gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On interdomain routing security and pretty secure BGP (psBGP) (2007)

It is well known that the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), the IETF standard interdomain routing protocol, is vulnerable to a variety of attacks, and that a single misconfigured or malicious BGP speaker could result in large-scale service disruption. In this paper, we present Pretty Secure BGP (psBGP) ---a proposal for securing BGP, including an architectural overview, design details for significant aspects, and preliminary security and operational analysis. psBGP differs from other security proposals (e.g., S-BGP and soBGP) in that it makes use of a single-level PKI for AS number authentication, a decentralized trust model for verifying the propriety of IP prefix origin, and a rating-based stepwise approach for AS_PATH (integrity) verification. psBGP trades off the strong security guarantees of S-BGP for presumed-simpler operation, e.g., using a PKI with a simple structure, with a small number of certificate types, and of manageable size. psBGP is designed to successfully defend against various (nonmalicious and malicious) threats from uncoordinated BGP speakers, and to be incrementally deployed with incremental benefits.
Robust Performance Analysis of Terrain Referenced Navigation Using Flash Lidar (2016)

The sequential processing Terrain Referenced Navigation (TRN) updates the vehicle position using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) whenever the measurement is acquired. The conventional sequential TRN uses RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) altimeter as a TRN sensor and uses only one range measurement. However, the TRN performance can be improved by replacing the TRN sensor with a flash LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), which measures multiple ranges between the LiDAR and the targets by using speed of light and Time Of Flight (TOF). It is possible because the receiver of the flash LiDAR has Focal Plane Array (FPA) which consists of many photo detectors as a form of array. In the conventional TRN algorithm, Digital Elevation Map (DEM) error is applied to the measurement covariance. However, the location where the terrain elevation is computed is not coincide with DEM location in general. Therefore applying the DEM error to all estimated target location is not realistic. In this paper, it is shown that it is possible to get more robust result by using Gaussian Process which calculates the terrain elevation and its variance at any location.
Pick &amp; merge (2019)

Microsoft Windows is the most popular operating system (OS) for personal computers (PCs). With hundreds of millions of users, its app marketplace, Windows Store, is one of the largest in the world. As such, special considerations are required in order to improve online computational efficiency and response times.
Antipsychotic treatment experiences of people with bipolar I disorder: patient perspectives from an online survey (2020)

Side effects of APs were both common and bothersome, and impacted social functioning, adherence, and work. Findings highlight the prevailing unmet need for new APs with more favorable benefit-risk profiles.
Objective Assessment of Sonographic Quality I: Task Information (2012)

In this paper, we explore relationships between the performance of the ideal observer and information-based measures of class separability in the context of sonographic breast-lesion diagnosis. This investigation was motivated by a finding that, since the test statistic of the ideal observer in sonography is a quadratic function of the echo data, it is not generally normally distributed. We found for some types of boundary discrimination tasks often required for sonographic lesion diagnosis, the deviation of the test statistic from a normal distribution can be significant. Hence the usual relationships between performance and information metrics become uncertain. Using Monte Carlo studies involving five common sonographic lesion-discrimination tasks, we found in each case that the detectability index d(A)(2) from receiver operating characteristic analysis was well approximated by the Kullback-Leibler divergence J, a measure of clinical task information available from the recorded radio-frequency echo data. However, the lesion signal-to-noise ratio, SNR(I)(2), calculated from moments of the ideal observer test statistic, consistently underestimates d(A)(2) for high-contrast boundary discrimination tasks. Thus, in a companion paper, we established a relationship between image-quality properties of the imaging system and J in order to predict ideal performance. These relationships provide a rigorous basis for sonographic instrument evaluation and design.
Intra- and inter-chromosomal chromatin interactions mediate genetic effects on regulatory networks (2017)

Summary Genome-wide studies on the genetic basis of gene expression and the structural properties of chromatin have considerably advanced our understanding of the function of the human genome. However, it remains unclear how structure relates to function and, in this work, we aim at bridging both by assembling a dataset that combines the activity of regulatory elements (e.g. enhancers and promoters), expression of genes and genetic variations of 317 individuals and across two cell types. We show that the regulatory activity is structured within 12,583 Cis Regulatory Domains (CRDs) that are cell type specific and highly reflective of the local (i.e. Topologically Associating Domains) and global (i.e. A/B nuclear compartments) nuclear organization of the chromatin. These CRDs essentially delimit the sets of active regulatory elements involved in the transcription of most genes, thereby capturing complex regulatory networks in which the effects of regulatory variants are propagated and combined to finally mediate expression Quantitative Trait Loci. Overall, our analysis reveals the complexity and specificity of cis and trans regulatory networks and their perturbation by genetic variation.
Obligatory hybridization of heterologous immunoglobulin light chains into covalently linked dimers (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTObligatory hybridization of heterologous immunoglobulin light chains into covalently linked dimersDavid S. Peabody, Kathryn R. Ely, and Allen B. EdmundsonCite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 13, 2827–2834Publication Date (Print):June 24, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 24 June 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00554a002https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00554a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views25Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IN NEED OF TREATMENT? MERGER CONTROL, PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATION, AND CONSUMER WELFARE (2000)

(2000). IN NEED OF TREATMENT? MERGER CONTROL, PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATION, AND CONSUMER WELFARE. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 271-349.
Basal ganglia neuropeptides show abnormal processing associated with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (2022)

L-DOPA administration is the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) but long-term administration is usually accompanied by hyperkinetic side-effects called L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Signaling neuropeptides of the basal ganglia are affected in LID and changes in the expression of neuropeptide precursors have been described, but the final products formed from these precursors have not been well defined and regionally mapped. We therefore used mass spectrometry imaging to visualize and quantify neuropeptides in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposed parkinsonian and LID Macaca mulatta brain samples. We found that dyskinesia severity correlated with the levels of some abnormally processed peptides - notably, des-tyrosine dynorphins, substance P (1-7), and substance P (1-9) - in multiple brain regions. Levels of the active neuropeptides; dynorphin B, dynorphin A (1-8), α-neoendorphin, substance P (1-11), and neurokinin A, in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra correlated with putaminal levels of L-DOPA. Our results demonstrate that the abundance of selected active neuropeptides is associated with L-DOPA concentrations in the putamen, emphasizing their sensitivity to L-DOPA. Additionally, levels of truncated neuropeptides (which generally exhibit reduced or altered receptor affinity) correlate with dyskinesia severity, particularly for peptides associated with the direct pathway (i.e., dynorphins and tachykinins). The increases in tone of the tachykinin, enkephalin, and dynorphin neuropeptides in LID result in abnormal processing of neuropeptides with different biological activity and may constitute a functional compensatory mechanism for balancing the increased L-DOPA levels across the whole basal ganglia.
Metal‐Free Selective Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridazines from Hydroxypyrrolines and Hydrazines (2017)

An efficient and selective synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridazines through the acid‐catalyzed recyclization of 5‐hydroxy‐Δ 1 ‐pyrrolines with hydrazines has been developed. The scope of this reaction was thoroughly explored, resulting in the generation of a library of 1,4‐dihydropyridazines in good to excellent yields (25 examples, 67–100 % yields).
Forearm Motion Estimation with Residual Shoulder Motion using Kinematic Synergies and Recurrent Neural Network (2020)

The use of myoelectric control for prosthetic hand devices is very popular and many sophisticated prostheses have been developed, owing to the advancements in sensor and actuator technologies. However, for transhumeral amputees, EMG based control strategies still lack to provide intuitive solution as they need a prosthetic device with higher degrees of freedom (powered hand, wrist and elbow). Recently through the use of motion capture systems, Synergies have been adopted in human-prosthesis interface. The process involves combining several DoFs into synergies based on the inter-joint coordination of human arm during movements, to simplify the control problem.
Middle Infrared Electroluminescence of Cr2+ ions in n-type Al:Cr:ZnSe crystal (2018)

Middle-infrared electroluminescence of n-type Cr:ZnSe single crystal induced by impact excitation is reported. Conductivity was achieved via thermal diffusion doping of ZnSe with Al. An estimation of the threshold current density for lasing was performed.
Dynamic strain measurement at arbitrary multiple points along a fiber with 500Hz high-speed random accessibility of brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (2014)

In this paper, we demonstrate dynamic strain measurement at arbitrary points by a basic BOCDA system with 500 points/s random access speed. This is the highest speed of the random accessibility reported so far.
Crop leaf area. (2012)

In this chapter, a simple method is presented for predicting leaf area development under non-limiting water and nutrients, and in the absence of insects, diseases and weeds. Studies on the application of mathematical models in leaf area prediction in grain crops, such as soyabean and wheat, are included. A mathematical method to simulate leaf area senescence as affected by shading and frost is also presented.
Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films Formed By Electron-Beam Cure (1991)

Abstract Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films are useful in electro-optic applications because they can be switched electrically between opaque and transparent states. We have prepared PDLC films using electron-beam radiation (e-beam cure). The resulting films exhibit promising mechanical, electro-optic, and thermal response. Compared with the ultraviolet cure process, e-beam cure has the advantage of not requiring photoinitiators. In addition, e-beam cure is characterized by a fast cure rate. The e-beam cure method May therefore, be a good candidate for production of PDLC films.
Development and Evaluation of a Powered Artificial Gastrocnemius for Transtibial Amputee Gait (2018)

Existing robotic transtibial prostheses provide only ankle joint actuation and do not restore biarticular function of the gastrocnemius muscle. This paper presents the first powered biarticular transtibial prosthesis, which is a combination of a commercial powered ankle-foot prosthesis and a motorized robotic knee orthosis. The orthosis is controlled to emulate the human gastrocnemius based on neuromuscular models of matched nonamputees. Together with the ankle-foot prosthesis, the devices provide biarticular actuation. We evaluate differences between this biarticular condition and a monoarticular condition with the orthosis behaving as a free-joint. Six participants with transtibial amputation walk with the prosthesis on a treadmill while motion, force, and metabolic data are collected and analyzed for differences between conditions. The biarticular prosthesis reduces affected-side biological knee flexion moment impulse and hip positive work during late-stance knee flexion, compared to the monoarticular condition. The data do not support our hypothesis that metabolism decreases for all participants, but some participants demonstrate large metabolic reductions with the biarticular condition. These preliminary results suggest that a powered artificial gastrocnemius may be capable of providing large metabolic reductions compared to a monoarticular prosthesis, but further study is warranted to determine an appropriate controller for achieving more consistent metabolic benefits.
Quantification of the Bioactive Compound Eritadenine in Selected Strains of Shiitake Mushroom (<i>Lentinus edodes</i>) (2007)

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death in the Western world, and a high level of blood cholesterol is considered a risk factor. The edible fungus, shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes), contains the hypocholesterolemic agent eritadenine, 2(R),3(R)-dihydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)-butyric acid. This study was conducted to quantify the amount of the cholesterol reducing agent eritadenine in shiitake mushrooms, in search of a potential natural medicine against blood cholesterol. The amounts of eritadenine in the fruit bodies of four different shiitake mushrooms, Le-1, Le-2, Le-A, and Le-B, were investigated in this study. To achieve this goal, methanol extraction was used to recover as much as possible of the hypocholesterolemic agent from the fungal cells. In addition, enzymes that degrade the fungal cell walls were also used to elucidate if the extraction could be further enhanced. To analyze the target compound, a reliable and reproducible HPLC method for separation, identification, and quantification of eritadenine was developed. The shiitake strains under investigation exhibit up to 10 times higher levels of eritadenine than previously reported for other shiitake strains. Further, pretreating the mushrooms with hydrolytic enzymes before methanol extraction resulted in an insignificant increase in the amount of eritadenine released. These results indicate the potential for delivery of therapeutic amounts of eritadenine from the ingestion of extracts or dried concentrates of shiitake mushroom strains.
Mn2+-sensitive and -insensitive forms of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). (1981)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) from rat liver cytosol is activated by micromolar concentrations of Mn2+ under conditions where GTP is present as the MgGTP complex and free Mg2+ is present in excess. The purified, homogeneous enzyme rapidly loses the ability to be activated by Mn2+ upon storage, incubation with oxidized glutathione, or incubation with Mn2+. These changes are prevented by reducing agents. Under certain conditions, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Mr = 72,000) co-purifies with a protein of Mr = 29,000. This complex co-elutes on gel permeation chromatography but can be separated by chromatography on GTP-agarose in the presence of Mn2+. The Mr = 29,000 protein stabilizes the activity of the enzyme and protects against the changes which lead to the loss of the Mn2+ activation. These results suggest that the Mn2+ activation of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase is dependent on the degree of oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryls. The role of the Mr = 29,000 protein in in vitro experiments is to stabilize the enzyme oxidation state which permits activation by Mn2+.
Modeling and simulation of material degradation in biodegradable wound closure devices (2014)

Biodegradable materials have been used as wound closure materials. It is important for these materials to enhance wound healing when the wound is vulnerable, and maintain wound closure until the wound is heal. This article studies the degradation process of bioresorbable magnesium micro-clips for wound closure in voice/laryngeal microsurgery. A novel computational approach is proposed to model degradation of the biodegradable micro-clips. The degradation process that considers both material and geometry of the device as well as its deployment is modeled as an energy minimization problem that is iteratively solved using active contour and incremental finite element methods. Strain energy of the micro-clip during degradation is calculated with the stretching and bending functions in the active contour formulation. The degradation rate is computed from strain energy using a transformation formulation. By relating strain energy to material degradation, the degradation rates and geometries of the micro-clip during degradation can be represented using a simulated degradation map. Computer simulation of the degradation of the micro-clip presented in the study is validated by in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Detection of antigens specific for B-lymphoid cultured cell lines with human alloantisera. (1975)

Human sera were tested for cytotoxicity to pairs of long-term tissue-cultured cell lines. Each pair had been derived from the same individual and one of the pairs possessed the characteristics of either "T" or "B" cells. The alloantisera used were HL-A-typing reagents or sera obtained from Amish multiparas. Selected cytotoxicity was found against the B-cell lines by direct testing. Cytotoxicity was abolished by absorption with B-cell line but not by absorption with the T-cell lines. The results suggest that a group of allotypic antigens may be expressed exculsively on human B cells.
PALM: portable sensor-augmented vision system for large-scene modeling (2003)

We propose PALM-a portable sensor-augmented vision system for large-scene modeling. The system solves the problem of recovering large structures in arbitrary scenes from video streams taken by a sensor-augmented camera. Central to the solution method is the use of multiple constraints derived from GPS measurements, camera orientation sensor readings, and image features. The knowledge of camera orientation enhances computational efficiency by making a linear formulation of perspective ray constraints possible. The overall shape is constructed by merging smaller shape segments. Shape merging errors are minimized using the concept of shape hierarchy, which is realized through a "landmarking" technique. The features of the system include its use of a small number of images and feature points, its portability, and its low cost interface for synchronizing sensor measurements with the video stream. Example reconstructions of a football stadium and two large buildings are presented and these results are compared with the ground truth.
Ubiquitin-mediated fluctuations in MHC class II facilitate efficient germinal center B cell responses (2016)

Antibody affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers (GCs) through iterative rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection. Selection involves B cells competing for T cell help based on the amount of antigen they capture and present on their MHC class II (MHCII) proteins. How GC B cells are able to rapidly and repeatedly transition between mutating their B cell receptor genes and then being selected shortly after is not known. We report that MHCII surface levels and degradation are dynamically regulated in GC B cells. Through ectopic expression of a photoconvertible MHCII-mKikGR chimeric gene, we found that individual GC B cells differed in the rates of MHCII protein turnover. Fluctuations in surface MHCII levels were dependent on ubiquitination and the E3 ligase March1. Increases in March1 expression in centroblasts correlated with decreases in surface MHCII levels, whereas CD83 expression in centrocytes helped to stabilize MHCII at that stage. Defects in MHCII ubiquitination caused GC B cells to accumulate greater amounts of a specific peptide-MHCII (pMHCII), suggesting that MHCII turnover facilitates the replacement of old complexes. We propose that pMHCII complexes are periodically targeted for degradation in centroblasts to favor the presentation of recently acquired antigens, thereby promoting the fidelity and efficiency of selection.
Electromigration in Pb‐Free Solder Joints in Electronic Packaging (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Unique Features for EM in Flip-Chip Pb-Free Solder Joints Changes of Physical Properties of Solder Bumps During EM Challenges for Understanding EM in Pb-Free Solder Microbumps Thermomigration of Cu and Ni in Pb-Free Solder Microbumps Summary Acknowledgments References
Arithmetic processing in the brain shaped by cultures (2006)

The universal use of Arabic numbers in mathematics raises a question whether these digits are processed the same way in people speaking various languages, such as Chinese and English, which reflect differences in Eastern and Western cultures. Using functional MRI, we demonstrated a differential cortical representation of numbers between native Chinese and English speakers. Contrasting to native English speakers, who largely employ a language process that relies on the left perisylvian cortices for mental calculation such as a simple addition task, native Chinese speakers, instead, engage a visuo-premotor association network for the same task. Whereas in both groups the inferior parietal cortex was activated by a task for numerical quantity comparison, functional MRI connectivity analyses revealed a functional distinction between Chinese and English groups among the brain networks involved in the task. Our results further indicate that the different biological encoding of numbers may be shaped by visual reading experience during language acquisition and other cultural factors such as mathematics learning strategies and education systems, which cannot be explained completely by the differences in languages per se.