gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Situ Observation of CO Oxidation by Anode PtRu/C Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2010)

An anode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell should be CO-tolerant, i.e., it should have the function of hydrogen oxidation in the presence of CO, since hydrogen fuel gas generated by the steam reforming process of natural gas contains CO. Our recent results showed that highly dispersed PtRu/C (HD) with small metal particles has much higher CO tolerance than that of poorly dispersed PtRu/C (LD) with large metal particles. CO tolerance is often discussed in connection with activity for CO oxidation, but the mechanism of CO oxidation is not clear. To study the mechanism for CO tolerance and CO oxidation, we have developed an apparatus for variable temperature in-situ FT-IR measurements of CO oxidation. It is expected that electro oxidation and thermal CO oxidation of CO can be distinguished from temperature- and potential-dependence CO2 formation and that these dependence will provide some information on the mechanism of CO tolerance of catalysts.
Ultra-Low-Bitrate Speech Coding with Pretrained Transformers (2022)

Speech coding facilitates the transmission of speech over low-bandwidth networks with minimal distortion. Neural-network based speech codecs have recently demonstrated significant improvements in quality over traditional approaches. While this new generation of codecs is capable of synthesizing high-fidelity speech, their use of recurrent or convolutional layers often restricts their effective receptive fields, which prevents them from compressing speech efficiently. We propose to further reduce the bitrate of neural speech codecs through the use of pretrained Transformers, capable of exploiting long-range dependencies in the input signal due to their inductive bias. As such, we use a pretrained Transformer in tandem with a convolutional encoder, which is trained end-to-end with a quantizer and a generative adversarial net decoder. Our numerical experiments show that supplementing the convolutional encoder of a neural speech codec with Transformer speech embeddings yields a speech codec with a bitrate of $600\,\mathrm{bps}$ that outperforms the original neural speech codec in synthesized speech quality when trained at the same bitrate. Subjective human evaluations suggest that the quality of the resulting codec is comparable or better than that of conventional codecs operating at three to four times the rate.
Transgenic Tall Fescue and Maize with Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides (2011)

1.1 ALS-inhibiting herbicides ALS (EC 2.2.1.6;also referred to as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine and valine (Fig. 1).It is a highly conserved enzyme in higher plants.ALS moves to www.intechopen.comHerbicides, Theory and Applications 214 the chloroplast with the use of a transit peptide.Although ALS functions in plastids, ALS is a dominant and nuclear gene, and thus follows normal Mendelian inheritance.
What Type of a Matcher Are You? (2018)

In this work we explore relationships between human and algorithmic schema matchers. We provide a novel approach to similar schema matchers termed coordinated matchers and use it to predict future human matching choices. We show throughout a comprehensive analysis that human matchers are usually coordinated with intuitive algorithms, e.g., based on attribute name similarity, and frequently do not assign lower confidence levels, which indicates over confidence in their choices. Finally, we show that human choices can be reasonably predicted using collaborative algorithmic opinions based on matchers coordination.
Flame Area Correlations with Heat Release at Early Flame Development of Combustion Process in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine Using Gasoline, Ethanol and Butanol (2013)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;As the vehicle emission regulations become stricter worldwide, one way to meet the emission requirements is to engage the use of alternative fuels in engine combustion. In this investigation, the early combustion processes of regular gasoline and alternative fuels, including ethanol and butanol, were studied by simultaneously recording both the in-cylinder pressure and the crank angle-resolved high-speed flame images in a single-cylinder spark-ignition direct-injection engine. The engine was equipped with a quartz insert in the piston which provided an optical access to its cylinder through the piston. The effects of engine coolant &amp;amp; oil temperatures and intake air swirl ratio on the early flame development were also studied. The heat release was derived from the in-cylinder pressure measurements and the corresponding flame area characteristics were extracted from the images. Experimental results show a reasonable correlation between the heat release and the area of the flame at the early combustion stage. The flame area correlations with heat release of gasoline, ethanol, and butanol can also be distinguished by the properties of each type of fuel. The correlations are also influenced by different operating coolant &amp;amp; oil temperatures and swirl ratios. In addition, a new link between CA05 (5% of total heat release) and CAarea5% (flame size reaching 5% of the piston area) has been established, thus providing a better understanding of the relationship between heat release process and flame area properties. Overall, this study has demonstrated that high-speed in-cylinder combustion imaging could be a viable diagnostic to reveal the combustion quality, especially at the early stage of the combustion process where the pressure transducer might not provide reliable results.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Non-invasive Differentiation of Kidney Stone Types using X-ray Dark-Field Radiography (2015)

Treatment of renal calculi is highly dependent on the chemical composition of the stone in question, which is difficult to determine using standard imaging techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of scatter-sensitive X-ray dark-field radiography to differentiate between the most common types of kidney stones in clinical practice. Here, we examine the absorption-to-scattering ratio of 118 extracted kidney stones with a laboratory Talbot-Lau Interferometer. Depending on their chemical composition, microscopic growth structure and morphology the various types of kidney stones show strongly varying, partially opposite contrasts in absorption and dark-field imaging. By assessing the microscopic calculi morphology with high resolution micro-computed tomography measurements, we illustrate the dependence of dark-field signal strength on the respective stone type. Finally, we utilize X-ray dark-field radiography as a non-invasive, highly sensitive (100%) and specific (97%) tool for the differentiation of calcium oxalate, uric acid and mixed types of stones, while additionally improving the detectability of radio-lucent calculi. We prove clinical feasibility of the here proposed method by accurately classifying renal stones, embedded within a fresh pig kidney, using dose-compatible measurements and a quick and simple visual inspection.
New Approach Toward Nanosized Ferrous Ferric Oxide and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts (2009)

In this article, ferrous ferric oxide and Fe(3)O(4)-doped titanium dioxide have been synthesized by a low-temperature sol-gel process. In particular, we studied the structural characteristics of newly synthesized photosensitive catalysts and their photocatalytic abilities under UV and visible light irradiation. The elemental composition, surface area, crystallinity, and morphology of synthesized catalysts were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The UV-vis transmission, zeta-potential, and cytotoxicity of the synthesized catalysts are also discussed. It is anticipated that the synthesized ferrous ferric oxide arrays a prospective photocatalyst substitute for titanium dioxide.
Instantaneous phase-shifted speckle interferometer for measurement of large optical structures (2003)

An instantaneous phase-shifting interferometer (PhaseCam, 4D Technology) was modified to a speckle phase-shifted interferometer. This interferometer was used to measure “diffused” objects such as a carbon fiber. Repeatability, accuracy, and dynamic range of the interferometer were measured. Different phase shifting algorithms were utilized to get rid of the high frequency speckle that modulates the low frequency fringes.
Developmental <i>O</i>‐glycan profile analysis shows pentasaccharide mucin‐type <i>O</i>‐glycans are linked with pupation of <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (2021)

Eukaryotic cells can decorate their proteins with carbohydrate structures or glycans, significantly affecting the properties and activities of these proteins. Despite the importance of protein glycosylation in numerous biological processes, our knowledge of this modification in insects is far from complete. While N-glycosylation is the most studied, the study of O-glycans in insects is still very fragmentary and these studies are limited to a specific developmental stage or a specific tissue. In this article, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) technology was used to analyze the O-glycan profile for the different developmental stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an important insect model and pest worldwide. The results on the O-glycan profile showed that the mucin-type glycans dominate the O-glycome of the red flour beetle. Interestingly, some of the more complex mucin-type O-glycans, such as a tetra- (O-GalNAcGalGlcAGalNAc) and pentasaccharide O-glycan (O-GalNAc(GalGlcA)GalNAcGlcA), were highly abundant during the pupa stage, the intermediate stage between larval and adult stage in holometabolous insects, demonstrating that insect metamorphosis is accompanied with a change in the insect O-glycan profile. Together with the N-glycan profile, the current data are a foundation to better understand the role of protein glycosylation in the development of insects.
Inorganic CsPb<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Sn<i><sub>x</sub></i>IBr<sub>2</sub> for Efficient Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells (2018)

Abstract Recently, the stability of organic–inorganic perovskite thin films under thermal, photo, and moisture stresses has become a major concern for further commercialization due to the high volatility of the organic cations in the prototype perovskite composition (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ). All inorganic cesium (Cs) based perovskite is an alternative to avoid the release or decomposition of organic cations. Moreover, substituting Pb with Sn in the organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites has been demonstrated to narrow the bandgap to 1.2–1.4 eV for high‐performance perovskite solar cells. In this work, a series of CsPb 1− x Sn x IBr 2 perovskite alloys via one‐step antisolvent method is demonstrated. These perovskite films present tunable bandgaps from 2.04 to 1.64 eV. Consequently, the CsPb 0.75 Sn 0.25 IBr 2 with homogeneous and densely crystallized morphology shows a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 11.53% and a high V oc of 1.21 V with a much improved phase stability and illumination stability. This work provides a possibility for designing and synthesizing novel inorganic halide perovskites as the next generation of photovoltaic materials.
Dental pulp stem cells immobilized in alginate microspheres for applications in bone tissue engineering (2013)

Dental pulp stem cells immobilized in alginate hydrogels exhibit enhanced osteogenic potential while maintaining high cell viability both of which are fundamental for bone tissue regeneration.
A Novel Use of Digital Technologies for More Effective Multi-Party Well Planning and Execution (2021)

Abstract Operators, service providers, and contractors are improving the well construction system using transformative digital technologies across multiple companies and within levels of disparate organizations. Well plans are managed in a new way with the creation,execution and continuous improvement of processes to materially deliver value from the onset. A typical operator’s well planning process involves developing a well program across multiple internal and external entities in the design and plan stages while various requirements and details are considered and confirmed. As the well gets closer to being drilled, the well plan must also consider the capabilities and technologies supported by the service companies and drilling contractor.This people-based process leads to variability in assumptions and objectives in standardized plans which can result in execution risk and variations in safety, quality, delivery, and cost (SQDC) performance. One major variability source occurs because of the disconnected nature in which people move data between one another in well planning documents and then to field operations. The authors propose a new way to manage this process across organization and discipline boundaries to reduce this variability. This paper details how digital technologies were incorporated into an agile pilot program to create a common framework for the exchange and management of the well plan. It follows the plan from its development to implementation in a unified, seamless process. Further the authors will demonstrate how the solution was developed across multiple organizations to deliver material value to all parties. Three companies created a collaborative business model to deliver a new digital system enhancing well construction planning and execution in terms of speed and completeness of data transfer, ease of access,and availability for building new data-based workflows and reporting. This business model continues to drive alignment throughout the companies’ well delivery business functions. This paper illustrates, "What is the value that digital transformation brings to my organization or job function".The simple answer is that if executed effectively, the transformation should produce a material improvement or outcome for the business. Digital technology creates material business value as a project management tool directly coupled with wellsite technologies. This approach, in turn, will enable improvement of the well design and SQDC performance in the delivery of the well plan.
Chemical Probes That Differentially Modulate Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α and BLTR, Nuclear and Cell Surface Receptors for Leukotriene B4 (1999)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)is a nuclear receptor for various fatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic drugs. In the presence of ligand, this transcription factor increases expression of target genes that are primarily associated with lipid homeostasis. We have previously reported PPARalpha as a nuclear receptor of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and demonstrated an anti-inflammatory function for PPARalpha in vivo (Devchand, P. R., Keller, H., Peters, J. M., Vazquez, M., Gonzalez, F. J., and Wahli, W. (1996) Nature 384, 39-43). LTB(4) also has a cell surface receptor (BLTR) that mediates proinflammatory events, such as chemotaxis and chemokinesis (Yokomizo, T., Izumi, T., Chang, K., Takuwa, Y., and Shimizu, T. (1997) Nature 387, 620-624). In this study, we report on chemical probes that differentially modulate activity of these two LTB(4) receptors. The compounds selected were originally characterized as synthetic BLTR effectors, both agonists and antagonists. Here, we evaluate the compounds as effectors of the three PPAR isotypes (alpha, beta, and gamma) by transient transfection assays and also determine whether the compounds are ligands for these nuclear receptors by coactivator-dependent receptor ligand interaction assay, a semifunctional in vitro assay. Because the compounds are PPARalpha selective, we further analyze their potency in a biological assay for the PPARalpha-mediated activity of lipid accumulation. These chemical probes will prove invaluable in dissecting processes that involve nuclear and cell surface LTB(4) receptors and also aid in drug discovery programs.
A novel sharing information tool using new technologies. Applied to first responders use case (2019)

International audience
Emergence of electrophilic alumination as the counterpart of established nucleophilic lithiation: an academic sojourn in organometallics with William Kaska as fellow traveler (2015)

William Kaska pursued doctoral studies with John Eisch in mechanistic organometallic chemistry, first with organolithium reactions at St. Louis University and then at the University of Michigan with organoaluminum reactions. Thereby he revealed the change in mechanism from nucleophilic lithiation and carbolithiation to that of electrophilic alumination, carboalumination and hydroalumination of organic substrates, which reactions were previously observed by Karl Ziegler in his empirical studies of organoaluminum reactions. Our findings were the first mechanistic studies attempting to set such Ziegler chemistry on a modern theoretical basis.
On the design of unit-cells for acoustic metasurfaces (2015)

Acoustic metasurfaces have gained popularity for their capability to tailor the phase front of transmitted and reflected waves. While most of researches conducted in this topic are spinning around different applications and peculiar physics of these surfaces, the study of constituent elements for metasurfaces is still missing. Here, we introduce a new labyrinthine type unit-cell for phase engineering of the transmitted wave front. Despite the complexity of the shape, the structure is very easy to design. Moreover, it is based on well defined mathematical formula which facilitates the design and optimization procedure. While the proposed unit-cell has the physical length of less than A/3, it can cover the full It; phase range thanks to space coiling.
Isolation of Stimulants of Gastrointestinal Motility in Beer (2004)

Two active components (compounds A and B) were isolated as gastrointestinal motility stimulants (muscarinic M3 agonists) in beer. These results suggest that the two isolated active components are the active entities of the gastrointestinal motility-stimulating effect of beer.
Web-Based Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Well-being: Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial (2022)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03844321; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03844321.
Adaptive evolution of the lager brewing yeast<i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>for improved growth under hyperosmotic conditions and its influence on fermentation performance (2013)

An adaptive evolution method to obtain stable Saccharomyces pastorianus brewing yeast variants with improved fermentation capacity is described. The procedure involved selection for rapid growth resumption at high osmotic strength. It was applied to a lager strain and to a previously isolated ethanol-tolerant strain. Fermentation performance of strains was compared at 15 °P wort strength. A selected osmotolerant variant of the ethanol-tolerant strain showed significantly shorter fermentation time than the parent strain, producing 6.45% alcohol by volume beer in 4-5 days with mostly similar organoleptic properties to the original strain. Diacetyl and pentanedione contents were 50-75% and 3-methylbutyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate 50% higher than with the original strain, leading to a small flavour change. The variant contained significantly less intracellular trehalose and glycogen than the parent. Transcriptional analysis of selected genes at 24 h revealed reduced transcription of hexose transport genes and increased transcription of the MALx1 and MALx2 genes, responsible for α-glucoside uptake and metabolism. It is suggested that an attenuated stress response contributes to the improved fermentation performance. Results show that sequential selection for both ethanol tolerance and rapid growth at high osmotic strength can provide strains with enhanced fermentation speed with acceptable product quality.
Metal Ions Activate the Human Taste Receptor TAS2R7 (2019)

Divalent and trivalent salts exhibit a complex taste profile. They are perceived as being astringent/drying, sour, bitter, and metallic. We hypothesized that human bitter-taste receptors may mediate some taste attributes of these salts. Using a cell-based functional assay, we found that TAS2R7 responds to a broad range of divalent and trivalent salts, including zinc, calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese, and aluminum, but not to potassium, suggesting TAS2R7 may act as a metal cation receptor mediating bitterness of divalent and trivalent salts. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis identified 2 residues, H943.37 and E2647.32, in TAS2R7 that appear to be responsible for the interaction of TAS2R7 with metallic ions. Taste receptors are found in both oral and extraoral tissues. The responsiveness of TAS2R7 to various mineral salts suggests it may act as a broad sensor, similar to the calcium-sensing receptor, for biologically relevant metal cations in both oral and extraoral tissues.
Viral genome wide association study identifies novel hepatitis C virus polymorphisms associated with sofosbuvir treatment failure (2020)

Abstract Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the recent development of direct acting antivirals (DAA), treatment of chronically infected patients has become highly effective although a subset of patients do not respond to therapy. Sofosbuvir is a common component of current de novo or salvage combination therapies. We used pre-treatment whole genome sequencing of HCV from 507 patients infected with HCV subtype 3a and treated with sofosbuvir containing regimens to detect viral polymorphisms associated with response to treatment. We found that three common polymorphisms present in HCV NS2 and NS3 proteins (not direct targets of sofosbuvir) were associated with reduced treatment response. These polymorphisms were enriched in post-treatment HCV sequences of patients unresponsive to treatment; they were also associated with lower reductions in viral load in the first week of therapy. The finding of polymorphisms in NS2 and NS3 proteins associated with poor treatment outcomes emphasises the value of more systematic genome-wide analyses of HCV in uncovering indirect but clinically relevant mechanisms of antiviral resistance.