gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Extracellular Glycocalyx of the Anaerobic Cellulolytic Bacterium <i>Ruminococcus albus</i> 7 (2006)

Anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria are thought to adhere to cellulose via several mechanisms, including production of a glycocalyx containing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). As the compositions and structures of these glycocalyces have not been elucidated, variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM) and chemical analysis were used to characterize the glycocalyx of the ruminal bacterium Ruminococcus albus strain 7. VP-SEM revealed that growth of this strain was accompanied by the formation of thin cellular extensions that allowed the bacterium to adhere to cellulose, followed by formation of a ramifying network that interconnected individual cells to one another and to the unraveling cellulose microfibrils. Extraction of 48-h-old whole-culture pellets (bacterial cells plus glycocalyx [G] plus residual cellulose [C]) with 0.1 N NaOH released carbohydrate and protein in a ratio of 1:5. Boiling of the cellulose fermentation residue in a neutral detergent solution removed almost all of the adherent cells and protein while retaining a residual network of adhering noncellular material. Trifluoroacetic acid hydrolysis of this residue (G plus C) released primarily glucose, along with substantial amounts of xylose and mannose, but only traces of galactose, the most abundant sugar in most characterized bacterial exopolysaccharides. Linkage analysis and characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance suggested that most of the glucosyl units were not present as partially degraded cellulose. Calculations suggested that the energy demand for synthesis of the nonprotein fraction of EPS by this organism represents only a small fraction (<4%) of the anabolic ATP expenditure of the bacterium.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Species of Silicon: Structure and Reactivity (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ultra-broadband wavelength-swept Tm-doped fiber laser using wavelength-combined gain stages (2015)

A wavelength-swept thulium-doped fiber laser system employing two parallel cavities with two different fiber gain stages is reported. The fiber gain stages were tailored to provide emission in complementary bands with external wavelength-dependent feedback cavities sharing a common rotating polygon mirror for wavelength scanning. The wavelength-swept laser outputs from the fiber gain elements were spectrally combined by means of a dichroic mirror and yielded over 500 mW of output with a scanning range from ~1740 nm to ~2070 nm for a scanning frequency of ~340 Hz.
Targeted Cornea Limbal Stem/Progenitor Cell Transfection in an Organ Culture Model (2008)

Targeted microinjection of plasmid/liposomal complexes resulted in limbal stem/progenitor cell transfection. This technique has potential for the short-term treatment of corneal diseases.
Absence of strong strain effects in behavioral analyses of<i>Shank3</i>-deficient mice (2014)

Haploinsufficiency of SHANK3, caused by chromosomal abnormalities or mutations that disrupt one copy of the gene, leads to a neurodevelopmental syndrome called Phelan-McDermid syndrome, symptoms of which can include absent or delayed speech, intellectual disability, neurological changes and autism spectrum disorders. The SHANK3 protein forms a key structural part of the post-synaptic density. We previously generated and characterized mice with a targeted disruption of Shank3 in which exons coding for the ankyrin-repeat domain were deleted and expression of full-length Shank3 was disrupted. We documented specific deficits in synaptic function and plasticity, along with reduced reciprocal social interactions, in Shank3 heterozygous mice. Changes in phenotype owing to a mutation at a single locus are quite frequently modulated by other loci, most dramatically when the entire genetic background is changed. In mice, each strain of laboratory mouse represents a distinct genetic background and alterations in phenotype owing to gene knockout or transgenesis are frequently different across strains, which can lead to the identification of important modifier loci. We have investigated the effect of genetic background on phenotypes of Shank3 heterozygous, knockout and wild-type mice, using C57BL/6, 129SVE and FVB/Ntac strain backgrounds. We focused on observable behaviors with the goal of carrying out subsequent analyses to identify modifier loci. Surprisingly, there were very modest strain effects over a large battery of analyses. These results indicate that behavioral phenotypes associated with Shank3 haploinsufficiency are largely strain-independent.
Feature fusion using ranking for object tracking in aerial imagery (2012)

Aerial wide-area monitoring and tracking using multi-camera arrays poses unique challenges compared to stan- dard full motion video analysis due to low frame rate sampling, accurate registration due to platform motion, low resolution targets, limited image contrast, static and dynamic parallax occlusions.1{3 We have developed a low frame rate tracking system that fuses a rich set of intensity, texture and shape features, which enables adaptation of the tracker to dynamic environment changes and target appearance variabilities. However, improper fusion and overweighting of low quality features can adversely aect target localization and reduce tracking performance. Moreover, the large computational cost associated with extracting a large number of image-based feature sets will in uence tradeos for real-time and on-board tracking. This paper presents a framework for dynamic online ranking-based feature evaluation and fusion in aerial wide-area tracking. We describe a set of ecient descriptors suitable for small sized targets in aerial video based on intensity, texture, and shape feature representations or views. Feature ranking is then used as a selection procedure where target-background discrimination power for each (raw) feature view is scored using a two-class variance ratio approach. A subset of the k-best discriminative features are selected for further processing and fusion. The target match probability or likelihood maps for each of the k features are estimated by comparing target descriptors within a search region using a sliding win- dow approach. The resulting k likelihood maps are fused for target localization using the normalized variance ratio weights. We quantitatively measure the performance of the proposed system using ground-truth tracks within the framework of our tracking evaluation test-bed that incorporates various performance metrics. The proposed feature ranking and fusion approach increases localization accuracy by reducing multimodal eects due to low quality features or background clutter. Adaptive feature ranking increases the robustness of the tracker in dynamically changing environments especially when the object appearance is changing.
Digital and Analogue Integrated Circuits in Silicon Carbide for High Temperature Operation (2012)

A need for high temperature integrated circuits is emerging in a number of application areas. As Silicon Carbide power discrete devices become more widely available, there is a growing need for control ICs capable of operating at the same temperatures and mounted on the same modules. Also, the use of high temperature sensors, in, for example, aero engines and in deep hydrocarbon and geothermal drilling applications results in a demand for high temperature sensor interface ICs. This paper presents new results on a range of simple logic and analogue circuits fabricated on a developing Silicon Carbide CMOS process which is intended for mixed signal integrated circuit applications such as those above. A small family of logic circuits, pin compatible with the 74xx series TTL logic parts, has been designed, fabricated and tested and includes, for example, a Quad Nand gate and a Dual D-type flip-flop. These have been found to be functional from room temperature up to 400°C. Analogue blocks have been investigated with a view to using switched capacitor or autozero techniques to compensate for temperature and time induced drifts, allowing very high temperature operation.
Carbon nanotube bumps for thermal and electric conduction in transistor (2007)

The continuous miniaturization of semiconductor chips has rapidly improved the performance of semiconductor products. However, thermal issues that affect semiconductor chips are becoming more serious. For example, heat transfer has become a very serious problem in the CPUs of personal computers; high-frequency high-power amplifiers (HPAs) of mobile communication systems; and power control units of hybrid-car motors. To solve this problem, Fujitsu has been developing semiconductor heat sinks that exploit the high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This paper describes the CNT bumps we have recently developed for transferring heat and electrically connecting the source, gate, and drain of the high-power, flip-chip amplifiers of mobile communication base stations. CNT bumps can be used to achieve high gain and high thermal conductivity in high-frequency HPAs. This paper introduces some recent developments in CNT bump technology.
Improving compression ratio, area overhead, and test application time for system-on-a-chip test data compression/decompression (2003)

Proposes a new test data compression/decompression method for systems-on-a-chip. The method is based on analyzing the factors that influence test parameters: compression ratio, area overhead and test application time. To improve compression ratio, the new method is based on a variable-length input Huffman coding (VIHC), which fully exploits the type and length of the patterns, as well as a novel mapping and reordering algorithm proposed in a pre-processing step. The new VIHC algorithm is combined with a novel parallel on-chip decoder that simultaneously leads to low test application time and low area overhead. It is shown that, unlike three previous approaches which reduce some test parameters at the expense of the others, the proposed method is capable of improving all the three parameters simultaneously. An experimental comparison on benchmark circuits validates the proposed method.
Mitochondrial fusion protein MFN2 interacts with the mitostatin-related protein MNS1 required for mouse sperm flagellar structure and function (2014)

These results demonstrate that MFN2 and MNS1 are present in spermatogenic cells and are an integral part of the sperm flagellum, indicating they play a role in flagellar biogenesis and/or function.
GPS Antenna Phase and Group Delay Corrections (2004)

A new method is introduced in this paper to compensate for GPS antenna phase and group delay variations as a function of elevation and azimuth angles. Antenna calibration requirements and the importance of antenna group delays are discussed in relation to the Local Area and Wide Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS and WAAS). Measurements from an antenna range are used to determine group delays with noise levels below 1 cm (1 sigma). Differences between field measurements and antenna range measurements are discussed in detail and illustrated by a High-Zenith Antenna (HZA) case study.
Forward table-based presynaptic event-triggered spike-timing-dependent plasticity (2016)

Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) incurs both causal and acausal synaptic weight updates, for negative and positive time differences between pre-synaptic and postsynaptic spike events. For realizing such updates in neuromorphic hardware, current implementations either require forward and reverse lookup access to the synaptic connectivity table, or rely on memory-intensive architectures such as crossbar arrays. We present a novel method for realizing both causal and acausal weight updates using only forward lookup access of the synaptic connectivity table, permitting memory-efficient implementation. A simplified implementation in FPGA, using a single timer variable for each neuron, closely approximates exact STDP cumulative weight updates, and reduces to exact STDP for refractory periods greater than the STDP time window. Compared to conventional crossbar implementation, the forward table-based implementation using run-length encoding leads to substantial memory savings for sparsely connected networks supporting scalable neuromorphic systems with fully reconfigurable synaptic connectivity and plasticity.
Oxygen and transition metal involvement in the charge compensation mechanism of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathodes (2012)

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ni, Mn, and Co K-edges is used to investigate the charge compensation mechanism and its relationship to the magnetic moments in Li1−xNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2. Multiple analytical methods are compared to separate element-specific redox trends from collective effects. EXAFS is used not only for structural, but also for chemical information while XANES is used not only for chemical, but also for structural information. While Ni is found to be the only transition metal involved in the charge compensation reaction until half the Li is removed, the second half of the deintercalation reaction is not accompanied by transition-metal oxidation. It is deduced that over the second half of Li deintercalation, the oxidation of oxygen ions bonded to cobalt is responsible for charge compensation and for an increase in the magnetic moment.
Lossy wavefront sensing and correction of distorted laser beams (2020)

The art of rectifying a laser beam carrying amplitude and phase distortions has been demonstrated through several competing methods. Both wavefront sensor and wavefront sensor-less approaches show that the closed-loop correction of a laser beam can be accomplished by exploiting high-resolution sampling of the beam distortion in its spatial or time domain, respectively. Moreover, machine-learning-based wavefront sensing has emerged recently, and uses training data on an arbitrary sensing architecture to map observed data to reasonable wavefront reconstructions. This offers additional options for beam correction and optical signal decoding in atmospheric or underwater propagation. Ideally, wavefront sensing can be achieved through any resolution in spatial samples, provided that more frequent sampling in the time domain can be achieved for a reduced number of spatial samples. However, such trade-offs have not been comprehensively studied or demonstrated experimentally. We present a fundamental study of lossy wavefront sensing that reduces the number of effective spatial samples to the number of actuators in a deformable mirror for a balanced performance of dynamic wavefront corrections. As a result, we show that lossy wavefront sensing can both simplify the design of wavefront sensors and remain effective for beam correction. In application, this concept provides ultimate freedom of hardware choices from sensor to sensorless approaches in wavefront reconstruction, which is beneficial to the frontier of study in free-space optical communication, lidar, and directed energy.
Correlation of electrical and optical characteristics of selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1997)

We investigate the correlation between the electrical and optical characteristics of selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Electrical derivative analysis is used on VCSELs to study the electrical performance and its correlation with the polarization-resolved optical powers and spectra. Characteristic features are shown in the IdV/dI curves near major transition points of VCSEL operation. From the IdV/dI curve we are able to precisely identify important operating currents such as the lasing threshold, the higher-order mode lasing current, and the cut-off current. Five operation regions are defined in the polarization-resolved L−I curves based on these currents and their temperature dependences are also studied.
Integration of genome-scale data identifies candidate sleep regulators (2022)

Our study highlights the power of machine learning in integrating prior knowledge and genome-wide data to study genetic regulation of complex behaviors such as sleep.
The CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Chromosomal Instability Are Inversely Correlated in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer (2021)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is one of the mechanisms involved in colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC). Although CIMP is probably the cause of high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) sporadic CRCs, its role in microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors is debated. The majority of MSS CRCs demonstrate chromosomal instability (CIN) with frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at key tumor suppressor genes. We hypothesized that the majority of sporadic CRCs without CIN would be associated with CIMP. METHODS: We tested 126 sporadic CRCs for MSI and LOH and categorized tumors into MSI, LOH, or MSI-/LOH- subgroups. Methylation status was evaluated using 6 CIMP-related markers (MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, p16(INK4alpha), p14(ARF), and hMLH1) and 6 tumor suppressor genes (PTEN, TIMP3, RUNX3, HIC1, APC, and RARbeta2). BRAF V600E mutation analysis was performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: We observed frequent methylation at all 12 loci in all CRCs. BRAF V600E mutations correlated with the MSI (P < .0001) and MSI-/LOH- (P = .03) subgroups. MSI and MSI-/LOH- tumors exhibited more promoter methylation than CRCs with LOH (P < .0001). We also found an inverse correlation between the frequencies of methylation and LOH (rho = -0.36; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The associations between methylation frequencies at CIMP-related markers and MSI or MSI-/LOH- sporadic CRCs suggest that the majority of these tumors evolve through CIMP. These findings suggest that CIN and CIMP represent 2 independent and inversely related mechanisms of genetic and epigenetic instability in sporadic CRCs and confirm that MSI cancers arise as a consequence of CIMP.
Advances on vascular calcification mediated by exosomes (2020)

Vascular calcification (VC) is the ectopic deposition of calcium and phosphate in the vessel walls. VC has been determined to be an active and highly regulated biological process, which is generally influenced by abnormal mineral metabolism, oxidative stress, mechanical stress and inflammation. Serving as an important transporter in intercellular communication, exosomes are highly associated with vascular calcification. During the process of vascular calcification, exosomes can not only promote the osteogenic transformation and mineral deposition of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) via transporting proteins and microRNAs, but also induce the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). However, the specific roles and underlying mechanisms of exosomes in VC are still unclear. In this review, we focus on the effects of exosomes on osteogenic phenotypic transformation, mineral deposition and transportation of microRNAs in SMCs, and EndMT in ECs, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for vascular calcification.
Smart Tool (2014)

Kurzfassung Eine Leitidee des Zukunftsprojekts „Industrie 4.0“ ist die Dezentralisierung von Intelligenz und daraus resultierend die Handlungsfähigkeit intelligenter eingebetteter Systeme. In diesem Fachbeitrag wird das Forschungsprojekt „Smart Tool – Intelligente Werkzeuge für die vernetzte Fertigung von morgen“ vorgestellt. Es wird der Handlungsbedarf für das „Smart Tool“ aufgezeigt, das Vorhaben und die innovativen Ansätze des Projekts erläutert sowie die Methodik im Rahmen der Spezifikation vorgestellt.
Disparity probability volume guided defocus deblurring using dual pixel data (2021)

In this paper, we address the problem of defocus deblurring from dual pixel image pair. The defocus blur has the inherent characteristic that the blur amount is related to depth of the scene. The left and right views of dual pixel data exhibits the depth dependent disparity cues. However, previous method using dual pixel data lacks to exploit the disparity cues of the left and right dual pixel images. Therefore, we propose to leverage the disparity information in defocus deblurring network. For this, we propose the disparity probability volume module which predicts the pixel-wise disparity probability in unsupervised manner. We then incorporate the disparity probability volume into defocus deblurring network to utilize the spatially varying blur amount information explicitly. The experiment shows that our disparity probability volume can improve the performance on existing methods on real-world images in terms of both visual quality and image quality metrics.
Computational Implementation and Tests of a Sequential Linearization Algorithm for Mixed-Discrete Nonlinear Design Optimization (1990)

Abstract A previous article gave the theoretical background and motivation for a new sequential linearization approach to the solution of mixed-discrete nonlinear optimal design problems. The present sequel article gives the implementation details of program MINSLIP based on this approach. Illustrative examples, modeling issues, and program parameter selection are discussed. A report on extensive computational results with test problems, as well as comparisons with other methods, shows advantages in both robustness and efficiency. Sample design applications are included.
A novel instrument aimed at measuring hypertrophic scar formation (2011)

Hypertrophic scaring is a condition that can occur after thermal trauma and can lead to loss of function and psyco-social complications. Assessment of the development of a hypertrophic scar currently relies on visual inspection and grading. In this paper we propose a system based on polarized illumination and collection capable of capturing images of scars and quantify their roughness. Models of rough surface roughness are ultimately used to quantify the level of roughness of scarred skin compared to normal skin.
An 116 W output, 6 kHz linewidth, single-polarization EDFA-MOPA system with a ^13C_2H_2 frequency stabilized fiber laser (2015)

We demonstrate a record high CW output power of 11.6 W and an ultra-narrow linewidth of 6 kHz in an all-fiber master oscillator and power amplifier (MOPA) fiber laser system. The master oscillator is a (13)C(2)H(2) frequency-stabilized single-polarization fiber laser with a 100 mW output. The power amplifier section consists of a core-pumped polarization-maintained erbium-doped fiber pumped by a 1480 nm cascaded Raman fiber laser. A total electric-to-optical conversion efficiency with a record high value of 12% was achieved with an all-fiber configuration.