gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Divot defect repair on a deep ultraviolet SiN<i>x</i> halftone mask (1996)

Divot defect repair on deep ultraviolet SiNx halftone masks in the case of 0.275 μm (on a wafer) line and space patterns was investigated experimentally. The problem regarding imaging is the difficulty of area recognition due to low contrast of halftone masks without the focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation damage. It is overcome by means of limiting the total FIB dose for imaging and by means of image processing with an image filter. Opaque carbon (C) film deposition on a divot defect was found to improve the performance of a defective area. The degree of the improvement was not perfect but allowable for practical use. It was also found that there were other factors that make the performance of the repaired area worse than the nondefective area, except for missing of the phase shift effect.
Laparoscopic oophorectomy in children. (1996)

Laparoscopy is a well-established diagnostic and therapeutic modality for adult gynecologic surgery. We have sought to assess the feasibility of the laparoscopic approach to a particular gynecologic procedure, oophorectomy, in the pediatric population. Five patients under-went laparoscopic oophorectomy during the past year. The indication for oophorectomy in three cases was ovarian torsion---one in association with a hemorrhagic cyst another with a benign teratoma, and one that occurred prenatally. The fourth patient had a teratoma with significant solid component and the final patient was a young with Turner's syndrome who had laparoscopic exploration and removal of bilateral streak ovaries. Oophorectomy was successfully completed laparoscopically in each patient. In two cases a trocar site had to be widened to remove the specimen from the abdominal cavity. Post operative recovery was prompt, with time to discharge being an average of 2 days. From this experience we conclude that laparoscopic oophorectomy can be successfully accomplished in infants and children. It is technically an easy procedure and has the benefits of excellent visualization of the entire lower abdomen and pelvis including the contralateral ovary, rapid postoperative recovery, and good cosmetic result.
Converse Magnetoelectric Effect in Epitaxial Co₂MnSi/Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O₃-PbTiO₃ Multiferroic Heterostructures (2022)

We experimentally study a strain-meditated converse magnetoelectric (CME) effect in multiferroic heterostructures consisting of Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi and Pb(Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/3</sub> Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -PbTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (PMN-PT). To investigate the CME effect, Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi films are grown on PMN-PT(001) at various growth temperatures by molecular beam epitaxy. Using magneto-optical Kerr-effect and strain measurements, we find that the remanent magnetization state only for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L 2_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -ordered Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi/PMN-PT is modulated by the application of the lattice strain, while that for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -ordered Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi/PMN-PT is insensitive to the strain. We conclude that the formation of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L 2_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -ordered structure is needed to obtain an effective CME effect in the Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi/PMN-PT multiferroic heterostructure.
Adding New Functionality to Silicon CMOS Integrated Circuits via Deterministic Assembly (2012)

Abstract not Available.
Genetic Susceptibility Sets for Alzheimer's Disease Identified from Diverse Candidate Loci (2008)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated to be associated with gene variants of APOE, but numerous additional candidate loci exist with varying levels of statistical support. We defined susceptibility sets for AD based on information on 18 genetic loci on chromosome 10q (32 loci) and elsewhere (34 loci) and quantitative traits, including CSF tau and Abeta(42) levels. The 938 AD patients and 397 control subjects were enrolled in Scotland and Sweden. A fuzzy latent classification approach -- grade-of-membership analysis (GoM) -- was taken to identify risk sets. Individuals were automatically related to each set via GoM scores. Set I: unaffected + (downward arrow) CSF tau + (upward arrow) CSF Abeta(42) + multiple protective alleles. High intrinsic risk sets II-VI differed in onset age and relevant alleles: close resemblance (i.e., >75% aggregate membership) multiplied risk of AD >100-fold at ages 65 to 84. It is likely that AD has multiple determinants, including APOE polymorphism and gene variants located on chromosome 10q and elsewhere.
Implementing fault-tolerant replicated objects using Psync (2003)

Psync is an IPC protocol that explicitly preserves the partial order of messages exchanged among a set of processes. A description is given of how Psync can be used to implement replicated objects in the presence of network and host failures. Unlike conventional algorithms that depend on an underlying mechanism that totally orders messages for implementing replicated objects, the authors' approach exploits the partial order provided by Psync to achieve additional concurrency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Microsegregation in AlCu4 and the importance of accurate liquid diffusion data (2010)

Microsegregation in an Al-4 wt % Cu alloy was investigated experimentally and theoretically to disclose the importance of accurate liquid diffusion data in models predicting microstructures. Experimentally, directional solidification with a cooling rate of 1 K/s was employed. Theoretically a two-dimensional pseudo-front tracking (PFT) model was used. The experimentally determined distribution of the main microstructural features including its Cu concentration have been compared to microstructure and concentration predictions of a 2D PFT model. The liquid diffusion coefficient used in the model was varied around recently measured values in order to check its impact on the microstructure prediction. The results clearly indicate that accurate liquid diffusion data are necessary for predictions comparing well with experiments.
Erenumab in highly therapy-refractory migraine patients: First German Real-world evidence (2020)

Abstract Background: Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAB) are the first specific migraine prophylactic medication. Erenumab is the only CGRP mAB targeting the CGRP receptor. Clinical data regarding efficacy and tolerability of erenumab in highly therapy-refractory patients are not available, yet, although many patients treated with CGRP mAB under real world conditions can be considered as highly therapy-refractory. Methods: Clinical routine data of highly therapy-refractory migraine patients treated with erenumab 70mg for three months between November 2018 and December 2019 in the West German Headache Center, University Hospital Essen, Germany, were analysed. Monthly migraine days (MMD), monthly headache days (MHD) and days of acute medication intake (AMD) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test. Descriptive statistics were performed to evaluate changes of vegetative symptoms, acute medication response, side effects, as well as treatment satisfaction. Results: Complete clinical data were available for 26 episodic (EM) and 74 chronic (CM) migraineurs. Sixty-six % (n=49) of CM patients had an additional medication overuse headache (MOH). After three months 57.7 % of EM patients and 41.9 % of CM patients had a 50% or greater reduction of MMD. The mean number of MMD was reduced by 3.43 (SE 1.26) in EM, and by 4.72 (SE 0.87) in CM. Thirty-nine patients (52.7%) returned from chronic to episodic course of migraine. After three months, 23 patients (46.9%) were not suffering from a MOH anymore. Conclusions: Erenumab seems to be a promising therapeutic option in highly therapy-refractory migraine patients. Trial registration: Retrospective registered.
Editorial: Stage IV melanoma (2012)

Stage IV melanoma is characterized by a propensity for the development of cranial metastatic disease and the markedly worse prognosis that such CNS involvement car- ries. Indeed, various reviews cite a 10%-40% incidence of known brain metastases in patients with systemic melano- ma, with up to 75% of cases having autopsy-proven brain involvement. 1,6 Melanoma has the highest frequency of ce- rebral spread among all primary neoplasms. Coupled with this CNS tropism is the resulting morbidity and mortality incremental to the burden of systemic disease. For patients with melanoma brain metastases, neurological decline is frequently the cause of death. Untreated disease carries the grim prognosis of death within 1 month. Treatment modifiers, including steroids, surgery, whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), stereo- tactic radiosurgery (SRS), and chemotherapy, can extend median survival to a little less than 1 year when delivered in various combinations. 6 In a morbid rendition of whack- a-mole, these interventions often quell, for a time, CNS ad- vancement only to allow the systemic disease to advance beyond treatment. 2,5 More recently there has been notable interest in developing immune-modulating therapies as part of the melanoma armamentarium. The concept en- compasses such diverse forays as antitumor vaccines and immune activators with the goal of harnessing the power of the patient's own immune system. Measurable success in the setting of Stage IV melanoma without CNS spread has been documented, 3 whereas scattered and only small- cohort studies have investigated disease with cranial in- volvement. 6
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Analysis of CuIr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Orbitofrontal cortical activity during repeated free choice (2012)

Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode subjective values, suggesting a role in preference-based decision-making, although the precise relation to choice behavior is unclear. In a repeated two-choice task, subjective values of each choice can account for aggregate choice behavior, which is the overall likelihood of choosing one option over the other. Individual choices, however, are impossible to predict with knowledge of relative subjective values alone. In this study we investigated the role of internal factors in choice behavior with a simple but novel free-choice task and simultaneous recording from individual neurons in nonhuman primate OFC. We found that, first, the observed sequences of choice behavior included periods of exceptionally long runs of each of two available options and periods of frequent switching. Neither a satiety-based mechanism nor a random selection process could explain the observed choice behavior. Second, OFC neurons encode important features of the choice behavior. These features include activity selective for exceptionally long runs of a given choice (stay selectivity) as well as activity selective for switches between choices (switch selectivity). These results suggest that OFC neural activity, in addition to encoding subjective values on a long timescale that is sensitive to satiety, also encodes a signal that fluctuates on a shorter timescale and thereby reflects some of the statistically improbable aspects of free-choice behavior.
Intake of Vitamins A, C, and E and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: The Iowa Women's Health Study (1996)

The association between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and the risk of breast cancer was examined in a prospective study of 34,387 postmenopausal women in Iowa. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and of retinol and carotenoids were assessed in 1986 by mailed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Through December 31, 1992, 879 incident breast cancer cases occurred in this cohort. There was little suggestion that breast cancer risk was associated with differences in intake of these vitamins. For example, from the lowest to highest total vitamin A intake categorized by quintiles, the age-adjusted relative risks of breast cancer were 1.0, 0.95, 1.17, 1.20, and 0.90 (p trend = 0.92). Similarly unremarkable relative risk patterns were seen for the intakes of vitamins C and E and of retinol and carotenoids. These findings were not altered after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors or in analyses confined to women who reported no supplemental vitamin intake. Exclusion of cases that occurred in the first 2 years of follow-up, under the assumption that women may have increased intake of these vitamins in response to preclinical symptoms of breast cancer, did not suggest an inverse association of these vitamins with the risk of breast cancer. Women who reported consuming at least 500 mg/day of supplemental vitamin C had a relative risk of breast cancer of 0.79 compared with women who did not take supplemental vitamin C, and women who reported consuming more than 10,000 IU/day of vitamin A had a corresponding relative risk of 0.73. However, these relative risks were not statistically significant. These results provide little evidence that intake of these vitamins is associated with breast cancer risk.
Retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties from AERONET\nphotopolarimetric measurements: 2. A new research\nalgorithm and case demonstration (2015)

A new research algorithm is presented here as the second part of a two-part study to retrieve aerosol microphysical properties from the multispectral and multiangular photopolarimetric measurements taken by Aerosol Robotic Network’s (AERONET’s) new-generation Sun photometer. The algorithm uses an advanced UNified and Linearized Vector Radiative Transfer Model and incorporates a statistical optimization approach.While the new algorithmhas heritage from AERONET operational inversion algorithm in constraining a priori and retrieval smoothness, it has two new features. First, the new algorithmretrieves the effective radius, effective variance, and total volume of aerosols associated with a continuous bimodal particle size distribution (PSD) function, while the AERONET operational algorithm retrieves aerosol volume over 22 size bins. Second, our algorithm retrieves complex refractive indices for both fine and coarsemodes,while the AERONET operational algorithm assumes a size-independent aerosol refractive index. Mode-resolved refractive indices can improve the estimate of the single-scattering albedo (SSA) for each aerosol mode and thus facilitate the validation of satellite products and chemistry transport models. We applied the algorithm to a suite of real cases over Beijing_RADI site and found that our retrievals are overall consistent with AERONET operational inversions but can offer mode-resolved refractive index and SSA with acceptable accuracy for the aerosol composed by spherical particles. Along with the retrieval using both radiance and polarization, we also performed radiance-only retrieval to demonstrate the improvements by adding polarization in the inversion. Contrast analysis indicates that with polarization, retrieval error can be reduced by over 50% in PSD parameters, 10–30% in the refractive index, and 10–40% in SSA, which is consistent with theoretical analysis presented in the companion paper of this two-part study.
Understanding conductivity and soda loss (2017)

For more than 40 years, conductivity has been the inline measurement of choice for inferring black liquor/soda losses from brownstock washing. If properly applied, conductivity can provide a benefit in tracking changes in black liquor filtrate concentration. The implied concentration changes in turn can be used to provide feedback for dilution factor or shower flow control on the last stage of a brownstock washing system. A further extrapolation of this application is the correlation (or lack of correlation) of conductivity to soda loss. For each type of conductivity-based application, there are fundamental principles and assumptions that must be understood and managed to achieve the expected outcomes. The fundamentals of conductivity, the application of conductivity to measure black liquor losses during brownstock washing, and laboratory considerations when attempting to correlate inline process conductivity to absolute sodium content are reviewed and investigated. Finally, the operational objectives and measurement alternatives for employing conductivity measurements are discussed.
Secretory cell actin-binding proteins: identification of a gelsolin-like protein in chromaffin cells. (1986)

Chromaffin cells, secretory cells of the adrenal medulla, have been shown to contain actin and other contractile proteins, which might be involved in the secretory process. Actin and Ca++-sensitive actin-binding proteins were purified from bovine adrenal medulla on affinity columns using DNase-I as a ligand. Buffers that contained decreasing Ca++ concentrations were used to elute three major proteins of 93, 91, and 85 kD. The bulk of the actin was eluted with guanidine-HCl buffer plus some 93- and 91-kD proteins. These Ca++-sensitive regulatory proteins were shown to inhibit the gelation of actin using the low-shear falling ball viscometer and by electron microscopy. Actin filaments were found to be shortened by fragmentation. Using antibody raised against rabbit lung macrophage gelsolin, proteolytic digestion with Staphylococcus V8 protease and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the 91-kD actin-binding protein was shown to be a gelsolin-like protein. The 93-kD actin-binding protein also showed cross-reactivity with anti-gelsolin antibody, similar peptide maps, and a basic-shift in pHi indicating that this 93-kD protein is a brevin-like protein, derived from blood present abundantly in adrenal medulla. Purification from isolated chromaffin cells demonstrated the presence of 91- and 85-kD proteins, whereas the 93-kD protein was hardly detectable. The 85-kD protein is not a breakdown product of brevin-like or gelsolin-like proteins. It did not cross-react with anti-gelsolin antibody and showed a very different peptide map after mild digestion with V8 protease. Antibodies were raised against the 93- and 91-kD actin-binding proteins and the 85-kD actin-binding protein. Antibody against the 85-kD protein did not cross-react with 93- and 91-kD proteins and vice versa. In vivo, the cytoskeleton organization of chromaffin secretory cells is not known, but appears to be under the control of the intracellular concentration of free calcium. The ability of calcium to activate the gelsolin-like protein, and as shown elsewhere to alter fodrin localization, provides a mechanism for gel-sol transition that might be essential for granule movement and membrane-membrane interactions involved in the secretory process.
Supplementary Figures 1-7 from PML-RARα and Dnmt3a1 Cooperate &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; to Promote Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (2023)

Supplementary Figures 1-7 from PML-RARα and Dnmt3a1 Cooperate &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; to Promote Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Development of the E4T electrohydraulic total artificial heart. (1991)

A completely implantable total artificial heart (TAH) is being developed based on many years of research performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Nimbus, Inc. The pumping unit consists of biolized surface-treated pusher plate blood pumps powered by an interventricular electrohydraulic energy converter. A variable volume device references the back side of the pusher plates to lung pressure. Electrical power is supplied by a transcutaneous energy transmission system, integrated with a wearable external battery pack. An implanted internal battery provides back-up power. System design and optimization efforts have resulted in a compact pumping unit package and an overall TAH that meets anatomic, physiologic, and engineering requirements. Overall pumping unit basic dimensions are 98 mm diameter and 80 mm thick. The blood pumps have a truncated conical shape and are separated by a thin interventricular septum 21 mm thick. Theoretical stroke volume is 64 ml, and maximum stroke length is 13.2 mm. Normal pump operation is at 90% of full stroke, which yields a net output of 53 ml, with valve regurgitation taken into account.
Performance Feedback and Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Emerging Economy Firms (2016)

Drawing on the behavioral theory of the firm, this study examines how performance feedback-the discrepancy between actual performance and aspiration levels-affects the international expansion of emerging economy firms (EEFs). Empirical results leveraging panel data on 919 publicly-listed Chinese manufacturing companies over a 7-year period indicate that when performance widely deviates from social aspiration (i.e., peer performance), EEFs’ levels of subsequent outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) is enhanced. However, performance below or above historical aspiration (i.e., firms’ own past performance records) exerts inconsistent effects on EEFs’ OFDI. Specifically, performance above historical aspiration decreases levels of OFDI, while performance below historical aspiration does not change levels of OFDI. We also explore how performance feedback relative to social and historical aspiration jointly affects EEFs’ OFDI. Our results reveal that the level of OFDI increases when performance is below both social aspiration and historical aspiration, or below social aspiration but above historical aspiration. However, the level of OFDI decreases when performance is above social aspiration but below historical aspiration. Performance above both social and historical aspiration does not change EEFs’ levels of OFDI significantly.