gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modelling and optimisation of the Otahuhu B combined cycle gas turbine power station (2013)

The generation of electrical power in New Zealand is currently complicated by the governments desire to sell 49% of the state-owned existing power stations, the fact that Rio Tinto are threatening to sell Tiwai Point Aluminium smelter which currently consumes 15% of the national electrical power, and the geographical peculiarities of New Zealand where the hydro is generated in the south, and the energy consumed in the north, transmitted along a thin and narrow corridor. Contact Energy, which run a large 400 MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant in Auckland, bid, as do all electrical generators in New Zealand, on the national electricity market. To be profitable, the station must closely follow the time-varying electrical market, and be able to produce sufficient energy on demand. Optimising such a production requires models that accurately predict steam thermodynamics and the heat transfer within the boiler, and models that predict the combustion thermodynamics in the gas turbine. The Industrial Information and Control group have developed a comprehensive heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG) package that can be use to predict the steady-state operating conditions of the power station over a wide operating range. In addition, the group have developed a widely-used optimisation platform that can be used to establish optimal operating conditions for given external environmental conditions such as electrical closing price and gas prices. However the one thing missing to date is consideration of the dynamic response of the plant. Currently it is known that the combined plant is relatively slow to respond to the quickly changing market demands, especially when the steam boiler is used. If however, the less efficient gas turbine is used alone, (with the boiler switched off), the dominant time constants of the plant are considerably reduced. This complicated the optimisation problem since using the boiler restricts the ability of the plant to respond quickly to market demands, but if used, improves the overall energy efficiency. This paper describes the application of an optimal dynamic modelling project applied to an actual 400 MW power station. The paper validates the first-principle steady-state models, and develops simple dynamic models of the boiler and the gas turbine using historical plant data. The paper then explores various optimisation scenarios and illustrates the possible benefits.
Targeted HTTP Response Header Fields for Cache Control (1999)

This specification defines a convention for HTTP response header
fields that allow directives controlling caching to be targeted at
specific caches or classes of caches. It also defines one such header
field, targeted at Content Delivery Network (CDN) caches.
Psychiatric History, Deployments, and Potential Impacts of Mental Health Care in a Combat Theater (2017)

Among service members who had a clinical mental health encounter, prior deployment was not associated with career-impacting recommendations and prior mental health treatment appeared to be protective against career-impacting recommendations. These results are in line with research indicating that service members who have previous experience with mental health care tend to seek help sooner than those without prior treatment. Those service members who had previously sought care were more likely to express decreased stigma and seek mental health care while deployed. Consequently, service members who have prior mental health treatment may seek care before their concerns become marked enough to warrant duty-limiting recommendations to command. These findings have important implications for campaigns to reduce stigma and promote early help-seeking among service members. Efforts should continue to study and respectively make known the rates of career impact with the goal of increased early service utilization and increased ability to sustain service members' military readiness and personal functioning.
Reaction of the NAD(P)H:Flavin Oxidoreductase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> with NADPH and Riboflavin:  Identification of Intermediates (1998)

Flavin reductase catalyzes the reduction of free flavins by NAD(P)H. As isolated, Escherichia coli flavin reductase does not contain any flavin prosthetic group but accommodates both the reduced pyridine nucleotide and the flavin substrate in a ternary complex prior to oxidoreduction. The reduction of riboflavin by NADPH catalyzed by flavin reductase has been studied by static and rapid kinetics absorption spectroscopies. Static absorption spectroscopy experiments revealed that, in the presence of riboflavin and reduced pyridine nucleotide, flavin reductase stabilizes, although to a small extent, a charge-transfer complex of NADP+ and reduced riboflavin. In addition, reduction of riboflavin was found to be essentially irreversible. Rapid kinetics absorption spectroscopy studies demonstrated the occurrence of two intermediates with long-wavelength absorption during the catalytic cycle. Such intermediate species exhibit spectroscopic properties similar to those of charge-transfer complexes of oxidized flavin and NAD(P)H, and reduced flavin and NAD(P)+, respectively, which have been identified as intermediates during the reaction of flavoenzymes of the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase family. Thus, a minimal kinetic scheme for the reaction of flavin reductase with NADPH and riboflavin can be proposed. After formation of the Michaelis complex of flavin reductase with NADPH and riboflavin, a first intermediate, identified as a charge-transfer complex of NADPH and riboflavin, is formed. It is followed by a second charge-transfer intermediate of enzyme-bound NADP+ and reduced riboflavin. The latter decays, yielding the Michaelis complex of flavin reductase with NADP+ and reduced riboflavin, which then dissociates to complete the reaction. These results support the initial hypothesis of a structural similarity between flavin reductase and the enzymes of the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase family and extend it at a functional level.
Page Segmentation Based on Effective Area of Background (1996)

Page segmentation is the task of extracting components of a document such as columns, textlines, figures and tables from a page image. This paper presents a method of page segmentation by analyzing background (white areas) of a page image. For page images without skew, it is known that white areas can be represented as white rectangles each of which maximally circumscribes white pixels. In general, however, extracted white rectangles include gaps between characters, words and those in figures which cause erroneous segmentation. Thus white rectangles need to be selected for correct segmentation. The characteristic point of our method is that the selection is based on the simple measure called effective area which is to estimate the effectiveness of a white rectangle as a delimiter of components by taking account of proximity with surrounding black areas. Our method correctly segmented 92.7% of components in 154 images of Japanese and English pages with various layout and resolution.
Chip-to-Chip Interfaces for Large-Scale Highly Configurable mmWave Phased Arrays (2023)

This article presents a chip-to-chip (C2C) interface for constructing reconfigurable phased arrays to be used in fifth-generation (5G)/sixth-generation (6G) wireless systems. The C2C interface further facilitates building phased array panels by allowing the use of grid-based PCB routing, thus providing flexibility in the system design. An eight-element RFIC capable of handling two independent data-streams is fabricated using 45-nm CMOS technology. The RFIC incorporates four C2C interfaces operating at 27 GHz, two C2C interfaces operating at 9 GHz, and a complex baseband (BB) with single-sided bandwidth in excess of 400 MHz. The architecture is tested by flip-chip bonding two fabricated RFICs on an eight-layer Megtron 7 PCB. In this article, only the receiver path of the RFIC and the phased array is described. Performance of both the single RFIC and the combination using the 27-GHz C2C interface is demonstrated using conductive and over-the-air (OTA) measurements. OTA measurements are conducted using 5GNR FR2 OFDM waveforms with a signal bandwidth of up to 800 MHz. The measured RF to BB conversion gain for a single element is larger than 23 dB and the minimum measured noise figure (NF) is 6.2 dB. The nominal dc power consumed by the receiver per element per stream is 116.5 mW. The RFIC occupies a normalized area per element per data stream of 2.7 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^2$</tex-math> </inline-formula> . The RFIC is capable of supporting dual-polarized antennas or in a large-scale panel utilizing the same antenna elements to two independently weighted data streams as part of the hybrid beamforming architecture.
A methylated CpG island 3' in the apolipoprotein-E gene does not repress its transcription (1993)

CpG islands are always associated with the 5' end of housekeeping genes, covering their promoters and transcription start sites. CpG islands associated with genes of limited expression are less uniformly localized; the genes for apolipoprotein-E and -AI contain CpG islands corresponding to their last exons. As expected, the CpG island in the apo-AI gene is unmethylated in DNA from all tissues analyzed, expressing as well as non-expressing apolipoprotein-AI. In contrast, the apo-E CpG island is methylated in DNA from all tissues analyzed except sperm. The apo-E gene is transcribed in many tissues and is not repressed by this methylation. This establishes a functional difference between 5' and 3' CpG islands, because methylation of the former invariably leads to transcriptional repression. A similar methylation pattern was seen in the rat apo-E gene, which implies that this pattern probably was established before the divergence of rodents and primates. The numerous human apo-E alleles resulting from CpG to TpG/CpA mutations in the CpG island (i.e. deamination of methylated cytosine to thymine) suggest that this island is less protected from methylation in germ line than typical CpG islands.
Power Converters for Piezoelectric Energy Extraction (2006)

Passive circuits and active circuits (i.e., switched-mode power converters) for vibration-energy harvesting are reviewed, focusing on power-extraction efficiency (PEE). Optimal battery voltage and resistance are given for maximal power extraction by passive circuits. Switched-mode converters are reviewed as means to match the actual battery voltage or load resistance to the optimal ones. To emulate the optimal battery voltage or load resistor, these converters could be controlled by pulse-width modulation (PWM) or by resonance, could operate in continuous or discontinuous conduction modes (CCM or DCM), and could leverage the piezoelectric (PZT) impedances in the energy extraction process. The large filter capacitor usually found after the bridge rectifier actually degrades the PEE. Resonance between the output capacitor of the PZT and the converter inductor improves the PEE at the expense of higher voltage and current stresses.
Multi‐platform, multi‐site instrumentation and reagent standardization (1998)

As flow cytometry laboratories involve themselves in more multi-site domestic and international clinical trial and research studies, it becomes imperative that they develop and adopt qualitative and quantitative standardization. This standardization does not need to be at the instrument-design level, but it may evolve from a general consensus on instrument setup, internationally accepted standardized procedures, and quantitative fluorescence intensity units. Instrument condition, age, and setup as well as model and manufacturer all affect the overall instrument performance and quantitative characteristics. Therefore, when working with multiple instruments, platforms, or sites, a standard window of analysis is essential. Furthermore, we should strive to characterize instrument performance and quantitative indices so that data can be compared directly. The same thoughts and ideals hold true for standardizing procedures and reagents. Clones, conjugation, incubation times, pH, temperature, and other environmental conditions all combine to affect the qualitative and quantitative cellular indices that we are attempting to measure. Data are presented that illustrates why standardization is needed and how we have attempted to achieve it in our laboratories. Cytometry 33:156–165, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MHC-Restricted Antigen-Receptor Specific Regulatory T Cell Circuits in Man (1985)

In vitro analysis of interactions among various functionally and phenotypically distinct human T and nonT lymphoid cells has been greatly facilitated by the development of monoclonal antibodies (mab) to a variety of lymphoid cell surface molecules (1). With the use of such antibodies two major sublineages of human T cells were initially defined, Leu2+/T8+ cells which mediate most cytolytic and suppressor (Tc+Ts) effects and Leu3+/T4+ cells which mediate most helper/inducer (Th+Ti) functions (2–5). Cells within these two sublineages appear to recognize antigen in association with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products (HLA-A, B,C) and class II MHC (HLA-DR,DC,SB) products respectively, and this differential recognition of distinct MHC products influences the responses of cells within the two sublineages to a variety of stimuli (4,6).
Cyclic AMP-independent secretion of mucin by SW1116 human colon carcinoma cells. Differential control by Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and arachidonic acid (1992)

The regulation of mucin secretion by SW1116 human colon carcinoma cells has been studied using monoclonal antibody 19-9, which has previously been used to detect mucin in the serum of cancer and cystic fibrosis patients. We found that SW1116 cells constitutively secrete considerable amounts of mucin as the predominant glycoprotein. The secretion of mucin by these cells is independent of cyclic AMP levels, but can be further stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. However, arachidonic acid and its metabolites inhibit mucin secretion. Electron microscope studies reveal that the mucin is located near the plasma membrane as well as in vesicular and lysosome-like structures. However, the secretion pathway of mucin is different than that of the lysosomal contents, since arachidonic acid, while inhibiting mucin secretion, actually activates the secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase. We suggest that the mechanism of mucin secretion by SW1116 cells occurs by a pathway different from common exocytosis, and possibly by more than one pathway. The response of mucin secretion by SW1116 cells to common secretagogues resembles that of epithelial cells obtained from cystic fibrosis patients. Thus SW1116 cells are an especially interesting system for studying processes related to pathological states associated with excessive constitutive secretion of mucin.
[New approach in the treatment of prostatic cancer: combined use of a LHRH agonist and an androgen antagonist]. (1983)

Following the studies of Huggins and colleagues in 1941, the hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer has been aimed at neutralizing the influence of testicular androgens through surgical castration or the administration of high doses of estrogens. These two approaches cause a temporary improvement in 60 to 70% of advanced prostatic cancer. However, castration is not always well accepted and high doses of estrogens are frequently accompanied by lethal cardiovascular side effects. Following our observation that treatment with LHRH agonists causes a blockage in the biosynthesis of testosterone by the testis accompanied by a marked reduction in prostatic weight in the rat, the possibility was opened for a new approach in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Fortunately, among all species studied, man is the most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of LHRH agonists on testicular androgen biosynthesis and near-medical castration can be easily achieved without secondary effects other than those related to low androgen levels. Following long-term studies in the rat which have shown that the inhibitory effect of LHRH agonists is markedly potentiated by simultaneous administration of a pure antiandrogen, a study using the LHRH agonist [D-Ser(TBU)6, des-Gly-NH2(10)] LHRH ethylamide (HOE-766) and the pure antiandrogen RU-23908 was performed in men with advanced prostatic cancer. The combined treatment with the LHRH agonist and the antiandrogen in 37 patients not previously treated caused a positive objective response in 97% of cases while, previously, partial hormonal treatment achieved through castration or high doses of estrogens caused a positive response in 60 to 70% of patients. The serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were decreased to 40% of control as early as four days after starting combined hormonal therapy. By contrast, in patients previously treated with estrogens or castrated, complete neutralization of adrenal androgens by the antiandrogen led to a much lower rate of positive response ranging from 25 to 55%. In patients previously treated, there is thus a predominance of tumor cells insensitive to androgens. An additional important finding in this study is that the administration of the antiandrogen prevents the flare-up of the disease frequently observed when LHRH agonists are administered alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Boundary Condition Behavior and Connection Design for Retrofitted Unreinforced Masonry Walls Subjected to Blast Loads (2010)

Over the past decade, extensive experimental and analytical research has been conducted on the behavior and resistance of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls retrofitted with methods for increasing ductility. This includes numerous experiments conducted by the Airbase Technologies Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). These retrofit materials varied from soft elastomeric coatings to very stiff composites and metal sheets. Some retrofit materials were strongly bonded to the masonry wall, which resulted in an integrated system response, while others were not bonded to the masonry and the membrane simply acted as a barrier that prevented secondary fragmentation from entering the occupied space. Previous research programs by AFRL and others have focused on the development of the retrofit materials, with the predominant exploratory measure focusing on the maximum inward transverse displacement. However, little emphasis was placed on the real behavior of the boundaries of these systems and the proper and efficient design of connections. This paper discusses an appropriate analytical methodology for the design of retrofit connections to resist impulse loads due to blast. In addition, typical support conditions for URM walls, and the shear, flexure and friction interaction of blast-impulse-loaded retrofitted URM walls at their support boundaries are discussed. The ideas and conclusions presented herein are based on component-level static testing, full scale explosion arena testing, and high fidelity finite element modeling.
Detection Algorithms and Information Rates for Bit-Patterned Media Storage Systems with Written-in Errors (2007)

This paper studies bit-patterned media recording channels when there exist written-in errors. Using a signal processing point of view, we consider an abstract model for the overall recording channel, incorporating errors occurred during the write process. Based on the resulting channel model, we develop various trellis structures, and propose several detection algorithms for data recovery. Furthermore, we investigate the achievable information rates for patterned media recording systems with different levels of write error probability, which provide an information theoretical performance assessment for such systems.
Acceptability-oriented computing (2003)

We discuss a new approach to the construction of software systems.Instead of attempting to build a system that is as free of errors as possible, the designer instead identifies key properties that the execution must satisfy to be acceptable to its users.Together, these properties define the acceptability envelope of the system: the region that it must stay within to remain acceptable.The developer then augments the system with a layered set of components, each of which enforces one of the acceptability properties.The potential advantages of this approach include more flexible, resilient systems that recover from errors and behave acceptably across a wide range of operating environments, an appropriately prioritized investment of engineering resources, and the ability to productively incorporate unreliable components into the final software system.
Relationship between bio-effects and energy transduction during nanoparticle-mediated photoporation (2020)

When a system comprised of cells, carbon black nanoparticles, and delivery molecules is irradiated with a laser beam, the nanoparticles can absorb and dissipate the laser-delivered energy, producing thermal and acoustic output and fluid mechanical forces. These can then interact with the nearby cell membrane, forming membrane pores that exogenous molecules can diffuse through and access the cytosol. This process, “nanoparticle-mediated photoporation,” can cause bio-effects like intracellular delivery of molecules and, at more extreme conditions, loss of cell viability. Through this work, we found that carbon black and carbon nanotubes generated greater bio-effects compared to graphite, diamond, or non-carbon materials, probably due to their more efficient laser energy absorption. Examining the dependence of bio-effects on energy absorption parameters like total energy absorbed, energy absorbed per nanoparticle, and energy absorbed per nanoparticle mass produced poor correlations. However, the correlation of bio-effects was much better with energy transduction parameters more closely related to the energy form transferred to cells like peak temperature, size, and number of vapor bubbles generated by the nanoparticles heated by the laser. A power-law relationship involving these three parameters indicated that peak nanoparticle temperature was the strongest determinant of bio-effects followed by bubble number and radius. This study provides a better understanding of the roles of energy absorption and transduction parameters on bio-effects during nanoparticle-mediated photoporation and facilitates the design of photoporation parameters that achieve desired bio-effects.
Real-World Oriented Communication Platform "LocationCall" (2008)

We propose a real-world oriented communication platform "LocationCall", which is a new type of location-based service. LocationCall achieves localized voice communication service by combining location information of mobile phones with the voice communication function of mobile communication systems. LocationCall enhances the value of real space and the system can be provided independent of mobile operators' systems. In this paper, we first explain the concept, functional requirements and proposed methods of LocationCall. We then, explain a prototype of the system, which is composed of a LocationCall server, a SIP server and a mobile phone application. Evaluation results with the system show that the users' waiting time is less than eight seconds in each procedure, thus demonstrating that the platform can be put to practical use.