gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Los secretos de Estado (Un acercamiento a sus controles en el Estado de Derecho) (2011)

En la tesis se analiza la idea de razon de Eetado, fundamento del entonces y actual secreto de Estado. Despues de estudar el contexto historico en que nace dicha idea, se arriva al significado contemporaneo de la misma. Posteriormente, se delimita el concepto del secreto oficial asi como los diferentes actores del escenario politico que pueden clasificar informacion para proteger determinados intereses, incluida la seguridad nacional, por medio del analisis de la legislacion comparada de un numero considerable de paises “occidentales”. Tambien se analizan los diferentes mecanismos que el derecho comparado ofrece para controlar a los Estados y gobernantes al emplear el secreto de Estado: la ley, los organismos publicos de control de los actos de gobierno, el control parlamentario y el control judicial. Asimismo, se evaluan los efectos que acarrea la existencia del secreto de Estado en el Estado de Derecho. Se concluye que los secretos de Estado deben estar en Ley, considerados como excepcion al dereaho a la informacion, limitar el tipo de materiales sujetos a clasificacion y deben de contar con toda clase controles: parlamentario jsudicial, adeministrativo y estatal.
Plasticity of the Influenza Virus H5 HA Protein (2021)

Since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5 subtype, the major viral antigen, hemagglutinin (HA), has undergone constant evolution, resulting in numerous genetic and antigenic (sub)clades. To explore the consequences of amino acid changes at sites that may affect the antigenicity of H5 viruses, we simultaneously mutated 17 amino acid positions of an H5 HA by using a synthetic gene library that, theoretically, encodes all combinations of the 20 amino acids at the 17 positions. All 251 mutant viruses sequenced possessed ≥13 amino acid substitutions in HA, demonstrating that the targeted sites can accommodate a substantial number of mutations. Selection with ferret sera raised against H5 viruses of different clades resulted in the isolation of 39 genotypes. Further analysis of seven variants demonstrated that they were antigenically different from the parental virus and replicated efficiently in mammalian cells. Our data demonstrate the substantial plasticity of the influenza virus H5 HA protein, which may lead to novel antigenic variants.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The HA protein of influenza A viruses is the major viral antigen. In this study, we simultaneously introduced mutations at 17 amino acid positions of an H5 HA expected to affect antigenicity. Viruses with ≥13 amino acid changes in HA were viable, and some had altered antigenic properties. H5 HA can therefore accommodate many mutations in regions that affect antigenicity. The substantial plasticity of H5 HA may facilitate the emergence of novel antigenic variants.
CAS proteins in health and disease: An update (2014)

The CAS family of scaffolding proteins has increasingly attracted scrutiny as important for regulation of cancer-associated signaling. BCAR1 (also known as p130Cas), NEDD9 (HEF1, Cas-L), EFS (Sin), and CASS4 (HEPL) are regulated by and mediate cell attachment, growth factor, and chemokine signaling. Altered expression and activity of CAS proteins are now known to promote metastasis and drug resistance in cancer, influence normal development, and contribute to the pathogenesis of heart and pulmonary disease. In this article, we provide an update on recently published studies describing signals regulating and regulated by CAS proteins, and evidence for biological activity of CAS proteins in normal development, cancer, and other pathological conditions.
Changes in Effective Thermal Conductivity During the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnetite Using Graphite (2017)

Abstract Knowledge of the effective thermal diffusivity changes of systems undergoing reactions where heat transfer plays an important role in the reaction kinetics is essential for process understanding and control. Carbothermic reduction process of magnetite containing composites is a typical example of such systems. The reduction process in this case is highly endothermic and hence, the overall rate of the reaction is greatly influenced by the heat transfer through composite compact. Using Laser-Flash method, the change of effective thermal diffusivity of magnetite-graphite composite pellet was monitored in the dynamic mode over a pre-defined thermal cycle (heating at the rate of 7 K/min to 1423 K (1150 °C), holding the sample for 270 minutes at this temperature and then cooling it down to the room temperature at the same rate as heating). These measurements were supplemented by Thermogravimetric Analysis under comparable experimental conditions as well as quenching tests of the samples in order to combine the impact of various factors such as sample dilatations and changes in apparent density on the progress of the reaction. The present results show that monitoring thermal diffusivity changes during the course of reduction would be a very useful tool in a total understanding of the underlying physicochemical phenomena. At the end, effort is made to estimate the apparent thermal conductivity values based on the measured thermal diffusivity and dilatations.
Rapid Startup SOFC Modules (2012)

The compact 200 W SOFC module is characterised by its rapid startup capability. The module can be run on hydrogen, as well as on reformate from hydrocarbon fuels or alcohols. The stack temperature can be raised to 700 °C in less than 5 min by electric heaters placed in all bipolar plates. The heating power may be drawn from a battery which can be later recharged at times of low power demand. Only about 4 Wh of electrical energy are needed to heat one installed cell. As the nominal output is 10 W per cell, the startup energy is recovered in about 24 min of operation. The complete and functional modules are packaged in sealed metal containers. The current 200 W demonstration module has a diameter of 100 mm (4 inches) and is 100 mm tall. The suspended stack of 16 planar cells of 60 mm × 60 mm size can deliver up to 200 W of DC power when operated at around 850 °C. However, the design of the module can be expanded to power levels of 1 kW or more by increasing the number of cells per stack or by enlarging the active area.
Electrical Stability and Reliability of Ultralow Dielectric Constant Porous Carbon-Doped Oxide film for Copper Interconnect (2005)

Nanoporous carbon-doped oxide (CDO) is a promising low dielectric constant (low-) intermetal dielectric (IMD) for Cu interconnect. The electrical stability and reliability of CDO strongly depend on the contacted metal. An electrical instability model considering metal ion diffusion, dielectric polarization, and carrier injection is proposed for CDO under electrical stress. Both Al and Cu are not suitable for contact with CDO because they can be driven easily into CDO. Fortunately, TaN shows no mobile ion issues when in contact with CDO. The electron transport mechanism is identified to be Schottky emission at low electric field and low temperature. As metal ions are injected into CDO film, the electron transport mechanism changes to Frenkel-Pool emission at high temperature and high electric field. The injection of metal ions into CDO also degrades the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) lifetime of CDO. Fortunately, the commonly used diffusion barrier TaN is an excellent contact metal with CDO. The 1-year-long TDDB lifetime allows an electric field stronger than , and the TDDB lifetime at becomes longer than 10 years by several orders of magnitude. It is concluded that the nanoporous CDO is a very promising IMD for next-generation interconnect systems.
Near-field second harmonic imaging of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramic (1999)

A technique to characterize the local nonlinearity of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramic (PZT) has been developed. Near-field optical microscopy has been used to image variations in local optical second harmonic generation from the PZT surface. Individual crystalline grains and grain boundaries are the main features visible in the images. The technique allows us to determine the local poling direction of individual submicrometer size crystalline grains of ceramic by near-field second harmonic imaging at different angles of incidence and polarization states of fundamental excitation light.
Comprehensive analysis for immune profiles of tumor microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancers: Prognostic effect of immunomodulatory molecules (2018)

Background: Therapies targeting immune checkpoints have recently shown promising activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. T-cell activation is controlled by the balance of co-stimulatory molecules and co-inhibitory molecules (immune checkpoint molecules). Methods: A comprehensive analysis was performed for immune profiles of tumor microenvironment in NSCLCs using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE). CAGE is a method used to quantify promoter activities across the whole genome by determining the 5’ ends of capped RNA molecules with next-generation sequencing. Gene expressions of PD-L1, PD-L2, co-inhibitory molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, BTLA, VISTA, and LAG-3), co-stimulatory molecules (CD28, OX40, GITR, CD317, CD27, and HVEM), and markers of immune cells (CD4, CD8, CD25, Foxp3, CD68, and CD204) were quantified using RNA extracted from frozen tumor tissue samples of 100 surgically resected NSCLCs (71 adenocarcinomas (AD), 22 squamous cell carcinomas (SQ), and 7 other histologic types). Results: NSCLCs in this study were classified into two groups: tumors with high expression of almost all immunomodulatory targets (immunoreactive) and tumors with intermediate or low expression (non-immunoreactive). Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules were simultaneously highly expressed in immunoreactive tumors. The prognosis of immunoreactive ADs was worse than that of non-immunoreactive ADs regardless of histologic grade or EGFR mutation status (P = 0.002). However, an opposite trend was observed in SQs (P = 0.789). In ADs, high expression of CD137, TIM-3, and HVEM was an unfavorable prognostic factor. In SQs, high expression of CTLA-4 and LAG-3 was a favorable prognostic factor, and whereas HVEM expression was unfavorable. Conclusions: NSCLCs can be classified into immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumors. The prognostic effect of immunomodulatory molecules differs according to histologic types and gene expression profiles of immune cells. Legal entity responsible for the study: Juntendo University School of Medicine. Funding: Has not received any funding. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Targeted PET imaging strategy to differentiate malignant from inflamed lymph nodes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (2017)

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma in adults. DLBCL exhibits highly aggressive and systemic progression into multiple tissues in patients, particularly in lymph nodes. Whole-body <sup>18</sup>F-fluodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-PET) imaging has an essential role in diagnosing DLBCL in the clinic; however, [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-PET often faces difficulty in differentiating malignant tissues from certain nonmalignant tissues with high glucose uptake. We have developed a PET imaging strategy for DLBCL that targets poly[ADP ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1), the expression of which has been found to be much higher in DLBCL than in healthy tissues. In a syngeneic DLBCL mouse model, this PARP1-targeted PET imaging approach allowed us to discriminate between malignant and inflamed lymph nodes, whereas [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-PET failed to do so. Our PARP1-targeted PET imaging approach may be an attractive addition to the current PET imaging strategy to differentiate inflammation from malignancy in DLBCL.
To What Extent Do Unique Parts Influence Recognition Across Changes in Viewpoint? (1997)

We investigated how varying the number of unique parts within an object influences recognition across changes in viewpoint The stimuli were shaded objects composed of five three-dimensional volumes linked end to end with varying connection angles Of the five volumes, zero, one, three, or five were qualitatively distinct (e g, brick vs cone), the rest being tubes Sequential-matching and naming tasks were used to assess the recognition of these stimuli over rotations in depth Three major results stand out First, regardless of the number of distinct parts, there was increasingly poorer recognition performance with increasing change in viewpoint Second, the impact of viewpoint change for objects with one unique part was less than that for the other objects Third, additional parts beyond a single unique part produced strong viewpoint dependency comparable to that obtained for objects with no distinct parts Thus, visual recognition may be explained by a view-based theory in which viewpoint-specific representations encode both quantitative and qualitative features.
Anesthetic Concerns for Robot-Assisted Laparoscopy in an Infant (2004)

A 2-mo-old infant with biliary atresia was scheduled for laparoscopic Kasai with robot assistance. Before surgery, a practice trial maneuvering the cumbersome robotic equipment was performed to ensure rapid access to the patient in case of emergency. IV access, tracheal intubation, and arterial line placement followed inhaled anesthesia induction with sevoflurane. Robotic setup took 53 min and severely limited patient access. No adverse events occurred during the procedure requiring the removal of the robotic equipment, and the patient was discharged after a stable postoperative recovery. Advance preparation is required to maximize patient safety during robotic surgery.
Numerical Analysis of Metal Cutting With Chamfered and Blunt Tools (2002)

In high speed machining of hard materials, tools with chamfered edge and materials resistant to diffusion wear are commonly used. In this paper, the influence of cutting edge geometry on the chip removal process is studied through numerical simulation of cutting with sharp, chamfered or blunt edges and with carbide and CBN tools. The analysis is based on the use of ALE finite element method for continuous chip formation process. Simulations include cutting with tools of different chamfer angles and cutting speeds. The study shows that a region of trapped material zone is formed under the chamfer and acts as the effective cutting edge of the tool, in accordance with experimental observations. While the chip formation process is not significantly affected by the presence of the chamfer, the cutting forces are increased. The effect of cutting speed on the process is also studied.
Minimizing equipment shutdowns in oil and gas campaign maintenance (2020)

This paper considers the problem of scheduling periodic maintenance items for oil and gas plants. Each maintenance item involves various maintenance tasks and may require temporary equipment shutdowns, which are costly and highly disruptive to production. The aim is to minimise equipment shutdowns by grouping maintenance items with similar shutdown requirements into short-term maintenance operations called campaigns. Real plants can involve tens of thousands of maintenance items and thus manually scheduling the campaigns is an extreme challenge. In this paper, we develop a mixed-integer linear programming model for optimally allocating maintenance items to campaigns so that total shutdown cost is minimised. The model incorporates constraints on maintenance deadlines, campaign times, maintenance item suppression and labour hours per campaign. We solve the model for realistic scenarios involving data for Karratha Gas Plant in Western Australia, which is the main processing plant for the massive North West Shelf oil and gas project.
Spatial variation of crustal seismic velocities in southern California (1981)

abstract Arrival-time data for local earthquakes were used to study lateral velocity variations and error statistics for southern California. Crustal P velocities averaged over the major geomorphic provinces vary by only a few per cent. Regions of relatively high velocity include the Peninsular ranges, the Imperial valley, the Pomona basin, and the Colorado desert. The Santa Monica, southern Sierra, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains are relatively slow, as is the offshore area. Near-surface station delays, which are unknown to within several tenths of a second, are a major source of uncertainty in the regional velocities. Arrival-time errors include two types: (1) small errors caused by imperfect timing and unmodeled velocity variations; and (2) larger errors apparently caused by improper identification of arrivals and by blunders. We found no reliable way to identify the latter errors unless they result in large arrival-time residuals. For a strongly edited catalog, the variance of arrival-time residuals appears to increase linearly with epicentral distance, as predicted for wave propagation in a randomly heterogeneous medium. The variance of residuals is strongly station dependent. Residuals are nearly Gaussian within the 70 per cent confidence interval, but not outside this interval. The 95 per cent confidence limit occurs at about three standard deviations.
CD18 integrin-dependent endothelial injury: effects of opsonized zymosan and phorbol ester activation (1994)

We examined the hypothesis that neutrophil (PMN)-mediated injury of the vascular endothelium is dependent on adhesion of PMNs to endothelial cells via the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18. We compared the PMN activation responses [i.e. adhesion to cultured endothelial cells, superoxide (O2-) production, degranulation, and cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i)] and endothelial injury elicited by opsonized zymosan (OZ, which is phagocytosed by PMNs) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, a protein kinase C activator). The basal adherence of nonstimulated PMNs to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) was 9.0 +/- 1.1 PMN/field. PMA and OZ increased PMN adherence to BPAEC (to 31.1 +/- 1.4 and 39.8 +/- 3.8 PMN/field, respectively), which in both cases was inhibited by anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) IB4. Stimulation of PMNs with PMA or OZ produced injury to 73% and 53% of BPAEC examined, respectively, which corresponded to 6.8-fold and 3.5-fold increases in transendothelial 125I-albumin permeability from baseline. Pretreatment of PMNs with mAb IB4 prevented endothelial injury in both cases. Both PMA and OZ increased the production of O2- (by 7.6-fold and 3.1-fold over control, respectively) and promoted the release of myeloperoxidase (5.2-fold and 9.1-fold over control, respectively) (P < .01). IB4 did not inhibit the PMA- or OZ-induced increases in O2-. IB4 did not inhibit the PMA-induced myeloperoxidase release but reduced by approximately 29% the OZ-induced myeloperoxidase release. Stimulation of PMNs layered on BPAEC with OZ (0.5 mg/ml) caused an approximately 7-fold increase in PMN [Ca2+]i over baseline, which decayed to a steady-state level above baseline at 10 min. IB4 (10 micrograms/ml) alone did not alter baseline [Ca2+]i and did not inhibit the OZ-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. In contrast to OZ, stimulation of PMNs with PMA did not increase [Ca2+]i. The results indicate that the protective effects of the anti-CD18 mAb IB4 were associated predominantly with its antiadherence property. Therefore, CD18 integrin-mediated PMN adhesion to the endothelium is a critical determinant of endothelial injury irrespective of the PMN-activating stimulus.
Homage to Mark Wainberg (2017)

Mark Wainberg, PhD, Professor in the departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology and in Pediatrics at McGill University, pioneered studies on HIV drug resistance and became a vibrant advocate for antiretroviral treatment access worldwide.FigureHe died tragically of an asthma attack that he suffered while swimming with his family on April 11, 2017 in Bal Harbour, Florida. Dr. Wainberg received his bachelor's degree at McGill University, Montreal in 1966, and his Ph.D from Columbia University, New York City in 1972. He did post-doctoral research at Hadassah Medical School at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. After an initial focus on immune responses in chickens bearing tumours induced by Rous sarcoma virus, he used his skills and tools to contribute to the fight against the newly devastating outbreak of AIDS. As the founder and Director of the McGill University AIDS Centre, at the Lady Davis Institute in Montreal, he pioneered the scientific response against HIV. Dr. Wainberg and colleagues were the first to identify 3TC (lamivudine) as a new antiretroviral, in close collaboration with the Quebec-based company BioChem Pharma Inc, in 1989. Soon after, he recognized that drug-induced viral mutations led to treatment failure, providing a rationale for the development of combination therapy with Dr. Julio Montaner in Vancouver. His contributions to the understanding of mechanisms of drug resistance brought further focus to this important issue. In 1998 he was elected president of the International AIDS Society and organized the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa that highlighted issues on treatment access in the resource-limited world. He was also co-chair of the XVI International AIDS Conference held in Toronto and a past president of the Canadian Association for HIV Research (CAHR). Dr. Wainberg received numerous awards and recognition for his research. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and an Officer of the National Order of Quebec, both being the highest civilian honours. He was recognized for his accomplishments by the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. He was honoured by being awarded the Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur, the highest honour given by France. Most importantly, Mark was a devoted and vocal advocate for people living with HIV. He championed the easy access of antiretroviral therapy to all countries and acted as an activist against “HIV denialists”, such as the former South African President Thabo Mbeki. Beyond being an outstanding scientist and advocate, Mark exuded warmth and had a wonderful sense of humour. He trained and mentored a full generation of scientists from all over the world that will continue his work to definitively end the HIV epidemic. His contributions to science and health and his warm and sincere friendship will always be remembered.
Frequency-modulation spectrometer for Mössbauer studies (1988)

A nuclear frequency-modulation spectrometer (NFMS) for high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy is described in this article. As the name implies, this device operates by modulating the cross section for gamma-ray absorption. The automation of this spectrometer required the development of an interface to an Apple computer which provides a real-time data display. This interface also enables the Apple computer to control up to two Mössbauer spectrometers at once, with a real-time data display for each. A nuclear frequency-modulation spectrometer makes it possible to observe directly the phenomenon known as ‘‘rf sidebands’’ in Mössbauer spectroscopy, without interference from the ‘‘parent transitions.’’ The high resolution of NFMS makes it possible to examine the ‘‘rf sidebands’’ for any fine structure.