gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of defects situated in a fresco by stimulated infrared thermography (2011)

The objective of this work is to approach the possibilities of stimulated infrared thermography in dimensional characterization of defects situated in mural paintings. Towards this end, we have proceeded in two stages. Initially, we have developed, with the help of a point source photothermal analysis, an in situ measurement of the longitudinal thermal diffusivity parameter. Then, we have proceeded to the characterization of the depth of the studied defect, by means of a wide photothermal analysis and of a confrontation between theory and experiment. In this article, we present these two measurement techniques and show that the approach allows a good estimation of the depth of an inclusion of plastazote in a copy of the “Saint Christophe” of the “Campana” collection of the “Louvre Museum”.
Enzymatic activation of the carcinogens 2-phenylethylhydrazine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to carbon-centered radicals. (1987)

Spin-trapping experiments demonstrate that oxidation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and 2-phenylethylhydrazine generates a comparable yield of carbon-centered radicals when catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase - H2O2. Using oxyhemoglobin as the catalyst, 2-phenylethylhydrazine oxidation generates ten times more carbon-centered radicals than 1,2-dimethylhydrazine oxidation. This result is in agreement with oxygen consumption studies from which the apparent KM values of 8.0 mM and 72 mM were calculated for the oxyhemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation of 2-phenylethylhydrazine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, respectively. These differences in metabolic activation of mono- and disubstituted hydrazines may be of importance regarding the carcinogenic properties of these derivatives.
Unsteady flow mechanisms in the last stage of a transonic low pressure steam turbine—multistage effects and tip leakage flows (2017)

Abstract In this paper, an unsteady investigation of the last two stages of a low-pressure steam turbine with supersonic airfoils near the tip of the last stage’s rotor blade is presented. Goal is the investigation of multistage effects and tip leakage flow in the last stage of the turbine and to provide insight on the stator-rotor flow interaction in the presence of a bow-shock wave. This study is unique in a sense of combining experimental data for code validation and comparison with a numerical simulation of the last two stages of a real steam turbine, including tip-cavity paths and seals, steam modelling and experimental data used as inlet and outlet boundary conditions. Analysis of results shows high unsteadiness close to the tip of the last stage, due to the presence of a bow-shock wave upstream of the rotor blade leading edge and its interaction with the upstream stator blades, but no boundary layer separation on stator is detected at any instant in time. The intensity of the shock wave is weakest, when the axial distance of the rotor leading edge from the upstream stator trailing edge is largest, since it has more space available to weaken. However, a phase shift between the maximum values of static pressure along the suction side of the stator blade is identified, due to the shock wave moving with the rotor blades. Additionally, the bow-shock wave interacts with the blade shroud and the tip leakage flow. Despite the interaction with the incoming flow, the total tip leakage mass flow ingested in the tip-cavity shows a steady behaviour with extremely low fluctuations in time. Finally, traces of upstream stage’s leakage flow have been identified in the last stage, contributing to entropy generation in inlet and outlet of last stage’s stator blade, highlighting the importance of performing multistage simulations.
Structured Semiconductor Interfaces: Active Functionality on Light Manipulation (2019)

Structured interfaces with subwavelength features enable modulations of phase, amplitude, and polarization on demand, leading to a plethora of flat-profile devices and metasurfaces. Plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces have been intensively explored, building up the frameworks of flat optics for ultrathin and integrated nanophotonics. The in situ controllability and tunability of aforementioned family of metasurfaces, however, has been a grand challenge, due to the intrinsic limitations of the materials. Semiconductors with diversified catalogs of material candidates thus demonstrate promising potentials, owing to the mature and versatile technologies developed nowadays. The fuse of semiconductors and nanostructured metasurfaces has been witnessed more recently, paving a distinct avenue toward active, tunable, reconfigurable light manipulation for next-generation optical nanodevices. Judicious selection of the active materials for metasurfaces empowers the active functionality of the designer applications. This paper presents a review of this merging semiconductor paradigm for active metasurfaces across a wide range of spectrum and shows unprecedented potentials in the future interface-based optoelectronics, quantum optics, nano-optics, and surface engineering with full compatibility of semiconductor foundry.
Detection of Low-Penetrating Ions in Diamond at Room Temperature (2022)

Single-ion implantation as a technique for fabricating future quantum devices requires high precision in placing individual ions in the semiconductor material. One way to achieve this precision is to use focused ion beams and verify the implantation of each ion by detecting the charge it induces in the semiconductor. This method has already been demonstrated for silicon substrates but has yet to be successfully performed for wide-bandgap materials. One of the most promising materials for future quantum devices is a diamond. Quantum centers in diamond, such as nitrogen vacancies, can serve as information carriers in quantum computers—qubits—and are stable at room temperature. This work focuses on understanding the critical parameters required for the successful detection of shallow, low-energy ions in diamonds using commercially available diamond crystals and front-end electronics. Depth profiling of the electric field in the diamond crystal was performed using ions of different species and energy. State-of-the-art front-end electronics were also used to achieve high energy resolution. Using the XGLab CUBE PRE031 preamplifier, an energy resolution of 6 keV was achieved for the detection of 400-keV protons. Detection of 140-keV copper ions, penetrating an average of 100 nm into the diamond, was also demonstrated. The optimal position of implantation sites was determined from the spatial distribution of charge collection efficiency.
Mortality, Culling by Sixty Days in Milk, and Production Profiles in High- and Low-Survival Pennsylvania Herds (2008)

The objectives were to describe culling patterns and reasons for culling across lactation, estimate mortality and the proportion of cows leaving from 21 d before an expected calving date through 60 d in milk (DIM; CULL60) for Pennsylvania (PA) dairy herds, and to describe production measures for herds with high and low mortality and CULL60. Weekly culling frequencies and reasons for culling from 3 wk before a reported expected calving date through >or= 100 wk of lactation were calculated for all PA cows with at least 1 Dairy Herd Improvement test in 2005. It was estimated that at least 5.0% of PA dairy cows died in 2005, and that at least 7.6% were culled by 60 DIM. The majority of cows exiting the herd by 60 DIM either died (35.1%) or had a disposal code of injury/other (29.9%). A total of 137,951 test-day records from 20,864 cows in herds with high mortality (>8.0%) and CULL60 (>12.0%) and 136,906 test-day records from 12,993 cows in herds with low mortality (<1.4%) and CULL60 (<2.9%) were retained to describe differences among herds with high and low survival. Least squares means for weekly milk yield, fat and protein percentages, and somatic cell score (SCS) were estimated with a model that included fixed effects for herd environment (high or low survival) and week nested within herd environment and lactation; random effects were cow, herd-test-day, and error. Cows from herds with high mortality and CULL60 produced more milk in lactations 1 (+1.9 +/- 0.15 kg/d) and 2 (+0.9 +/- 0.16 kg/d), but less in lactations 4 (-0.7 +/- 0.22 kg/d), 5 (-1.4 +/- 0.29 kg/d), and >or= 6 (-0.7 +/- 0.32 kg/d) and had higher SCS (+0.24 +/- 0.02), more change in early-lactation fat percentage (-1.77% vs. -1.59%), and a greater frequency of fat-protein inversions (3.6 +/- 0.3%). There is an opportunity to manipulate management practices to reduce mortality and early-lactation culling rates, which will improve cow welfare and the efficiency of dairy production by capturing a greater proportion of potential lactation milk yield, increasing cow salvage values, and reducing replacement costs.
Rotenoid interconversion. Synthesis of elliptone from rotenone (1979)

Abstract The preparation of (—)‐elliptone ( 5 ) from (—)‐rotenone ( 1 ) via (—)rot‐2′‐enonie acid ( 2 ) is described.
Ectopic expression of cGAS in <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> enhances STING-mediated IFN-β response in human macrophages and dendritic cells (2023)

<i>S. typhimurium</i> can be engineered to produce cGAMPs that activate the STING pathway in vitro. Furthermore, they enhanced the cytotoxic T-cell response by improving IFN-γ release and tumor cell killing. Thus, the immune response triggered by <i>S. typhimurium</i> can be enhanced by ectopic cGAS expression. These data show the potential of <i>S. typhimurium</i>-cGAS in vitro and provides rationale for further research in vivo.
Analytical validation of the Oncotype DX prostate cancer assay – a clinical RT-PCR assay optimized for prostate needle biopsies (2013)

The Oncotype DX Prostate Cancer Assay, a clinical RT-PCR assay specifically designed for use with prostate needle biopsies, has been analytically validated using very limited RNA inputs. The assay requirements and analytical performance will provide physicians with test results from a robust and reliable assay which will enable improved treatment decisions for men diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer.
Impact of suppressed tremor: Is suppression of proximal joints sufficient? (2018)

Recent progress in wearable technology has made exoskeleton-type therapy devices a potentially viable alternative solution for Parkinsonian tremor management. The target user group includes patients for whom current treatments have had no or minimal effect, or may cause major complications. So far, a number of tremor suppression devices have been developed. However, most of the studies and devices only considered the tremor in the wrist and elbow despite evidence that tremor is also present in the finger joints. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of suppressed tremor on the unrestricted joints, and to determine the importance of suppressing finger tremor in addition to the other most-studied joints. In this paper, tremor was analyzed using linear acceleration and electromyography (EMG) signals. The results show an increase in tremor magnitude in the unrestricted joints; however, EMG analysis did not show significant change in tremor muscle activity. This indicates that the increase in tremor motion may be the result of the propagation of tremor from one joint to another.
A Framework For Decentralized Bearer Token Issuance in HTTP (2020)

This memo describes a protocol framework for HTTP clients to obtain
bearer tokens for accessing restricted resources, where in some
applications the client may not have prior knowledge of, or a direct
relationship with, the resource server's authorization
infrastructure (such as in decentralized identity systems). Semi-
concrete applications of the framework using proof-of-possession and
TLS client certificate mechanisms are also described.
An audible demonstration of the speed of sound in bubbly liquids (2008)

The speed of sound in a bubbly liquid is strongly dependent upon the volume fraction of the gas phase, the bubble size distribution, and the frequency of the acoustic excitation. At sufficiently low frequencies, the speed of sound depends primarily on the gas volume fraction. This effect can be audibly demonstrated using a one-dimensional acoustic waveguide, in which the flow rate of air bubbles injected into a water-filled tube is varied by the user. The normal modes of the waveguide are excited by the sound of the bubbles being injected into the tube. As the flow rate is varied, the speed of sound varies as well, and hence, the resonance frequencies shift. This can be clearly heard through the use of an amplified hydrophone and the user can create aesthetically pleasing and even musical sounds. In addition, the apparatus can be used to verify a simple mathematical model known as Wood’s equation that relates the speed of sound of a bubbly liquid to its void fraction.
Multislice 2D spin echo imaging using adapted readout gradients for compensation of BO inhomogeneities and gradient nonlinearities (2011)

Purpose/Introduction: In whole-body MR/PET, the limitation of an MR-based axial field-of-view (FoV) due to B0 inhomogeneities and gradient nonlinearities [1,2] may cause a truncation of the MR data and has therefore potential impact on the attenuation correction [3]. Furthermore, a large FoV may also be relevant in MR-based interventional applications, e.g. radiotherapy and biopsy. Recently, the feasibility of an axial extension of the MR-based FoV using a gradient field that compensates the B0 inhomogeneities has been shown [4]. However, the optimal gradient strength is space-dependent and therefore does not achieve optimal distortion reduction in all slices. In this work we developed a multislice 2D spin-echo-based sequence that calculates and adapts the readout (RO) gradient for each slice position automatically and offers an extended FoV in multiple slices during one single scan. Subjects and Methods: Distortions due to B0 inhomogeneities and gradient nonlinearities in 2DFT SE frequency encoding can be reduced by using an adapted space-dependent readout gradient: GRO (x,y,z) = - δB0(x,y,z) / c(x,y,z), where δB0 is the B0 inhomogeneity and c is the relative error in the gradient field. Field deviations in the main magnetic field and the gradient field were quantified as described in [4]. A multislice 2D spin-echo-based sequence was developed to calculate and adapt the optimal RO gradient strength and polarity for each slice position automatically (Fig. 1).
Aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters derived from 2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐cyclobutanediol (2004)

Abstract With the massive changes taking place in the world today, the development of new thermally and mechanically stable polymeric materials is of utmost importance. This article focuses on the synthesis and thermal characterization of a new series of copolyesters that incorporate both aromatic as well as aliphatic diols. This is of interest because most polymer materials that exhibit high thermal and/or mechanical properties contain aromatic monomer units only. These aromatic units usually contribute to either the thermal or mechanical properties but typically not both. An example of this is bisphenol A polycarbonate, which has high mechanical properties but only moderate thermal properties when compared, for example, to polyimides. In recent years there has been an interest in copolyesters that contain 2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐cyclobutanediol (CBDO). This aliphatic monomer imparts some very unique thermal as well as mechanical properties. This article will report the thermal properties of a new series of CBDO‐based copolyesters. These polymers include CBDO, a series of bisphenols, and terephthaloyl chloride. The series of bisphenols discussed here include bisphenol A, AF, F, and HPF. These polymers display glass transition temperatures near 200 °C and decomposition temperatures from 390–420 °C (Argon) and from 385–410 °C (Air). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3473–3478, 2004
Increasing Community Capacity to Reduce Tobacco-Related Health Disparities in African American Communities (2010)

Contextual, cultural processes, and historical references used by African American tobacco control organizations provide insight into how to engage African American communities in tobacco control efforts and achieve tobacco-related health parity. Public health professionals and nurses should be aware of these and other strategies that may increase the involvement of African American communities in tobacco control.
Approaches to hepatitis C treatment and cure using NS5A inhibitors (2014)

Abstract: Recent progress in the understanding of hepatitis C virus (HCV) biology and the availability of in vitro models to study its replication have facilitated the development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that target specific steps in the viral replication cycle. Currently, there are three major classes of DAA in clinical development: NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5B polymerase inhibitors, and NS5A directed inhibitors. Several compounds thought to bind directly with NS5A are now in various clinical trial phases, including the most advanced, daclatasvir (BMS-790052), ledipasvir (GS-5885), and ABT-267. While many NS5A-targeted compounds demonstrate picomolar potency, the exact mechanism(s) of their action is still unclear. In the clinic, NS5A HCV inhibitors show promise as important components in DAA regimens and have multifunctionality. In addition to inhibiting viral replication, they may synergize with other DAAs, possibly by modulating different viral proteins, to help suppress the emergence of resistant viruses. Structure-based models have identified target interaction domains and spatial interactions that explain drug resistance for mutations at specific positions (eg, residues 93 and 31) within NS5A and potential binding partners. This review provides, insights into the unique complexity of NS5A as a central platform for multiple viral/host protein interactions, and possible mechanism(s) for the NS5A inhibitors currently undergoing clinical trials that target this nonstructural viral protein. Keywords: HCV replication complex, direct acting antivirals (DAAs), clinical trials
Molecular analyses from a phase I trial of vemurafenib to study mechanism of action (MOA) and resistance in repeated biopsies from BRAF mutation–positive metastatic melanoma patients (pts). (2011)

8502 Background: Vemurafenib (PLX4032), an oral, selective inhibitor of oncogenic V600E mutant BRAF, was evaluated for safety and pharmacokinetics in the Phase I dose escalation (DE) study PLX06-02 (Flaherty, et al. NEJM, 2010). Exploratory analyses included the investigation of MOA, pathway inhibition, and primary or acquired drug resistance from pts participating in the DE and melanoma extension phase. Methods: Biopsies were taken at baseline (BL), on vemurafenib therapy Day 15 (D15), and at progressive disease (PD). Protein expression (PTEN, Cyclin D1, p27, and Ki67), phosphorylation (pERK, pMEK and pAKT), apoptosis (TUNEL), gene sequence (MEK1), and mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (404 mutations incl. BRAF, H-, K-, N-RAS, and PIK3CA using Sequenom MassArray) were analyzed. Results: Tumor tissue of 5 pts from the DE and 17 pts from the extension cohort was obtained (total samples: 18 BL, 12 D15, 20 PD). In 7/7 pts with paired BL/D15 samples, high levels of pERK were observed at BL followed by a considerable reduction at D15. A similar pattern was observed for pMEK. The percent of cells with nuclear staining for Cyclin D1 and Ki67 was markedly reduced at D15 compared with BL. At PD, a broad distribution of pERK levels was observed across the samples. BRAF V600E mutation was present at both BL and DP in all samples analyzed. Genetic analysis performed on 32 samples (16 BL, 1 D15, 15 DP) revealed 1 MEK P124S mutation (at D15; confirmed in archival tissue) and 1 N-RAS G12R mutation (at PD; no pre-treatment sample available). Conclusions: The strong downregulation of MEK/ERK phosphorylation observed in pts treated with vemurafenib is consistent with preclinical studies and confirms the proposed MOA of vemurafenib (blockade of BRAF V600E-driven signalling). This blockade is associated with reduction in Cyclin D1 expression and downregulation of proliferation. That the BRAF mutation persisted in all PD samples and in some cases ERK phosphorylation was reduced suggests that some patients may continue to respond to inhibition of the BRAF V600E-driven signaling pathway although simultaneously requiring inhibition of other activated signaling pathways.
Enhancement of coherent acoustic phonons in InGaN multiple quantum wells (2015)

Enhancement of coherent zone folded longitudinal acoustic phonon (ZFLAP) oscillations at terahertz frequencies was demonstrated in InGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) by using wavelength degenerate time resolved differential transmission spectroscopy. Screening of the piezoelectric field in InGaN MQWs by photogenerated carriers upon femtosecond pulse excitation gave rise to terahertz ZFLAPs, which were monitored at the Brillouin zone center in the transmission geometry. MQWs composed of 10 pairs In<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>N wells and In<sub>0.03</sub>Ga<sub>0.97</sub>N barriers provided coherent phonon frequencies of 0.69-0.80 THz depending on the period of MQWs. Dependences of ZFLAP amplitude on excitation density and wavelength were also investigated. Possibility of achieving phonon cavity, incorporating a MQW placed between two AlN/GaN phonon mirrors designed to exhibit large acoustic gaps at the zone center, was also explored.
Sensitising Breast Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy by Down Regulation of Lifeguard (2014)

Introduction: Lifeguard (LFG) is an anti-apoptotic protein that inhibits programmed cell death mediated by Fas in tumour cells. The exact mechanism of action and the molecular function from LFG in the carcinogenesis of human breast cells is not clear. But the expression of LFG mRNA correlates with LEF-1 transcription factor activity.
[Bulky mediastinal lymphomas: role of magnetic resonance and SPECT-Ga-67 in the evaluation of residual masses]. (1995)

A residual mediastinal mass is a common finding during and/or after treatment for bulky mediastinal lymphoma and represents a difficult diagnostic problem. For correct therapy modulation, fibrosis must be distinguished from active disease. To assess diagnostic imaging potentials in the characterization of residual masses, 41 patients with bulky mediastinal lymphoma were examined with CT, MRI and Ga67-SPET; 92 examinations were performed for each technique: 14 before treatment, 42 during and after chemotherapy, 13 after radiotherapy and 23 six months after the end of treatment. CT provides useful pieces of information on tumor size but fails to depict tissue changes: therefore, only MR and SPET results were considered and compared with clinico-biological and follow-up findings. MRI and SPET were often in agreement with each other (78/92 cases) and with clinical data (98.7%); each examination yielded only one false positive. In case of disagreement (14/92 patients), MRI yielded more false-positive findings because it failed to differentiate neoplastic tissue from treatment-related conditions, i.e., granulation tissue, inflammation, necrosis, early fibrosis. In contrast, negative MR results were more reliable, MR negative predictive value being 100%. Ga67-SPET exhibited high sensitivity (97.1%) and specificity (91.2%), with fewer false positives than MRI (5 vs. 10). In conclusion, both examinations were accurate in the characterization of residual mediastinal masses during and after therapy, but MRI had higher sensitivity and Ga67-SPET higher specificity. Therefore, the authors acknowledge the complementary role of these two techniques and the necessity of an integrated approach, i.e., combined MRI and Ga67-SPET or CT and Ga67-SPET.