gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Innervation of the guinea pig trachea: A quantitative morphological study of intrinsic neurons and extrinsic nerves (1989)

The innervation of the guinea pig trachea was studied in wholemount preparations stained for acetylcholinesterase, catecholamines, and substance P immunoreactivity and by electron microscopy. The majority of parasympathetic and afferent nerve fibres arrive from the vagus via branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are composed of several fascicles comprising 600-700 small myelinated fibres (2-5 microns diameter) and about 1,000-2,000 unmyelinated fibres; both components exit from the nerve and project in fine branches to the trachea. A separate component of 200-250 large myelinated fibres (more than 5 microns diameter) runs the full length of the nerve and innervates the striated muscles of the larynx. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are slightly asymmetric in their origin, length, number, and composition of fibres, with the right nerve being shorter but with more numerous and thinner myelinated fibres. At the distal end of the recurrent nerve, a fine branch called the ramus anastomoticus connects it to the superior laryngeal nerve. In the tracheal plexus, there are on average 222 ganglion cells (range 166-327), distributed mostly in small ganglia of 12 or fewer neurons. The ganglionated plexus is situated entirely outside the tracheal wall, overlying the smooth muscle. Ligation experiments show that sympathetic nerve fibres reach the trachea with the recurrent nerves via anastomoses between the sympathetic chain and vagus nerves, or occasionally with recurrent nerves directly, the largest being at the level of the ansa subclavia. There are also perivascular sympathetic nerve plexuses. Substance P immunoreactive fibres enter the trachea from the vagus nerves and by pathways similar to those of sympathetic nerves. There are also paraganglion cells within the recurrent laryngeal nerve that contain catecholamines and are surrounded by substance P immunoreactive fibres. After cervical vagotomy, all the large myelinated fibres of the ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve degenerate and so do all but 10 or 20 small myelinated fibres and all but a few unmyelinated fibres. Degenerating fibres are found within the entire tracheal plexus, indicating bilateral innervation. The small myelinated fibres that survive cervical vagotomy probably represent sympathetic or afferent nerves with their cell bodies located in sympathetic or dorsal root ganglia.
Optimal and Fault-Tolerant Torque Control of Servo Motors Subject to Voltage and Current Limits (2012)

This brief presents an optimal and ripple-free torque control of a brushless servo motor with any back-emk waveform that minimizes power dissipation subject to voltage and current limits of the motor's drivers/amplifiers. When one or more phases reach the voltage and/or current limits, the controller optimally reshapes the stator currents of the remaining phases for continuing accurate torque production. This allows the motor to operate above the rated speed and torque that would be achieved without current reshaping. In the event that an open-circuit or short-circuit of a winding occurs, the torque controller can also isolate the faulty phase in order to generate torque as requested given the voltage and current constraints of the healthy phases. Assuming the inductance of stator coils is negligible allows the description of the phase voltage and current limit requirements by a set of inequity constraints. It follows by the derivation of a closed-form solution for the optimal phase currents at given angular position, velocity, and desired torque—rendering the control algorithm suitable for real-time implementation. Experimental results illustrate the capability of the controller to achieve precise torque production during voltage/current saturation of the motor's drivers or a phase failure.
Cells diversify transmembrane signaling through the controlled chaos of protein disorder (2011)

Cell surface receptors function to transduce signals across the cell membrane leading to a variety of biologic responses. Structurally, these integral proteins can be classified into two main families, depending on whether extracellular ligand-binding and intracellular signaling domains are located on the same protein chain (single-chain receptors, SRs) or on separate subunits (multichain receptors, MRs). Since most MRs are immune receptors, they are all commonly referred to as multi-chain immune recognition receptors (MIRRs). Recent studies reveal that, in contrast to well-structured signaling domains of SRs, those of MIRRs represent intrinsically disordered regions, the regions that lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions. Why did nature separate recognition and signaling functions of MIRRs? Why for MIRRs did nature select to provide highly specific signaling through the chaos of protein disorder? What mechanisms could control this chaos in the process of transmembrane signal transduction to provide the specificity and diversity of the immune response? Here, I summarize recent findings that may not only shed light on these and other questions but also add significantly to our understanding of receptor signaling, a fundamental process that plays a critical role in health and disease.
An anion-conductive microporous membrane composed of a rigid ladder polymer with a spirobiindane backbone (2016)

A free-standing membrane consisting of a spirobiindane-based microporous polymer carrying trimethylammonium hydroxide groups exhibited good OH<sup>−</sup> conductivity under vapour conditions.
Two and three-dimensional segmentation of hyperpolarized &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He magnetic resonance imaging of pulmonary gas distribution (2012)

A semi-automated method for generating hyperpolarized helium-3 (<sup>3</sup>He) measurements of individual slice (2D) or whole lung (3D) gas distribution was developed. <sup>3</sup>He MRI functional images were segmented using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical K-means clustering of the <sup>3</sup>He MRI signal and in addition a seeded region-growing algorithm was employed for segmentation of the <sup>1</sup>H MRI thoracic cavity volume. <sup>3</sup>He MRI pulmonary function measurements were generated following two-dimensional landmark-based non-rigid registration of the <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>1</sup>H pulmonary images. We applied this method to MRI of healthy subjects and subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). The results of hierarchical K-means 2D and 3D segmentation were compared to an expert observer's manual segmentation results using linear regression, Pearson correlations and the Dice similarity coefficient. 2D hierarchical K-means segmentation of ventilation volume (VV) and ventilation defect volume (VDV) was strongly and significantly correlated with manual measurements (VV: r=0.98, p&lt;.0001; VDV: r=0.97, p&lt;.0001) and mean Dice coefficients were greater than 92% for all subjects. 3D hierarchical K-means segmentation of VV and VDV was also strongly and significantly correlated with manual measurements (VV: r=0.98, p&lt;.0001; VDV: r=0.64, p&lt;.0001) and the mean Dice coefficients were greater than 91% for all subjects. Both 2D and 3D semi-automated segmentation of <sup>3</sup>He MRI gas distribution provides a way to generate novel pulmonary function measurements.
JVM for a Heterogeneous Shared Memory System (2007)

InterWeave is a middleware system that supports the sharing of strongly typed data structures across heterogeneous languages and machine architectures. Java presents special challenges for InterWeave, including write detection, data translation, and the interface with the garbage collector. In this paper, we discuss our implementation of J-InterWeave, a JVM based on the Kaffe virtual machine and on our locally developed InterWeave client software. J-InterWeave uses bytecode instrumentation to detect writes to shared objects, and leverages Kaffe&amp;apos;s class objects to generate type information for correct translation between the local object format and the machine-independent InterWeave wire format. Experiments indicate that our bytecode instrumentation imposes less than 2% performance cost in Kaffe interpretation mode, and less than 10% overhead in JIT mode. Moreover, JInterWeave &amp;apos;s translation between local and wire format is more than 8 times as fast as the implementation of object serialization in Sun JDK 1.3.1 for double arrays. To illustrate the flexibility and efficiency of J-InterWeave in practice, we discuss its use for remote visualization and steering of a stellar dynamics simulation system written in C.
Decomposition and ligand substitution reaction mechanisms for organometallic radicals (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDecomposition and ligand substitution reaction mechanisms for organometallic radicalsKenneth M. Doxsee, Robert H. Grubbs, and Fred C. AnsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 25, 7819–7824Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00337a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00337a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views466Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electromagnetic wave propagation in rectangular waveguides filled with Omega-medium (2005)

A time-harmonic electromagnetic plane wave propagating in a uniaxial bianisotropic medium, the so-called Omega medium, is considered. Plane waves are identified together with their dispersion equations with the help of an appropriate coordinate system. The plane wave solution is then used to study in a rigorous way the coupled-mode equations satisfied by the electromagnetic field in a rectangular waveguide filled with such a material and bounded by perfect electrically conducting walls. The features of this approach are demonstrated and an application to rectangular waveguides is discussed. Numerical results are also presented as a function of the material parameters.
A New <i>In Vitro</i> Model to Evaluate Differential Responses of Endothelial Cells to Simulated Arterial Shear Stress Waveforms (2002)

In the circulation, flow-responsive endothelial cells (ECs) lining the lumen of blood vessels are continuously exposed to complex hemodynamic forces. To increase our understanding of EC response to these dynamic shearing forces, a novel in vitro flow model was developed to simulate pulsatile shear stress waveforms encountered by the endothelium in the arterial circulation. A modified waveform modeled after flow patterns in the human abdominal aorta was used to evaluate the biological responsiveness of human umbilical vein ECs to this new type of stimulus. Arterial pulsatile flow for 24 hours was compared to an equivalent time-average steady laminar shear stress, using no flow (static) culture conditions as a baseline. While both flow stimuli induced comparable changes in cell shape and alignment, distinct patterns of responses were observed in the distribution of actin stress fibers and vinculin-associated adhesion complexes, intrinsic migratory characteristics, and the expression of eNOS mRNA and protein. These results thus reveal a unique responsiveness of ECs to an arterial waveform and begin to elucidate the complex sensing capabilities of the endothelium to the dynamic characteristics of flows throughout the human vascular tree.
Efficacy of polyethylene Interpolymer membranes for fluoride and arsenic ion removal during desalination of water via electrodialysis (2016)

We report the comparative fluoride and arsenic ion removal efficacies of three different pairs of ion exchange membranes <italic>via</italic> electrodialysis during the desalination of ground water.
Constrained intelligent action: planning under the influence of a master agent (1992)

In this paper we analyze a particular model of control among intelligent agents, that of nonabsolute control. Non-absolute control involves a agent that issues orders to a agent. An example might be a human agent on Earth directing the activities of a Mars-based semi-autonomous vehicle.

Both agents operate with essentially the same goals. The subordinate agent, however, is assumed to have access to some information that the supervisor does not have. The agent is thus expected to exercise its judgment in following orders (i.e., following the true intent of the supervisor, to the best of its ability). After presenting our model, we discuss the planning problem: how would a subordinate agent choose among alternative plans? Our solutions focus on evaluating the distance between candidate plans.
Cellular Nanocomputers (2011)

Cellular Automata have their roots in von Neumann’s research on self-reproduction, but since their debut they have been used for a much wider variety of purposes. In recent years they have attracted attention as architectures for nanocomputers–computers to be realized by nanotechnology. Their highly regular structure is considered an important advantage in this context, because of the potential for fabrication by bottom-up techniques like molecular self-assembly. This article gives an overview of research on cellular automaton-based nanocomputers, and discusses their strong points and challenges.
Wave Interference Effect in Thin Film Structures under Pulsed Laser Irradiation (2008)

The present article conducts extensive numerical simulations to investigate conduction and radiation heat transfer characteristics in thin silicon layers irradiated by pulsed lasers. The two temperature model is used for estimating carrier and lattice temperatures during laser irradiation. The energy absorption in thin films is predicted by the electromagnetic theory, including wave interference effects through thin film optics. The present study predicts the carrier and lattice temperatures during laser irradiation and examines the influence of film thickness and laser pulse duration on characteristics of energy transport. It is observed that, unlike bulk materials, the variation of the film thickness causes significant changes in the reflectivity of silicon film due to wave interference effects in thin film structures. The maximum value of the reflectivity is estimated to be about seven times larger than the minimum value. For the spatial distributions of carrier and lattice temperatures, it is found that a periodic tendency appears for picosecond pulse because of the difference between the pulse duration and the time for energy diffusion. It indicates that the traditional usage of Beer’s law is not appropriate for prediction of radiation heat transfer in thin film structures.
Intraoperative assessment of microperfusion with visible light spectroscopy in colorectal anastomosis (2007)

In gastrointestinal surgery, leakage of anastomoses in general is a challenging problem because of the related mortality and morbidity1,2. The highest incidence of anastomotic leakage is found at the most proximal and most distal parts of the digestive tract, i.e. esophageal and colorectal anastomoses. Increased strain and limited vascular supply at the anastomoses are the two main reasons of leakage, especially in the absence of a serosal layer at these sites2,3,4. Apart from these local risk factors, several general risk factors attributed to the occurrence of anastomotic failure, of which smoking, cardiovascular disease, gender, age and malnutrition are the most important2,5-8. Most of these factors suggest local ischemia as an important cause of anastomotic dehiscence. In colorectal anastomosis the vascular supply is compromised due to resection of the diseased bowel segment. The vascular supply of the rectal stump is compromised by resection of the proximal feeding sigmoidal vessels. Apart from co-existing morbidities such as sepsis, cardiovascular and several systemic diseases, the altered vascular supply frequently compromises the microcirculation at both ends of the anastomosis, and is as such responsible for the higher rate of leakage compared to small and other large bowel anastomoses9,10.
(<i>S</i>)‐Selective Kinetic Resolution and Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols (2005)

(S)-Selective kinetic resolution was achieved through the use of a commercially available protease, which was activated with a combination of two different surfactants. The kinetic resolution (KR) process was optimized with respect to activation of the protease and to the acyl donor. The KR proved to be compatible with a range of functionalized sec-alcohols, giving good to high enantiomeric ratio values (up to >200). The enzymatic resolution was combined with a ruthenium-catalyzed racemization to give an (S)-selective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of sec-alcohols. The DKR process works under very mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding esters in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Development of Nanoparticle Array Method by Using DNA Sequence Recognition Peptide (2008)

As nanotechnology has been developed, various nanoparticles and elemental device have been studied intensively. These studies suggest that new materials can be created by regular arranging of nanoparticles. However, a method for the arranging has not been developed sufficiently. We tried to arrange by using DNA molecules and the DNA sequences recognition peptide-conjugated nanoparticles. To achieve this goal, we investigated the following topics: 1) sample preparation of DNA sequence recognition peptide-conjugated nanoparticles; 2) complex formation of DNA and DNA sequence recognition peptide conjugated nanoparticles; 3) observation and evaluation of them by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) techniques. We succeeded in the conjugation of the nanoparticle and the DNA sequence recognition peptide, the formation of the DNA and the peptide-conjugated nanoparticle complexes, and thearrangement of the nanoparticles in a target place on DNA.
Péptidos inhibidores del PSMA radiomarcados para el estudio del carcinoma de próstata (2021)

Prostate cancer, with a high incidence and as the second cause of death among the male population, constitutes a serious health problem that worsens over the years. The early diagnosis and the correct staging of this disease are important for the adequate management of the patient. In this sense, Nuclear Medicine molecular imaging is very useful, so the development of new peptidomimetic molecules with affinity for membrane receptors overexpressed in prostate cancer, such as prostate specific antigen (PSMA), has allowed making a qualitative step forward for the early detection and monitoring of prostate carcinoma. The present work is aimed at providing an overview of the status of PSMA inhibitor peptides, derived from the sequence -Lys-Urea-Glu-, as radiopharmaceuticals for the study of prostate neoplasms, which are currently in different stages of development, showing, in general, a high specificity, an adequate uptake into the tumor tissue and a satisfactory pharmacokinetics, to be used in the study of prostate cancer, both by positron emission tomography (PET), and by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
Tailoring ergodicity through selective A-site doping in the Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3–Bi1/2K1/2TiO3 system (2015)

The morphotropic phase boundary composition Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-20 mol. % Bi1/2K1/2TiO3 was chosen as initial material to do selective A-site aliovalent doping replacing Na and K by 1 at. % La, respectively. The materials were studied macroscopically by measuring dielectric and electromechanical properties. The Na-replaced material has a lower freezing temperature Tfr, lower remanent polarization and remanent strain, and thus a higher degree of ergodicity than the K-replaced material. These results are contrasted with local poling experiments and hysteresis loops obtained from piezoresponse force microscopy. The faster relaxation of the tip-induced local polarization and the lower remanent state in bias-on and -off loops confirm the higher degree of ergodicity of the Na-replaced material. The difference in functional properties is attributed to small variations in chemical pressure achieved through selective doping. Raman results support this working hypothesis.
A Comparison of Free-Flowing, Segregating and Non-Free-Flowing, Cohesive Mixing Systems in Assessing the Performance of a Modified V-Shaped Solids Mixer (1995)

The performance of a modified V-shaped solids mixer, i.e., uneven leg or offset angle, has been reassessed by using a binary cohesive mixture, made up of 1% sodium salicylate and 99% microcry stalline cellulose, as the mixing system. The performance of the mixer was defined in terms of relative standard deviation from the measured mean. The results generated from the present study were compared with the previously published data generated by using a free-flow mixing system. It appears in the present study that the free-flowing, segregating materials may be used as a mixing model to predict the trend of the performance of a modified V-shaped blender for the non-free-flowing, cohesive materials. However, in the equilibrium state, the non-free-flowing, cohesive mixture has much better quality of the mix than that of the free-flowing, segregating system in terms of the scale and intensity of segregation.
Physical modeling of electric machines for motor drive system simulation (2005)

This paper discusses the issues related to the physical modeling of electric machines. The concept of physical modeling is introduced through reviewing the assumptions made in ideal models. In addition to the FE models, a physical phase variable model is proposed. The inductances as well as flux linkages are calculated from nonlinear transient FE solutions. Simulink implementations of both FE model and the phase variable model are studied. A PM synchronous motor and a PM brushless motor are used as objects of this research. The physical models of them are built and applied to various motor drive simulation systems. The obtained results show the ability of physical modeling in obtaining accurate results at much more faster speed.