at least, nuns were as active as donors at Buddhist sites as were monks, and must therefore have had very considerable means and economic presence. Even more recently it has also been noted that, although textually nuns may have been hierarchically or ritually subservient to monks, this had – according to at least one Vinaya or monastic code – no bearing on their legal or economic status: for this Vinaya, nuns had equal legal rights of ownership and economic independence. This same Vinaya, the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya, or closely related texts, moreover, deals with nuns who engage in a wide range of business enterprises, both licit and – according to the male authors of this code – illicit, and who have at their disposal and use a series of sophisticated financial instruments. A comprehensive, detailed survey of all of this would be, of course, of considerable interest and importance for any future view of the Indian Buddhist nun, but such a survey is hardly possible now, and certainly not here. The investigation of these issues has just begun; the sources we must use are in some disarray and more often than not very difficult, and the basic legal vocabulary is barely understood. Here, then, we can only make a start on two topics that will come to form a part of any such future survey: the use of negotiable promissory notes by Buddhist nuns, and their involvement in lending on interest funds that they held as permanent endowments. These two topics alone will amply illustrate the difficulties involved in pursuing these kinds of investigations, and will all too elegantly reveal how very far we have yet to go.
Structure determination of the cancer-associated<i>Mycoplasma hyorhinis</i>protein Mh-p37 (2008)

The crystal structure of the Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein Mh-p37 has been solved and refined to 1.9 A resolution. This is the first de novo structure to be determined using the recently described heavy-atom reagent [Beck et al. (2008), Acta Cryst. D64, 1179-1182] 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C), which contains three I atoms arranged in an equilateral triangle, by SIRAS methods. Data collection was performed in-house at room temperature. SHELXD and SHELXE were used to determine the I-atom positions and phase the native protein and PHENIX AutoBuild software was used to automatically fit the amino-acid sequence to the electron-density map. The structure was refined using SHELX97 to an R(cryst) of 18.6% and an R(free) of 24.0%. Mh-p37 is an alpha/beta protein with two well defined domains which are separated by a deep cleft. An unanticipated ligand bound in the center of the molecule at the base of the cleft has been modeled as thiamine pyrophosphate or vitamin B(1). Retrospective attempts to solve the crystal structure by Patterson search methods using either isomorphous or anomalous differences failed. Additionally, attempts to use proteins with the highest structural homology in the Protein Data Bank to phase the data by molecular replacement were unsuccessful, most likely in hindsight because of their poor structural agreement. Therefore, the I3C reagent offers an alternative, quick and inexpensive method for in-house phasing of de novo structures where other methods may not be successful.
Diagnostic Performance of the Support Vector Machine Model for Breast Cancer on Ring-Shaped Dedicated Breast Positron Emission Tomography Images (2020)

Support vector machine showed high diagnostic performance for BC using dbPET.
An Improved Analytical Model of a Spectrometer for Optical Coherence Tomography (2021)

We present an improved analytical model of a spectrometer for optical coherence tomography (OCT), which more accurately describes the OCT in-depth sensitivity fall-off. The model considers the intrinsic spectral resolution of the dispersive element and the influence of additional components (inequidistance-correcting prism). The model is validated by experimental data obtained both from other studies and our own experiments. The influence of the frequency response of the CCD electrical circuit and the analog-to-digital converter to the OCT signal fall-off was also detected and was shown to be significant in some cases.
Database schema models of integrated biomedical information in relational database system (2010)

The creation of an integrated biomedical information database requires diverse and flexible schemas. Although relational database systems seem to be an obvious choice for storage, traditional designs of relational schemas cannot support integrated biomedical information in the most effective ways. Therefore, new models for managing diverse and flexible schemas in relational databases are required for such systems. This paper proposes several schema models for integrated biomedical information using relational tables, and presents an experimental evaluation of their efficiency.
Visualizing physical, electronic, and optical properties of organic photovoltaic cells (2013)

The most interesting active layer system for organic photovoltaic cells is the bulk heterojunction (BHJ). The general structure of a BHJ is a network of domains, which contain blended donor and acceptor molecules, often in pure and mixed phases. Directly visualizing this nanoscale phase separation of BHJs and corresponding morphological parameters has attracted much interest and has led to novel insights into their physical properties. Imaging methods that have been proven to be of great importance are scanning probe, scanning X-ray, and electron microscopy. Early works successfully employed conventional contrast mechanisms at high resolution for correlation of structure and function. Many imaging techniques also offer analytical capabilities using specific interactions of the probes with different material domains. Resulting material contrasts can be converted into morphological maps by correlation with the intrinsically different physical, electronic, and optical sample properties. Spatially resolved visualization of these properties is crucial to provide answers to questions about fundamental processes that determine the solar cell performance. A major paradigm shift was initiated by the discovery that instead of a completely separated network of donor and acceptor domains, a multiphase system is beneficial for enhanced photo-physical properties. Thereby phases differ in ordering, orientation and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of techniques and recent approaches for imaging BHJ structures at the nanoscale. Advantages and disadvantages of the underlying contrast mechanisms are summarized. In addition, we introduce best practices for the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by comparing enhanced conventional and analytical modes.
Stochastic model for performance evaluation of test planning (2010)

One of the challenges the IT industry faces involves maintaining the quality of the developed product within a consistent planning. Product delays are in general consequences of badly conceived planning and lack of progress control. The interest in software testing activities has been growing over the last few years. Software companies currently seek low cost testing procedures and at the same, with great capacity to handle mistakes. In this article, concepts related to testing processes are mapped in Stochastic Petri Nets(SPN) which provides a formal representation for measures used in performance analysis.
Optimal scheduling for energy harvesting transmitters under temperature constraints (2015)

Motivated by damage due to heating in sensor operation, we consider the throughput optimal offline data scheduling problem in an energy harvesting transmitter such that resulting temperature increase remains below a critical level. We model the temperature dynamics of the transmitter as a linear system and determine the optimal transmit power policy under such temperature constraints as well as energy harvesting constraints over an AWGN channel. We first derive the structural properties of the solution for the general case with multiple energy arrivals. We, then, obtain closed form solutions for the case of a single energy arrival. We observe that the optimal power policy is piecewise monotone decreasing with possible jumps at the energy harvesting instants, and remains constant after the temperature reaches the critical level.
Blood Compatibility of Amphiphilic Phosphorous Dendrons—Prospective Drug Nanocarriers (2021)

Dendrons are branched synthetic polymers suitable for preparation of nanosized drug delivery systems. Their interactions with biological systems are mainly predetermined by their chemical structure, terminal groups, surface charge, and the number of branched layers (generation). Any new compound intended to be used, alone or in combination, for medical purposes in humans must be compatible with blood. This study combined results from in vitro experiments on human blood and from laboratory experiments designed to assess the effect of amphiphilic phosphorous dendrons on blood components and model membranes, and to examine the presence and nature of interactions leading to a potential safety concern. The changes in hematological and coagulation parameters upon the addition of dendrons in the concentration range of 2-10 µM were monitored. We found that only the combination of higher concentration and higher generation of the dendron affected the selected clinically relevant parameters: it significantly decreased platelet count and plateletcrit, shortened thrombin time, and increased activated partial thromboplastin time. At the same time, occasional small-sized platelet clumps in blood films under the light microscope were observed. We further investigated aggregation propensity of the positively charged dendrons in model conditions using zwitterionic and negatively charged liposomes. The observed changes in size and zeta potential indicated the electrostatic nature of the interaction. Overall, we proved that the low-generation amphiphilic phosphorous dendrons were compatible with blood within the studied concentration range. However, interactions between high-generation dendrons at bulk concentrations above 10 µM and platelets and/or clotting factors cannot be excluded.
Bifunctional Catalyst Promotes Highly Enantioselective Bromolactonizations To Generate Stereogenic C–Br Bonds (2012)

A novel bifunctional catalyst derived from BINOL has been developed that promotes the highly enantioselective bromolactonizations of a number of structurally distinct unsaturated acids. Like some known catalysts, this catalyst promotes highly enantioselective bromolactonizations of 4- and 5-aryl-4-pentenoic acids, but it also catalyzes the highly enantioselective bromolactonizations of 5-alkyl-4(Z)-pentenoic acids. These reactions represent the first catalytic bromolactonizations of alkyl-substituted olefinic acids that proceed via 5-exo mode cyclizations to give lactones in which new carbon-bromine bonds are formed at a stereogenic center with high enantioselectivity. We also disclose the first catalytic desymmetrization of a prochiral dienoic acid by enantioselective bromolactonization.
Toward a 3D body part detection video dataset and hand tracking benchmark (2013)

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce our Microsoft Kinect--based video dataset of American Sign Language (ASL) signs designed for body part detection and tracking research. This dataset allows researchers to experiment with using more than 2-dimensional (2D) color video information in gesture recognition projects, as it gives them access to scene depth information. Not only can this make it easier to locate body parts like hands, but without this additional information, two completely different gestures that share a similar 2D trajectory projection can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Second, as an accurate hand locator is a critical element in any automated gesture or sign language recognition tool, this paper assesses the efficacy of one popular open source user skeleton tracker by examining its performance on random signs from the above dataset. We compare the hand positions as determined by the skeleton tracker to ground truth positions, which come from manual hand annotations of each video frame. The purpose of this study is to establish a benchmark for the assessment of more advanced detection and tracking methods that utilize scene depth data. For illustrative purposes, we compare the results of one of the methods previously developed in our lab for detecting a single hand to this benchmark.
An interface model for the prediction of Young's modulus of layered silicate‐elastomer nanocomposites (1998)

Abstract Recent experiments on layered silicate‐elastomer nancomposites by Burnside and Giannelis have shown that there is a discrepancy between theoretical modulus predictions and experimental modulus measurements. A theory is proposed to explain this discrepancy. We hypothesize that the discrepancy is due to imperfect bonding between the matrix/inclusion interface which effectively reduces the aspect ratio and the volume fraction of the inclusion. We use a simple interface model to quantify the imperfect interfacial bonding. From this model, we introduce the concept of the effective aspect ratio and effective volume fraction of the inclusions. These effective quantities depends on a single material parameter, namely, the constant interfacial shear stress, τ. The interfacial shear stress for the elastomer‐silicate nanocomposites is found by fitting the theory to the experimentally measured modulus of Burnside and Giannelis. The interfacial shear stress is in the range of thousands of Pascals. For the elastomer‐silicate nanocomposite systems considered here, the interfacial shear stress can be decomposed into two parts; intrinsic shear stress τ i and frictional shear stress τ f . The intrinsic interfacial shear stress τ i depends only on the volume fraction of inclusions and decreases with increasing volume fraction of inclusions. On the other hand, the frictional shear stress τ f is found to increase linearly with the applied strain. Since the mean stress is also proportional to the applied strain, this gives rise to an effective coefficient of friction, which is found to be 0.0932 for the nanocomposite system considered here.
Extracellular survivin up-regulates adhesion molecules on the surface of leukocytes changing their reactivity pattern (2007)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with joints as a principal target of inflammation. We have shown recently that the extracellular expression of the antiapoptotic protein survivin is associated with a destructive course of RA. Here, we address the potential impact of extracellular survivin on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). The binding of survivin to the surface of human PBL as well as the expression of adhesion molecules were assessed by FACS. The expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes as a function of circulating survivin was analyzed in blood of 24 patients with RA and compared with eight healthy individuals. We show that extracellular survivin expresses immunomodulatory properties. It binds to the surface of the majority of granulocytes and a significant part of lymphocytes and monocytes inducing the activation of alpha-chains of beta-integrins and their ligand ICAM-1. Survivin-induced expression of alpha-chains of beta 2-integrins is regulated by p38 MAPK and PI-3K but not by the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Clinical relevance of our findings is supported by the in vivo association of high circulating survivin levels with an increased expression of CD11c on monocytes and granulocytes in RA patients. The results of our study demonstrate that extracellular survivin affects the phenotype of leukocytes having a possible impact on homing of inflammatory cells during arthritis.
Real-Time, Digital Pulse-Shape Discrimination in Non-Hazardous Fast Liquid Scintillation Detectors: Prospects for Safety and Security (2012)

Pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) in fast, organic scintillation detectors is a long-established technique used to separate neutrons and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\gamma$</tex></formula> rays in mixed radiation fields. In the analogue domain the method can achieve separation in real time, but all knowledge of the pulses themselves is lost thereby preventing the possibility of any post- or repeated analysis. Also, it is typically reliant on electronic systems that are largely obsolete and which require significant experience to set up. In the digital domain, PSD is often more flexible but significant post-processing has usually been necessary to obtain neutron/ <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\gamma$</tex></formula> -ray separation. Moreover, the scintillation media on which the technique relies usually have a low flashpoint and are thus deemed hazardous. This complicates the ease with which they are used in industrial applications. In this paper, results obtained with a new portable digital pulse-shape discrimination instrument are described. This instrument provides real-time, digital neutron/ <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\gamma$</tex></formula> -ray separation whilst preserving the synchronization with the time-of-arrival for each event, and realizing throughputs of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$3 \times 10^{6}$</tex></formula> events per second. Furthermore, this system has been tested with a scintillation medium that is non-flammable and not hazardous.
Cyclotriphosphazene core-based dendrimers for biomedical applications: an update on recent advances (2018)

This review is focused on the recent use of cyclotriphosphazene-based dendrimers in biomedicine. Since its synthesis for the first time in 1834, cyclotriphosphazene has been an important compound of phosphorus chemistry as a scaffold, and a large number of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives have been synthesized and applied in various fields such as biology, catalysis, fluorescence, nanomaterials, etc. Today, one of the most important uses concerns its biomedical applications. In this review, the recent developments (since 2012) of cyclotriphosphazene for major pharmaceutical applications are highlighted and analyzed.