gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Ambiguous World of Emotion Representation (2019)

Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems have demonstrated huge improvements and human-level parity in a range of activities, including speech recognition, face recognition and speaker verification. However, these diverse tasks share a key commonality that is not true in affective computing: the ground truth information that is inferred can be unambiguously represented. This observation provides some hints as to why affective computing, despite having attracted the attention of researchers for years, may not still be considered a mature field of research. A key reason for this is the lack of a common mathematical framework to describe all the relevant elements of emotion representations. This paper proposes the AMBiguous Emotion Representation (AMBER) framework to address this deficiency. AMBER is a unified framework that explicitly describes categorical, numerical and ordinal representations of emotions, including time varying representations. In addition to explaining the core elements of AMBER, the paper also discusses how some of the commonly employed emotion representation schemes can be viewed through the AMBER framework, and concludes with a discussion of how the proposed framework can be used to reason about current and future affective computing systems.
Novel sunitinib strategy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on hemodialysis: intermittent dose of sunitinib after hemodialysis. (2010)

The proper dose and schedule of sunitinib have yet to be established for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on hemodialysis. We reviewed two patients with metastatic RCC on hemodialysis who had been treated with sunitinib in Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine. Fifty milligrams of sunitinib was administered intermittently after each hemodialysis session (3 or 4 times a week). Overall responses were partial response in both cases. Progression-free survivals were 16 and 6 months, respectively, at the time of reporting (April 2010). Both subjects tolerated the treatment.
Signaling Across Membranes—A One and a Two and a … (1996)

The usually accepted mechanisms for transduction of a signal across the membrane require that the receptor exist as a dimer. New results in this issue by Tatsuno et al . ( p. 423 ) and Gardina et al . ( p. 425 ) show that the bacterial chemotaxis receptor Tar can actually function quite well if its intracellular domain is monomeric. In his Perspective, Stock describes how current assumptions about the role of dimers in receptor signal transduction may be too simple, and that at least sometimes, monomeric forms of the receptor may be the functionally relevant molecule.
Expression of CD147 as a significantly unfavorable prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (2007)

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the expression of CD147 could be a prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tissue samples from 111 hepatocellular carcinoma patients were immunohistochemically stained with anti-CD147, anti-matrix metalloproteinases-2 and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies. Tumor microvessel density was evaluated using CD34. The survival curves were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and the prognostic significance of the marker was analyzed using the log-rank test. In addition, the identification of relevant prognostic factors was performed by multivariate Cox regression analysis. CD147 was mainly expressed in cancerous lesions and its expression was positively correlated with metalloproteinases-2 (P<0.0001), vascular endothelial growth factor (P<0.0001) and microvessel density CD34 (P<0.0001). Furthermore, CD147 was significantly associated with the presence of venous invasion (P=0.0013), tumor size (P<0.0001) and pTNM tumor stages (P=0.0001), as well as serum alpha-fetoprotein level (P<0.0001). Patients with positive expression of CD147 had poorer tumor recurrence-free survival than those with negative expression of CD147 (P<0.0001). Analyzed by a proportional hazard model, strong expression of CD147 had the highest risk ratio of recurrence among these markers (P<0.0001). The findings suggest that CD147 may be a significant independent predictor of poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and may be involved in tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Celastrol Promotes Weight Loss in Diet-Induced Obesity by Inhibiting the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases PTP1B and TCPTP in the Hypothalamus (2018)

Celastrol is a natural pentacyclic triterpene used in traditional Chinese medicine with significant weight-lowering effects. Celastrol-administered mice at 100 μg/kg decrease food consumption and body weight via a leptin-dependent mechanism, yet its molecular targets in this pathway remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that celastrol-induced weight loss is largely mediated by the inhibition of leptin negative regulators protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B (PTP1B) and T-cell PTP (TCPTP) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. We show in vitro that celastrol binds reversibly and inhibits noncompetitively PTP1B and TCPTP. NMR data map the binding site to an allosteric site in the catalytic domain that is in proximity of the active site. By using a panel of PTPs implicated in hypothalamic leptin signaling, we show that celastrol additionally inhibited PTEN and SHP2 but had no activity toward other phosphatases of the PTP family. These results suggest that PTP1B and TCPTP in the ARC are essential for celastrol's weight lowering effects in adult obese mice.
Basic Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Setup and Measurement (2011)

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has become a powerful and sensitive tool in biochemistry and biophysics. It directly obtains physical parameters such as the average number of fluorescent molecules and their diffusion time in a tiny detection area. It also provides other useful information such as the brightness of molecules. Ultimately, it can give precise information about molecular interactions in the aqueous condition. This protocol outlines the basic FCS setup and how measurements are made.
Fluorescent labeling of abundant reactive entities (FLARE) for cleared-tissue and super-resolution microscopy (2022)

Fluorescence microscopy is a vital tool in biomedical research but faces considerable challenges in achieving uniform or bright labeling. For instance, fluorescent proteins are limited to model organisms, and antibody conjugates can be inconsistent and difficult to use with thick specimens. To partly address these challenges, we developed a labeling protocol that can rapidly visualize many well-contrasted key features and landmarks on biological specimens in both thin and thick tissues or cultured cells. This approach uses established reactive fluorophores to label a variety of biological specimens for cleared-tissue microscopy or expansion super-resolution microscopy and is termed FLARE (fluorescent labeling of abundant reactive entities). These fluorophores target chemical groups and reveal their distribution on the specimens; amine-reactive fluorophores such as hydroxysuccinimidyl esters target accessible amines on proteins, while hydrazide fluorophores target oxidized carbohydrates. The resulting stains provide signals analogous to traditional general histology stains such as H&E or periodic acid-Schiff but use fluorescent probes that are compatible with volumetric imaging. In general, the stains for FLARE are performed in the order of carbohydrates, amine and DNA, and the incubation time for the stains varies from 1 h to 1 d depending on the combination of stains and the type and thickness of the biological specimens. FLARE is powerful, robust and easy to implement in laboratories that already routinely do fluorescence microscopy.
Characteristics of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Lesion Formation in Real Time In Vivo Using Near Field Ultrasound Imaging (2018)

NFUS was effective in imaging RF catheter ablation lesion formation in real time. It was useful in assessing the dynamics of lesion growth and could visualize impending steam pops. It may be a useful technology to improve both safety and efficacy of RF catheter ablation.
Simulation of B-mode ultrasound to determine features of vessels for image analysis (2002)

B-mode ultrasound simulation at a physical level was simulated to determine a feature for image analysis. Individual tissues and their interfaces were simulated and analyzed by modeling distributed scatterers. Based on this simulation, the authors have proposed a feature map and have used it for boundary detection.
Patterned Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for current blocking and optical scattering in visible light‐emitting diodes (2016)

Patterned gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) using one‐step patterning followed by oxygen plasma treatment on a p‐GaN layer can function as both current‐blocking and optical‐scattering regions for uniform current spreading and improved light‐extraction efficiencies. The results showed that the optical output power of the LED with patterned Ga 2 O 3 increased by 16.8% at 60 mA compared to that of conventional LEDs. Numerical studies on light tracing and emission pattern, and external quantum efficiency evaluation support the improvement of both uniform current spreading and light‐extraction efficiencies by patterned Ga 2 O 3 .
Parametric Generation of Tunable Light from Continuous-Wave to Femtosecond Pulses (1999)

By exploiting nonlinear optical effects, a technology of unprecedented flexibility for the production of tunable coherent light has been developed. Referred to as optical parametric generation, it provides sources with spectral coverage extending all the way from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared, and with temporal coverage extending over all time domains from the femtosecond pulse to the continuous wave. Such sources generate coherent light of outstanding optical quality and are now finding wide-ranging applications.
A Computational Model of Commonsense Moral Decision Making (2018)

We introduce a computational model for building moral autonomous vehicles by learning and generalizing from human moral judgments. We draw on a cognitively inspired model of how people and young children learn moral theories from sparse and noisy data and integrate observations made from different people in different groups. The problem of moral learning for autonomous vehicles is cast as learning how to weigh the different features of the dilemma using utility calculus, with the goal of making these trade-offs reflect how people make them in a wide variety of moral dilemma. By modeling the structures of individuals and groups in a hierarchical Bayesian model, we show that an individual's moral values -- as well as a group's shared values -- can be inferred from sparse and noisy data. We evaluate our approach with data from the Moral Machine, a web application that collects human judgments on moral dilemmas involving autonomous vehicles, and show that the model rapidly and accurately infers people's preferences and can predict the difficulty of moral dilemmas from limited data.
Modulation of CD112 by the alphaherpesvirus gD protein suppresses DNAM-1–dependent NK cell-mediated lysis of infected cells (2014)

Natural killer (NK) cells are key players in the innate response to viruses, including herpesviruses. In particular, the variety of viral strategies to modulate the recognition of certain herpesviruses witnesses the importance of NK cells in the control of this group of viruses. Still, NK evasion strategies have remained largely elusive for the largest herpesvirus subfamily, the alphaherpesviruses. Here, we report that the gD glycoprotein of the alphaherpesviruses pseudorabies virus (PRV) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) displays previously uncharacterized immune evasion properties toward NK cells. Expression of gD during infection or transfection led to degradation and consequent down-regulation of CD112, a ligand for the activating NK receptor DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1). CD112 downregulation resulted in a reduced ability of DNAM-1 to bind to the surface of both virus-infected and gD-transfected cells. Consequently, expression of gD suppressed NK cell degranulation and NK cell-mediated lysis of PRV- or HSV-2-infected cells. These data identify an alphaherpesvirus evasion strategy from NK cells and point out that interactions between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors can have biological consequences that stretch beyond virus entry.
Simple phase transfer of nanoparticles from aqueous to organic media using polymer colloids as carriers (2016)

A simple and versatile method of the phase transfer of nanoparticles from aqueous to organic media using charged polymer colloids as carriers is proposed.
Fully Parallel Fully Unrolled BP Decoding of LDPC and Polar Codes (2023)

Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) and polar codes are two classes of channel codes potentially able to achieve the channel capacity, and both are used in current 5G communication systems. Belief Propagation (BP), which is the main decoding algorithm for LDPC codes could also be used for decoding polar codes. A fully parallel fully unrolled BP decoding architecture has been recently proposed for both of these codes. In this paper, we investigate these two architectures further and compare the two codes from the viewpoint of Bit-Error Rate (BER) performance, achieved throughput, latency, chip area, and also energy efficiency. Toward that, both architectures have been synthesized in a 28 nm CMOS technology, and corresponding results are provided.
Lethal Factor and Anti-Protective Antigen IgG Levels Associated with Inhalation Anthrax, Minnesota, USA (2014)

Bacillus anthracis was identified in a 61-year-old man hospitalized in Minnesota, USA. Cooperation between the hospital and the state health agency enhanced prompt identification of the pathogen. Treatment comprising antimicrobial drugs, anthrax immune globulin, and pleural drainage led to full recovery; however, the role of passive immunization in anthrax treatment requires further evaluation.
Dynamic control of maximal ventricular elastance in conscious dogs before and after pacing-induced heart failure (2009)

We identified the transfer functions relating beat-to-beat fluctuations in arterial blood pressure to maximal ventricular elastance (ABP-->E(max)) and beat-to-beat fluctuations in heart rate to E(max) (HR-->E(max)) to characterize the dynamic properties of the arterial ventricular contractility baroreflex and force-frequency relation, respectively, in three conscious dogs before and after pacing-induced heart failure. During the control condition, the average gain value, dominant time constant, and time delay were respectively -0.0374 ml(-1), 12.8 sec, and 2 sec for the ABP-->E(max) transfer function and 0.0137 mmHg/ml-bpm, 1.77 sec, and 0 sec for the HR-->E(max) transfer function. During the heart failure condition, both transfer functions were markedly depressed. These results are consistent with known physiology and previous studies and provide perhaps the first quantitative information on the dynamic control of E(max) during normal closed-loop operation.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: transapical resection of the aortic valve in vivo (2012)

The resection of pulmonary valves has already been demonstrated in an experimental beating-heart model. The aim of this study was to analyse the transapical laser-assisted resection of aortic valves in an in vivo porcine model in a non-beating heart. The resection was performed in a porcine model (n = 10) using a Thullium:YAG laser. After establishing a standard extracorporeal circulatory support, the aortic valve isolation chamber (AVIC) system was inserted transapically. The resection of the aortic leaflets was carried out step-by-step in the arrested heart. The AVIC implantation, the resection process, and the gross anatomy of intracardiac lesions were analysed. The procedure for installing the AVIC took 5.8 ± 1.5 min. A sealed chamber was achieved in 9/10 cases. The resection of the valves was performed in 8/10 and completed in 7/10 cases. The resection took, on average, 7.4 ± 2.7 min/cusp. In 9/10 cases, the sealing was sufficient. Gross anatomy and histological analysis demonstrated only superficial damage to the surrounding tissue. In this study, the in vivo on-pump isolation of the left ventricular outflow tract and the laser resection of the native aortic valve could be demonstrated successfully. Nevertheless, this model is the next step towards a beating-heart resection of the aortic valve using the isolation chamber.
Age-Related Clinical, Serological, and Histopathological Features of Celiac Disease (2008)

At initial diagnosis, CD shows age-related differences, which consist of more evident clinical and histological features in children. Furthermore, IgA TTGA levels correlate both with the degree of villous atrophy and with the patient's age.
Reaction of Sc+, Ti+, and V+ with CO. MC+ and MO+ bond energies (1991)

The reactions of Sc+, Ti+, and V+ with CO are studied as a function of translational energy in a guided-ion-beam tandem mass spectrometer. Formation of both metal-carbide and metal-oxide ions are observed and rationalized by a direct atom abstraction mechanism. At high energies, the ScC+ and ScO+ cross sections exhibit additional features that are unusual but can be explained by an impulsive pairwise mechanism and formation of excited-state product ions, respectively. Thresholds of the reaction cross sections are interpreted to give the 0 K bond energies (in eV) D0(ScC+)=3.34±0.06, D0(TiC+)=4.05±0.24, D0(VC+)=3.87±0.14, D0(ScO+)=7.11±0.08, D0(TiO+)=6.88±0.07, and D0(VO+)=5.81±0.17. Additional studies are used to help verify the bond energy for ScO+ and yield a recommended value of 7.14±0.11 eV. The nature of the bonding in MO+ and MC+ is discussed and compared for these three metal ions.
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system: localization to olfactory nerves (1984)

Binding levels of [3H]Ro5-4864, a ligand selective for peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors, are substantially higher in homogenates of the olfactory bulb than in the rest of the brain. Among peripheral tissues evaluated, high levels of [3H]Ro5-4864 binding are found in the nasal epithelium. Drug displacement studies show that these binding sites are pharmacologically of the peripheral type. Their presence in the nasal epithelium and in the olfactory bulb can be demonstrated in several different mammalian species. Autoradiographic studies of murine nose reveal a bipolar staining pattern around the cell bodies of the olfactory receptor cells, suggesting the presence of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors on both processes of these bipolar neurons. In the brain a high density of [3H]Ro5-4864 binding sites occurs in the nerve fiber and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb. Throughout the rest of the brain [3H]Ro5-4864-associated silver grains are diffusely distributed with intense staining over the choroid plexus and along the ependymal linings of the ventricles. Both the distribution and the ontogenic development of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors differ from the central-type receptors. Intranasal irrigation with 5% ZnSO4 results in a 50% reduction of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in the olfactory bulb without affecting the density of central-type benzodiazepine receptors. Thus, [3H]Ro5-4864 binding sites in the olfactory bulb appear in large part to be localized to olfactory nerves which originate in the nasal epithelium.
The Emergence of Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists as a Novel Treatment for Immune Thrombocytopenia (2011)

Two thrombopoietin receptor agonists, romiplostim and eltrombopag, have completed phase III trials in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and were shown to successfully improve platelet counts. Due to their proven efficacy and favourable side-effect profile, they have been granted marketing authorisation for use in this condition in the US, the EU and other countries. This article focuses on these two agents, their pre-clinical development and clinical trial results.
Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis (2002)

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver of unknown etiology. Genetic factors appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) has been implicated as an immunomodulator, which acts through its own receptor (VDR). Polymorphisms of the VDR have been linked to a variety of autoimmune diseases. In this study VDR polymorphisms were analyzed in 123 patients with AIH, 74 patients with PBC, and 214 controls. VDR polymorphisms were assessed by BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and Fok endonuclease digestion after specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. We found a significant association between the BsmI polymorphisms in PBC patients in comparison with controls (chi(2) = 9.49, P =.009). Furthermore we detected a significant association of the Fok polymorphims in AIH patients in comparison to controls (chi(2) = 9.71, P =.008) indicating a genetic link of VDR polymorphisms to autoimmune liver diseases such as PBC and AIH in German patients. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the complex events determining immunologic tolerance in the liver. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which the vitamin D receptor contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases.
A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze &lt;em&gt;C. elegans&lt;/em&gt; Embryonic Development (2019)

C. elegans is the premier system for the systematic analysis of cell fate specification and morphogenetic events during embryonic development. One challenge is that embryogenesis dynamically unfolds over a period of about 13 h; this half day-long timescale has constrained the scope of experiments by limiting the number of embryos that can be imaged. Here, we describe a semi-high-throughput protocol that allows for the simultaneous 3D time-lapse imaging of development in 80–100 embryos at moderate time resolution, from up to 14 different conditions, in a single overnight run. The protocol is straightforward and can be implemented by any laboratory with access to a microscope with point visiting capacity. The utility of this protocol is demonstrated by using it to image two custom-built strains expressing fluorescent markers optimized to visualize key aspects of germ-layer specification and morphogenesis. To analyze the data, a custom program that crops individual embryos out of a broader field of view in all channels, z-steps, and timepoints and saves the sequences for each embryo into a separate tiff stack was built. The program, which includes a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), streamlines data processing by isolating, pre-processing, and uniformly orienting individual embryos in preparation for visualization or automated analysis. Also supplied is an ImageJ macro that compiles individual embryo data into a multi-panel file that displays maximum intensity fluorescence projection and brightfield images for each embryo at each time point. The protocols and tools described herein were validated by using them to characterize embryonic development following knock-down of 40 previously described developmental genes; this analysis visualized previously annotated developmental phenotypes and revealed new ones. In summary, this work details a semi-high-throughput imaging method coupled with a cropping program and ImageJ visualization tool that, when combined with strains expressing informative fluorescent markers, greatly accelerates experiments to analyze embryonic development.