gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Highway Network Block for Training Very Deep Neural Networks (2020)

Very deep networks are successful in various tasks with reported results surpassing human performance. However, training such very deep networks is not trivial. Typically, the problems of learning the identity function and feature reuse can work together to plague optimization of very deep networks. In this paper, we propose a highway network with gate constraints that addresses the aforementioned problems, and thus alleviates the difficulty of training. Namely, we propose two variants of highway network, HWGC and HWCC, employing feature summation and concatenation respectively. The proposed highway networks, besides being more computationally efficient, are shown to have more interesting learning characteristics such as natural learning of hierarchical and robust representations due to a more effective usage of model depth, fewer gates for successful learning, better generalization capacity and faster convergence than the original highway network. Experimental results show that our models outperform the original highway network and many state-of-the-art models. Importantly, we observe that our second model with feature concatenation and compression consistently outperforms our model with feature summation of similar depth, the original highway network, many state-of-the-art models and even ResNets on four benchmarking datasets which are CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Fashion-MNIST, SVHN and imagenet-2012 (ILSVRC) datasets. Furthermore, the second proposed model is more computationally efficient than the state-of-the-art in view of training, inference time and GPU memory resource, which strongly supports real-time applications. Using a similar number of model parameters for the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Fashion-MNIST and SVHN datasets, the significantly shallower proposed model can surpass the performance of ResNet-110 and ResNet-164 that are roughly 6 and 8 times deeper, respectively. Similarly, for the imagenet dataset, the proposed models surpass the performance of ResNet-101 and ResNet-152 that are roughly three times deeper.
Poststatin, a New Inhibitor of Prolyl Endopeptidase. VI. Endopeptidase Inhibitory Activity of Poststatin Analogues Containing Pyrrolidine Ring. (1996)

Several pyrrolidine-containing analogues of poststatin were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory activity against prolyl endopeptidase and cathepsin B in vitro. Replacement of the postine residue with 2-oxo-2-(2-pyrrolidinyl)acetic acid increased the selectivity and inhibitory activity against prolyl endopeptidase. Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-(S)-2-oxo-2- (2-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl-D-phenylalanine was about 46 times as active to propyl endopeptidase as natural poststatin.
Low thermal budget epitaxial lift off (ELO) for Ge (111)-on-insulator structure (2021)

Abstract Germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) structures with a surface orientation of (111) have been successfully fabricated by using low thermal budget epitaxial-lift-off (ELO) technology via direct bonding and selective etching. The material characteristics and transport properties of the Ge(111)OI structure have been systematically investigated through secondary-ion mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, and Hall measurement. The transferred Ge (111) layer remained almost intact from the as-grown epitaxial layers, indicating the benefits of ELO technology. The low thermal budget ELO technology demonstrated in this work is promising to integrate Ge channels with different surface orientations on Si (100) substrates for future monolithic 3D applications.
The Radical Anion, Dianion and Electron Transport Properties of Tetraiodotetraazapentacene (2022)

Tetraiodotetraazapentacene I<sub>4</sub> TAP, the last missing derivative in the series of halogenated silylated tetraazapentacenes, was synthesized via condensation chemistry from a TIPS-ethynylated diaminobenzothiadiazol in three steps. Single and double reduction furnished its air-stable monoanion and relatively air-stable dianion, both of which were characterized by crystallography. All three species are structurally and spectroscopically compared to non-halogenated TAP and Br<sub>4</sub> TAP. I<sub>4</sub> TAP is an n-channel material in thin-film transistors with average electron mobilities exceeding 1 cm<sup>2</sup> (Vs)<sup>-1</sup> .
In-Band Full-Duplex Radios in 6G Networks: Implementation and Applications (2023)

Sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication networks will transform connected things in 5G into connected intelligence. The networks can have human-like cognition capabilities by enabling many potential services, such as high-accuracy localization and tracking, augmented human sense, gesture and activity recognition, etc. For this purpose, many emerging applications in 6G have stringent requirements on transmission throughput and latency. With the explosion of devices in the connected intelligence world, spectrum utilization has to be enhanced to meet these stringent requirements. In-band full-duplex has been reported as a promising technique to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce end-to-end latency. However, simultaneous transmission and reception over the same frequency introduce additional interference compared to conventional half-duplex radios. The receiver is exposed to the transmitter of the same node operating in in-band full-duplex mode, causing self-interference. Due to the significant power difference between self-interference and the signal of interest, self-interference must be effectively suppressed to benefit from in-band full-duplex operation. In addition to self-interference, uplink users will interfere with downlink users within the range, known as co-channel interference. This interference could be significant in cellular networks, so it has to be appropriately processed to maximize the in-band full-duplex gain.
Effect of Nutrient Availability on Root System Development (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Regulation of the root system architecture by nutrient availability Conclusions
Carrier redistribution in organic/inorganic (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene/poly(styrenesulfonate)polymer)-Si) heterojunction determined from infrared ellipsometry (2004)

Charge redistribution in organic/inorganic heterojunction between poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) polymer (PEDOT/PSS) is observed contact-less by infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry. Hole accumulation or depletion layer formation is detected according to the different work functions of n- and p-type silicon. Dielectric function, optical conductivity, sheet resistance, and vibration modes at wave numbers from 300 to 3000 cm−1 are determined for PEDOT/PSS thin films. We propose use of infrared ellipsometry for investigation of structure and free-charge-carrier properties in layered polymer device heterostructures.
Biomechanical Analysis of the C1-C2 Transarticular Screw Fixation Technique (1996)

Abstract Transarticular screw fixation (TASF) is an accepted surgical treatment for pathologic C1-C2 instability due to trauma, ligamentous laxity or degenerative disorders. Previous biomechanical tests have found C1-C2 TASF with a posterior graft to have increased rotational and shear stiffness, as compared with posterior wiring techniques. A complete mechanical analysis of the C1-C2 TASF construct was performed to determine the primary mode of loading. The greatest stress placed on the fixated C1-C2 motion segment was a bending stress developed during flexion and extension.
Enforcement of the ban on aristolochic acids in Chinese traditional herbal preparations on the Dutch market (2007)

In traditional Chinese medicine several Aristolochia species are used. Aristolochia spp. contain a mixture of aristolochic acids (AAs), mainly AA I and AA II which are nephrotoxicants and carcinogens. After AA-related nephropathy (AAN) and urothelial cancer were described in female patients in Belgium following intake of AA-contaminated herbal preparations, herbs with AAs were prohibited worldwide. Confusing nomenclature can cause AA contamination of certain Chinese traditional herbal preparations (THPs). Here we report the results of investigations by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) into the presence of AAs in THPs sampled on the Dutch market using a liquid-chromatography--mass spectrometry method. Between 2002 and 2006 we sampled 190 Chinese THPs using recent information on Chinese THPs potentially containing AAs. AA I was found in 25 samples up to a concentration of 1,676 mg/kg. AA II was also found in 13 of these samples up to 444 mg/kg. All 25 positive samples including Mu Tong, Fang Ji, Tian Xian Teng and Xi Xin were part of a group of 68 THPs identified as possibly containing AAs. In a worst-case scenario, use of a sample of Mu Tong with the highest AA content over a 7-day period would result in the same intake levels of AAs which significantly raised the cancer risk in the Belgian AAN cases. Our results show that contaminated THPs still can be found on the market following worldwide publicity. Therefore, it can be concluded that testing of possibly AA-contaminated THPs is still essential.
IRAK1 deletion disrupts cardiac Toll/IL-1 signaling and protects against contractile dysfunction (2003)

Myocardial contractile dysfunction accompanies both systemic and cardiac insults. Septic shock and burn trauma can lead to reversible contractile deficits, whereas ischemia and direct inflammation of the heart can precipitate transient or permanent impairments in contractility. Many of the insults that trigger contractile dysfunction also activate the innate immune system. Activation of the innate immune response to infection is coordinated by the conserved Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) signal transduction pathway. Interestingly, components of this pathway are also expressed in normal and failing hearts, although their function is unknown. The hypotheses that Toll/IL-1 signaling occurs in the heart and that intact pathway function is required for contractile dysfunction after different insults were tested. Results from these experiments demonstrate that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activate Toll/IL-1 signaling and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1), a critical pathway intermediate in the heart, indicating that the function of this pathway is not limited to immune system tissues. Moreover, hearts lacking IRAK1 exhibit impaired LPS-triggered downstream signal transduction. Hearts from IRAK1-deficient mice also resist acute LPS-induced contractile dysfunction. Finally, IRAK1 inactivation enhances survival of transgenic mice that develop severe myocarditis and lethal heart failure. Thus the Toll/IL-1 pathway is active in myocardial tissue and interference with pathway function, through IRAK1 inactivation, may represent a novel strategy to protect against cardiac contractile dysfunction.
The Arabidopsis Functional Homolog of the p34 cdc2 Protein Kinase (1991)

Paulo C. G. Ferreira, Adriana S. Hemerly, Raimundo Villarroel, Marc Van Montagu, , The Arabidopsis Functional Homolog of the p34 cdc2 Protein Kinase, The Plant Cell, Vol. 3, No. 5 (May, 1991), pp. 531-540
Lithology-controlled stress variations and pad-scale faults: A case study of hydraulic fracturing in the Woodford Shale, Oklahoma (2017)

We have conducted an integrated study to investigate the petrophysical and geomechanical factors controlling the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing (HF) in four subparallel horizontal wells in the Mississippi Limestone-Woodford Shale (MSSP-WDFD) play in Oklahoma. In two MSSP wells, the minimum horizontal stress [Formula: see text] indicated by the instantaneous shut-in pressures of the HF stages are significantly less than the vertical stress [Formula: see text]. This, combined with observations of drilling-induced tensile fractures in the MSSP in a vertical well at the site, indicates that this formation is in a normal/strike-slip faulting stress regime, consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms and other stress indicators in the area. However, the [Formula: see text] values are systematically higher and vary significantly from stage to stage in two WDFD wells. The stages associated with the abnormally high [Formula: see text] values (close to [Formula: see text]) were associated with little to no proppant placement and a limited number of microseismic events. We used compositional logs to determine the content of compliant components (clay and kerogen). Due to small variations in the trajectories of the horizontal wells, they penetrated three thin, but compositionally distinct WDFD lithofacies. We found that [Formula: see text] along the WDFD horizontals increases when the stage occurred in a zone with high clay and kerogen content. These variations of [Formula: see text] can be explained by various degrees of viscous stress relaxation, which results in the increase in [Formula: see text] (less stress anisotropy), as the compliant component content increases. The distribution of microseismic events was also affected by normal and strike-slip faults cutting across the wells. The locations of these faults were consistent with unusual lineations of microseismic events and were confirmed by 3D seismic data. Thus, the overall effectiveness of HF stimulation in the WDFD wells at this site was strongly affected the abnormally high HF gradients in clay-rich lithofacies and the presence of preexisting, pad-scale faults.
Trace Aqueous Lead Sensing Using Silicon-on-Insulator Ring Resonators (2016)

Trace level lead Pb(II) to parts per billion (ppb) in water was detected using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microresonators. The SOI microchips were coated with tetrasulfide functionalized mesoporous silicates.
Texture and Anisotropy in Silicon Nitride (1992)

In this investigation quantitative texture analysis, including calculation of the orientation distribution function, is used to demonstrate the degree of preferred orientation in β ‐Si 3 N 4 which has been hot‐pressed or hot‐worked. The results indicate that plane strain compression can produce strong textures. The texture is decided by the processing parameters including temperature, sintering additives, and stress state. Grain rotation and preferred grain growth apparently both contribute to texture development in β ‐Si 3 N 4 . Basal (00 l ) pole figures obtained from the orientation distribution function are consistent with microstructural observations and are reflected in indentation fracture toughness anisotropy. In plane strain the ratio of maximum to minimum fracture toughness is greater than 2.
A Customer View of Goal-Based Operations for Human Space Exploration (2007)

Goal-based operations, a form of operations that involves specifying what should be accomplished, as opposed to how operations are carried out, has the potential to significantly enhance human space exploration in a number of areas in both ground and space operations. Realizing this potential will require addressing several challenges, ranging from practical feasibility to operational reliability and user acceptance. We intend to provide a customer perspective and help address some of the challenges by: (1) highlighting general and specific challenges and opportunities that are consistent with human space exploration and that emphasize how goal-based operations might be of practical benefit to the human space exploration program; and (2) exploring ways to help increase confidence in goal-based operations. A strategy for building such confidence must consider: (a) incremental implementation of goal-based operations for increasingly ambitious operations leading eventually to high level goal-based operations, (b) the role of systems modeling in technology acceptance and infusion and (c) automation assessment tools for understanding how trust is developed, such as the Function-specific Level of Autonomy and Automation Tool (FLOAAT) developed by NASA/Johnson Space Center. We explore several challenges and opportunities for the near-term (International Space Station mission operations), the midterm (human lunar missions), and the long-term (human Mars missions), that illustrate the potential benefits of goal-based operations.
Treatment of Concurrent Minimal Change Disease and Epstein Barr Virus–Driven Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder With Rituximab Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2020)

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is increasingly used as first-line management in adults with aplastic anaemia even in the absence of a sibling donor. HSCT can be associated with a broad range of acute and chronic complications, including infections, graft versus host disease, and other immune complications. Renal complications are common following HSCT, including acute kidney injury (10%–70%), chronic kidney disease (7%–48%), and thrombotic microangiopathy and nephrotic syndrome (0.4%–4%).
Identification of calcium-channel receptors in intact animals. (1985)

In this study, we demonstrate the in vivo labeling by [3H]nitrendipine ([3H]NTD) of peripheral tissues and the brain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Specific binding is decreased in a dose-dependent manner by nifedipine, with a mean inhibitory dose of 2-10 mg/kg (i.p.). Thin-layer chromatography of the particulate-bound radioactivity reveals that the predominant tritiated drug bound in the left ventricle and the cerebral cortex is [3H]NTD, whereas metabolites constitute the main species in the liver. Peak radioactivity is seen at 15 min following an intravenous injection of [3H]NTD. Highly perfused tissues such as the heart, brain, and lung have significant [3H]NTD binding. In contrast to previously reported in vitro studies, [3H]NTD binding is low in the aorta, skeletal muscle, and ileum. This in vivo animal model is suitable for pharmacokinetic and physiological studies of the calcium channel in intact animals.
Inside Cover: Cationic and Neutral Rotaxanes Having Different Functional Groups in the Axle Molecule and Their Coordination to Pt<sup>II</sup> (Chem. Asian J. 3/2017) (2017)

Rotaxanes, composed of cyclic and linear component molecules, undergo facile co-conformational change caused by nonsynchronous motion of the components. Introduction of a triazole group to the axle component enabled ligation of the rotaxane and a Pt(II) center, and the coordination bond fixed the co-conformation of the rotaxane, as revealed by a detailed NMR study. The rotaxane functions as an improved ligand as compared to the corresponding axle molecules in spite of a larger steric hindrance. More information can be found in the Full Paper by Kohtaro Osakada et al. on page 372 in Issue 3, 2017 (DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601554).
Abstract 19578: Title: Natural Killer T cells Play a More Critical Role in Reperfusion Injury Than in the Hyperglycemic Exacerbation of Infarct Size (2012)

Introduction: Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells express a T cell receptor encoded by the Jalpha18 gene that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d. These same iNKT cells have recently been implicated in the hyperglycemic exacerbation of lung ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thus, we hypothesized that Jalpha18-/- mice, which lack iNKT cells, would similarly be protected against the hyperglycemic exacerbation of cardiac injury in the mouse model of reperfused myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Reperfused MI was performed in euglycemic (n=8) and hyperglycemic (n=7) C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) mice, as well as in congenic euglycemic (n=11) and hyperglycemic (n=8) Jalpha18-/- mice. MI consisted of 30 min coronary occlusions followed by 2 h reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by digital planimetry after TTC and Phthalo blue staining, and was reported as infarct size as percent area-at-risk (%A@R). Results: Infarct size was reduced by 56% in euglycemic Jalpha18-/- mice compared to euglycemic WT mice (18±3% vs. 41±5%, mean±SEM, p&lt;0.05). Infarct size was also reduced in hyperglycemic Jalpha18-/- mice compared to hyperglycemic WT mice, albeit to a much lesser extent (52±3% vs. 63±3%, p&lt;0.05). Further, the areas at risk as percent of the left ventricular (LV) mass were similar for all groups (p=NS). Conclusions: With regard to mechanism, these results clearly demonstrate that iNKT cells and innate immune responses contribute importantly to reperfusion injury. From a translational perspective, the results predict that interventions focused on suppressing the innate immune response during reperfusion will be significantly more effective in euglycemic patients than in those suffering from stress hyperglycemia.
Influence of Post-deposition Heating Time and the Presence of Water Vapor on Sputter-coated Calcium Phosphate Crystallinity (2003)

Extensive research suggested that calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on titanium implants are essential for early bone response. However, the characterization of CaP crystallinity and the means to control coating crystallinity are not well-established. In this study, the effect of a 400 degrees C heat treatment for 1, 2, or 4 hours, and in the presence or absence of water vapor, on CaP crystallinity was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy indicated dense as-sputtered coatings. Increase in coating crystallinity was observed to be consistent with the increasing number of PO(4) peaks observed as a result of different heat treatments. In addition, x-ray diffraction analyses indicated amorphous as-sputtered coatings, whereas crystalline CaP coatings in the range of 0-85% were observed after different post-deposition heat treatments. It was concluded that the presence of water vapor and post-deposition heat treatment time significantly affect the crystallinity of CaP coatings, which may ultimately affect bone healing.
Analytic analysis of 77 K CMOS minimum channel length (2003)

The device limits for 77 K CMOS are calculated using a new analytic solution to Poisson's equation. Symmetric complementary devices with n/sup +/ polysilicon gate n-channels and p/sup +/ polysilicon gate p-channels are modeled. Laplace's equation in the gate oxide and Poissons's equation in the silicon are solved with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The surface potential is rigorously derived by requiring continuity of the potential and normal component of the displacement field. The device channel length limit L/sub min/=74 nm at 77 K is calculated. Carrier freezeout is minimized by the resulting surface channel operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Critical Role of the IL-22–IL-22 Binding Protein Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2022)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the five most common cancer entities worldwide and leads to hundred-thousands of deaths every year. Despite some groundbreaking therapeutical revelations during the last years, the overall prognosis remains poor. Although the immune system fights malignant transformations with a robust anti-tumor response, certain immune mediators have also been shown to promote cancer development. For example, interleukin (IL)-22 has been associated with HCC progression and worsened prognosis in multiple studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of the pathological role of IL-22-signaling as well as the role of its natural antagonist IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) in HCC remain elusive. Here, we corroborate the pathogenic role of IL-22 in HCC by taking advantage of two mouse models. Moreover, we observed a protective role of IL-22BP during liver carcinogenesis. While IL-22 was mainly produced by CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in HCC, IL-22BP was abundantly expressed by neutrophils during liver carcinogenesis. Hepatocytes could be identified as a major target of this pathological IL-22-signaling. Moreover, abrogation of IL-22 signaling in hepatocytes in <i>IL22ra1<sup>flox/flox</sup></i> × <i>Alb<sup>Cre+</sup></i> mice reduced <i>STEAP4</i> expression-a known oncogene-in HCC in vivo. Likewise, <i>STEAP4</i> expression correlated with <i>IL22</i> levels in human HCC samples, but not in healthy liver specimens. In conclusion, these data encourage the development of therapeutical approaches that target the IL-22-IL-22BP axis in HCC.