gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Practical Limitations of Tableting Indices (2001)

The purpose of this study was to utilize tableting indices to distinguish between materials with varying degrees of compactibility by establishing a quantitative relationship between indices and compactibility. Compactibility in this study is restricted to tablet strength and friability alone. Nine mixtures with varying degrees of compactibility were tableted and the tensile strength and friability of the tablets were determined. The tableting indices of these mixtures were determined using an Instron Universal testing machine. An artificial neural network program was used to establish a quantitative relationship between indices and tablet strength and friability. Six new powders were used to validate the models describing the relationship between indices and tablet strength and friability. These powders were compressed into tablets and their strength and friability were determined. Their indices were also determined. The established models were used to predict tablet strength and friability from index values. The predicted values were compared with the experimentally determined values. There was little correlation between the predicted and experimentally determined values for tablet strength and friability. It was also found that materials or mixtures having almost similar indices had remarkably different compactibilities. It was concluded that models created to predict compactibility using one set of materials may not be able to successfully predict the compactibility of a new material. This calls into question the practicality of indices.
A STUDY OF ANCESTRAL AND MODERN CANADIAN SPRING WHEATS (1987)

Spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) representing a century of crop breeding effort were evaluated in three rain-fed environments to determine which yield-related traits have been altered over time. Plant height and the length of the vegetative growth phase were shortened during the pre-Thatcher era. Spikelet number has been reduced but kernel weight increased during the period of cultivar development discussed herein. Tiller production has changed little since the turn of the century while spike number has been reduced slightly in the post-Thatcher period. Harvest indices increased with the introduction of Thatcher, but neither that trait nor crop grain yield have undergone consistent improvements since the 1930s. A significant cultivar × environment interaction resulted from adverse environment having a greater negative impact on grain yield of the older cultivars Red Fife and Marquis relative to their descendents. HY320, representing a potential new market class (Canadian Prairie Spring), yielded 25% more than standard height cultivars due to a higher biological yield and harvest index. Crop and spike grain yields were associated with kernel number/spike (r = 0.78,0.75) and days to spike emergence (r = 0.50,0.55), suggesting that high grain yield in this material is a function of maturity-dependent kernel production. Future improvements in grain yield might result from selection for higher harvest index since the latter trait is positively correlated with yield (r = 0.63) but not associated with maturity (−0.17).Key words: Old cultivars, spring wheat, yield components, harvest index, cultivar × environment interaction
Doubly-Selective Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM Systems with Experimental Verification (2009)

Multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are two key techniques for broadband wireless mobile communications and channel state information (CSI) is critical for the realization and performance of MIMO-OFDM systems in doubly-selective fading channels. Channel estimation based on two-dimensional discrete-time Fourier transform interpolation (2D-DFTI) is a promising solution to obtain accurate CSI for MIMO-OFDM systems in theory because of both its robustness and high computational efficiency, however, its performance will degrade significantly in practical MIMO-OFDM systems due to the two-dimensional Gibbs phenomenon caused by virtual subcarriers and burst transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel channel estimation method based on the two-dimensional enhanced DFT interpolation (2D-EDFTI), i.e., the frequency-domain EDFTI (FD-EDFTI) concatenated with the time-domain EDFTI (TD-EDFTI), for practical burst-mode MIMO-OFDM systems with virtual subcarriers, which can increase the channel estimation accuracy effectively by mitigating the Gibbs phenomenon in frequency-domain and time-domain, respectively, while keeping good robustness and high computational efficiency. In addition to computer simulations, we further implement the 2D-EDFTI channel estimator into our real-time FPGA testbed of 4 × 4 MIMO-OFDM transmission via spatial multiplexing, together with different MIMO detectors. Both computer simulations and RF experiments demonstrate the superior performance of 2D-EDFTI channel estimation in doubly-selective fading channels, therefore, high-throughput MIMO-OFDM transmission based on different MIMO detection algorithms can always be well supported. Also, it can be applied to other MIMO-OFDM transmission schemes straightforwardly.
Functional Conservation of the Transportin Nuclear Import Pathway in Divergent Organisms (1998)

Human transportin1 (hTRN1) is the nuclear import receptor for a group of pre-mRNA/mRNA-binding proteins (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins [hnRNP]) represented by hnRNP A1, which shuttle continuously between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. hTRN1 interacts with the M9 region of hnRNP A1, a 38-amino-acid domain rich in Gly, Ser, and Asn, and mediates the nuclear import of M9-bearing proteins in vitro. Saccharomyces cerevisiae transportin (yTRN; also known as YBR017c or Kap104p) has been identified and cloned. To understanding the nuclear import mediated by yTRN, we searched with a yeast two-hybrid system for proteins that interact with it. In an exhaustive screen of the S. cerevisiae genome, the most frequently selected open reading frame was the nuclear mRNA-binding protein, Nab2p. We delineated a ca.-50-amino-acid region in Nab2p, termed NAB35, which specifically binds yTRN and is similar to the M9 motif. NAB35 also interacts with hTRN1 and functions as a nuclear localization signal in mammalian cells. Interestingly, yTRN can also mediate the import of NAB35-bearing proteins into mammalian nuclei in vitro. We also report on additional substrates for TRN as well as sequences of Drosophila melanogaster, Xenopus laevis, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe TRNs. Together, these findings demonstrate that both the M9 signal and the nuclear import machinery utilized by the transportin pathway are conserved in evolution.
Role of HLA Class II and Cytokine Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis (1988)

HLA class II expression is notable in rheumatoid arthritis. We have investigated the mechanism of HLA class II regulation in the joints and found local synthesis, as judged by mRNA levels to be high. The role of antigen presentation in maintaining class II mRNA was explored, and blocking presentation by using monoclonal antibodies to HLA class II inhibited synthesis of mRNA for HLA-DR alpha chain. HLA class II expression is maintained by cytokines and so cytokine production in rheumatoid joints was investigated. It was chosen to use mRNA analysis by slot blotting as a screening assay, and the expression of many cytokines was detected. Levels of these were maintained in culture in the absence of extrinsic stimulation.
Buried polysilicon hot-wire anemometer with integrated bulk micromachined channel (2004)

We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of a buried polysilicon hot-wire anemometer with an integrated micromachined channel for fluid flow sensing. Hot-wire flow sensor elements and bulk micromachined channels are fabricated separately on device and channel wafers. The direct silicon wafer bonding technique is then used to integrate the flow sensors and channels. This is made possible by fabrication of the polysilicon resistor flow sensing element in a trench. Heavily doped polysilicon connections are also recessed into the device wafer. The attraction of using polysilicon for the flow sensing element and connections is the ability to adjust the resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) by control of the dopant concentration. The effect of doping on both these parameters is characterized in detail to enable selection of the appropriate doping concentration for each region of the device. Light doping is preferred for the resistor element, since this ensures high thermal sensitivity, while heavy doping is used to provide low resistance connections. The materials allow use of standard high-temperature fabrication processes compatible with standard integrated circuit (IC) technology and micromachining techniques, including silicon bonding. This offers the ability to integrate other microfluidic components and electronic control circuits.
Electrocatalytic water oxidation over AlFe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> (2019)

We report excellent electrocatalytic performance by AlFe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> in the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER). The inexpensive catalytic material, prepared simply by arc-melting followed by ball-milling, exhibits high stability and sustained catalytic performance under alkaline conditions. The overpotential value of 0.24 V observed at the current density of 10 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> remained constant for at least 10 days. Electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy performed on the initial ball-milled material and on the material activated under electrocatalytic conditions suggest that the catalytic mechanism involves partial leaching of Al from the layered structure of AlFe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> and the formation of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoclusters on the exposed [Fe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>] layers. Thus, the AlFe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> structure serves as a robust supporting material and, more importantly, as a pre-catalyst to the <i>in situ</i> formed active electrocatalytic sites. Comparative electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the electrocatalytic performance of the AlFe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>-supported Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoclusters substantially exceeds the results obtained with unsupported nanoparticles of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, FeB, or such benchmark OER catalysts as IrO<sub>2</sub> or RuO<sub>2</sub>. The excellent catalytic performance and long-term stability of this system suggests that AlFe<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> can serve as a promising and inexpensive OER electrocatalyst.
Longitudinal analysis of endurance and respiratory function from a natural history study of Morquio A syndrome (2014)

The natural history of Morquio A syndrome is characterized by progressive impairment of endurance as measured by the 6MWT. Longitudinal trends in FVC and MVV showing increase in younger patients, but decrease in older patients, are likely to be influenced by growth. Changes in 6MWT may represent a sensitive measure of disease progression in ambulatory Morquio A patients.
A Concept for a Gas-Filter Correlation Radiometer to Remotely Sense the Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Column from Space (2004)

Concern about the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 has resulted in a growing need, both scientifically and politically, to monitor atmospheric CO2. The development of a satellite instrument that could measure the global distribution of atmospheric CO2 would greatly improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle and provide a means of monitoring regional sources and sinks. In this paper, the potential of a proposed nadir-viewing, satellite-based remote sounding instrument consisting of gas-filter correlation radiometers (GFCRs) tuned to the 6300-(1.6 μm) and 5000-cm−1 (2 μm) regions to globally measure the atmospheric CO2 column is analyzed. Although the design of such an instrument would present some engineering challenges, the proposed instrument has significant potential. Such an instrument should be able to measure the atmospheric CO2 column to a precision better than 1 ppmv.
Determination of Chloride by Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry in the Gas Phase Following Oxidation (1985)

Abstract In the proposed method, chloride is oxidized to chlorine gas and the transient absorbance signal of the latter is measured using atomic absorption instrumentation. Instead of the flame, a flow-through absorption cell is used. The method is rapid and direct. The detection limit is 14 μg/mL Cl.
Cellular Effects of Isoflurane on Bulbar Respiratory Neurons in Decerebrate Cats (1993)

The present study was undertaken to explore changes in neurotransmitters and neuromodulators of brain regions impaired by microsphere embolism-induced, sustained ischemia. Nine hundred microspheres (48 microns) were injected into the right internal carotid artery of rats, and the time course of changes in the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained areas of their brain slices and acetylcholine and amino acid contents in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of both hemispheres were determined. The TTC-unstained area, a measure of infarction, was developed in the right hemisphere by the 3rd day after the embolism, which was similar to that on the 28th day. A marked decline in acetylcholine content of these three regions of the right hemisphere was detected throughout the experiment (28 days). The glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and taurine levels were markedly decreased following microsphere-embolism. Most of these decreases were significantly attenuated during the first 5 days following the embolism, and they then partially recovered with time after the operation. Minor metabolic changes were observed in the left hemisphere. The results suggest that microsphere-embolism induces cerebral infarction and/or sustained damage to acetylcholine and neurotransmitter amino acid synthesis and/or catabolism of the brain regions. This model may provide information concerning the pathophysiological alterations in long-term cerebral ischemia and infarction.
Binary-coded decimal digit multipliers (2007)

With the growing popularity of decimal computer arithmetic in scientific, commercial, financial and Internet-based applications, hardware realisation of decimal arithmetic algorithms is gaining more importance. Hardware decimal arithmetic units now serve as an integral part of some recently commercialised general purpose processors, where complex decimal arithmetic operations, such as multiplication, have been realised by rather slow iterative hardware algorithms. However, with the rapid advances in very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, semi- and fully parallel hardware decimal multiplication units are expected to evolve soon. The dominant representation for decimal digits is the binary-coded decimal (BCD) encoding. The BCD-digit multiplier can serve as the key building block of a decimal multiplier, irrespective of the degree of parallelism. A BCD-digit multiplier produces a two-BCD digit product from two input BCD digits. We provide a novel design for the latter, showing some advantages in BCD multiplier implementations.
The dopaminergic system in hypertension (2007)

Dopamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by regulating epithelial sodium transport, vascular smooth muscle contractility and production of reactive oxygen species and by interacting with the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems. Dopamine receptors are classified into D(1)-like (D(1) and D(5)) and D(2)-like (D(2), D(3) and D(4)) subtypes based on their structure and pharmacology. Each of the dopamine receptor subtypes participates in the regulation of blood pressure by mechanisms specific for the subtype. Some receptors regulate blood pressure by influencing the central and/or peripheral nervous system; others influence epithelial transport and regulate the secretion and receptors of several humoral agents. This review summarizes the physiology of the different dopamine receptors in the regulation of blood pressure, and the relationship between dopamine receptor subtypes and hypertension.
Supplementary Fig. S1 from Human rhomboid family-1 gene silencing causes apoptosis or autophagy to epithelial cancer cells and inhibits xenograft tumor growth (2023)

Supplementary Fig. S1 from Human rhomboid family-1 gene silencing causes apoptosis or autophagy to epithelial cancer cells and inhibits xenograft tumor growth
DCR3 locus is a predictive marker for 5‐fluorouracil‐based adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer (2002)

Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces the incidence of distant metastasis and increases survival of patients with colorectal cancer. However, predictive markers are needed to define subsets of patients with stage II and III disease that may benefit from adjuvant treatment. A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily, the decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), was reported to be amplified in colorectal cancer as a negative regulator of Fas-mediated apoptosis. We analyzed DcR3 gene copy number and protein expression in a large series of tumors from a randomized multicenter trial of 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin C (FU/MMC) adjuvant chemotherapy of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK 40/81), using real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry on tumor microarrays. Results of gene status and protein expression of DcR3 were correlated with disease-free and overall survival of patients. We observed amplification of the DcR3 gene in 185/294 (63%) and overexpression of the DcR3 protein in 163/223 (73%) of colorectal tumors. Multivariate analysis showed no prognostic effect of DcR3 gene amplification and protein overexpression. However, adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly more beneficial in patients with normal DcR3 gene copy number than in patients with amplification (DFS: HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.16-6.98, p = 0.02; OS: HR 3.15, 95% CI 1.19-8.32, p = 0.02), whereas DcR3 protein overexpression did not influence the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (DFS: HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.65-1.60, p = 0.95; OS: HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.61-1.49, p = 0.83). We conclude that amplification of the 20q13 locus is a predictive marker for adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
Biodegradable Mg-based alloys: biological implications and restorative opportunities (2022)

Mg-based alloys as revolutionary implantable biomaterials have increasingly attracted considerable attention, owing to their biodegradability in vivo and beneficial effects on biological systems. The degradation process and products of Mg-based alloys have been reported to exhibit significant biological effects on host-tissue responses. However, these effects have not yet been fully understood. This review systemically summarizes and analyses the current understandings and recent research progress in this area. The primary focal points are the biological effects and related mechanisms associated with the degradation behaviour of Mg-based alloys. The biological impacts of the degradation products are elucidated and the arguable or controversial issues are also discussed, providing a pathway toward a greater understanding of the biological implications of Mg-based alloys. Furthermore, based on these biological implications, the restorative potential of Mg-based alloys for applications in tissue repair and regeneration is summarized. Finally, outlooks on biosafety evaluation and design strategies for Mg-based alloy implants are briefly discussed.
The Application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Lipid Membranes (2018)

Membranes are a highly anisotropic medium. This anisotropy stems from the regular packing of constituent molecules, each with their own anisotropy. The lipid molecules are usually elongated amphiphiles with a polar headgroup and hydrophobic tail. Clearly, any property will depend upon whether it is measured along or perpendicular to the molecular axis. This is the reason why the properties of lipid membranes are expressed as tensors rather than as single isotropic values. Phosphatidylcholines adopt in water gel- and fluid-like phases. Recently, a new metastable gel phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was discovered upon prolonged incubation at low temperature. X-ray analysis revealed the formation of three-dimensional crystals of stacked bilayers in which lipid molecules are arranged in an orthorhombic lattice. Spin-label partitioning was also utilized in studies of the phase transition of the charged lipids PS and PG. The basis for observing angular rotation of the spin labels lies in the modulation of the anisotropy of magnetic interactions.
Highly-integrated energy harvesting device for rotational applications utilizing quasi-static piezoelectric and electromagnetic generators (2013)

This work addresses the design of an integrated energy harvesting system under production viewpoints. The system is developed to harvest energy from rotational movements. Therefore, a piezoelectric bending element – mounted on the rotational part - is actuated by magnetic force introduced by hard magnets installed in the fixed frame. This work concentrates on a high integration, the energy harvesting circuit, including rectifier, power management and storage is integrated in the structure of the bending harvester. Further the soft magnetic tip mass is equipped with a coil for electromagnetic energy harvesting; the necessary electronic is also integrated in the structure. The paper addresses the special systems demands for large scale production. The production technology for a small series of prototypes is explained in detail. Performance tests of the device conclude this study.
Ultrasonic Acoustic Health Monitoring of Ball Bearings Using Neural Network Pattern Classification of Power Spectral Density (2010)

This work presents a generic passive non-contact based acoustic health monitoring approach using ultrasonic acoustic emissions (UAE) to facilitate classification of bearing health via neural networks. This generic approach is applied to classifying the operating condition of conventional ball bearings. The acoustic emission signals used in this study are in the ultrasonic range (20–120 kHz), which is significantly higher than the majority of the research in this area thus far. A direct benefit of working in this frequency range is the inherent directionality of microphones capable of measurement in this range, which becomes particularly useful when operating in environments with low signal-to-noise ratios that are common in the rail industry. Using the UAE power spectrum signature, it is possible to pose the health monitoring problem as a multi-class classification problem, and make use of a multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) to classify the UAE signature. One major problem limiting the usefulness of ANN’s for failure classification is the need for large quantities of training data. This becomes a particularly important issue when considering applications involving higher value components such as the turbo mechanisms and traction motors on diesel locomotives. Artificial training data, based on the statistical properties of a significantly smaller experimental data set is created to train the artificial neural network. The combination of the artificial training methods and ultrasonic frequency range being used results in an approach generic enough to suggest that this particular method is applicable to a variety of systems and components where persistent UAE exist.
[Basic stem cell biology and cancer]. (2010)

The finding that tumours, like normal tissues, are endowed with varying degrees of cellular heterogeneity has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of cancer. The cancer stem cell and clonal evolution models have both been proposed to explain tumour-associated cellular heterogeneity. Here, we briefly review these two non-exclusive models with special emphasis on how they aid our understanding of cancer and their implications for therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the close association between basic stem cell biology and cancer, focusing on the role of self-renewal.