gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of a Synthetic Strategy for Complex Polypyrrole Alkaloids: Total Syntheses of Curvulamine and Curindolizine (2021)

Structurally unprecedented antibacterial alkaloids containing multiple electron-rich pyrrole units have recently been isolated from <i>Curvularia</i> sp. and <i>Bipolaris maydis</i> fungi. This article documents the evolution of a synthetic program aimed at accessing the flagship metabolites curvulamine and curindolizine which are presumably a dimer and trimer of a C<sub>10</sub>N biosynthetic building block, respectively. Starting with curvulamine, we detail several strategies to merge two simple, bioinspired fragments, which while ultimately unsuccessful, led us toward a pyrroloazepinone building block-based strategy and an improved synthesis of this 10π-aromatic heterocycle. A two-step annulation process was then designed to forge a conserved tetracyclic bis-pyrrole architecture and advanced into a variety of late-stage intermediates; unfortunately, however, a failed decarboxylation thwarted the total synthesis of curvulamine. By tailoring our annulation precursors, success was ultimately found through the use of a cyanohydrin nucleophile which enabled a 10-step total synthesis of curvulamine. Attempts were then made to realize a biomimetic coupling of curvulamine with an additional C<sub>10</sub>N fragment to arrive at curindolizine, the most complex family member. Although unproductive, we developed a 14-step total synthesis of this alkaloid through an abiotic coupling approach. Throughout this work, effort was made to harness and exploit the innate reactivity of the pyrrole nucleus, an objective which has uncovered many interesting findings in the chemistry of this reactive heterocycle.
Neurotransmitter content heterogeneity within an interneuron class shapes inhibitory transmission at a central synapse (2022)

Abstract Neurotransmitter content is deemed the most basic defining criterion for neuronal classes, contrasting with the intercellular heterogeneity of many other molecular and functional features. Here we show, in the adult mouse brain, that neurotransmitter content variegation within a neuronal class is a component of its functional heterogeneity. Most Golgi cells (GoCs), the well-defined class of cerebellar interneurons inhibiting granule cells (GrCs), contain cytosolic glycine, accumulated by the neuronal transporter GlyT2, and GABA in various proportions. To assess the functional consequence of this neurotransmitter variation, we paired GrCs recordings with optogenetic stimulations of single GoCs, which preserve the intracellular transmitter mixture. We show that the strength and decay kinetics of GrCs IPSCs, which are entirely mediated by GABAA receptors are negatively correlated to the presynaptic expression of GlyT2 by GoCs. We isolate a slow spillover component of GrCs inhibition that is also affected by the expression of GlyT2, leading to a 56 % decrease in relative charge. Acute manipulations of cytosolic GABA and glycine supply recapitulate the modulation of IPSC charge, supporting the hypothesis that presynaptic loading of glycine negatively impact the GABAergic transmission in mixed interneurons through a competition for vesicular filling. Our results suggest that heterogeneity of neurotransmitter supply within the GoC class may provide a presynaptic mechanism to tune the gain of the stereotypic granular layer microcircuit, thereby expanding the realm of possible dynamic behavior.
Effect of organoclay incorporation and blending protocol on performance of PA6/ABS nanocomposites compatibilized with SANMA (2017)

The effect of organoclay incorporation and four different blending protocols on morphological, rheological, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of PA6/ABS/SANMA/OMMT (55.0/35.0/5.0/5.0 wt%) nanocomposites was evaluated. As expected, even only with minor amounts of clay loading, significant reinforcement effect on mechanical and thermomechanical properties was achieved. Despite the morphological and structural similarities between studied compositions, it was found that mixing sequence might have great influence in mechanical properties, particularly in toughness. It is supposed that compatibilizing process though in situ reactions is much more efficient when PA6, ABS and SANMA are blended in the same extrusion step. Otherwise, when such condition is not satisfied, PA6/OMMT interactions seems to hamper the compatibilizing effect of SANMA, leading to inferior impact strength. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:1147–1154, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Changes in work function due to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>NO</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> adsorption on monolayer and bilayer epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) (2016)

The electronic properties of monolayer graphene grown epitaxially on SiC(0001) are known to be highly sensitive to the presence of ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ molecules. The presence of small areas of bilayer graphene, on the other hand, considerably reduces the overall sensitivity of the surface. We investigate how ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ molecules interact with monolayer and bilayer graphene, both free-standing and on a SiC(0001) substrate. We show that it is necessary to explicitly include the effect of the substrate in order to reproduce the experimental results. When monolayer graphene is present on SiC, there is a large charge transfer from the interface between the buffer layer and the SiC substrate to the molecule. As a result, the surface work function increases by 0.9 eV after molecular adsorption. A graphene bilayer is more effective at screening this interfacial charge, and so the charge transfer and change in work function after ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ adsorption is much smaller.
Enhanced MASH TL-3 Short-Radius System: Promising Design to Accommodate Flat Terrain and Ditches (2018)

A challenging guardrail installation situation presents itself when two roadways intersect. Combining the guardrails from intersecting roadway results in what is commonly known as a short radius or T-intersection. It is difficult if not physically impossible to provide the required tensile capacity to the geometrical constraints of the curved section. Researchers and practitioners in the roadside safety area have been investigating the short-radius issue for many years. Investigators conducted numerous crash tests for different short-radius guardrail designs, yet none of those designs passed the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 Test Level 3 (TL-3) criteria. In 2009, the crash testing guidelines were updated in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). MASH guidelines increased the impact severity for TL-3 tests over those in NCHRP 350. This paper presents a MASH TL-3 short-radius design that was successfully crash tested for both a flat terrain and a 3H:1V sloped terrain behind the installation. The impact conditions adopted from the MASH terminal/crash cushion matrix were MASH 3-33, 3-32, 3-31, and 3-35 for the flat terrain. Additionally, a slightly modified design that was installed in front of a 3H:1V slope was successfully evaluated using MASH 3-33 and 3-32 test conditions. These tests used a 25° impact angle since it was shown to be more critical for installation during simulation of the system.
Robust multivariable control of large space structures (1988)

The problem of designing attitude-control systems for large flexible space structures is considered. The difficulties which arise because of special dynamic characteristics are described, and methods for overcoming them using two type of controllers are presented. The first type of controller considered is a model-based compensator (MBC) and the second is the 'dissipative' controller which employs output feedback. Based on the analytical and numerical results obtained, the MBC can offer good performance under normal conditions, while the dissipative controller offers more robustness but perhaps reduced performance in situations involving larger uncertainties.
STRUCTURAL ACTIVE CONTROL FRAMEWORK USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING (2022)

To maintain structural integrity and functionality structures are designed to accommodate operational loads as well as natural hazards during their lifetime. Active control systems are an efficient solution for structural response control when a structure is subjected to unexpected extreme loads. However, development of these systems through traditional means is limited by their model dependent nature. Recent advancements in adaptive learning methods, in particular, reinforcement learning (RL), for real-time decision-making problems, along with rapid growth in high-performance computational resources, enable structural engineers to transform the classic modelbased active control problem to a purely data-driven one. In this paper, we present a novel RL-based approach for designing active controllers by introducing RL-Controller, a flexible and scalable simulation environment. RL-Controller includes attributes and functionalities that are necessary to model active structural control mechanisms in detail. We show that the proposed framework is easily trainable for a five-story benchmark linear building with 65% reductions on average in inter story drifts (ISD) when subjected to strong ground motions. In a comparative study with an LQG active controller, we demonstrate that the proposed model-free algorithm learns actuator forcing strategies that yield higher performance, e.g., 25% more ISD reductions on average with respect to LQG, without using prior information about the mechanical properties of the system.
Developing the sensitivity of LIME for better machine learning explanation (2019)

Machine learning systems can provide outstanding results, but their black-box nature means that it’s hard to understand how the conclusion has been reached. Understanding how the results are determined is especially important in military and security contexts due to the importance of the decisions that may be made as a result. In this work, the reliability of LIME (Local Interpretable Model Agnostic Explanations), a method of interpretability, was analyzed and developed. A simple Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was trained using two classes of images of “gun-wielder” and “non-wielder". The sensitivity of LIME improved when multiple output weights for individual images were averaged and visualized. The resultant averaged images were compared to the individual images to analyze the variability and reliability of the two LIME methods. Without techniques such as those explored in this paper, LIME appears to be unstable because of the simple binary coloring and the ease with which colored regions flip when comparing different analyses. A closer inspection reveals that the significantly weighted regions are consistent, and the lower weighted regions flip states due to inherent randomness of the method. This suggests that improving the weighting methods for explanation techniques, which can then be used in the visualization of the results, is important to improve perceived stability and therefore better enable human interpretation and trust.
Sustainable Environment: Nexus project (2018)

Arequipa region is locaed in Southwestern Peru. The Arequipa Nexus Institute for food, energy, water and the environment aims to address the key challenges to a sustainable furture for the people in the region. This roundtable discusses about the sustainable water management, geosaptial analysis and environment sharing, long range sensor network solution for soil health monitoring and data management and sharing in this Nexus project.
Figure S4 from Patient-Derived Cancer Organoid Cultures to Predict Sensitivity to Chemotherapy and Radiation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;(A) Individual replicates of data shown in Figure 6A. (B) Individual replicates of data from Figure 6D.&lt;/p&gt;
Desempenho de células solares de filmes finos fabricadas via processo contínuo em um sistema CSS (2012)

Este trabalho mostra o desempenho de celulas solares de CdS/CdTe produzidas em um equipamento fabricado em laboratorio. Neste sistema, as etapas de producao sao conduzidas continuamente, via processos secos, sem quebra de vacuo. As eficiencias alcancadas foram da ordem de 7%. Estas celulas foram comparadas com celulas inacabadas, fabricadas neste mesmo sistema, mas que foram finalizadas (tratamento termico e contato de fundo) no NREL. Neste caso, as eficiencias alcancaram valores de ate 10%. Os resultados ajudaram a identificar as etapas criticas do processo conduzido no IME. Sugestoes para otimizar estas etapas sao propostas em funcao destes resultados.
Performance evaluation of maximal ratio combining diversity over the Weibull fading channel in presence of co-channel interference (2006)

The Weibull distribution has recently attracted much attention among the radio community as a statistical model that better describes the fading phenomenon on wireless channels. In this paper, we consider a multiple access system in which each of the desired signal as well as the co-channel interferers are subject to Weibull fading. We analyze the performance of the L-branch maximal ratio combining (MRC) receiver in terms of the outage probability in such scenario in the two cases where the diversity branches are assumed to be independent or correlated. The analysis is also applicable to the cases where the diversity branches and/or the interferers fading amplitudes are non-identically distributed. Due to the difficulty of handling the resulting outage probability expressions numerically using the currently available mathematical software packages, we alternatively propose using Pade approximation (PA) to make the results numerically tractable. We provide numerical results for different number of interferers, different number of diversity branches as well as different degrees of correlation and power unbalancing between diversity branches. All our numerical results are verified by means of Monte-Carlo simulations and excellent agreement between the two sets is noticed
Friction and noise in quantum mechanics: A model for the interactions between a system and a thermal bath( ∗ ) (2001)

densitymatrixofaquan-tumsystemcomposedofoneormanyparticlessubjectedtoaconservativeforceﬁeldand interacting with a thermal bath has been derived. This result is achieved byanalogy with classical models based upon the Langevin and Fokker-Planck equa-tions. According to the Langevin approach, the interaction is modelled by meansof a random force ﬁeld and a viscous friction term. We generalise this classicalapproach introducing suitable operators that describe the quantum evolution of asystemweaklycoupledtoathermalbath. Inparticular,wedeﬁneakindoffrictionoperator thatcan be thoughtas the quantalcounterpartof the classical Langevintermcorrespondingtotheviscousforce. Theproposedapproachhastheinvaluableadvantageofyieldingahandydiﬀerentialequationtomodelthequantuminteractionbetweenasystemandathermalbath.PACS42.50.Lc–Quantumﬂuctuations,quantumnoise,andquantumjumps.PACS05.30–Quantumstatisticalmechanics.PACS05.70.Ln–Nonequilibriumandirreversiblethermodynamics.PACS05.10.Gg–Stochasticanalysismethods(Fokker-Planck,Langevin,etc.).
A soluble and highly functional polyaniline–carbon nanotube composite (2005)

A completely soluble polyaniline-multi-wall carbon nanotube (CNT-PANI) composite with drastically enhanced conductivity, improved thermal stability, and luminescent behaviour, has been synthesized. The presence of straight multi-wall carbon nanotubes during the polymerization of aniline induces the formation of a more planar conformation of polyaniline which acts as coating layer for the carbon nanotubes and leads to favourable interaction between the constituents. The polyaniline-coated multi-wall carbon nanotubes align into bundles and form a three-dimensional network in the overall composite. A highly functional carbon nanotube composite completely soluble in n-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) exhibiting all the favourable processing and transformation possibilities of PANI has been obtained. These findings have important consequences for practical technological applications, especially for the development of opto-electronic devices. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Data-driven identification of co-morbidities associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a large US health plan claims database (2010)

Data on a large number (> 60,000) of patients with a diagnosis of RA were used to analyze and to list a large number (> 2,000) of co-morbidities. Rank-ordering of RRs of diagnostic codes is a tool to identify quickly many conditions associated with RA.
Characterization of Erythromycin-Resistant Isolates of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Recovered in the United States from 1958 through 1969 (1998)

We tested 16 erythromycin-resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus, recovered from patients hospitalized in the United States from 1958 to 1969, for the presence of ermA, ermB, and ermC by using PCR. Fifteen of 16 isolates contained at least one copy of ermA; the remaining isolate, which was also clindamycin resistant, contained ermB. Eight of the 15 isolates harboring ermA, all of which were inducible, contained a single copy of the gene in the chromosome, while the remaining seven isolates had two copies of the gene. ermB was plasmid encoded and mediated constitutive resistance to erythromycin.
Improving the diagnostic accuracy of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using machine learning (2022)

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Dr Hughes is supported by the British Heart Foundation (grant number FS/17/82/33222). Introduction The imaging criteria for diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) is a maximum wall thickness (MWT) ≥15mm. CMR enables detection of subtle phenotypic features (e.g. loss of apical tapering, cavity obliteration) and coupled with characteristic electrocardiogram changes, ApHCM can be diagnosed without overt hypertrophy. However, these patients are not captured by current diagnostic criteria. Purpose We sought to use a machine learning tool to quantify wall thickness and identify patients with ‘relative’ ApHCM that do not reach current diagnostic thresholds. Methods CMR images from 4118 healthy participants from the UK Biobank were segmented automatically with a clinically validated machine learning algorithm and wall thickness measured at all point in the myocardium by solving a solution to Laplace’s equation. MWT were pooled into 16 AHA segments and indexed to body surface area (BSA). The non-indexed and indexed segmental upper limit of normal was calculated as the mean + 3 standard deviations (the equivalent of 95% confidence interval after correcting for multiple [16] comparisons using the Bonferroni method). Results 73 overt ApHCM subjects (MWT&amp;gt;15mm) and 31 relative ApHCM subjects underwent CMR scanning. In healthy controls, the non-indexed (and indexed) upper limits were calculated for the apical-anterior 10.2mm (5.2 mm/m2), apical-septal 11.1mm (5.6 mm/m2), apical-inferior 10.5mm (5.3 mm/m2) and apical-lateral 10.1mm (5.2 mm/m2) segments. With a non-indexed cut-off, all (73 of 73) overt ApHCM and 84% (26 of 31) relative ApHCM were classified as having an abnormally thick apex. 3% (127 of 4118) of the healthy UK Biobank cohort were classified as abnormal, as expected. Using an indexed cut-off, all overt ApHCM and 87% (27/31) relative ApHCM were classified as abnormal, and 3% (123 of 4118) of the healthy UK Biobank cohort were misclassified. Conclusion We can successfully classify 87% of relative ApHCM patients from a normative reference range derived from a large cohort of healthy patients – a significant improvement on existing methods. We show that the specificity and sensitivity is increased when MWT is indexed to BSA. For practical clinical application, we recommend a cut-off of 10mm or an indexed cut-off of 5mm/m2 in any apical segment to diagnose apical LVH. Overt and relative apical HCM examplesHealthy controls AHA maps (non-indexed)
Use of insurance claims in epidemiologic research: Identification of peptic ulcers, gi bleeding, pancreatitis, hepatitis and renal disease (1995)

Abstract Data bases that are created to administer health care benefits and to record financial aspects of medical care in the United States are useful for epidemiologic research in certain circumstances. Case finding and verification in such records is complex and rarely described in detail in research reports because of space limitations. This report describes portmarketing surveillance for peptic ulcer, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and hepatic dysfunction in 68, 180 people who took non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by using an automated data base together with review of selected medical records. Cases included both mild diseases treated on an outpatient basis and more severe illnesses that required hospital admission. Using computer programs we identified 9642 subjects who had at least one insurance claim suggesting a possible case event. We manually reviewed chronological profiles of their insurance claims, to select 833 subjects for medical record reviews, of whom 152 were verified as cases. Our algorithms for case identification were sensitive, but not very specific. If we had restricted our manual review to people who had at least five relevant claims during the study period, we would have avoided 42% of the reviewing workload and lost only 5% of the cases.
The insulin receptor catalyzes the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1. (2002)

In this manuscript, we unintentionally failed to cite two studies (Gustavsson, J., Parpal, S., Karlsson, M., Ramsing, C., Thorn, H., Borg, M., Lindroth, M., Peterson, K. H., Magnusson, K. E., and Strålfors, P. (1999) FASEB J. 13, 1961–1971 and Parpal, S., Karlsson, M., Thorn, H., and Strålfors, P. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 9670–9678) that also demonstrated the presence of the insulin receptor in caveolin-positive structures in 3T3L1 adipocytes. We regret our oversight.
High‐temperature oxidation of BN‐coated sylramic SiC fibers in dry and wet atmosphere (2023)

Abstract The oxidation behavior of SiC Sylramic fibers coated with chemically vapor deposited Si‐doped boron nitride (BN) was investigated at temperatures between 800 and 1200°C in dry and wet O 2 atmospheres. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the oxidation kinetics of the fiber and the influence of the BN layer and the environment. The morphology and composition of the thermally grown oxide scale was determined posttest by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. This study gives new insights into the synergistic effects of BN and water vapor on the oxidation behavior SiC Sylramic fibers. The vulnerability of the BN fiber interphase and the behavior of the fiber under conditions relevant to high‐temperature turbine applications are discussed.
Periodic Microring Lattice as a Bandstop Filter (2006)

We have realized a photonic bandgap structure with a linear lattice of 36 periods, with each period consisting of two microrings. This configuration relieves some current stringent fabrication requirements. The microrings were fabricated in benzocyclobutene. As a bandstop filter, the lattice has a low transmission loss of 3 dB, a wide bandgap of 1.6 nm, and a maximum extinction of 25 dB even with weak coupling to the microrings