gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applying Insurance Pricing Theory for Pricing ADR as an Insurance Product (2009)

As litigation is recognized as a costly and time-consuming method to resolve disputes, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques are being adopted in construction projects to help handle disputes in a more effective way. However, there are potential costs related to ADR implementation as it requires expenditures to cover the expenses incurred by the owner's/contractor's employees and third party neutrals. Normally those costs are determined during the project planning phase prior to the actual occurrence of disputes. In this paper, the possibility of pricing ADR as an insurance product will be explored. It is similar to the concept of "premium" in insurance industry, although it may be structured more like a self-insurance program. The objective is to provide project participants with an economic advantage by investing a certain amount of premium in the beginning of the project in exchange for compensation from the insurance company in the uncertain event of an unknown ADR cost that may be incurred during the construction phase. Insurance pricing theory's underwriting concepts will be utilized to develop similar concepts in ADR pricing. A conceptual model will be presented to perform the ratemaking process by drawing an analogy from health insurance. An example of a construction project is used to illustrate the mathematical calculations required to determine the premium of the proposed ADR techniques.
Tumor origin and CD20 expression in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurring in solid organ transplant recipients: implications for immune-based therapy.1 (2003)

PTLD after solid organ transplantation is frequently EBV-related and of recipient origin, implying that therapeutic EBV-specific T cells must be matched to the HLA type of the recipient, not that of the donor, in most cases of PTLD. Variable CD20 expression among tumors suggests that in some patients anti-CD20 therapy might be more effective in combination with other therapies.
A Phase II Study of sEphB4-HSA in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2022)

In patients with mCRPC who progressed on prior second generation AR-targeted therapy, sEphB4-HSA monotherapy had no discernable anti-tumor activity.
An oxygen reduction chain in the hyperthermophilic anaerobe <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> highlights horizontal gene transfer between <i>Thermococcales</i> and <i>Thermotogales</i> (2011)

The hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima, although strictly anaerobic, is able to grow in the presence of low amounts of O(2). Here, we show that this bacterium consumes O(2) via a three-partner chain involving an NADH oxidoreductase (NRO), a rubredoxin (Rd) and a flavo-diiron protein (FprA) (locus tags: TM_0754, TM_0659 and TM_0755, respectively). In vitro experiments showed that the NADH-dependent O(2) consumption rate was 881.9 (± 106.7) mol O(2) consumed min(-1) per mol of FprA at 37°C and that water was the main end-product of the reaction. We propose that this O(2) reduction chain plays a central role in the O(2) tolerance of T. maritima. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the genes coding for these three components were acquired by an ancestor of Thermotogales from an ancestor of Thermococcales via a single gene transfer. This event likely also involved two ROS scavenging enzymes (neelaredoxin and rubrerythrin) that are encoded by genes clustered with those coding for FprA, NRO and Rd in the ancestor of Thermococcales. Such genomic organization would have provided the ancestor of Thermotogales with a complete set of enzymes dedicated to O(2)-toxicity defence. Beside Thermotogales and Thermococcales, horizontal gene transfers have played a major role in disseminating these enzymes within the hyperthermophilic anaerobic prokaryotic communities, allowing them to cope with fluctuating oxidative conditions that exist in situ.
Workload merging potential in SAP Hybris (2020)

OLTP DBMSs in enterprise scenarios are often facing the challenge to deal with workload peaks resulting from events such as Cyber Monday or Black Friday. The traditional solution to prevent running out of resources and thus coping with such workload peaks is to use a significant over-provisioning of the underlying infrastructure. Another direction to cope with such peak scenarios is to apply resource sharing. In a recent work, we showed that merging read statements in OLTP scenarios offers the opportunity to maintain low latency for systems under heavy load without over-provisioning.
Comparison of Two Techniques of Robot-Aided Upper Limb Exercise Training After Stroke (2004)

The incorporation of robot-aided progressive resistance exercises into a program of robot-aided exercise did not favorably or negatively affect the gains in motor control or strength associated with this training, though interpretation of these results is limited by sample size. Individuals with better motor control at baseline experienced greater increases in motor control with robotic training.
Combination therapy of intraarterial 5‐fluorouracil and systemic interferon‐alpha for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous invasion (2006)

The combination therapy with 5-FU and IFN was safe, and substantially improved the survival rate among the complete responders. These results provide a rationale for future randomized controlled trials.
Continuous Table Movement for Peripheral MRA with Matrix Coils at 3.0T – Initial Experience (2009)

Purpose: To compare a standard step-by-step and a newly developed continuous table movement (ct) technique for peripheral MRA at 3.0 Tesla.
Phenotyping Type 2 Diabetes in Terms of Myocardial Insulin Resistance and Its Potential Cardiovascular Consequences: A New Strategy Based on 18F-FDG PET/CT (2022)

<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET combined with HEC is a reliable method for identifying patients with mIR. This subgroup of patients was found to be specifically at high risk of developing cardiovascular events and showed myocardial structural changes. Moreover, the gold-standard HOMA-IR index was only associated with mIR in this subgroup of patients. Our results open up a new avenue for stratifying patients with cardiovascular risk in T2D.
Design and Simulation of a Low Power 384-channel Actively Multiplexed Neural Interface (2022)

Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) provide clinical benefits including partial restoration of lost motor control, vision, speech, and hearing. A fundamental limitation of existing BCIs is their inability to span several areas (> cm<sup>2</sup>) of the cortex with fine (<100 μm) resolution. One challenge of scaling neural interfaces is output wiring and connector sizes as each channel must be independently routed out of the brain. Time division multiplexing (TDM) overcomes this by enabling several channels to share the same output wire at the cost of added noise. This work leverages a 130-nm CMOS process and transfer printing to design and simulate a 384-channel actively multiplexed array, which minimizes noise by adding front end filtering and amplification to every electrode site (pixel). The pixels are 50 μm × 50 μm and enable recording of all 384 channels at 30 kHz with a gain of 22.3 dB, noise of 9.57 μV rms, bandwidth of 0.1 Hz - 10 kHz, while only consuming 0.63 μW/channel. This work can be applied broadly across neural interfaces to create high channel-count arrays and ultimately improve BCIs.
Antimicrobial benzodiazepine-based short cationic peptidomimetics (2015)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear to be good candidates for the development of new antibiotic drugs. We describe here the synthesis of peptidomimetic compounds that are based on a benzodiazepine scaffold flanked with positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids. These compounds mimic the essential properties of cationic AMPs. The new design possesses the benzodiazepine scaffold that is comprised of two glycine amino acids and which confers flexibility and aromatic hydrophobic 'back', and two arms used for further synthesis on solid phase for incorporation of charged and hydrophobic amino acids. This approach allowed us a better understanding of the influence of these features on the antimicrobial activity and selectivity. A novel compound was discovered which has MICs of 12.5 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 25 µg/ml against Escherichia coli, similar to the well-known antimicrobial peptide MSI-78. In contrast to MSI-78, the above mentioned compound has lower lytic effect against mammalian red blood cells. These peptidomimetic compounds will pave the way for future design of potent synthetic mimics of AMPs for therapeutic and biomedical applications.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Androgen Receptor Targets Reveals COUP-TF1 as a Novel Player in Human Prostate Cancer (2012)

Androgen activity plays a key role in prostate cancer progression. Androgen receptor (AR) is the main mediator of androgen activity in the prostate, through its ability to act as a transcription mediator. Here we performed a genome-wide analysis of human AR binding to promoters in the presence of an agonist or antagonist in an androgen dependent prostate cancer cell line. Many of the AR bound promoters are bound in all examined conditions while others are bound only in the presence of an agonist or antagonist. Several motifs are enriched in AR bound promoters, including the AR Response Element (ARE) half-site and recognition elements for the transcription factors OCT1 and SOX9. This suggests that these 3 factors could define a module of co-operating transcription factors in the prostate. Interestingly, AR bound promoters are preferentially located in AT rich genomic regions. Analysis of mRNA expression identified chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor 1 (COUP-TF1) as a direct AR target gene that is downregulated upon binding by the agonist liganded AR. COUP-TF1 immunostaining revealed nucleolar localization of COUP-TF1 in epithelium of human androgen dependent prostate cancer, but not in adjacent benign prostate epithelium. Stromal cells both in human and mouse prostate show nuclear COUP-TF1 staining. We further show that there is an inverse correlation between COUP-TF1 expression in prostate stromal cells and the rising levels of androgen with advancing puberty. This study extends the pool of recognized putative AR targets and identifies a negatively regulated target of AR - COUP-TF1 - which could possibly play a role in human prostate cancer.
Responses of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Cereal Aphid-Resistant Wheat Accessions 1 (2002)

Host-plant resistance to cereal aphids may be especially ad- vantageous in crops with a narrow profit margin such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We evaluated resistance (antibiosis, antixenosis, and differential production of alate aphids) to Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) among eight wheat accessions, including six with resistance to other cereal aphids and one to R. padi. Accessions differed in antixenosis to both alate and apterous R. padi. Among accessions, MV4 was the most antixenotic to either alatae or apterae. With alatae, accessions KS92WGRC24, GRS 1201, STARS-9303W, and TAM 107 were antixenotic compared with 'Halt', TAM 110, and 'Vista'. Accession STARS-9303W was also more antixenotic to alatae than GRS 1201 or TAM 107. With apterae, KS92WGRC24, STARS-9303W, TAM 107, and 'Vista' were antixenotic when compared with GRS 1201 or TAM 110. Accessions KS92WGRC24 and TAM 107 were also more antixenotic to apterae than 'Halt.' Time to reproduction for R. padi did not differ among wheat accessions. When first instars were placed on seedlings, the proportion that developed wings did not differ among accessions. Low levels of resistance can be important in lim- iting aphid infestations, but stronger and more consistent levels of resistance in MV4 are needed for it to have a meaningful impact on R. padi in the field and for its inclusion in a program to breed for aphid resistance.
Roles of telomeres and telomerase in cancer, and advances in telomerase-targeted therapies (2016)

Telomeres maintain genomic integrity in normal cells, and their progressive shortening during successive cell divisions induces chromosomal instability. In the large majority of cancer cells, telomere length is maintained by telomerase. Thus, telomere length and telomerase activity are crucial for cancer initiation and the survival of tumors. Several pathways that regulate telomere length have been identified, and genome-scale studies have helped in mapping genes that are involved in telomere length control. Additionally, genomic screening for recurrent human telomerase gene hTERT promoter mutations and mutations in genes involved in the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway, such as ATRX and DAXX, has elucidated how these genomic changes contribute to the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer cells. Attempts have also been made to develop telomere length- and telomerase-based diagnostic tools and anticancer therapeutics. Recent efforts have revealed key aspects of telomerase assembly, intracellular trafficking and recruitment to telomeres for completing DNA synthesis, which may provide novel targets for the development of anticancer agents. Here, we summarize telomere organization and function and its role in oncogenesis. We also highlight genomic mutations that lead to reactivation of telomerase, and mechanisms of telomerase reconstitution and trafficking that shed light on its function in cancer initiation and tumor development. Additionally, recent advances in the clinical development of telomerase inhibitors, as well as potential novel targets, will be summarized.
Highly Regioselective Nitration of Hexamethylbenzene and Its Derivatives to Dinitroprehnitene with Excess Nitronium Tetrafluoroborate (1990)

Abstract Hexamethylbenzene and its derivatives undergo very clean regioselective dinitration to dinitroprehnitene (1, 2, 3, 4‐tetramethyl‐5, 6‐dinitrobenzene) with excess of nitronium tetrafluoroborate in dry CH 2 C1 2 solution. The mechanism of this unexpected new nitration is also discussed.
Spatial Distribution of Respiratory Metabolisms in Lab-Grown and in vivo Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. (2014)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Author Correction: Multicellular 3D Neurovascular Unit Model for Assessing Hypoxia and Neuroinflammation Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Trivialities in metabolomics: Artifacts in extraction and analysis (2022)

The aim of this review is to show the risks of artifact formation in metabolomics analyses. Metabolomics has developed in a major tool in system biology approaches to unravel the metabolic networks that are the basis of life. Presently TLC, LC-MS, GC-MS, MS-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance are applied to analyze the metabolome of all kind of biomaterials. These analytical methods require robust preanalytical protocols to extract the small molecules from the biomatrix. The quality of the metabolomics analyses depends on protocols for collecting and processing of the biomaterial, including the methods for drying, grinding and extraction. Also the final preparation of the samples for instrumental analysis is crucial for highly reproducible analyses. The risks of artifact formation in these steps are reviewed from the point of view of the commonly used solvents. Examples of various artifacts formed through chemical reactions between solvents or contaminations with functional groups in the analytes are discussed. These reactions involve, for example, the formation of esters, <i>trans</i>-esterifications, hemiacetal and acetal formation, N-oxidations, and the formation of carbinolamines. It concerns chemical reactions with hydroxyl-, aldehyde-, keto-, carboxyl-, ester-, and amine functional groups. In the analytical steps, artifacts in LC may come from the stationary phase or reactions of the eluent with analytes. Differences between the solvent of the injected sample and the LC-mobile phase may cause distortions of the retention of analytes. In all analytical methods, poorly soluble compounds will be in all samples at saturation level, thus hiding a potential marker function. Finally a full identification of compounds remains a major hurdle in metabolomics, it requires a full set of spectral data, including methods for confirming the absolute stereochemistry. The putative identifications found in supplemental data of many studies, unfortunately, often become "truly" identified compounds in papers citing these results. Proper validation of the protocols for preanalytical and analytical procedures is essential for reproducible analyses in metabolomics.
Spatial Mapping of Hot‐Spots at Lateral Heterogeneities in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (2019)

Lateral heterogeneities in atomically thin 2D materials such as in-plane heterojunctions and grain boundaries (GBs) provide an extrinsic knob for manipulating the properties of nano- and optoelectronic devices and harvesting novel functionalities. However, these heterogeneities have the potential to adversely affect the performance and reliability of the 2D devices through the formation of nanoscopic hot-spots. In this report, scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is utilized to map the spatial distribution of the temperature rise within monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) devices upon dissipating a high electrical power through a lateral interface. The results directly demonstrate that lateral heterojunctions between MoS<sub>2</sub> and WS<sub>2</sub> do not largely impact the distribution of heat dissipation, while GBs of MoS<sub>2</sub> appreciably localize heating in the device. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that the atomic structure is nearly flawless around heterojunctions but can be quite defective near GBs. The results suggest that the interfacial atomic structure plays a crucial role in enabling uniform charge transport without inducing localized heating. Establishing such structure-property-processing correlation provides a better understanding of lateral heterogeneities in 2D TMD systems which is crucial in the design of future all-2D electronic circuitry with enhanced functionalities, lifetime, and performance.
The impact of investment on price competition in unlicensed spectrum (2014)

Opening “prime” spectrum to unlicensed usage can lower the costs for offering wide area wireless services but may also lead to greater congestion due to multiple providers operating in the same band. To mitigate congestion, service providers may invest in more infrastructure or better technology. The costs of such investments must be weighed against the potential gains in revenue, which in turn will depend on the investments of other competing providers in the shared spectrum. This paper studies such trade-offs for multiple competing providers in a common unlicensed band. We extend models from earlier work on price competition with congestible resources to include the investment decisions of service providers using a common band of spectrum. Several models are considered to capture different ways investment might impact the congestion due to both a provider's own customers and those of other providers. For each model, we study a game in which providers decide on both the level of investment and the price of their service. Interestingly, in most cases, the equilibrium of the resulting game is shown to be that only a single provider invests and charges monopoly prices. On the other hand, multiple providers may enter the market when the dominant effect of investment is to reduce congestion due to the customers of other providers.
Notes on the KL-divergence between a Markov chain and its equilibrium distribution (2008)

After drawing a sample from a distribution, further correlated samples can be obtained by simulating a Markov chain that leaves the target distribution stationary. Often drawing even one sample from a distribution of interest is intractable, so the Markov chain is initialized arbitrarily. This note considers the marginal distribution over the Markov chain’s position at each time step. We show that this marginal never moves further away from the chain’s stationary distribution, as measured by KL-divergence either way around. This is a known result (Cover and Thomas, 1991). The presentation here is for review purposes only. 1
A mathematical model for the quantification of mitral regurgitation. Experimental validation in the canine model using contrast echocardiography. (1992)

A mathematical model that uses the clearance of contrast from the LA relative to the LV can be used to accurately measure the severity of MR. These findings may have important practical implications for the quantification of MR.
The Moiré Pattern Formed on Superposing a Zone Plate with a Grating or Grid (1975)

A detailed analysis is made of the moiré pattern formed on superposing a Fresnel zone plate with an equispaced grating or a rectangular grid. Information regarding the focal length, location and phase of the moiré zone plates so produced is extracted. The relevance of this work to a number of physical situations is discussed.
Isolated Autosomal Dominant Growth Hormone Deficiency: An Evolving Pituitary Deficit? A Multicenter Follow-Up Study (2005)

Four distinct familial types of isolated GH deficiency have been described so far, of which type II is the autosomal dominant inherited form. It is mainly caused by mutations within the first 6 bp of intervening sequence 3. However, other splice site and missense mutations have been reported. Based on in vitro experiments and transgenic animal data, there is strong evidence that there is a wide variability in phenotype in terms of the severity of GH deficiency. Therefore, we studied a total of 57 subjects belonging to 19 families suffering from different splice site as well as missense mutations within the GH-1 gene. The subjects presenting with a splice site mutation within the first 2 bp of intervening sequence 3 (5'IVS +1/+2 bp) leading to a skipping of exon 3 were found to be more likely to present in the follow-up with other pituitary hormone deficiencies. In addition, although the patients with missense mutations have previously been reported to be less affected, a number of patients presenting with the P89L missense GH form, showed some pituitary hormone impairment. The development of multiple hormonal deficiencies is not age dependent, and there is a clear variability in onset, severity, and progression, even within the same families. The message of clinical importance from these studies is that the pituitary endocrine status of all such patients should continue to be monitored closely over the years because further hormonal deficiencies may evolve with time.
A Hibernation-Like State for Transplantable Organs: Is Hydrogen Sulfide Therapy the Future of Organ Preservation? (2017)

Although the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of organ protection during hibernation have not been fully explored, mammalian hibernation may offer a great clinical promise to safely cold store and reperfuse donor organs. In this review, we first discuss mammalian hibernation as a natural model of cold organ preservation with reference to the kidney and highlight the involvement of H<sub>2</sub>S during hibernation. Next, we present recent developments on the protective effects and mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S in preclinical models of transplant IRI and evaluate the potential of H<sub>2</sub>S therapy in organ preservation as great promise for renal transplant recipients in the future. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1503-1515.