gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noise and Digital Signal Processing (2018)

Electronic systems in the context of audio communication perform transmission, recording, playback, analysis, or synthesis of speech signals. Different types of noise and distortion can be characterized, and a number of signal processing concepts exist that can assist in mitigating their effect, thus enhancing the quality or intelligibility of the speech signal. Digital signal processing (DSP) offers a number of powerful tools that, depending on the circumstances, may or may not be applicable to specific types of noise corruptions. The chapter provides a simple and generally intuitive overview of the DSP fundamentals upon which noise reduction methods can be based. Examples are provided that give additional insight into the working and application of the techniques discussed. The chapter also provides an overview of the different stages in a general digital speech communication system and their exposure to, and inherent production of, noise. To characterize noise, some background of stochastic signals and their quantities are reviewed.
Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) (1997)

We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for > 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extensive spinal hyperostosis in a patient receiving isotretinoin-progression after 4 years of etretinate therapy (1989)

A patient with Darier's disease was discovered to have persistent, asymptomatic cervical and thoracic spinal hyperostoses after receiving isotretinoin for 7 years. The spinal abnormalities have remained asymptomatic but have now progressed following 4 years of etretinate therapy. The development of skeletal abnormalities, in particular spinal hyperostosis, is well-documented in patients receiving the synthetic retinoid, isotretinoin (Accutane, Roaccutane). The occurrence of extraspinal tendon and ligament calcification has been emphasized following long-term therapy with etretinate (Tegison, Tigason), but the relationship between etretinate and spinal hyperostosis is less certain, there being a need for a long-term, prospective, appropriately controlled investigation of patients receiving etretinate. We report a patient with Darier's disease who was discovered to have prominent, asymptomatic cervical and thoracic spinal hyperostoses after receiving isotretinoin for 7 years. Subsequent treatment with etretinate for 4 years did not prevent progression of the spinal abnormalities.
Technical trends of railway traction in the world (2010)

This paper summarizes recent trends of electric traction technologies based on power electronics. Continuous electric power collection played a substantial role in rapid growth of commercial service of electric railways in the early 20 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> century. AC traction as an achievement of power electronics after 1980's contributes to the present efficient high-speed mass transportation service. Regenerative brakes and consequent power management using power converters and electric energy storages enhance ecological advantages of rail-guided transportation.
Radiometer for the Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems Technology Demonstration Mission (2018)

The Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems Technology Demonstration (TEMPEST-D) instrument is a five-frequency millimeter-wave radiometer capable of observing thermal radiation from the Earth at 89, 165, 176, 180, and 182 GHz. The direct-detection architecture of the radiometer reduces its power consumption and eliminates the need for a local oscillator and mixer, reducing complexity. The instrument includes an ambient blackbody calibration target and a scanning reflector. The reflector rotates to scan the antenna beams in the cross-track direction so that the TEMPEST-D feed horn and receiver view first the blackbody calibration target, then the Earth over a range of nadir angles from −45 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">º</sup> to +45 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">º</sup> , and finally the cosmic microwave background radiation at 2.73 K. This enables precision end-to-end calibration of the millimeter-wave receivers every scan period. The TEMPEST-D millimeterwave radiometers are based on 35-nm InP HEMT MMIC low-noise amplifiers and related technology developed under extensive investment by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO).
Hemodynamic MRI parameters to predict asymptomatic unilateral carotid artery stenosis with random forest machine learning (2023)

Random forest classifiers trained on multiparametric MRI data allow identification of the most relevant parameters and VOIs to predict ICAS, which may improve personalized treatments.
Effect of noise on active mode locking of a diode laser (1979)

Mode locking of semiconductor lasers as influenced by spontaneous emission is investigated. The magnitude of the spontaneous emission is determined from the number of axial modes above the half-power level of the free-running diode below and near threshold. A formula is developed which relates this noise source to that of the diode in an external resonator. It is shown that, without bandwidth limiting, the noise is large enough to impede mode locking. The SHG trace of a diode with no antireflection coating, mode locked in an external resonator, is predicted and compared with experiment.
P-TEFb Kinase Activity Is Essential for Global Transcription, Resumption of Meiosis and Embryonic Genome Activation in Pig (2016)

Positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is a RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain (Pol II CTD) kinase that phosphorylates Ser2 of the CTD and promotes the elongation phase of transcription. Despite the fact that P-TEFb has role in many cellular processes, the role of this kinase complex remains to be understood in mammalian early developmental events. In this study, using immunocytochemical analyses, we found that the P-TEFb components, CDK9, Cyclin T1 and Cyclin T2 were localized to nuclear speckles, as well as in nucleolar-like bodies in pig germinal vesicle oocytes. Using nascent RNA labeling and small molecule inhibitors, we showed that inhibition of CDK9 activity abolished the transcription of GV oocytes globally. Moreover, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, in absence of CDK9 kinase activity the production of ribosomal RNAs was impaired. We also presented the evidences indicating that P-TEFb kinase activity is essential for resumption of oocyte meiosis and embryo development. Treatment with CDK9 inhibitors resulted in germinal vesicle arrest in maturing oocytes in vitro. Inhibition of CDK9 kinase activity did not interfere with in vitro fertilization and pronuclear formation. However, when in vitro produced zygotes were treated with CDK9 inhibitors, their development beyond the 4-cell stage was impaired. In these embryos, inhibition of CDK9 abrogated global transcriptional activity and rRNA production. Collectively, our data suggested that P-TEFb kinase activity is crucial for oocyte maturation, embryo development and regulation of RNA transcription in pig.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Novel Spiro(azetidine‐2,4′(1′H)‐isoquinoline‐1′,3′, 4(2′H)‐triones). (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evaluation of CVI SiC/SiC Composites for High Temperature Applications (2017)

Silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC) composites are candidate materials for various high temperature turbine engine applications because of their high specific strength and good creep resistance at temperatures of 1400 C (2552 F) and higher. Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMC) incorporating Sylramic-iBN SiC fiber were evaluated via fast fracture tensile tests (acoustic emission damage characterization to assess cracking behavior), tensile creep testing, and microscopy. The results of this testing and observed material behavior degradation mechanisms are reviewed.
What can machines know? (1992)

It has been argued that knowledge is a useful tool for designing and analyzing complex systems. The notion of knowledge that seems most relevant in this context is an external, zrzforrnatzorr-based notion that can be shown to satisfy all the axioms of the modal logic S5. The properties of this notion of knowledge are examined, and it is shown that they depend crucially. and in subtle ways, on assumptions made about the system and about the language used for describing knowledge. A formal model is presented in which one can capture various assumptions frequently made about systems, such as whether they are deterministic or nondeterministic, whether knowledge is cumulative (which means that processes never "forget"), and whether or not the "environment" affects the state transitions of the processes. It 1s then shown that under some assumptions about the system and the language, certain states of knowledge are not attainable and the axioms of S5 do not completely characterize the properties of knowledge; extra axioms are needed. Complete axiomatlzations for knowledge in a number of cases of interest are provided.
Stoichiometric Oxy Functionalization and CH Activation Studies of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) 6-Phenyl-2,2‘-Bipyridine Hydrocarbyl Complexes (2007)

A well-defined, thermal-, air-, and protic-stable, bis-bidentate, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(NC)(NNtBu)CH3OTf, (2-CH3; NC = κ2-6-phenyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, NNtBu = κ2-4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridine) has been shown to undergo oxy functionalization with oxidants such as PhI(X)2 (X = OAc, TFA) to generate CH3X (X = OAc, TFA, OTf) in yields ranging from 36 to 67% in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperatures. 2-CH3 is also competent for CH activation, undergoing stoichiometric CH activation in benzene, and catalyzes the H/D exchange reaction between benzene and acids (acetic and trifluoroacetic acid).
&lt;title&gt;Magneto-optic Kerr effect sensors for fiber optic applications&lt;/title&gt; (1994)

A novel sensor technique using a magnetic thin film as the sensing element and the magneto- optic Kerr effect as the optical read technique has been tested experimentally through magnetic field measurements. Sensitivity results obtained using a simple free space ellipsometry measurement system show a magnetic field sensitivity near 10<SUP>-3</SUP> Oe at low frequencies. Calculations indicate that sensitivities of order 10<SUP>-6</SUP> Oe are possible with improvements in the optical system and the magnetic film sensing element. This technique appears to be implementable in a small fiber optic-compatible device, with foreseen advantages including a very high bandwidth, good thermal stability, and the use of a single optical path.
Analysis of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) cistrome reveals novel co-regulatory role of ATF4 (2012)

PPARβ/δ regulates constitutive expression of genes in keratinocytes, thus suggesting the presence of one or more endogenous ligands. The diversity in the types of gene regulation carried out by PPARβ/δ is consistent with dynamic binding and interactions with chromatin and indicates the presence of complex regulatory networks in cells expressing high levels of this nuclear receptor such as keratinocytes. Results from these studies are the first to demonstrate that differences in DNA binding of other transcription factors can directly influence the transcriptional activity of PPARβ/δ.
Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters Interacting with Synthetic and Biological Vesicles (2022)

According to their high electron density and ultrasmall size, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have unique luminescence and photoelectrochemical properties that make them very attractive for various biomedical fields. These applications require a clear understanding of their interaction with biological membranes. Here we demonstrate the ability of the AuNCs as markers for lipidic bilayer structures such as synthetic liposomes and biological extracellular vesicles (EVs). The AuNCs can selectively interact with liposomes or EVs through an attractive electrostatic interaction as demonstrated by zetametry and fluorescence microscopy. According to the ratio of nanoclusters to vesicles, the lipidic membranes can be fluorescently labeled without altering their thickness until charge reversion, the AuNCs being located at the level of the phosphate headgroups. In presence of an excess of AuNCs, the vesicles tend to adhere and aggregate. The strong adsorption of AuNCs results in the formation of a lamellar phase as demonstrated by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques.
Clinical, cellular, and neuropathological consequences of<i>AP1S2</i>mutations: further delineation of a recognizable X-linked mental retardation syndrome (2008)

Mutations in the AP1S2 gene, encoding the sigma1B subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex (AP)-1, have been recently identified in five X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) families, including the original family with Fried syndrome. Studying four patients in two unrelated families in which AP1S2 nonsense and splice-site mutations segregated, we found that affected individuals presented, in addition to previously described features, with elevated protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Moreover, computed tomography scans demonstrated that the basal ganglia calcifications associated with AP1S2 mutations appeared during childhood and might be progressive. Based on these observations, we propose that AP1S2 mutations are responsible for a clinically recognizable XLMR and autism syndrome associating hypotonia, delayed walking, speech delay, aggressive behavior, brain calcifications, and elevated CSF protein levels. Using the AP-2 complex, in which the sigma subunit is encoded by one single gene, as a model system, we demonstrated that sigma subunits are essential for the stability of human AP complexes. By contrast, no major alteration of the stability, subcellular localization, and function of the AP-1 complex was observed in fibroblasts derived from a patient carrying an AP1S2 mutation. Similarly, neither macro- nor microscopic defects were observed in the brain of an affected fetus. Altogether, these data suggest that the absence of an AP-1 defect in peripheral tissues is due to functional redundancy among AP-1 sigma subunits (sigma1A, sigma1B, and sigma1C) and that the phenotype observed in our patients results from a subtle and brain-specific defect of the AP-1-dependent intracellular protein traffic.
Leveraging the Template and Anchor Framework for Safe, Online Robotic Gait Design (2020)

Online control design using a high-fidelity, full-order model for a bipedal robot can be challenging due to the size of the state space of the model. A commonly adopted solution to overcome this challenge is to approximate the fullorder model (anchor) with a simplified, reduced-order model (template), while performing control synthesis. Unfortunately it is challenging to make formal guarantees about the safety of an anchor model using a controller designed in an online fashion using a template model. To address this problem, this paper proposes a method to generate safety-preserving controllers for anchor models by performing reachability analysis on template models by relying on functions that bound the difference between the two models. This paper describes how this reachable set can be incorporated into a Model Predictive Control framework to select controllers that result in safe walking on the anchor model in an online fashion. The method is illustrated on a 5-link RABBIT model, and is shown to allow the robot to walk safely while utilizing controllers designed in an online fashion.
7 Case study II: n-Butane partial oxidation to maleic anhydride: commercial design (2021)

DuPont applied an iterative design procedure to build a process to partially oxidize n-butane to maleic anhydride in a circulating fluidized bed reactor (CFB). The first step, after generating experimental data in the laboratory, was to develop a flowsheet for a full-scale plant. To address the uncertainties raised in the design of the industrial unit, a pilot plant was built at a scale 100 times smaller than the full scale. In parallel to the detailed design of the commercial unit, the third step dedicated resources to address knowledge gaps remaining after the pilot demonstration. The final step was to support plant operations during the commissioning stages. R&D costs prior to the pilot plant ramped up from 0.5 to 4 million$ year-1 and then jumped to 10 million$ year-1 through pilot plant operation into design and support during commissioning. Many challenges at the pilot plant were resolved in the commercial design (attrition resistance, heat transfer, solids circulation instability, and catalyst cost), while some remained to be resolved (thermal excursions at the oxygen spargers, stripping efficiency, lattice oxygen contribution, kinetics, and hydrodynamics), and others emerged (agglomeration, solids entry from the side, and combustion downstream of the cyclone). Moreover, the engineering uncertainties were compounded by constraints imposed by business team to minimize catalyst inventory that was a major impediment to achieving the economic goals. Due to new uncertainties discovered during the industrial-scale operations and the constraints imposed by business objectives, this process was unsuccessful and after almost 10 years of operation, it was shut down and the metal sold for scrap value.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Practical Cleavage of tert‐Butyl Esters and Carbonates Using Fluorinated Alcohols. (2010)

Abstract A practical and high‐yielding method is developed under microwave irradiation.
Worldview of Psychiatry (2004)

Article AbstractBecause this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text.Treatment of ideopathic psychotic disorders including schizophrenia and mania was revolutionized by the serendipitous discovery of the phenothiazines (initially, chlorpromazine) and subsequent development of the thioxanthenes (e.g., thiothixene), butyrophenes (e.g., haloperidol), and their congeners in the 1950s. Virtually all of these drugs block dopamine D2 receptors in direct correlation with their clinical potency as antipsychotic agents. However, these classic or "typical" neuroleptic agents regularly induce characteristic neurologic and endocrinologic side effects including dystonia, akathisia, bradykinesia, acute or late dyskinesias, and hyperprolactinemia.
SWIR active polarization imaging for material identification (2013)

Nighttime active SWIR imaging has resolution, size, weight, and power consumption advantages over passive MWIR and LWIR imagers for applications involving target identification. We propose that the target discrimination capability of active SWIR systems can be extended further by exerting polarization control over the illumination source and imager, i.e. through active polarization imaging. In this work, we construct a partial Mueller matrix imager and use laboratory derived signatures to uniquely identify target materials in outdoor scenes. This paper includes a description of the camera and laser systems as well as discussion of the reduction and analysis techniques used for material identification.
Targeting Inflammation in Rotator Cuff Tendon Degeneration and Repair (2017)

Rotator cuff degeneration is a common affliction that results in pain and disability. Tendinopathy was historically classified with or without the involvement of the immune system. However, technological advancements in screening have shown that the immune system is both present and active in all forms of tendinopathy. During injury and healing, the coordinated effort of numerous immune cell populations work with the resident stromal cells to break down damaged tissues and stimulate remodeling. These cells deploy a wide array of tools, including phagocytosis, enzyme secretion, and chemotactic gradients to direct these processes. Yet, there remains a knowledge gap in our understanding of the sequence of critical events and regulatory factors that mediate this is process in injury and healing. Furthermore, current treatments do not specifically target inflammation at the molecular level. Typical regimens include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids; however, researchers have found irrevocable functional deficits following treatment, and have disputed their long-term efficacy. Therefore, developing therapeutics that specifically consider the nuances of the immune system are necessary to improve patient outcomes.
Molecular logic of the Zur-regulated zinc deprivation response in Bacillus subtilis (2016)

Bacteria respond dynamically to the changes in zinc availability. Repression by the Bacillus subtilis transcription factor Zur requires Zn(II), which binds with negative cooperativity to two regulatory sites per dimer to form, sequentially, Zur2:Zn3 and Zur2:Zn4 forms of the repressor. Here we show that, as cells transition from zinc sufficiency to deficiency, operons regulated by Zur are derepressed in three distinct waves. The first includes the alternative RpmEB(L31*) and RpmGC(L33*) ribosomal proteins, which mobilize zinc from the ribosome, whereas the second includes the ZnuACB uptake system and the YciC metallochaperone. Finally, as zinc levels decrease further, the Zur2:Zn3 form loses Zn(II) leading to derepression of RpsNB(S14*) and FolE2, which allow continued ribosome assembly and folate synthesis, respectively. We infer that zinc mobilization from intracellular zinc stores takes priority over energy-dependent import, and our results link the biochemistry of zinc sensing by Zur to the molecular logic of the zinc deprivation response.