gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a dual-head multi-pinhole collimator for brain SPECT with improved axial sampling (2018)

359 Objectives: We designed a multi-pinhole (MPH) collimator for clinical brain SPECT imaging, which could potentially be used with the recently reported Tau-SPECT tracers (H. Watanabe et al, 2016). In this design two identical MPH collimators replace the existing collimators on a general-purpose-dual-head SPECT system. The pinholes are arranged at different axial positions to improve sampling. In addition, the collimator on one head is rotated 180 degree (about the axis normal to the collimator plane) with respect to the other one to further increase the axial sampling. Method: We determined the geometry of the system (e.g., number of pinholes, aperture size, aperture positions, aperture-center-of-field-of view distance, and aperture-detector distance) by maximizing system sensitivity for a target ellipsoidal (principal semi-axes, a:10.5, b:10.5, c:9 cm) volume-of-interest (VOI) covering 99-percentile head size and a target system resolution of 7 mm at the focal point on the axis-of-rotation. Constraints in optimization were fitting around the 99-percentile shoulder width of patients during rotation, minimum radius of rotation for brain, and Results: Our preliminary results showed that 6-pinhole version offers the highest sensitivity. However, better axial sampling is obtained with the 7-pinhole version, which offers the second highest sensitivity (0.008%) and slightly lower multiplexing (24%). We altered the pinhole positions on the 7-pinhole version to further improve the axial sampling, which also resulted in further reduction in multiplexing (18%). We will present the results for the optimization algorithm over a range of numbers of pinholes and simulation results obtained from selected collimator designs. Conclusions: We designed and simulated an MPH system for general brain SPECT imaging. In future work we will assess through simulations the performance of the selected designs for quantitative measures such as striatal binding ratio (SBR) for Parkinson’s Disease imaging and cortical to cerebellum ratio (CCR) in Tau imaging for Alzheimer’s Disease.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) grant R01-EB022092. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the NIBIB.
A Comparison of the Emission Efficiency of Four Common Green Fluorescence Dyes after Internalization into Cancer Cells (2006)

In vivo optical imaging to enhance the detection of cancer during endoscopy or surgery requires a targeted fluorescent probe with high emission efficiency and high signal-to-background ratio. One strategy to accurately detect cancers is to have the fluorophore internalize within the cancer cells permitting nonbound fluorophores to be washed away or absorbed. The choice of fluorophores for this task must be carefully considered. For depth of penetration, near-infrared probes are ordinarily preferred but suffer from relatively low quantum efficiency. Although green fluorescent protein has been widely used to image tumors on internal organs in mice, green fluorescent probes are better suited for imaging the superficial tissues because of the short penetration distance of green light in tissue and the highly efficient production of signal. While the fluorescence properties of green fluorophores are well-known in vitro, less attention has been paid to their fluorescence once they are internalized within cells. In this study, the emission efficiency after cellular internalization of four common green fluorophores conjugated to avidin (Av-fluorescein, Av-Oregon green, Av-BODIPY-FL, and Av-rhodamine green) were compared after each conjugate was incubated with SHIN3 ovarian cancer cells. Using the lectin binding receptor system, the avidin-fluorophore conjugates were endocytosed, and their fluorescence was evaluated with fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. While fluorescein demonstrated the highest signal outside the cell, among the four fluorophores, internalized Av-rhodamine green emitted the most light from SHIN3 ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The internalized Av-rhodamine green complex appeared to localize to the endoplasmic vesicles. Thus, among the four common green fluorescent dyes, rhodamine green is the brightest green fluorescence probe after cellular internalization. This information could have implications for the design of tumor-targeted fluorescent probes that rely on cellular internalization for cancer detection.
Improved Eulerian/Lagrangian Modeling of Liquid Jet Injection into a Supersonic Crossflow (2022)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-1851.vid Large-eddy simulations of pure-liquid jet injection into a supersonic crossflow are presented in this work. The evolution of the spray is tracked using a Lagrangian approach considering hydrodynamic drag and droplet breakup. The Lagrangian tracking approach is combined with an Eulerian model for compressible, two-phase flow, and the system is evolved as a large-eddy simulation. Simulations correspond to experiments performed at Argonne National Labs using a small-scale supersonic wind tunnel – data generated includes time-resolved and time-averaged shadowgraph imagery and line-of sight effective path length measurements in the near-field of the spray. The current focus is on a reinterpretation of calculating the mass shed during a primary breakup event and on a new method of positioning the child droplet field after said event. Results show that the child position has a significant effect on the number of droplets created, but the time averaged predictions remain similar across formulations in spite of this difference. The presented results are improvements from previous work. Compared to the experimental results, the simulated liquid column is similar in degree of penetration, but it turns too early to follow the crossflow. More plume expansion is occurring than is expected.
Design of dual-passband microstrip bandpass filters with suppression of higher order spurious response (2009)

This paper proposes a systematic design method for dual-passband microstrip bandpass filters composed of stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) with suppression of higher order spurious responses. A specific dual-band fractional bandwidth design graph must be built. The line widths of the SIR and the gap size between SIRs provide two freedoms for determining the realizable fractional bandwidth of the two passbands. The inherent transmission zeros of coupled SIRs are used to suppress the unwanted spurious responses. A complete design procedure considering both the synthesis of passband responses and the suppression of spurious responses is detailed depicted in this paper. The idea is verified by a fabricated experimental filter. The measured frequency responses shows that the spurious response can be suppressed below -35.4 dB and the upper band can be extended to 5.62 f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> (13.77 GHz).
Generalized Approach of Stator Shifting in Interior Permanent-Magnet Machines Equipped With Fractional-Slot Concentrated Windings (2014)

Electrical drive systems, which include electrical machines and power electronics, are a key enabling technology for advanced vehicle propulsion systems that reduce the petroleum dependence of the ground transportation sector. To have significant effect, electric drive technologies must be economical in terms of cost, weight, and size while meeting performance and reliability expectations. Interior permanent magnet machines with fractional-slot concentrated windings have been shown to be good candidates for hybrid traction applications. One of the key challenges is the additional stator magnetomotive force sub- and superharmonic components that lead to higher losses in the rotor as well as saturation effects. This paper tries to address this issue by looking into the concept of stator shifting. The generalized concept of stator shifting in the context of the harmonic components that are targeted for cancellation is presented; the focus is on single-layer and double-layer windings that have stator space subharmonics. It is shown that the stator shifting can reduce the loss-producing harmonics on the rotor as well as help the flux weakening performance of the fractional-slot concentrated winding designs. The cancellation of the loss harmonics is introduced as a method in which a particular harmonic can be targeted as well as reduce the phase inductance of the machine allowing for more room in terms of the operating voltage at higher speed. The concept of stator shifting will be explained, and the effect of varying the shift angle on the various harmonic components and winding factors will be investigated. Various designs, arising out of single-layer and double winding layer 10-pole, 12-slot configuration (targeting the FreedomCAR specifications) with varied shift angles are evaluated. The comparison between these designs in terms of their power density, efficiency, and torque ripple is presented.
Effect of the Reynolds Number on the Freestream Disturbance Environment in a Mach 6 Nozzle (2022)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3776.vid To understand the impact of Reynolds number on the acoustic disturbance field inside a high-speed wind tunnel, we use Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) to model the turbulent boundary layers along the walls of a quasi-two-dimensional nozzle configuration. Intended as a stepping stone to fully three-dimensional simulations of freestream noise inside the NASA 20- Inch Mach 6 Wind Tunnel, the present simulations are based on periodic boundary conditions across the spanwise width of the computational domain that corresponds to about one third of the actual tunnel width. These simulations are performed at four different unit Reynolds numbers, ranging from 3.56e6/m to 14.0e6/m. The predominantly hydrodynamic fluctuations inside the boundary layer are shown to be nearly unaffected by the presence of freestream forcing associated with the impinging acoustic radiation from the opposite wall. Thus, the Reynolds number trends associated with boundary-layer quantities are consistent with previously published DNS of flat-plate boundary layers at similar Mach numbers and wall temperature ratios. Within the nozzle core region, the unstable disturbance environment is found to be spatially uniform and solely acoustic in character. Comparisons with tunnel noise measurements are made using the numerical data. For the first time, direct comparisons of fluctuations in the same physical quantity, namely, the streamwise mass flux, have been published, as opposed to earlier comparisons involving static-pressure fluctuations based on the DNS and pitot-pressure fluctuations recorded in the wind tunnel. The NASA 20-Inch Mach 6 Wind Tunnel observations corroborate the predicted trend of decreased root-mean-square variations in pressure and mass flux as the Reynolds number rises. Additional details of the acoustic radiation field are quantified and should be useful toward a digital synthesis of the tunnel disturbance environment that would enable realistic simulations of the natural transition process.
Exploring Molecular and Mechanical Gradients in Structural Bioscaffolds (2004)

Most organisms consist of a functionally adaptive assemblage of hard and soft tissues. Despite the obvious advantages of reinforcing soft protoplasm with a hard scaffold, such composites can lead to tremendous mechanical stresses where the two meet. Although little is known about how nature relieves these stresses, it is generally agreed that fundamental insights about molecular adaptation at hard/soft interfaces could profoundly influence how we think about biomaterials. Based on two noncellular tissues, mussel byssus and polychaete jaws, recent studies suggest that one natural strategy to minimize interfacial stresses between adjoining stiff and soft tissue appears to be the creation of a "fuzzy" boundary, which avoids abrupt changes in mechanical properties. Instead there is a gradual mechanical change that accompanies the transcendence from stiff to soft and vice versa. In byssal threads, the biochemical medium for achieving such a gradual mechanical change involves the elegant use of collagen-based self-assembling block copolymers. There are three distinct diblock copolymer types in which one block is always collagenous, whereas the other can be either elastin-like (soft), amorphous polyglycine (intermediate), or silk-like (stiff). Gradients of these are made by an incrementally titrated expression of the three proteins in secretory cells the titration phenotype of which is linked to their location. Thus, reflecting exactly the composition of each thread, the distal cells secrete primarily the silk- and polyglycine-collagen diblocks, whereas the proximal cells secrete the elastin- and polyglycine-collagen diblocks. Those cells in between exhibit gradations of collagens with silk or elastin blocks. Spontaneous self-assembly appears to be by pH triggered metal binding by histidine (HIS)-rich sequences at both the amino and carboxy termini of the diblocks. In the polychaete jaws, HIS-rich sequences are expanded into a major block domain. Histidine predominates at over 20 mol % near the distal tip and diminishes to about 5 mol % near the proximal base. The abundance of histidine is directly correlated to transition metal content (Zn or Cu) as well as hardness determined by nanoindentation. EXAFS analyses of the jaws indicate that transition metals such as Zn are directly bound to histidine ligands and may serve as cross-linkers.
Patient-reported outcomes following primary total hip arthroplasty in Crowe type Ⅲ or Ⅳ developmental dysplasia are comparable to those in Crowe type Ⅰ: a case-control study of 96 hips with intermediate-term follow-up (2020)

Abstract Background: A few previous studies have investigated patient satisfaction after total hip arthroplasty (THA) according to the degree of pelvic deformity. This study compared patient-reported outcomes after primary THA for Crowe types Ⅲ, Ⅳ and I dysplasia. Methods: This retrospective, single-center, single-surgeon case-control study included patients who underwent primary THA between 2008 and 2016. We sent postal questionnaires to 38 patients with Crowe type III and IV dysplasia. Among the questionnaire respondents, 23 patients, excluding those with a follow-up period of &lt; 1 year, were enrolled as the H group. The control group included 46 patients with Crowe type I, matched for sex, age, body mass index and surgical approach. To investigate the influence of femoral shortening osteotomy, the H group was divided according to whether femoral shortening osteotomy was performed. Ten patients underwent THA with femoral shortening osteotomy (FO group), while 12 patients underwent THA without femoral shortening osteotomy (N-FO group). Patient demographics, mean follow-up period, surgical information, pre- and postoperative leg length discrepancy (LLD), and perioperative complications were investigated. Clinical evaluations were performed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, 36-item short-form survey (SF-36), net promotor score (NPS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and questionnaires. The VAS and SF-36 scores were determined only at final follow-up. Results: The H and control groups were not significantly different in the postoperative JOA scores and SF-36. In the H group, VAS at the final follow-up was significantly higher, and significantly more patients felt that postoperative rehabilitation was serious, expressing that they underwent THA for LLD correction. In addition, the VAS scores in the FO group was higher than those in the N-FO group. Postoperative LLD was significantly greater in the H group than in the control group. Each group had an NPS of &gt;50. Conclusion: The postoperative VAS score was higher in Crowe type Ⅲ and Ⅳ dysplasia than in Crowe type I dysplasia, but no significant differences were detected in the postoperative satisfaction, JOA score, and SF-36 score. These findings may help explain the effects of THA preoperatively to patients with Crowe type Ⅲ and Ⅳ dysplasia. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level 3b
The streptothricin acetyltransferase (<i>sat</i>) gene as a positive selectable marker for methanogenic archaea (2019)

A repertoire of sophisticated genetic tools has significantly enhanced studies of Methanosarcina genera, yet the lack of multiple positive selectable markers has limited the types of genetic experiments that can be performed. In this study, we report the development of an additional positive selection system for Methanosarcina that utilizes the antibiotic nourseothricin and the Streptomyces rochei streptothricin acetyltransferase (sat) gene, which may be broadly applicable to other groups of methanogenic archaea. Nourseothricin was found to inhibit growth of four different methanogen species at concentrations ≤300 μg/ml in liquid or on solid media. Selection of nourseothricin resistant transformants was possible in two genetically tractable Methanosarcina species, M. acetivorans and M. barkeri, using the sat gene as a positive selectable marker. Additionally, the sat marker was useful for constructing a gene deletion mutant strain of M. acetivorans, emphasizing its utility as a second positive selectable marker for genetic analyses of Methanosarcina genera. Interestingly, two human gut-associated methanogens Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanomassillicoccus luminyensis were more sensitive to nourseothricin than either Methanosarcina species, suggesting the nourseothricin-sat gene pair may provide a robust positive selection system for development of genetic tools in these and other methanogens.
Photodetektion infiltrierter Lymphknoten mittels Porphyrin-Fluoreszenz beim Ovarialkarzinom (2007)

Trotz der mit der pelvinen und paraaortalen Lymphknotendissektion assoziierten erhöhten Morbidität und des fraglichen therapeutischen Nutzens wurden bis jetzt Konzepte einer intraoperativen In-vivo-Diagnosestellung und nachfolgender selektiver Lymphknotenresektion befallener Lymphknoten beim Ovarialkarzinom nur wenig untersucht.
A Clinical Comparison of Screw and Suture Fixation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Avulsion Fractures (2009)

Both the screw and suture fixation techniques for the anterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fracture produced relatively good results in terms of functional outcomes and stability without any significant differences. However, some patients in both groups showed residual laxity or flexion contractures.
Design and fabrication of high-index-contrast self-assembled texture for light extraction enhancement in LEDs (2011)

We developed a high-index-contrast photonic structure for improving the light extraction efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by a self-assembly approach. In this approach, a two-dimensional grating can be non-lithographically integrated on the top of virtually any types of LEDs with controlled structural parameters and material indices. As a proof of concept, our designed photonic structure was implemented on a GaAs double heterojunction LED. Using numerical electromagnetic simulations, we explored the effects of the structural parameters (the grating period, layer thickness and material indices) on the device performances, followed by fabrication through a self-assembled porous alumina as a template. Device simulation and experimental results indicate that an optimized high-index-contrast (a-Si / air) grating obtains a much larger efficiency increase than using a low-index SiO2 grating. In addition, the devices maintain a Lambertian radiation pattern with the self-assembled grating. This technique provides an effective and low-cost method for improving LED efficiency.
Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion Accelerates Adjacent Segment Degeneration (2009)

Although both ACDF patients and control subjects demonstrated progression of disc degeneration during 10 years, ACDF patients had significantly higher incidence of progression of disc degeneration at adjacent segments than control subjects, while progression of disc degeneration at adjacent segments was not always related to development of clinical symptoms.
Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases (1985–1995) (2003)

Unlike most previous reports, this study revealed an approximately equal sex distribution, and results suggest a more favorable prognosis.
Reliability of clinical competency evaluation list for novice physical and occupational therapists requiring assistance (2015)

[Purpose] This study examined the reliability of a clinical ability evaluation table developed in a previous study with the aim of clarifying the abilities necessary for therapists to independently implement their duties. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-eight physical therapists with less than 2 years of clinical experience were targeted for evaluation, 48 main supervisors, and 48 sub-supervisors, 144 in total, were studied. [Results] The total score was lower when the evaluation was conducted by the target therapists themselves than when it was conducted by the main or sub-supervisors. Regarding the reliability of the total scores for the entire scale and each category, values representing the intra-rater reliability were higher when the evaluation was conducted by the target therapists or main supervisors, while there were marked differences between high and low values for each item. Regarding the inter-rater reliability, both the total scores for the entire scale and each category, as well as values for each item, were low. [Conclusion] Values representing the intra-rater reliability of the study table were low, indicating the necessity of further improvement.
Diffusive-Probabilistic Model for Inter-Pixel Crosstalk in HgCdTe Focal Plane Arrays (2018)

A closed-form probabilistic model for inter-pixel crosstalk in planar HgCdTe focal plane arrays is presented, providing simple expressions of crosstalk as function of device parameters like the pixel pitch, the absorber thickness, and the extension of the carrier depleted region. The method is effective in particular for performing parameter sensitivity studies on inter-pixel crosstalk, as an alternative to large-scale numerical simulations. The model is validated against three-dimensional combined optical and electrical numerical simulations, considering realistic, non-monochromatic illumination.
Regulation of the expression of E-cadherin on human cancer cells by gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). (1995)

E-cadherin is a cell to cell adhesion molecule which acts as a suppressor of metastasis. This study examined the effect of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on the expression of E-cadherin in human cancer cells. Western blotting studies demonstrated that treatment of cells with GLA for 24 h increased the expression of E-cadherin in lung, colon, breast, melanoma, and liver cancer cells, but not in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The results were confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In contrast, two other n-6 fatty acids, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, failed to induce these changes. The increased expression of E-cadherin was correlated with reduced in vitro invasion and increased aggregation, indicating that the increased E-cadherin expression induced by GLA was biologically active. These data add GLA to the short list of E-cadherin up-regulatory factors. The up-regulation of E-cadherin expression in human cancer cells may contribute to the anticancer properties of GLA.