gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Regulatory T Cells in Tolerated Allografts (2002)

Induction of transplantation tolerance with certain therapeutic nondepleting monoclonal antibodies can lead to a robust state of peripheral "dominant" tolerance. Regulatory CD4+ T cells, which mediate this form of "dominant" tolerance, can be isolated from spleens of tolerant animals. To determine whether there were any extra-lymphoid sites that might harbor regulatory T cells we sought their presence in tolerated skin allografts and in normal skin. When tolerated skin grafts are retransplanted onto T cell-depleted hosts, graft-infiltrating T cells exit the graft and recolonize the new host. These colonizing T cells can be shown to contain members with regulatory function, as they can prevent nontolerant lymphocytes from rejecting fresh skin allografts, without hindrance of rejection of third party skin. Our results suggest that T cell suppression of graft rejection is an active process that operates beyond secondary lymphoid tissue, and involves the persistent presence of regulatory T cells at the site of the tolerated transplant.
Large-force electrothermal linear micromotors (2003)

Electrothermal linear micromotors fabricated by deep reactive ion etching of silicon-on-insulator wafers are presented. These high-aspect-ratio motors are powered by thermal actuator arrays with a height of 50 µm. Synchronized arrays, each containing ten actuators connected by a midpoint yoke, are used to advance a slider through frictional contact. Forces of 6.7 mN have been demonstrated at a voltage of 12 V using motors measuring 2.5 mm by 2.1 mm. Unidirectional motors have been successfully operated at speeds of up to 1 mm s−1 over a range in excess of 2 mm. Motors are found to be well suited for positioning compliant mechanisms and similar applications requiring large forces and displacements at low drive voltages.
Chemistry control and corrosion mitigation of heat transfer salts for the fluoride salt reactor (FHR) (2012)

The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) was a prototype nuclear reactor which operated from 1965 to 1969 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The MSRE used liquid fluoride salts as a heat transfer fluid and solvent for fluoride based {sup 235}U and {sup 233}U fuel. Extensive research was performed in order to optimize the removal of oxide and metal impurities from the reactor's heat transfer salt, 2LiF-BeF{sub 2} (FLiBe). This was done by sparging a mixture of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen gas through the FLiBe at elevated temperatures. The hydrofluoric acid reacted with oxides and hydroxides, fluorinating them while simultaneously releasing water vapor. Metal impurities such as iron and chromium were reduced by hydrogen gas and filtered out of the salt. By removing these impurities, the corrosion of reactor components was minimized. The Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison is currently researching a new chemical purification process for fluoride salts that make use of a less dangerous cleaning gas, nitrogen trifluoride. Nitrogen trifluoride has been predicted as a superior fluorinating agent for fluoride salts. These purified salts will subsequently be used for static and loop corrosion tests on a variety of reactor materials to ensure materials compatibility for the new FHRmore » designs. Demonstration of chemistry control methodologies along with potential reduction in corrosion is essential for the use of a fluoride salts in a next generator nuclear reactor system. (authors)« less
Experimental Studies on Active Noise Control Using Smart Structures (2003)

The interior noise induced by vibration of surrounding structures can be attenuated by suppressing the vibration using surface-mounted smart elements. Compared with loudspeakers and microphones, piezoelectric elements are lightweight, compact, and easy to install. These features are very attractive for the noise control in vehicle cabins. Since the sound radiation abilities of different vibration modes are different, the control system has to be appropriately designed in such a way that the vibration components with strong radiation ability are controlled. In this paper, active noise control in a cylindrical shell with a floor partition using piezoelectric actuators (PZT) and Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) error sensors is experimentally investigated. The control systems used in the experiment are designed using the GA-based method proposed in our previous work. To show the effectiveness of the optimal design, the performance of optimal systems is compared with that of non-optimal systems with random configurations. Experimental results are presented and analyzed both in the time and in the frequency domains. Results show that the control performance can be significantly improved through the optimal design using the GA-based method, even when controlled structures are irregular, where conventional design methods do not work well.
Experimental and computational crystal structure landscape study of nigerloxin: a fungal metabolite from Aspergillus niger (2016)

The crystal structure landscape for the bioactive fungal metabolite, nigerloxin, has been explored in the present study using a combined experimental and computational approach. Two new solvate forms of nigerloxin, have been identified from crystallization screening experiments. Additionally, a crystal structure prediction (CSP) study of nigerloxin anhydrate and monohydrate forms has been performed in the study. A comparison of the radical scavenging properties of nigerloxin and related β-hydroxy-γ-pyrone analogues have been performed with the help of bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) and HOMO–LUMO energy gap computations, which indicate the lowest BDE and HOMO–LUMO gaps for nigerloxin. Various growth units present in the experimental and predicted crystal structures were identified using the supramolecular synthon approach and were utilized in the identification of the most probable crystal growth pathways available for nigerloxin. A total of twelve distinct crystal growth pathways were identified for nigerloxin anhydrate from the CSP based crystal structural landscape study. The 1-D nigerloxin water tape synthon (1HA) was identified as the most frequently observed growth unit in the predicted structures and was also found present in the two experimental solvate forms. The higher order supramolecular constructs derived from the synthon 1HA were identified as the most probable crystal growth pathways for the nigerloxin monohydrate.
Effective but Costly, Evolved Mechanisms of Defense against a Virulent Opportunistic Pathogen in Drosophila melanogaster (2009)

Drosophila harbor substantial genetic variation for antibacterial defense, and investment in immunity is thought to involve a costly trade-off with life history traits, including development, life span, and reproduction. To understand the way in which insects invest in fighting bacterial infection, we selected for survival following systemic infection with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wild-caught Drosophila melanogaster over 10 generations. We then examined genome-wide changes in expression in the selected flies relative to unselected controls, both of which had been infected with the pathogen. This powerful combination of techniques allowed us to specifically identify the genetic basis of the evolved immune response. In response to selection, population-level survivorship to infection increased from 15% to 70%. The evolved capacity for defense was costly, however, as evidenced by reduced longevity and larval viability and a rapid loss of the trait once selection pressure was removed. Counter to expectation, we observed more rapid developmental rates in the selected flies. Selection-associated changes in expression of genes with dual involvement in developmental and immune pathways suggest pleiotropy as a possible mechanism for the positive correlation. We also found that both the Toll and the Imd pathways work synergistically to limit infectivity and that cellular immunity plays a more critical role in overcoming P. aeruginosa infection than previously reported. This work reveals novel pathways by which Drosophila can survive infection with a virulent pathogen that may be rare in wild populations, however, due to their cost.
&gt;2 MW peak power at 1560 nm from micro giant-pulse laser/amplifier with PPMgLN OPG (2016)

We demonstrate 2.6 MW peak power at 1560 nm from Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG micro giant-pulse laser/amplifier with PPMgLN optical parametric generation. It is the first report of micro giant-pulse laser exceeding 2 MW peak power in eye-safe wavelength.
Evaluation of the Optimized Pitch and Language Strategy in Cochlear Implant Recipients (2018)

The CP900 OPAL implementation provided a significant benefit to perception of speech intonation when compared with ACE. Comparable speech perception (in quiet and noise) and subjective ratings of speech intelligibility between strategies were also achieved after a period of acclimatization. These outcomes are consistent with results of earlier studies using prototype versions of the strategy and reaffirm its potential for improvement of F0 pitch perception in speech while preserving coding of segmental speech information. Furthermore, the OPAL strategy can be programmed into subject's processors using the same fitting procedures used for ACE thereby simplifying its adoption in clinical settings.
Recent Carbohydrate‐Based Chemoselective Ligation Applications (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Immunomodulatory Properties of Streptococcus and Veillonella Isolates from the Human Small Intestine Microbiota (2014)

The human small intestine is a key site for interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Here we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of representative species of commonly dominant small-intestinal microbial communities, including six streptococcal strains (four Streptococcus salivarius, one S. equinus, one S. parasanguinis) one Veillonella parvula strain, one Enterococcus gallinarum strain, and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as a bench mark strain on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The different streptococci induced varying levels of the cytokines IL-8, TNF-a, and IL-12p70, while the V. parvula strain showed a strong capacity to induce IL-6. E. gallinarum strain was a potent inducer of cytokines and TLR2/6 signalling. As Streptococcus and Veillonella can potentially interact metabolically and frequently co-occur in ecosystems, immunomodulation by pair-wise combinations of strains were also tested for their combined immunomodulatory properties. Strain combinations induced cytokine responses in dendritic cells that differed from what might be expected on the basis of the results obtained with the individual strains. A combination of (some) streptococci with Veillonella appeared to negate IL-12p70 production, while augmenting IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-a responses. This suggests that immunomodulation data obtained in vitro with individual strains are unlikely to adequately represent immune responses to mixtures of gut microbiota communities in vivo. Nevertheless, analysing the immune responses of strains representing the dominant species in the intestine may help to identify immunomodulatory mechanisms that influence immune homeostasis.
Transient Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening Mediates Preconditioning-Induced Protection (2004)

We report that the protection associated with IPC, diazoxide, and mitochondrial uncoupling requires transient mPTP opening and ROS.
Empagliflozin and Major Renal Outcomes in Heart Failure (2021)

Empagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Heart Failure In a planned pooled analysis of two trials that evaluated empagliflozin in patients with heart failure, major adverse renal outcomes occurred in 2....
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-benzylidenerhodanine-3-acetic acid derivatives as AChE and 15-LOX inhibitors (2015)

A series of 5-benzylidenerhodanine-3-acetamides bearing morpholino-, 4-arylpiperazinyl-, or 4-benzylpiperidinyl- moieties were synthesized and their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were evaluated. Alteration of amide part and substitution on the benzylidene moiety resulted in change of anti-AChE activity. The most active compound was the 1-benzylpiperidinyl derivative containing 4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene scaffold. Notably, the intermediate compounds, namely 5-arylidene-rhodanine-3-acetic acids (3), showed mild inhibitory activity against 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX), while the final compound 4 showed no activity against 15-LOX.
The (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O system: comparison of deliquescence humidities measured in the field and estimated from laboratory measurements and thermodynamic modeling (1994)

Hygroscopicity of atmospheric aerosol particles results in changes of the optical properties and chemical composition of the particles with significant effects on visibility degradation, atmospheric chemistry and possibly the global energy balance. Ambient aerosol, sampled in Riverside, California, USA, was characterized by measuring its light scattering coefficient as a function of controlled relative humidity and thermal treatment. These measurements and results from simultaneous filter samples have been compared with data from laboratory measurements and thermodynamic models for the (NH4)2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O system. Results from field experiments have indicated deliquescence humidities in the 74–79% range, after chemically neutralizing the aerosol with NH3 and preheating the sample to 190 °C. Preheating was used to remove more volatile material from the aerosol particles, such as NH4NO3 which could inhibit the occurrence of deliquescence. The measured deliquescence humidity values were less than expected for pure (NH4)2SO4, but their mean is, at the 95% confidence level, the same with the means of predictions for the deliquescence humidities determined from the phase diagram and thermodynamic modeling for the (NH4)2SO4-Na2SO4-Hs2O system. These results indicate first the importance of mixtures when examining the hygroscopic characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles, and second the usefulness of in situ optical methods for the assessment of the chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosols.
Codeine and cough: an ineffective gold standard (2007)

We propose that these differences, as well as results from animal models, can be explained by the existence of a complex hierarchical control system that regulates the expression of coughing. This system, known as a holarchy, is composed of regulatory elements known as 'holons' that interact with one another to regulate cough. Based on work in animal models, codeine is proposed to act on an intermediate order holon that may not be critical for coughing under some situations in humans. Testing of this hypothesis and further elucidation of the control system for cough will represent an important direction for future research in this area.
Evaluation of microcanonical rate constants for bimolecular reactions by path integral techniques (1985)

An expression for the microcanonical rate constant that can be conveniently evaluated by path integral techniques is proposed. The efficacy of the method is illustrated by obtaining accurate transmission probabilities as a function of energy for a particle tunneling through an Eckart barrier. The application of the method to systems involving many degrees of freedom is discussed.
Dibenzo[<i>a</i>,<i>f</i>]perylene Bisimide: Effects of Introducing Two Fused Rings (2014)

Perylene bisimides (PBIs) are fascinating dyes with various potential applications. To study the effects of introducing a dibenzo-fused structure to the perylene moiety, π-extended PBI derivatives with a dibenzo-fused structure at both of the a and f bonds were synthesized. The twisted structure was characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis. In the cyclic voltammograms, the dibenzo[a,f]-fused PBI showed a reversible oxidation wave at much less positive potential, relative to a dibenzo[a,o]-fused PBI derivative. These data indicated that two ring fusions at both sides of a naphthalene moiety, which construct a tetracene core, effectively raise the HOMO level compared to fusion of one ring at each naphthalene moiety (two anthracene cores). The dibenzo[a,f]-fused PBI derivative showed an absorption band at 735 nm with a shoulder band reaching 900 nm.
Sonographic Evaluation of Spinal Cord Birth Trauma with Pathologic Correlation (1988)

Birth trauma to the spinal cord is a serious potential complication of delivery. Determining the presence, severity, and extent of injury poses a difficult problem because of the often confusing clinical setting. Myelography has been recommended for assessing spinal cord birth trauma but is invasive and may not be helpful. The role of sonography in evaluating spinal cord birth trauma has not been previously described. We assessed the value of sonography in four patients, three of whom also had CT metrizamide myelography. Autopsy correlation was available in three patients. Sonography was able to easily demonstrate the cord configuration, allowing for multiple assessments over time. Internal cord echogenicity was helpful in a case of hematomyelia and in demonstrating the changes of myelomalacia. Sonography is useful in evaluating neonates with severe spinal cord injury; it obviates the need for myelography and also may allow less severely injured patients to be assessed more frequently.
Identification of key genes and long non-coding RNA related to bone metastasis in breast cancer by bioinformatics analysis (2020)

Abstract BackgroundThe molecular mechanism of bone metastasis in breast cancer is largely unknown. We aimed to find key genes and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to the bone metastasis of breast cancer using a bioinformatic approach. MethodsWe downloaded breast cancer bone metastasis gene expression data (GSE66206) and probe annotation files from the public database Gene Expression Omnibus. Then, we analyzed the network nodes to find core driver genes. Weighted correlation network analysis was performed on the gene expression profile of breast cancer bone metastasis to identify potential pathogenic modules. We performed function and pathway enrichment analyses of the genes and lncRNAs in the breast cancer bone metastasis-related modules. ResultsBased on our results, we constructed a differentially expressed lncRNA–mRNA network related to bone metastases in breast cancer and identified core driver genes, including BNIP3 and RP11-317-J19.1. ConclusionsOur findings provide a theoretical foundation for explaining the intrinsic molecular mechanism of breast cancer bone metastasis.
Apoptosis Inhibitor as a Suppressor of Tumor Progression: Expression of Bcl-2 Eliminates Selective Advantages for p53-Deficient Cells in the Tumor (2002)

Inactivation of p53 and expression of Bcl-2, frequently occurring during tumor progression, have different prognostic value: while inactivation of p53 is generally associated with unfavorable prognosis, expression of Bcl-2 often correlates with better clinical outcome and delays selection of metastatic variants of experimental tumors. To analyze the mechanisms underlying the "anti-progression" function of Bcl-2, we engineered tumor cell variants differing in their p53 status and Bcl-2 expression and compared their expansion in experimental tumors. Although neither p53 suppression nor Bcl-2-expression altered cell growth properties in vitro, both variants showed rapid accumulation in growing tumors in vivo, presumably due to their resistance to hypoxia. However, no expansion of p53-deficient variants occurred in the tumors formed by Bcl-2-overexpressing cells, indicating that p53 deficiency has no selective advantages in the Bcl-2-expressing environment. Importantly, expression of Bcl-2, unlike p53 suppression, did not lead to genomic instability as judged by the frequencies of gene amplification. Thus, acquisition of Bcl-2 expression is as advantageous for tumor cell growth in vivo as is p53 inactivation but does not affect genomic stability and creates the environment restrictive for the expansion of genetically unstable and potentially malignant p53-deficient cells, causing a delay in tumor progression and explaining the different prognostic value of Bcl-2 and p53.
Experimental Medicine Study to Measure Immune Checkpoint Receptors PD‐1 and GITR Turnover Rates <i>In Vivo</i> in Humans (2020)

Development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune-checkpoint receptors (IMRs) for the treatment of cancer is one of the most active areas of investment in the biopharmaceutical industry. A key decision in the clinical development of anti-IMR mAbs is dose selection. Dose selection can be challenging because the traditional oncology paradigm of administering the maximum tolerated dose is not applicable to anti-IMR mAbs. Instead, dose selection should be informed by the pharmacology of immune signaling. Engaging an IMR is a key initial step to triggering pharmacologic effects, and turnover (i.e., the rate of protein synthesis) of the IMR is a key property to determining the dose level needed to engage the IMR. Here, we applied the stable isotope labeling mass spectrometry technique using <sup>13</sup> C<sub>6</sub> -leucine to measure the in vivo turnover rates of IMRs in humans. The <sup>13</sup> C<sub>6</sub> -leucine was administered to 10 study participants over 15 hours to measure <sup>13</sup> C<sub>6</sub> -leucine enrichment kinetics in 2 IMR targets that have been clinically pursued in oncology: GITR and PD-1. We report the first measurements of GITR and PD-1 median half-lives associated with turnover to be 55.6 and ≥ 49.5 hours, respectively. The approach outlined here can be applied to other IMRs and, more generally, to protein targets.
Electromechanical stimulation ameliorates inactivity-induced adaptations in the medial gastrocnemius of adult rats (2007)

The efficacy of high-load, short-duration isometric contractions, delivered as one vs. two sessions per day, on blunting inactivity-induced adaptations in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) were compared. Adult rats were assigned to a control (Con) or spinal cord-isolated (SI) group where one limb was stimulated (SI-Stim) while the other served as a SI control (SI-C). One bout of stimulation (BION microstimulator) consisted of a 100-Hz, 1-s stimulus, delivered every 30 s for 5 min with a 5-min rest period. This bout was repeated six times consecutively (SI-Stim1) or with a 9-h rest interval after the third bout (SI-Stim2) for 30 consecutive days. MG weights (relative to body weight) were 63, 72, and 79% of Con in SI-C, SI-Stim1, and SI-Stim2, respectively. Mean fiber size was 56% smaller in SI-C than in Con, and it was 19 and 31% larger in SI-Stim1 and SI-Stim2, respectively, compared with SI-C. Maximum tetanic tension was 42, 60, and 73% of Con in SI-C, SI-Stim1, and SI-Stim2, respectively. Specific tension was 77% of Con in SI-C, and at Con levels in both SI-Stim groups. SI increased the percent IIb myosin heavy chain composition (from 49 to 77%) and IIb+ fibers (from 63 to 79%): these adaptations were prevented by both Stim paradigms. These results demonstrate that 1) brief periods of high-load isometric contractions are effective in reducing inactivity-induced atrophy, functional deficits, and phenotypic adaptations in a fast hindlimb extensor, and 2) the same amount of stimulation distributed in two compared with one session per day is more effective in ameliorating inactivity-related adaptations.