gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
INTERSPEECH 2022 Audio Deep Packet Loss Concealment Challenge (2022)

Audio Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) is the hiding of gaps in audio streams caused by data transmission failures in packet switched networks.This is a common problem, and of increasing importance as end-to-end VoIP telephony and teleconference systems become the default and ever more widely used form of communication in business as well as in personal usage.This paper presents the INTERSPEECH 2022 Audio Deep Packet Loss Concealment challenge.We first give an overview of the PLC problem, and introduce some classical approaches to PLC as well as recent work.We then present the open source dataset released as part of this challenge as well as the evaluation methods and metrics used to determine the winner.We also briefly introduce PLCMOS, a novel data-driven metric that can be used to quickly evaluate the performance PLC systems.Finally, we present the results of the INTERSPEECH 2022 Audio Deep PLC Challenge, and provide a summary of important takeaways.
Localized cavity polaritons supported by the exciton field discontinuities (2009)

In this work, a novel type of localized bright solitons, existing due to intrinsic bistability of the system allowing spatial discontinuities in exciton field is reported. Neglecting pump and damping, the dispersion of stationary linear polaritons consists of two branches. Apart from regions of the lower branch with large |k|, the diffraction of polaritons is normal, and thus it can not be compensated by defocusing type nonlinearity caused by exciton repulsive interaction. As a result, usual bright solitons do not exist for small to moderate k's. However it was found that formation of specific bright solitons supported by discontinuities in exciton field is possible for pump frequencies inside the gap between two polariton branches. This paper presents examples of simple one-dimensional localized excitation. . These localized excitations form families of solutions with the width being a continuous parameter ranging from zero to the maximum value defined by the system parameters and pump frequency. Importantly, it was found that such excitations survive as stationary localized solutions in presence of week exciton diffraction, thus making it possible to observe localization in real physical setups.
A CFD study on the interplay of torsion and vortex guidance by the mitral valve on the left ventricular wash-out making use of overset meshes (Chimera technique) (2022)

Cardiovascular disease often occurs with silent and gradual alterations of cardiac blood flow that can lead to the onset of chronic pathological conditions. Image-based patient-specific Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models allow for an extensive quantification of the flow field beyond the direct capabilities of medical imaging techniques that could support the clinicians in the early diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment planning of patients. Nonetheless, the large and impulsive kinematics of the left ventricle (LV) and the mitral valve (MV) pose relevant modeling challenges. Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods struggle with the complex 3D mesh handling of rapidly moving valve leaflets within the left ventricle (LV). We, therefore, developed a Chimera-based (overset meshing) method to build a patient-specific 3D CFD model of the beating LV which includes a patient-inspired kinematic model of the mitral valve (LVMV). Simulations were performed with and without torsion. In addition, to evaluate how the intracardiac LV flow is impacted by the MV leaflet kinematics, a third version of the model without the MV was generated (LV with torsion). For all model versions, six cardiac cycles were simulated. All simulations demonstrated cycle-to-cycle variations that persisted after six cycles but were albeit marginal in terms of the magnitude of standard deviation of velocity and vorticity which may be related to the dissipative nature of the numerical scheme used. The MV was found to have a crucial role in the development of the intraventricular flow by enhancing the direct flow, the apical washout, and the propagation of the inlet jet towards the apical region. Consequently, the MV is an essential feature in the patient-specific CFD modeling of the LV. The impact of torsion was marginal on velocity, vorticity, wall shear stress, and energy loss, whereas it resulted to be significant in the evaluation of particle residence times. Therefore, including torsion could be considered in patient-specific CFD models of the LV, particularly when aiming to study stasis and residence time. We conclude that, despite some technical limitations encountered, the Chimera technique is a promising alternative for ALE methods for 3D CFD models of the heart that include the motion of valve leaflets.
Dimension-independent bounds on the degree of approximation by neural networks (1994)

Let φ be a univariate 2π-periodic function. Suppose that s ≥ 1 and f is a 2π-periodic function of s real variables. We study sufficient conditions in order that a neural network having a single hidden layer consisting of n neurons, each with an activation function φ, can be constructed so as to give a mean square approximation to f within a given accuracy ∈ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</inf> , independent of the number of variables. We also discuss the case in which the activation function φ is not 2π-periodic.
Synthesis and lithium-storage properties of MnO/reduced graphene oxide composites derived from graphene oxide plus the transformation of Mn(<scp>vi</scp>) to Mn(<scp>ii</scp>) by the reducing power of graphene oxide (2014)

MnO/rGO composites were obtained <italic>via</italic> calcining the precursors (<italic>i.e.</italic>, δ-MnO<sub>2</sub>/GO composites) at 500 °C in Ar, GO serves as a reductant by releasing CO during its thermolysis.
[Immediate implant placement in endodontically infected sites: an alternative treatment for compromised teeth]. (2011)

In certain clinical conditions when endodontic treatment is either impractical or unlikely to improve the previous results, tooth extraction and replacement with a dental implant becomes a viable alternative. Although the presence of active infection has long been considered a major contraindication to the insertion of implants immediately following tooth extraction, several articles assessing this treatment modality reported excellent and promising results. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate and discuss the clinical outcome of implants placed immediately following extraction in endodontically infected sockets. A Medline and EMBASE search was performed to identify articles published from 1966 to 2010 using the keywords "dental implants", "immediate implant", "extraction socket", "infected teeth", "infected site", "infected socket". No restrictions were placed regarding the study design. Only clinical articles with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. The available relevant literature concerning this topic was limited, and based on relatively low level of evidence study designs with limited follow-up periods. However, the data analysis of the selected articles showed that an immediate implant insertion in endodontically infected sites following tooth extraction and careful debridement of the socket, could be a predictable viable technique. Additional large scaled, well-designed studies are required in order to further assess the clinical applications of this treatment alternative.
Curvature in image and shape processing (2014)

The laplacian operator applied to the coordinates of a manifold provides the mean curvature vector.Manipulating the metric of the manifold or interpreting its coordinates in various ways provide useful tools for shape and image processing and representation.We will review some of these tools focusing on scale invariant geometry, curvature flow with respect to an embedding of the image manifold in a high dimensional space, and object segmentation by active contours defined via the shape laplacian operator.Such generalizations of the curvature vector and its numerical approximation as part of an image flow or triangulated shape representation, demonstrate the omnipresence of this operator and its usefulness in imaging sciences.
Analytical solution to a minimal cardiovascular model (2006)

Lumped-parameter models of the cardiovascular system have been used extensively in the past, especially when coupled to time-varying elastance (or compliance) representations of ventricular contraction. In this paper, we use a physiologically motivated approximation to the timevarying compliance waveform to derive analytical solutions to the short-term (intra-beat) and long-term (interbeat) evolution of a minimal cardiovascular model. We show that this approximation turns a non-linear, periodically varying model into one that is periodically-varying and linear for physiologically reasonable initial conditions. The solution to the equations of motion takes the form of an affine transformation of the initial conditions. The methodology outlined in this paper is applicable to larger versions of the type of models considered here. 1.
Comparative Effects of Tobramycin and Gentamicin on Glomerular Ultrastructure (1980)

To examine and compare the effects of tobramycin and gentamicin and glomerular endothelium, these drugs were given to rats at dosages of 80, 40 or 4 mg/kg per day for 10 days, when detailed, quantitative scanning electron microscopic studies of glomerular architecture were performed. Gentamicin caused significant dose-related decreases in endogenous creatinine clearance, but tobramycin did not. Gentamicin administration resulted in a decrease in the diameter and density of endothelial fenestrae at all dosages tested. The changes were dose-dependent and accounted for a decrease in filtration area ranging from 75% at 4 mg/kg per day to 36% at 80 mg/kg per day. Tobramycin administration caused only minor alterations, even at the high dosages, which did not significantly reduce filtration area. Thus, the difference in effect of glomerular filtration rate caused by gentamicin and tobramycin corresponds closely to differences in their effects on glomerular ultrastructure.
Contrast enhancement of medical images using multiscale edge representation (1994)

We demonstrate a simple and effective method for image contrast enhancement based on the multiscale edge representation of images. The contrast of an image can be enhanced simply by stretching or scaling the multiscale gradient maxima of the image. This method offers flexibility to selectively enhance features of different sizes and ability to control noise magnification. Experimental results from enhanced medical images are presented.
Fibrillin-1 Interactions with Heparin (2005)

Fibrillin-1 assembly into microfibrils and elastic fiber formation involves interactions with glycosaminoglycans. We have used BIAcore technology to investigate fibrillin-1 interactions with heparin and with heparin saccharides that are analogous to S-domains of heparan sulfate. We have identified four high affinity heparin-binding sites on fibrillin-1, localized three of these sites, and defined their binding kinetics. Heparin binding to the fibrillin-1 N terminus has particularly rapid kinetics. Hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate did not interact significantly with fibrillin-1. Heparin saccharides with more than 12 monosaccharide units bound strongly to all four fibrillin-1 sites. Heparin did not inhibit fibrillin-1 N- and C-terminal interactions or RGD-dependent cell attachment, but heparin and MAGP-1 competed for binding to the fibrillin-1 N terminus, and heparin and tropoelastin competed for binding to a central fibrillin-1 sequence. By regulating these key interactions, heparin can profoundly influence microfibril and elastic fiber assembly.
Pocket Protein-Independent Repression of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Gene Expression by E2F1 (2000)

Expression of genes of the plasminogen activator (PA) system declines at the G(0)/G(1)-S-phase boundary of the cell cycle. We found that overexpression of E2F1-3, which acts mainly in late G(1), inhibits promoter activity and endogenous expression of the urokinase-type PA (uPA) and PA inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) genes. This effect is dose dependent and conserved in evolution. Mutation analysis indicated that both the DNA-binding and transactivation domains of E2F1 are necessary for this regulation. Interestingly, an E2F1 mutant lacking the pRB-binding region strongly repressed the uPA and PAI-1 promoters. An E2F-mediated negative effect was also observed in pRB and p107/p130 knockout cell lines. This is the first report that E2F can act as a repressor independently of pocket proteins. Mutation of AP-1 elements in the uPA promoter abrogated E2F-mediated transcriptional inhibition, suggesting the involvement of AP-1 in this regulation. Results shown here identify E2F as an important component of transcriptional control of the PA system and thus provide new insights into mechanisms of cellular proliferation.
Insect resistance and risk assessment studies of advanced generations of basmati rice expressing two genes of Bacillus thuringiensis (2007)

Advanced generations of different transgenic lines of indica basmati rice (Basmati-370) expressing two unrelated Bt genes, cry1Ac and cry2A were evaluated for resistance to Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) and Rice Leaf Folder (RLF) under field conditions compared to control lines over three years (2003-2005). Homozygous lines were selected and analyzed for insect resistance, morphological, physiochemical properties and risk assessment studies. After artificial infestation of target insects, the transgenic plants showed significant resistance. Data were recorded in terms of dead hearts and white heads at vegetative and flowering stage respectively. Transgenic lines showed up to 100 and 96% resistance against yellow stem borer at vegetative and flowering stages, respectively. Natural damage of rice leaf folder was also observed during the year 2005. The transgenic plants were 98% more resistant as compared to untransformed control plants. Variations in some morphological characteristics, e.g., the average number of tillers, plant height and maturity were also observed. Transgenic lines produced 40% more grains than control plants. All these characteristics were stably inherited in advanced generations. The transgenic lines had no significant effect on non-target insects (insects belonging to orders other than Lepidoptera and Diptera) in field or under storage conditions. Chances of pollen-mediated gene flow were recorded at a rate of 0.14%.
Rapid Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Core-Shell-Structured La-Doped SrTiO3 with a Nb-Doped Shell (2015)

To provide a convenient and practical synthesis process for metal ion doping on the surface of nanoparticles in an assembled nanostructure, core-shell-structured La-doped SrTiO₃ nanocubes with a Nb-doped surface layer were synthesized via a rapid synthesis combining a rapid sol-precipitation and hydrothermal process. The La-doped SrTiO₃ nanocubes were formed at room temperature by a rapid dissolution of NaOH pellets during the rapid sol-precipitation process, and the Nb-doped surface (shell) along with Nb-rich edges formed on the core nanocubes via the hydrothermal process. The formation mechanism of the core-shell-structured nanocubes and their shape evolution as a function of the Nb doping level were investigated. The synthesized core-shell-structured nanocubes could be arranged face-to-face on a SiO₂/Si substrate by a slow evaporation process, and this nanostructured 10 μm thick thin film showed a smooth surface.
The Reaction Kinetics of Gaseous Alkali Capture by Kaolin in Syngas Atmosphere (2018)

Abstract Alumosilicate minerals are suitable sorbents at high temperatures for removing alkalis in syngas. Thermogravimetric investigations of these sorbents usually focus on the reaction mechanisms. Herein, a crucible arrangement is described that allows evaporation of the alkali source and sorption of gaseous alkali components in one temperature zone. With this experimental setup, kinetic investigations of alkali sorption are possible in a conventional thermobalance. Experiments were performed with sodium chloride as the alkali source and kaolin as the getter material. The reaction rate increased with alkali concentration and showed an exponential dependence on temperature. Thus, the Arrhenius model approach and power law model were selected for mathematical description.
Overcoming Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer Using the BCL-XL–Specific Degrader DT2216 (2021)

Pancreatic cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Although gemcitabine is the standard of care for most patients with pancreatic cancer, its efficacy is limited by the development of resistance. This resistance may be attributable to the evasion of apoptosis caused by the overexpression of BCL-2 family antiapoptotic proteins. In this study, we investigated the role of BCL-X<sub>L</sub> in gemcitabine resistance to identify a combination therapy to more effectively treat pancreatic cancer. We used CRISPR-Cas9 screening to identify the key genes involved in gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer cell dependencies on different BCL-2 family proteins and the efficacy of the combination of gemcitabine and DT2216 (a BCL-X<sub>L</sub> proteolysis targeting chimera or PROTAC) were determined by MTS, Annexin-V/PI, colony formation, and 3D tumor spheroid assays. The therapeutic efficacy of the combination was investigated in several patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of pancreatic cancer. We identified BCL-X<sub>L</sub> as a key mediator of gemcitabine resistance. The combination of gemcitabine and DT2216 synergistically induced cell death in multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines <i>in vitro</i> <i>In vivo</i>, the combination significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice compared with the individual agents in pancreatic cancer PDX models. Their synergistic antitumor activity is attributable to DT2216-induced degradation of BCL-X<sub>L</sub> and concomitant suppression of MCL-1 by gemcitabine. Our results suggest that DT2216-mediated BCL-X<sub>L</sub> degradation augments the antitumor activity of gemcitabine and their combination could be more effective for pancreatic cancer treatment.
Interdiffusion studies of single crystal TiN/NbN superlattice thin films (1999)

The interdiffusion of TiN and NbN in superlattice structures has been investigated by studying the evolution of superlattice satellite peaks in x-ray diffraction, as well as by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Single crystal TiN/NbN superlattices with composition modulation periods of 4.4 and 12.3 nm were deposited, by reactive dual-cathode unbalanced magnetron sputtering in an Ar/N2 discharge, onto MgO(001) substrates held at a temperature of 700 °C. Isothermal annealings (in the range of 750–875 °C for 20 min) as well as a ramped annealing (3 °C s−1 up to 1200 °C) were performed, and in situ x-ray diffraction spectra were continuously recorded using synchrotron light and a linear detector. The results pointed to a nonlinear diffusion in TiN–NbN couples. The structure maintained abrupt interfaces throughout annealing, while the position of the interfaces was continuously shifted into the TiN layers. A model is proposed where Ti diffuses into the NbN layer to form a NbTiN alloy, while the diffusion of Nb in the opposite direction is restricted. Within the temperature range from 750 to 875 °C, activation energies for metal interdiffusion were limited to 1.2 eV for the lower temperature end, and 2.5 eV for the higher temperature end. The expected lifetime against alloying has been determined using the random walk theory, and a TiN/NbN superlattice with a period of 4.4 nm is expected to sustain a layered structure for ∼10 h at 750 °C and ∼2 h at 850 °C.
Proton Transfer Accompanied by the Oxidation of Adenosine (2019)

Despite numerous experimental and theoretical studies, the proton transfer accompanying the oxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dAMP, A) is still under debate. To address this issue, we have investigated the oxidation of A in acidic and neutral solutions by using transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved resonance Raman (TR<sup>3</sup> ) spectroscopic methods in combination with pulse radiolysis. The steady-state Raman signal of A was significantly affected by the solution pH, but not by the concentration of adenosine (2-50 mm). More specifically, the A in acidic and neutral solutions exists in its protonated (AH<sup>+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> )) and neutral (A) forms, respectively. On the one hand, the TA spectral changes observed at neutral pH revealed that the radical cation (A<sup>.+</sup> ) generated by pulse radiolysis is rapidly converted into A<sup>.</sup> (N6-H) through the loss of an imino proton from N6. In contrast, at acidic pH (<4), AH<sup>.2+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ) generated by pulse radiolysis of AH<sup>+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ) does not undergo the deprotonation process owing to the pK<sub>a</sub> value of AH<sup>.2+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ), which is higher than the solution pH. Furthermore, the results presented in this study have demonstrated that A, AH<sup>+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ), and their radical species exist as monomers in the concentration range of 2-50 mm. Compared with the Raman bands of AH<sup>+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ), the TR<sup>3</sup> bands of AH<sup>.2+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ) are significantly down-shifted, indicating a decrease in the bond order of the pyrimidine and imidazole rings due to the resonance structure of AH<sup>.2+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ). Meanwhile, A<sup>.</sup> (N6-H) does not show a Raman band corresponding to the pyrimidine+NH<sub>2</sub> scissoring vibration due to diprotonation at the N6 position. These results support the final products generated by the oxidation of adenosine in acidic and neutral solutions being AH<sup>.2+</sup> (N1+H<sup>+</sup> ) and A<sup>.</sup> (N6-H), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Acid—Base Cooperativity in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions: Advances in Silica Supported Organic Functional Groups (2011)

Abstract Review: ca. 60 refs.
Exploring Clinical Associations Using ‘-Omics’ Based Enrichment Analyses (2009)

Computer programs developed for analyses of "-omic" data can be successfully applied to the area of clinical medicine. The results of the analysis may be useful for hypothesis generation as well as supporting clinical care by reminding clinicians of likely problems associated with a patient's existing problems.
[Imaging techniques in multiple myeloma]. (2013)

Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic plasma cells in the bone marrow and osteolytic bone destruction. The imaging techniques play an essential role in the assessment of skeletal involvement, the detection of extramedullary diseases, and the characterization of organ complications. Plain X-rays are routinely used for skeletal surveys; however, the sensitivity is not sufficient to detect early osteolytic lesions. New imaging techniques such as multislice computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole body positron emission tomography (PET) offer advanced diagnostic accuracy. These imaging modalities allow for more precise staging and contribute to further improvement in the management of this disease.