gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Deterministic Weighted Automata with Queries and Counterexamples (2019)

We present an algorithm for extraction of a probabilistic deterministic finite automaton (PDFA) from a given black-box language model, such as a recurrent neural network (RNN). The algorithm is a variant of the exact-learning algorithm L*, adapted to a probabilistic setting with noise. The key insight is the use of conditional probabilities for observations, and the introduction of a local tolerance when comparing them. When applied to RNNs, our algorithm often achieves better word error rate (WER) and normalised distributed cumulative gain (NDCG) than that achieved by spectral extraction of weighted finite automata (WFA) from the same networks. PDFAs are substantially more expressive than n-grams, and are guaranteed to be stochastic and deterministic - unlike spectrally extracted WFAs.
Susceptibilidad de distintos clones de Red Delicious a la presencia de corazón mohoso en cosecha y durante la conservación en frío (2011)

La principal area de produccion de manzanas en Argentina es la region del Alto Valle de los rios Negro y Neuquen. El cultivar mas utilizado es Red Delicious y sus clones Red Chief, Angius y Atwood . Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1. Evaluar la susceptibilidad de los tres clones con respecto a la presencia de corazon mohoso y 2. Evaluar el efecto de diferentes atmosferas en la conservacion de los frutos y su influencia sobre la citada enfermedad. Los tres clones presentaron igual susceptibilidad a la enfermedad. En atmosfera convencional la incidencia y la severidad aumentaron durante los tres primeros meses y luego se mantuvo en porcentajes similares hasta los nueve meses. En atmosfera controlada no hubo diferencias con respecto a la convencional
Enhancement removal of methylene blue from water by using modified beetroot fibers-SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfonates) (2010)

Beetroot was used to clean water contaminated by methylene Blue (MB). Parameters such as particle size of fibers, initial concentrations, pH of the solutions and rates of effluent were studied to optimize the conditions of removal dyes from industrial wastewater. It has been observed that the efficiency of dyes removal increases when fiberÂÂs size decreases (from 100 to 50 microns). The pH value to remove maximumofmethylene blue is 6.5. Adsorption parameterswere determined using bothLangmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The chemical modification of fibers by an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) increases the efficiency of the dyeÂÂs elimination two times.
MR Flow Imaging in Projection Through a Stationary Surround (1988)

A magnetic resonance imaging technique is discussed which, by cyclic inversion of the longitudinal magnetization, produces boli of moving material with alternating sign of the magnetization. At periodic spacings along the flow direction, the signal strength from magnetization of positive sign is equal to that of negative sign. This results in a minimum in the intensity distribution. A banded intensity structure results reflecting the distribution of flow velocities across the imaged vessel. The inversion of the longitudinal magnetization causes an inherent suppression of the signal from stationary material allowing the collection of flow images in projection through a stationary surround without the need for image subtraction.
Effect of growth interruption and the introduction of H2 on the growth of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (2000)

The effects of the growth interruption and the introduction of H2 during interruption time on the optical and structural properties of InGaN/GaN multiquantum wells (MQWs), grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, were investigated. When the growth was interrupted during the formation of interfaces in the MQWs, the intensity of photoluminescence (PL) was greatly increased and the formation of InN-rich regions near the surface of the InGaN well layer was suppressed. As the interruption time increased, however, the PL intensity decreased and the average In composition of InGaN/GaN MQWs decreased. When H2 was introduced during the growth interruption, the intensity of the PL was significantly enhanced by eliminating the impurities at the interface and the PL peaks were blueshifted due to the reduction in the thickness of the InGaN well layers, as a result of H2 etching of well and barrier layers.
Effect of Mestranol on Cell Proliferation and Angiotensinogen Production in HepG2 Cells: Relation with the Cell Cycle and Action of Tamoxifen (1987)

The effects of the estrogen analog mestranol and of the antiestrogen tamoxifen on cell growth and the rate of angiotensinogen production were investigated in HepG2 cells, an hepato-carcinoma cell line of human origin. After 36 h of cell contact with high concentration of mestranol, a (10(-5) M) dose increased by 2-fold the rate of proliferation of HepG2 while reducing angiotensinogen production to below control level. Mestranol at 10(-6) M preferentially stimulated angiotensinogen production 5-fold, whereas cell growth rate was slightly increased. Comparable results were obtained for thymidine uptake in the course of the cell cycle, with a maximum increase for 10(-5) M mestranol, and an increase of angiotensinogen production for 10(-6) M mestranol. At 10(-6) M, tamoxifen acted as a pure antagonist by strongly inhibiting the stimulatory effect of mestranol and reducing angiotensinogen production to below the control level within 60 h. Tamoxifen did not affect the growth rate of HepG2 cells, either when administered alone or together with an equimolar concentration of mestranol.
Glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype affects aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels in white, black and Asian smokers and nonsmokers. (1995)

Cigarette smoking is the major cause of bladder cancer in men in the United States, and the arylamines contained in cigarettes smoke, including 4-amino-biphenyl (4-ABP), are believed to play an important role in the induction of bladder cancer among smokers. N-acetylation, which is catalyzed by the genetically controlled hepatic N-acetyltransferase enzyme displaying two phenotypes (slow versus rapid), is a detoxification pathway for arylamines with regard to bladder carcinogenesis. In Los Angeles, CA, non-Hispanic white (white), black, and Asian males have comparable smoking habits and yet dramatically different risks of bladder cancer (31 of 100,000 in whites, 16 of 100,000 in blacks, and 13 of 100,000 in Chinese and Japanese). Previously, we have demonstrated that the prevalence of slow acetylators (the high-risk phenotype) was highest in whites (54%), intermediate in blacks (34%), and lowest in Asians (14%). We also showed that mean 3- and 4-ABP hemoglobin adduct levels were significantly higher in cigarette smokers relative to nonsmokers, and that the level increased with increasing number of cigarettes smoke/day. Most importantly, slow acetylators consistently exhibited higher mean levels of ABP hemoglobin adducts relative to rapid acetylators, regardless of race and level of cigarette smoking. We assessed 151 residents of Los Angeles County (CA) who were either white, black, or Asian (Chinese or Japanese) and over the age of 30 years for their glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genotype (null versus non-null), acetylator phenotype (slow versus rapid), levels of 3- and 4-ABP hemoglobin adducts, and current use of tobacco products. Whites (27%) had the highest prevalence of the highest risk profile (slow acetylator, GSTM1 null), followed by blacks (15%) and Asians (2.7%), and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.006). Whites also had less than one-half the prevalence of the "protective" profile (rapid acetylator, GSTM1 non-null) relative to blacks and Asians (23 versus 57%; P = 0.0001). Regardless of race and level of cigarette smoking, mean levels of 3- and 4-ABP hemoglobin adducts were higher in subjects possessing the higher risk (GSTM1/acetylator profile. Mean level of 4-ABP hemoglobin adduct (adjusting for race, cigarette smoking, and acetylator phenotype) was significantly higher in subjects possessing the GSTM1-null versus GSTM1-non-null genotype (46.5 versus 36.0 pg/g Hb; P = 0.037). The comparable difference in mean levels of 3-ABP hemoglobin adduct was borderline significant (1.6 versus 1.1 pg/g Hb; P = 0.07). Thus, our results suggest that GSTM1 is involved in the detoxification of 3- and 4-ABP and may contribute to the racial variation in bladder cancer incidence among white, black, and Asian males in Los Angeles, CA.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclization in Vilsmeier—Haack Formylation of Dimethylamino‐Substituted 2,5‐Diaryloxazoles and 2,5‐Diaryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A prediction method considering object motion for humanoid robot with visual sensor (2014)

This paper proposes a prediction method considering object motion for a humanoid robot with a visual sensor. A visual servo control method is one of the useful methods to control the robot based on visual information. Robot can track the movable object by using this method. However, this system does not consider the future response of the object motion. As a result, the delay arises. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to predict the object motion from the visual information. This paper proposes the prediction method considering object motion based on visual servo system. By using this method, the robot predicts the goal position which is the stop position of the movable object. Thereafter, the robot walks to the above prediction position. The robot moves to goal position without useless trajectory. The experiments with this prediction control method are conducted to confirm the validity of the proposed method. From these results, the validity of the proposed method is confirmed.
Dynamic light shaping using active optical metasurfaces (2023)

Optical metasurfaces are planar subwavelength nanoantenna arrays engineered to provide on-demand manipulation of light, thereby enabling ultra-compact flat optics with high performance, small form-factor and new functionalities. When integrated with active elements, the pixelated, thin device architecture further facilitates dynamic tuning of local and global optical responses. Leveraging advanced materials, designs and architectures, we develop novel active and passive meta-optics capable of transforming a variety of optical systems that are traditionally bulky and complicated.
A Screen for Arabidopsis thaliana Mutants with Altered Susceptibility to Heterodera schachtii. (2000)

Genetic approaches are a powerful means to elucidate plant-pathogen interactions. An in vitro screening protocol was developed to identify Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered susceptibility to Heterodera schachtii, the sugar beet cyst nematode. In an initial screen of approximately 5,200 ethyl methanesulfonate-generated mutant plants, two stable mutations were identified. Both mutant lines were backcrossed and were found to harbor single recessive mutant alleles. Mutant line 2-4-6 shows an approximately two-fold increase in sedentary and developing nematodes, while mutant line 10-5-2 exhibits a significant decrease in susceptibility that manifests itself only after nematodes become sedentary. Analyses of progeny from crosses of lines 2-4-6 and 10-5-2 indicated that the two mutations are not allelic. However, the mutant gene in line 2-4-6 was found to be allelic to the previously identified mutant rhd1 and was termed rhd1-4. The mutant gene in line 10-5-2 was called asc1 for altered susceptibility to cyst nematodes. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a nematological mutant screen and strengthen A. thaliana and H. schachtii as a model pathosystem.
Fair Scheduling Policies Exploiting Multiuser Diversity in Cellular Systems With Device-to-Device Communications (2015)

We consider the resource allocation problem in cellular networks which support device-to-device communications (D2D). For systems that enable D2D via only orthogonal resource sharing, we propose and analyze two resource allocation policies that guarantee access fairness among all users, while taking advantage of multi-user diversity and local D2D communications, to provide marked improvements over existing cellular-only policies. The first policy, the Cellular Fairness Scheduling (CFS) Policy, provides the simplest D2D extension to existing cellular systems, while the second policy, the D2D Fairness Scheduling (DFS) Policy, harnesses maximal performance from D2D-enabled systems under the orthogonal sharing setting. For even higher spectral efficiency, cellular systems with D2D can schedule the same frequency resource for more than one D2D pairs. Under this non-orthogonal sharing environment, we propose a novel group scheduling policy, the Group Fairness Scheduling (GFS) Policy, that exploits both spatial frequency reuse and multiuser diversity to deliver dramatic improvements to system performance with perfect fairness among the users, regardless of whether they are cellular or D2D users.
Circularly polarized tilted beam Printed Crank-Line Antenna (2011)

In this paper, a novel Printed Crank-Line Antenna (PCLA) is presented as an inverted microstrip line structure for providing circularly polarized (CP) tilted beam. Novel printed Z-feed is utilized to achieve wideband matching. Axial ratio of the proposed configuration can be controlled with the optimization of printed vertical stub at the terminating end of the crank line antenna. PCLA for RHCP and LHCP configurations are realized to attain beam tilt of 35 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> in C-band with a measured gain of 8dB. Impedance bandwidth of 20 % (3.6 GHz to 4.4GHz) is measured for VSWR <2.
Streptomyces tacrolimicus sp. nov., a low producer of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506) (2010)

The number of tacrolimus (FK506)-producing isolates has increased remarkably because of the clinical importance of tacrolimus as an immunosuppressant. However, the taxonomy of several of these isolates has not been studied. The taxonomic status of strain ATCC 55098(T), a tacrolimus-producing strain, was determined in this study. The genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties were consistent with the inclusion of strain ATCC 55098(T) in the genus Streptomyces. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ATCC 55098(T) was determined and used to generate phylogenetic trees with corresponding sequences of the most closely related type strains (≥ 98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) of species of the genus Streptomyces. Strain ATCC 55098(T) formed a distinct phylogenetic branch adjacent to a cluster comprising Streptomyces fulvissimus NBRC 13482(T) and Streptomyces flavofungini NBRC 13371(T). However, morphological and physiological tests and DNA-DNA relatedness distinguished strain ATCC 55098(T) from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. On the basis of these results, strain ATCC 55098(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces tacrolimicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ATCC 55098(T) ( = CECT 7664(T)).
Relationship Between Left Ventricular Geometry and Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Essential Hypertension (1996)

Previous studies have shown that plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are increased in essential hypertension. However, whether left ventricular geometry affects plasma ANP and BNP levels remains unknown. To investigate the effect of left ventricular geometry on plasma ANP and BNP levels in essential hypertension, we measured plasma ANP and BNP levels in 90 patients with essential hypertension. All patients were hospitalized, and fasting blood samples were obtained in the early morning after 30 minutes of bed rest. Plasma ANP and BNP levels were measured by immunoradiometric assay. Hypertensive patients were classified into four groups according to echocardiographic findings that showed normal geometry, concentric remodeling, eccentric hypertrophy, or concentric hypertrophy. Mean plasma ANP and BNP levels in all essential hypertensive patients were higher than those in age-matched normotensive control subjects. Plasma ANP levels in hypertensive patients with concentric remodeling, eccentric hypertrophy, and concentric hypertrophy were higher than in normotensive control subjects, although there were no differences between normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients with normal geometry. Plasma BNP levels tended to be higher in hypertensive patients with normal geometry, concentric remodeling, and eccentric hypertrophy than in normotensive control subjects; however, the differences were not significant. Plasma BNP levels and BNP/ANP ratio were specifically higher in concentric hypertrophy. There were significant correlations between ANP and left ventricular mass index, relative wall thickness, interventricular septal thickness, posterior wall thickness, and mean arterial pressure. Plasma BNP levels significantly correlated with relative wall thickness, interventricular septal thickness, posterior wall thickness, and left ventricular mass index but not with mean arterial pressure. In addition, plasma BNP levels were well correlated with ANP levels, and the slope for the linear regression model was steeper in concentric hypertrophy than in the other four groups. These results show that plasma ANP and BNP levels are increased in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Furthermore, BNP secretion is augmented to a greater extent in concentric hypertrophy. Thus, measurement of plasma ANP and BNP levels may be useful for the detection of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension.
Dihydrofolate Reductase as a Target for Chemotherapy in Parasites (2007)

Opportunistic infections are known to cause morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, serious infections due to several parasites are also known to affect the quality and duration of life in normal individuals. The importance of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in parasitic chemotherapy arises from its function in DNA biosynthesis and cell replication. DHFR catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF), an essential cofactor in the biosynthesis of thymidylate monophosphate (dTMP). Inhibition of DHFR leads to a deficiency of dTMP since DHF cannot be recycled, and thus causes inhibition of cell growth. Methotrexate (MTX) and aminopterin (AMT) were among the first known classical inhibitors of DHFR. Trimethoprim (TMP) and pyrimethamine (PYR) are among the first known non classical inhibitors of DHFR. TMP and PYR are selective but weak inhibitors of DHFR from several parasitic organisms and coadministration of sulfonamides is required to provide synergistic effects for clinical utility. Unfortunately, the side effects associated with sulfa drugs in this combination often result in cessation of therapy. Trimetrexate (TMQ) and piritrexim (PTX) are two potent non classical inhibitors, neither of which exhibit selectivity for pathogen DHFR and must be used with host rescue. However, the current combination therapy suffers from high cost, in addition, several mutations have been reported in the active site of parasitic DHFR rendering the infections refractive to known DHFR inhibitors. The selectivity of TMP is a hallmark in the development of DHFR inhibitors and several efforts have been made to combine the potency of PTX and TMQ with the selectivity of TMP. Thus the structural requirements for DHFR inhibition are of critical importance in the design of antifolates for parasitic chemotherapy. Structural requirements for inhibition have been studied extensively and novel agents that exploit the differences in the active site of human and parasitic DHFR have been proposed. This review discusses the synthesis and structural requirements for selective DHFR inhibition and their relevance to parasitic chemotherapy, since 1995.
Anti-IgE and Allergic Skin Diseases (2002)

Allergy, including food allergy, is inflammatory processes in which preformed and newly synthesized mediators from mast cells and basophils, are released following crosslinking of specific IgE on their surface membranes that contribute to the symptoms and clinical condition. Allergic reactions to foods can range in severity from an itchy tongue in some individuals to life-threatening swelling of the throat, asthma, and anaphylaxis in others. Consequently, food allergy, as compared to adverse food reactions, represents a complex and heterogeneous immune deviation from the normal protective immune response in which the production of systemic antigen/allergen specific IgE plays an important role in the pathogenesis of food allergy. Much of the difficulty in discussing adverse food reactions and food allergy has been the nomenclature used in the literature. To resolve these issues, the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology issued guidelines to standardize the literature (Table 1) (1). Table 1 Definition of Terms Adverse food reaction: a general term applied to clinically abnormal responses to an ingested food or food additive Food allergy: (hypersensitivity) an immunological reaction resulting from ingestion of food or food additive Food anaphylaxis: IgE-mediated classic allergic, systemic hypersensitivity Food intolerance a : an abnormal physiological response to a food or food additive Idiosyncratic: an anaphylactoid reaction that represents abnormal responses that differ from physiological or pharmacological effects; non–immune-mediated; e.g., response to radio contrast media Metabolic: a metabolic effect of the host (intestinal insufficiency); e.g., carbohydrate (lactose) intolerance Pharmacological: drug-like effect; e.g., caffeine in coffee and tyramine in cheeses Food toxicity: a direct effect on the host without involvement of immune mechanisms Toxins: either present in foods or released by microorganisms or parasites contaminating the food (bacterial = botulism; “red tide” = dinoflagellates eaten by mussels, clams, oysters; algal = ciguarta) a Although the immune system is not responsible for the symptoms of food intolerance, the symptoms of food intolerance can resemble those of food allergy and must be differentiated accordingly.