gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Invisible Side of Certificate Transparency: Exploring the Reliability of Monitors in the Wild (2021)

To detect fraudulent TLS server certificates and improve the accountability of certification authorities (CAs), certificate transparency (CT) is proposed to record certificates in publicly-visible logs, from which the monitors fetch all certificates and watch for suspicious ones. However, if the monitors, either domain owners themselves or third-party services, fail to return a complete set of certificates issued for a domain of interest, potentially fraudulent certificates may not be detected and then the CT framework becomes less reliable. This paper presents the first systematic study on CT monitors. We analyze the data in 88 public logs and the services of 5 active third-party monitors regarding 3,000,431 certificates of 6,000 selected Alexa Top-1M websites. We find that although CT allows ordinary domain owners to act as monitors, it is impractical for them to perform reliable processing by themselves, due to the rapidly increasing volume of certificates in public logs (e.g., on average about 5 million records or 28.29 GB daily for the minimal set of logs that need to be monitored in 2018, or more than 7 million records per day in 2020, according to the Chrome CT policy). Moreover, our study discloses that ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${a}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) none of the third-party monitors guarantees to return the complete set of certificates for a domain, and ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${b}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) for some domains, even the union of the certificates returned by the five third-party monitors can probably be incomplete. As a result, the certificates accepted by CT-enabled browsers are not actually visible to the claimed domain owners, even when CT is adopted with well-functioning logs. The risk of invisible fraudulent certificates in public logs raises doubts on the reliability of CT in practice.
Mass transport in turbulent Couette-Taylor flow (1987)

We have studied mass transport in a turbulent flow with large coherent structures---turbulent Taylor vortices. A pulse of dye is injected in fluid contained between concentric cylinders (with the inner one rotating and the outer one fixed), and the time dependence of the dye concentration at two axial positions is then determined from optical absorption measurements. The measurements have been made for radius ratios \ensuremath{\eta} ranging from 0.494 to 0.875, and at Reynolds numbers R ranging from 50 to 1000 times that corresponding to the onset of Taylor vortex flow. Transport in the axial direction is found to be modeled very well by a one-dimensional diffusion process with the reflections at the ends of the annulus and the finite injection time of the dye taken into account. (The time scale for the transport in the radial and azimuthal directions is short compared with that in the axial direction.) The effective axial diffusion coefficient D in the parameter range studied is of the order of 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/s, or greater, orders of magnitude larger than molecular diffusion coefficients. For a fixed R and \ensuremath{\eta}, D increases linearly with the axial wavelength \ensuremath{\lambda} of the Taylor vortices. The Reynolds-number dependence of the wavelength-independent scaled diffusion coefficient ${D}^{\mathrm{*}}$=(2d/\ensuremath{\lambda})D (where d is the gap between the cylinders), is described by a power law ${D}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${R}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$. Measurements for different parameter regions yield 0.69&lt;\ensuremath{\beta}&lt;0.86, while theory suggests a larger value, \ensuremath{\beta}=1.
<i>Vibrio</i>sp. as a potentially important member of  the Black Band Disease (BBD) consortium in<i>Favia</i>sp. corals (2009)

Black Band Disease (BBD) is a well-described disease plaguing corals worldwide. It has been established that ecological and environmental stress factors contribute to the appearance and progression of the disease, believed to be caused by a diverse microbial consortium. We have identified and characterized Vibrio sp. associated with BBD in Eilat reef corals using both culture-dependent and -independent methods. Direct sampling using 16S rRNA gene clone libraries showed seasonal dynamics in the diversity of BBD-associated Vibrios. In the two sampling periods, BBD-associated Vibrio clones showed similarities to different groups: October samples were similar to known pathogens, while December samples were similar to general aquatic Vibrio sp. Cultured bacterial isolates of Vibrio sp. were highly homologous (>or=99%) to previously documented BBD-associated bacteria from the Caribbean, Bahamas and Red Seas, and were similar to several known coral pathogens, such as Vibrio coralliilyticus. The proteolytic activity of Vibrio sp., as measured using casein- and azocasein-based assays, directly correlated with temperature elevation and peaked at 26-28 degrees C, with the microorganisms producing more proteases per bacterial cell or increasing the rate of proteolytic activity of the same proteases (potentially metalloproteases). This activity may promote coral tissue necrosis and aid in ensuing progression of the coral BBD.
Tyrosinase gene expression in clear cell sarcoma indicates a melanocyte origin: insight from the first reported canine case (1999)

The aim of this study was to characterize a metastasizing soft tissue tumor in a dog, which clinically, grossly and histologically showed a close resemblance to human clear cell sarcoma, a soft tissue variant of malignant melanoma. Ultrastructurally, melanosomes were found, indicating a melanocytic origin of the tumor. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, expression of the gene encoding tyrosinase was determined in tumor cells. With this first case of canine clear cell sarcoma, as well as the earlier report from our laboratory on amelanotic melanomas in the cat, we demonstrate that expression of the tyrosinase gene may occur in a broader range of less differentiated melanocytic tumors in different species, including man.
Induction of transplantable mouse renal cell cancers by streptozotocin: in vivo growth, metastases, and angiogenic phenotype. (2001)

Interleukin-2-based regimens of biological therapy have shown some clinical promise for the treatment of kidney cancer in humans, although the mechanisms responsible for tumor regression occurring in these patients remain unclear. Preclinical insight into these mechanisms is limited by a paucity of orthotopic animal models of kidney cancer. We have used streptozotocin, an antibiotic and diabetogenic nitrosamine compound derived from Streptomyces achromogenes to induce new kidney tumors in BALB/c mice. Single or multiple doses of streptozotocin induced kidney tumors in up to 25% of mice by 50-90 weeks of age, with up to 18% characterized as renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Several transplantable lines were obtained from the RCCs, and one of these lines was subsequently cloned. The initial tumor isolates and sublines were histologically reconfirmed to be RCCs, and all grew progressively but slowly (mean survival times, 57 to >100 days) in vivo after intrarenal implant. None of the primary isolates or sublines revealed mutations in either the VHL or Ras genes, although karyotype analysis and chromosome painting revealed the consistent presence of a submetacentric chromosome resulting from the fusion of chromosomes 16 and 19. Biological characterization of these tumors revealed several features analogous to the growth of human kidney cancers, including a propensity for the formation of lung metastases and high vascularity. This hypervascularity is evident by both gross and microscopic analysis and correlates with the expression of several proangiogenic genes. Overall, the features of orthotopic transplantability, slower in vivo growth (relative to the rapid growth rates of other transplantable mouse kidney tumors), propensity for lung metastases, and hypervascularity may make these tumors valuable models for the study of new therapeutic strategies based on antineovascular agents and antitumor cytokines.
Superior Anti-tumor Efficacy of Bicalutamide 80 mg in Combination with a Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Agonist Versus LHRH Agonist Monotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Interim Results of a Randomized Study in Japanese Patients (2004)

In Japanese patients with advanced prostate cancer, first-line treatment with bicalutamide 80 mg in combination with an LHRH agonist is superior to LHRH agonist monotherapy in terms of the antitumor response at 12 weeks, and also time to treatment failure and progression, and does not compromise treatment safety. The study is ongoing.
Electro-catalytically Active, High Surface Area Cathodes for Low Temperature SOFCs (2006)

This research focused on developing low polarization (area specific resistance, ASR) cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). In order to accomplish this we focused on two aspects of cathode development: (1) development of novel materials; and (2) developing the relationships between microstructure and electrochemical performance. The materials investigated ranged from Ag-bismuth oxide composites (which had the lowest reported ASR at the beginning of this contract) to a series of pyrochlore structured ruthenates (Bi{sub 2-x}M{sub x}Ru{sub 2}O{sub 7}, where M = Sr, Ca, Ag; Pb{sub 2}Ru{sub 2}O{sub 6.5}; and Y{sub 2-2x}Pr{sub 2x}Ru{sub 2}O{sub 7}), to composites of the pyrochlore ruthenates with bismuth oxide. To understand the role of microstructure on electrochemical performance, we optimized the Ag-bismuth oxide and the ruthenate-bismuth oxide composites in terms of both two-phase composition and particle size/microstructure. We further investigated the role of thickness and current collector on ASR. Finally, we investigated issues of stability and found the materials investigated did not form deleterious phases at the cathode/electrolyte interface. Further, we established the ability through particle size modification to limit microstructural decay, thus, enhancing stability. The resulting Ag-Bi{sub 0.8}Er{sub 0.2}O{sub 1.5} and Bi{sub 2}Ru{sub 2}O{sub 7{sup -}}Bi{sub 0.8}Er{sub 0.2}O{sub 1.5} composite cathodes had ASRs of 1.0 {Omega} cm{sup 2} and 0.73 {Omega}cm{sup 2} at 500 C and 0.048 {Omega}cm{sup 2} and 0.053 {Omega}cm{sup 2} at 650 C, respectively. These ASRs are truly impressive and makes them among the lowest IT-SOFC ASRs reported to date.
Freezing of unconventional two-dimensional plasmas (2013)

This thesis presents four research papers in the field of condensed-matter theory. In all four papers, large-scale Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate phases and phase transitions in two-component models of superconductors and superfluids with multiple broken symmetries. In Article I, a U(1) × U(1) lattice London superconductor with two different types of intercomponent interactions is investigated with focus on understanding the phases and the phase transitions of the model. Particularly, this model exhibits two different paired phases where proliferation of composite topological defects plays an important role.In Article II and III, a two-dimensional unconventional two-component Coulomb plasma with two distinct Coulomb interactions is investigated. The plasma relates to inner products of Ising-type quantum Hall states as well as to rotating two-component Bose- Einstein condensates with an intercomponent Andreev-Bashkin drag interaction. We investigate the phases and phase transitions of this plasma. Depending on the strength of the attractive intercomponent interaction, the plasma can undergo a Berezinskii- Kosterlitz-Thouless charge-unbinding transition. It can also undergo a two-dimensional melting transition when there is a strong intracomponent repulsion for one of the components. For the parameter values corresponding to the Ising-type quantum Hall states, the plasma is in a screening phase. This can be used to demonstrate that Ising-type quantum Hall states possess quasiparticles with exotic properties.In Article IV, the noncompact CP1 model is investigated. This model is proposed as a critical field theory of the continuous quantum phase transition between the N´eel state and the paramagnetic valence bond solid state in a quantum antiferromagnet. The model exhibits a direct transition line between a fully ordered phase with broken SU(2) symmetry and a fully disordered phase. By going to larger systems, we find that the bicritical point, which terminates the direct transition line, has been overestimated in earlier works. This may have important consequences for the determination of the character of the phase transition along the direct transition line.
Eliminating Micro‐Cavity Effects in White Top‐Emitting OLEDs by Ultra‐Thin Metallic Top Electrodes (2013)

The device efficiency and angular color stability of white top-emitting OLEDs is significantly improved by a decrease in thickness of the semitransparent silver cathode. The transmittance increases and the micro-cavity effects are reduced. Inserting a 2 nm gold wetting layer, the silver layer can be reduced to 5 nm achieving higher efficiency and comparable color stability to the bottom-emitting reference.
Out-of-plane spin-orientation dependent magnetotransport properties in the anisotropic helimagnet<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Cr</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>NbS</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2015)

Understanding the role of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) has been crucial for controlling magnetic anisotropy in magnetic multilayer films. It has been shown that electronic structure can be altered via interface SOC by varying the superlattice structure, resulting in spontaneous magnetization perpendicular or parallel to the plane. In lieu of magnetic thin films, we study the similarly anisotropic helimagnet ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{NbS}}_{2}$ where the spin-polarization direction, controlled by the applied magnetic field, can modify the electronic structure. As a result, the direction of spin polarization can modulate the density of states and in turn affect the in-plane electrical conductivity. In ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{NbS}}_{2}$, we found an enhancement of in-plane conductivity when the spin polarization is out-of-plane as compared to in-plane spin polarization. This is consistent with the increase in density of states near the Fermi energy at the same spin configuration, found from first-principles calculations. We also observe unusual field dependence of the Hall signal in the same temperature range. This is unlikely to originate from the noncollinear spin texture but rather further indicates strong dependence of electronic structure on spin orientation relative to the plane.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Catalyzed Rearrangement and Acyl Migration Studies on 9‐Dihydro‐13‐acetylbaccatin‐III, a Major Taxane from Taxus canadensis. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Biomolecular applications of single-molecule measurements: kinetics and dynamics of a single-enzyme reaction (2002)

In this work we describe preliminary experiments in which we have used ultra-sensitive fluorescence microscopy to observe the dynamics of individual enzyme molecules acting upon a substrate. The enzyme, (beta) -galactosidase from E.coli, is specifically immobilized onto a glass substrate while maintaining its functionality. The immobilized protein degrades a fluorogenic substrate to produce a fluorescent product, whose generation can be observed in real time. Individual copies of (beta) -galactosidase can be observed for many minutes, allowing the measurement of a large number of successive substrate turnover events. A rudimentary analysis of these turnovers using autocorrelation functions is presented, and a strong heterogeneity in reaction rates between different molecules is observed. In addition, the challenges inherent in successful surface immobilization of proteins for single-molecule experiments are discussed.
Ultrafast photocarrier dynamics related to defect states of Si<sub>1−x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> nanowires measured by optical pump–THz probe spectroscopy (2017)

Slightly tapered Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> nanowires (NWs) (x = 0.29-0.84) were synthesized via a vapor-liquid-solid procedure using Au as a catalyst. We measured the optically excited carrier dynamics of Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> NWs as a function of Ge content using optical pump-THz probe spectroscopy. The measured -ΔT/T<sub>0</sub> signals of Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> NWs were converted into conductivity in the THz region. We developed a fitting formula to apply to indirect semiconductors such as Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub>, which explains the temporal population of photo-excited carriers in the band structure and the relationship between the trapping time and the defect states on an ultrafast time scale. From the fitting results, we extracted intra- and inter-valley transition times and trapping times of electrons and holes of Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> NWs as a function of Ge content. On the basis of theoretical reports, we suggest a physical model to interpret the trapping times related to the species of interface defect states located at the oxide/NW: substoichiometric oxide states of Si(Ge)<sup>0+,1+,2+</sup>, but not Si(Ge)<sup>3+</sup>, could function as defect states capturing photo-excited electrons or holes and could determine the different trapping times of electrons and holes depending on negatively or neutrally charged states.
Bone Tissue Engineering: Treatment of Cranial Bone Defects in Rabbits Using Self-Reinforced Poly-L,D-lactide 96/4 Sheets (2002)

This study is one of a series in which the authors evaluate various absorbable sheets to guide bone regeneration in cranial bone defects. The aim was to evaluate the use of self-reinforced poly-L,D-lactide 96/4 (SR-PLA96) sheets for cranial bone tissue engineering in experimental defects in rabbits. Square defects of 10 × 10 mm were created in the right parietal bone. SR-PLA96 implants (15 × 15 mm) were used to cover these defects in 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Similar defects were created in the left parietal bone, but no sheets were used (controls). The rabbits were killed after 6, 24, or 48 weeks. Histology and histomorphometry were used to evaluate healing of the defects. Defects covered with SR-PLA96 sheets showed more abundant bone formation than control (non-covered) defects. At 6 weeks, the defects were occupied mainly by fibrous tissue. At 24 weeks, healing with bone formation was more obvious in the covered defects. At 48 weeks, bone completely bridged defects covered with SR-PLA96 sheets, and incomplete bridging was seen in non-covered control defects. Hence, bone tissue engineering in experimental cranial bone defects in rabbits can be achieved using SR-PLA96 sheets to guide bone regeneration.
Efeito da aplicação seqüencial de glyphosate no controle de Commelina benghalensis e Commelina diffusa na cultura do cafeeiro (2002)

A fim de estabelecer estratégias que reduzam a tolerância de Commelina benghalensis e C. diffusa ao glyphosate, foram realizados dois experimentos lavoura de café. Foi avaliado o efeito da aplicação seqüencial de doses crescentes de glyphosate, comparando com as formulações de glyphosate SA (sal isopropilamina) e WG (sal amônio) no controle destas espécies e a toxicidade causada à cultura. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as formulações glyphosate SA (2160 g/ha e.a.) e WG (2160 g/ha e.a.), no controle de C. diffusa e C. benghalensis . A aplicação seqüencial de glyphosate WG, nas doses de 1440 e 1080 g/ha e.a., com a segunda aplicação 21 dias após a primeira, demonstrou controle eficiente de C. diffu s a e C. benghalensis, até os 100 dias após a aplicação (DAA). A mistura no tanque glyphosate SA + 2,4-D na dose de 1080/1 005 g/ha e.a. e a mistura diuronlparaquat na dose de 300/600 g/ha, proporcionaram injúria acentuada ao cafeeiro até os 60 DAA. No entanto, glyphosate SA e glyphosate WG em aplicação seqüencial ou em única aplicação, nas doses estudadas, ocasionou injúria acentuada ao cafeeiro até os 30 DAA, passando para injúrias leves nas avaliações seguintes.
Silicon Resonant Cavity Enhanced MoTe2 Schottky Photodetector at 1.55 m (2019)

Here we demonstrate a TMD-based photodetector heterogeneously integrated into a silicon photonics platform. The photodetector shows high photoresponsivity (~0.1A/W) as compared to straight waveguide at 1550 nm.
Fatal necrosis of the liver during ABVD chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease: A case report (1986)

A case of massive fatal liver necrosis during chemotherapy for stage IVA Hodgkin's disease is described. A previously healthy 50-year-old male was given doxorubicin 25 mg/m2, bleomycin 10 mg/m2 and vinblastine 6 mg/m2 on days 1 and 14 of the cycle combined with dacarbazine 150 mg/m2 on days 1-5 (ABVD) with 4-week intervals. During the fourth cycle of chemotherapy the patient developed fatal liver necrosis with anuria and uncontrolled bleeding. At autopsy, 80% of the liver was necrotic and viable cells were seen only in periportal areas. Dacarbazine may have caused the necrosis. Liver necrosis caused by drugs should be considered if unexplained hepatomegaly and a rise in serum liver enzyme levels is noted during ABVD treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: The Relative Rate of Hydrolysis of a Series of Acyclic and Six‐Membered Cyclic Acetals, Ketals, Orthoesters, and Orthocarbonates. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
New Thin‐Layer Solid State Lithium Polymer Batteries (1994)

Preliminary results on new thin‐layer solid‐state lithium batteries with unique characteristics which make them of interest for the consumer electronic market are reported. The novelty of these lithium batteries is that they use low resistance cathode materials in combination with highly conductive polymer electrolytes. This combination gives flat (constant voltage) discharge curves, a limited but yet significant cycling life, and a high power capability at ambient and subambient temperatures.
Effect of nano-scale curvature on the intrinsic blood coagulation system (2014)

The intrinsic coagulation activity of silica nanoparticles strongly depends on their surface curvature. Nanoparticles with higher surface curvature do not denature blood coagulation factor XII on its surface, providing a coagulation 'silent' surface, while nanoparticles with lower surface curvature show denaturation and concomitant coagulation.