gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Char Crystalline Transformations During Coal Combustion and Their Implication for Carbon Burnout (1997)

Recent work at Sandia National Laboratories, Imperial College, and the U.K. utility PowerGen, has identified an important mechanism believed to have a large influence on unburned carbon levels from pulverized coal fired boilers. That mechanism is char carbon crystalline rearrangements on subsecond times scales at temperatures of 1800 - 2500 K, which lead to char deactivation in the flame zones of furnaces. The so-called thermal annealing of carbons is a well known phenomenon, but its key role in carbon burnout has only recently been appreciated, and there is a lack of quantitative data in this time/temperature range. In addition, a new fundamental tool has recently become available to study crystalline transformations, namely high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) fringe imaging, which provides a wealth of information on the nature and degree of crystallinity in carbon materials such as coal chars. Motivated by these new developments, this University Coal Research project has been initiated with the following two goals: to determine transient, high-temperature, thermal deactivation kinetics as a function of parent coal and temperature history. to characterize the effect of this thermal treatment on carbon crystalline structure through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and specialized, quantitative image analysis. Work is currently underway on the following three tasks: Task 1 Experimental technique development. The goal of this task is to develop and demonstrate an apparatus and procedure for measuring transient, high-temperature, thermal deactivation of coal chars. While peak gas temperatures in boilers are often in the range 1800 - 2000 K, peak particle temperatures can be much higher due to high rates of heat release at the particle surface due to exothermic carbon oxidation. The prototype transient heat treatment apparatus is based on an inert-gas purged graphite-rod sample holder that is subjected to rapid Joule heating to temperatures approaching 3000 o C. For the measurement of temperature histories an optical diagnostic is being developed that offers sufficient spatial resolution to distinguish the sample temperature from the substrate temperature. The optical diagnostic is based on a CID camera, a high-power lens, and movable mirrors to projecting multiple, filtered images onto a single chip. Oxidation kinetics are measured on the heat treated samples by a nonisothermal TGA technique. Task 2 Thermal deactivation kinetics. The goal of this task is to quantify thermal char deactivation as a function of temperature history and parent coal, with an emphasis on inert environments at temperatures and times found in combustion systems. The results are to be cast in the form of deactivation kinetics useful for incorporation in combustion models.
Numerical modeling of nominal and stray waves in birefringent interferometers: application to large-field-of-view imaging Fourier transform spectrometers (2018)

Birefringent interferometers are often used for compact static Fourier transform spectrometers. In such devices, several uniaxial birefringent parallel or prismatic plates are stacked, with their optical axes set so that there is an efficient coupling from ordinary to extraordinary and extraordinary to ordinary eigenmodes of two successive plates. Such coupling, aside from few particular cases, is, however, not perfect, an effect that may adversely affect performance. In order to help the design and the tolerancing of these interferometers, we have developed a numerical modeling based on the propagation of plane waves inside and through the interface of birefringent media. This tool evaluates the traveled optical path length and the amplitude of the different polarization modes, enabling prediction of both the optical path differences on the interferometer outputs and the unwanted coupling strengths and related stray wave amplitudes. The tool behavior is illustrated on Savart and double-Wollaston interferometers and compared with experimental characterization of a calcite double-Wollaston prism.
Visualization of lipid rafts in an artificial monolayer membrane by using slit-scanning Raman microscopy (2015)

Raman scattering microscopy identifies molecular species in a sample by optically detecting molecular vibration, and provides spatial distribution of molecules in a specimen. Our developed slit-scanning Raman microscopy improved imaging speed more than 100 times faster than that of conventional point-scanning Raman microscopy, by providing both diffraction-limited high spatial resolution and chemical information. It allows us to observe dynamic behavior of biomolecules in a living cell during various biological processes, such as cytokinesis, mitosis, and apoptosis [1,2].
A Comparative Evaluation of Deep and Shallow Approaches to the Automatic Detection of Common Grammatical Errors (2007)

This paper compares a deep and a shallow processing approach to the problem of classifying a sentence as grammatically wellformed or ill-formed. The deep processing&#13;\napproach uses the XLE LFG parser and English grammar: two versions are presented, one which uses the XLE directly to perform the classification, and another one which uses a decision tree trained on features consisting of the XLE’s output statistics. The shallow processing approach predicts grammaticality based on n-gram frequency statistics:&#13;\nwe present two versions, one which uses frequency thresholds and one which uses a decision tree trained on the frequencies of the rarest n-grams in the input sentence.&#13;\nWe find that the use of a decision tree improves on the basic approach only for the deep parser-based approach. We also show that combining both the shallow and deep&#13;\ndecision tree features is effective. Our evaluation&#13;\nis carried out using a large test set of grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. The ungrammatical test set is generated automatically by inserting grammatical errors&#13;\ninto well-formed BNC sentences.
Dose‐dependent absorption of chlorogenic acids in the small intestine assessed by coffee consumption in ileostomists (2012)

We conclude that the consumption of high CGA concentrations via coffee might influence the gastrointestinal transit time and consequently affect CGA absorption and metabolism.
Practical design and implementation methods for Kalman filtering for mission critical applications (2019)

The SigmaRho Kalman filter is a new implementation useful for design and application in stressful real-time environments. This filter has been implemented in a satellite navigation receiver. This paper presents application of results of the new mechanization compared with the original matrix form of the Kalman filter and Bierman-Thornton UDUT-factored form. A sample problem from the signal processing area is presented with extreme time variation between samples. This problem, often referred to as software radio, requires estimation of signal phase changes in a repetitive signal (carrier) with additive noise where the digital sampling is at a rate well below the carrier repetition rate. The paper also demonstrates a computationally effective implementation of the SigmaRho filter using integer arithmetic. The implementation is successfully applied at sample rates approaching 100 MHz for a carrier at 1.5 GHz, demonstrating its potential as a signal processing tool for high-speed commercial applications.
The influence of metastables on the plasma-induced emission in a helium rf discharge (1996)

Space- and time-resolved emission spectroscopy is commonly used to investigate heating mechanisms in rf discharges (plane parallel plate configuration). The metastable density in these discharges is several orders of magnitude lower than the density of the ground-state atoms; however, the electron collision excitation cross sections of some helium levels out of the metastable levels exhibit values which are several orders of magnitude larger and have much lower thresholds than those for the ground state. It is therefore questionable whether stepwise excitation from metastable levels can be neglected in the interpretation of the spatiotemporal plasma-induced emission of rf discharges. To our knowledge only the excitation of ground-state atoms has been taken into account in model calculations to this date. With respect to the energy balance of such a discharge, this assumption is probably correct. However, with respect to the emission of light, our computational results show that some specific levels are excited significantly by electron collisions with metastables. We will show in this contribution, on the basis of our measurements, that this effect is responsible for the observed emission profiles of some lines. Consequently, the interpretation of the emission profiles in helium rf discharges has to take account of the role of metastables.
Urinary Excretion of Orally Administered Oxalic Acid in Saccharin and<i>o</i>-Phenylphenol-Fed NMRI Mice (1986)

Both saccharin and o-phenylphenol have been suggested to be carcinogenic to the urinary bladder in experimental animals, but the mechanism has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary saccharin and o-phenylphenol on the urinary excretion of dietary oxalic acid. Male NMRI mice were gradually adapted to either 3% o-phenylphenol or 5% saccharin in their diet. Having being adapted to these diets for 1 week or after consuming them for 3 months, the animals were fasted for 6 h and given a 2.5-microCi oral dose of U-14C-oxalic acid. Dosed animals were kept in metabolism cages for 48 h to monitor urinary and fecal excretion of the label. Adaptation to dietary o-phenylphenol appeared to increase the urinary excretion of orally administered U-14C-oxalic acid when food and water were available during urinary and fecal collections. Adaptation to dietary saccharin had little effect on urinary oxalate levels when compared to control animals. These results indicate that changes in urinary oxalate levels should be more carefully studied in connection with potential urinary bladder carcinogens to avoid the possibility of bladder irritation by increased urinary oxalate excretion.
Bilirubin inhibits the anticancer activity of sorafenib by blocking MCL-1 degradation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2022)

Our study provides experimental evidence of the antagonistic effect of bilirubin toward sorafenib-mediated anticancer activity in HCC, and it suggests that bilirubin could be used to predict the efficacy of sorafenib treatmen.
Managing Network Slicing Resources Using Blockchain in a Multi-Domain Software Defined Optical Network Scenario (2020)

This paper presents an experimental validation to use a peer-to-peer network composed of network slicing managers to manage and share optical network resources using Blockchain in a network scenario with multiple domains and without the need of a central authority that validates any information exchange.
Theory of intermodulation in a klystron (2002)

A general theory of intermodulation in klystron amplifiers is presented. The formulation leads directly to the first algorithm for the computation of intermodulation products of all orders, including harmonic generation, at each gap in a multi-cavity klystron. The algorithm is relatively simple. The theory assumes one dimensional motion only, but takes explicitly into account all dynamical and space charge effects in 1D to all orders in the modulation strength, including the combined effects of ballistic bunching and space charge force. The theory is also applicable to inductive output tubes, like the klystrode.
The Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron: A Timely Move (2022)

It took more than 15 years to complete this monumental project! The Institut of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (Montpellier, France) is now moving to a brand-new 25 000 square meter building. This Guest Editorial summarizes the history of the institute and discusses the opportunities and synergies that this new building will enable.
GHz configurable photon pair generation from a silicon nonlinear interferometer (2023)

Low loss and high speed processing of photons is central to architectures for photonic quantum information. High speed switching enables non-deterministic photon sources and logic gates to be made deterministic, while the speed with which quantum light sources can be turned on and off impacts the clock rate of photonic computers and the data rate of quantum communication. Here we use lossy carrier depletion modulators in a silicon waveguide nonlinear interferometer to modulate photon pair generation at 1~GHz without exposing the generated photons to the phase dependent parasitic loss of the modulators. The super sensitivity of nonlinear interferometers reduces power consumption compared to modulating the driving laser. This can be a building block component for high speed programmabile, generalised nonlinear waveguide networks.
In Silico Recognition of Protein-Protein Interaction (2006)

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental to cellular processes. They are responsible for phenomena like DNA replication, gene transcription, protein translation, regulation of metabolic pathways, immunologic recognition, signal transduction, etc. The identification of interacting proteins is therefore an important prerequisite step in understanding their physiological functions. Due to the invaluable importance to various biophysical activities, reliable computational methods to infer protein-protein interactions from either structural or genome sequences are in heavy demand lately. Successful predictions, for instance, will facilitate a drug design process and the reconstruction of metabolic or regulatory networks. In this chapter, we review: (a) high-throughput experimental methods for identification of protein-protein interactions, (b) existing databases of protein-protein interactions, (c) computational approaches to predicting protein-protein interactions at both residue and protein levels, (d) various statistical and machine learning techniques to model protein-protein interactions, and (e) applications of protein-protein interactions in predicting protein functions. We also discuss intrinsic drawbacks of the existing approaches and future research directions.
Corneal infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 leads to autoimmune responses in rats (1996)

Lewis rats were infected by corneal scarification with HSV type 1 type strain F virus. The animals showed symptoms of infection and inflammatory infiltrates of the eye but little mortality. After one month, immune responses to viral and autoantigens were examined. It was shown that lymph node cells proliferated to the myelin antigen, proteolipoprotein, and the HSV antigen, glycoprotein D, but showed depressed responses to antigens of the eye, specifically corneal and retinal antigens. Splenic cells showed small but significant responses to antigens of the eye, indicating immune deviation similar to that previously demonstrated in ACAID, where antigen had been injected into the anterior chamber of the eye.
RD114‐pseudotyped retroviral vectors kill cancer cells by syncytium formation and enhance the cytotoxic effect of the TK/GCV gene therapy strategy (2004)

These findings indicate that RD114-pseudotyped vectors used alone, or in combination with a suicide gene therapy approach, have great potential for the treatment of cancer.
Subunit–subunit interactions are critical for proton sensitivity of ROMK: Evidence in support of an intermolecular gating mechanism (2006)

The tetrameric K channel ROMK provides an important pathway for K secretion by the mammalian kidney, and the gating of this channel is highly sensitive to changes in cytosolic pH. Although charge-charge interactions have been implicated in pH sensing by this K channel tetramer, the molecular mechanism linking pH sensing and the gating of ion channels is poorly understood. The x-ray crystal structure KirBac1.1, a prokaryotic ortholog of ROMK, has suggested that channel gating involves intermolecular interactions of the N- and C-terminal domains of adjacent subunits. Here we studied channel gating behavior to changes in pH using giant patch clamping of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing WT or mutant ROMK, and we present evidence that no single charged residue provides the pH sensor. Instead, we show that N-C- and C-C-terminal subunit-subunit interactions form salt bridges, which function to stabilize ROMK in the open state and which are modified by protons. We identify a highly conserved C-C-terminal arginine-glutamate (R-E) ion pair that forms an intermolecular salt bridge and responds to changes in proton concentration. Our results support the intermolecular model for pH gating of inward rectifier K channels.
Treatment with okadaic acid reveals strong threonine phosphorylation of CD18 after activation of CD11/CD18 leukocyte integrins with phorbol esters or CD3 antibodies (1995)

The CD11/CD18 leukocyte integrins comprise three heterodimers involved in leukocyte adhesion. CD11/CD18 avidity may be regulated intracellularly, and the CD18 polypeptide has previously been shown to become phosphorylated in leukocytes after phorbol ester stimulation. The importance of phosphorylation in the regulation of CD11/CD18 avidity has, however, remained unclear. We have now activated T cells using phorbol esters, CD3, and CD44 Abs. Both phorbol ester and CD3 treatment activated protein kinase C. CD18 was shown to become more stably phosphorylated after phorbol ester treatment and more transiently so after CD3 stimulation. The phosphorylation was strongly augmented by okadaic acid, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor. While phorbol ester treatment caused phosphorylation mainly on serine, in okadaic acid-pretreated cells, both phorbol ester treatment as well as CD3 stimulation revealed strong threonine phosphorylation. Since earlier mutational studies have demonstrated the functional importance of cytoplasmic threonine residues in CD18, the threonine phosphorylation reported here indicates the role of threonine phosphorylation in the regulation of CD11/CD18 avidity.
Building a microphysiological skin model from induced pluripotent stem cells (2013)

The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006 was a major breakthrough for regenerative medicine. The establishment of patient-specific iPSCs has created the opportunity to model diseases in culture systems, with the potential to rapidly advance the drug discovery field. Current methods of drug discovery are inefficient, with a high proportion of drug candidates failing during clinical trials due to low efficacy and/or high toxicity. Many drugs fail toxicity testing during clinical trials, since the cells on which they have been tested do not adequately model three-dimensional tissues or their interaction with other organs in the body. There is a need to develop microphysiological systems that reliably represent both an intact tissue and also the interaction of a particular tissue with other systems throughout the body. As the port of entry for many drugs is via topical delivery, the skin is the first line of exposure, and also one of the first organs to demonstrate a reaction after systemic drug delivery. In this review, we discuss our strategy to develop a microphysiological system using iPSCs that recapitulates human skin for analyzing the interactions of drugs with the skin.
Real-time damage monitoring of irradiated DNA (2011)

This article presents a microfluidic technique for the real-time analysis of DNA damage due to radiation exposure. A continuous-flow spatial melting analysis was performed every three seconds on a sample of isolated DNA while it was being irradiated. The formation of photoproducts being caused by the UV-C radiation was monitored during the process. Cumulative damage produced distinct changes in the DNA melting curves, characterized by a shifting and broadening of the melting peaks. The design of the microfluidic device, the experimental procedure, and the analysis algorithm and interactive GUI are discussed herein. In addition, the advantages of this system are correlated to specific needs of related scientific studies, such as the investigation of sequence-specific damage susceptibility and the characterization of exposure-damage nonlinearities.
Open-standard development environment for IBM System z9 host firmware (2007)

When the PL8 64-bit GNU compiler collection front end was introduced with the IBM z990 system, it laid the foundation to move toward an open-standard development environment for the i390 layer of IBM System z™ host firmware. However, when the z990 system was developed, the proprietary project development library system and the table of contents object file format for i390 code were still being used. With the IBM System z9™, we have moved to a fully open-standard development environment. This paper describes the steps we took to get there, to improve code performance, development efficiency, and regression testing, and to develop base functionality for important System z9 features such as enhanced driver maintenance. We also discuss plans to further enhance the development environment for future systems.
FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images (2019)

The rapid progress in synthetic image generation and manipulation has now come to a point where it raises significant concerns for the implications towards society. At best, this leads to a loss of trust in digital content, but could potentially cause further harm by spreading false information or fake news. This paper examines the realism of state-of-the-art image manipulations, and how difficult it is to detect them, either automatically or by humans. To standardize the evaluation of detection methods, we propose an automated benchmark for facial manipulation detection. In particular, the benchmark is based on DeepFakes, Face2Face, FaceSwap and NeuralTextures as prominent representatives for facial manipulations at random compression level and size. The benchmark is publicly available and contains a hidden test set as well as a database of over 1.8 million manipulated images. This dataset is over an order of magnitude larger than comparable, publicly available, forgery datasets. Based on this data, we performed a thorough analysis of data-driven forgery detectors. We show that the use of additional domainspecific knowledge improves forgery detection to unprecedented accuracy, even in the presence of strong compression, and clearly outperforms human observers.