gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TaN∕Ta as an Effective Diffusion Barrier for Direct Contact of Copper and NiSi (2011)

In this letter, the bi-layered structure of TaN/Ta is revealed to be an effective diffusion barrier for copper (Cu)/NiSi direct contact application. Comparing with the conventional Cu/Ta/TaN/NiSi contact structure, the proposed Cu/TaN/Ta/NiSi contact structure can significantly increase the contact failure temperature over 100°C. It is demonstrated that the NiSi morphological stability is effectively enhanced by Ta capping, which is crucial to improve the performance of Cu/TaN/Ta/NiSi contact. For TaN/Ta diffusion barrier, the Cu diffusion through TaN/Ta layers is revealed to be a diffusion-controlled process with an activation energy of 0.95 eV.
Scaling up self-stratifying supercapacitive microbial fuel cell (2020)

Self-stratifying microbial fuel cells with three different electrodes sizes and volumes were operated in supercapacitive mode. As the electrodes size increased, the equivalent series resistance decreased, and the overall power was enhanced (small: ESR = 7.2 Ω and P <sub><i>max</i></sub> = 13 mW; large: ESR = 4.2 Ω and P <sub><i>max</i></sub> = 22 mW). Power density referred to cathode geometric surface area and displacement volume of the electrolyte in the reactors. With regards to the electrode wet surface area, the large size electrodes (L-MFC) displayed the lowest power density (460 μW cm<sup>-2</sup>) whilst the small and medium size electrodes (S-MFC, M-MFC) showed higher densities (668 μW cm<sup>-2</sup> and 633 μW cm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively). With regard to the volumetric power densities the S-MFC, the M-MFC and the L-MFC had similar values (264 μW mL<sup>-1</sup>, 265 μW mL<sup>-1</sup> and 249 μW cm<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). Power density normalised in terms of carbon weight utilised for fabricating MFC cathodes-electrodes showed high output for smaller electrode size MFC (5811 μW g<sup>-1</sup>-C- and 3270 μW g<sup>-1</sup>-C- for the S-MFC and L-MFC, respectively) due to the fact that electrodes were optimised for MFC operations and not supercapacitive discharges. Apparent capacitance was high at lower current pulses suggesting high faradaic contribution. The electrostatic contribution detected at high current pulses was quite low. The results obtained give rise to important possibilities of performance improvements by optimising the device design and the electrode fabrication.
Supplemental Figure 4 from A Role for Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in CD8 T-cell Suppression and Evidence of Tryptophan Catabolism in Breast Cancer Patient Plasma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Alterations in tryptophan catabolites by breast cancer stage.&lt;/p&gt;
The development of recycle zone electrophoresis (1990)

Milan Bier's contributions to preparative electrophoresis and, in particular, his work in "recycling", have had an enormous impact on the development of scaling strategies for continuous flow electrophoresis. This paper reviews my early work on the theory of recycle applied to zone electrophoresis and reports the results of several recent experiments in which proteins were purified from complex feed mixtures using recycle zone electrophoresis.
Post-Acute Effectiveness of Lithium in Pediatric Bipolar I Disorder (2013)

Lithium may be a safe and effective longer-term treatment for patients with pediatric bipolar disorder who respond to acute treatment with lithium. Partial responders to acute lithium did not appear to experience substantial symptom improvement during the continuation phase, despite the possibility that adjunctive medications could be prescribed.
60-kDa Tat-interactive Protein (TIP60) Positively Regulates Th-inducing POK (ThPOK)-mediated Repression of Eomesodermin in Human CD4+ T Cells (2013)

The abundant expression of IFNγ in Th-inducing POK (ThPOK)-deficient CD4(+) T cells requires the activation of Eomesodermin (Eomes); however, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here we report that ThPOK binds directly to the promoter region of the Eomes gene to repress its expression in CD4(+) T cells. We identified the histone acetyltransferase TIP60 as a co-repressor of ThPOK-target genes, where ectopically expressed TIP60 increased ThPOK protein stability by promoting its acetylation at its Lys(360) residue to then augment the transcriptional repression of Eomes. Moreover, knockdown of endogenous TIP60 abolished the stabilization of ThPOK in CD4(+) T cells, which led to the transcriptional activation of Eomes and increased production of IFNγ. Our results reveal a novel pathway by which TIP60 and ThPOK synergistically suppresses Eomes function and IFNγ production, which could contribute to the regulation of inflammation.
Vapor phase polymerization of EDOT from submicrometer scale oxidant patterned by dip-pen nanolithography (2012)

Some of the most exciting recent advances in conducting polymer synthesis have centered around the method of vapor phase polymerization (VPP) of thin films. However, it is not known whether the VPP process can proceed using significantly reduced volumes of oxidant and therefore be implemented as part of nanolithography approach. Here, we present a strategy for submicrometer scale patterning of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via in situ VPP. Attolitre (10-18 L) volumes of oxidant "ink" are controllably deposited using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). DPN patterning of the oxidant ink is facilitated by the incorporation of an amphiphilic block copolymer thickener, an additive that also assists with stabilization of the oxidant. When exposed to EDOT monomer in a VPP chamber, each deposited feature localizes the synthesis of conducting PEDOT structures of several micrometers down to 250 nm in width. PEDOT patterns are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive AFM, two probe electrical measurement, and micro-Raman spectroscopy, evidencing in situ vapor phase synthesis of conducting polymer at a scale (picogram) which is much smaller than that previously reported. Although the process of VPP on this scale was achieved, we highlight some of the challenges that need to be overcome to make this approach feasible in an applied setting.
Valence State of Cerium Incorporated in Aluminium-Free Layered Silicates (1997)

Due to their catalytic, adsorptive and exchange properties aluminium-free layered silicate hydrates are interesting supplements to the well-known crystalline porous zeolites and alumophosphates. To create active sites Cerium ions were introduced into the interlayer space of metal silicate hydrates by an ion exchange process. A Ce/Na ion exchange was carried out with a 0.1N Ce(NO3)3-solution at room temperature. Two types of air dried Ce-containing layered silicates, ilerite and magadiite, were analysed by XANES and EXAFS spectroscopy at the Ce LIII-edge. Both valence states Ce3+ and Ce4+ have been detected but Ce3+ dominated at all. The ratio of Ce4+ /Ce3+ at ilerite was larger than that for magadiite. This result leads to the conclusion, that the local order must be higher around cerium in the ilerite.
Locked Nucleic Acid: Properties and Therapeutic Aspects (2008)

In 1978 Zamecnik and Stephenson1 showed for the first time that messenger RNA (mRNA) repression could be achieved by single-stranded oligonucleotides (ONs). This mechanistic approach for gene inhibition was later called the antisense (AS) principle. The simplicity of this new principle captivated ma...
Failure analysis case studies using the IR-OBIRCH (infrared optical beam induced resistance change) method (2003)

The IR-OBIRCH (infrared optical beam induced resistance change) method was proposed and developed by Nikawa and Tozaki in 1993 and this method has been shown to be applicable for detecting defects and current paths by using test structures and/or artificial failures. Here we present the results of the actual failure analysis from real failures of DRAMs, ASICs, power MOSFETs and microcomputers, which failed during mass production, development, user tests, and ESD simulation. In the analysis of a microcomputers we applied test vectors from an ATE docked to the IR-OBIRCH system, in order to reproduce the failure state during IR-OBIRCH imaging. The results showed that the IR-OBIRCH is suitable not only for improving reliability but also for increasing yield.
Production of Spherical Boron-Carbide Particles Encapsulated in a Graphite Shell (2022)

Laser ablation makes it possible to obtain boron-carbide nanoparticles suitable for subsequent use in boron neutron capture therapy. However, particles of boron and boric acid are formed in parallel. Boric acid is harmful to the human body, and boron can naturally form boric acid. A method is proposed for reducing the toxicity of the synthesis of boron-carbide nanoparticles by laser ablation by adding free carbon to the reaction and replacing the traditionally used buffer medium, ethyl acetate. Purified water is used as a dispersing medium. It is shown that the described technology has prospects for reducing the level of toxicity due to the choice of a suitable buffer medium. The formation of boron carbide is recorded by transmission electron microscopy and XRD analysis. The formed particles are predominantly spherical in shape and have a carbon shell. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of such a shell due to the diffusion of carbon from the bulk of the particle through the domain boundaries.
Controlling the assembly of nanoparticles using surface grafted molecular and macromolecular gradients (2003)

We report on the generation of assemblies comprising number density gradients of nanoparticles in two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions. These structures are fabricated by creating a surface-bound organic template which directs the spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles. The 2D template is made of amine-terminated organosilane with a concentration gradient along the solid substrate. The 3D matrix comprises surface-anchored poly(acryl amide), whose molecular weight changes gradually on the specimen. In both cases, the composite is assembled at low pH, where the positively charged –NH3+ groups within the organic scaffold attract negatively charged gold nanoparticles. We use a battery of experimental tools to determine the number density of particles along the gradient substrate and in the case of 3D structures also their spatial distribution. For 2D gradient assemblies, we show that gold nanoparticle coverage on the surface decreases gradually as the concentration of substrate-bound aminosilane decreases. The number of particles in the polymer brush/particle hybrid is found to increase with increasing polymer molecular weight. We show that for a given grafting density of polymer brush, larger particles predominantly stay near the brush–air interface. In contrast, smaller nanoparticles penetrate deeper into the polymer brush, thus forming a 3D structure. Finally, we discuss possible applications of these nanoparticle gradient assemblies.
Classification of Soft Tissue Tumors by Machine Learning Algorithms (2011)

MR imaging is currently regarded as the standard diagnostic tool for detection and grading of soft tissue tumors (STT ) (De Schepper et al. (2005)). Soft tissue is a term describing all the supporting, connecting or tissues surrounding other structures and organs of the body such as fat, muscle, blood vessels, deep skin tissues, nerves and the tissues around joints (synovial tissues). Soft tissue tumors can grow almost anywhere in the human body. Soft tissue sarcomas, which are the malignant type of STT , are grouped together because they share certain microscopic characteristics, have similar symptoms, and are generally treated in similar ways. Radiologists often look for certain features in the MR image to differentiate benign from malignant STT tumors (Juan et al. (2004); Mutlu et al. (2006)). Although the signal characteristics of both benign and malignant tumors frequently overlap, some MR image features are more highly correlated to the benign or the malignant types of STT , see De Schepper et al. (2000) and De Schepper & Bloem (2007). For example, the most commonly used individual parameters for predicting malignancy are the inhomogeneity (texture) and the intensity (gray level) of the MRI signal with different pulse sequences (De Schepper et al. (2005); Hermann et al. (1992)). Inhomogeneity of the tumor region on T1-weightedMR images is a very good indicator of the malignancy of the tumor because 90% of malignant tumors are inhomogeneous and show a disorganized textured pattern of the MRI signal intensity (Weatherall (1995)). This pattern is formed as a result of the losses of tissue structure and the changes of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cancer. The study by ( Hermann et al. (1992)) reported a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 87% in predicting malignancy based on visual comparison of texture in the tumor regions in T1-MR images. The reason for the large difference between the sensitivity and the specificity in this study is the difficulty of perceiving texture in some of the malignant tumors. The limited ability for human to perceive and discriminate between textures is well known for quite some time (Julesz (1975); Julesz et al. (1973)). Computer aided diagnostic systems can improve the radiologists performance in identifying the pathological type (i.e. benign or malignant) of a soft tissue tumor from MR images (Meinel et al. (2007)). Eventhough visually comparing the textures of benign tumor and malignant tumor sometimes show no difference, the extracted numerical values by texture analysis are quite different. Figure 1 shows subimages of a benign and a malignant tumors and the values of some of the extracted texture features. Such an example shows that 3
CT-basierte elektromagnetisch navigierte Interventionen: Genauigkeit und Effizienz in der klinischen Anwendung (2010)

Ziele: Die klinische Effizienz und Genauigkeit von auf computertomographischen Daten basierter elektromagnetischer Navigation (EMT) in verschiedenen klinischen Anwendungen zu evaluieren. Methode: Ein klinisch zugelassenes EMT System (iGuide Cappa, Siemens Medical, Forchheim, Deutschland) wurde für CT-basierte Interventionen im klinischen Einsatz verwendet. Prozedurzeit und Genauigkeit wurden anhand aufgezeichneter Logdaten zusammen mit während der Prozedur aufgenommenen CT-Kontrollen analysiert. Gründe für einen Abbruch der Intervention wurden analysiert. Ergebnis: 26 Prozeduren wurden für eine elektromagnetische Navigation vorgesehen (13 Drainageanlagen, 5 Biopsien, 3 Sympathicolysen, eine Radiofrequenzablation, eine Facettengelenkspunktion, eine Kyphoplastie, eine Drahtmarkierung und eine Diskographie) von denen 23 erfolgreich durchgeführt werden konnten. Die durchschnittliche Zeit für die Durchführung der Intervention betrug 23,7±17min. Die Vorbereitungszeit lag im Mittel bei 5,8±7,2min und die Interventionszeit (skin-to-target) lag bei 2,6±2,4min. Die Punktionslänge war durchschnittlich 7,2±2,5cm. Die örtliche Genauigkeit lag bei 3,1±2,1mm. Gründe für den Abbruch von Interventionen waren starke Patientenbewegung, Probleme bei der Fixierung der Referenzierung und das Fehlen einer drainierbaren Formation. Schlussfolgerung: CT-basiert, elektromagnetisch geführte Interventionen können im klinischen Einsatz in verschiedenen Fragestellungen präzise und mit vertretbarem Zeitaufwand durchgeführt werden. Das System erleichtert besonders bei schwierigen, doppelt-angulierten Zugängen die Punktion.
CCDC 296214: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2006)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Prostaglandin E receptor EP4 is a therapeutic target in breast cancer cells with stem-like properties (2013)

The cyclooxygenase pathway is strongly implicated in breast cancer progression but the role of this pathway in the biology of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells has not been defined. Recent attention has focused on targeting the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathway downstream of the COX-2 enzyme by blocking the activities of individual prostaglandin E (EP) receptors. Prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) is widely expressed in primary invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast and antagonizing this receptor with small molecule inhibitors or shRNA directed to EP4 inhibits metastatic potential in both syngeneic and xenograft models. Breast cancer stem/progenitor cells are defined as a subpopulation of cells that drive tumor growth, metastasis, treatment resistance, and relapse. Mammosphere-forming breast cancer cells of human (MDA-MB-231, SKBR3) or murine (66.1, 410.4) origin of basal-type, Her-2 phenotype and/or with heightened metastatic capacity upregulate expression of both EP4 and COX-2 and are more tumorigenic compared to the bulk population. In contrast, luminal-type or non-metastatic counterparts (MCF7, 410, 67) do not increase COX-2 and EP4 expression in mammosphere culture. Treatment of mammosphere-forming cells with EP4 inhibitors (RQ-15986, AH23848, Frondoside A) or EP4 gene silencing, but not with a COX inhibitor (Indomethacin) reduces both mammosphere-forming capacity and the expression of phenotypic markers (CD44(hi)/CD24(low), aldehyde dehydrogenase) of breast cancer stem cells. Finally, an orally delivered EP4 antagonist (RQ-08) reduces the tumor-initiating capacity and markedly inhibits both the size of tumors arising from transplantation of mammosphere-forming cells and phenotypic markers of stem cells in vivo. These studies support the continued investigation of EP4 as a potential therapeutic target and provide new insight regarding the role of EP4 in supporting a breast cancer stem cell/tumor-initiating phenotype.
V-shaped defects connected to inversion domains in AlGaN layers (2001)

Thick AlGaN layers and AlGaN/GaN superlattices have been grown on GaN using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy has been used to show that V-shaped surface pits on these samples differ from similar features observed in the InGaN system. Inversion domains and segregated Al are found in the middle of each V pit, and superlattice layers are observed to follow the pit sidewalls.
Simian virus 40 large T antigen stably complexes with a 185-kilodalton host protein (1992)

Stable interactions between simian virus 40 large T antigen and host proteins are believed to play a major role in the ability of the viral protein to transform cells in culture and induce tumors in vivo. Two of these host proteins, the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein (pRB) and p53, are products of tumor suppressor genes, suggesting that T antigen exerts at least a portion of its transforming activity by complexing with and inactivating the function of these proteins. While analyzing T antigen-host protein complexes in mouse cells, we noted a protein of 185 kDa (p185) which specifically coimmunoprecipitates with T antigen. Coimmunoprecipitation results from the formation of stable complexes between T antigen and p185. Complex formation is independent of the interactions of T antigen with pRB, p120, and p53. Furthermore, analysis of T-antigen mutants suggests that T antigen-p185 complex formation may be important in transformation by simian virus 40.
Training and learning activities within SENSE (2018)

SENSE - Ultimate low light-level sensor development, is a European project with the aim
to coordinate research and development efforts in academia and industry in low light-level (LLL)
sensoring. In the framework of SENSE several training and learning activities are and shall be
developed. The aim is to introduce the topic of LLL sensor R&D and to attract young researchers
to technology development. This includes training events during summer school, virtual training
sessions accessible from the website and also the development of show case experiments. In this
context an experiment for the measurement of cosmic muons is currently developed at KIT: It
consists of thermal cans that act as water-cherenkov-detectors. Muons passing through this detectors
produce photons which, in contrast to previous experiments, are measured using state-of-the-art
SiPMs. The usage of SiPMs has several advantages: They are more robust compared to PMTs and
they work without high voltage which is especially important for a hands-on-experiment for students.
To capture the photons within the thermal can wavelength shifting fibres, like used in the IceCube
and the AugerPrime scintillators, are attached to the SiPM. This show-case experiment should be
used for trainings with high school or young university students.
New Insight of Isothermal Melt Crystallization in Poly(aryl ether ether ketone) via Time-Resolved Simultaneous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering/Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction Measurements (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Insight of Isothermal Melt Crystallization in Poly(aryl ether ether ketone) via Time-Resolved Simultaneous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering/Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction MeasurementsBenjamin S. Hsiao, Bryan B. Sauer, Ravi K. Verma, H. Gerhard Zachmann, Soenke Seifert, Benjamin Chu, and Paul HarneyCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 20, 6931–6936Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00124a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00124a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views356Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts