gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonuniform Hydration and Odd–Even Effects in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers under a Confining Pressure (2013)

We have developed a unique surface force type apparatus that allows direct measurements of the structure of a polymer layer under a confining pressure using neutron reflection. We have used this device to study the structure and the mechanical properties of a water swollen poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) and poly(allylamine) PAH polyelectrolyte multilayer on silicon under confining pressures. A multilayer of 23 bilayers (60 nm) in thickness and terminated with a PAH layer swells to about 21% (v/v) of H2O. When the layer is then confined between a flexible plastic film and the silicon substrate, increased confining pressure gradually decreases the amount of water in the multilayer until, at 5 bar, only 10% of H2O remains. For a layer of the same number of bilayers but terminated with PSSA, the layer swells to about 28% of water, but between a confining pressure of 0–1, this is reduced to 16%, after which higher confining pressures do not lead to changes in hydration. The bulk salt concentration does not affect the structure and hydration for the layers without confinement, but a much larger degree of hydration is retained under confining pressures. Clearly both the final layer of our multilayer and the bulk salt concentration have a large effect on the layers mechanical properties. Another significant difference between the PSSA and PAH terminated multilayer is how the water is internally distributed under confining pressure. For the PAH terminated multilayer, all the H2O is squeezed out of the separate layers closer to the silicon interface, while the layers at the edge of the multilayer retain their H2O. For the PSSA terminated multilayer, the H2O is far more evenly distributed throughout the whole structure, even under pressure. An increase in bulk ionic strength weakens these effects, making the hydration in the PAH terminated layer somewhat more uniformly distributed and the PSSA terminated layer somewhat less uniformly distributed. These observations can be explained by the effect that the high electrostatic potential of the final adsorbed layer has on the dissociation of an excess of weakly charged PAH monomers in the multilayer and supports that as the mechanism behind odd–even effects in polyelectrolyte multilayers in general.
Risk factors mediating the effect of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio on cardiovascular outcomes: Mendelian randomization analysis (2021)

Measures to reduce obesity will lower the risk of cardiovascular disease primarily by impacting downstream metabolic risk factors, particularly diabetes and hypertension. Reduction of obesity prevalence alongside control and management of its mediators is likely to be most effective for minimizing the burden of obesity.
Pferdegestützte Biografiearbeit für Erwachsene (PBA-E) (2021)

<jmhb:p>Die Pferdegestützte Biografiearbeit ist ein präventives Konzept, welches sich aus Elementen der Pferdegestützten Interventionen und der Biografiearbeit zusammensetzt. Durch den strukturierten Rückblick auf die eigene Lebensgeschichte können individuelle Ressourcen wahrgenommen und für die weitere Zukunftsgestaltung genutzt werden. Die Entwicklungsphasen der einzelnen Lebensabschnitte werden dabei mit spezifischen Aufgaben unter Einbezug des Pferdes herausgearbeitet. Zur Belegung der Wirksamkeit wurden wissenschaftlich fundierte Studien initiiert. Durch den Nachweis des positiven Nutzens der Pferdegestützten Biografiearbeit kann perspektivisch das Angebotsspektrum für die reittherapeutische Praxis erweitert werden.</jmhb:p>
Experiments for NTCIR-8 Technical Trend Map Creation Subtask at Hitachi (2010)

This paper reports on an experiment to evaluate the extraction of effect expressions from patents and papers (in Japanese) at the subtask of Technical Trend Map Creation in NTCIR-8 Patent Mining Task. To obtain a more detailed structure for the expressions, we defined that effect expressions consist of TARGET, SCALE and IMPACT elements. We created training data based on these elements and assigned tags by supervised learning. Then, on the basis of conversion rules and dependency relationships, we converted these independently defined tags to the ATTRIBUTE, VALUE and EFFECT tags. Categories and Subject Descriptors
Effect of Ignition Delay on In-Cylinder Soot Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Operating at Low Temperature Conditions. (2016)

Abstract not provided.
Design Constraints and Reconstruction Algorithms for Traverse-Continuous-Rotate CT Scanners (1981)

In this paper a new configuration for a computerized tomographic (CT) scanner is presented. The machine is essentially a hybrid combination of second- and third-generation scanners. A single source of X-rays and an array of detectors are mounted on a gantry. The source/detector array grouping traverses the object while the gantry continuously rotates around the object. Conditions will be derived so that the projection data will completely cover the Radon space without any holes or partial overlaps, thus ensuring the existence of efficiently implementable reconstruction algorithms for inverting the data. We will also present a new convolution-backprojection algorithm for reconstructing tomographic images from data generated on such a scanner.
Reinforcement learning evaluation of treatment policies for patients with hepatitis C virus (2022)

Off-policy evaluation strategies are useful to evaluate hypothetical treatment policies without implementation. If a quality risk model is available, risk-based treatment strategies can reduce overall risk and prioritize patients while reducing healthcare system costs.
Film-Based Sensors: Fundamental Impact of Film Structure (2009)

Sensors embodied in inert films on electrodes establish selectivity and sensitivity for an electroactive analyte extracted from solution. Typically, analytes are assayed on short voltammetric time scales to confine analyte diffusion lengths to the film. But measurements made on longer time scales can capitalize on film structure to match voltammetric wave shape to measurement methodology (e.g., derivative and steady state methods). Cyclic voltammetric wave shapes that range from Gaussian waves of thin layers through avian shapes established by semi-infinite linear diffusion to sigmoids of steady state transport are accessed by tailoring film structure. Three film structures are considered: uniform, graded, and bilayer. The role of relative flux in dictating cyclic voltammetric response as diffusion length exceeds film thickness is described.
Correction: Rewritable full-color computer-generated holograms based on color-selective diffractive optical components including phase-change materials (2018)

Correction for ‘Rewritable full-color computer-generated holograms based on color-selective diffractive optical components including phase-change materials’ by Chi-Young Hwang <italic>et al.</italic>, <italic>Nanoscale</italic>, 2018, DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04471f.
Studies with Condensed Aminothiophenes: Microwave Assisted Cycloaddition Reactions of Thieno[3,4-d]pyridazinone and Thieno[3,4-c]quinolinone (2008)

The arylformazane (2) was produced via coupling the α-oxoarylhydrazones (1) with aromatic diazonium salts.These formazane condensed readily with ethyl cyanoacetate to yield arylazopyridazinones (4) that reacted with sulphur in the presence of piperidine to yield the aminoazothienopyridazinone (5), the latter was reacted with electron poor olefins and acetylenes to yield aminoazophthalazines (8).Compound (8) was reacted with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal to yield amidine (9).Similarly aminothienoquinolinone (17) was reacted with electron poor olefins and acetylenes to yield aminophthalazines (20, 22a,b).R O N NH Ar NC CO 2 Et ArN R O N NH Ar
Recurrent Rearrangement during Adaptive Evolution in an Interspecific Yeast Hybrid Suggests a Model for Rapid Introgression (2013)

Genome rearrangements are associated with eukaryotic evolutionary processes ranging from tumorigenesis to speciation. Rearrangements are especially common following interspecific hybridization, and some of these could be expected to have strong selective value. To test this expectation we created de novo interspecific yeast hybrids between two diverged but largely syntenic Saccharomyces species, S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum, then experimentally evolved them under continuous ammonium limitation. We discovered that a characteristic interspecific genome rearrangement arose multiple times in independently evolved populations. We uncovered nine different breakpoints, all occurring in a narrow ~1-kb region of chromosome 14, and all producing an "interspecific fusion junction" within the MEP2 gene coding sequence, such that the 5' portion derives from S. cerevisiae and the 3' portion derives from S. uvarum. In most cases the rearrangements altered both chromosomes, resulting in what can be considered to be an introgression of a several-kb region of S. uvarum into an otherwise intact S. cerevisiae chromosome 14, while the homeologous S. uvarum chromosome 14 experienced an interspecific reciprocal translocation at the same breakpoint within MEP2, yielding a chimaeric chromosome; these events result in the presence in the cell of two MEP2 fusion genes having identical breakpoints. Given that MEP2 encodes for a high-affinity ammonium permease, that MEP2 fusion genes arise repeatedly under ammonium-limitation, and that three independent evolved isolates carrying MEP2 fusion genes are each more fit than their common ancestor, the novel MEP2 fusion genes are very likely adaptive under ammonium limitation. Our results suggest that, when homoploid hybrids form, the admixture of two genomes enables swift and otherwise unavailable evolutionary innovations. Furthermore, the architecture of the MEP2 rearrangement suggests a model for rapid introgression, a phenomenon seen in numerous eukaryotic phyla, that does not require repeated backcrossing to one of the parental species.
Joseph H. French, MD, 1928–1999 (1999)

The mechanisms that power the physiological events occurring in cilia, flagella, and microvilli are of fundamental importance for the functions of these important and ubicuous organelles. The olfactory epithelium is mostly populated by ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and surrounding sustentacular cells (SCs) with apical microvilli. The only OSN dendrite extends to the surface forming a knob projecting several chemosensory cilia of ∼50 × 0.2 μm, devoid of inner membranes embedded in a mucus layer. Upon odorant binding, odor receptors couple to G-protein activating adenylyl cyclase, producing cAMP. cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated channels allowing a Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx that opens Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated Cl<sup>−</sup> channels, generating the receptor potential. Many enzymes are activated in chemotransduction to hydrolyze ATP. The knob contains approximately two mitochondria; assuming that the cilia ATP is 1 mm and diffuses along it at ∼10 μm in 500 ms, ATP from the knob mitochondria may not fulfill the demands of transduction over the full length of the cilium, which suggests an additional ATP source. We measured millimolar glucose in rat mucus; we detected glucose transporter GLUT3 in rat and toad (<i>Caudiverbera caudiverbera</i>) OSN cilia, SC microvilli, and glycolytic enzymes in rat cilia. We also found that the cilia and knob can incorporate and accumulate 2-deoxyglucose (glucose analog), but not when blocking GLUT. Glucose removal and the inhibition of glycolysis or oxidative phospholylation impaired the odor response. This evidence strongly suggests that glycolysis in the cilia and knob oxidative phosphorylation together fuel chemotransduction. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> How processes occurring in cilia and flagella are powered is a matter of general interest. Substantial progress has been made in unraveling the sensory transduction mechanisms, commonly occurring in such structures; however, the energy sources powering them have been scarcely explored. Accessibility to the specialized sensory organelles and their small dimensions have been limiting factors. Olfactory sensory neurons chemosensory cilia are elongated, mucus embedded, fully exposed structures particularly amenable for a multidisciplinary study of this problem, as done here. We demonstrate the occurrence and functionality of glucose uptake and glycolysis in the cilia. We support that odor transduction relies on ATP generated by oxidative phosphorylation in the dendrite and glycolytically in the cilia using glucose internalized from the mucus.
&amp;gt;1200 V, &amp;gt;50A SILICON CARBIDE SUPER JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (2011)

The electrical performance of GeneSiC's 1200 V/7 A SiC Super Junction Transistor (SJT) is compared with three best-in-class commercial Si IGBTs in this paper. Low leakage currents of &amp;lt; 100 μA at 325 °C operating temperature, switching transients &amp;lt; 15 ns at 250 °C, Common Source current gains of 63 and on-resistance as low as 220 mΩ were measured on the SiC SJTs. For switching 7 A, 800 V at 100 kHz, the SiC SJT+GeneSiC SiC Schottky rectifier as Free Wheeling Diode (FWD) achieved a total power loss reduction of about 64% when compared to the best all-Si IGBT+FWD configuration and a power loss reduction of about 47 %, when compared to the best Si IGBT + SiC Schottky FWD.
Anticancer Agents (2001)

A revolution of information on the causes of the cancer phenotype is resulting in the former "empirical" drug development paradigm being replaced by a "rational" paradigm which emphasizes the effect of a test agent on a molecular drug target rather than on maximal tolerated dose. The new paradigm utilizes tools such as combinatorial chemistry, in vitro target-based testing, and data mining algorithms. Potential new anticancer therapeutics developed using the rational paradigm are now reaching human clinical trials. The optimal path for cancer drug discovery will likely result from a marriage of "informed empiricism" in generating new lead structures and rational design of eventual drug candidates, building on biological and structural data.
Multiclass SVM with graph path coding regularization for face classification (2016)

We consider the problem of learning graphs in a sparse multiclass support vector machines framework. For such a problem, sparse graph penalty is useful to select the significant features and interpret the results. Classical ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> -norm learns a sparse solution without considering the structure between the features. In this paper, a structural knowledge is encoded as directed acyclic graph and a graph path penalty is incorporated to multiclass SVM. The learned classifiers not only improve the performance, but also help in the interpretation of the learned features. The performance of the proposed method highly depends on an initialization graph. Two generic ways to initialize the graph between the features are considered: one is built from similarities while the other one uses Graphical Lasso. The experiments of face classification task on Extended YaleB database verify that: i) graph regularization with multiclass SVM improves the performance and also leads to a more sparse solution compared to ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> -norm.
Analysis of the Peripheral T-Cell Receptor VP Repertoire in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type I Diabetes (1994)

Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by a marked activation of peripheral T cells around the time of clinical diagnosis. Studies of T-cell antigen receptor V beta (TCRBV) gene usage in type I diabetes have been conflicting. Using a semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique and flow cytometry we have investigated the TCRBV gene usage of 13 newly diagnosed patients with type I diabetes and 11 normal healthy controls. No preferential TCRBV gene usage was found between patients and controls even after matching for HLA-DR3 and/or -DR4. In addition, no significant differences in TCRBV gene usage were found between sequential samples taken over a period of up to 7 months following diagnosis. These results suggest that the TCR repertoire of these patients is heterogeneous and it is unlikely that a single 'pathogenic' T-cell clone is dominant at the clinical onset of the disease.
&lt;title&gt;Epitaxial growth of p+ silicon on a backside-thinned CCD for enhanced UV response&lt;/title&gt; (1992)

We have used low temperature molecular beam epitaxy to grow p+ silicon on a backside-thinned Reticon 512x5 12 CCD. The techniques for preparing the CCD for the growth and the processing conditions are discussed. A 50 A layer of silicon doped with 3x102 B/cm3 was grown at a substrate temperature of 450C. The ultraviolet quantum efficiency of the modified CCD was significantly higher than that of a CCD with an untreated back surface. Charging the back surface of the modified CCD with a Uv flood did not affect the quantum efficiency indicating that the bands were pinned by the added p+ layer. Gold contamination measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry to have a concentration of 1 x 1 0 18 cm3 near the back surface caused the UV quantum efficiency to be lower than optimum by reducing the minority carrier lifetime. 2.
Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields Induced in Operation of a Wireless Fully Passive Backscattering Neurorecording Microsystem in Emulated Human Head Tissue (2013)

This paper reports on a fully passive microsystem that wirelessly records and transmits neuropotentials exclusively by means of electromagnetic backscattering techniques, affording substantially simpler circuitry and potentially safer and more reliable approach for implantable wireless neurorecording. A fundamental practical barrier for wireless brain-implantable microsystems includes heat dissipation by on-chip circuitry, which may cause permanent brain damage. Hence, measurement of thermal profiles of surrounding tissue induced by operation of wireless implants is imperative in assessing the safety of these devices. Evaluation of specific absorption rate (SAR) is especially relevant for wireless electromagnetic transmission schemes operating at microwave frequencies and directly relates to the heat generated within biological tissue media. In this study, computational and empirical methods are used to measure SAR within a human-head-equivalent phantom during operation of the embedded fully passive wireless neurorecording microsystem. The maximum average SAR, coinciding with the worst case scenario, measured within 1 g of brain tissue is <; 0.45±0.11 W/kg, complying with the U.S. FCC threshold (1.6 W/kg).
Consensus on the Development of Vaccines against Naturally Acquired Melioidosis (2015)

Several candidates for a vaccine against Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causal bacterium of melioidosis, have been developed, and a rational approach is now needed to select and advance candidates for testing in relevant nonhuman primate models and in human clinical trials. Development of such a vaccine was the topic of a meeting in the United Kingdom in March 2014 attended by international candidate vaccine developers, researchers, and government health officials. The focus of the meeting was advancement of vaccines for prevention of natural infection, rather than for protection from the organism's known potential for use as a biological weapon. A direct comparison of candidate vaccines in well-characterized mouse models was proposed. Knowledge gaps requiring further research were identified. Recommendations were made to accelerate the development of an effective vaccine against melioidosis.
Chronic Perilymph Fistula in the Guinea Pig with Implications in the Human (1992)

To improve understanding of the pathophysiology of perilymph fistulas, a predictable animal model of a chronic fistula was developed. Our findings suggest that guinea pig fistulas do not remain patent for prolonged periods. By extrapolating these findings to humans, we postulate that the symptoms and signs of perilymph fistula are possibly due not to one prolonged constant fistula, but rather a series of "blowouts" from an inherent congenital or posttraumatic weak spot in either the round or oval window. We feel that a diagnosis of perilymph fistula must be considered in any patient presenting with a Meniere's-like symptom set concomitant with a congenital inner ear deformity or a history of inner ear trauma.
Design, simulation, and fabrication of broadband coaxial matched loads for the frequency range from 0 to 110 GHz (2014)

Combining a theory for reflection-free termination of coaxial lines together with a novel manufacturing method results in 1-mm coaxial matched loads with an excellent absorption behavior over the frequency range from 0 to 110 GHz. Three different electromagnetic (EM) simulation approaches verify the capability of these matched loads to achieve reflection coefficients smaller than −43 dB over the entire frequency range. Matched loads with a maximum reflection coefficient of only −32 dB have been produced. An excellent performance was achieved by exponentially tapering the outer conductor over the region of a coaxial ceramic substrate coated by a thin-film resistance and by compensation for EM wave propagation inside the resistive coating.
Establishing High Photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> Evolution from Multiwalled Titanate Nanotubes (2020)

Abstract Black TiO 2 in various forms has been investigated for numerous photochemical applications. In photocatalytic water splitting, “grey” titania forms have been reported to reach considerable H 2 generation rates without using a noble metal co‐catalyst. Up to now, a variety of anatase powders or other morphologies has been investigated in grey and black forms. Here we describe that hydrothermal titanate/anatase nanotubes can show a strong noble metal free photocatalytic activity. For optimized “blackening” conditions, a drastically higher photocatalytic H 2 production can be obtained than for other nanoscale morphologies. This effect can further be improved with a very mild Pt doping that again shows a clearly stronger photocatalytic H 2 production than comparably loaded nanopowders.
Errors in the diagnosis and management of necrotizing otitis externa (2010)

NOE remains a life-threatening condition that requires prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Its incidence may be on the rise. NOE may develop in patients with benign otitis media and externa, and must be considered in all patients with temporal bone inflammation, especially those with risk factors and those who fail to improve with more conservative measures.
Serum activin A and B levels predict outcome in patients with acute respiratory failure: a prospective cohort study (2013)

The measurement of activin A and B levels in these patients with ARF would have assisted in predicting those at greatest risk of death. Given the existing data from animal studies linking high activin A levels to significant inflammatory challenges, the results from this study suggest that approaches to modulate activin A and B bioactivity should be explored as potential therapeutic agents.