gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal-to-interference-plus- noise-ratio analysis for constrained radar waveforms (2016)

To fully appreciate the benefits of arbitrary waveform design capability for transmit adaptive systems, the trade space between constraints (employed to increase the measure of practicality for radar) and the usual performance driver (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio) needs to be better defined and understood.We address this issue by developing performance models for radar waveforms with cumulative-modulus and energy constraints. Radar waveforms typically require a constant-modulus (constant-amplitude) transmit signal to efficiently exploit the available transmit power. However, recent hardware advances and the capability for arbitrary (phase and amplitude) designed waveforms have forced a reexamination of this assumption in order to quantify the impact of the nonconstant modulus property.We develop performance models for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio as a function of the cumulative modulus for a random colored interference environment and validate the models against measured data.
Determination of Personalized IOL-Constants for the Haigis Formula under Consideration of Measurement Precision (2016)

The capabilities of a weighted least squares approach for the optimization of the intraocular lens (IOL) constants for the Haigis formula are studied in comparison to an ordinary least squares approach. The weights are set to the inverse variances of the effective optical anterior chamber depth. The effect of random measurement noise is simulated 100000 times using data from N = 69 cataract patients and the measurement uncertainty of two different biometers. A second, independent data set (N = 33) is used to show the differences that can be expected between both methods. The weighted least squares formalism reduces the effect of measurement error on the final constants. In more than 64% it will result in a better approximation, if the measurement errors are estimated correctly. The IOL constants can be calculated with higher precision using the weighted least squares method.
Optical Equivalence Ratio Measurement of a Dual Fuel Burner for Natural Gas and Kerosene (2022)

A measurement technique for determination of the global and local equivalence ratios from the flame chemiluminescence for a swirl-stabilized lean premixed combustion of natural gas and kerosene is presented. First, we conducted spectrally resolved chemiluminescence studies using an imaging spectrometer to correlate the ratio of individual chemiluminescence signals to the equivalence ratio. Flame spectra were recorded for a multitude of different lean operating conditions for natural gas and kerosene combustion. The spectra show that, without background correction, the CH*/CO2* ratios for both natural gas and kerosene combustion exhibited a monotonic relationship to the equivalence ratio in the investigated range. Subsequently, bandpass-filtered images of CH* and CO2* chemiluminescence were acquired simultaneously on one camera chip using an image doubler to investigate the local relationship of the CH*/CO2* ratio with the equivalence ratio. The ratio images corroborate the monotonic relationship of the CH*/CO2* ratio to the equivalence ratio. Furthermore, the ratio was found to be influenced by the local reaction zone temperature. The presented technique allows high temporal resolution determination of the local equivalence ratio in lean premixed natural gas and kerosene flames and can thus be applied to quantify equivalence ratio oscillations during unstable combustion.
Radar target identification using the bispectrum: a comparative study (1995)

Radar target identification is performed using time-domain bispectral features. The classification performance is compared with the performance of other classifiers that use either the impulse response or frequency domain response of the unknown target. The classification algorithms developed here are based on the spectral or the bispectral energy of the received backscatter signal. Classification results are obtained using simulated radar returns derived from measured scattering data from real radar targets. The performance of classifiers in the presence of additive Gaussian (colored or white), exponential noise, and Weibull noise are considered, along with cases where the azimuth position of the target is unknown. Finally, the effect on classification performance of responses horn extraneous point scatterers is investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Ion Source for Nonproliferation of Nuclear Material (2016)

An area of continuing intense interest has been the development of portable or fieldable (man-portable, luggable, or transportable) analytical instrumentation. One specific driver for portable or fieldable analytical instrumentation are the needs of the nuclear safeguards community for versatile, easy-to-use, in-field mass spectrometer systems for determining the 235U/238U isotope ratios in UF6 at enrichment facilities. In order to meet this demand the authors propose using a liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) ion source, Fig 1.1-3 The LS-APGD was optimized for isotope ratio analysis to have a liquid flow rate of 30 uL min-1 a gas flow rate of 0.5 L min and a current of 30 mA. These operating parameters make the LS-APGD a promising ion source for infield mass spectrometry. In order to test the efficacy of the LS-APGD as an ion source capable of performing isotope analysis, it was interfaced with an Thermo Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer which was chosen for its atmospheric pressure inlet which is not available on commercial ICP-MS instruments. Due to the fact that there are no published studies using an orbitrap for isotope analysis, there are a large number of unknowns that need to be answered before the LS-APGD can be considered a viable option as an ion source for isotope analysis.
Oligomerization and Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes Promoted by the Cationic Organoactinide Compound [(Et2N)3U][BPh4] (2002)

The three ancillary amido moieties in the cationic complex [(Et2N)3U][BPh4] are highly reactive and are easily replaced when the complex is treated with primary amines. The reaction of [(Et2N)3U][BPh4] with excess tBuNH2 allows the formation of the cationic complex [(tBuNH2)3(tBuNH)3U][BPh4]. X-ray diffraction studies on the complex indicate that three amido and three amine ligands are arranged around the cationic metal center in a slightly distorted octahedral mer geometry. The cationic complex reacts with primary alkynes in the presence of external primary amines to primarily afford the unexpected cis dimer and, in some cases, the hydroamination products are obtained concomitantly. The formation of the cis dimer is the result of an envelope isomerization through a metal-cyclopropyl cationic complex. In the reaction of the bulkier alkyne tBuC identical to CH with the cationic uranium complex in the presence of various primary amines, the cis dimer, one trimer, and one tetramer are obtained regioselectively, as confirmed by deuterium labeling experiments. The trimer and the tetramer correspond to consecutive insertions of an alkyne molecule into the vinylic CH bond trans to the bulky tert-butyl group. The reaction of (TMS) C identical to CH with the uranium catalyst in the presence of EtNH2 followed a different course and produced the gem dimer along with the hydroamination imine as the major product. However, when other bulkier amines were used (iPrNH2 or tBuNH2) both hydroamination isomeric imines Z and E were obtained. During the catalytic reaction, the E (kinetic) isomer is transformed into the most stable Z (thermodynamic) isomer. The unique reactivity of the alkyne (TMS) C identical to CH with the secondary amine Et2NH is remarkable because it afforded the trans dimer and the corresponding hydroamination enamine. The latter probably results from the insertion of the alkyne into a secondary metal-amide bond, followed by protonolysis.
N-Polar InGaN nanowires for high efficiency red micro-LEDs (2023)

A high efficiency, micrometer or submicron scale light emitting diode (LED) is essentially required for the emerging virtual reality and augmented reality. However, conventional LED fabrication methods suffer from a large drop in efficiency on scaling the device size. In this work, we report a N-polar InGaN nanowire micro-scale LED emitting efficiently in the red spectrum. A peak external quantum efficiency of ~1.2% is measured for LEDs emitting at 620nm, with lateral dimensions ~750nm: consisting of just 6-7 InGaN nanowires. This efficiency value is nearly one order of magnitude higher than conventional quantum-well micro-LEDs of similar dimensions operating in this wavelength range.
Fight fire with fire: Neurobiology of capsaicin-induced analgesia for chronic pain (2020)

Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in chili peppers, produces intense burning pain in humans. Capsaicin selectively activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which is enriched in nociceptive primary afferents, and underpins the mechanism for capsaicin-induced burning pain. Paradoxically, capsaicin has long been used as an analgesic. The development of topical patches and injectable formulations containing capsaicin has led to application in clinical settings to treat chronic pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain and the potential to treat osteoarthritis. More detailed determination of the neurobiological mechanisms of capsaicin-induced analgesia should provide the logical rationale for capsaicin therapy and help to overcome the treatment's limitations, which include individual differences in treatment outcome and procedural discomfort. Low concentrations of capsaicin induce short-term defunctionalization of nociceptor terminals. This phenomenon is reversible within hours and, hence, likely does not account for the clinical benefit. By contrast, high concentrations of capsaicin lead to long-term defunctionalization mediated by the ablation of TRPV1-expressing afferent terminals, resulting in long-lasting analgesia persisting for several months. Recent studies have shown that capsaicin-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calpain-mediated ablation of axonal terminals is necessary to produce long-lasting analgesia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. In combination with calpain, axonal mitochondrial dysfunction and microtubule disorganization may also contribute to the longer-term effects of capsaicin. The analgesic effects subside over time in association with the regeneration of the ablated afferent terminals. Further determination of the neurobiological mechanisms of capsaicin-induced analgesia should lead to more efficacious non-opioidergic analgesic options with fewer adverse side effects.
Mutations in human cytomegalovirus UL97 gene confer clinical resistance to ganciclovir and can be detected directly in patient plasma. (1995)

Specific mutations in the UL97 region of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been found to confer resistance to laboratory-adapted strains subjected to ganciclovir selection. In this study, mutations in the UL97 region of HCMV isolates obtained from patients receiving ganciclovir therapy were examined to determine whether they would confer ganciclovir resistance, and if these mutations could be detected directly in the plasma of AIDS patients with progressive HCMV disease despite ganciclovir treatment. A single nucleotide change within a conserved region of UL97 was found in five resistant isolates, resulting in an amino acid substitution in residue 595: from leucine to phenylalanine in one, and from leucine to serine in four resistant isolates. A sixth resistant isolate demonstrated a single nucleotide change, leading to a threonine to isoleucine substitution in residue 659. The role of the 595 amino acid substitution in conferring ganciclovir resistance was confirmed by marker transfer experiments. In further studies, direct sequencing of HCMV DNA present in plasma obtained from persons with resistant viruses revealed the identical amino acid substitutions in plasma as those present in the cultured viruses. These findings indicate that clinical resistance to ganciclovir can result from specific point mutations in the UL97 gene, and that the emergence of the resistant genotype can be detected directly in patient plasma.
Direct Nanoscale Sensing of the Internal Electric Field in Operating Semiconductor Devices Using Single Electron Spins (2017)

The electric field inside semiconductor devices is a key physical parameter that determines the properties of the devices. However, techniques based on scanning probe microscopy are limited to sensing at the surface only. Here, we demonstrate the direct sensing of the internal electric field in diamond power devices using single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The NV center embedded inside the device acts as a nanoscale electric field sensor. We fabricated vertical diamond p-i-n diodes containing the single NV centers. By performing optically detected magnetic resonance measurements under reverse-biased conditions with an applied voltage of up to 150 V, we found a large splitting in the magnetic resonance frequencies. This indicated that the NV center senses the transverse electric field in the space-charge region formed in the i-layer. The experimentally obtained electric field values are in good agreement with those calculated by a device simulator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the sensing of the electric field in different directions by utilizing NV centers with different N-V axes. This direct and quantitative sensing method using an electron spin in a wide-band-gap material provides a way to monitor the electric field in operating semiconductor devices.
Meningioma Associated with Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Case Report and Review of the Literature (1987)

A patient presented with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage after a prolonged episode of coughing. A preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan confirmed subarachnoid hemorrhage, but demonstrated no other lesion. Arteriography revealed an ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Operation revealed the aneurysm to be intracavernous without sign of prior rupture; however, a small hemorrhagic meningioma was removed from the ipsilateral anterior clinoid process. In this case, coincidental meningioma and aneurysm presented as a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to tumor hemorrhage. The follow-up of cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage with negative arteriography with sequential CT scans is discussed.
Effect of developmental stress on the in vivo neuronal circuits related to excitation–inhibition balance and mood in adulthood (2023)

Taken together, we demonstrated that developmental stress induces dysfunction of neurotransmission <i>in vivo</i>, and that females are more vulnerable to stress than males.
Characterization and Modeling of a 1.2-kV 30-A Silicon-Carbide MOSFET (2016)

This paper describes a novel compact model for a SiC-MOSFET. The model is useful to achieve accurate simulation of output characteristics from a linear region to a saturation region, selecting both gate-source voltage and temperature as parameters. In order to construct the model systematically, attention is paid to a physics-based modeling procedure with channel mobility as an adjustable parameter. The model also features characterization and modeling of an internal drain-gate capacitor. The model shows fairly good agreement in the output characteristics and the dynamic behavior of both gate drive circuit and main power circuits between the experimental and simulated results. This successful validation indicates that this model offers a promising circuit-based simulation tool for designing whole power conversion systems using SiC-MOSFETs.
OSU-T315 as an Interesting Lead Molecule for Novel B Cell-Specific Therapeutics (2018)

B cells are pathogenic in various disease processes and therefore represent an interesting target for the development of novel immunosuppressants. In the search for new therapeutic molecules, we utilized an <i>in vitro</i> B cell activation assay with ODN2006-stimulated Namalwa cells to screen a chemical library of small molecules for B cell modulating effects. OSU-T315, described as an inhibitor of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), was hereby identified as a hit. On human and murine primary B cells, OSU-T315 potently suppressed the proliferation and the production of antibodies and cytokines upon stimulation, suggesting that ILK could be a promising target in the modulation of B cell activity. Mice with B cell-specific knockout of ILK were generated. Surprisingly, knockout of ILK in murine B cells did not affect B cell function as assessed by several <i>in vivo</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> B cell assays and did not alter the B cell immunosuppressive activity of OSU-T315. In conclusion, OSU-T315 displays potency as B cell modulator, probably through a mechanism of action independent of ILK, and might serve as lead drug molecule for the development of novel B cell-selective drugs.
Paternal occupational exposure to chemicals and secondary sex ratio: results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (2019)

BackgroundDeclining proportions of male births have been reported in several industrialised countries. Previous reports have shown that exposure to certain chemical substances might influence the secondary sex ratio (SSR). We assessed the associations between paternal occupational exposure to chemicals and the SSR of their children using the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), a large-scale birth cohort study.MethodsData on paternal occupational exposure to various agents and other covariates were collected using a self-administered questionnaire to partners of pregnant female participants enrolled in the JECS. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable modified Poisson regression models were used to evaluate associations between paternal occupational exposures and the SSR of their children. This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN000030786.FindingsThe JECS study gathered data on 103 062 pregnancies, 104 065 fetuses, and 51 898 partners of pregnant women. Among 50 283 children with data on paternal occupational exposures, 25 657 were male and 24 626 were female. The proportion of boys whose fathers were regularly occupationally exposed to insecticides was 0·445 (males, n=293; females, n=366; 95% CI 0·406–0·483), which was lower than the proportion of boys whose fathers were not exposed to insecticides. After adjusting for confounding factors, regular paternal occupational exposure to insecticides (adjusted relative risk 0·86, 95% CI 0·78–0·96) and medical disinfectants (0·95, 0·90–1·00) were significantly associated with lower SSRs among their offspring compared with the offspring of fathers not exposed to these substances.InterpretationA declining proportion of boys could potentially be due to fathers working in environments in which they are exposed to chemicals. The associations between poorer semen quality and levels of reproductive and thyroid hormones require investigation.FundingMinistry of the Environment of Japan.
Frequency scalable video coding using the MDCT (2002)

Efficient video coding incorporating motion compensation and overlapped transforms requires different coding architectures and methods of motion estimation to those used in traditional DCT block based coding schemes. In this paper a transform domain motion estimation procedure is proposed for the MDCT. This method of motion estimation, while performed in the spatial domain, is equivalent to minimising the sum square error of transform coefficients. The application of the MDCT to frequency scalable video coding is investigated. A performance advantage is achieved over an equivalent DCT based coder for both the reconstructed low resolution and high resolution sequences of an open loop frequency scalable video coder.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of rapid thermal processing on electron traps in molecular-beam-epitaxial GaAs (1989)

Variations of deep levels in Si-doped molecular-beam-epitaxial (MBE) n-GaAs layers by rapid thermal processing (RTP) using halogen lamps were investigated by deep level transient spectroscopy. RTP was performed at 700, 800, and 900 °C with the face-to-face configuration. Native deep levels M1 (Ec−0.18 eV), M3 (Ec−0.33 eV), and M4 (Ec−0.51 eV) in MBE n-GaAs are annealed out by RTP at 900 °C. The metastable electron trap N1 (Ec−0.5∼0.7 eV) and the midgap electron trap EL2 (Ec−0.82 eV) are produced by RTP at 700, 800, and 900 °C. Two electron traps N2 (Ec−0.36 eV) and N3 (Ec−0.49 eV) are produced by RTP at 900 °C. The peculiar spatial distribution of N1 and EL2 are observed across the RTP layers. In particular, the EL2 distribution is found to be a W-shaped pattern. It is supposed that this peculiar shape of the spatial variation is consistent with that of the thermal stress induced by RTP. In addition the spatial variations of EL2 are suppressed by use of the guard ring composed of GaAs pieces, since it prevents the thermal stress during RTP, but EL2 remains at uniform concentration of ∼1014 cm−3 across the RTP layer. It seems that the thermal stress enhances the production of the trap EL2. On the other hand, the trap N1 is found to disappear by the use of the guard ring composed of GaAs pieces. We also discuss the difference of deep levels between MBE and bulk GaAs after RTP.
Characterization of a Virtually Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome of a Prevalent Intersubtype (C/B′) Recombinant Strain in China (2000)

A molecular epidemiology study was conducted among more than 100 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C seropositive intravenous drug users (IDUs) from China. Genotyping based on the envelope C2V3 coding region revealed the highest homology of the most prevalent virus strains circulating throughout China to subtype C sequences of Indian origin. Based on these results, a virtually full-length genome representing the most prevalent class of clade C strains circulating throughout China was directly amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a selected HIV-infected IDU and subcloned. Sequence analysis identified a mosaic structure, suggesting extensive intersubtype recombination events between genomes of the prevalent clade C and (B')-subtype Thai virus strains of that geographic region. Recombinant Identification Program analysis and phylogenetic bootstrapping suggested that there were 10 breakpoints (i) in the gag-pol coding region, (ii) in vpr and at the 3' end of the vpu gene, and (iii) in the nef open reading frame. (B')-sequences therefore include (i) several insertions in the gag-pol coding region; (ii) 3'-vpr, the complete vpu gene, and the first exons of tat and rev; and (iii) the 5' half of the nef gene. Breakpoints located in the vpr/vpu coding region as well as in the nef gene of 97cn54 were found at almost identical positions of all subtype C strains isolated from IDUs living in different areas of China, suggesting a common ancestor for the C/B' recombinant strains. More than 50% of well-defined subtype B-derived cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes within Gag and Pol and 10% of the known epitopes in Env were found to exactly match sequences within in this clade C/B' chimeric reference strain. These results may substantially facilitate a biological comparison of clade C-derived reference strains as well as the generation of useful reagents supporting vaccine-related efforts in China.