gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer-Based Nanofibers (2023)

This chapter reviews the progress of fabrication techniques to produce nanofibers from different types of natural and synthetic polymers in different structures to accomplish the requirements of a particular application. Polymer-based nanofibers are considered for many applications in different industrial features such as filtration, chemical sensors, nanomedicine, tissue engineering, wound dressing, drug delivery, electronic devices, etc. According to the definition of nanotechnology by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanoscale materials are special structures that have at least one dimension below 100 nm. The methods for fabricating nanofibers can be divided into two main groups: non-electrospinning methods by using mechanical force including drawing, phase separation, self-assembly and template synthesis and electrospinning methods by using electrostatic force. In rotary spinning, centrifugal spinning, or force spinning, fibers are fabricated by centrifugal forces from a wide range of materials at high speed and low cost. Blown bubble-spinning as a low-cost simple process utilizes polymer melts or solutions to fabricate discontinuous nanofibers by using blowing air.
Inference of string mappings for language technology (2003)

Mappings between formal languages play an important role in speech and language processing. This thesis explores issues related to inductive inference or learning of string-to-string mappings. The kinds of mappings considered fall within the larger class of rational transductions realized by finite state machines. Such mappings have applications in speech synthesis, speech recognition, and information retrieval and extraction. The present work takes its examples from speech synthesis, and is in particular concerned with the task of predicting the pronunciation of words from their spelling. When applied to this task, deterministic mappings are also known as letter-to-sound rules. 
The three most commonly used metrics for evaluating letter-to-sound rules are prediction error, which is not generally applicable; string error, which can only distinguish between perfect and flawed pronunciations and is therefore too coarse; and symbol error, which is based on string edit distance and subsumes string error. These three performance measures are independent in the sense that they may prefer different models for the same data set. The use of an evaluation measure based on some version of string edit distance is recommended. 
Existing proposals for learning deterministic letter-to-sound rules are systematized and formalized. Most formal problems underlying the learning task are shown to be intractable, even when they are severely restricted. The traditional approaches based on aligned data and prediction error are tractable, but have other undesirable properties. Approximate and heuristic methods are recommended. The formalization of learning problems also reveals a number of new open problems. 
Recent probabilistic approaches based on stochastic transducers are discussed and extended. A simple proposal due to Ristad and Yianilos is reviewed and recast in an algebraic framework for weighted transducers. Simple models based on memoryless transducers are generalized to stochastic finite transducers without any restrictions on their state graphs. Four fundamental problems for stochastic transducers (evaluation, parameter estimation, derivation of marginal and conditional models, and decoding) are identified and discussed for memoryless and unrestricted machines. An empirical evaluation demonstrates that stochastic transducers perform better on a letter-to-sound conversion task than deterministic mappings.
Dielectric Function of Undoped and Doped Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] by Ellipsometry in a Wide Spectral Range (2013)

Ellipsometric measurements in a wide spectral range (from 0.05 to 6.5 eV) have been carried out on the organic semiconducting polymer, poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MDMO-PPV), in both undoped and doped states. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function and the refractive index are determined accurately, provided that the layer thickness is measured independently. After doping, the optical properties show the presence of new peaks, which could be well-resolved by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Also for the doped material, the complex refractive index, with respect to the dielectric function, has been determined. The broadening of the optical transitions is due to the delocalization of polarons at higher doping level. The detailed information about the dielectric function as well as refractive index function obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry allows not only qualitative but also quantitative description of the optical properties of the undoped/doped polymer. For the direct characterization of the optical properties of MDMO-PPV, ellipsometry turns out to be advantageous compared to conventional reflection and transmission measurements.
Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease in an Italian Family With Presenilin-1 Double Mutation E318G and G394V (2008)

The genetic form of Alzheimer disease (FAD) accounts for about 5% of total Alzheimer disease (AD) cases, and the discovery of FAD-linked genes has shed new light on AD pathogenic mechanism. The presenilins genes (PSEN-1 and PSEN-2) carry the large majority of FAD-linked mutations. Here, we report an Italian kindred with FAD and PSEN-1 double mutation E318G+G394V that clearly cosegregates with the pathology. The E318G mutation has not an assessed pathogenic function, but some data have highlighted a role as a risk factor for AD in a predisposed familiar background. The G394V mutation was still described in association to an AD case with reported (but not demonstrated) familiar cosegregation. In an attempt to better characterize the biochemical effect of this double mutation, we assessed A beta(1-40) and A beta(1-42) concentrations in conditioned media from primary skin fibroblasts obtained from AD-affected and healthy family members. We did not find any modification of the A beta(1-42)/A beta(1-40) ratio, suggesting that this double mutation might be involved in early-onset AD etiopathogenesis by affecting a PSEN-1 function other than gamma-secretase activity.
Supplementary Fig. S11 from &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt;-Based Therapy Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Coupled with Enzymatic Depletion of Tumor Hyaluronan Induces Complete Regression of Aggressive Pancreatic Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Evaluation of ST and PMN in PEGPH20 treated tumors at 24hr and 48hr time points. To determine the distribution of ST and PMN early during treatment, mice with 14 day orthotopic tumors were treated with indicated regimens. Tumors were excised at (A) 24h or (B) 48h, flash frozen in OCT, sectioned, and fixed onto Colorfrost slides (Fisher Scientific) using cold acetone. Slides were then costained with antibodies specific for ST and PMN. Slides were counterstained with appropriate fluorescently labeled secondary antibody and DAPI. Magnification: 20X&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: THE EFFECT OF DISPERSED ALUMINA PARTICLES ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CUPROUS CHLORIDE (1980)

Abstract Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von CuCl, das feinverteilte Al 2 O 3 ‐Partikel enthält, wird als Funktion des Volumanbruches (0‐0.2l 2) und der Teilchengröße (0.3 und 0.06 um) untersucht.
Model α-mannoside conjugates: immunogenicity and induction of candidacidal activity (2009)

The effect of Candida cell wall mannan-derived alpha-oligomannoside structural components on the modulation of the immune system and their role in protective immunity are studied here. Semi-synthetic alpha-mannoside-bovine serum albumin conjugates were used for immunization of rabbits. Dimeric alpha-mannoside, representing Candida antigenic factor 1, was used as a model of linear alpha-mannoside, and pentameric alpha-mannoside was used as a model of branched oligomannoside side chain structure. The induction of humoral immune response and the functionality of the serum tested by induction of peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) candidacidal activity are documented. Anti-Candida albicans serotype B immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) levels were higher than anti-serotype A following immunization with both conjugates. Dimer-conjugate postimmunization sera evidently enhanced C. albicans killing activity of PBLs in candidacidal assay. The study shows the importance of alpha-mannoside structures in perspective anti-Candida vaccine with a broad spectrum of effectiveness.
Design and Development of a New Landfill/Biogas Engine Oil for Modern, High BMEP Natural Gas Engines (2012)

The use of higher brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) engines in landfill or alternative gas applications has dramatically increased in the past few years. Operators are using these engines due to their ability to provide lower emissions, coupled with improved economics for the end user due to the higher density or power output capability compared to an engine of similar size and displacement. Landfill gas (LFG) quality can vary greatly, along with the contaminant level due to the composition of the landfill. This environment poses unique challenges to both the engine and the engine oil, including shorter oil drain intervals, corrosive attack of engine components, with increased piston and combustion chamber deposits, to name but a few. Maintaining longer oil drain intervals minimizes unscheduled oil drains, which can decrease the overall cost of the landfill operation. High BMEP engines provide higher power output, however,at the cost of increased maintenance in severe fuel applications. Excessive piston crown and combustion chamber deposits from landfill gas impurities can have a deleterious effect on engine emissions, which may lead to the inability to meet local emissions regulations. Engine lubricants must provide adequate oil life along with minimizing deposit related issues that may negatively impact regular scheduled maintenance cycles, thus reducing engine downtime and increasing revenues. Traditionally, the approach has been that oils formulated for landfill applications used excess base reserve to sufficiently neutralize the acids being formed during the combustion process. Unfortunately, this approach increases the sulfated ash content of the lubricant, which lends itself to increased ash deposits and negatively impacts the combustion dynamics of these high BMEP engines, which are sensitive to ash deposition. Based upon requests for a longer life lubricant without compromising deposit control characteristics to serve landfill applications, a new product development project was specifically targeted for late model, high BMEP engines, which are prone to detonation and sensitive to ash related deposits. This paper presents the development bench testing, and proof of performance field evaluations of a new generation, low ash landfill gas engine oil.
Allelopathy of pinecone in Japanese red pine tree (<i>Pinus densiflora</i> Sieb. et Zucc.) (2003)

There are fewer weeds in the ground covered with pinecones of Japanese red pine trees ( Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) than in the ground without pinecones. When six species of seeds were cultured with Japanese red pinecones on agar, the growth of cress, lettuce and cat's eye were inhibited. Pinecones had a plant species‐selective influence on their growth. Exudates of the pinecones showed high biological activity and also plant species‐selective activity. Some species‐selective allelopathic substances may be released from the pinecones. One of the inhibiting allelopathic substances was isolated from the exudates of the pinecones using a bioassay of cat's eye. The substance was identified as phenylacetic acid from an ESI‐MS and 1 H NMR spectra. It inhibited shoot and radicle elongation of cat's eye at concentrations of 30–100 p.p.m. The substance was also isolated from an agar medium after removal of the pinecones. These results suggest that pinecones may inhibit some weeds that grow around pine trees. There are many reports of the allelopathic effect of leaves, bark and roots of many plants, however, this is the first report that reveals the cone also affects the allelopathy phenomenon in Japanese red pine trees.
Guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins expressed in rat white adipose tissue. Identification of both mRNAs and proteins corresponding to Gi1, Gi2 and Gi3 (1989)

Considerable debate has focused on the molecular identity of the guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) in adipose tissue which can be detected following pertussis-toxin-catalysed ADP-ribosylation [Rapiejko, Northup, Evans, Brown & Malbon (1986) Biochem. J. 240, 35-40; Hinsch, Rosenthal, Spicher, Binder, Gausepohl, Frank, Schultz & Joost (1988) FEBS Lett. 238, 191-196]. We have used a panel of selective anti-peptide antisera which are able to discriminate between the different pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins to assess which of these are expressed in rat adipose tissue. We demonstrate that plasma membranes of rat white adipocytes contain alpha subunits corresponding to each of Gi1, Gi2 and Gi3. Furthermore, using synthetic oligonucleotides complimentary to unique regions of each of the three polypeptides, we demonstrate that the mRNAs for the three G-protein alpha subunits can also be detected in adipose tissue.
Rapid construction of a transcription map for a cosmid contig of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> genome using a novel cDNA selection method (1997)

Significant progress has been made on the random sequencing of cDNAs (ESTs) and the genetic and physical mapping of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. New techniques are now required to identify and map the expressed genes efficiently on A. thaliana chromosomes. A novel method to construct a transcription map of expressed genes or cDNAs in specific regions of the genome using DNA-latex particles has been developed. The region-specific DNA fragments prepared from six cosmid clones that constitute a contig covering the abi1 locus on chromosome 4 were covalently bound to latex particles. The DNA-latex particles were used for the selection of region-specific cDNAs. Sequence analysis of the cDNA clones revealed that ABI1, RPS2, casein kinase 1 (CK1), nucleosome assembly protein I (NAP) cDNAs and T20837 EST, which are situated within the contig near abi1 locus, were selected. These results indicate that the cDNAs in the specific region of the genome were faithfully selected with this method. Sequence analysis also indicated that 11 selected cDNAs were derived from novel genes located near the abi1 locus and that four of the selected cDNAs encode putative proteins that have sequence similarity to cationic peroxidase, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 2 (PSD2), trans-caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAMT), and proteasome subunit XC3.
Efficient vacuum ultraviolet generation using electomagnetically induced transparency (2003)

The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be employed to create a nonlinear response at a given wavelength that is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein unity photon-to-photon conversion occurs within a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance that causes a n phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated field. These ideas were first implemented by Jain and coworkers' to convert 425-nm radiation to 293-nm radiation with an energy conversion efficiency of 40%. We have extended that work to the generation of coherent radiation below 200nm, outside the transparency window of most nonlinear crystals. This was possible with moderate pump intensities without the need for phase matching.
INMUNIZACION DEL HOMBRE CON VIRUS VIVO DE I’OLIOMIELITIS (2002)

T,a cepa TN de poliomielitis es un virus tipo 2 aislado durante los intentos de adaptar la cepa Brockman (tipo 1) a ratones. Despues de pasarla por ratones, las pruebas de neutralizacion cruzada en ratones y ratas algodoneras mostraron que la cepa TN es identica al virus tipo 2. Los datos resumidos en el Cuadro No. 1 muestran que al nivel del octavo pase por el cerebro del raton, la cepa TN tiene un grado de virulencia notablemente bajo en monos inoculados intracerebralmente. Esa caracteristica se conservo despues de adaptar el virus a ratas algodoneras, siempre que se mantuviera a niveles de pase bajos, pero el cultivo prolongado de la cepa TN en ratas algodoneras provoco una intensificacion de sus propiedades patogenas. Sin embargo, en monos rhesus siguio siendo menos patogena que las demas cepas del virus tipo 2. El aumento de virulencia estaba relacionado probablemente con el cultivo en tejidos de rata algodonera, puesto que el virus parecia disminuir de virulencia para los mon«s des1 pues de su adaptacion a hamsters lactantes. Conservo un elevado titulo DI. jo en ratones (Cuadro No. 1). Esta curiosa intensificacion de las propiedades patogenas de un virus mantenido en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) de la rata algodonera, merece atencion mayor, pero no viene al caso en el presente estudio. Ni la cepa TN adaptada al rat,ou ni la adaptada a la rata algodonera mostraron el menor efecto citopatogeno sobre el epitelio renal o los fibroblastos t,esticulares del mono (cynomolgus), pero despues de uno o dos pases del virus por cultivo de tejidos, esa propiedad cambio. En algunos casos, se sacrificaron los monos que habian mostrado signos de par6lisis y sus tejidos de la medula espinal se utilizaron para subinorular cultivos de tejidos y monos. T,a presencia del virus se descubrio invariablemente, ya sea por el efecto citopatogeno directo, ya sea, con mas frecuencia, por pases ciegos por cultivo de tejidos, pero las dilwiones seriadas de tejido medular no provocaron signos de enfermedad al ser illoc*ulndas intracerebralmente en monos. Antes de ensayarlo en sujetos humanos, hicimos una valoracion mas detenida de las propiedades antigenicas del virus. En primer lugar, monos que no habian mostrado sintomas despues de ser inoculados intracerebralmente con la cepa TN, recibieron una inyeccion de prueba de virus homologo virulento, y se vio que estaban inmunesa.2~ En segundo lugar, en chimpances a los cuales se
A survey of temporal web search experience (2013)

Temporal aspects of web search have gained a great level of attention in the recent years. However, many of the research attempts either focused on technical development of various tools or behavioral analysis based on log data. This paper presents the results of user survey carried out to investigate the practice and experience of temporal web search. A total of 110 people was recruited and answered 18 questions regarding their recent experience of web search. Our results suggest that an interplay of seasonal interests, technicality of information needs, target time of information, re-finding behaviour, and freshness of information can be important factors for the application of temporal search. These findings should be complementary to log analyses for further development of temporally aware search engines.
Thoracoscopic esophageal repair with barbed suture material in a case of Boerhaave’s syndrome (2016)

A 53-year-old man was referred to our hospital with Boerhaave's syndrome. Thirty hours after onset, a left thoracoscopic operation was performed, with carbon dioxide pneumothorax and the patient in right semi-prone position. The thoracic cavity was copiously irrigated with physiological saline and a 4-cm longitudinal rupture was identified on the left side of the lower esophagus. The esophageal injury was repaired in 2 layers by using barbed absorbable suture material. The patient was allowed oral feeds after contrast esophagography confirmed the absence of contrast leak at the sutured site on postoperative day 7, and discharged by day 28. Suturing of the ruptured esophagus under thoracoscopic guidance is considered to be difficult and requires expertise. This case report demonstrates that the use of a barbed suture material simplifies thoracoscopic esophageal repair and also highlights the importance of pneumothorax and patient position in improving access to the esophagus.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 4‐ALKENOIC AND 4‐ALKYNOIC ESTERS VIA ALKYLATION OF O‐SILYLATED KETENE ACETALS (1984)

Abstract Propen (I) liefert das Dichlorallyl‐chlorid (IV), über (VI) ist das Bromid (VIII) zugänglich.
FAB: An FPGA-based Accelerator for Bootstrappable Fully Homomorphic Encryption (2022)

FHE offers protection to private data on third-party cloud servers by allowing computations on the data in encrypted form. However, to support general-purpose encrypted computations, all existing FHE schemes require an expensive operation known as bootstrapping. Unfortunately, the computation cost and the memory bandwidth required for bootstrapping add significant overhead to FHE-based computations, limiting the practical use of FHE. In this work, we propose FAB, an FPGA-based accelerator for bootstrappable FHE. Prior FPGA-based FHE accelerators have proposed hardware acceleration of basic FHE primitives for impractical parameter sets without support for bootstrapping. FAB, for the first time ever, accelerates bootstrapping (along with basic FHE primitives) on an FPGA for a secure and practical parameter set. The key contribution of our work is to architect a balanced FAB design, which is not memory bound. To this end, we leverage recent algorithms for bootstrapping while being cognizant of the compute and memory constraints of our FPGA. We use a minimal number of functional units for computing, operate at a low frequency, leverage high data rates to and from main memory, utilize the limited on-chip memory effectively, and perform operation scheduling carefully. For bootstrapping a fully-packed ciphertext, while operating at 300 MHz, FAB outperforms existing state-of-the-art CPU and GPU implementations by 213x and 1.5x respectively. Our target FHE application is training a logistic regression model over encrypted data. For logistic regression model training scaled to 8 FPGAs on the cloud, FAB outperforms a CPU and GPU by 456x and 6.5x and provides competitive performance when compared to the state-of-the-art ASIC design at a fraction of the cost.
Abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise is associated with exercise capacity in COPD (2022)

Even in the absence of significant PH at rest, COPD patients reveal characteristic abnormalities in pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise, which may represent an important exercise-limiting factor.
Accelerating the Development of Advanced Inverters - (May 2014 Summit Poster). (2020)

Abstract not provided.
CO<sub>2</sub>to CO Electrochemical Conversion in Molten Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>Is Stable with Respect to Sulfur Contamination (2013)

The conversion of CO2 to CO via the electrolysis of molten Li2CO3 at 900°C has a number of advantages including close to 100% faradaic and thermodynamic efficiencies, the latter limited by heat loss. Here we report that when the incoming gas contains SO2, sulfur uptake by the melt occurs only in the presence of oxygen and leads to the formation of Li2SO4. The electrolysis of molten Li2CO3/Li2O containing <2 mol% Li2SO4 produces CO, O2 and elemental sulfur. Under these conditions, the decomposition potential of Li2SO4 is measured to be only 0.15 V, which is much lower than the decomposition potential of Li2CO3 (0.87 V). At sufficiently high cathode current densities (>1 A/cm2), the sulfur reduction current is diffusion limited and a steady state can be reached in which the amount of sulfur entering the melt equals the amount of sulfur leaving the melt. Thus even with SO2-containing sources of CO2, electrochemical conversion of CO2 to CO is able to proceed, but with reduced faradaic efficiency. Our findings suggest that the molten carbonate method for converting CO2 to CO can use flue gas from power stations as an inexpensive and readily available source of CO2.