gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semicarbazide is a non-reliable marker in spray-dried red blood cells for nitrofurazone abuse (2023)

Semicarbazide (SEM) is a metabolite of the antibiotic nitrofurazone. Its presence in animal derived products is used as an indicator that an animal was illicitly treated with the antibiotic. The use of nitrofurazone in food-producing animals in the EU was banned in 1993 because of its carcinogenicity. Hence, a minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 1 μg/kg SEM was established by EU legislation (Commission Decision 2003/181/EC). A new regulation applies an even lower Reference Point for Action (RPA) of 0.5 μg/kg for all nitrofurans and their metabolites from November 2022 (Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/1871). However, SEM can be formed from other precursors not just nitrofurazone. Processing-related SEM residues have been detected in protein-rich foods such as milk or egg powder, gelatin, and carrageenan after drying and storage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether SEM is formed in porcine red blood cells (RBC) throughout drying and storage. Furthermore, the role of urea, a common metabolite naturally present in blood, as potential precursor to SEM was to be investigated. Total SEM was determined after acidic hydrolysis and derivatization by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). SEM was not detected in liquid RBC but was quantifiable after spray drying or lyophilization of liquid RBC. The addition of 1 and 5 g/kg urea to liquid RBC before drying resulted in increased levels of SEM in the dried product. The addition of urease to the liquid RBC reduced the level of SEM in the spray-dried product. Finally, SEM levels increased in commercially produced spray-dried RBC during storage under ambient warehouse conditions. These results indicate that SEM should not be used as an indicator of previous illicit treatment with nitrofurazone in RBC.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Sialyl Dimeric Lex. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Anaerobic Transformation of Alachlor, Propachlor, and Metolachlor with Sulfide (1997)

Abstract The purpose of this work was to elucidate microbiological and abiotic transformations relevant to the environmental fate of the acetanilide herbicides alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diethyl‐ N ‐methoxymethyl)acetanilide], propachlor (2‐chloro‐ N ‐isopropyl‐acetanilide), and metolachlor [2‐chloro‐2′‐ethyl‐6′‐methyl‐ N ‐(1‐methyl‐2‐methoxyethyl)‐acetanilide]. Several attempts to retrieve aerobic and anaerobic microbial cultures capable of degrading alachlor from agricultural soils and pond sediments were unsuccessful with the exception of sulfate‐reducing bacteria that partially transformed acetanilide herbicides during active sulfate reduction. The transformation products of alachlor and propachlor were more hydrophobic than the parent compounds. The transformations were associated with the activity of sulfate‐reducing bacteria because the reactive species was sulfide and possibly other reduced S species produced during the bacterial reduction of sulfate. Transformation could be duplicated under abiotic conditions by reacting Na 2 S with alachlor, propachlor, and metolachlor. One of the reaction products of the abiotic reaction between alachlor and sulfide was identified by mass spectroscopy as a S‐substituted dimer of alachlor. This compound was formed by the nucleophilic substitution of chloride by reduced S, with the subsequent oxidation to a disulfide.
Assignment of orthologous relationships among mammalian alpha-globin genes by examining flanking regions reveals a rapid rate of evolution. (1986)

In order to study the relationships among mammalian alpha-globin genes, we have determined the sequence of the 3' flanking region of the human alpha 1 globin gene and have made pairwise comparisons between sequenced alpha-globin genes. The flanking regions were examined in detail because sequence matches in these regions could be interpreted with the least complication from the gene duplications and conversions that have occurred frequently in mammalian alpha-like globin gene clusters. We found good matches between the flanking regions of human alpha 1 and rabbit alpha 1, human psi alpha 1 and goat I alpha, human alpha 2 and goat II alpha, and horse alpha 1 and goat II alpha. These matches were used to align the alpha-globin genes in gene clusters from different mammals. This alignment shows that genes at equivalent positions in the gene clusters of different mammals can be functional or nonfunctional, depending on whether they corrected against a functional alpha-globin gene in recent evolutionary history. The number of alpha-globin genes (including pseudogenes) appears to differ among species, although highly divergent pseudogenes may not have been detected in all species examined. Although matching sequences could be found in interspecies comparisons of the flanking regions of alpha-globin genes, these matches are not as extensive as those found in the flanking regions of mammalian beta-like globin genes. This observation suggests that the noncoding sequences in the mammalian alpha-globin gene clusters are evolving at a faster rate than those in the beta-like globin gene clusters. The proposed faster rate of evolution fits with the poor conservation of the genetic linkage map around alpha-globin gene clusters when compared to that of the beta-like globin gene clusters. Analysis of the 3' flanking regions of alpha-globin genes has revealed a conserved sequence approximately 100-150 bp 3' to the polyadenylation site; this sequence may be involved in the expression or regulation of alpha-globin genes.
Three-Dimensional Performance Model for Oxygen Transport Membranes (2014)

A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) model that enables the performance simulation of mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) oxygen transport membranes (OTM) has been developed. In order to evaluate the influence of a porous functional layer on the membrane performance a numerical geometry generator was implemented that allows to create arbitrary porous microstructures. The 3D OTM model includes the spatially coupled physicochemical processes i) gas diffusion in the porous functional layer, ii) oxygen exchange at the feed-side between gas phase and MIEC material, iii) oxygen ion diffusion across the membrane, iv) oxygen excorporation at the permeate-side. The performed simulation carried out for the state-of-the-art MIEC composition La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) was validated with the help of oxygen permeation measurements carried out on an asymmetric LSCF thin-film OTM in the temperature range of 750...1000°C. The simulation results identified a surface exchange dominated regime for membrane thicknesses below 50 μm. While the application of a porous functional layer on the feed side could only increase the permeation flux by around 26%, the model demonstrates the significant improvement by a factor of two (for the given conditions) that can be achieved with a functional layer on the permeate side in case of a 20 μm thin-film membrane.
Combination HIV therapy and opportunistic infections of the eye in people with AIDS (1998)

The past 2 years have seen a dramatic improvement in the prognosis for people with HIV infection owing to the success of a strategy of using a combination of antiretroviral drugs to bring about a profound and durable suppression of viral replication. The drugs currently available all work through inhibiting key HIV specific enzymes—reverse transcriptase and HIV protease. The use of a three drug cocktail, usually consisting of two reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) and one protease inhibitor (PI), has shown itself to be superior to single1 and dual2 3 drug therapy in terms of the degree of viral suppression and also the ability to stall the development of resistance.4-7 

HIV damages the immune system primarily by promoting the destruction of CD4 T lymphocytes, and this leaves the individual vulnerable to a greater number of infections as the cell numbers decline. Following the instigation of triple combination, highly active antiretroviral therapy, often …
Graph-based codes for Quantize-Map-and-Forward relaying (2011)

We present a structured Quantize-Map-and-Forward (QMF) scheme for cooperative communication over wireless networks, that employs LDPC ensembles for the node operations and message-passing algorithms for decoding. We demonstrate through extensive simulation results over the full-duplex parallel relay network, that our scheme, with no transmit channel state information, offers a robust performance over fading channels and achieves the full diversity order of our network at moderate SNRs.
3D Knitted Preforms Using Large Circular Weft Knitting Machines (2021)

Abstract 3D-knits are typically produced on flat knitting or special circular knitting machines in a time-consuming process. The utilisation of a sewing-like pattern opens up the potential of a 10–50 times faster production on common large circular knitting machines as compared to conventional flat knitting machines. Since common large circular knitting machines are not designed for this technology, the limitations and the stability of process conditions have been rarely studied. To further proof the feasibility and increase technological maturity, agile product development is conducted. As a concept product, a sports bra with customised cups is developed and demonstrated, which is knitted in a single step in approx. 5 min using the sewing-like pattern on a large circular knitting machine. The agile process is utilised to build process knowledge, develop a methodology for product design and to defined a descriptive process terminology. In order to further accelerate and digitize the production process, an algorithm is developed and implemented to convert CAD-data into machine readable knitting structures. The paper presents the basics of the 3D-Knit one large circular knitting machines and a defined terminology. Furthermore, process knowledge is built up and from this a sequence of development steps is derived. The development of a 3D-knitted sports bra is presented as a proof of concept of the technology. Further, the first steps for digitalising the product development process are given. The results open up application possibilities in sportswear, upholstery and aerospace with increased productivity and hence cost reduction.
Polyaza macrobicyclic cryptands: synthesis, crystal structures of a cyclophane type macrobicyclic cryptand and of its dinuclear copper(I) cryptate, and anion binding features (1987)

Multiple (amine + aldehyde) condensation gives the macrobicyclic cryptands (1) and (3) in high yield; (1) gave a dinuclear CuI cryptate and was reduced to a polyamine (2) which binds anions, when protonated.
Mechanical properties of a 3C-SiC film between room temperature and 600 °C (2007)

Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely recognized as the leading candidate to replace silicon in micro-electro-mechanical systems devices operating in harsh environments. In this work, cantilevers and bridges in SiC are designed, fabricated and evaluated between room temperature (RT) and 600 °C. The active material is a cubic poly-SiC film deposited on a poly-Si layer which is separated from the Si substrate by a thermal oxide. From surface profiling and optical observations, it is deduced that an average residual strain of +5 × 10?4 is present in the 2.7 µm thick film, with a gradient of 2.5 × 10?4 µm?1. The structures are excited either mechanically or electrostatically. Their resonance frequency is measured by laser Doppler velocimetry and used to derive the Young's modulus and residual stress in the heteroepitaxial layer (330± 45 GPa and 200± 20 MPa, respectively). The temperature coefficient of Young's modulus is found to be ?53± 2 ppm K?1 in the range RT to ~ 300 °C, while an analytical expression is given for the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus between RT and 500 °C. The residual tensile stress is found to depend on temperature in a complex manner.
Orientation of GST-tagged lectins <i>via in situ</i> surface modification to create an expanded lectin microarray for glycomic analysis (2011)

Herein we describe the orientation of GST-tagged lectins on NHS-activated slides via a one-step deposition of the protein and a glutathione (GSH) scaffold. This technology overcomes the need for a premade GSH-surface to orient GST-tagged proteins, enabling us to rapidly expand the analytical capacity of lectin microarrays through addition of oriented lectins, while maintaining lectin diversity.
Protease-activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) and Interleukin-1Beta Act Synergistically in Granzyme b Mediated Neurotoxicity (P1.159) (2014)

OBJECTIVE: To determine how chronic granzyme b acting at PAR-1 is neurotoxic. BACKGROUND: PAR-1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by serine proteases. PAR-1 is expressed on 20% of cortical neurons, and previous research has shown that PAR-1 activation by granzyme b, a serine protease released by T-cells, causes neuron death. PAR-1 surface expression is modulated by interleukin-1Beta (IL-1Beta.) In neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, there are elevated levels of granzyme b and IL-1Beta within the cerebrospinal fluid, creating a milieu in which neurons chronically are exposed to a potent cytotoxic combination. DESIGN/METHODS: A pure commercial preparation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human cortical neurons were utilized with outcomes measured by CellQuanti Blue and propidium iodide assays. After maturing, neurons were exposed to granzyme b with or without IL-1Beta for 3-5 days. Inhibitors directed against PAR-1 mRNA and several second messengers were screened for effects. Receptor antagonists for PAR-1 and IL-1Beta were also examined. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine PAR-1 and IL-1Beta in human post-mortem tissue samples obtained from controls or patients with multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: Granzyme b alone was toxic only to cortical neurons expressing PAR-1, and antagonism of PAR-1 prevented granzyme b neurotoxicity, regardless of duration of exposure. Adding IL-1Beta caused a 30% increase in PAR-1 positive neurons which was eliminated with an IL-1 receptor antagonist. Daily replenishment of granzyme b and IL-Beta eventually was lethal to all cultured neurons. PAR-1 siRNA or inhibitors of the phospholipase c pathway reduced granzyme b neurotoxicity by 90%. In human post-mortem tissues, PAR-1 expression was evident on neurons adjacent to inflammatory lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate that PAR-1 and IL-1Beta can act together to promote neurotoxicity. PAR-1 is expressed on neurons adjacent to inflammatory lesions in human brain tissue conferring in vivo risk. PAR-1 upregulation by IL-1Beta is a potential factor in progressive neuronal loss seen in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases. Study Supported by: The NINDS intramural program
Redox control of glutamine utilization in cancer (2014)

Glutamine utilization promotes enhanced growth of cancer cells. We propose a new concept map of cancer metabolism in which mitochondrial NADH and NADPH, in the presence of a dysfunctional electron transfer chain, promote reductive carboxylation from glutamine. We also discuss why nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is required in vivo for glutamine utilization by reductive carboxylation. Moreover, NADPH, generated by both the pentose phosphate pathway and the cancer-specific serine glycolytic diversion, appears to sustain glutamine utilization for amino-acid synthesis, lipid synthesis, and for ROS quenching. The fact that the supply of NAD(+) precursors reduces tumor aggressiveness suggests experimental approaches to clarify the role of the NADH-driven redox network in cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C—C Coupling of Amino Alcohols with Dienes via Transfer Hydrogenation: Redox‐Triggered Imine Addition and Related Hydroaminoalkylations. (2015)

Abstract 4‐Aminobutanol (II) and some related amino alcohols such as (X) can be used in the title reaction.
Propofol Anesthesia in ECT. (1992)

Multiple independent investigators have reported that propofol anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with substantially shorter ECT seizure duration than barbiturate anesthesia, which evidences seizure obstruction by propofol. Seizure length after propofol narcosis is often below the 20-30 s range accepted as minimally adequate. Seizure-induced elevations of prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol are similarly lower after propofol. Together with a recent report that average course length with propofol exceeds 16 sessions, this report indicates that propofol is undesirable for routine ECT anesthesia, and also illustrates how aspects of ECT anesthesia that affect the psychiatric or behavioral outcome require the collaboration of a psychiatrist.
Data from T Cells Bearing a Chimeric Antigen Receptor against Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Mediate Vascular Disruption and Result in Tumor Regression (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Aberrant blood vessels enable tumor growth, provide a barrier to immune infiltration, and serve as a source of protumorigenic signals. Targeting tumor blood vessels for destruction, or tumor vascular disruption therapy, can therefore provide significant therapeutic benefit. Here, we describe the ability of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–bearing T cells to recognize human prostate–specific membrane antigen (hPSMA) on endothelial targets &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; as well as &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. CAR T cells were generated using the anti-PSMA scFv, J591, and the intracellular signaling domains: CD3ζ, CD28, and/or CD137/4-1BB. We found that all anti-hPSMA CAR T cells recognized and eliminated PSMA&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; endothelial targets &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;, regardless of the signaling domain. T cells bearing the third-generation anti-hPSMA CAR, P28BBζ, were able to recognize and kill primary human endothelial cells isolated from gynecologic cancers. In addition, the P28BBζ CAR T cells mediated regression of hPSMA-expressing vascular neoplasms in mice. Finally, in murine models of ovarian cancers populated by murine vessels expressing hPSMA, the P28BBζ CAR T cells were able to ablate PSMA&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; vessels, cause secondary depletion of tumor cells, and reduce tumor burden. Taken together, these results provide a strong rationale for the use of CAR T cells as agents of tumor vascular disruption, specifically those targeting PSMA. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 3(1); 68–84. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕПТИД VKGFY И ЕГО ЦИКЛИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛОГ СТИМУЛИРУЮТ БАКТЕРИЦИДНУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ МАКРОФАГОВ ЧЕРЕЗ НЕОПИОИДНЫЕ РЕЦЕПТОРЫ ß-ЭНДОРФИНА (УСКОРЕННАЯ ПУБЛИКАЦИЯ) (2003)

Синтезированы линейный и циклический пентапептиды, аминокислотная последовательность которых соответствует фрагменту 369—373 тяжелой цепи иммуноглобулина G человека — VKGFY (авторское название пептидов — пентарфин и циклопентарфин соответственно). Изучено влияние пентарфина и циклопентарфина на фагоцитоз бактерий вирулентного штамма Salmonella typhimurium 415 перитонеальными макрофагами мыши in vitro. Контрольные эксперименты показали, что макрофаги активно фагоцитируют бактерии этого штамма, но не переваривают их: поглощенные сальмонеллы не только сохраняли жизнеспособность, но и размножались внутри фагоцитов и через 12 ч весь монослой макрофагов разрушался (незавершенный фагоцитоз). Добавление в среду культивирования пентарфина или циклопентарфина в концентрации 1 нМ приводило к значительному увеличению бактерицидной активности макрофагов, в результате за 6 ч они переваривали все поглощенные микроорганизмы (завершенный фагоцитоз). Для изучения рецепции пентарфина и циклопентарфина был получен 125I-меченый пентарфин с удельной активностью 179 Ки/ммоль. Связывание 125I-меченого пентарфина с перитонеальными макрофагами мыши характеризовалось насыщаемостью и высокой аффинностью (K d 3,6 ± 0,3 нМ). Исследование специфичности связывания показало, что оно не чувствительно к налоксону и [Меt 5]энкефалину, но на 100% ингибируется немеченными циклопентарфином (K i 2,6 ± 0,3 нМ), иммунорфином (3,2 ± 0,3 нМ) и β-эндорфином (2,8 ± 0,2 нМ). Следовательно, действие пентарфина и циклопентарфина на макрофаги опосредовано через общие для пентарфина, циклопентарфина, иммунорфина и β-эндорфина не чувствительные к налоксону рецепторы.
High-sensitivity detection methods for low-abundance RNA species: applications for functional genomics research (2007)

Gene expression analysis has facilitated a more complete understanding of the molecular biology of cellular processes and how variations of RNA expression are useful for the classification of various diseases. Furthermore, recent analysis of a variety of noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs, has demonstrated that these RNAs play an important role in many cellular events, including cell differentiation and death, and may also serve as biological markers for disease. Besides helping in the understanding of diseases, RNA analysis is used in drug discovery, patient prognosis and treatment evaluation. One obstacle left to overcome is the amount of material required for the analysis, particularly when trying to extract information from precious, limited, clinical samples. Here we review the many approaches scientists take to either amplify the amount of RNA or amplify the signal generated from small amounts of RNA.
Tetrabutylammonium Phosphomolybdate on Fluorapatite: An Efficient Solid Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Selective Oxidation of Sulfides. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure in a Jehovah's Witness (1996)

Jehovah's Witness patients who refuse transfusions have generally not been felt to be candidates for liver transplantation owing to the frequent requirement for blood transfusions during liver transplantation. This is the first report to our knowledge of successful emergent liver transplantation without the use of blood or blood products in a Jehovah's Witness. The surgical and anesthetic strategies employed in achieving a successful outcome are discussed.