gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Primary Xenograft Model of Small-Cell Lung Cancer Reveals Irreversible Changes in Gene Expression Imposed by Culture <i>In vitro</i> (2009)

Traditional approaches to the preclinical investigation of cancer therapies rely on the use of established cell lines maintained in serum-based growth media. This is particularly true of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), where surgically resected tissue is rarely available. Recent attention has focused on the need for better models that preserve the integrity of cancer stem cell populations, as well as three-dimensional tumor-stromal interactions. Here we describe a primary xenograft model of SCLC in which endobronchial tumor specimens obtained from chemo-naive patients are serially propagated in vivo in immunodeficient mice. In parallel, cell lines grown in conventional tissue culture conditions were derived from each xenograft line, passaged for 6 months, and then reimplanted to generate secondary xenografts. Using the Affymetrix platform, we analyzed gene expression in primary xenograft, xenograft-derived cell line, and secondary xenograft, and compared these data to similar analyses of unrelated primary SCLC samples and laboratory models. When compared with normal lung, primary tumors, xenografts, and cell lines displayed a gene expression signature specific for SCLC. Comparison of gene expression within the xenograft model identified a group of tumor-specific genes expressed in primary SCLC and xenografts that was lost during the transition to tissue culture and that was not regained when the tumors were reestablished as secondary xenografts. Such changes in gene expression may be a common feature of many cancer cell culture systems, with functional implications for the use of such models for preclinical drug development.
Prevalence of Universal Medication Schedule prescribing and links to adherence (2020)

While infrequently used, the UMS could help older, less-educated patients adhere to more complex regimens with minimal investment.
Encapsulation of proteins by Electro Hydro Dynamic Atomization (2007)

Abstract Summary: Aerosol reactor for Electro Hydro Dynamic Atomization has been used to encapsulate water soluble proteins in poly( ε ‐caprolactone). As a raw material w/o emulsion of BSA water solution emulsified in the organic solution of polymer was applied. Stability of the spraying process itself for particles production was investigated. Also raw material emulsion stability has been examined and emulsion stabiliser has been found. Protein release rate from produced particles was determined.
Intelligent systems for geosciences (2018)

A research agenda for intelligent systems that will result in fundamental new capabilities for understanding the Earth system.
Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in β-Thalassemia Occurs Despite Increased eNOS Expression and Preserved Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Reactivity to NO (2012)

A complex vasculopathy was identified in untransfused β-thalassemic mice characterized by altered carotid artery structure and endothelial dysfunction of resistance arterioles, likely attributable to reduced NO bioavailability despite enhanced vascular eNOS expression.
Regional uptake of [123I]-16-iodo3-R,S-methyl hexadecanoic acid in patients with myocardial infarction. Comparison with thallium 201 uptake and wall motion. (1994)

Thirty patients with recent myocardial infarction were intravenously injected with the modified fatty acid [123I]16-iodo-3R,S-methyl hexadecanoic acid (MIHA) at peak exercise to quantify viable myocardium after infarction. The results were analysed visually and quantitatively and compared with those obtained after injection of thallium 201 at peak exercise with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging immediately and 4 hours later. Ventriculography was used to study regional wall motion in all patients. In the visual comparison of 201Tl- and MIHA-SPECT scintigrams, 98.8% of normal segments (N) and 96% of temporary thallium-defect segments (T) were N or T on MIHA-SPECT scintigrams (91.3% and 70.5%, respectively, in the quantitative analyses). In contrast, 47.2% of permanent thallium-defect segments (P) were N or T on the MIHA-SPECT scintigrams (20.6% in the quantitative analysis). Revascularization therapy could only be recommended on the basis of MIHA-SPECTs in 5 to 8 of the 30 patients. To confirm the superiority of MIHA over 201Tl to evaluate myocardial viability, one must compare their uptake with myocardial contractility after revascularization.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [Me3NH][nido-9,11-I2-7,8-C2B9H10] and [Me3NH][nido-9-I-7,8-C2B9H11] (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Structural Characterization of [Me3NH][nido-9,11-I2-7,8-C2B9H10] and [Me3NH][nido-9-I-7,8-C2B9H11]Roger H. Pak, Robert R. Kane, Carolyn B. Knobler, and M. Frederick HawthorneCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 23, 5355–5357Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00101a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00101a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views193Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Small‐Scale Characterization of Shock Sensitivity for Non‐Ideal Explosives Based on Imaging of Detonation Failure Behavior (2022)

Abstract The plethora of potential homemade explosive (HME) formulations combined with the fact they often exhibit large critical diameters make them expensive to characterize with traditional large‐scale tests. A relatively new method for small‐scale characterization was investigated using non‐ideal explosive charges consisting of ammonium nitrate (AN) and various fuels. Here, we extend this method using an optical characterization technique that utilizes the decay rate of the reaction wave velocity in failing detonations of sub‐critical diameter charges as a metric for the shock sensitivity of an explosive. The conditions required for successful detonation initiation and failure have long been used to investigate shock sensitivity (critical diameter, gap tests, run‐to‐detonation experiments); however, the failure regime still remains largely unexplored. The utility of this small‐scale characterization technique lies in its ability to determine the relative shock sensitivity of explosive with minimal material and experiments while simultaneously providing transient velocity data for potential use in modeling efforts. In this work, high speed imaging was used and analyzed to determine rates of reaction wave velocity decay in the AN‐fuel samples. Among the fuels tested with AN were diesel (ANFO), nitromethane (ANNM), and aluminum (AN−Al). It was found that nitromethane was the most effective at sensitizing the AN of the systems considered. In both ANNM and AN−Al, maximum shock sensitivity (here measured as the minimum reactive wave velocity decay rate) occurred at fuel percentages below stoichiometric mixtures. This was interpreted to be due to the competing effects of stoichiometry and hot spot criticality. Sensitivity results were compared to run‐to‐failure (RTF) distances and published critical diameter trends which showed good correlation.
Properties of grain boundaries in bulk, melt processed Y–Ba–Cu–O fabricated using bridge-shaped seeds (2012)

Single grain RE–Ba–Cu–O ((RE)BCO, where RE is a rare earth element or yttrium) bulk superconducting materials have significant potential for a variety of engineering applications due to their ability to trap high magnetic fields. However, it is well known that the presence of grain boundaries coupled with a high angle of misorientation (typically 5°) significantly reduces the critical current density, Jc, in all forms of high temperature superconducting materials. It is of considerable fundamental and technological interest, therefore, to investigate the grain boundary properties of bulk, film and tape (RE)BCO. We report a successful multi-seeding technique for the fabrication of fully aligned, artificial (0° misalignment) grain boundaries within large grain YBCO bulk superconductors using bridge-shaped seeds. The microstructure and critical current densities of the grain boundaries produced by this technique have been studied in detail.
Responses of Marine Bacteria Under Starvation Conditions at a Solid-Water Interface (1983)

Size changes during starvation of 17 marine bacterial isolates at a solid-water interface and in the liquid phase were examined. Twelve rod-shaped, hydrophilic bacteria decreased in size more rapidly at the solid surface than in the liquid phase, a result parallel to that observed previously for one of the strains at an air-water interface. On the other hand, three rod-shaped, hydrophobic bacteria diminished in size more rapidly in the liquid phase than at the solid-water interface. The rapid size decrease (defined here as the dwarfing phase) in either situation appeared to be an active process which occurred more rapidly when the cells were in an early stage of logarithmic growth at the onset of starvation. Dwarfing was reversibly inhibited by low temperature and low pH but was not inhibited by chloramphenicol. Three coccoidal bacteria showed little tendency to become smaller upon starvation in the liquid phase or at a surface.
The Journey is the Reward: Unsupervised Learning of Influential Trajectories (2019)

Unsupervised exploration and representation learning become increasingly important when learning in diverse and sparse environments. The information-theoretic principle of empowerment formalizes an unsupervised exploration objective through an agent trying to maximize its influence on the future states of its environment. Previous approaches carry certain limitations in that they either do not employ closed-loop feedback or do not have an internal state. As a consequence, a privileged final state is taken as an influence measure, rather than the full trajectory. We provide a model-free method which takes into account the whole trajectory while still offering the benefits of option-based approaches. We successfully apply our approach to settings with large action spaces, where discovery of meaningful action sequences is particularly difficult.
Aberrant calcium signaling in astrocytes inhibits neuronal excitability in a human Down syndrome stem cell model (2018)

Abstract Down syndrome (DS) is a devastating genetic disorder causing severe cognitive impairment. The staggering array of effects associated with an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) complicates mechanistic understanding of DS pathophysiology. We developed an in vitro system to examine the interplay of neurons and astrocytes in a fully recapitulated HSA21 trisomy model differentiated from DS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). By combining calcium imaging with genetic approaches, we utilized this system to investigate the functional defects of DS astroglia and their effects on neuronal excitability. We found that, compared with control isogenic astroglia, DS astroglia exhibited more-frequent spontaneous calcium fluctuations, which reduced the excitability of co-cultured neurons. DS astrocytes exerted this effect on both DS and healthy neurons. Neuronal activity could be rescued by abolishing astrocytic spontaneous calcium activity either chemically by blocking adenosine-mediated astrocyte–neuron signaling or genetically by knockdown of inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) receptors or S100β, a calcium binding protein coded on HSA21. Our results suggest a novel mechanism by which DS alters the function of astrocytes, which subsequently disturbs neuronal excitability. Furthermore, our study establishes an all-optical neurophysiological platform for studying human neuron-astrocyte interactions associated with neurological disorders. Significant statement Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (HSA21). Problems with cognitive impairment, have not been properly addressed due to the inability to fully recapitulate HSA21, which is further confounded by the snapshot views of morphological changes of brain cells in isolation obtained from current studies. The brain develops neural networks consisting of neurons and glial cells that work together. To understand how DS affects the neural networks, we used DS patient-derived stem cells and calcium imaging to investigate functional defects of DS astrocytes and their effects on neuronal excitability. Our study has significant implication in understanding functional defects during brain development underlying DS.
CXCL17: a novel mucosal chemokine with antimicrobial activity (149.6) (2011)

Abstract The mucosal immune network is a crucial barrier preventing pathogens from entering the body. The network of immune cells that mediates the defensive mechanisms in the mucosa is likely shaped by chemokines. Chemokines attract a wide range of immune cells to various sites of the body. Chemokines have been divided into homeostatic or inflammatory depending upon their expression patterns. Additionally, several chemokines have also been shown to mediate direct killing of invading pathogens. An example of the latter is CCL28, a mucosa-associated chemokine that exhibits antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogens. CXCL17 is the last chemokine ligand to be described, and the 17th member of the CXC chemokine family. We have identified CXCL17 as a novel, homeostatic, mucosa-associated chemokine. Its strategic expression in mucosal tissues suggested that it is a barrier protein involved in the maintenance of the homeostasis and/or sterility of the mucosa. To test this hypothesis, we tested CXCL17 in various antimicrobial assays against a panel of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, and compared it with CCL28. Our results indicate that CXCL17 has strong antimicrobial activity and that its mechanism of antimicrobial action involves direct killing of the bacteria. We conclude that CXCL17 is a novel antimicrobial chemokine that likely plays significant roles in protecting the mucosa from bacterial invasion, and in shaping the microbiome in the intestine.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐ and 6‐Exocyclic Products, cis‐2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Tetrahydrofurans, and cis‐2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Tetrahydropyrans via Prins‐Type Cyclization. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
P3–220: Test of PI3K/Akt signaling hypothesis for mechanism of AD using unique PS1 FAD mutations that do not affect Aβ42 production (2006)

The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is of critical importance for the transmission of cell survival signals in a wide range of cell types including neurons. We recently reported that PS1 promotes cadherin–induced activation of Akt and Akt–dependent phosphorylation/inactivation of both glycogen synthase kinase–3 (GSK–3) isoforms, and inhibits GSK–3–dependent tau phosphorylation and apoptotic caspase–3. Using unique PS1 FAD mutants, V82L, L250S and C263R, that may not affect Aβ42 production, test our hypothesis that PS1 FAD mutations compromise Akt cell survival signaling pathway to result in neurodegeneration independently of Aβ42 production. Measure Aβ42 production by ELISA and Western blotting and Akt/GSK–3/tau phosphorylations and caspase activation by Western blotting in various cell lines and primary neurons transduced with PS1 FAD mutants, V82L, L250S and C263R. Although PS1 FAD mutations M146L, E280A and G384A gave an increase in Aβ42 production comparing with PS1 wild type, V82L, L250S and C263R did not significantly increase in Aβ42 production. However, all these mutations interfered with Akt phosphorylation. PS1 FAD mutations affect Akt cell survival signaling and may promote AD neuropathology independent of Aβ42 production.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Downregulates Antioxidant Enzyme Expression by Triggering Nrf2 Degradation (2015)

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children, for which no vaccine or treatment is available. RSV infection leads to rapid generation of reactive oxygen species, which are associated with oxidative stress and lung damage, due to a significant decrease in the expression of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs). Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RSV‐induced lung disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the unknown mechanism(s) of viral induced inhibition of AOE expression. This study shows for the first time that RSV infection induces a progressive reduction in nuclear and total cellular level of the transcription factor Nrf2, resulting in decreased binding to endogenous AOE gene promoters and decreased AOE expression. RSV induces Nrf2 deacetylation, ubiquitination, and degradation via the proteasome pathway. Histone deacetylase and proteasome inhibitors block Nrf2 degradation and increase Nrf2 binding to AOE endogenous promoters, resulting in increased AOE expression. Known inducers of Nrf2 are able to increase Nrf2 activation and subsequent AOE expression during RSV infection in vitro and in vivo , with significant amelioration of oxidative stress. This is the first study to investigate the mechanism(s) of viral‐induced inhibition of AOE expression. Therapeutic strategies aimed to increase antioxidant airway capacity by increasing Nrf2 activity could be beneficial in RSV‐induced lung disease.
Gas‐liquid‐liquid flow patterns and extraction in a rotating microchannel extractor (2020)

Abstract The flow patterns of gas‐liquid‐liquid three‐phase fluids in the rotating microchannel extractor (RME) were studied in this paper. The kerosene‐water system without mass transfer and the 2%P507‐22%NaH 2 PO 4 system with mass transfer were considered. The influence of interfacial tension, microchannel structure, and rotation rate on three‐phase flow patterns were investigated. Eight different flow patterns such as droplet‐continuous flow, long droplet‐continuous flow, filiform parallel‐continuous flow, filiform parallel‐filiform parallel flow, small droplet‐continuous flow, filiform parallel‐small droplet flow, small droplet‐small droplet flow, and continuous‐filiform parallel flow were observed. The results showed that the proposed universal flow pattern map can effectively predict the flow patterns of the two systems and the small droplet‐small droplet flow has the best effect of extracting Fe 3+ from the 2%P507‐22%NaH 2 PO 4 system. The traditional first‐order equilibrium extraction efficiency was 102% while the percentage extraction was up to 85% (14.4 mg/L) after one stage extraction and about 97.9% (2.0 mg/L) after two‐stage extraction.
Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Retention of Prior Hardware Material: What is the Outcome? (2018)

Presence of retained hardware around the knee may predispose the patient to a higher rate of complications particularly mechanical complications of the implant after TKA. Further studies are required to investigate impact of retained hardware around the knee in patients undergoing TKA.<b>Level of evidence:</b> III.
Interleukin‐12 family members and type I interferons in Th17‐mediated inflammatory disorders (2009)

Cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells govern the fate of helper T-cell responses. Herein, we review the impact of interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-27 on the outcome of T-helper (Th) 17 cell responses and discuss their impact in the pathogenesis of T-cell-mediated inflammatory disorders of autoimmune or allergic origin. We then discuss how type I interferons might influence the course of autoimmune diseases by tipping the balance between IL-12 family members.
Methods to Address Computed Tomography-Related Risk Factors in Oncology Patients: An Expert Opinion Based on Current Evidence (2018)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The present paper is intended to be a practical guide organized by statements describing methods to reduce risks related to CT examinations in cancer patients. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; A panel of radiologists, oncologists and nephrologists were selected based on their publication records in the field and expertise. Ten clinical questions, which were derived from clinical needs and an integration of all the committee members’ suggestions, were stated. The modified Delphi approach was used; it involved a detailed literature review and the collective judgement of experts, including electronic and face-to-face discussions. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ten statements were derived from expert opinions based on the current literature, recently developed guidelines and technological advancements. Each statement is discussed in a short paragraph reporting the current key evidence. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; This paper addresses the clinical implications of performing numerous CT examinations in patients with cancer, providing clinicians with information regarding methods to reduce risk factors in this patient population.
A Facile Method for the Solution and Solid-Phase Synthesis of Substituted [3.3.1] Bicycles (1999)

[reaction: see text] Interest in bicyclic natural products from the Guttiferae classification has led to the development of an improved method for the selenium-mediated cyclization of alkenyl-substituted beta-dicarbonyls (I) to form a variety of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ones (II) both in solution and on solid support.
Analysis and Design of a High Power Density Flying-Capacitor Multilevel Boost Converter for High Step-Up Conversion (2018)

This paper explores the use of the flying-capacitor multilevel (FCML) topology in high step-up conversion. Compared to the conventional two-level boost converter, the FCML topology utilizes high energy density capacitors to facilitate inductors with storing and transferring energy during the conversion process, which brings features, such as lower voltage stress on the switches, reduced voltage stress on the inductor, and high effective switching frequency at the switching node. As a result, the total volume of the passive components in the converter is greatly reduced while maintaining high efficiency at high voltage gain. To demonstrate the potential high power density and high efficiency, a hardware prototype that converts 100 V to 1 kV with 820-W maximum output power is built. Such specifications require careful optimizations in many aspects of the converter to ensure a high power density and efficiency design. The implemented solutions and associate design process are presented in detail, with comparison with other state-of-the-art solutions. The hardware prototype has successfully demonstrated a peak efficiency of 94.1%, and 329 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (20 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) overall power density.