gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observations on besnoitiosis in Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) from Michigan, USA. (2007)

Besnoitia tissue cysts were found in five naturally-infected adult opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from Michigan. Details of the microscopy, histopathology, ultra-structure, and genetic features of the cysts were studied to identify their species-specific traits. The materials were differentiated phenotypically from cysts of other Besnoitia spp. by difference in size, pattern of tissue distribution, morphology of pellicle and nucleus, number of micronemes and rhoptries, amount of lipids and amylopectin, and presence of enigmatic bodies. Morphometric variations identified the tissue cysts and the pathologic changes in opossums host to be due to B. darlingi. The data were proved by phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer of nuclear rDNA. Cluster analysis showed that B. darlingi was distinct from all other Besnoitia spp. as two distinct phylogenetic clades: I- included Besnoitia spp. described from opossum (B. darlingi), sheep (B. jellisoni), rodent (B. akadoni) and rabbit (B. oryctofelisi) and clade II- encompassed parasites described from cattle (B. besnoiti), equids (B. bennetti) and reindeer (B. tarandi). The genetic attributed particular to the genus Besnoitia complemented the morphologica features and lead to accurate delimitation of Besnoitia species.
Implementing Monitoring and Zooming in a Heterogeneous Distributed Jet Engine Simulation (1997)

The NASA Numerical Propulsion System Simulation project explores the use of computer simulation to facilitate the design of new jet engines. Several key issues raised in this research are being examined in an NPSS-related research project: zooming, monitoring and control, and support for heterogeneity. The design and implementation of a distributed simulation executive that addresses each of these issues is described. In this work, the strategy of zooming, which allows codes that model at different levels of fidelity to be integrated within a single simulation, is applied to the fan component of a turbofan propulsion system. A prototype monitoring and control system provides continuous updates on the progress of the simulation and a platform for experimenting with active control techniques. An inter connection system provides a transparent means of connecting the heterogeneous systems that comprise the prototype.
Electromagnetic induction of insensibility in animals: a review (2013)

Abstract The prevention of unnecessary suffering at slaughter is considered to be an imperative and, as such, the majority of animals slaughtered under industrial conditions are stunned prior to slaughter by mechanical, electrical or gas inhalation means. However, many Orthodox Jewish and Muslim communities do not accept pre-slaughter stunning. Those Jewish and Muslim communities that do accept pre-slaughter stunning require that any such stun is fully reversible in order to meet the requirements of their religious laws. Head-only electrical stunning is widely used in sheep, as it is a reversible method of stunning, but in cattle, the stun duration can be so short that the animal may regain consciousness during exsanguination. The concept of using electromagnetic radiation to induce insensibility has been proposed. Early attempts to induce insensibility and death in laboratory species were successful, but the technology to apply the technique to larger animals was not available at that time. More recently, however, technological advances have led to new work in the areas of transcranial magnetic stimulation and microwave irradiation, both of which are potential methods of inducing a recoverable stun in larger species.
Al-2.77 Molecular Template (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Challenge of prostate MRI segmentation on T2-weighted images: inter-observer variability and impact of prostate morphology (2021)

Variability is higher in the extreme parts of the gland, is influenced by changes in prostate morphology (volume, zone intensity ratio), and is relatively unaffected by the radiologist's level of expertise.
Anisotropic magnetic deflagration in single crystals of Gd<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Ge<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2012)

Experimental evidence of the anisotropy of the magnetic deflagration associated with the low-temperature first-order antiferromagnetic (AFM) $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ ferromagnetic (FM) phase transition in single crystals of Gd${}_{5}$Ge${}_{4}$ is reported. The deflagrations were induced by controlled pulses of surface acoustic waves (SAW) allowing to explore both the magnetic field and temperature dependencies on the characteristic times of the phenomenon. The study was done using samples with different geometries and configurations between the SAW pulses and the direction of the applied magnetic field with respect to the three main crystallographic directions of the samples. The effect of temperature is nearly negligible, whereas a strong magnetic field dependence is observed to correlate with the magnetic anisotropy of the sample. Finally, the role of the SAW pulses in both the ignition and formation of the deflagration front was also studied, and we show that the thermal diffusivity of Gd${}_{5}$Ge${}_{4}$ must be anisotropic.
Hepatocyte-Specific SR-BI Gene Transfer Corrects Cardiac Dysfunction in <i>Scarb1</i> -Deficient Mice and Improves Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiomyopathy (2018)

Objective- We investigated the hypothesis that HDL (high-density lipoprotein) dysfunction in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> mice negatively affects cardiac function both in the absence and in the presence of pressure overload. Second, we evaluated whether normalization of HDL metabolism in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> mice by hepatocyte-specific SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B, type I) expression after E1E3E4-deleted adenoviral AdSR-BI (E1E3E4-deleted adenoviral vector expressing SR-BI protein in hepatocytes) transfer abrogates the effects of total body SR-BI deficiency on cardiac structure and function. Approach and Results- Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation was performed at the age of 14 weeks, 2 weeks after saline injection or after gene transfer with AdSR-BI or with the control vector Adnull. Mortality rate in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> TAC mice was significantly increased compared with wild-type TAC mice during 8 weeks of follow-up (hazard ratio, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.14-3.61). Hepatocyte-specific SR-BI gene transfer performed 2 weeks before induction of pressure overload by TAC potently reduced mortality in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> mice (hazard ratio, 0.329; 95% CI, 0.180-0.600). Hepatocyte-specific SR-BI expression abrogated increased cardiac hypertrophy and lung congestion and counteracted increased myocardial apoptosis and interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> TAC mice. Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> sham mice were, notwithstanding the absence of detectable structural heart disease, characterized by systolic and diastolic dysfunction and hypotension, which were completely counteracted by AdSR-BI transfer. Furthermore, AdSR-BI transfer abrogated increased end-diastolic pressure and diastolic dysfunction in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> TAC mice. Increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense systems in Scarb1<sup>-/-</sup> mice were rescued by AdSR-BI transfer. Conclusions- The detrimental effects of SR-BI deficiency on cardiac structure and function are nullified by hepatocyte-specific SR-BI transfer, which restores HDL metabolism.
Development and Optimisation of HILIC-LC-MS Method for Determination of Carbohydrates in Fermentation Samples (2021)

Saccharides are the most common carbon source for Streptococcus thermophilus, which is a widely used bacterium in the production of fermented dairy products. The performance of the strain is influenced by the consumption of different saccharides during fermentation. Therefore, a precise measurement of the concentrations of saccharides in the fermentation media is essential. An 18-min long method with limits of quantitation in the range of 0.159–0.704 mg/L and with 13C labelled internal standards employing hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection-(HILIC-LC-MS) allowed for simultaneous quantification of five saccharides: fructose, glucose, galactose, sucrose, and lactose in the fermentation samples. The method included a four-step sample preparation protocol, which could be easily applied to high-throughput analysis. The developed method was validated and applied to the fermentation samples produced by Streptococcus thermophilus.
Half saturation constants for nitrate and nitrite by in-sewer anoxic transformations of wastewater organic matter (2002)

A significant breakthrough and progress have been made in the study of the kinetics of microbial transformation in sewers under aerobic and under changing aerobic/anaerobic conditions. Fundamental knowledge on anoxic kinetics of wastewater is still lacking, so it is not now possible to apply an integrated approach to municipal wastewater treatment incorporating sewer networks as a bio-chemical reactor. This paper presents the results of studies on determining half saturation constants for nitrate, KNO3, and nitrite, KNO2, in raw wastewater. The average values of KNO3 and KNO2, determined from experiments conducted on 7 different wastewater samples were found to be 0.76 gNO3-N/m3 and 0.33 gNO2-N/m3 respectively.
Universal scaling for polymer chain scission in turbulence (2006)

We report that previous polymer chain scission experiments in strong flows, long analyzed according to accepted laminar flow scission theories, were in fact affected by turbulence. We reconcile existing anomalies between theory and experiment with the hypothesis that the local stress at the Kolmogorov scale generates the molecular tension leading to polymer covalent bond breakage. The hypothesis yields a universal scaling for polymer scission in turbulent flows. This surprising reassessment of over 40 years of experimental data simplifies the theoretical picture of polymer dynamics leading to scission and allows control of scission in commercial polymers and genomic DNA.
Radical brominations of some chloroalkanes. Evidence for anchimeric assistance by neighboring chlorine (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadical brominations of some chloroalkanes. Evidence for anchimeric assistance by neighboring chlorineCharles R. Everly, Fritz Schweinsberg, and James G. TraynhamCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4, 1200–1205Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00472a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00472a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Supercritical Hydrothermal Synthesis of Silicon‐Functional Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (2009)

Abstract A supercritical hydrothermal reaction was applied to synthesise silicon‐functional metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The Si‐functionalised nanoparticles were formed by the hydrothermal reaction of metal salts and subsequent surface modification of the resultant particles by organofunctional silicon compounds. The metal salts studied were copper nitrate and acetate. Si‐functionalised copper nanoparticles with a size below 10 nm were formed when an epoxy‐functional silicone compound was used. The compositions, shapes and sizes of the resultant particles proved to be affected by the structures of the silicon compounds. As for the properties, the resultant particles were hydrophobic while nonfunctional particles were hydrophilic. This methodology can be potentially applied to the synthesis of Si‐based nanohybrid materials in which such surface‐modified nanoparticles are well dispersed in a polysiloxane matrix. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Thrombin-Mediated Formation of Globular Adiponectin Promotes an Increase in Adipose Tissue Mass (2022)

A decrease in the circulating levels of adiponectin in obesity increases the risk of metabolic complications, but the role of globular adiponectin, a truncated form produced by proteolytic cleavage, has not been defined. The objective of this investigation was to determine how globular adiponectin is generated and to determine whether this process impacts obesity. The cleavage of recombinant full-length adiponectin into globular adiponectin by plasma in vitro was used to identify Gly-93 as the N-terminal residue after proteolytic processing. The amino acid sequence of the cleavage site suggested thrombin was the protease responsible for cleavage, and inhibitors confirmed its likely involvement. The proteolytic site was modified, and this thrombin-resistant mutant protein was infused for 4 weeks into obese adiponectin-knockout mice that had been on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The mutation of the cleavage site ensured that globular adiponectin was not generated, and thus did not confound the actions of the full-length adiponectin. Mice infused with the mutant adiponectin accumulated less fat and had smaller adipocytes compared to mice treated with globular adiponectin, and concurrently had elevated fasting glucose. The data demonstrate that generation of globular adiponectin through the action of thrombin increases both adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, but it has no effect on fasting glucose levels in the context of obesity.
Hydraulic Robotic Surgical Tool Changing Manipulator (2016)

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a surgical technique to perform "scarless" abdominal operations. Robotic technology has been exploited to improve NOTES and circumvent its limitations. Lack of a multitasking platform is a major limitation. Manual tool exchange can be time consuming and may lead to complications such as bleeding. Previous multifunctional manipulator designs use electric motors. These designs are bulky, slow, and expensive. This paper presents design, prototyping, and testing of a hydraulic robotic tool changing manipulator. The manipulator is small, fast, low-cost, and capable of carrying four different types of laparoscopic instruments.
Biocompatible Direct Deposition of Functionalized Nanoparticles using Shrinking Surface Plasmonic Bubble (2020)

Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are the foundation of diverse applications, such as photonics, composites, energy conversion, and especially biosensors. In many biosensing applications, concentrating the higher density of NPs in the smaller spot without deteriorating biofunctions is usually an inevitable step to improve the detection limit, which remains to be a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate biocompatible deposition of functionalized NPs to an optically transparent surface using shrinking surface plasmonic bubbles. Leveraging the shrinking bubble can enable to mitigate any potential biomolecules degradation by strong photothermal effect, which has been a big obstacle of bridging plasmonic bubbles with biomolecules. The deposited NPs are closely packed in a micro-sized spot (as small as 3 μm), and the functional molecules are able to survive the process as verified by their strong fluorescence signals. We elucidate that the contracting contact line of the shrinking bubble forces the NPs captured by the contact line to a highly concentrated island. Such a shrinking surface bubble deposition (SSBD) is low temperature in nature as no heat is added during the process. Using a hairpin DNA-functionalized gold NP suspension as a model system, SSBD is shown to enable much stronger fluorescence signal compared to the optical pressure deposition and the conventional steady thermal bubble contact line deposition. The demonstrated SSBD technique capable of directly depositing functionalized NPs may benefit a wide range of applications, such as the manufacturing of multiplex biosensors.
3209 Dynamic Analysis of Bicycles Using Multibody Dynamics : Influence of Parameters (2006)

In this paper, we discuss the dynamic performance of a compact size bicycle using a developed multibody simulation model. These days compact and portable/foldable bicycles become widely used. The use of the transportation system alternative to automobiles attracts attention for the environmental issues. Furthermore, the use of such compact size bicycles as urban transportation systems has a potential to improve the convenience of public transportation systems. Generally, downsizing the bicycle and reducing diameter of tires are in tradeoff with the stability or controllability. For this reason, it is important to discuss the dynamic characteristics and the effect of the design parameters of such compact size bicycles. In this study, the effect of the following parameters on the dynamic performance of bicycles is discussed: mass of rear frame (including the mass of a rider), head angle and moment of inertia of a wheel. Those effects to the stability of a bicycle are analyzed by focusing on the diameter of tire and the running velocity.
Mapping of signature sites on the three-dimensional structure of gp120 shows clustering around the CD4-binding site. (2016)

&lt;p&gt;A ribbon representation of the crystal structure from the JRFL gp120 molecule (grey) bound to CD4 molecule (green) (PDBID: 2B4C). The CD4 binding site is highlighted in transparent green while signature sites 283, 343, 362, 389, 429, 465 and 471 are all depicted as &lt;i&gt;red&lt;/i&gt; space-filling residues.&lt;/p&gt;
Photoinduzierte Protonentransferreaktionen für milde O‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen unreaktiver Alkohole (2019)

Abstract In der organischen Synthese wird Hexafluorisopropanol üblicherweise als nicht reaktives Lösungsmittel und nicht als Reagens angesehen. In diesem Artikel berichten wir über die photochemische Reaktion von Aryldiazoacetaten mit Hexafluorisopropanol, die unter stöchiometrischen Bedingungen die milde und effiziente Synthese von fluorierten Ethern in hervorragender Ausbeute ermöglicht. In mechanistischen Studien konnten wir feststellen, dass eine Präorganisation von Hexafluorisopropanol und dem Diazoalkan unter Ausbildung eines unreaktiven Wasserstoffbrückenbindungskomplexes stattfindet. Dieser Komplex geht erst nach photochemischer Anregung eine Protonierungs‐Substitutionsreaktion zum Reaktionsprodukt ein. Abschließend führten wir Untersuchungen zur Anwendbarkeit dieser photochemischen Umwandlung durch und konnten zeigen, dass eine große Vielfalt acider Alkohole in dieser Reaktion eingesetzt werden können und damit die Machbarkeit dieses Konzepts in O‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen demonstrieren (54 Beispiele, bis zu 98 % Ausbeute).
Molecular Biology of Membranes: Structure and Function (1993)

An Introduction to Biological Membranes. Molecular and Macromolecular Membrane Structure I: Lipids, Oligomers, and Proteins. Molecular and Macromolecular Membrane Structure II: Carbohydrates and Cytoskeletal Components. Supramolecular Membrane Structure. Bioenergetics. Transport Across Membranes. Receptors and Responses. Membrane Fusion, Formation, and Flow. Membranes in Cancer. Index.
Resistin family proteins in pulmonary diseases (2020)

The family of resistin-like molecules (RELMs) consists of four members in rodents (RELMα/FIZZ1/HIMF, RELMβ/FIZZ2, Resistin/FIZZ3, and RELMγ/FIZZ4) and two members in humans (Resistin and RELMβ), all of which exhibit inflammation-regulating, chemokine, and growth factor properties. The importance of these cytokines in many aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, especially in cardiothoracic diseases, is rapidly evolving in the literature. In this review article, we attempt to summarize the contribution of RELM signaling to the initiation and progression of lung diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension, asthma/allergic airway inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, cancers, infection, and other acute lung injuries. The potential of RELMs to be used as biomarkers or risk predictors of these diseases also will be discussed. Better understanding of RELM signaling in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases may offer novel targets or approaches for the development of therapeutics to treat or prevent a variety of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis-related disorders in respiratory, cardiovascular, and other systems.
Omnidirectional vision-based mapping by free region sweeping (2005)

This paper addresses the problem of systematic exploration of an unfamiliar environment to build a qualitative map by searching for recognizable targets. While exploring, a map is constructed which contains a set of regions of free space delineated by recognizable targets (landmarks) and the connectivity (adjacency and overlap) of these regions. As the robot moves along a trajectory while tracking a landmark, a region of free space is swept out. By representing a collection of free regions and their region-to-region connectivity as a graph, path planning amounts to graph search, and execution of the plan by a robot amounts to local movements to enter into the next free region. Both for exploration and for navigation, no metric information about the robot's path nor absolute coordinates of its position or of landmark locations are required or recorded. After exploring, the robot produces a compact map which covers a large area, and provides information for fast self-localization and flexible path planning.