gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of Antitumor Immunity and Tumor-Mediated Immunosuppression (2002)

A quarter of a century ago, a series of discoveries alerted investigators to the possibility that the immune system could be successfully harnessed to cure cancer. Intratumor injection of bacterial extracts such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Corynebacterium parvum proved sufficient to induce local rejection of mouse tumors, and, in some cases, led to systemic acquisition of specific antitumor immunity (1,2). Melanoma patients whose tumor nodules were injected with such bacterial adjuvants frequently experienced local tumor regressions, sometimes with downstream tumor regressions at sites of lymphatic drainage and, rarely, even distant metastases (1,3–6). At approximately the same time, it was discovered that individual melanoma patients had evidence of peripheral blood T cells that could directly kill their own tumor cells in culture, and such in vitro killer T cell reactivity sometimes correlated to spontaneous clinical remissions (7).Furthermore, with the discovery of interleukin (IL)-2 (also known as a T cell growth factor) in the late 1970s, the prospect of raising vast numbers of antitumor killer T cells for therapeutic reinfusion appeared imminent and inevitable (8).
Rehabilitation Engineering Issues and Man-Machine Systems (1992)

Knowledge from studies in force reflection and control theory have application to problems in Rehabilitation Engineering. One objective in Rehabiitation Engineering is to judiciously produce a force to assist a human in the performance of a task. Using principals of how man-machine systems interact with force reflecting controllers provides insight on how to achieve this result.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Endothelial Expression of TNF Receptor-1 Generates a Proapoptotic Signal Inhibited by Integrin α6β1 in Glioblastoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 695K, Significantly increased mRNA Expression of TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 in GBM as compared to normal brain&lt;/p&gt;
Tutorial on “optical signal processing: The roadmap towards high-speed optical racket/burst switching” ECOC 2009, Vienna Austria (2009)

• Review basics of optical packet switching and optical burst switching • Review electronic packet switching terminology and architectural evolution • Discuss buffering and contention resolution requirements • Review OPS and OBS systems architectures, requirements • Review requirements and progress in OPS and OBS physical layer technologies with focus on PIC integration • Review control plane requirements and approaches for OPS and OBS • Review systems level state of the art demonstration in Japan, US and other countries.
Supplementary Figure 1 from The Ret Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Functionally Interacts with the ERα Pathway in Breast Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from The Ret Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Functionally Interacts with the ERα Pathway in Breast Cancer
Structural Investigation of Uniform Ensembles of Self-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires Fabricated by a Lithography-Free Technique (2017)

Structural analysis of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires (NWs) grown on lithography-free oxide patterns is described with insight on their growth kinetics. Statistical analysis of templates and NWs in different phases of the growth reveals extremely high-dimensional uniformity due to a combination of uniform nucleation sites, lack of secondary nucleation of NWs, and self-regulated growth under the effect of nucleation antibunching. Consequently, we observed the first evidence of sub-Poissonian GaAs NW length distributions. The high phase purity of the NWs is demonstrated using complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution X-ray diffractometry (HR-XRD). It is also shown that, while NWs are to a large extent defect-free with up to 2-μm-long twin-free zincblende segments, low-temperature micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that the proportion of structurally disordered sections can be detected from their spectral properties.
Una dimensión didáctica y conceptual de un instrumento para la valoración de objetos virtuales de aprendizaje : el caso de las fracciones (2016)

RESUMEN: Estudios realizados sobre el tema de valoración de objetos virtuales de aprendizaje han aportado instrumentos que en gran medida han sido pensados para atender la generalidad de aspectos estructurales y no han profundizado en aspectos metodológicos, ni han atendido a particularidades intrínsecas de los conocimientos propios de una disciplina, lo que sugirió la necesidad de proponer e investigar sobre la definición de las características de un instrumento de valoración, atendiendo a las particularidades de las matemáticas y de sus contenidos. Para consolidar la construcción del instrumento de valoración de objetos virtuales de aprendizaje, se llegó a la conclusión que este debería atender a la relación entre el contenido, la pedagogía y la tecnología, aspectos que se profundizan en el marco teórico de la investigación. Un instrumento de carácter didáctico-conceptual, que abarca varias dimensiones y cuenta con unas orientaciones generales para los temas del área de matemáticas, en específico para la enseñanza de las fracciones, proporcionando un espacio de participación al profesor para la construcción del instrumento como tal. El instrumento de valoración fue validado en varias etapas, donde fueron partícipes profesores de matemáticas de diferentes niveles educativos. Como resultado de este proceso investigativo surgió un Instrumento nombrado “Valoración de Objetos Virtuales de Aprendizaje para la enseñanza de las fracciones”, que pretendió llenar el vacío estructural y de contenido identificado en los demás instrumentos existentes.
Autonomous Deployment of Heterogeneous Mobile Sensors (2010)

In this paper, we address the problem of deploying heterogeneous mobile sensors over a target area. Traditional approaches to mobile sensor deployment are specifically designed for homogeneous networks. Nevertheless, network and device homogeneity is an unrealistic assumption in most practical scenarios, and previous approaches fail when adopted in heterogeneous operative settings. For this reason, we introduce VorLag, a generalization of the Voronoi-based approach which exploits the Laguerre geometry. We theoretically prove the appropriateness of our proposal to the management of heterogeneous networks. In addition, we demonstrate that VorLag can be extended to deal with dynamically generated events or uneven energy depletion due to communications. Finally, by means of simulations, we show that VorLag provides a very stable sensor behavior, with fast and guaranteed termination and moderate energy consumption. We also show that VorLag performs better than its traditional counterpart and other methods based on virtual forces.
Targeting the EGF receptors on oral cancer cells with EGF (2017)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may be useful in targeting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells to deliver suicide genes or photosensitizers. Using confocal microscopy, we investigated the binding of fluorescent EGF to the OSCC cell lines, HSC-3, CAL27 and H357 compared to non-tumor gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and GMSMK, transformed human oral keratinocytes. Our long-term goal is to utilize EGF bound to liposomes encapsulating photosensitizers to target oral cancer cells for photodynamic therapy and potentially other anti-cancer therapies.
Highly efficient dielectric gratings for high-power ultrafast femtosecond fiber laser systems (2005)

Micromachining applications require high pulse energy (>1μJ) short pulse ( 100 W at repetition rate up to several tens of MHz cannot be compressed by gold gratings to femtosecond pulse duration due to thermal heating. We focus on the development of dielectric gratings in fused silica which can handle this power levels due to their high damage threshold. Two kinds of gratings are discussed. Firstly, the transmission gratings with a period of 800 nm were designed to possess 96% diffraction efficiency over a spectral range from 1.03μm to 1.09μm. The fabrication of the rectangular groove profile was done using electron beam lithography and reactive ion beam etching into the fused silica substrate. The measured diffraction efficiency was 96.5% @ 1060nm. Secondly, dielectric reflection gratings, which consist of a dielectric grating on top of a high-reflective layerstack, can theoretically exhibit a diffraction efficiency of even higher than 99%. To achieve this we chose a period of 1060nm. The fabrication was done similar to the transmission gratings, though a HR-coated substrate had to be used instead of the simple fused substrate. The fabricated gratings show a diffraction efficiency of 99.6%. Both are applied to the discussed high power fiber amplifier stages to generate linearly polarized femtosecond pulses at ~100 W average power with a repetition rate of 80 MHz.
Influence of Host Tree Proximity on Adult Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Responses to Monitoring Traps (2004)

Abstract We evaluated responses of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), to baited and unbaited black pyramid and Plexiglas panel traps in mark-release-recapture experiments to determine whether presence of host apple trees diminishes trap effectiveness. Identical experiments were conducted in an open field (little competition present) and in an unsprayed apple orchard (presence of competition from natural host apple trees). Results of mark-release-recapture experiments were successful; we recaptured 21.0 and 2.9% in the field and orchard, respectively. Plum curculio response to traps was influenced by presence of apple trees, because significantly more recaptures were recorded in the field compared with the orchard. Pyramid traps recaptured more plum curculio in the field compared with the orchard and recaptured significantly more plum curculio compared with panel traps. Female plum curculio responded in significantly greater numbers to pyramid traps baited with benzaldehyde compared with unbaited traps in the field, but not under orchard deployment. Combined data indicate that positioning traps in proximity to host apple trees diminishes both trap and bait effectiveness either by direct competition from host tree stimuli or by physical obstruction of trap-related visual stimuli and/or volatile release. We conclude that an effective trap-based monitoring system for plum curculio will require better odor baits, trapping mechanisms, and/or deployment strategies that can overcome visual and olfactory interference presented by host apple trees.
Exploiting the co-reliance of tumours upon transport of amino acids and lactate: Gln and Tyr conjugates of MCT1 inhibitors (2016)

Glutamine and tyrosine-based amino acid conjugates of monocarboxylate transporter types 1 and 2 inhibitors (MCT1/2) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their potency in blocking the proliferation of a human B lymphoma cell line that expresses the transporters Asct2, LAT1 and MCT1. Appropriate placement of an amino acid transporter recognition element was shown to augment anti-tumour efficacy vs. Raji cells. Amino acid conjugation also improves the pharmacodynamic properties of experimental MCT1/2 inhibitors.
Early hepatic immune response in rats infectedwith <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> (2002)

We investigated the phenotype of the T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) that produced Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) during the firsttwo weeks of experimental fasciolosis in rats. We also followed the kinetics of the cytokine and proliferative responses of hepatic mononuclear cells (HMNC) over the same period. We found that HMNC were more numerous in the infected animals than in the controls. The percentage of CD4+ cells increased significantly after infection, whereas the percentage of CD8+ cells did not change. Moreover, the frequency of the cells producing (CP) cytokine changed after infection. The frequency of CP IFN-gamma on 7 days postinfection (pi) was similar to that in control animals. However, the frequency of CP IFN-gamma was clearly lower on day 14 pi, whereas the frequency of CP IL-4 and CP IL-10 had increased. The CP IL-10-were mostly CD4+. Mitogenic stimulation (phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin) of HMNC led to an increase in the amounts of the Th2 cytokines in the supernatant on days 7 and 14 pi, with the increase more pronounced on day 14. In contrast, IFN-gamma levels also increased by day 7 pi but then decreased to below control levels by day 14. In addition, HMNC proliferation in response to mitogen followed a similar pattern to IFN-gamma production. These findings suggested that, during the first 2 weeks of infection, F hepatica induced a transient ThO cytokine profile followed by downregulation of the cellular response and the induction of a Th2 cytokine profile.
Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Typical Municipal Solid Waste Components and Their Mixture: Analytical TG-FTIR Study (2018)

Recently, the renewed interest in the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste has been aroused. In this investigation, the pyrolysis behaviors and kinetics of typical municipal solid waste components and their mixture at high heating rates are studied by using thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). The TG/DTG results presented the different pyrolysis behaviors of each components and their mixture. The main volatiles were generated from 250 °C to 500 °C obtained by FTIR results. Moreover, the consistency between volatiles release and pyrolysis behavior was found through FTIR and TG. By comparing the experimental and calculated TG/DTG curves and volatiles released curves of mixed MSW, the interactions between individual components have been found, which performed as the interactions could accelerate the first pyrolysis reaction stage and postpone the second and third pyrolysis reaction stage. On the basis of the distributed activation energy model, the values of activation energy of individual components and their mixture were distributed between 123.73 kJ mol–1 and 312.56 kJ mol–1. Meanwhile, the frequency factor of them increased along with the activation energy. Overall, those findings can enrich a better comprehension of the MSW pyrolysis process.
Current Mode A/D and D/A Converters (1993)

A 10-bit current-scaling D/A converter has been implemented in a standard 3 μm P-well CMOS process. This converter uses an array of two-collector lateral bipolar transistors to create its weighted current sources. By using lateral bipolar transistors rather than MOS devices, the converter achieves much better linearity at low full scale current levels. The converter is also capable of operating over a wider range of full-scale currents than either MOS transistor based converters or R/2R ladder based converters. In addition, by using split-collector lateral bipolar transistors, the converter achieves high resolution and high linearity in a very small active area. This chapter discusses the application of current mode techniques to the design of a specific set of analog to digital and digital to analog converters.
Periodic and stochastic thermal modulation of protein folding kinetics (2014)

Chemical reactions are usually observed either by relaxation of a bulk sample after applying a sudden external perturbation, or by intrinsic fluctuations of a few molecules. Here we show that the two ideas can be combined to measure protein folding kinetics, either by periodic thermal modulation, or by creating artificial thermal noise that greatly exceeds natural thermal fluctuations. We study the folding reaction of the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase driven by periodic temperature waveforms. As the temperature waveform unfolds and refolds the protein, its fluorescence color changes due to FRET (Förster resonant Energy Transfer) of two donor/acceptor fluorophores labeling the protein. We adapt a simple model of periodically driven kinetics that nicely fits the data at all temperatures and driving frequencies: The phase shifts of the periodic donor and acceptor fluorescence signals as a function of driving frequency reveal reaction rates. We also drive the reaction with stochastic temperature waveforms that produce thermal fluctuations much greater than natural fluctuations in the bulk. Such artificial thermal noise allows the recovery of weak underlying signals due to protein folding kinetics. This opens up the possibility for future detection of a stochastic resonance for protein folding subject to noise with controllable amplitude.
Improving the Security and Privacy of Implantable Medical Devices (2010)

In 1982, the threat to the security of the world's drug supply was recognized when seven people died from taking Tylenol that had purposely been contaminated with cyanide. The scare spawned federal laws, regulatory modifications, and a revolution in drug packaging. These interventions greatly secured the billions of pills, capsules, tablets, and liquids that have since been consumed. Today, medical devices, like the drug supply of a generation ago, face a security vulnerability that must be addressed through regulatory and scientific actions.Most people are familiar with common types of computer-security breaches — those caused by computer viruses, Internet hackers, . . .
A method for FDTD computation of field values at spherical coordinate singularity points applied to antennas (1999)

A method is presented for the computation of field values at the singularity points associated with FDTD solution of Maxwell's equations in spherical coordinates; the described numerical technique allows for a complete field solution over the entire computational space including the poles and origin. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 20: 367–369, 1999.
Modelling and stability analysis in human population genetics with selection and mutation (2017)

Population genetics is a scientific discipline that has extensively benefitted from mathematical modelling; since the Hardy‐Weinberg law (1908) to date, many mathematical models have been designed to describe the genotype frequencies evolution in a population. Existing models differ in adopted hypothesis on evolutionary forces (such as, for example, mutation, selection, and migration) acting in the population. Mathematical analysis of population genetics models help to understand if the genetic population admits an equilibrium, ie, genotype frequencies that will not change over time. Nevertheless, the existence of an equilibrium is only an aspect of a more complex issue concerning the conditions that would allow or prevent populations to reach the equilibrium. This latter matter, much more complex, has been only partially investigated in population genetics studies. We here propose a new mathematical model to analyse the genotype frequencies distribution in a population over time and under two major evolutionary forces, namely, mutation and selection; the model allows for both infinite and finite populations. In this paper, we present our model and we analyse its convergence properties to the equilibrium genotype frequency; we also derive conditions allowing convergence. Moreover, we show that our model is a generalisation of the Hardy‐Weinberg law and of subsequent models that allow for selection or mutation. Some examples of applications are reported at the end of the paper, and the code that simulates our model is available online at https://www.ding.unisannio.it/persone/docenti/del-vecchio for free use and testing.
Collisionally activated dissociation of some pyridinium cations: Novel fragmentation pathways (1989)

Abstract Three novel collisionally induced dissociation pathways, additional to the usual formation of pyridine or pyridinium cation, are described for laser‐desorbed N ‐substituted pyridinium cations. Particularly prevalent is the formation of an ion of m / z 94, corresponding to [PyCH 3 ] + . Doubly charged pyridiniums tend to lose H + , and one example of the apparent formation of the neutral radical C 5 H 6 N˙ is reported.
Resistance of Decoy PNA–DNA Chimeras to Enzymatic Degradation in Cellular Extracts and Serum (2003)

Double-stranded molecules based on peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)-DNA chimeras carrying binding sites for known transcription factors could be of great interest in decoy pharmacotherapy of neoplastic diseases. For instance, decoy molecules recognizing Sp1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors were found to inhibit tumor cell growth and invasion activity. In this respect, we have recently found that double-stranded PNA-DNA chimeras carrying NF-kappaB binding sites inhibit the binding of NF-kappaB p52 and p50 transcription factors to target DNA molecules. In this article we determined the resistance of double-stranded decoy molecules based on PNA-DNA chimeras to exonucleases (both 3'-->5' and 5'-->3' exonucleases), endonucleases, and 5'-phosphatases. In addition, we performed experiments aimed at determining the resistance of these molecules in cellular extracts and serum. Finally, we used liposomes as protective agents in experimental conditions in which the decoy molecules employed were found to be unstable (high concentrations of enzymes, cellular extracts, or serum). The results obtained demonstrated that decoy molecules based on PNA-DNA chimeras are more resistant than DNA-based decoys to exo- and endonucleases, serum, and cellular extracts. In addition, the resistance of DNA/PNA hybrids in the presence of high concentrations of serum and cellular extracts was increased after complexation to cationic liposomes, due to the fact that double-stranded PNA-DNA-PNA chimeras bind to these delivery systems. The results obtained in the present study support the proposal of molecules based on PNA-DNA chimeras for an efficient decoy treatment of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo.
In Situ Temperature Measurement of a Notebook Computer—A Case Study in Health and Usage Monitoring of Electronics (2004)

Reliability prediction methods do not generally account for the actual life cycle environment of electronic products, which covers their environmental, operating and usage conditions. Considering thermal loads, thermal management strategies still focus on a design for continuous operation that is often determined based on an accumulation of worst-case assumptions. Health monitoring is a method of assessing the reliability of a product in its actual application conditions. A case study in health and usage monitoring of electronic products is presented for a commercial notebook computer. Internal temperatures were dynamically monitored in situ and statistically analyzed during all phases of the life cycle, including usage, storage, and transportation. The effects of power cycles, usage history, CPU computing resources usage, and external thermal environment on peak transient thermal loads were characterized. Such monitored life cycle temperature data could be applied in a life consumption monitoring methodology, to provide damage estimation and remaining life prediction due to specific failure mechanisms influenced by temperature. These findings could contribute to the design of more sustainable, least-energy consumption thermal management solutions.