gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Likelihood ratio tests for PSK modulation classification in unknown noise environment (2006)

We propose a computationally non-expensive and powerful modulation classifier (MC) in order to determine to the number of constellation points of a phase shift keying (PSK) signal in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We consider the complex amplitude of the signal as well as the information sequence as the unknown parameters. In contrast of the existing literature, we assume that the variance of the noise is also unknown. A new MC algorithm is introduced based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) assuming unknown deterministic parameters. We show that the GLRT solution does not outperform a random classifier, because the constellations under study are nested. To overcome this problem, we propose a classifier which uses the mixture of the concepts of GLRT and the average likelihood ratio test (ALRT). The ML estimates of the signal amplitude and the noise variance are employed and assuming the data as a sequence of independent uniformly distributed symbols, the likelihood function is averaged over the data symbols. This classifier is based on the fact that all the possible data symbols are equally likely to be transmitted whereas the GLRT based criterion does not use any indication of how probable a particular data symbol is. The implementation of these two classifiers requires either a search or an averaging over the possible information symbols, i.e., their computational complexities grow exponentially with the sequence length. Thus, we propose suboptimal implementations with almost no performance loss. The computational complexity of these implementations increase linearly with the sequence length. As we expect, simulation results confirm that the classification accuracy increases when the number of observed symbols or the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases
Solid-state graphene formation via a nickel carbide intermediate phase (2015)

Direct formation of graphene with a controlled number of graphitic layers on dielectric surfaces is achieved with an in-depth understanding of the solid-state growth mechanism.
Detection of the major DNA adducts of benzo[j]fluoranthene in mouse skin: Nonclassical dihydrodiol epoxides (1993)

Studies have demonstrated that the metabolic activation of benzo[j]fluoranthene (B[j]F) to a genotoxic agent proceeds through the formation of either the trans-4,5-dihydrodiol (B[j]F-4,5-diol) or the trans-9,10-dihydrodiol (B[j]F-9,10-diol) metabolite of B[j]F. Using 32P-postlabeling analysis, the profiles of DNA adducts formed in vivo in mouse skin from B[j]F-4,5-diol and B[j]F-9,10-diol were obtained to establish the contribution of each of these dihydrodiols to the formation of B[j]F-DNA adducts in vivo. B[j]F, B[j]F-4,5-diol and B[j]F-9,10-diol were applied to the shaved backs of mice (100 micrograms/mouse), and DNA adducts were isolated and separated using multidimensional TLC and reverse-phase HPLC. The greatest level of adducts was observed with B[j]F-4,5-diol, which resulted in the formation of 383 pmol of DNA adducts/mg of DNA. This level of DNA modification was more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than that observed with B[j]F or B[j]F-9,10-diol. The major adducts detected from the application of B[j]F-4,5-diol to mouse skin in vivo had chromatographic properties similar to those of the major adducts detected with B[j]F. In contrast, the major DNA adducts detected with B[j]F-9,10-diol had chromatographic properties distinctly different than the adducts formed from either B[j]F or B[j]F-4,5-diol. DNA adducts formed from the syn and anti isomers of the 4,5-dihydrodiol 6,6a-epoxide and the 9,10-dihydrodiol 11,12-epoxide of B[j]F were also evaluated. Each dihydrodiol epoxide derivative was reacted with calf thymus DNA in vitro and applied to mouse skin in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Instabilities in two-dimensional spatially periodic flows. Part I: Kolmogorov flow (1992)

The linear stability of the parallel flow ψ0=sin(y) (Kolmogorov flow) is considered, taking into account viscosity, linear friction, and confinement (lateral walls). The computations provide neutral stability curves in the parameter space, wave numbers, and wave speeds, as well as the spatial structure of first unstable modes. Evidence is presented that stability parameters depend nonuniformly on the confinement. It is shown that already weak transverse confinement significantly decreases the longitudinal wavelength of perturbations at instability onset. Strong confinement changes the character of the instability into an oscillatory one instead of a purely exponential growing mode, which is obtained for weakly confined systems. Theoretical predictions of critical parameters are in reasonable agreement with experimental results in electromagnetically driven flows of conducting fluids.
Raman-Kerr frequency combs in microresonators with normal dispersion (2017)

We generalize the coupled mode formalism to study the generation of frequency combs in microresonators with simultaneous Raman and Kerr nonlinearities and investigate an impact of the former on the formation of frequency combs and dynamics of platicons in the regime of the normal group velocity dispersion. We demonstrate that the Raman effect initiates generation of sidebands, which cascade further in four-wave mixing and reshape into the Raman-Kerr frequency combs. We reveal that the Raman scattering induces a strong instability of the platicon pulses associated with the Kerr effect and normal dispersion. This instability results in branching of platicons and complex spatiotemporal dynamics.
Splanchnic Extraction of 3,3′-Diiodothyronine and 3′,5′-Diiodothyronine in Hyperthyroidism* (1984)

The splanchnic extraction of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) and 3',5'-diiodothyronine (3',5'-T2) was studied in 7 hyperthyroid patients and 20 normal subjects employing the hepatic venous catheterization technique. A significant net uptake by splanchnic tissues was found for both diiodothyronines . The fractional splanchnic extraction calculated as the arterio-hepatic venous plasma concentration difference divided by the arterial concentration was unaffected by hyperthyroidism as compared to normal values. There was a close positive correlation between the arterio-hepatic venous concentration difference and arterial concentration, 3,3'-T2: r = 0.988, and 3',5'-T2: r = 0.932 (P less than 0.001). The splanchnic extraction was nonsaturable at endogenous plasma concentrations of 3,3'-T2 up to at least 17.0 ng/dl and of 3',5'-T2 up to at least 15.2 ng/dl. The data suggest that the splanchnic extraction of 3,3'-T2 and 3',5'-T2 obeys first order kinetics, the fractional extraction being unaffected by hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, changes in the net splanchnic extraction of 3,3'-T2 and 3',5'-T2 do not seem to contribute to changes in circulating levels of these iodothyronines. It is suggested that tissues other than the liver contribute significantly to the deiodination process both in normal and in hyperthyroid man.
Tracking X-ray microscopy for alveolar dynamics in live intact mice (2013)

Here we report a tracking X-ray microscopy (TrXM) as a novel methodology by using upper right lung apices alveoli in live intact mice. By enabling tracking of individual alveolar movements during respiration, TrXM identifies alveolar dynamics: individual alveoli in the upper lung apices show a small size increment as 4.9 ± 0.4% (mean ± s.e.m.) during respiration while their shapes look almost invariant. TrXM analysis in alveolar dynamics would be significant for better understanding of alveolar-based diseases, for instance, ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Children's Book Week (2009)

In the UK, Children′s Book Week is October 5-11. Similar events take place all worldwide but they don′t just focus on books: they celebrate all forms of reading, listening and story-telling
EUV reflective coherent diffraction imaging system for wafer metrology (2023)

Nanoscale non-destructive metrology is a key requirement in several steps of the manufacturing process of modern semiconductor devices. In particular, with the introduction of EUV lithography into the high-volume manufacturing, enabling further shrinking of feature sizes, metrology for future technology nodes will become increasingly challenging. Depending on the specific requirements and constraints of the metrology tasks, the choice of the measurement methods is critical, and sometimes limited. Conventional metrology techniques must be constantly adapted to keep up with the device scaling roadmap. To explore new and easily scalable methods for semiconductor wafer metrology, we developed the EUV reflective grazing-incidence nanoscope (REGINE). REGINE is a lensless nanoscope prototype that combines reflectometry, scatterometry and coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) in a single instrument. Being a lensless imaging system, it is compact, cost-effective, and free of lens-induced aberrations. In this work, we will present the REGINE system and the latest results of reflectometry, scatterometry and EUV pellicle transmission experiments.
An Exposure-Free Tool for Monitoring Adult Malaria Mosquito Populations (2010)

Catches of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis with the Ifakara Tent Trap-model B (ITT-B) correlate better with human landing catches than any other method but fail to reduce the proportion of blood-fed mosquito caught, which indicates that users are exposed to bites during collection. An improved C model (ITT-C) was developed and evaluated by comparing with ITT-B in semi-field and full-field conditions in southern Tanzania. The sensitivity of the ITT-C was approximately two times that of the ITT-B: relative rate (95% confidence interval) = 1.92 (1.52-2.42), 1.90 (1.48-2.43), and 2.30 (1.54-3.30) for field populations of An. arabiensis, Culex spp., and Mansonia spp., respectively. The ITT-C caught 73% less blood-fed An. arabiensis than the ITT-B in open field experiments and none in semi-field experiments, which confirmed that the C design is a safe trapping method. Validation of ITT-C by comparison with human landing catches and parasitologic measures of human infection status may be necessary to confirm that this design produces consistent and epidemiologically meaningful results.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY OF MITOSENE ANALOGS OF THE MITOMYCINS (1982)

Abstract Das Dimethylnitroanisol (I) ergibt über den Carbonsäureester (IIa) die Carbonsäure (IIb), die zum Indol (III) reduktiv cyclisiert wird.
Implementing Laser-Based Failure Analysis Methodologies Using Test Vehicles (2005)

Several test vehicles were designed in order to validate laser-based failure analysis and process validation techniques. Two vehicles concern defect localization in integrated circuits (ICs); the third one is designed for single event upset sensitivity study in digital ICs.
Dietary sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaf extract attenuates hyperglycaemia by enhancing the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (2014)

'Suioh', a sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivar developed in Japan, has edible leaves and stems. The sweet potato leaves contain polyphenols such as caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives. It has multiple biological functions and may help to regulate the blood glucose concentration. In this study, we first examined whether sweet potato leaf extract powder (SP) attenuated hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic mice. Administration of dietary SP for 5 weeks significantly lowered glycaemia in type 2 diabetic mice. Second, we conducted in vitro experiments, and found that SP and CQA derivatives significantly enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Third, pre-administration of SP significantly stimulated GLP-1 secretion and was accompanied by enhanced insulin secretion in rats, which resulted in a reduced glycaemic response after glucose injection. These results indicate that oral SP attenuates postprandial hyperglycaemia, possibly through enhancement of GLP-1 secretion.
Sca-1+ Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Are Enriched for Isl1-Expressing Cardiac Precursors and Improve Cardiac Function after Myocardial Injury (2012)

These studies demonstrate that cloned Sca-1(+)CD45(-) cells derived from CSs from infarcted "middle aged" hearts are enriched for second heart field (i.e., Isl-1(+)) precursors that give rise to both myocardial and vascular tissues, and may be an appropriate source of progenitor cells for autologous cell-therapy post-MI.
Power variation trend prediction in modern datacenter (2017)

The complexity of management of modern datacenter is rapidly growing. It is emergent that the datacenter management system is able to automatically analyze datacenter status and provide intelligence for workload orchestration and infrastructure management. The state of the art algorithms in machine leaning technology makes possible to conduct realtime data analysis from huge quantities of telemetries or sensor data from datacenter. This paper introduces one supervised machine learning approach to analyze and predict group level power variation trend with minute granularity. The minute granularity prediction is meaningful for workload migration or datacenter cooling management. Two power variation trend models are defined in this paper, consistent direction model and abrupt shift model. The support vector machine is adopted to classify the power relevant feature sampling points into these two models. For each model, a different regression algorithm is used to calculate the coefficients of each regression equation and to estimate the power variation trend accordingly. At the end of this paper, we have evaluated the power variation trend prediction model with real data from the production environment.
Land transformation by humans: A review (2012)

In recent decades, changes that human activities have wrought in Earth’s life support system have worried many people. The human population has doubled in the past 40 years and is projected to increase by the same amount again in the next 40. The expansion of infrastructure and agriculture necessitated by this population growth has quickened the pace of land transformation and degradation. We estimate that humans have modified >50% of Earth’s land surface. The current rate of land transformation, particularly of agricultural land, is unsustainable. We need a lively public discussion of the problems resulting from population pressures and the resulting land degradation.
Characterization of distribution power quality events with Fourier and wavelet transforms (2000)

It is the objective of this paper to present unique features that characterize power quality events and methodologies to extract them from recorded voltage and/or current waveforms using Fourier and wavelet transforms. Examples of unique features include peak amplitudes, RMS, frequency, and statistics of wavelet transform coefficients. These features are derived from well documented theories, power engineers' heuristics gained through long years of experience, and power quality data collected in recent years. Converter operation, transformer energization, and capacitor energization (which includes normal, back-to-back, and re-strike on opening energization), representing three common power quality events at the distribution level, are presented. These examples provide the basis for further characterization of other power quality events.
Study of Factors Influencing Non-Uniform Gas-Liquid Distribution in the Refrigerant Distributor in an Air Conditioner (2014)

Factors that influence the non-uniform gas-liquid distribution in refrigerant distributors in air conditioners were studied. Gas-liquid flows in two-pass and multi-pass distributors were numerically simulated with a particle/grid hybrid method; droplets and liquid films were mainly simulated using a particle method, and gas flows were simulated using a grid method. Complex behaviors of multi-scale gas-liquid interfaces in the multi-pass distributor were simulated because droplets that were smaller than the grid size could be simulated without numerical diffusion through the gas-liquid interfaces. The effect of the connecting angle of the bend pipe was studied in the two-pass distributor, whereas the effects of the tube’s position relative the distributor inflow and the effect of gravity were investigated in the multi-pass distributor. The model was validated against multiple experimental data taken from an at-scale physical model. We found that keeping the liquid at the inlets of the multi-pass tubes was important for ensuring a uniform distribution.
The structure-based 3D-QSAR study of MCH1 receptor antagonists (2008)

Melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor (MCH1-R) mediates the orexigenic effects of melanin-concentrating hormone and its antagonists are considered as potential targets for the treatment of obesity. To design more potent and selective MCH1-R antagonists, at first, we built up the homology structure of MCH1-R. Then, we carried out the receptor based three dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) using comparative molecular field analysis and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) for a series of scaffold of MCH1-R antagonists and the docking study for MCH1-R. These models are proved as statistically valid models with a good correlative and predictive power. Based on these models, we are going to develop more potent and selective MCH1-R antagonists.
Nanostructured Back Side Reflectors for Silicon Solar Cells (2011)

The application of diffractive structures to the back side of silicon solar cells is a promising approach to enhance the light path length for photons with energies close to the band gap. In this paper, a nanostructured back side reflector for silicon solar cells is investigated. The reflector consists of hexagonally ordered SiO2 spheres embedded in a high refractive index matrix. Optical simulations using the rigorous coupled wave analysis indicate that with a monolayer of SiO2 spheres in a silicon matrix, the photo current density can be increased by over 3 mA/cm2 for a planar silicon solar cell with a thickness of 40 μm. An optimum sphere diameter of 1100 nm is determined. Monolayers of highly ordered monodisperse SiO2 spheres have been deposited by spin coating. For the inversion of the monolayer, three different techniques - plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sol gel processes - are tested. The PECVD process results only in incomplete inversion, while ALD and sol gel processes successfully invert the monolayer.
Smoking causes early biological aging: a deep neural network analysis of common blood test results (2018)

<b>Introduction:</b> Aging is a key determinant of death, disease, and health costs. Currently, there are no clinically available methods to measure the effects of smoking on biological aging. <b>Aim:</b> To assess differences in biological aging between smokers and nonsmokers using deep neural network modelling of common blood test results. <b>Methods:</b> With IRB approval 20 715 883 anonymized blood test results from 149 000 subjects (49 000 smokers) were used to select relevant feature spaces using multifactorial adaptive arbitrage models. Feature spaces were constructed using same day results and missing values imputed using applied linear regression. Age prediction was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), the standard coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), and the mean absolute error (MAE) from Random Forest models of selected distinct feature spaces first training with nonsmokers, and then analyzing both smokers and nonsmokers. <b>Results:</b> The best model used 24 features (including smoking status) with r = 0.78, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.60, ε-accuracy = 82%, and MAE = 5.42 years. Fasting glucose, gender and erythrocyte distribution width were most predictive of biological aging. Smoking status improved aging prediction, but was not amongst the top five predictors. Smokers biologically aged faster than nonsmokers regardless of cholesterol and fasting glucose levels. Female and male smokers aged twice and one and a half times faster than gender-matched nonsmokers. Increased biological aging compared to nonsmokers plateaued after age 55 years. <b>Conclusion:</b> Smoking increased biological aging up to age 55 years, more so in women, and regardless of fasting blood glucose or serum cholesterol values.
False Molecular Clusters due to Nonrandom Association of IS <i>6110</i> with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2000)

ABSTRACT We sought to determine whether nonrandom association of IS 6110 with Mycobacterium tuberculosis could result in false-positive clustering in unselected collections of isolates. We typed 196 strains of M. tuberculosis from an unselected community-based study in northern Tanzania by IS 6110 and polymorphic GC-rich repetitive-sequence (PGRS) methodologies. The strains were analyzed by Gelcompar computer software. Analysis of 13 out of 25 groups showed that isolates with identical IS 6110 and PGRS patterns were likely to be the same strain. Some IS 6110 groups containing strains with identical PGRS patterns had similar IS 6110 patterns that differed only by movement of the element. Isolates assigned to a single group (i.e., group 11) on the basis of sharing an identical IS 6110 fingerprint pattern did not share identical PGRS fingerprint patterns. Six out of the nine bands in these isolates were in hot-spot locations, as previously defined. This indicates that nonrandom association may result in false-positive clustering in unselected community-based studies. Only strains with identical PGRS and IS 6110 patterns are likely to be recently transmitted.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF SCHIFF BASES WITH ACRYL ESTERS. SYNTHESIS OF 2‐OXO‐ AND 4‐OXOTETRAHYDROPYRIDINES (1984)

Abstract Aus den Iminen (I) ′= (II) erhält man bei der Addition von Acrylsäureestern (III) in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid die Addukte (IV) und/oder (V) in hohen Ausbeuten.
Integration of dynamic voltage scaling and soft real-time scheduling for open mobile systems (2002)

Battery-powered mobile devices are becoming increasingly important computing platforms, which require low energy consumption while meeting the resource demands of a dynamic application workload. Most proposed dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) algorithms, targeting either best-effort or hard real-time systems, however, cannot be directly applied to such open mobile systems. This paper presents a framework to integrate DVS into soft real-time (SRT) scheduling for open mobile systems, achieving energy saving of DVS while preserving resource guarantees of SRT scheduling. The integrated framework makes three major contributions. First, multimedia applications reserve resource based on their average resource usage, without the knowledge of worst-case execution time, which is difficult to estimate in an open mobile environment. Second, the SRT scheduling ensures the correctness of reservation admission and enforcement in a variable speed context. Finally, the DVS manager reduces the processor energy consumption by utilizing the unallocated resource, reclaiming the allocated but unused resource, or avoiding the unused resource. Our extensive simulation results demonstrate that our framework is able to save 4% to 32% energy while slightly affecting application performance.
G Protein Signaling in the Regulation of <i>Arabidopsis</i> Seed Germination (2005)

Seed germination and early seedling growth are regulated by an intricate network of hormonal signaling pathways. The plant hormones gibberellic acid (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are important positive regulators of these processes, whereas the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a potent negative regulator. In Arabidopsis, analysis of mutant plants has implicated heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) components in regulation of seed germination by all three of these hormones.