gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Similarity: Part I—Splines and Operators (2007)

The central theme of this pair of papers (Parts I and II in this issue) is self-similarity, which is used as a bridge for connecting splines and fractals. The first part of the investigation is deterministic, and the context is that of L-splines; these are defined in the following terms: s(t) is a cardinal L-spline iff L{s(t)}=Sigma <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">kisinZ</sub> a[k]delta(t-k), where L is a suitable pseudodifferential operator. Our starting point for the construction of "self-similar" splines is the identification of the class of differential operators L that are both translation and scale invariant. This results into a two-parameter family of generalized fractional derivatives, part <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">tau</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gamma</sup> , where gamma is the order of the derivative and tau is an additional phase factor. We specify the corresponding L-splines, which yield an extended class of fractional splines. The operator part <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">tau</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gamma</sup> is used to define a scale-invariant energy measure-the squared L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm of the gammath derivative of the signal-which provides a regularization functional for interpolating or fitting the noisy samples of a signal. We prove that the corresponding variational (or smoothing) spline estimator is a cardinal fractional spline of order 2gamma, which admits a stable representation in a B-spline basis. We characterize the equivalent frequency response of the estimator and show that it closely matches that of a classical Butterworth filter of order 2gamma. We also establish a formal link between the regularization parameter lambda and the cutoff frequency of the smoothing spline filter: omega <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> aplambda <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2gamma</sup> . Finally, we present an efficient computational solution to the fractional smoothing spline problem: It uses the fast Fourier transform and takes advantage of the multiresolution properties of the underlying basis functions
Encoding tissue mechanics in silicone (2018)

By controlling polymer-network architecture, we outline a roadmap for the creation of tissue-like materials to extend the performance of soft robots to harsh environments.
Tissue Factor and Cancer (2008)

The notion that clotting proteins can serve more than one function (i.e., beyond their involvement in the production of a fibrin clot) is not new and is consistent with a broad view of biology that acknowledges the importance of redundant systems and overlapping functions for proteins to accomplish a variety of physiologic tasks. Indeed, thrombin, the ultimate clotting protease, is well-known as a mitogen for many cell types, acting as a growth-promoting stimulus for, among others, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and, most recently, tumor cells.[1] In this issue of Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, we are pleased to present a current view of the ubiquitous, transmembrane clotting protein tissue factor (TF) as a critical player in tumor biology; not just by virtue of its well-known properties as the receptor for factor VIIa–mediated triggering of both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting cascades, but also as a signaling protein for the regulation of tumor cell movement, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Power scaling of fibre lasers with all-fibre interferometric cavity (2002)

Two interferometric laser cavities are proposed for efficient combining of two fibre lasers. A 3 dB gain in power by coherent coupling of two identical erbium-doped fibre lasers is demonstrated. Scaling in power is envisaged through cascading of a coherent combination of elementary lasers.
Copper nanoparticle paste on different metallic substrates for low temperature bonded interconnection (2017)

Even though tin-based lead-free solder is now commonly used in the electronics industry, new materials are still being investigated for superior properties such as metallic nanoparticles. In this study, we evaluate our recently developed copper nanoparticles paste (nano Cu) as a joining material between metallized component and metallized substrate. The size of our copper nanoparticles allows bonding to occur at a low temperature compatible with electronics devices. We studied the electrical and mechanical properties of the bonded component and substrate with different metallized surfaces such as Cu or Au. Good bonds can be achieved with Au surfaces while for Cu surfaces, acid pre-cleaning is required to improve the bond strength between nanoCu paste and Cu surface due to native oxide.
Risk Factors That Increase Risk of Estrogen Receptor–Positive and –Negative Breast Cancer (2016)

Strength of risk factor associations differed by ER subtype. Separate risk models for ER subtypes may improve identification of women for targeted prevention strategies.
Contributed Session I: FInD Color Detection and Discrimination in adults with and without color vision deficits: Preliminary results (2022)

Color vision deficits are important biomarkers, however, existing tests (e.g., Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) & Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FM100)) are insensitive and time consuming to administer. FInD is a validated computer-based, generalisable, rapid, self-administered paradigm. We describe FInD Color Detection & FInD Color Discrimination and compare performance against HRR & FM100 tests in 9 color-typical and 4 atypical observers. Chromatic stimuli were presented on a luminance-gamma and cone-isolating calibrated display in 3 charts, each containing 4×4 cells. Each cell contained 1 (detection) or 2 (discrimination) gaussian chromatic patches in 8 Hz luminance noise. Observers reported whether a stimulus was present or whether the 2 stimuli were different in color, respectively. D’ was calculated for short, medium or long wavelength-isolating stimuli (detection) or for hue differences in HSV space, centered on the 3 primary and 3 confusion axes at 50% and 100% saturation (discrimination). Detection and Discrimination thresholds for atypical observers were higher than for typical observers, with selective elevation of detection and discrimination thresholds corresponding to classic color deficits. FInD Color Detection & Discrimination tests rapidly and easily identify chromatic sensitivity deficits along the visual pathways and may provide a valuable diagnostic tool.
Microenvironmental Effect in Polymer-Supported Reagents. 1. Influence of Copolymer Architecture on the Mitsunobu Reaction (1996)

The microenvironment surrounding the active sites in polymer-supported reagents can be tailored for maximized kinetics and yields in organic reactions. Results with the Mitsunobu reaction are presented. Cross-linked copolymers of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) are substituted with diphenylphosphine ligands at 18, 40, 67, and 100% substitution and used under Mitsunobu conditions to probe benzyl benzoate formation. It is found that the choice of groups surrounding a ligand can be as important as the choice of ligand. Decreasing the percent substitution while increasing the number of unsubstituted phenyl rings directly bonded to the polymer backbone increases the percent alcohol conversion at a 0.1 h contact time (41.7, 68.4, 83.7, and 94.5% conversion for polymers at 100, 67, 40, and 18% substitution). Polymers at 18 and 40% substitution give an equilibrium solution that is purer (97.6 and 97.0% ester) than that with a comparable soluble reagent (85.3% ester). The rapid conversion and high yield obtained as the percent substitution decreases is not due to a dilution effect: replacing the phenyl rings in the polymer at 18% substitution with carbomethoxy groups yields a polymeric reagent which allows for only 1.3% alcohol conversion at 0.1 h and a maximum product yield of 29.8%. Replacing the ester groups with the more strongly hydrogen-bonding carboxylic acid groups results in no conversion of alcohol. Thus, increasing reactant conversion with decreasing degree of substitution on a polystyrene support is a microenvironmental effect of the less polar aromtic rings superimposed on the inherent electronic effect of the CH2PPh2 ligand. It is proposed that decreasing the polarity of the microenvironment surrounding the active sites increases the reactivity of the benzoate/phosphonium ion pair and lowers the energy of the SN2 transition state (due to the accompanying charge dispersal, as described by the Hughes−Ingold theory), resulting in an increase in the rate of product formation.
Imidate–Phosphanes as Highly Versatile N,P Ligands and Their Application in Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reactions (2010)

Abstract Chiral imidate–phosphanes were developed as a new type of N,P ligands. These ligands are easily accessible through a one‐step procedure starting from a commercially available chiral aminophosphane and an imidate precursor. Excellent performance of the catalyst system was observed with various carbon nucleophiles in the Pd 0 ‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (up to 99 % yield and &gt;99 % ee ). Moreover, good to excellent enantioselectivities could also be obtained in the allylic alkylation of more difficult linear unhindered substrates and cyclic substrates, demonstrating that this new catalyst system has a broad substrate scope.
The 2-N,N-Dibenzylamino Group as a Participating Group in the Synthesis ofβ-Glycosides (1999)

The novel glycosyl donor 2-N,N-dibenzylaminothioglycoside 1 reacts with glycopyranoside alcohols 2, presumably via intermediate 3, to provide 1,2-trans-linked disaccharides 4 in high yield (78-86 %) and with high stereoselectivity. The N-benzyl protecting groups are readily cleaved under normal hydrogenolysis conditions, facilitating the synthesis of oligosaccharides with free amino groups.
Motions of short DNA duplexes: An analysis of DNA dynamics using an EPR-active probe (1993)

The dynamics of a series of four DNA duplexes of length 12, 24, 48, and 96 base pairs have been studied using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) active nitroxide spin-label covalently attached to a thymidine located near the center of each duplex. The linear EPR spectra were simulated by solving the stochastic Liouville equation for anisotropic rotational diffusion. The diffusion tensor for global rotation of the duplex was predicted from hydrodynamic theory for a right circular cylinder. All internal motions, assumed to be rapid, are modeled by reduced electron Zeeman and hyperfine tensor anisotropies. Best fit simulations to the data were then obtained by adjusting the total amplitude of all internal dynamics. The local, length-independent and the collective, length-dependent contributions to the internal dynamics were separated by determining the total amplitude of internal motion as a function of duplex length. The major axis of the spin tensors was determined to be tilted 20 degrees from the helix axis. As a result, the spin-label is most sensitive to flexural motions of the DNA duplex. It is found that the global tumbling of duplex is accurately modeled by hydrodynamic theory. The length-independent motion is characterized by a root-mean-squared amplitude of oscillation of 10 degrees in two dimensions at 20 degrees C and has a strong temperature dependence, indicating that the local structure of the DNA changes with temperature. The length dependence of the internal dynamics leads to an estimate of the dynamic flexural persistence length of 2500 +/- 340 A. There was no statistically significant difference between models assuming a harmonic or a square-well local bending potential.
Wound healing modulation after glaucoma surgery (2000)

Recent developments in molecular and cell biology have made a major impact on our understanding of the wound healing process and its modification. In this article, the spectrum of therapies that are either currently available or have potential application as modulators of the scarring response following glaucoma surgery are reviewed. Refinement of existing antimetabolite regimens can improve surgical results, especially in carefully selected patient groups. However, the most promising new approach appears to be using molecular-based therapies, such as fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, designed to target specific molecules in the scarring response. Such strategies ultimately offer the potential of safer, more specific, focal, and titratable treatment, with far-reaching clinical applications.
&lt;title&gt;Design and progress in the fabrication of an EUV micro exposure tool optics for PREUVE&lt;/title&gt; (2001)

SAGEM, through its REOSC product line, is participating since November 1999 to PREUVE, the French EUV initiative, and work within this program especially in the field of EUV illumination and projection optics. After a short description of the PREUVE main lines of activity, we will detail our contributions to this program and work progress. This is mainly focused on basic EUV optics fabrication technology in order to ensure the fabrication of the entire optics assembly of an EUV micro exposure tool.
Design of functionally graded piezoelectric actuators using topology optimization (2006)

Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) possess continuous variation of material properties and are characterized by spatially varying microstructures. Recently, the FGM concept has been explored in piezoelectric materials to improve properties and to increase the lifetime of bimorph piezoelectric actuators. Elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties are graded.along the thickness of a piezoceramic FGM. Thus, the gradation of piezoceramic properties can influence the performance of piezoactuators. In this work, topology optimization is applied to find the optimum gradation variation in piezoceramics in order to improve actuator performance measured in terms of output displacements. A bimorph type actuator design is investigated. The corresponding optimization problem is posed as finding the optimized gradation of piezoelectric properties that maximizes output displacement or output force at the tip of the bimorph actuator. The optimization algorithm combines the finite element method with sequential linear programming. The finite element method is based on the graded finite element concept where the properties change smoothly inside the element. This approach provides a continuum approximation of material distribution, which is appropriate to model FGMs. The present results consider gradation between two different piezoceramic properties and two-dimensional models with plane stress assumption.
Meroterpenoid natural products from<i>Streptomyces</i>bacteria – the evolution of chemoenzymatic syntheses (2020)

Covering: Up to January 2020Meroterpenoids derived from the polyketide 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) are complex natural products produced exclusively by Streptomyces bacteria. These antibacterial compounds include the napyradiomycins, merochlorins, marinones, and furaquinocins and have inspired many attempts at their chemical synthesis. In this review, we highlight the role played by biosynthetic studies in the stimulation of biomimetic and, ultimately, chemoenzymatic total syntheses of these natural products. In particular, the application of genome mining techniques to marine Streptomyces bacteria led to the discovery of unique prenyltransferase and vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase enzymes that can be used as highly selective biocatalysts in fully enzymatic total syntheses, thus overcoming the limitations of purely chemical reagents.
Applications of web link analysis (2008)

Web search engines augment traditional text-based information retrieval techniques with hyperlink analysis to increase the relevance of search results. The most thoroughly studied application of link analysis is the authority-based ranking of web pages. We look beyond assessing page authority and use link analysis to solve other problems that search engines encounter in their quest for better search results. 
First, we focus on combating search engine spamming: actions intended to mislead search engines into ranking some web pages higher than they deserve. Over the last five years, the amount of search engine spam has increased dramatically, leading to a degradation of web content quality. To set the stage, we survey current spamming techniques and organize them into a comprehensive taxonomy. Next we present our first tool for combating spam: TrustRank, which combines input from human experts with link analysis to semi-automatically separate reputable, good pages from spam. Then we delve into detecting a particular technique called link spamming. We begin by analyzing exactly how and why link spamming works. We continue by introducing the concept of spam mass, a measure of link spamming's impact on the ranking of a page. Finally, we discuss how to estimate spam mass and how the estimates can help identifying pages that benefit significantly from link spamming. 
Second, we turn our attention to web page categorization. Even though web pages are hyperlinked, most proposed efficient classification techniques take little advantage of the link structure and rely primarily on text features. We introduce a link-based approach to classification, centered on summarizing relevant link information about a page into a numeric vector. Our approach can be used in isolation or in conjunction with text-based classification. 
The experimental results in this dissertation indicate that the proposed spam detection and web categorization techniques work well on actual web data.
A biocompatible calcium bisphosphonate coordination polymer: towards a metal-linker synergistic therapeutic effect? (2013)

A novel, biocompatible, calcium-based coordination polymer was hydrothermally synthesized using as linker the bone antiresorptive bisphosphonate alendronate. Its structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and characterized by chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Its bioactivity was finally evaluated in vitro, revealing a very high stability towards simulated body fluid.
Parallel implementation of the replica exchange molecular dynamics algorithm on Blue Gene/L (2006)

The replica exchange method is a popular approach for studying the folding thermodynamics of small to modest size proteins in explicit solvent, since it is easily parallelized. However, replica exchange can become computationally expensive for large-scale studies, due to the number of replicas needed as well as interprocess or communication requirements both between and within replicas. In this paper, we discuss an implementation of replica exchange molecular dynamics on Blue Gene/L for performing large scale simulation studies of systems of biological interest. The algorithm is tuned with an awareness of the physical network topology and hardware performance features of the Blue Gene/L architecture. Performance measurements for replica exchange using the blue matter molecular dynamics application are presented on Blue Gene/L hardware with up to 256 replicas simulated on 8,192 compute nodes. Both scalability and performance are achieved with this implementation.
Muscle Heating Accelerates Recovery in Mouse and Human Skeletal Muscle Following Fatigue (2015)

PURPOSE: To determine whether heating allows muscles to recover their force or power more rapidly following fatigue. METHODS: Intact single fibers from mouse flexor digitorum brevis muscle were fatigued at 31°C (70Hz 350ms tetani once every 10s until initial force decreased to 30%). During a 2hr recovery period after fatigue, single fibers were perfused in Tyrode solution at either 31°C (physiological temperature) or at a higher temperature of 36°C. Isometric force and cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) were measured during 30Hz tetani evoked periodically during the recovery period. In humans, subjects performed fatiguing arm exercise consisting of 3 x 5min maximal effort arm cycling at 100 rpm followed by 4 x 15 min at an intensity of 50% of VO2peak. Then followed 2hr of recovery during which both arms were either heated or not heated at 5°C above physiological temperatures using arm cuffs continuously perfused with temperature-regulated water; the order of heating vs. not heating was randomized between two visits. Intramuscular temperature was recorded with probes inserted 1.5 cm into the lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle. During the recovery period, subjects consumed 1.0 g/hr/kg body weight carbohydrates to support glycogen repletion. After recovery, the subjects repeated the 3 x 5 min time trials to evaluate the effect of the recovery intervention. RESULTS: Recovery from fatigue in mouse single fibers was dependent on muscle glycogen restoration since fibers perfused with glucose-free Tyrode did not recover contractile force (P<0.05). After 30 min recovery, 30Hz tetanic [Ca2+]i was 107±10% vs. 92 ± 8% of initial values in heated vs. non-heated muscle, and the corresponding forces were 69±15% vs.49±14%. In seven human subjects, 2h of muscle heating also appeared to improve muscle recovery, leading to higher mean power output in the post-recovery arm cycling time trial than without muscle heating. CONCLUSION: Elevating muscle temperature by 5°C above physiological temperature accelerates recovery in mouse muscle in-vitro and in human skeletal muscle in-vivo and this appears to depend on faster muscle glycogen resynthesis following fatigue.
Coulomb Blockade Ratchet (1999)

We investigate the transport properties of a new class of ratchets. The device is constructed by applying an ac voltage to the metallic single electron tunneling transistor, and a net transport current is induced by the time-dependent bias-voltage, although the voltage value is on the average zero. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is the Coulomb blockade of the single electron tunneling. The directions and the values of the induced net currents can be well controlled by the gate-voltage. A net transport current has also been observed even in the absence of the external bias-voltages, which is attributed to the noise in the circuit.