gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BM_Virtual Enterprise (2011)

BM_virtual enterprise (BM_VE) is a virtual enterprise (VE) in a total or partial conformance with the BM_virtual enterprise architecture reference model (BM_VEARM). BM_VE is a kind of VE characterized as a dynamically reconfigurable network integrated over the global domain, satisfying the requirements for integrability, distributivity, agility, and virtuality as competitiveness factors. BM_VE uses three main mechanisms, or tools: market of resources, broker, and virtuality. This chapter presents the three fundamental mechanisms for the VE reconfiguration dynamics and virtuality; introduces the basic concept of the BM_VEARM, which serves as the conceptual and formal base for building BM_VE instances; shows the formal specification and theory of the structural aspects of the BM_VE as well as some aspects of the BM_VE reconfiguration dynamics; presents the BM_VE as an agile/virtual enterprise (A/VE); and finally, describes some important consequences of virtuality in BM_VE, i.e., that the BM_VE structure is hierarchical, a new definition of the VE (in which the network as the VE characteristic is irrelevant from the operational unit’s point of view), and the process of a “traditional” enterprise virtualization.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
<i>N</i>-Bromoacetamide (2008)

[79-15-2] C2H4BrNO (MW 137.96) InChI = 1S/C2H4BrNO/c1-2(5)4-3/h1H3,(H,4,5) InChIKey = VBTQNRFWXBXZQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (bromohydration and bromofluorination of alkenes; oxidation of alcohols) Alternate Name: NBA. Physical Data: mp 102–105 °C. Solubility: sol CHCl3, H2O, acetone, THF; insol ether, hexane. Form Supplied in: white needles; commercially available. Preparative Method: N-bromoacetamide has been prepared by the reaction of acetamide with bromine and 50% aqueous potassium hydroxide at 0 °C.1 NBA can be conveniently prepared by adding sodium bromide to a mixture of acetamide, sodium bromate, and sulfuric acid in aqueous acetic acid, in excellent yield.13 The preparation of NBA can be readily conducted on a multigram scale by the treatment of acetamide with dibromoisocyanuric acid in refluxing DCM for 5 h.14 Purification: NBA can be recrystallized by dissolving in chloroform (10 mL g−1), adding hexane (10 mL g−1) and cooling to 0 °C. The purity of NBA may be determined by the standard bromide–thiosulfate titration method.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: N-bromoacetamide should be stored in the refrigerator, and protected from light and moisture to avoid decomposition. NBA is an irritating solid and precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation of the powder or contact with skin.
Tri-<i>n</i>-butyl(iodoacetoxy)stannane (2001)

[73927-91-0] C14H29IO2Sn (MW 475.04) InChI = 1S/3C4H9.C2H3IO2.Sn/c3*1-3-4-2;3-1-2(4)5;/h3*1,3-4H2,2H3;1H2,(H,4,5);/q;;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = FMBXDZRCNBBCCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M (γ-lactone preparation;2 annulation) Alternate Names: tributylstannyl iodoacetate; tributyl(iodoacetoxy)tin. Physical Data: mp 94.4 °C. Solubility: insol cold H2O; sol THF, CH2Cl2, acetone, alcohol. Preparative Method: 3 two equiv of iodoacetic acid and one equiv of Bis(tributyltin) Oxide are heated to 130 °C for 30 min. The cooled mixture is extracted with hot hexanes. The hexanes are removed in vacuo to afford tributyl(iodoacetoxy)tin. This preparation generates a product sufficiently pure for use in the reactions described below. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: best results are obtained if the reagent is used within one week of the date of preparation. Use in a fume hood.
Image Phylogeny Forests Reconstruction (2014)

Today, a simple search for an image on the Web can return thousands of related images. Some results are exact copies, some are variants (or near-duplicates) of the same digital image, and others are unrelated. Although we can recognize some of these images as being semantically similar, it is not as straightforward to find which image is the original. It is not easy either to find the chain of transformations used to create each modified version. There are several approaches in the literature to identify near-duplicate images, as well as to reconstruct their relational structure. For the latter, a common representation uses the parent-child relationship, allowing us to visualize the evolution of modifications as a phylogeny tree. However, most of the approaches are restricted to the case of finding the tree of evolution of the near-duplicates, with few works dealing with sets of trees. Since one set of near-duplicates can contain n independent subsets, it is necessary to reconstruct not only one phylogeny tree, but several trees that will compose a phylogeny forest. In this paper, through the analysis of the state-of-the-art image phylogeny algorithms, we introduce a novel approach to deal with phylogeny forests, based on different combinations of these algorithms, aiming at improving their reconstruction accuracy. We analyze the effectiveness of each combination and evaluate our method with more than 40 000 testing cases, using quantitative metrics.
Development of a Model Considering High-Speed Sliding Wear (2014)

Wear is defined as “the removal of material volume through some mechanical process between two surfaces.” This paper focuses on the steps necessary to evaluate wear due to dry sliding between two surfaces at high velocity. Currently, there is a need to identify and compare materials that can endure sliding wear under severe conditions such as high velocities. The high costs associated with the field experimentation of systems subject to high-speed sliding have prevented the collection of the necessary data required to characterize this phenomenon. Simulating wear through finite elements (FEs) would enable its prediction and would reduce experimentation. In the aerospace, automotive, and weapon industries, such a model can aid in material selection, design, and/or testing of systems subjected to wear.
Value of adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the evaluation of vessels supplying previously infarcted territories (2019)

A perfusion defect larger than scar is highly predictive for significant stenosis in infarct-related arteries. However, more than a third of the patients with perfusion defect of equal size as scar also showed significant coronary stenosis. As half of these patients showed still viable (subendocardial) scars, there is a high-risk of reinfarction. The addition of angina symptoms seems to increase diagnostic accuracy only in patients with perfusion defects larger than scar.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Bioselection of a Gain of Function Mutation that Enhances Adenovirus 5 Release and Improves Its Antitumoral Potency (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Bioselection of a Gain of Function Mutation that Enhances Adenovirus 5 Release and Improves Its Antitumoral Potency
N-myc proto-oncogene expression can induce DNA replication in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. (1988)

N-myc and c-myc are structurally and functionally related proto-oncogenes. C-myc expression plays an essential role towards the induction of DNA replication following mitogen stimulation of quiescent cells. We have examined whether N-myc expression can stimulate cellular DNA synthesis. When growth factor-deprived quiescent Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts harboring a glucocorticoid-inducible N-myc gene were stimulated with dexamethasone, the resultant N-myc expression induced S-phase DNA synthesis. Hence, functional homology between N-myc and c-myc extends to their joint ability to stimulate DNA replication.
Generation and Characterization of Neuregulin-2-Deficient Mice (2004)

The neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of four structurally related growth factors that are expressed in the developing and adult brain. NRG-1 is essential for normal heart formation and has been implicated in the development and maintenance of both neurons and glia. NRG-2 was identified on the basis of its homology to NRG-1 and, like NRG-1, is expressed predominantly by neurons in the central nervous system. We have generated mice with the active domain of NRG-2 deleted in an effort to characterize the biological function of NRG-2 in vivo. In contrast to the NRG-1 knockout animals, NRG-2 knockouts have no apparent heart defects and survive embryogenesis. Mutant mice display early growth retardation and reduced reproductive capacity. No obvious histological differences were observed in the major sites of NRG-2 expression. Our results indicate that in vivo NRG-2 activity differs substantially from that of NRG-1 and that it is not essential for normal development in utero.
T cell regulation of B cell activation. Lyt-1+,2-T cells modify the MHC-restricted function of heterogeneous and cloned T suppressor cells. (1985)

Previous studies have shown the existence of both heterogeneous Lyt-1-,2+ suppressor (Ts) cells and cloned Lyt-1+,2- Ts cells which, despite the difference in their Lyt phenotypes, functioned in a similar antigen-specific and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted fashion to suppress the antibody responses generated by cloned helper T (Th) cells and hapten-primed B cells. Our studies were carried out to assess in further detail the genetically restricted cell interactions that mediate this immune response suppression. We show that the activation of both heterogeneous and cloned Ts cells is antigen-specific and MHC-restricted under our experimental conditions. After appropriate activation, the effector function of both cloned Lyt-1+,2-Ts cells and heterogeneous Lyt-1-,2+ Ts cells was also antigen-specific. In contrast, once activated, Ts cells suppressed the responses generated by cloned Th cells and hapten-primed B cells in an MHC-unrestricted fashion. We also showed, however, that a population of unprimed Lyt-1+,2-T cells was able to significantly alter the genetic restriction requirements for Ts cell function. The activity of this population was itself MHC-restricted, and was observed only when the unprimed Lyt-1+,2-T cells shared the MHC restriction specificity of the cloned Th cells functioning in a given response. When these requirements were satisfied, Lyt-1+,2- T cells significantly modified the suppression mediated by both heterogeneous and cloned Ts cells, resulting in suppression that was then MHC restricted in its effector function as well as in its activation requirements. Thus, our findings suggest that the observed MHC restriction in Ts function is the result of a complex interaction involving Ts cells, Th cells, and an additional population of MHC-restricted Lyt-1+,2- T cells. This newly characterized activity of Lyt-1+,2- T cells functionally resembles that of an MHC-restricted contrasuppressor population that selectively blocks a pathway of MHC-unrestricted Ts activity, while leaving intact susceptibility to MHC-restricted Ts effects.
<b>Linguistic realities</b> : An autonomist metatheory for the generative enterprise. By Philip Carr. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. ix, 157. $39.50. (1991)

Can we reasonably speak of 'linguistic realities'? Do theoretical linguists devise accounts of a reality which exists outside of their theories? In this provocative and insightful study of the philosophy of linguistics, the author first investigates the realist/instrumentalist debate in the philosophy of science, and shows what relavance it has for the sort of questions linguists might ask themselves about the nature of their discipline. He proposes a realist philosophy of linguistics, which takes as its starting point Popper's falsificationist philosophy of science, coupled with his objective knowledge ontology. The automist methatheory he proposes for generative linguistics holds, in contradistinction to Chomskyan psychologism, that there are such realities, but that they are neither Platonic, nor normative in nature. Rather, they belong properly to Popper's category of objective knowlwdge. Linguistic Realities is a major contribution to the philosophy and methodology of linguistics. Its application of Popperian philosophy of science to the philosophy of linguistics will arouse much debate among philosophers and linguists alike.
The Application of Stiffness Increment Variation Method in Numerical Simulation of Castings During Solidification Process (2002)

Aim To develop the software of 3 D displacement field during solidification of steel castings. Methods The unknown displacement is solved by applying the nonlinear finite element analysis and stiffness increment variation method. Results The program has been applied to simulate the displacement field during solidification process of steel castings and well satisfactory results have been achieved. Conclusion This analysis is the basis of the simulation of stress field and the prediction of hot tearing during solidification of steel castings.
Cooperative and Reversible Anisotropic Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles by Modulation of Noncovalent Interparticle Interactions (2017)

Abstract Controlled and reversible anisotropic self‐assembly of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is achieved by ligand exchange with concentrations of ligand below that needed for their complete capping, that is, using substoichiometric ligand coverages. A thoughtful rationale of the ligand chemical structure and control over exchange conditions have been pursued to foster a reversible process grounded on the cooperative balance between attractive, and repulsive interactions. The gradual replacement of the electrostatic and steric repulsions between the GNPs with attractive dipolar interactions and enhanced steric repulsions is accomplished by ligand exchange with an oligo (ethylene glycol) alkanethiol. The modulation of interparticle interactions is driven by the extent of ligand substitution and allows the reversible assembly of nanoparticles and tuning of their optical properties.
Single motor unit analysis from spatially filtered surface EMG signals - Part I: spatial selectivity (2003)

Anomalous orbital structures are a rare cause of strabismus. These structures attach to the globe and produce a mechanical restriction, resulting in incommitant motility disorders. Three types of anomalous structures have been described. The first arise from the extraocular muscles themselves and insert in abnormal locations. The second are fibrous bands located beneath the rectus muscles. The third are discrete anomalous muscles that originate in the posterior orbit and insert in abnormal locations on the globe. These structures have been associated with unusual patterns of strabismus. Clinical findings that suggest the presence of anomalous orbital structures include globe retraction not associated with Duane retraction syndrome, very large vertical strabismus, and an elevation deficit that is worse in abduction. When looking for anomalous orbital structures in patients with atypical strabismus, imaging studies should be considered.
Handwritten Oxide Electronics on Paper (2017)

The present work reports on the handwriting of electronic circuits on paper based on the deposition of an inorganic oxide semiconductor, exploiting the pen‐on‐paper (PoP) approach. The method relies on the use of a parallel metal plate pen, well known from calligraphy applications, which permits controlled deposition of a continuous zinc oxide (ZnO) dual‐phase layer on conventional printing paper. The hand‐drawn ZnO film exhibits a continuous and uniform surface with a thickness of roughly 1.5 µm, allowing the application as active layer for UV sensors and field effect transistors on paper. Photocurrent generated from the UV radiation reaches values up to 3.4 mA cm −2 with switching times on the order of few seconds. The final written paper transistors, where paper plays simultaneously the role of substrate and dielectric, reaches On/Off current ratios ( I On / I Off ) of about two orders of magnitude and field effect mobility close to 5 × 10 −3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . As a final proof‐of‐concept a common source amplifier showing clear inverting characteristics is fabricated using a PoP written driving ZnO‐based transistor and a pencil‐drawn track as the load resistance.
Prohemorrhagic and Bleeding Time Activities of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Heparin, Aspirin, and a Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonist (2005)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious side effect of antithrombotic agents, especially in cases of cerebrovascular disease. In the present study, we compared the exacerbation of ICH and prolongation of bleeding time (BT) in guinea pigs with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), heparin, aspirin, and FK419, a novel nonpeptide platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist. ICH was induced by injection of bacterial collagenase into the caudate nucleus; BT was measured with a Simplate R device. Neither heparin nor aspirin prolonged BT. In contrast, rt-PA at the highest dose used in the study did prolong BT, and FK419 caused a dose-dependent prolongation of BT. Moreover, rt-PA and heparin increased the degree of ICH in a dose-dependent manner, leading to death in more than half of the animals treated with higher doses of these drugs. These findings show that the prohemorrhagic mechanisms underlying the prolongation of BT differ from those in collagenase-induced ICH, and that the risk of an agent with antithrombotic effects potentiating hemorrhage in the collagenase-induced model of ICH more closely parallels that in stroke patients than does the effect of the agent on BT. The findings also suggest that antiplatelet agents, including FK419, may be safer than thrombolytic or anticoagulant agents for use in patients at risk for ICH, such as those with stroke or cerebral aneurysm.
Reduction of front-metallization grid shading in concentrator cells through laser micro-grooved cover glass (2015)

Concentrator solar cell front-grid metallizations are designed so that the trade-off between series resistance and shading factor (SF) is optimized for a particular irradiance. High concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) typically requires a metallic electrode pattern that covers up to 10% of the cell surface. The shading effect produced by this front electrode results in a significant reduction in short-circuit current (ISC) and hence, in a significant efficiency loss. In this work we present a cover glass (originally meant to protect the cell surface) that is laser-grooved with a micrometric pattern that redirects the incident solar light towards interfinger regions and away from the metallic electrodes, where they would be wasted in terms of photovoltaic generation. Quantum efficiency (QE) and current (I)-voltage (V) characterization under concentration validate the proof-of-concept, showing great potential for CPV applications.
Hop-Diffusion Monte Carlo for Epipolar Geometry Estimation between Very Wide-Baseline Images (2012)

We present a Monte Carlo approach for epipolar geometry estimation that efficiently searches for minimal sets of inlier correspondences in the presence of many outliers in the putative correspondence set, a condition that is prevalent when we have wide baselines, significant scale changes, rotations in depth, occlusion, and repeated patterns. The proposed Monte Carlo algorithm uses Balanced LOcal and Global Search (BLOGS) to find the best minimal set of correspondences. The local search is a diffusion process using Joint Feature Distributions that captures the dependencies among the correspondences. And, the global search is a hopping search process across the minimal set space controlled by photometric properties. Using a novel experimental protocol that involves computing errors for manually marked ground truth points and images with outlier rates as high as 90 percent, we find that BLOGS is better than related approaches such as MAPSAC, NAPSAC, and BEEM. BLOGS results are of similar quality as other approaches, but BLOGS generate them in 10 times fewer iterations. The time per iteration for BLOGS is also the lowest among the ones we studied.
High resolution X‐ray absorption on metallicity selected C<sub>60</sub> peapods, single‐, and double walled carbon nanotubes (2011)

Abstract We have investigated the C1s core level X‐ray absorption of bulk samples of C 60 ‐peapods and double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) derived from either metallic or semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The clear cut separation of the different species unveils their distinct electronic van Hove singularities (VHS). The core level spectra of peapods are a quantitative superpositon of the conduction band of nanotubes and unoccupied molecular orbitals of C 60 . The outer shell metallicity selected DWNTs reveal changes in the π* resonance due to the inner shell VHS.
23.1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Colloidal Dispersion Materials for Electrophoretic Displays and Beyond (2015)

Electrophoretic‐based (EP) technology is a leading option for black &amp; white reflective display media, notably for e‐Readers. There is great future potential to extend electrophoretic and other colloidal dispersion based displays into a range of new application fields, such as digital signage, wearable displays and “smart windows”. These new applications require novel particle and fluid concepts, which present many materials design challenges; especially bright colour, image stability and ultra low power consumption. The paper will discuss the state of the art and present new materials for a range of pixel architectures.
Polyelectrolyte Gels: A Unique Class of Soft Materials (2021)

The objective of this article is to introduce the readers to the field of polyelectrolyte gels. These materials are common in living systems and have great importance in many biomedical and industrial applications. In the first part of this paper, we briefly review some characteristic properties of polymer gels with an emphasis on the unique features of this type of soft material. Unsolved problems and possible future research directions are highlighted. In the second part, we focus on the typical behavior of polyelectrolyte gels. Many biological materials (e.g., tissues) are charged (mainly anionic) polyelectrolyte gels. Examples are shown to illustrate the effect of counter-ions on the osmotic swelling behavior and the kinetics of the swelling of model polyelectrolyte gels. These systems exhibit a volume transition as the concentration of higher valence counter-ions is gradually increased in the equilibrium bath. A hierarchy is established in the interaction strength between the cations and charged polymer molecules according to the chemical group to which the ions belong. The swelling kinetics of sodium polyacrylate hydrogels is investigated in NaCl solutions and in solutions containing both NaCl and CaCl<sub>2</sub>. In the presence of higher valence counter-ions, the swelling/shrinking behavior of these gels is governed by the diffusion of free ions in the swollen network, the ion exchange process and the coexistence of swollen and collapsed states.