gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Temperature on Coke Properties and CO2 Reactivity Under Laboratory Conditions and in an Experimental Blast Furnace (2005)

Physical and chemical properties of coke samples excavated from LKAB's Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) at MEFOS in Lulea, Sweden were characterized. A thermal annealing study the raw coke used in the EBF was also conducted in a horizontal furnace in a neutral environment at a range of temperatures up to 1650DGC. Carbon crystallite height of the EBF coke and of the cokes treated in the laboratory furnace were measured by XRD while mineral phases were characterized by using SEM/EDS. The CO2 reactivity of the EBF cokes was measured by thermo-gravimetric analyser (TGA). The study demonstrated the strong effect of temperature on the modification of coke properties with special focus on carbon structure both under laboratory and experimental blast furnace conditions. The coke reactivity in the EBF was accelerated due to presence of recirculating alkalis in the coke, which increased as the coke descended in the EBF. The growth of carbon crystallite height of coke in the horizontal furnace was found to be of similar order as observed in the EBF under a similar range of temperatures. Comparison of carbon structure of laboratory treated cokes and the EBF excavated cokes indicated that carbon ordering of cokes is predominantly enhanced by the temperature rather than reacting gases or recirculating alkalis. The deterioration of coke quality such as coke strength (CSR) and abrasion propensity were related to coke graphitisation, alkalization and reactivity such that coke graphitisation was shown to have a strong impact on coke degradation behaviour. The study further implied that alkalis have a potential to influence the coke reactivity without affecting their graphitisation behaviour. The study also highlights the limitations of the CSR test for assessing the coke behaviour in an operating blast furnaces as it cannot simulate impact of graphitisation of cokes which is significant only at much higher temperatures.
New Zealand priority criteria project (1997)

CONSORT statement on the reporting standards of clinical trials Recommendations are inappropriate for trial reportsEditor-In his editorial on the CONSORT statement Douglas G Altman states that since "only randomised trials have the potential directly to affect patient care ... it is ... reasonable to require higher standards for papers reporting randomised trials than those describing other types of study." 1 But although randomised trials are usually the preferred approach for the unbiased evaluation of treatments, non-randomised observational studies also influence treatment.Because the correct interpretation of observational studies is much more difficult, largely due to uncontrollable biases, their description and analysis call for at least as much care as do randomised trials.Sometimes, of course, randomised comparisons are unnecessary-for example, to determine the value of fetoprotein screening for neural tube defects.CONSORT is the product of deliberations conducted almost entirely through North American journals. 2Journal editors and statisticians are well represented among those involved, but clinicians and others with experience in actually conducting trials less so.Experience of the procedures recommended seems to be limited and not wholly positive.The authors of one trial report who had been persuaded to rewrite it 3 in the structured format expressed mixed feelings: the paper was rendered less readable with "ideas that are logically linked together (such as point estimates with 95% confidence intervals) torn asunder." 4 Inflexibility and a lengthier manuscript were other reported disadvantages.The editor stated that a journal "should change the way it structures articles only when there is good agreement on the new format in the communities we serve" 4 ; this includes writers and readers of trial reports as well as editors.Feedback from the test case 3 or from other commentators does not seem to have materially altered the final version of CONSORT.By announcing its decision, less than a fortnight after publication of CONSORT, the BMJ pre-empted input from many with experience of planning, conducting, and reporting trials.Few will dispute the need for improvements in the reporting of all studies with implications for patient care, whatever their design.But without appropriate consultation, the BMJ seems to have made its decision on CONSORT prematurely.The requirement that randomised trials report the numbers of patients excluded is generally pointless, 5 and making authors indicate where a large number of checklist items are dealt with would be unduly prescriptive.The CONSORT recommendations should not be imposed unilaterally.Others with experience of trial conduct should be consulted on the nature of any guidelines for the reporting of randomised trials and, more importantly, of observational studies of treatments.
145: THE USE OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR REAL-TIME DETECTION OF OESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC CANCER BASED ON DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY: A VALIDATION STUDY (2022)

Abstract Background and aim The lack of a fast and accurate intraoperative tumour margin assessment tool contributes to high positive circumferential resection margin rates for oesophageal and gastric cancers, which is associated with local recurrence and poor long-term survival. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can provide non-invasive, accurate, and real-time tissue classification based on quantification of light reflectance in tissue, providing a unique optical fingerprint of the tissue. This study aimed to validate the use of DRS for discrimination between normal and cancerous tissues based on ex-vivo gastric and oesophageal cancer resection specimens. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing resections for gastric and oesophageal carcinomas at a tertiary referral centre in London between July 2020 and June 2021 were included. Reflectance data in the 468-720 nm spectral range were recorded on ex-vivo specimens within 15 minutes of surgical specimen excision. Based on video recordings of the data acquisition procedure and probe tip tracking, sampling sites were correlated with histological reports manually labeled as either normal or cancer (Figure 1). Following spectral data normalisation and feature selection, four supervised machine learning approaches were tested for classification using 5-fold cross-validation. Overall classification accuracy and Area Under the Curve (AUC) across machine learning approaches were compared. Results A total of 32 patients (median age 68, 75% male) were included. 11,862 mean spectra (2990 spectra for normal oesophagus, 4628 for normal stomach, 2305 for gastric cancer, and 1939 for oesophageal cancer) were collected. For oesophageal cancer, classification accuracy was 96.22 ± 0.50 and AUC was 99.24 ± 0.19, while for gastric cancer, the accuracy was 93.86 ± 0.66, and AUC 98.50 ± 0.28 for gastric cancer. For both malignancy types, Extreme Gradient Boosting was the best performing classifier. The differences in spectral data between patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment and treatment naïve were non-significant. Conclusion Machine learning can be used to accurately differentiate between normal and cancerous oesophageal and gastric tissues in an ex-vivo setting, based on DRS data. Features used for class discrimination should be investigated to find possible physiological correlates of spectral data differences. Future intraoperative validation is required to assess the utility of this technology for real-time tumour margin mapping and its effect on long-term outcomes.
Sub-nanosecond, 1-kHz, temperature-tuned, non-critical mid-IR OPO based on CdSiP2 crystal pumped at 1064 nm (2010)

Temperature tuning (6.117-6.554 μm for the idler) and sub-nanosecond durations are demonstrated with a non-critical, 1064-nm pumped CdSiP2-OPO. At 1 kHz, the output idler energy of 24 μJ corresponds to an average power of 24 mW.
Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Arylative Dearomatization of Phenols (2011)

The palladium-catalyzed arylative dearomatization of phenols to yield spirocyclohexadienone products in good to excellent yields has been developed. Preliminary results demonstrate that the formation of the spirocyclic all-carbon quaternary center can be accomplished with high levels of enantiocontrol (up to 91% ee).
Big promise, big business (2019)

Stem cell tourism is a global phenomenon. People travel across geographical borders and jurisdictions to buy unproven stem cell ‘treatments’. We present a sociological case study, the X-Cell Center in Germany – once a popular destination of choice for stem cell travellers, shut down by regulators in 2010 after several deaths occurred. We offer a perspective on the conditions that enable stem cell tourism including public perceptions of safety, national stereotypes, personalized care offered to clients, ambiguous regulation and public belief in the power of stem cells.
Supplementary Figure 6 from Deubiquitinase Inhibition by Small-Molecule WP1130 Triggers Aggresome Formation and Tumor Cell Apoptosis (2023)

Supplementary Figure 6 from Deubiquitinase Inhibition by Small-Molecule WP1130 Triggers Aggresome Formation and Tumor Cell Apoptosis
DEVELOPMENT OF "GREEN" CEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE USING CEMENT KILN DUST AND FLY ASH (2004)

A research project was conducted to develop “green ” cement for sustainable concrete using cement kiln dust (CKD) and Class F fly ash (FA). In the project, effects of mechanical, chemical and thermal activations on strength and other properties of CKD-FA binders were investigated. Different CKD-fly ash combinations, grinding equipment and methods, chemical additions, and elevated curing temperatures were considered. The set time, heat of hydration, and strength of CKD-fly ash pastes were evaluated. The hydration products and microstructure of the binder pastes were studied. The results indicate that when blend proportion and activation are properly applied, the binder made with CKD and fly ash will have satisfactory strength and performance, which provides potential applications for the new cementitious product. 1.
A kisspeptin-10 analog with greater in vivo bioactivity than kisspeptin-10 (2009)

The kisspeptins are neuropeptides that stimulate the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The smallest endogenous kisspeptin, kisspeptin-10 (KP-10), binds to the receptor KISS1R with a similar affinity to the full-length peptide, kisspeptin-54 (KP-54), but is less effective in vivo, possibly because of increased enzymatic breakdown or clearance. The kisspeptin system may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of reproductive disorders and endocrine cancers. We have rationally modified the structure of KP-10 and tested the binding affinity of these analogs for the KISS1R. Those analogs that bound with relatively high affinity to KISS1R were tested for ability to stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in vitro and for their ability to stimulate the HPG axis in vivo. One analog, [dY](1)KP-10, bound to KISS1R with lower affinity to KP-10 and exhibited similar bioactivity in vitro. However, in vivo peripheral administration of [dY](1)KP-10 increased plasma LH and testosterone more potently than KP-10 itself at 20 min postinjection in mice. In addition, 60 min postinjection, 0.15 nmol [dY](1)KP-10 significantly increased total testosterone levels in mice whereas the same dose of KP-10 had no significant effect. Should manipulation of the kisspeptin/KISS1R signaling system prove therapeutically useful, long-lasting analogs such as [dY](1)KP-10 may have greater therapeutic potential than endogenous forms of kisspeptin.
Spinal interleukin-1 β reduces inflammatory pain (2000)

Inflammation or injury often lead to chronic pain states such as hyperalgesia where the perception of a normally painful stimulus is significantly exaggerated. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a cytokine that is an important mediator of the inflammatory response. In addition, IL-1beta has been implicated in the modulation of pain transmission in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. We evaluated the spinal effect of this cytokine in the presence and absence of a peripheral carrageenan inflammation in rats since the spinal cord is a major region of the central nervous system in which nociceptive input is processed and modulated. Our results indicate that intrathecal IL-1beta has no effect on the latency of paw withdrawal in response to a noxious thermal stimuluation in normal rats. In contrast, we have observed that IL-1beta produces significant antinociception when administered intrathecally in rats with peripheral inflammation (carrageenan model). The IL-1beta effect appears to be selective as it is reversed when IL-1beta is administered in the presence of an IL-1beta neutralizing antibody. We evaluated some putative mechanisms of this IL-1beta-mediated antinociception and found it to be non-opioid-dependent. Collectively, these data indicate that intrathecal IL-1beta has no effect on the processing of thermal nociceptive information in the absence of a peripheral inflammation. Therefore, the response to acute pain remains normal in these rats. In contrast, IL-1beta is antinociceptive when applied spinally during inflammation. These results indicate that IL-1beta reduces inflammatory hyperalgesia while sparing the protective functions of acute pain. This study offers new insights into the role of IL-1beta and nociceptive processing at the level of the spinal cord and suggests that development of IL-1beta agonists may be an alternative to opiate based therapies in the treatment of inflammatory pain.
Redox Regulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B: Therapeutic Potential for Attenuating Inflammatory Responses (2000)

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a protein transcription factor that is required for maximal transcription of a wide array of pro-inflammatory mediators that are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke. The purpose of this review article is to describe what is known about the molecular biology of NF NF-kappaB and to review current understanding of the interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) in NF-kappaB. ROS seem to play a duel role by participating in the NF-kappaB activation cascade and by directly modulating DNA binding affinity. Exogenous and endogenous antioxidants are effective in blocking activation of NF-kappaB and preventing the consequences of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Phase II enzymes either directly or indirectly play a major in vivo role in minimizing oxidative stress by scavenging peroxides, peroxide breakdown products and dicarbonyls and in regeneration of lipid peroxidation chain-breaker, vitamin E. Dietary phase II enzyme inducers have been demonstrated to increase phase II enzyme activities in a variety of tissues. These data, together, suggest that phase II enzyme inducers could have therapeutic value for ameliorating inflammatory conditions.
Towards Exploiting Background Knowledge for Building Conversation\n Systems (2018)

Existing dialog datasets contain a sequence of utterances and responses\nwithout any explicit background knowledge associated with them. This has\nresulted in the development of models which treat conversation as a\nsequence-to-sequence generation task i.e, given a sequence of utterances\ngenerate the response sequence). This is not only an overly simplistic view of\nconversation but it is also emphatically different from the way humans converse\nby heavily relying on their background knowledge about the topic (as opposed to\nsimply relying on the previous sequence of utterances). For example, it is\ncommon for humans to (involuntarily) produce utterances which are copied or\nsuitably modified from background articles they have read about the topic. To\nfacilitate the development of such natural conversation models which mimic the\nhuman process of conversing, we create a new dataset containing movie chats\nwherein each response is explicitly generated by copying and/or modifying\nsentences from unstructured background knowledge such as plots, comments and\nreviews about the movie. We establish baseline results on this dataset (90K\nutterances from 9K conversations) using three different models: (i) pure\ngeneration based models which ignore the background knowledge (ii) generation\nbased models which learn to copy information from the background knowledge when\nrequired and (iii) span prediction based models which predict the appropriate\nresponse span in the background knowledge.\n
Study on reaction mechanism of Si and pure CeO2 for chemical-mechanical-grinding process (2009)

The thinning process of silicon wafer for power device in automotive applications requires stress relief and relatively high Si removal rate. The innovative process of chemical mechanical grinding (CMG) has been developed for the surface finishing of Si wafer by means of solid state chemical reaction with CeO2 abrasives under dry condition. However, the reaction mechanisms of Si and pure CeO2 in the dry CMG process are yet fully understood. The chips of Si wafer produced during CMG process were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and TEM/energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Those analyses clearly indicated that the chips were thin, elongated, and acicular, as well as partially curved. The large amount of Si in amorphous phase and CeO2 were detected in the CMG chips by XRD, except Si crystalline. The reaction experiments between Si and CeO2 were also performed where the pellets composed of mixed Si∕CeO2 powders were heat treated at 400–1200°C in both air and vacuum (10−4torr), then quenched. The specimens heated in air and vacuum above 900°C contained Si, CeO2, a trace of amorphous phase, CeSi1.9 (cerium-silicon alloy), and Ce4.667(Si4)3O (cerium silicate), respectively. This means that the reaction mechanism in heat treatment of the Si∕CeO2 powders is not exactly the same as CMG process. The findings from analyses of CMG chip products proved that the reaction of 2CeO2+Si→Ce2O3+SiO (amorphous) took place during CMG process of Si wafer using CeO2 fixed abrasive. The produced Ce2O3 can be easily transformed to CeO2 by the reaction Ce2O3+1∕2O2→2CeO2.
Inhaled corticosteroids in childhood asthma: Income differences in use (2003)

Asthma hospitalization rates in children increase with decreasing level of household income. This research was undertaken to determine whether use of inhaled corticosteroid drugs, which can prevent asthma hospitalizations, followed a similar socioeconomic gradient in children with asthma. We performed a cross-sectional study of association, using population-based prescription and healthcare data sources. Our subjects were 16,862 Manitoba children, aged 5-15 years, with prescriptions for asthma drugs during January 1995-March 1996. Our measures were adjusted for asthma severity, physician specialty, and proportion of children with an inhaled corticosteroid prescription by neighborhood income. Forty-five percent of children treated for asthma had at least one inhaled corticosteroid prescription during January 1995-March 1996. The proportion of children with inhaled corticosteroid prescriptions decreased with successive decreases in neighborhood income. The socioeconomic gradient in the likelihood of an inhaled corticosteroid prescription was most evident among children with mild-moderate asthma who were not in the care of an asthma specialist. In conclusion, a socioeconomic gradient in the use of inhaled corticosteroids prescriptions can be found among children with universal access to healthcare and drug insurance.
The inhibition of fatty acid elongation by pebulate can be effectively counteracted by the safener dichlormid (2000)

The thiocarbamate herbicide pebulate inhibits fatty acid elongation, which is necessary for surface lipid biosynthesis. As both barley and wild oats are susceptible to pebulate, the safener dichlormid was used to study the reversal of its herbicidal effect. Fatty acid elongation was restored by a dichlormid pretreatment in barley, but not in pebulate-expressed oats.
Hybrid Coherent/Energy Detection for Cognitive Radio Networks (2011)

Cognitive radio (CR) networks require reliable spectrum sensing in order to avoid interference to the primary users of the spectrum. Most existing spectrum sensing techniques are based on simple energy detection. However, in practice, the signals transmitted by primary users often also contain known pilot symbols for synchronization and channel estimation purposes. Coherent correlation based spectrum sensing techniques can exploit these known symbols but fail to utilize the energy contained in the data symbols. In this paper, we propose a hybrid coherent/energy detection scheme for spectrum sensing which exploits both the pilot and the data symbols transmitted by the primary user. Since the complexity of the globally optimal hybrid detection metric is very high, we develop a simple locally optimal hybrid metric, which turns out to be a linear combination of an energy detection metric and a correlation metric. We derive the probabilities of false alarm and missed detection of the proposed hybrid detector, and investigate the asymptotic behavior of both quantities for low signal-to-noise ratio and large sample size assuming that the CR network is optimized using a Neyman-Pearson framework. Simulation and analytical results confirm that the hybrid metric outperforms both energy detection and coherent detection even if the positions of the pilot symbols are not known a priori.
Experimental validation of the feasibility of a reconfigurable square spiral antenna (2013)

International audience
Quantitative RNA and DNA gene amplification can rapidly monitor HIV infection and antiviral activity in cell cultures. (1992)

We have developed a quantitative gene amplification procedure to assess the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cell cultures and evaluate the effect of drugs on viral replication. Increases in HIV gag RNA and DNA in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal peri-pheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with HIV at very low multiplicity of infection paralleled the production of HIV p24 antigen in culture supernatants. Quantitative gene amplification was able to monitor the accumulation of viral nucleic acids in control cultures and demonstrate the effect of various concentrations of azidothymidine (AZT) on the replication of both AZT-sensitive and -resistant strains of HIV. The sensitivity of patient-derived virus strains to AZT could also be successfully measured by these procedures. The results of our studies suggest that quantitative measurement of HIV gag RNA and DNA can be used to monitor the kinetics of viral replication, antiviral activity, viral drug resistance, and mechanism of drug action.
Multi-Speaker and Wide-Band Simulated Conversations as Training Data for End-to-End Neural Diarization (2023)

End-to-end diarization presents an attractive alternative to standard cascaded diarization systems because a single system can handle all aspects of the task at once. Many flavors of end-to-end models have been proposed but all of them require (so far non-existing) large amounts of annotated data for training. The compromise solution consists in generating synthetic data and the recently proposed simulated conversations (SC) have shown remarkable improvements over the original simulated mixtures (SM). In this work, we create SC with multiple speakers per conversation and show that they allow for substantially better performance than SM, also reducing the dependence on a fine-tuning stage. We also create SC with wide-band public audio sources and present an analysis on several evaluation sets. Together with this publication, we release the recipes for generating such data and models trained on public sets as well as the implementation to efficiently handle multiple speakers per conversation and an auxiliary voice activity detection loss.