gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Connections between morphological and mechanical evolution during galvanic corrosion of micromachined polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon (2008)

Many microsystems fabrication technologies currently employ a metallic overlayer, such as gold, in electrical contact with silicon structural layers. During postprocessing in hydrofluoric-based acid solutions, a galvanic cell is created between the silicon and the metallic layer. Micromachined tensile specimens reveal that such etching in the presence of a galvanic cell can cause a catastrophic reduction in the tensile strength and apparent modulus of silicon. Detailed failure analysis was also used to compare fractured corroded Si to otherwise identical reference specimens via surface based (electron and scanning probe) microscopy as well as cross-section based structural- and composition-characterization techniques. For both polycrystalline and single-crystal silicon, galvanic corrosion can result in a thick corroded surface layer created via porous silicon formation, and/or generalized material removal depending on the etch chemistry and conditions. Under certain etching conditions, the porous silicon formation process results in cavity formation as well as preferential grain-boundary attack leading to intergranular fracture. The nature and severity of corrosion damage are shown to be influenced by the surface wetting characteristics of the etch chemistry, with poor wetting resulting in localized attack facilitated by the microstructure and good wetting resulting in generalized attack. The measured stiffness of the tensile specimens can be used to determine the effective modulus and porosity of the corroded surface layer. Extending beyond previous investigations, the present work examines the quantitative connection between the choice of chemical etchant, the corresponding damage morphology, and the resulting degradation in strength and apparent modulus. The present work also uniquely identifies important differences in polycrystalline and single-crystal Si based on their disparate damage evolution and related mechanical performance.
Least-Squares-basierte Ableitungsschätzung: Theorie und Einstellregeln für den praktischen Einsatz Least Squares based Derivative Estimation: Theory and Tuning Rules for the Practical Application (2008)

Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird das bekannte Ableitungsschätzverfahren mittels Least-Squares, welches auf polynomialer Approximation des verrauschten Messsignals beruht, im Hinblick auf seine stochastischen Eigenschaften und die auftretende Zeitverzögerung untersucht. Anhand des fehlertoleranten Aufschwingens des Inversen Pendels werden die Ergebnisse experimentell bestätigt.
Cell therapies for therapeutic angiogenesis: back to the bench (2009)

The discovery, over a decade ago, of endothelial progenitor cells that are able to participate in neovascularization of adult tissue has been greeted enthusiastically because of the potential for new cell-based therapies for therapeutic angiogenesis. Since that time, an ever-growing list of candidate cells has been proposed for cardiovascular regeneration. However, to date, pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the therapeutic potential of various cell therapies have reported conflicting results, generating controversy. Key issues within the field of cell therapy research include a lack of uniform cellular definitions, as well as inadequate functional characterization of the role of putative stem/progenitor cells in angiogenesis. Given the mixed results of initial clinical studies, there is now a scientific imperative to understand better the vascular biology of candidate cells in order to better translate cell therapy to the bedside. This review will provide a translationally relevant overview of the biology of candidate stem/progenitor cells for therapeutic angiogenesis.
Simulation and experimental approach for shot velocity evaluation in ultrasonic shot peening (2011)

The process of ultrasonic shot peening has been studied from two aspects: (a) a 3D numerical model of shot motion in the peening chamber based on the theory of granular gases, (b) an experimental setup developed for measuring shot velocity distribution in the chamber and impact locations on the peened surface. The aim of such study is to propose an experimental method providing shot trajectories in order to validate the 3D model for the process parameter optimization, used for example in the aeronautic industry. The presented results illustrate the value of the model in the understanding and mastering of the process, as well as its usefulness, on one hand for the design of peening chambers, and on the other hand for a better definition of numerical models that help to predict residual stresses generated in the peened material.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of a Selective EP4‐Receptor Agonist. Part 2. 3,7‐DithiaPGE<sub>1</sub> Derivatives with High Selectivity. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Longitudinal Data in Patients with Niemann-Pick Type C Disease Under Combined High Intrathecal and Low Intravenous Dose of 2-hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin. (2021)

Niemann-Pick Type C disease (NPC) is a rare, incurable, autosomal-recessive, lysosomal storage disorder with protean and progressive neurovisceral manifestations characterized by accumulation of intracellular unesterified cholesterol. The investigational use of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) in the treatment of NPC has shown promising results in improving life expectancy and reducing neurological damage in this patient population. This case report describes two children with the neurological form of NPC: a 5-year-old male patient in advanced stage of the disease and an 11-year-old female patient in moderately advanced stage. Despite treatment with the enzyme inhibitor, miglustat, both patients continued to exhibit severe neurodegeneration. High intrathecal (900mg) and low intravenous (350-500mg/kg) doses of HP-β-CD (Trappsol®Cyclo™) were administrated twice monthly to the patients in addition to miglustat therapy. The patients were monitored clinically as well as by imaging, laboratory, and biomarker (e.g., total tau protein [T-tau]; phosphorylated tau [P-tau]; neurofilament light [NFL], oxysterols) studies over a period of 16 to 22 months. The combination therapy of miglustat and HP-β-CD resulted in disease stabilization in both patients. The combination therapy demonstrated a good safety profile, and no adverse effects on hearing were observed. Additionally, CSF biomarkers appeared useful in monitoring neuronal damage. Large, randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Molecular surface structure of comb-like polyoxyethylene with alkyl sulfonyl side-chains studied by sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (2012)

The orientation of alkyl sulfonyl side-chains on a series of polyoxyethylenes, CH3–nSE (n = 6, 8 or 10), and the effect of annealing and rubbing on the molecular orientation of the alkyl side-chains at the substrate surface, were investigated using sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Based on the SFG spectra and their quantitative interpretation, we deduced that the alkyl chains of CH3–10SE are almost vertically oriented at the surface and that the terminal methyl groups of the alkyl chains are tilted from the surface normal as much as θ ≈ 40 ± 5°, with a broad distribution of tilt angles. We also found that rubbing treatment induced the anisotropic orientation of the alkyl side-chains perpendicular to the rubbing direction, but their orientation was unchanged by annealing.
Preconcentration of Trace Metals in Water Using a Newly Designed Thermoresponsive Chelating Polymer for the Sensitive Determination by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (2013)

Abstract A thermoresponsive polymer containing highly dense iminodiacetic acid segments was newly designed for the efficient preconcentration of trace metals in water. The polymer was synthesized by the water-soluble carbodiimide-mediated condensation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) with polyallylamine and the subsequent conversion of amino groups to iminodiacetic acid. Metal ions in water were collected by adding the thermoresponsive polymer, sodium nitrate, dodecyltrimethylammonium chroride, and buffer components and then heating the resulting solution to form polymer deposits. The use of 0.02% (w/v) thermoresponsive polymer allowed the nearly complete (&amp;gt;99.8%) collection of seven metals (Be, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, In, and Pb) in the pH range of 6.8–8.3. The polymer deposits were readily collected as a condensed coagulate and dissolved with a small amount of water for the analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Because of highly efficient (100-fold) concentration, these metals at pg cm−3–ng cm−3 levels were successfully determined. The precision and accuracy were evaluated by analyzing certified reference water samples.
Human-Centered Explainable AI (HCXAI): Coming of Age (2023)

Explainability is an essential pillar of Responsible AI that calls for equitable and ethical Human-AI interaction. Explanations are essential to hold AI systems and their producers accountable, and can serve as a means to ensure humans’ right to understand and contest AI decisions. Human-centered XAI (HCXAI) argues that there is more to making AI explainable than algorithmic transparency. Explainability of AI is more than just “opening” the black box — who opens it matters just as much, if not more, as the ways of opening it. In this third CHI workshop on Human-centered XAI (HCXAI), we build on the maturation through the first two installments to craft the coming-of-age story of HCXAI, which embodies a deeper discourse around operationalizing human-centered perspectives in XAI. We aim towards actionable interventions that recognize both affordances and potential pitfalls of XAI. The goal of the third installment is to go beyond the black box and examine how human-centered perspectives in XAI can be operationalized at the conceptual, methodological, and technical levels. Encouraging holistic (historical, sociological, and technical) approaches, we emphasize “operationalizing.” Within our research agenda for XAI, we seek actionable analysis frameworks, concrete design guidelines, transferable evaluation methods, and principles for accountability.
Investigation on the Ag-Al Metal Spiking into Boron-Diffused p+ Layer of Industrial Bifacial n-Type Silicon Wafer Solar Cells by Numerical Simulation (2017)

A small amount of Al is usually added to the Ag paste to facilitate a sufficiently low specific contact resistance to contact boron diffused p+ silicon layers. However, Al can result in spiking from the metal contacts into the diffused layer leading to a pronounced recombination at the metal-silicon interface. This significantly limits the open-circuit voltages of screen printed n-type silicon solar cells. The aim of this work is to investigate the sensitivity of industrially feasible boron diffusion doping profiles to various spike densities/shapes using Sentaurus TCAD device simulation. Four different experimental BBr3 diffused doping profiles were analyzed. Bifacial n-type front and back contacted (nFAB) silicon solar cells were simulated. It was found that the cell efficiency was only significantly affected when the localized spikes penetrate as deep as that they contact to a doping density below ~ 1×10^18 cm-3. Beyond that point, the defect-related recombination at the metal-Si interface starts to increase by orders of magnitude. The cell efficiency could degrade by relatively ~ 2 - 3 % to up to ~ 10 % when the spike fraction increases from 5 - 10 % to 100 %.
Decreases in portal flow trigger a hepatorenal reflex to inhibit renal sodium and water excretion in rats: Role of adenosine (2002)

The regulation of renal sodium and water excretion through a hepatorenal reflex activated by the changes in hemodynamics of the portal circulation has been suggested. We hypothesize that the changes in intrahepatic blood flow and flow-related intrahepatic adenosine are involved in the control of renal water and sodium excretion by triggering a hepatorenal reflex. Anesthetized rats were instrumented to monitor the systemic, hepatic, and renal circulation. A vascular shunt connecting the portal vein and central vena cava was established to allow for control of the portal venous blood flow (PVBF). Urine was collected from the bladder. The effects of decreased PVBF on renal water and sodium excretion were compared in normal and hepatic denervated rats. Decreasing intrahepatic PVBF by half for 30 minutes decreased urine flow by 38% (12.1 +/- 1.1 vs. 7.5 +/- 0.7 microL. min(-1)) and urine sodium excretion by 44% (1.11 +/- 0.30 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.17 micromol. min(-1)). Renal arterial blood flow (RABF) and creatinine clearance were also reduced by the decreases in intrahepatic PVBF. Hepatic denervation, or intrahepatic administration of an adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), abolished the effects of decreasing PVBF on urine flow and sodium excretion. The data suggest that the decrease in intrahepatic PVBF triggers a hepatorenal reflex through the activation of adenosine receptors within the liver, thereby inhibiting renal water and sodium excretion. The water and sodium retention commonly seen in the hepatorenal syndrome may be related to intrahepatic adenosine accumulation resulting from the associated decrease in intrahepatic portal flow.
From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel (2014)

We focus on the privacy-utility trade-off encountered by users who wish to disclose some information to an analyst, that is correlated with their private data, in the hope of receiving some utility. We rely on a general privacy statistical inference framework, under which data is transformed before it is disclosed, according to a probabilistic privacy mapping. We show that when the log-loss is introduced in this framework in both the privacy metric and the distortion metric, the privacy leakage and the utility constraint can be reduced to the mutual information between private data and disclosed data, and between non-private data and disclosed data respectively. We justify the relevance and generality of the privacy metric under the log-loss by proving that the inference threat under any bounded cost function can be upperbounded by an explicit function of the mutual information between private data and disclosed data. We then show that the privacy-utility tradeoff under the log-loss can be cast as the non-convex Privacy Funnel optimization, and we leverage its connection to the Information Bottleneck, to provide a greedy algorithm that is locally optimal. We evaluate its performance on the US census dataset. Finally, we characterize the optimal privacy mapping for the Gaussian Privacy Funnel.
NITROGEN LIMITATION OF RHIZOMA PEANUT GROWTH (2012)

Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata) is a forage and groundcover crop of increasing importance in the southeastern United States, but little is known of its nitrogen (N) requirement for optimal production, or if this requirement is being met through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fertilization greenhouse experiments were performed with Florigraze and Ecoturf genotypes and response measured by shoot production, nodulation, nitrogenase activity, shoot N concentrations, and N accumulation. Rhizome N concentrations with and without N fertilization were also evaluated in the field. From the two greenhouse studies, we found a saturating response to N fertilization between 11 and 23 kg N ha-1 during the 11-week evaluation period. In both the greenhouse, and to a lesser extent, the field experiment, N accumulation was found to increase with increased N fertilization, which indicates that N2-fixation may not provide the necessary N for optimal shoot production.
Osteochondroma of the Femoral Neck: A Rare Cause of Sciatic Nerve Compression (2010)

A 39-year-old man presented with weakness and a nonmobile mass in the buttock of 5 months' duration. Hip flexion was limited to 70 degrees. Strength was diminished for both ankle/foot plantar and dorsiflexion. Sensation was decreased on the plantar and dorsal foot. A pedunculated osseous mass measuring 6x4 cm on the posterior femoral neck was seen on plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. Electromyography showed moderate sciatic neuropathy of the peroneal and tibial branches. The patient underwent excision of the tumor through a posterior approach. Due to the risk of weakening the neck, two 7.3-mm cannulated screws were passed percutaneously into the head with fluoroscopic guidance. The final pathological report indicated the tumor was an osteochondroma. At 22-month follow-up, he had full resolution of the neurologic findings. Postoperatively, the patient reported improvement in numbness and tingling in the leg but continued to have moderate buttock pain. Left hip flexion increased to 115 degrees at last follow-up.The importance of protecting the medial femoral circumflex artery during approaches to the hip is paramount. In this case, the tumor arose from the central aspect of the quadratus femoris, with the superior muscle protecting the medial femoral circumflex artery from harm. Although osteochondromas are a rare cause of mass effect, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sciatic nerve compression in this anatomical location.
In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Amiodarone Against Ebola Virus (2018)

At the onset of the 2013-2016 epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD), no vaccine or antiviral medication was approved for treatment. Therefore, considerable efforts were directed towards the concept of drug repurposing or repositioning. Amiodarone, an approved multi-ion channel blocker for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, was reported to inhibit filovirus entry in vitro. Compassionate use of amiodarone in EVD patients indicated a possible survival benefit. In support of further clinical testing, we confirmed anti-Ebola virus activity of amiodarone in different cell types. Despite promising in vitro results, amiodarone failed to protect guinea pigs from a lethal dose of Ebola virus.
Total Solid-Phase Synthesis of 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i><i>‘</i>,<i>N</i><i>‘</i><i>‘</i>,<i>N</i><i>‘</i><i>‘</i><i>‘</i>-tetraacetic Acid-Functionalized Peptides for Radioimmunotherapy (1999)

A convenient approach to the functionalization of peptides with the macrocyclic 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) moiety has been developed. Protected components (using tert-butyl or tert-butyloxycarbonyl groups) of both the peptide and the chelate were assembled on the same solid resin support. Deprotection and cleavage of the resin-bound DOTA-peptides were performed in one step using a trifluoroacetic acid cleavage mixture to yield free DOTA-peptide amides.
Bile salt deconjugation by Lactobacillus plantarum 80 and its implication for bacterial toxicity (1999)

The effects of bile salts on the survival of lactobacilli were investigated using glycocholic acid, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid as model compounds and the bile salt hydrolase active Lactobacillus plantarum 80 (BSH+) and its BSH negative mutant. The detrimental effects of cholic acid, i.e. growth inhibition and cytotoxicity at a concentration of 1 and 5 mmol l-1, respectively, were considered to be due to the hydrophobic protonated form of the molecule, which brings about membrane damage. The conversion of glycocholic acid to cholic acid by the BSH active L. plantarum 80 caused a growth inhibition which was comparable with the inhibition observed in the broth supplemented with 1 mmol l-1 cholic acid. Deoxycholic acid caused toxicity through membrane damage when the compound was in solution. Its toxicity disappeared in the culture broth as the molecule precipitated. In case of cholic acid, the toxicity could be removed by buffering the solution at pH 7.0. It was calculated that at this pH most of the cholic acid molecules were ionized. The results led to the formulation of an extended hypothesis about the ecological significance of bile salt transformations. Primary deconjugation is carried out to counteract intracellular acidification. Yet, the deconjugated molecule can be harmful at moderately acidic pH-values. In this case, the BSH+ strains could effectively profit from their activity in case they are associated with 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria which dehydroxylate the deconjugated bile salts. The dehydroxylated molecule has a low solubility and precipitates at moderately acidic pH.
Low‐cost customizable microscale toolkit for rapid screening and purification of therapeutic proteins (2018)

Biopharmaceutical separations require tremendous amounts of optimization to achieve acceptable product purity. Typically, large volumes of reagents and biological materials are needed for testing different parameters, thus adding to the expense of biopharmaceutical process development. This study demonstrates a versatile and customizable microscale column (µCol) for biopharmaceutical separations using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) as an example application to identify key parameters. µCols have excellent precision, efficiency, and reproducibility, can accommodate any affinity, ion-exchange or size-exclusion-based resin and are compatible with any high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. µCols reduce reagent amounts, provide comparable purification performance and high-throughput, and are easy to automate compared with current conventional resin columns. We provide a detailed description of the fabrication methods, resin packing methods, and µCol validation experiments using a conventional HPLC system. Finite element modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics was used to validate the experimental performance of the µCols. In this study, µCols were used for improving the purification achieved for granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expressed using a cell-free CHO in vitro translation (IVT) system and were compared to a conventional 1 ml IMAC column. Experimental data revealed comparable purity with a 10-fold reduction in the amount of buffer, resin, and purification time for the μCols compared with conventional columns for similar protein yields.
DNA Vaccines for the Human Papilloma Virus (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction DNA Vaccines for HPV Conclusion References