gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on Fault Risk Ranking and Screening of Distribution Network Based on Uncertainty Theory (2018)

With the rapid development of the national economy, the distribution network is becoming larger and larger, and the wiring is becoming more and more complicated. The power supply enterprises and power users are increasingly demanding the reliability of the distribution system. The distribution network is at the very end of the power system and supplies power directly to the power users. According to statistics, about 80% of users' power outages are caused by power distribution system failures. According to the results of risk assessment of distribution network, it is especially important to screen the risk of the most likely failure and prevent and control it to improve the reliability of power supply. The amount of information obtained from the risk assessment calculation is very large. For risk online prevention and control, it is impossible to conduct online risk prevention and control analysis for all assessment results. It is necessary to select the most serious risk information from the massive result data, and then trigger the risk online. Prevention and control measures reduce the risk level to a certain extent. The ranking and screening of previous risk assessment results are based on the performance index method and belong to the deterministic research category. Based on the uncertainty theory, this paper sorts and screens the fault risks to determine the risk with the highest level. For the fault risk of the top sorting, the precaution can be taken before the fault. For example, the power distribution network can be reconstructed, the islands are divided, and the DG is re-scheduled to minimize the loss. Finally, the reliability of the algorithm is verified by actual example analysis.
High beginning-of-life efficiency p/n InP solar cells (1997)

The high electrical conversion performance and radiation resistance of InP solar cells was discovered during the last decade. The combination of these two characteristics makes InP a very attractive material for space solar cells. To date, the best performance results for both homo-epitaxial and hetero-epitaxial InP solar cells were achieved using an n/p configuration. The p/n configuration is desirable for hetero-epitaxial growth on inexpensive, strong, lightweight group IV substrates such as Si and Ge. Furthermore, diffused-junction p/n cells demonstrated a higher radiation resistance than the n/p configuration cells; however, the testing of the p/n configuration was limited to lower quality cells as judged by their beginning-of-life (BOL) efficiencies. We have succeeded in developing p/n configuration homo-epitaxy InP solar cells with BOL efficiency values exceeding 17.6&percnt; tested under air mass zero (AM0) conditions. The high efficiency values obtained from our cells resulted from improved emitter performance, which was due to better control of the growth of Zn-doped p-type InP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic Quantification of Plant Disease from Field Image Data Using Deep Learning (2021)

Plant disease is a major factor in yield reduction. Thus, plant breeders currently rely on selecting disease-resistant plant cultivars, which involves disease severity rating of a large variety of cultivars. Traditional visual screening of these cultivars is an error-prone process, which necessitates the development of an automatic framework for disease quantification based on field-acquired images using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to augment the throughput. Since these images are impaired by complex backgrounds, uneven lighting, and densely overlapping leaves, state-of-the-art frameworks formulate the processing pipeline as a dichotomy problem (i.e. presence/absence of disease). However, additional information regarding accurate disease localization and quantification is crucial for breeders. This paper proposes a deep framework for simultaneous segmentation of individual leaf instances and corresponding diseased region using a unified feature map with a multi-task loss function for an end-to-end training. We test the framework on field maize dataset with Northern Leaf Blight (NLB) disease and the experimental results show a disease severity correlation of 73% with the manual ground truth data and run-time efficiency of 5fps.
Optimization and Model-predictive Control for Overload Mitigation in Resilient Power Systems. (2013)

The National Academy of Engineering named the electric power grid the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century. However, as recent large-scale power grid failures illustrate, the (electro-mechanical) electric grid is being operated closer and closer to its limits. Specifically, the electric grid of the 20th century is aging and congested. Due to the protracted and cost-intensive nature of upgrading energy infrastructures, major research initiatives are now underway to improve the utility of the existing infrastructure. One important topic is contingency management. Accordingly, this dissertation comprises of practical, yet rigorously justified, feedback control algorithms that are suitable for power system contingency management. The main goals of the algorithms are to prevent or mitigate overloads on network elements (e.g. lines and transformers). In this dissertation, a coupling of energy infrastructures is examined as a method for improving system reliability and a simple cascade mitigation approach highlights the role of model-predictive control and energy storage in improving system response to severe disturbances (e.g. line outages). The ideas of balancing economic and safety criteria are developed and implemented with a receding-horizon model-predictive controller (RHMPC) for electric transmission systems with energy storage and renewables. The novel RHMPC scheme employs a lossy "DC" power flow model and is proven to alleviate conductor temperature overloads and returns the system to an economically optimal state. Finally, an incentive-based distributed predictive-control algorithm is developed to prevent overloads in the distribution network caused by overnight charging of plug-in electric vehicles. In addition, Matlab-based simulations are included to illustrate the performance and behavior of all proposed overload mitigation schemes. The automatic schemes presented in this dissertation are, essentially, "closing the loop'' in contingency management, and will help bring the electric power grid into the 21st century.
Study of Defect Chemistry in the System La<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Sr<sub><i>x</i></sub>NiO<sub>4+δ</sub> by <sup>17</sup>O Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Ni K-Edge XANES (2018)

The properties of mixed ionic–electronic conductors (MIECs) are most conveniently controlled through site-specific aliovalent substitution, yet few techniques can report directly on the local structure and defect chemistry underpinning changes in ionic and electronic conductivity. In this work, we perform high-resolution 17O (I = 5/2) solid-state NMR spectroscopy of La2–xSrxNiO4+δ, an MIEC and prospective solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode material, showing the sensitivity of 17O hyperfine (Fermi contact) shifts and quadrupolar coupling constants due to local structural changes arising from Sr substitution (x). Previously, we resolved resonances from three distinct oxygen sites (interstitial, axial, and equatorial) in the unsubstituted x = 0 material (Halat et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 11958). Here, substitution-induced changes in these three spectral features indirectly report on the ionic conductivity, local octahedral tilting, and electronic conductivity, respectively, of the (substituted) materials. In particular, the intensity of the 17O resonance arising from mobile interstitial defects decreases, and then disappears, at x = 0.5, consistent with reports of lower bulk ionic conductivity in Sr-substituted phases. Second, local distortions among the split axial oxygen sites diminish, even on modest incorporation of Sr (x < 0.1), which is also accompanied by faster spin–lattice (T1) relaxation of the interstitial 17O resonances, indicating increased mobility of the associated sites. Finally, the hyperfine shift of the equatorial oxygen resonance decreases due to conversion of Ni2+ (d8) to Ni3+ (d7) by charge compensation, a mechanism associated with improved electronic conductivity in the Sr-substituted phases. Valence and coordination changes of the Ni cations are further supported by Ni K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) measurements, which show a decrease in the Jahn–Teller distortion of the Ni3+ sites and a Ni coordination change consistent with the formation of oxygen vacancies. Ultimately, these insights into local atomic and electronic structure that rely on 17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy should prove relevant for a broad range of aliovalently substituted functional paramagnetic oxides.
Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of the Structure and Surface Chemistry of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i> MXene (2020)

Raman spectroscopy is one of the most useful tools for the analysis of two-dimensional (2D) materials. While MXenes are a very large family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, there have been just a few Raman studies of materials from this family. Here, we report on a systematic study of the most widely used and most important MXene to date: Ti3C2Tx. By synthesizing material using different methods, we show that Raman spectra of Ti3C2Tx are affected not only by the composition and surface groups but also by intercalated species and stacking. Due to a plasmonic peak of Ti3C2Tx around 785 nm, resonant conditions are achieved, enabling us to observe an extra peak at ∼120 cm–1, when excited with a red diode laser. We report differences in Raman spectra collected from single flakes of Ti3C2Tx, colloidal solutions, and multilayer films. Lastly, we show how an undesirable photoluminescent background could serve as evidence of material degradation, which leads to the formation of defective titania and amorphous carbon. This study shows how Raman spectroscopy can be used for the characterization of important emerging 2D materials: MXenes.
Job scheduling in a heterogenous grid environment (2004)

Computational grids have the potential for solving large-scale scientific problems using heterogeneous and geographically distributed resources. However, a number of major technical hurdles must be overcome before this potential can be realized. One problem that is critical to effective utilization of computational grids is the efficient scheduling of jobs. This work addresses this problem by describing and evaluating a grid scheduling architecture and three job migration algorithms. The architecture is scalable and does not assume control of local site resources. The job migration policies use the availability and performance of computer systems, the network bandwidth available between systems, and the volume of input and output data associated with each job. An extensive performance comparison is presented using real workloads from leading computational centers. The results, based on several keymetrics, demonstrate that the performance of our distributed migration algorithms is significantly greater than that of a local scheduling framework and comparable to a non-scalable global scheduling approach.
Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Mg Alloy Produced by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (2008)

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was carried out on samples machined from extruded AZ31 Mg alloy bars at 200, 250 and 300 °C using routes A and C for up to 8 passes. After one ECAP pass, a preferred orientation with the basal planes inclined at 45° to the ECAP axis is observed. For route A, as more passes are employed, the original fiber texture tends towards a rolling texture. By contrast, for route C, repeating the ECAP steps does not change the texture, which retains the 45° preferential orientation. Using a path with shearing in more directions, such as route C, resulted in the flow Curve peak being less sharp (i.e. broader) in subsequent testing than when route A was employed. The strength of the extruded product increases with the ECAP temperature. This appears to be due to the coarser grain size of the 300 °C product and indicates that the effect of grain coarsening is greater than that of texture.
Distinct kinetic binding propeties of N‐[<sup>3</sup>H]‐methylscopolamine afford differential labeling and localization of M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in primate brain (1993)

Three classes of muscarinic receptors in mammalian brain have been postulated on the basis of equilibrium and kinetic binding data. However, equilibrium binding assays alone have not permitted a clear demonstration of the localization of putative M1, M2, and M3 receptor subtypes in the brain because of the overlapping affinities of virtually all muscarinic antagonists. In the present study, the conditions for selective occupancy of the M1, M2, and M3 receptor subtypes in the brain of the rhesus monkey were based on the distinct kinetic and equilibrium binding properties of N-[3H]-methylscopolamine (NMS) at cloned m1-m4 muscarinic receptor subtypes expressed in A9L transfected cells. Quantitative autoradiography of the M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in the primate brain was performed according to the following strategy. The M1 (m1) receptor subtype was labeled directly with a non-saturating concentration of [3H]-pirenzepine. The M2 (m2) subtype was labeled by incubations consisting of short, two minute pulses of [3H]-NMS after a preincubation with 0.3 microM pirenzepine to occlude m1, m3, and m4 sites. Selective occupancy of the M3 (m3) receptor (subtype) was achieved by pre-incubation with 0.5 nM unlabeled NMS to partially occlude the m1, m2, and m4 sites, equilibrium with 0.5 nM [3H]-NMS, followed by a 60 minute tracer dissociation in the presence of 1 microM atropine. In vitro autoradiography demonstrated that the M1 receptor subtype was confined to forebrain structures. M1 receptors were prevalent throughout the cerebral cortical mantle, amygdala, hippocampus, and the striatum. Low to background levels of the M1 receptor subtype were measured over the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The M2 subtype was widely distributed with elevated densities of binding sites seen over all primary sensory cortical areas, and within discrete thalamic, hypothalamic, and brainstem nuclei. The distribution of the M3 receptor subtype was largely coincident with the pattern of the M1 sites labeled by non-saturating concentrations of [3H]-pirenzepine with some notable exceptions. Within the cerebral cortical mantle, the M3 receptor exhibited an elevated gradient over the orbitofrontal gyrus and the temporal lobe. Within the striatum, the M3 subtype was elevated over the anterior and dorsal part of the caudate nucleus, while the M1 receptors were most prevalent over the ventromedial sector. Selective labeling of M3 receptors was seen over the medial division of the globus pallidus and within the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In contrast to the pattern of the M1 receptor subtype, M3 receptors were prevalent also over midline nuclei of the hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of the antimouse GITR mab plus chemotherapy on survival and tumor immunity. (2010)

e13147 Background: Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an immune modulator found on many cell types, including T cells. Tolerx's antimouse (m) GITR Mab (2F8) is a potent adjuvant in a prime boost model. 2F8 enhanced humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination with H5N1 hemagglutinin. Unlike alum and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, the humoral response mediated by 2F8 was skewed to a Th1- type response. The response was durable, did not require Fc-FcR interactions, and was antigen specific. Methods: The efficacy of 2F8 with chemotherapy was evaluated in mice with established CT26 murine colon carcinomas. Results: Combination therapy—a single dose of a chemotherapeutic agent followed the next day by a single dose of 2F8—significantly reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival compared with chemotherapy alone. Cumulative data with two chemotherapeutic agents revealed > 60% complete remissions with combination therapy compared with < 10% with chemotherapy alone. In complete responders, combination therapy elicited specific and robust memory responses to IV or SC CT26 cells. CD8+ T cell depletion ablated efficacy, confirming the importance of T effector cells in anti-mGITR-mediated immunotherapy. CD4+ T cell depletion revealed that CD4+ T cells may not be important for initiating the anti-tumor immune response but are crucial for maintaining the response, which suggests that T helper cells may be an important target of anti-mGITR. Depletion of NK cells did not affect efficacy. Combination therapy enhanced CD8+ T cell number, reduced the number of T regulatory cells (Tregs), altering the Treg/Teff ratio. Lastly, combination therapy resulted in fewer splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells than mice treated with an isotype control, 2F8 alone, or chemotherapy alone. Conclusions: Anti-mGITR appears to have multiple beneficial mechanisms of action that potentially augment antitumor immunity. These findings support the evaluation of our antihuman GITR Mab, TRX518, in clinical oncology indications. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Tolerx Tolerx
Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin in patients with peripheral arterial disease: Data from the <scp>CANVAS</scp> Program and <scp>CREDENCE</scp> trial (2022)

Patients with T2D and PAD derived similar relative cardiorenal benefits from canagliflozin treatment but higher absolute benefits compared with those without PAD, with no increase in extended MALE.
Simultaneous compression, characterization and phase stabilization of GW-level 14 cycle VIS-NIR femtosecond pulses using a single dispersion-scan setup (2014)

We have temporally characterized, dispersion compensated and carrier-envelope phase stabilized 1.4-cycle pulses (3.2 fs) with 160 µJ of energy at 722 nm using a minimal and convenient dispersion-scan setup. The setup is all inline, does not require interferometric beamsplitting, and uses components available in most laser laboratories. Broadband minimization of third-order dispersion using propagation in water enabled reducing the compressed pulse duration from 3.8 to 3.2 fs with the same set of chirped mirrors. Carrier-envelope phase stabilization of the octave-spanning pulses was also performed by the dispersion-scan setup. This unprecedentedly simple and reliable approach provides reproducible CEP-stabilized pulses in the single-cycle regime for applications such as CEP-sensitive spectroscopy and isolated attosecond pulse generation.
A Method and Software Tool for Automated Gearbox Synthesis (2009)

In today’s economy, engineering companies strive to reduce product development time and costs. One approach to assisting this goal is to introduce computer-aided methods and tools earlier in the development process. This requires providing robust design automation methods and tools that can support design synthesis and the generation of alternative design configurations, in addition to automated geometric design. A new method for automated gearbox design, tailored for integration within an existing commercial gearbox analysis tool, is described in this paper. The method combines a rule-based generative approach, based on a previous parallel grammar approach for mechanical gear systems, with domain specific heuristics and stochastic search using simulated annealing. Given design specifications that include a bounding box, the number of required speeds and their target ratios, a range of valid gearbox configurations is generated from a minimal initial configuration. Initial test results show that this new method is able to generate a variety of designs which meet the design specifications. The paper concludes with a discussion of the method’s current limitations and a description of the work currently underway to improve and extend its capabilities.
Volumetric Video Content Creation for Immersive XR Experiences (2022)

Volumetric video (VV) is an emergent digital media that enables novel forms of interaction and immersion within eXtended Reality (XR) applications. VV supports 3D representation of real-world scenes and objects to be visualized from any viewpoint or viewing direction; an interaction paradigm that is commonly seen in computer games. This allows for instance to bring real people into XR. Based on this innovative media format, it is possible to design new forms of immersive and interactive experiences that can be visualized via head-mounted displays (HMDs) in virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR). This paper highlights technology for VV content creation developed by the V-SENSE lab and the startup company Volograms. It further showcases a variety of creative experiments applying VV for immersive storytelling in XR.
Loliolide, a Carotenoid Metabolite, Is a Potential Endogenous Inducer of Herbivore Resistance (2019)

Jasmonic acid (JA) plays an important role in the induction of herbivore resistance in many plants. However, JA-independent herbivore resistance has been suggested. An herbivore-resistance-inducing substance was isolated from <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i>-infected tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>) leaves in which a hypersensitive response (HR) was induced and identified as loliolide, which has been identified as a β-carotene metabolite. When applied to tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) leaves, loliolide decreased the survival rate of the two-spotted spider mite, <i>Tetranychus urticae</i>, egg deposition by the same pest, and the survival rate of larvae of the common cutworm <i>Spodoptera litura</i> without exhibiting toxicity against these herbivores. Endogenous loliolide levels increased not only with an infestation by <i>S</i> <i>litura</i> larvae, but also with the exogenous application of their oral secretions in tomato. A microarray analysis identified cell-wall-associated defense genes as loliolide-responsive tomato genes, and exogenous JA application did not induce the expression of these genes. <i>Suppressor of zeaxanthin</i>-<i>less</i> (<i>szl</i>), an Arabidopsis (<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>) mutant with a point mutation in a key gene of the β-carotene metabolic pathway, exhibited the decreased accumulation of endogenous loliolide and increased susceptibility to infestation by the western flower thrip (<i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i>). A pretreatment with loliolide decreased susceptibility to thrips in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant <i>coronatine</i>-<i>insensitive1</i> Exogenous loliolide did not restore reduced electrolyte leakage in <i>szl</i> in response to a HR-inducing bacterial strain. These results suggest that loliolide functions as an endogenous signal that mediates defense responses to herbivores, possibly independently of JA, at least in tomato and Arabidopsis plants.
Identifying weld pool dynamics for gas metal arc fillet welds (1999)

Arc welding processes are conventionally modelled under static (steady state) conditions to provide a relationship between the controllable process parameter values and the characteristic weld geometry parameters that result. While this is appropriate for open loop control of the process, should closed loop (feedback) control of the process be required, the dynamic (or transient) response must also be identified. In the present paper, the crosscorrelation approach for system identification is evaluated for developing a dynamic process model of the relationship between welding voltage and weld pool width. Based on the identified impulse response, a second order process model is assumed. The non-linearity of the model is demonstrated and the gain, damping, and natural frequency are estimated.