gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operation and management statues of KOTRON-13 during 7-years (2014)

2629 Objectives The 13 MeV cyclotron at our center (KOTRON-13) has been operating since 2007 for production of radioisotopes for PET application. However, this cyclotron has limited capacity to extract a relatively high beam current at initial install time compared with other commercial cyclotrons. Therefore, we herein describe the details of improvement factors of our cyclotron and its operation & management statues at our PET center during 7 years. Methods To increase the yield of fluorine-18 production, we modified the diameter of the anode, the arc hole size, and the position of the hydrogen gas to upgrade the PIG ion system. We introduced two target systems to produce fluorine-18 and carbon-11 radioisotopes in a same beam port using a sliding-mode control. These fluorine-18 and carbon-11 target were determined by SRIM simulation program. After that, we compared the operation & management statues of the KORTON-13 cyclotron before-and-after of upgrade. Results During the first four years since installation, we upgraded in term of ion source system and target system. From that, the beam current was significantly increased from 50 μA to 120 μA (with a dummy target experiment). Consequently, the production activities of fluorine-18 and carbon-11 at our cyclotron were enhanced from 66.6 GBq to 148 GBq and 40.7 GBq to 88.8 GBq, respectively. Also, the average utilization rate of KOTRON-13 was recorded with 97% during three years from 2011 to 2013. Conclusions Through continuous observation and performance upgrades, we realized the optimizing the ion source structure plays an important role in improving the production of radioisotopes and achieving stable operation of the KOTRON-13 cyclotron.
In Situ Video-STM Studies of Methyl Thiolate Surface Dynamics and Self-Assembly on Cu(100) Electrodes (2012)

The atomic-scale surface dynamic behavior of adsorbed methyl thiolate on Cu(100) electrodes, prepared via the dissociative adsorption of dimethyl disulfide, was studied in 0.01 M HCl solution over a wide regime of coverages. Using video-rate in situ STM, we directly observed the motion of the adsorbates within the c(2 × 2) lattice of the chloride coadsorbates with high spatial and temporal resolution, revealing complex mutual interactions of the organic adsorbates as well as pronounced interactions with Cu adatoms, which significantly affect the thiolate self-assembly. Quantitative measurements of the tracer diffusion of isolated thiolates reveal a 35 meV lower diffusion barrier as compared to that of sulfide adsorbates with a linear potential dependence of 0.5 eV/V. The effective intermolecular interactions between the thiolates resemble those between adsorbed sulfide and are repulsive at the nearest-neighbor distance of a(0) within the c(2 × 2) lattice, attractive at the next-nearest-neighbor distance of √2a(0) and again repulsive at a distance of 2a(0). Thiolates at these small spacings are found to exhibit characteristic collective properties, which are significant for the self-assembly of these species: First, their mobility is greatly enhanced relative to that of isolated thiolates. Second, Cu adatoms can be transiently trapped in between the two thiolates of a metastable dimer with an intermolecular spacing of √2a(0). With increasing coverage, small, highly mobile molecular clusters and subsequently the formation of ordered adlayer domains with a c(2 × 6) structure are observed. Common structural elements of the clusters and c(2 × 6) domains are stripes of thiolate dimers, which are oriented in the [011] direction, spaced at distances of √2a(0) and of which a large fraction is occupied by Cu adatoms. The c(2 × 6) phase can be rationalized as a close-packed arrangement of these dimer stripes. Because of the self-acceleration of the thiolate mobility, the ordering and reorganization of the ordered c(2 × 6) adlayers occur orders of magnitude faster than the surface diffusion of isolated thiolates, illustrating the importance of collective effects in organic self-organization.
Introduction. On forging a new specialty from the crucible of war (2022)

ver the course of history, human conflict has been responsible for immeasurable loss of life. Care for the wounded evolved desultorily during this time, and though many believe that war has accelerated medical and surgical progress to the benefit of both military and civilian lives, many believe that the benefit may not be as significant as one might hope or believe. One cannot deny, however, that war has influenced medicine in many ways. From the evolution of the ambulance, triage medicine, and ventilated, open-spaced "hospitals," to the development of antibiotics, mobile x-ray units, and concepts in wound care, military medicine was borne from the dire circumstances of the wounded and the desire and need to heal and maintain a healthy fighting force. More recent military medical advancements in trauma systems, prehospital resuscitation, hemostatic agents, damage control surgery, burn care, endovascular stents, and many others have influenced civilian practice. The field of neurological surgery experienced a similar revolution during years of war.
Neuromodulatory Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Motor Excitability in Rats (2019)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique for modulating neural plasticity and is considered to have therapeutic potential in neurological disorders. For the purpose of translational neuroscience research, a suitable animal model can be ideal for providing a stable condition for identifying mechanisms that can help to explore therapeutic strategies. Here, we developed a tDCS protocol for modulating motor excitability in anesthetized rats. To examine the responses of tDCS-elicited plasticity, the motor evoked potential (MEP) and MEP input-output (IO) curve elicited by epidural motor cortical electrical stimulus were evaluated at baseline and after 30 min of anodal tDCS or cathodal tDCS. Furthermore, a paired-pulse cortical electrical stimulus was applied to assess changes in the inhibitory network by measuring long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) before and after tDCS. In the results, analogous to those observed in humans, the present study demonstrates long-term potentiation- (LTP-) and long-term depression- (LTD-) like plasticity can be induced by tDCS protocol in anesthetized rats. We found that the MEPs were significantly enhanced immediately after anodal tDCS at 0.1 mA and 0.8 mA and remained enhanced for 30 min. Similarly, MEPs were suppressed immediately after cathodal tDCS at 0.8 mA and lasted for 30 min. No effect was noted on the MEP magnitude under sham tDCS stimulation. Furthermore, the IO curve slope was elevated following anodal tDCS and presented a trend toward diminished slope after cathodal tDCS. No significant differences in the LICI ratio of pre- to post-tDCS were observed. These results indicated that developed tDCS schemes can produce consistent, rapid, and controllable electrophysiological changes in corticomotor excitability in rats. This newly developed tDCS animal model could be useful to further explore mechanical insights and may serve as a translational platform bridging human and animal studies, establishing new therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
Nature Is Cleverer Than We Are (2018)

An Oxford-educated chemist who worked on the origins of life, Leslie Orgel (figure 17.1, right) was a colleague at the Salk Institute for many years and one of the smartest scientists I have ever met. Discussions with him at faculty lunch on Fridays were always fascinating. The origin of life goes back billions of years to a time when the earth was so different from today that it would not support life as we know it. Conditions were harsh, and there was little oxygen in the atmosphere. Bacteria were preceded on the earth by archaea, but what came before archaea? DNA is common to all cells today, but what came before DNA? In 1968, Leslie Orgel and Francis Crick speculated that RNA, which is derived from DNA in cells, might have been the precursor, but this would require RNA to self-replicate. Evidence for this possibility was found in the form of ribozymes, RNA-based enzymes that can catalyze RNA reactions,
 1 and today most researchers in the field believe it is quite possible that all life descended from an earlier “RNA world.”
 2 But where did RNA come from? Unfortunately, we have little evidence from that period to go on.
LRP5 regulates the expression of STK40, a new potential target in triple-negative breast cancers (2018)

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) account for a large proportion of breast cancer deaths, due to the high rate of recurrence from residual, resistant tumor cells. New treatments are needed, to bypass chemoresistance and improve survival. The WNT pathway, which is activated in TNBCs, has been identified as an attractive pathway for treatment targeting. We analyzed expression of the WNT coreceptors LRP5 and LRP6 in human breast cancer samples. As previously described, LRP6 was overexpressed in TNBCs. However, we also showed, for the first time, that LRP5 was overexpressed in TNBCs too. The knockdown of LRP5 or LRP6 decreased tumorigenesis <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, identifying both receptors as potential treatment targets in TNBC. The apoptotic effect of LRP5 knockdown was more robust than that of LRP6 depletion. We analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of cells depleted of LRP5 or LRP6, to identify genes specifically deregulated by LRP5 potentially implicated in cell death. We identified serine/threonine kinase 40 (STK40) as one of two genes specifically downregulated soon after LRP5 depletion. STK40 was found to be overexpressed in TNBCs, relative to other breast cancer subtypes, and in various other tumor types. STK40 depletion decreased cell viability and colony formation, and induced the apoptosis of TNBC cells. In addition, STK40 knockdown impaired growth in an anchorage-independent manner <i>in vitro</i> and slowed tumor growth <i>in vivo</i>. These findings identify the largely uncharacterized putative protein kinase STK40 as a novel candidate treatment target for TNBC.
Inclusion compounds of isomeric xanthenol hosts with aniline (2005)

this compound is crystallized from solutions in acethophenone as a host-guest complex with a ratio 2:3. In the crystal structure DEDA molecules form infinite chains in a direction [01-1] through a pair of centrosymmetric hydrogen bonds. The acethophenone molecules are situated inside different channels formed at stacking of these chains and running along [100] and [0-11] directions.
A Freeform-based Versatile Microfluidic Raman Lab-on-Chip System (2021)

We present a versatile microfluidic Raman system with a tunable freeform-segmented reflector for conventional Raman and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) analysis. We perform systematic simulations and implemented a proof-of-concept demonstration setup. With our microfluidic Raman system, we discriminate 100µM urea and KNO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> , and 10µM Rhodamine B solutions.
Heterocycles as donor and acceptor units in push–pull conjugated molecules. Part 1 (1997)

The synthesis and spectroscopic investigation of a number of push–pull ethenes in which the donor moiety is represented by a π-excessive five-membered heterocycle (pyrrole, indole and thiophene) and the acceptor group is a π-deficient heterocyclic azine ring (pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine) are described. The intramolecular charge transfer in both the neutral compounds and the corresponding N-alkylpyridinium triflates is discussed and confirmed on the basis of three different descriptors, ΔλHetPh,Δλ+n, and Δλsolv1solv2, that take into account the substitution of a phenyl with a heterocyclic donor ring, charge effects and solvatochromism, respectively. According to the ΔλHetPh descriptor, the intramolecular charge transfer in the described diheteroarylethenes increases upon increasing the electron-withdrawing capacity of the acceptor, sustained by the presence of either more than one nitrogen atom or the positive charge in the heterocyclic azine. The described pyridinium derivatives belong to the rarely investigated class of dimethine cyanine dyes. The response of the 13C and 15N NMR chemical shift data appears to be less clear because of the low sensitivity of the NMR probes to remote substitution. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipoteichoic acid synergizes with ATP to activate dendritic cells for a pro-inflammatory TH17-polarizing phenotype (133.22) (2009)

Abstract Stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs) by exogenous danger signals such as single Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands results in generalized DC activation. Recently, Napolitani and co-workers showed select TLR ligand pairings induced a more specialized DC activation program including enhanced IL-12 p70 secretion and the capacity to polarize CD4 T cells into IFN-γ-secreting Th1 cells. We therefore examined the effect of pairing an exogenous TLR2 ligand (lipoteichoic acid) with an endogenous danger signal, ATP, which is found in high extracellular concentrations in damaged tissues, malignant tumors, and possibly other pathophysiological settings. ATP added to LTA modified somewhat the expression of common DC activation markers, but primarily induced a distinct pattern of cytokines with greatly enhanced levels of both IL-23 and IL-1β, while TNF, IL-10 and IL-6 remained mostly unchanged. IL-12 was not produced. These DC induced a Th17 response when stimulating allogeneic T cells in a manner partially dependent on IL-1β. These studies show that pairing of endogenous and exogenous danger signals can induce a specialized DC activation program that may have important physiological implications.
Age-related pathological impairments in induced neurons derived from patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (2021)

Abstract Understanding the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease has been hampered by the lack of models that recapitulate all the critical factors underlying its development. Here, we generated functional induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) that were directly reprogrammed from adult human dermal fibroblasts of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease to investigate diseaserelevant pathology. We show that iDANs derived from Parkinson’s disease patients exhibit lower basal chaperone-mediated autophagy as compared to iDANs of healthy donors. Furthermore, stress-induced autophagy resulted in an accumulation of macroautophagic structures in induced neurons (iNs) derived from Parkinson’s disease patients, independently of the specific neuronal subtype but dependent on the age of the donor. Finally, we found that these impairments in patient-derived iNs lead to an accumulation of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein, a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease pathology. Taken together, our results demonstrate that direct neural reprogramming provides a patient-specific model to study aged neuronal features relevant to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.
Obstructive sleep apnea, myocardial perfusion and myocardial blood flow: A study of older male twins (2022)

OSA is associated with myocardial perfusion abnormalities that suggest prior subclinical myocardial scarring or infarction. Early environmental factors that affect both twins equally may play a role and should be further explored.
Extending the ‘stressy’ edge: molecular chaperones flirting with RNA (2003)

A number of intriguing observations have emerged during the past years indicating that certain classes of the evolutionarily highly conserved heat shock or stress proteins extend their molecular partnerships beyond the originally recognized protein world. In this review, following a brief introduction to the 70-kDa family of stress proteins, we summarize the main aspects of RNA recognition and binding by this class of molecules. By highlighting some biochemical features of both the protein and RNA partners, we attempt to embed the central parts of this interaction in the context of potential physiological relevance. As perhaps true for many newly recognized molecular interactions, the phenomenon of RNA recognition and binding by molecular chaperones discussed in this review calls for a place of ever-growing importance in the functional genomic era, where an expanding number of previously unsuspected molecular partnerships are uncovered by virtue of powerful high throughput methodologies. We suggest that integration of this new knowledge into the long-outlined 'classical' network of cellular metabolism at both the biochemical and architectural level is pivotal to the emerging 'synthesis era' of today's cell biology.
Hyperuniformity of quasicrystals (2017)

The authors present a method for characterizing the hyperuniformity (the suppression of density fluctuations at long wavelengths) for quasicrystals (and other structures whose diffraction pattern includes a dense set of Bragg peaks) based on determining the behavior of the integrated spectral intensity $Z$($k$) for small wavenumber $k$. Surprisingly, we find that quasicrystals with peaks at the same wavenumbers $k$ can have different behavior for $Z$($k$) and, hence, qualitatively different degrees of hyperuniformity. This effect has never been explored in the laboratory. The figure shows a one-dimensional example: two ``sidewalks'' with different widths (pitched at an incommensurate angle) built on a lawn with a square crystal pattern of spots. The construction rule is that, every time the sidewalk crosses a spot, the sidewalk slab is cut and a new one begins. This rule guarantees both sidewalks are quasicrystalline. But the upper one (a Fibonacci sidewalk) has a different degree of hyperuniformity than the lower one.
Prospects for improved prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: Neuroscience Applied (2022)

Progress in Neuroscience and related fields of research is deepening our understanding of the causes and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and opening new avenues for their improved control. Together with more refined diagnostics, this is leading to an increased focus on prevention and early intervention as well as disease-modification, as opposed to predominantly symptomatic therapy. In addition to novel psychotherapeutic and pharmacological strategies, innovative modalities of treatment are emerging, from RNA therapeutics to neurorobotics, and they are being better matched to the risk and resilience profiles, needs and desires of individual patients. Diverse aspects of this ongoing transformation will be discussed herein and related to the goals and mission of <i>Neuroscience Applied</i>, the new open access journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP). It is our ambition that this new academic journal will advance and reinforce the foundations of applied neuroscience.
Development of a Method for Assessing Design Creativity (2007)

Creativity is regarded as a core ingredient of innovation as it enhances the possibility of generating superior products. The core components of creativity are ‘novelty’ and ‘usefulness’ and a direct measure of creativity should be in terms of measuring these components. This paper proposes a method for assessing creativity of technical products. Empirical studies have been conducted to validate this method. First this paper reviews existing methods for measuring ‘novelty’ of technical products, proposes a new method for measuring novelty, and evaluates the proposed method and the existing measures by benchmarking them against the intuitive notion of creativity of experienced designers. Next, it reviews existing literature on ‘usefulness’, proposes a method for assessing usefulness of technical products, and evaluates this by comparing its outcome with the outcome of the existing methods taking the evaluation by experienced designers as reference. Later, ‘creativity’ measures for these products are calculated using the values of the novelty and usefulness of the products and benchmarked against the outcomes of intuitive evaluation of creativity of these products by experienced designers.
Abstract 4808: Preclinical studies of the combination of ONC201, radiotherapy and Temozolomide against GBM, DIPG and ATRT cell lines (2019)

The American Cancer Society predicts, in 2018, there will be ~23,880 new cases and 16,830 deaths caused by primary cancer of the brain and spinal cord, in the US. CNS tumors are the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in adolescents and young adults. First-in-class small-molecule imipridone ONC201 can act as a dual inhibitor of ERK/AKT and can induce an integrated stress response (ISR), pro-apoptotic TRAIL receptor DR5 activation, cancer stem cell depletion, and growth arrest. ONC201 crosses the blood brain barrier and has demonstrated clinical benefits in glioblastoma patients. Radiation therapy is used alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy such as Temozolomide in the treatment of primary or metastatic brain tumors. We hypothesized that ONC201 may synergize with radiotherapy and Temozolomide in brain tumor treatment. Glioblastoma (GBM), diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) cell lines were tested in this study. Cell viability and colony formation assays were performed with ONC201 alone up to 20 μM or in combination with radiotherapy up to 8 Gy and Temozolomide up to 100 μM. Western blots were used to document apoptosis of treated cells. We observed synergy between ONC201 and radiation and between ONC201 and Temozolomide with the best combination indices of 0.51 and 0.21 respectively. Further studies are evaluating the role of dopamine receptors engaged by ONC201, the ISR and TRAIL pathway in the synergistic effect that would support further development of the triple combination therapy in brain tumors.Citation Format: Lanlan Zhou, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Preclinical studies of the combination of ONC201, radiotherapy and Temozolomide against GBM, DIPG and ATRT cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4808.
Analyzing user utterances in barge-in-able spoken dialogue system for improving identification accuracy (2010)

In our barge-in-able spoken dialogue system, the user’s behaviors such as barge-in timing and utterance expressions vary according to his/her characteristics and situations. The system adapts to the behaviors by modeling them. We analyzed 1584 utterances collected by our systems of quiz and news-listing tasks and showed that ratio of using referential expressions depends on individual users and average lengths of listed items. This tendency was incorporated as a prior probability into our method and improved the identification accuracy of the user’s intended items. Index Terms: barge-in, spoken dialogue systems, utterance timing, user characteristics
Compression friendly medical image encryption based order relation (2013)

In this paper a novel encryption methodology for improving compression in medical images is presented. It is shown that with the proposed scheme the pixel discontinuities are reduced which reduced the approximation error during the compression process. Permutation re-ordering is used to obtain the encryption key. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve 7-15dB improvement in PSNR values when used with JPEG2000 compression standard. It is shown that the proposed encryption scheme is independent of compression method used and can achieve real-time performs for encryption and decryption process.