gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On MMSE properties of codes for the Gaussian broadcast channel with confidential messages (2015)

This work examines the properties of code sequences for the degraded scalar Gaussian broadcast channel with confidential messages (BCC) in terms of the behavior of the mutual information and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) functions for all signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). More specifically, the work focuses on both completely secure code sequences, meaning that the transmitted message to the stronger receiver, i.e., with higher SNR, is completely secure in the equivocation sense, and code sequences with maximum equivocation. In these two cases an alternative converse proof is provided which also depicts the exact behavior of the relevant MMSE functions for all SNRs, for “good”, capacity achieving, code sequences. This means that the amount of disturbance on unintended receivers that is inflicted by “good” code sequences is fully depicted. Moreover, the work also considers the effect that MMSE constraints, which limit the amount of disturbance on some unintended receiver, have on the capacity region of a completely secure code sequence. For maximum rate-pairs complying with the MMSE constraint, the behavior of the relevant MMSE functions for all SNRs is fully depicted.
Sound-induced motility of outer hair cells explained by stochastic resonance in nanometric sensors in the lateral wall (2016)

The mechanism of mammalian hearing has intrigued scientists for decades. It is widely assumed that the process of hearing begins when sound reaches the inner ear and causes the basilar membrane (BM) to vibrate. These vibrations are then detected and consequently amplified by the outer hair cells (OHCs). We question this sequence of events and the inauguration of sound-induced motility, i.e. transformation of sound pressure wave into directional vibrations. Based on the morphology of the mammalian cochlea, we suggest that motility of the OHCs could be due to the synchronized action of hundreds of thousands of nanometric acoustic sensors-actuators in the OHC’s lateral wall. We propose that stochastic resonance in these nanometric units can account for all of the major features of mammalian hearing: a wide dynamic range; sharp frequency selectivity; generation of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions; and the ability to process relatively high frequencies. The proposed model might inspire the design of hypersensitive sensors and actuators, which potentially could be incorporated into new types of hearing aids.
Memory-Link Compression Schemes: A Value Locality Perspective (2008)

As the speed of processors increases, the on-chip memory hierarchy will continue to be crucial for performance. Unfortunately, simply increasing the size of the on-chip caches yields diminishing returns and memory-bound applications may suffer from the limited off-chip bandwidth. This paper focuses on memory-link compression schemes. The first contribution is a framework for identifying the nature of the value locality exploited by published schemes. This framework is then used to quantitatively establish what type of value locality is exploited by each compression scheme. We find that as much as 40 percent of the values transferred in integer, media, and commercial applications are small integers and can be coded using less than 8 bits. By leveraging small-value locality, 35 percent of the bandwidth can be freed up. Another significant chunk of the values either forms clusters in the value space or belongs to a fairly small group of frequent isolated values. By leveraging this category, one can free up 70 percent of the bandwidth. Finally, we contribute a new compression scheme that exploits multiple value-locality categories and is shown to free up 75 percent of the bandwidth.
PREPARATION OF HIGH-PURITY BORON NITRIDE POWDER. (1969)

yttrium oxide in solid solution were also prepared. Finally, a 1-pound sample of less than 5- mu UO/sub 2/ containing 10 mole% yttrium oxide was produced. Procedures were developed for applying metallurgically bonded tungsten coatings to the edges of W-U0/sub 2/ cermet fuel elements. These coatings were effective in reducing the U0/sub 2/ loss in high- temperature tests at NASA. Of several techniques examined for producing a halide- free tungsten coating on 30- to 60- mu U0/sub 2/ powder. the most promising were (a) vacuum evaporation of tungsten using electron beam heating, and (b) electrostatically bonding fine WO/sub 2/ powder onto the UO/sub 2/, followed by conversion to tungsten by hydrogen reduction. (auth)
Structural Studies of Self‐Assembled Subviral Particles: Combining Cell‐Free Expression with 110 kHz MAS NMR Spectroscopy (2018)

Viral membrane proteins are prime targets in combatting infection. Still, the determination of their structure remains a challenge, both with respect to sample preparation and the need for structural methods allowing for analysis in a native-like lipid environment. Cell-free protein synthesis and solid-state NMR spectroscopy are promising approaches in this context, the former with respect to its great potential in the native expression of complex proteins, and the latter for the analysis of membrane proteins in lipids. Herein, we show that milligram amounts of the small envelope protein of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) can be produced by cell-free expression, and that the protein self-assembles into subviral particles. Proton-detected 2D NMR spectra recorded at a magic-angle-spinning frequency of 110 kHz on <500 μg protein show a number of isolated peaks with line widths comparable to those of model membrane proteins, paving the way for structural studies of this protein that is homologous to a potential drug target in HBV infection.
Artificial Intelligence for Unstructured Healthcare Data: Application to Coding of Patient Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (2021)

Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting is a major component of drug safety monitoring; its input will, however, only be optimized if systems can manage to deal with its tremendous flow of information, based primarily on unstructured text fields. The aim of this study was to develop an automated system allowing to code ADRs from patient reports. Our system was based on a knowledge base about drugs, enriched by supervised machine learning (ML) models trained on patients reporting data. To train our models, we selected all cases of ADRs reported by patients to a French Pharmacovigilance Centre through a national web-portal between March 2017 and March 2019 (n = 2,058 reports). We tested both conventional ML models and deep-learning models. We performed an external validation using a dataset constituted of a random sample of ADRs reported to the Marseille Pharmacovigilance Centre over the same period (n = 187). Here, we show that regarding area under the curve (AUC) and F-measure, the best model to identify ADRs was gradient boosting trees (LGBM), with an AUC of 0.93 (0.92-0.94) and F-measure of 0.72 (0.68-0.75). This model was run for external validation showing an AUC of 0.91 and a F-measure of 0.58. We evaluated an artificial intelligence pipeline that was found able to learn how to identify correctly ADRs from unstructured data. This result allowed us to start a new study using more data to further improve our performance and offer a tool that is useful in practice to efficiently manage drug safety information.
Transconductance enhancement of nanowire field-effect transistors by built-up stress induced during thermal oxidation (2007)

The authors report the enhancement of transconductance in nanowire field effect transistors due to build-up tensile stress during thermal oxidation. To evaluate the effect of stress, nanowires were thermally oxidized at (A) 900°C∕15min, (B) 850°C∕1h, and (C) 850°C∕1h with a subsequent 1000°C annealing. The transconductance of sample B is enhanced 2.6 times compared to sample A. No enhancement of transconductance is observed in sample C. The Raman spectra indicate tensile stress in sample B and compressive stress in sample C. This establishes that gm enhancement is due to the build-up tensile stress in nanowires, but is diminished by viscoelastic relaxation.
Light Transport Refocusing for Unknown Scattering Medium (2014)

In this paper we propose a new light transport refocusing method for depth estimation as well as for investigation inside scattering media with unknown scattering properties. Propagated visible light rays through scattering media are utilized in our proposed refocusing method. We use 2D light source to illuminate the scattering media and 2D image sensor for capturing transported rays. The proposed method that uses 4D light transport can clearly visualize shallow depth, as well as deep depth plane of the medium. We apply our light transport refocusing method for depth estimation using conventional depth-from-focus method and for clear visualization by descattering the light rays passing through the medium. To evaluate the effectiveness we have done experiments using acrylic and milk-water type scattering medium in various optical and geometrical conditions. Finally, we show up the results of depth estimation and clear visualization, as well as with numeric evaluation.
On projection matrices P/sup k/→P/sup 2/, k=3,...,6, and their applications in computer vision (2002)

Projection matrices from projective spaces P/sup 3/ to P/sup 2/ have long been used in multiple-view geometry to model the perspective projection created by the pin-hole camera. In this work we introduce higher-dimensional mappings P/sup k//spl rarr/P/sup 2/, k=4,5,6 for the representation of various applications in which the world we view is no longer rigid. We also describe the multi-view constraints from these new projection matrices and methods for extracting the (non-rigid) structure and motion for each application.
Fractal‐shape small size microstrip patch antenna (2002)

Abstract In this Letter, a new Koch island microstrip patch antenna is proposed. The Koch patch is fractal shaped and characterized by space‐filling and self‐similarity properties. Due to the space‐filling properties of fractal geometry, the proposed antennas are a smaller in size than conventional Euclidean‐type ones. The characteristics of Koch patches are demonstrated by experimental results: when the fractal iteration factor is 2.5, then the patch is 45% smaller in size than a conventional square patch, thereby maintaining a radiation pattern comparable to that of a normal square patch. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 15–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10359
Intelligent computer accompaniment systems (1999)

Because real-time computer music systems are automated, portable, and affordable, they are finding increasing application in live performance. Unfortunately, most computer music systems offer little more than a tape recorder in terms of their abilities to interact with live musicians. Computer accompaniment is designed to go beyond this ‘‘tape recorder’’ model of human–computer interaction. Computer accompaniment is a process in which a computer ‘‘listens’’ to a live musician, follows along in a score, and synchronizes an accompaniment score with the live player. Computer systems can reliably accompany a live musician in spite of tempo changes and wrong notes. Many variations of computer accompaniment have been developed. The original work assumed only one live musician playing a monophonic wind instrument such as a trumpet or flute. One variation is to follow the polyphonic performance of a keyboardist by sensing the motion of keys. In ensemble accompaniment, the task is to accompany multiple players. In addition to playing wrong notes, individual players might drop out or become lost, so there are interesting new issues to be dealt with. This work addresses practical problems of integrating computer-based performers with live performers.
Inducing β Phase Crystallinity in Block Copolymers of Vinylidene Fluoride with Methyl Methacrylate or Styrene (2017)

Block copolymers of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with either styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized and analyzed with respect to the type of the crystalline phase occurring. PVDF with iodine end groups (PVDF-I) was prepared by iodine transfer polymerization either in solution with supercritical CO₂ or in emulsion. To activate all iodine end groups Mn₂(CO)<sub>10</sub> is employed. Upon UV irradiation Mn(CO)₅ radicals are obtained, which abstract iodine from PVDF-I generating PVDF radicals. Subsequent polymerization with styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA) yields block copolymers. Size exclusion chromatography and NMR results prove that the entire PVDF-I is converted. XRD, FT-IR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses allow for the identification of crystal phase transformation. It is clearly shown that the original α crystalline phase of PVDF-I is changed to the β crystalline phase in case of the block copolymers. For ratios of the VDF block length to the MMA block length ranging from 1.4 to 5 only β phase material was detected.
Novel Drilling Technology Delivers a Step Change in Challenging Deepwater Operations (2011)

Abstract Jar technology has been around in the oil industry for several decades and its basic principles have remained primarily the same. As the oil industry moves forward in the exploration and development of unconventional hydrocarbon reserves, the demand for tougher, more reliable, and safer tools is more critical. Deeper wells and more complex well geometries are pushing the drilling envelopes, requiring tools to be engineered not only to withstand higher stresses downhole, but also to provide higher levels of safety on the rig floor. Through the engineering of simple but ingenious features, this paper describes how jar technology has been taken to a higher level. A jar has been designed acknowledging the most important features required in the current demanding drilling scenarios. The industry is not only looking for safer and more reliable tools, but also tools that will provide higher firing loads to increase the levels of success of freeing a drill string during a stuck pipe incident. The loads delivered during the first hours of a stuck pipe event can significantly improve the chances of retrieving the drill string safely to surface. The design features employed in this new technology maintain the same operating procedures of standard designs, but have increased the torque, tensile, and pressure ratings of the tool. In addition, current technology can suffer damage from excessive internal pressure build up when the over-pull rating of the tools are exceeded; particularly in deepwater applications where heave can be a contributing factor. A device has been engineered to protect the tool if such a condition is reached. The new jar also features a modular safety mechanism that will eradicate the use of the traditional safety collars eliminating the potential hazards of dropping objects on the rig floor. This paper will provide an overview of the innovative technology, plus review the initial field trials. Testing and field trials will demonstrate how this technology is a true step change, matching the growing demands of the drilling industry.
Site‐specific integration of the <i>Streptomyces</i> plasmid pSAM2 in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (1991)

A method which allowed the stable integration of DNA fragments at a single site (attB) in the chromosome of Mycobacterium smegmatis was developed using an integrative element from Streptomyces ambofaciens, pSAM2. Vectors containing an Escherichia coli replicon (pBR322), the kanamycin resistance gene from Tn903 for selection in mycobacteria, and a fragment of pSAM2 containing the int gene as well as the attachment site (attP) were constructed and introduced to M. smegmatis by electroporation. Transformants showed stable integration of the plasmid into a single site (attB) of the mycobacterial genome. This approach should be valuable for analyses of gene expression in various mycobacterial species and permit the development of stable recombinant mycobacterial vaccine strains expressing bacterial or viral genes inserted in pSAM2.
Implementation of Management Information System in Nordic energy business: A case study (2012)

Energy business actors operating in the open energy market in Nordic countries like Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark are under intensive market pressure. This pressure forces the energy business actors continuously to improve their Management Information Systems (MIS). The power production portfolio in an individual energy business actor is affected by strategic decisions in longer period and power trading variables in the shorter period. In order to optimize the strategic decisions and power trading variables, this research study presents an overall definition of the MIS, specifically emphasize on its implementation perspectives on the energy market. In this paper, the authors presented a case study research as conducted within the Nordic energy sector with the objectives to implement the MIS and its solution perspective in the energy business sector. This study also presents the fundamentals of the case company's MIS architecture, its related challenges and future perspectives.
Surveying Molecular Vibrations during the Formation of Metal−Molecule Nanocontacts (2010)

Molecular junctions have been characterized to determine the influence of the metal contact formation in the electron transport process through a single molecule. With inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, the vibration modes of a carbon monoxide molecule have been surveyed as a function of the distance from a copper electrode with unprecedented accuracy. We observe a continuous but nonlinear blue shift of the frustrated rotation mode in tunneling with decreasing distance followed by an abrupt softening upon contact formation. This indicates that the presence of the metal electrode sensibly alters the structural and conductive properties of the junction even without the formation of a strong chemical bond.
The reaction of imidazo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyridines with ninhydrin revisited (2020)

Abstract The synthesis of 2,2′-(Imidazo[1,5- a ]pyridine-1,3-diyl)bis(2-hydroxy-1 H -indene-1,3(2 H )-dione) ( 11 ) is achieved by reaction of imidazo[1,5- a ]pyridine ( 7 ) with two equivalents of ninhydrin ( 1 ) at room temperature. The structure of this new 1,3-bis-adduct 11 is evidenced from HRMS and NMR spectral data and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Employment of equimolar amounts of 1 and 7 gave a separable mixture of the respective 1- and 3-monomeric adducts ( 9 , 10 ).
Progress on Identifying and Characterizing the Human Proteome: 2019 Metrics from the HUPO Human Proteome Project (2019)

The Human Proteome Project (HPP) annually reports on progress made throughout the field in credibly identifying and characterizing the complete human protein parts list and making proteomics an integral part of multiomics studies in medicine and the life sciences. NeXtProt release 2019-01-11 contains 17 694 proteins with strong protein-level evidence (PE1), compliant with HPP Guidelines for Interpretation of MS Data v2.1; these represent 89% of all 19 823 neXtProt predicted coding genes (all PE1,2,3,4 proteins), up from 17 470 one year earlier. Conversely, the number of neXtProt PE2,3,4 proteins, termed the "missing proteins" (MPs), has been reduced from 2949 to 2129 since 2016 through efforts throughout the community, including the chromosome-centric HPP. PeptideAtlas is the source of uniformly reanalyzed raw mass spectrometry data for neXtProt; PeptideAtlas added 495 canonical proteins between 2018 and 2019, especially from studies designed to detect hard-to-identify proteins. Meanwhile, the Human Protein Atlas has released version 18.1 with immunohistochemical evidence of expression of 17 000 proteins and survival plots as part of the Pathology Atlas. Many investigators apply multiplexed SRM-targeted proteomics for quantitation of organ-specific popular proteins in studies of various human diseases. The 19 teams of the Biology and Disease-driven B/D-HPP published a total of 160 publications in 2018, bringing proteomics to a broad array of biomedical research.
XRD, SEM and petrologic characterization of stony-iron and metallic meteorites (2011)

Meteorites are remnants of geological processes that occurred in our Solar System. Properly analyzed, the bulk composition, mineralogy, and petrology of meteorites can be used to constrain planet formation processes. Moreover, the laboratorial characterization of meteorite samples plays an important role in the interpretation of asteroid remote observation spectra. In this work, we have characterized three meteorite samples, recovered in Morocco, using XRD, SEM and mineralogical microscopy. The major constituent minerals were identified and their average compositions were determined. From the obtained results, these meteorites were classified as belonging to the classes of the stony-iron and metallic meteorites. Composition profiles across selected chondrules and inter-grain boundaries are presented, along with information on the chondrules texture.
Selective Replay Enhances Learning in Online Continual Analogical Reasoning (2021)

In continual learning, a system learns from non-stationary data streams or batches without catastrophic forgetting. While this problem has been heavily studied in supervised image classification and reinforcement learning, continual learning in neural networks designed for abstract reasoning has not yet been studied. Here, we study continual learning of analogical reasoning. Analogical reasoning tests such as Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPMs) are commonly used to measure non-verbal abstract reasoning in humans, and recently offline neural networks for the RPM problem have been proposed. In this paper, we establish experimental baselines, protocols, and forward and backward transfer metrics to evaluate continual learners on RPMs. We employ experience replay to mitigate catastrophic forgetting. Prior work using replay for image classification tasks has found that selectively choosing the samples to replay offers little, if any, benefit over random selection. In contrast, we find that selective replay can significantly outperform random selection for the RPM task <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup (2020)

Kidney involvement in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common, and can range from the presence of proteinuria and haematuria to acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT; also known as kidney replacement therapy). COVID-19-associated AKI (COVID-19 AKI) is associated with high mortality and serves as an independent risk factor for all-cause in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiology and mechanisms of AKI in patients with COVID-19 have not been fully elucidated and seem to be multifactorial, in keeping with the pathophysiology of AKI in other patients who are critically ill. Little is known about the prevention and management of COVID-19 AKI. The emergence of regional 'surges' in COVID-19 cases can limit hospital resources, including dialysis availability and supplies; thus, careful daily assessment of available resources is needed. In this Consensus Statement, the Acute Disease Quality Initiative provides recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and management of COVID-19 AKI based on current literature. We also make recommendations for areas of future research, which are aimed at improving understanding of the underlying processes and improving outcomes for patients with COVID-19 AKI.