gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic wave scattering from particles of arbitrary shapes using the Sh-matrix technique (2010)

The most fundamental characteristic that determines scattering of electromagnetic waves from physical objects is particle shape. Within the last few decades, there have been many studies of light scattering of electromagnetic waves as a function of particle shape, and significant progress has been achieved in the development of different algorithms and techniques in electromagnetic wave scattering [e.g., 1]. Our approach allows a simplification and unification of the morphological description of particles. We combine this particle description with a T-matrix formulation to calculate the light-scattering from such particles using the Shmatrix that can often provide an analytical solution. The Sh-matrix technique [2] has been applied to study light scattering of particles with different shapes. The simplified Sh matrix depends only on particle morphology and is found by performing surface integrals. Size and refractive index dependence are incorporated through analytical operations on the Sh matrix to produce the T matrix. We here present the particle generation technique and provide several examples of light scattering calculations using the Sh-matrix method. We focus on Gaussian-random-sphere particles.
Subsecond Morphological Changes in Nafion during Water Uptake Detected by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (2011)

The ability of the Nafion membrane to absorb water rapidly and create a network of hydrated interconnected water domains provides this material with an unmatched ability to conduct ions through a chemically and mechanically robust membrane. The morphology and composition of these hydrated membranes significantly affects their transport properties and performance. This work demonstrates that differences in interfacial interactions between the membranes exposed to vapor or liquid water can cause significant changes in kinetics of water uptake. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments captured the rapid swelling of the membrane in liquid water with a nanostructure rearrangement on the order of seconds. For membranes in contact with water vapor, morphological changes are four orders-of-magnitude slower than in liquid water, suggesting that interfacial resistance limits the penetration of water into the membrane. Also, upon water absorption from liquid water, a structural rearrangement from a distribution of spherical and cylindrical domains to exclusively cylindrical-like domains is suggested. These differences in water-uptake kinetics and morphology provide a new perspective into Schroeder's paradox, which dictates a different water content for vapor- and liquid-equilibrated ionomers at unit activity. The findings of this work provide critical insights into the fast kinetics of water absorption of the Nafion membrane, which can aid in the design of energy conversion devices that operate under frequent changes in environmental conditions.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Antitumor Mechanisms of Targeting the PDK1 Pathway in Head and Neck Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 38KB, PDK1 siRNA prevents BK-induced growth in UMSCC-1 cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Bandrowski’s Base Revisited: Toward a Unprecedented Class of Quinonediimines or New Two-Way Chromophoric Molecular Switches (2010)

Temperature-controlled reactivity places Bandrowski's base 3 at the crossroads of a new versatile strategy for the preparation of two different categories of chromophores. We describe the access to a new class of quinonediimines (8) with an extended pi-conjugation owing to the presence of imine functions. Under slightly different conditions, Bandrowski's base appears to be the precursor of choice in the preparation of a novel pH- and light-dependent binary molecular switch. This molecule (11) is constituted of a benzobis(imidazole) core that can be reversibly protonated and a diarylethene unit which can be reversibly converted into its closed form upon irradiation. Triggered by two independent variables, 11 provides four distinct optical states for molecular number processing.
Cross-site transportability of an explainable artificial intelligence model for acute kidney injury prediction (2020)

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated promise in predicting acute kidney injury (AKI), however, clinical adoption of these models requires interpretability and transportability. Non-interoperable data across hospitals is a major barrier to model transportability. Here, we leverage the US PCORnet platform to develop an AKI prediction model and assess its transportability across six independent health systems. Our work demonstrates that cross-site performance deterioration is likely and reveals heterogeneity of risk factors across populations to be the cause. Therefore, no matter how accurate an AI model is trained at the source hospital, whether it can be adopted at target hospitals is an unanswered question. To fill the research gap, we derive a method to predict the transportability of AI models which can accelerate the adaptation process of external AI models in hospitals.
An Electrophysiological Technique for Assessment of the Development of Spatial Vision (1997)

An objective visual evoked potential (VEP) technique was developed to evaluate spatial processing in humans over a wide range of ages. The constellation of stimulus conditions and analysis methods constitute a novel tool for the assessment of neural development. The key points that delineate this VEP technique are: (1) A brief, 6-s, swept-parameter stimulus with spatial frequency of square-wave grating patterns varied in octave steps, which facilitates correct accommodation and increases the likelihood of collecting uninterrupted, useable data; (2) data collection synchronous with stimulus presentation, which prevents contamination of the relevant frequency component from other frequency components in the response, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio; (3) noise estimation at the response frequency of interest (second harmonic), based on a multivariate statistic (Tcirc2), which yields a realistic measure of signal-to-noise; (4) estimation of grating acuity from linear interpolation of the signal-to-noise measure; (5) monocular testing followed by multivariate statistical comparison of fellow eye data for each spatial frequency condition, which enables the determination of asymmetries within monocular neural pathways; (6) evaluation of maturation of the visual system based on vector-averaged amplitude and phase measures. Preliminary results indicate that reliable response functions are obtained from infants, children, and adults. Acuity estimates increased as a function of age. Phase values decreased consistently with increases in spatial frequency greater than 4 c/deg. Infants produced larger peak amplitude responses than did older observers, consistent with known developmental changes in cortical synaptic density. Phase data for the 2 c/deg condition provided additional evidence for the lack of maturity in the infant visual system as compared with that of older observers.
Head Injury and Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Report Based on the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study (2004)

We found no evidence that head injury is a significant independent risk factor for development of symptomatic pulmonary embolism during the acute hospitalization of the trauma patient.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor elicits bone marrow-derived cells that promote efficient colonic mucosal healing (2009)

Our study shows that GM-CSF-dependent stimulation of bone marrow-derived cells during DSS-induced colitis accelerates colonic tissue repair. These data provide a putative mechanism for the observed beneficial effects of GM-CSF therapy in Crohn's disease.
Online Learning for Combinatorial Network Optimization with Restless Markovian Rewards (2011)

Combinatorial network optimization algorithms that compute optimal structures taking into account edge weights form the foundation for many network protocols. Examples include shortest path routing, minimal spanning tree computation, maximum weighted matching on bipartite graphs, etc. We present CLRMR, the first online learning algorithm that efficiently solves the stochastic version of these problems where the underlying edge weights vary as independent Markov chains with unknown dynamics. The performance of an online learning algorithm is characterized in terms of regret, defined as the cumulative difference in rewards between a suitably-defined genie, and that obtained by the given algorithm. We prove that, compared to a genie that knows the Markov transition matrices and uses the single-best structure at all times, CLRMR yields regret that is polynomial in the number of edges and nearly-logarithmic in time.
USING CONTESTS FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN: A STUDY OF AUCTIONS AND FIXED-PRIZE TOURNAMENTS (2016)

With the increasing interest in using open innovation and crowdsourcing contests for engineering design, there is a need for understanding how different types of contests affect the outcomes. While contests have been studied in the economics literature, the analytical models are based on various simplifying assumptions. There is a lack of critical analysis of these assumptions, which is necessary before utilizing the insights from the models in a design context. In this paper, we address this gap by critically analyzing contest models for engineering design scenarios.
Ion-beam-induced in-plane a-axis oriented (0001) AlN and ScAlN thin film BAW resonators (2021)

High-Q RF bulk acoustic wave filters are still required for mobile communication applications. However, the in-plane orientation of commercial AlN films is random, despite their excellent out-of-plane c-axis orientation. We proposed combining two different orientation control techniques: self-texture for out-of-plane alignment and ion beam irradiation for in-plane alignment. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, both in-plane a-axis and out-of-plane c-axis aligned AlN and ScAlN films were grown on Ti/silica glass substrates using 0.3–0.5 keV grazing ion-beam-assisted RF sputtering technique without using epitaxial growth. The clear six symmetry in the pole-figure observed in AlN and ScAlN thin films indicates the single-crystal-like in-plane a-axis orientation. The ion beam direction corresponded to the in-plane 〈101̄0〉 axis. In-plane x-ray diffraction ϕ-scan curve and ω-scan curve FWHM were measured to be 25° and 2.2°.
In <sub>0.52</sub> Al <sub>0.48</sub> As/In <sub>0.53</sub> Ga <sub>0.47</sub> As lateral resonant tunnelling transistor (1991)

The first fabrication and characterisation are reported for a lateral resonant tunnelling transistor formed in the In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As system lattice-matched to InP. Strong multiple negative differential resistances (NDR) and transconductances are observed indicative of resonant tunnelling across depletion-defined tunnel-barriers in the channel of a two-dimensional electron gas. Calculations of the potential energy surface and quasibound state spectrum for this heterostructure provide qualitative understanding of the device operation and close agreement with the measured multiple-NDR peak spacings.
SCALABLE NETWORK ADAPTATION FOR CLOUD-RANS: AN IMITATION LEARNING APPROACH (2018)

Network adaptation is essential for the efficient operation of Cloud-RANs. Unfortunately, it leads to highly intractable mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems. Existing solutions typically rely on convex relaxation, which yield performance gaps that are difficult to quantify. Meanwhile, global optimization algorithms such as branch-and-bound can find optimal solutions but with prohibitive computational complexity. In this paper, to obtain near-optimal solutions at affordable complexity, we propose to approximate the branch-and-bound algorithm via machine learning. Specifically, the pruning procedure in branch-and-bound is formulated as a sequential decision problem, followed by learning the oracle's action via imitation learning. A unique advantage of this framework is that the training process only requires a small dataset, and it is scalable to problem instances with larger dimensions than the training setting. This is achieved by identifying and leveraging the problem-size independent features. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the learning based framework significantly outperforms competing methods, with computational complexity much lower than the traditional branch-and-bound algorithm.
Organocuprates as electron transfer reagents. Evaluation for conjugate addition of electrophiles to α,β-unsaturated ketones (1981)

The reaction of a series of organocuprate systems containing alkyl, aryl, alkynyl, silylalkyl or phenylthio groups with (1) is reported. Some of these organocuprates showed electron transfer properties and were relatively unreactive toward conjugate addition, hence have potential synthetic application as organocuprates involving an external electrophile.
Influence of carbon contamination on ultrathin gate oxide reliability (1996)

When Si wafer is transported after gate oxidation process, the gate oxide surface is exposed to the clean room air and hydro-carbons in the clean room air adhere to the gate oxide surface. In this paper, we have demonstrated that the carbon contamination caused by the wafer exposure to the clean room air induces the degradation of the gate oxide reliability, and we have improved the gate oxide performance by using a closed system, where the oxidation is followed by in-situ phosphorous-doped polysilicon gate formation. Carbon contamination is serious problem for gate oxide film used under high electricfield condition such as a tunnel oxide for flush memories.
Differential Expression of Methanogenesis Genes of <i>Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus</i> (Formerly <i>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</i> ) in Pure Culture and in Cocultures with Fatty Acid-Oxidizing Syntrophs (2002)

The expression of genes involved in methanogenesis in a thermophilic hydrogen-utilizing methanogen, Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus strain TM, was investigated both in a pure culture sufficiently supplied with H(2) plus CO(2) and in a coculture with an acetate-oxidizing hydrogen-producing bacterium, Thermacetogenium phaeum strain PB, in which hydrogen partial pressure was constantly kept very low (20 to 80 Pa). Northern blot analysis indicated that only the mcr gene, which encodes methyl coenzyme M reductase I (MRI), catalyzing the final step of methanogenesis, was expressed in the coculture, whereas mcr and mrt, which encodes methyl coenzyme M reductase II (MRII), the isofunctional enzyme of MRI, were expressed at the early to late stage of growth in the pure culture. In contrast to these two genes, two isofunctional genes (mtd and mth) for N(5),N(10)-methylene-tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the fourth step of methanogenesis, and two hydrogenase genes (frh and mvh) were expressed both in a pure culture and in a coculture at the early and late stages of growth. The same expression pattern was observed for Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus strain DeltaH cocultured with a thermophilic butyrate-oxidizing syntroph, Syntrophothermus lipocalidus strain TGB-C1. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole proteins of M. thermoautotrophicus strain TM obtained from a pure culture and a coculture with the acetate-oxidizing syntroph and subsequent N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis confirmed that MRI and MRII were produced in the pure culture, while only MRI was produced in the coculture. These results indicate that under syntrophic growth conditions, the methanogen preferentially utilizes MRI but not MRII. Considering that hydrogenotrophic methanogens are strictly dependent for growth on hydrogen-producing fermentative microbes in the natural environment and that the hydrogen supply occurs constantly at very low concentrations compared with the supply in pure cultures in the laboratory, the results suggest that MRI is an enzyme primarily functioning in natural methanogenic ecosystems.
Scalable Evaluation of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Melting Pot (2021)

Existing evaluation suites for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) do not assess generalization to novel situations as their primary objective (unlike supervised-learning benchmarks). Our contribution, Melting Pot, is a MARL evaluation suite that fills this gap, and uses reinforcement learning to reduce the human labor required to create novel test scenarios. This works because one agent's behavior constitutes (part of) another agent's environment. To demonstrate scalability, we have created over 80 unique test scenarios covering a broad range of research topics such as social dilemmas, reciprocity, resource sharing, and task partitioning. We apply these test scenarios to standard MARL training algorithms, and demonstrate how Melting Pot reveals weaknesses not apparent from training performance alone.
Overexpression of Chitinase 3-Like 1/YKL-40 in Lung-Specific IL-18-Transgenic Mice, Smokers and COPD (2011)

We analyzed the lung mRNA expression profiles of a murine model of COPD developed using a lung-specific IL-18-transgenic mouse. In this transgenic mouse, the expression of 608 genes was found to vary more than 2-fold in comparison with control WT mice, and was clustered into 4 groups. The expression of 140 genes was constitutively increased at all ages, 215 genes increased gradually with aging, 171 genes decreased gradually with aging, and 82 genes decreased temporarily at 9 weeks of age. Interestingly, the levels of mRNA for the chitinase-related genes chitinase 3-like 1 (Chi3l1), Chi3l3, and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) were significantly higher in the lungs of transgenic mice than in control mice. The level of Chi3l1 protein increased significantly with aging in the lungs and sera of IL-18 transgenic, but not WT mice. Previous studies have suggested Chi3l3 and AMCase are IL-13-driven chitinase-like proteins. However, IL-13 gene deletion did not reduce the level of Chi3l1 protein in the lungs of IL-18 transgenic mice. Based on our murine model gene expression data, we analyzed the protein level of YKL-40, the human homolog of Chi3l1, in sera of smokers and COPD patients. Sixteen COPD patients had undergone high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) examination. Emphysema was assessed by using a density mask with a cutoff of -950 Hounsfield units to calculate the low-attenuation area percentage (LAA%). We observed significantly higher serum levels in samples from 28 smokers and 45 COPD patients compared to 30 non-smokers. In COPD patients, there was a significant negative correlation between serum level of YKL-40 and %FEV(1). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the serum levels of YKL-40 and LAA% in COPD patients. Thus our results suggest that chitinase-related genes may play an important role in establishing pulmonary inflammation and emphysematous changes in smokers and COPD patients.
<sup>18</sup>F-Labeled PET Probe Targeting Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2) for Cancer Imaging (2019)

The enzyme enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) plays a catalytic role in histone methylation (H3K27me3), one of the epigenetic modifications that is dysregulated in cancer. The development of a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent targeting EZH2 has the potential to provide a method of stratifying patients for epigenetic therapies. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of fluoroethyl analogs based upon the structure of EZH2 inhibitors UNC1999 and EPZ6438. Among the candidate compounds, <b>20b</b> exhibited a high binding affinity to EZH2 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 6 nM) with selectivity versus EZH1 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 200 nM) by SAM competition assay, and furthermore, EZH2 inhibition was demonstrated in the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 9.8 nM). [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>20b</b> was synthesized successfully and showed 5-fold higher uptake in PANC-1 cells than in MCF-7 cells. MicroPET imaging in a PANC-1 cell xenograft mouse model indicates that [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>20b</b> has specific binding to EZH2, which was identified by <i>ex vivo</i> Western blot analysis of the tumor tissue.
Bragg grating gain flattening filters with small group delay ripples (2002)

Group delay ripples less than 3 ps in amplitude were measured in chirped fiber Bragg gratings used as gain flattening filters. The delay ripples of cascaded filters increase as the square root of their number.
Platelet Factor 4 Differentially Modulates CD4+CD25+ (Regulatory) versus CD4+CD25− (Nonregulatory) T Cells (2005)

Active suppression mediated by CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Tr) cells plays an important role in the down-regulation of T cell responses to both foreign and self-Ags. Platelet factor 4 (PF4), a platelet-derived CXC chemokine, has been shown to strongly inhibit T cell proliferation as well as IFN-gamma and IL-2 release by isolated T cells. In this report we show that human PF4 stimulates proliferation of the naturally anergic human CD4(+)CD25(+) Tr cells while inhibiting proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. In coculture experiments we found that CD4(+)CD25(+) Tr cells exposed to PF4 lose the ability to inhibit the proliferative response of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Our findings suggest that human PF4, by inducing Tr cell proliferation while impairing Tr cell function, may play a previously unrecognized role in the regulation of human immune responses. Because platelets are the sole source of PF4 in the circulation, these findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of certain immune-mediated disorders associated with platelet activation, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Development of a Deployable Boom for Microsatellites Using Elastic Memory Composite Material (2004)

Rationale for the inclusion of deployable structures onboard small satellites is ever increasing. For example, replacing traditional mass-expulsion control thrusters with micropropulsion ion thrusters on extendible booms can significantly reduce fuel mass requirements for attitude control systems. However, current flight-heritage booms are rendered inadequate when held to the stringent mass and mechanical requirements necessary to justify such a change. To address the deficiencies of existing boom technologies, a new generation of deployable structures must be developed. Paramount in this endeavor will be the ability to incorporate new materials into the design of next-generation deployable space structures. One promising new material technology for longeron members of deployable booms is TEMBO™ Elastic Memory Composite (EMC). EMC retains the structural properties of traditional fiber reinforced composites, i.e. high stiffness-to-mass ratio, while possessing the ability to behave as a shape memory material. These characteristics enable the primary structural component of a boom to additionally function as the primary deployment mechanism. This paper will focus on the developmental efforts encountered while advancing EMC from a material concept to a viable boom technology. In particular, this paper will introduce a family of deployable EMC booms and then outline the down select process employed during the development of the baseline United States Air Force Academy FalconSat-3 microsat boom.