gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raipur Rani : A Case Study of Maternal and Child Health Care Delivery (2016)

India is a developing country with limited resources. The per capita expenditure on health continues to be low, and it is unlikely to increase in any significant measure over the next two decades. Therefore pro grammes with minimal additional inputs that improve health, and help in reducing the size of the family, are preferable at this stage. Planning of such projects has to be based on community participation and team work, at a price the community and the country can afford. The Community Medicine Department of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PG1) in Chandigarh started a collaborative project with Haryana in the Raipur Rani Block, in 1975. A tehsil hospital with 50 beds, and three Primary Health Centres were included in the collaboration. The Haryana government provided the buildings, staff, equipment and drugs according to State norms. Administrative responsibility has been with the State. The PGI has been providing help in the form of core staff for strengthening services and training programmes and an input of only Rs 50,000 per year in the form of expenditure on drugs and equipment. The Primary Health Centre at Raipur Rani was established in 1958, as a model rural orientation-cum-training centre for the State. This is a backward Block and, according to the 1971 census, the population of
A hybrid silicon evanescent quantum dot laser (2016)

Abstract We report the first demonstration of a hybrid silicon quantum dot (QD) laser, evanescently coupled to a silicon waveguide. InAs/GaAs QD laser structures with thin AlGaAs lower cladding layers were transferred by direct wafer bonding onto silicon waveguides defining cavities with adiabatic taper structures and distributed Bragg reflectors. The laser operates at temperatures up to 115 °C under pulsed current conditions, with a characteristic temperature T 0 of 303 K near room temperature. Furthermore, by reducing the width of the GaAs/AlGaAs mesa down to 8 µm, continuous-wave operation is realized at 25 °C.
Isobenzofurans as conformationally constrained miconazole analogs with improved antifungal potency (1992)

A series of halogen-substituted isobenzofuran analogues was synthesized, which represented conformationally constrained analogues of miconazole (1). In vitro and in vivo topical antifungal activity against both dermatophytes and Candida species varied widely, but 13c proved to be significantly superior to both 1 and clotrimazole against a vaginal Candida infection in hamsters, while 13b was significantly more active than 1 against a a topical Trichophyton infection in guinea pigs. None of the compounds were orally active. When the most direct analogue of 1 proved to be among the least active, a molecular modeling study was done using 1, the two active analogues 13b and 13c, and the inactive analogue 13a. All four compounds possessed skeletally similar conformations either at or energetically readily accessible from the global minimum energy conformations. This common conformation of the inactive analogue 13a, however, occupies unique molecular volume space associated with two chlorine atoms, which must also present unique electrostatic properties at the receptor. The conformation-activity relationships discussed may contribute toward deduction of additional structural requirements for pharmacophore optimization and more efficacious antifungal drugs.
<i>In vivo</i> cavitation thresholds and injury observations related to burst wave lithotripsy (2015)

Burst wave lithotripsy (BWL) is a new non-invasive approach for treating kidney stones that uses short bursts of ultrasound at low duty factors. An important difference between BWL and SWL relates to the potential for generating cavitation in the kidney that could cause injury. To study such cavitation behavior, 17 pig kidneys were exposed in vivo to BWL treatments of different amplitudes at frequencies of 170 and 335 kHz. Treatments lasted at least 10 min and were monitored in real time using ultrasound imaging (including B-mode and Doppler modalities) to determine threshold pressures for the onset of cavitation. After treatment, eight of the kidneys were perfusion fixed and scanned using MR imaging sequences designed to detect hemorrhagic injury. Results suggest that pressure thresholds exist below which cavitation detected by ultrasound imaging is very unlikely to occur; moreover, MR images indicate no injury or only minimal injury when cavitation was not detected. Observations at 170 kHz show a repeatable threshold pressure near 5 MPa; data at 335 kHz were less consistent butsuggest a higher threshold between 6 and 8 MPa. [Funding support by NIH NIDDK P01-DK043881, R01-DK092197, T32-DK007779, K01-DK104854, R01-EB007643, R01-CA188654, and NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58.]
Carrier injection and transport characteristics of copper phthalocyanine thin films under low to extremely high current densities (2006)

We investigated current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films depending on active device areas. We prepared CuPc thin-film devices with active areas smaller than S=625μm2 using a photolithography technique. The maximum breakdown current density (JMAX) and voltage (VMAX) of the devices markedly increased as the active area was decreased from S=625 to 7.9μm2. In the smallest device, with S=7.9μm2, we obtained not only an extremely high current density of JMAX=128kA∕cm2 at VMAX=9.2V, but also unique J-V characteristics, indicating that the carrier conduction process shifted from the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling injection mechanism to shallow-trap and trap-free space-charge-limited current mechanisms.
Assembly features for mechanical product data (2002)

This paper deals with a representation of assembly features. Modeling the product at each stage of they assembly process, describing part's faces, assessing accessibility, and modeling technological information make the series of steps that distinguish our model from the ones found in the literature. Such a representation also greatly contributes to the designing of a system that includes the various stages of the product elaboration. To reach our goal, we generated three levels of features pertaining to faces, parts and subassemblies.
Antitumor efficacy of M3814 as a radiation sensitizer in neuroendocrine tumor (NET) preclinical models. (2019)

e15699 Background: Recent FDA approval of peptide receptor radiotherapy paved the way for radiation-based treatment for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs). M-3814, a DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor (DNA-PKi), is known to potentiate the effects of radiation therapy in various solid tumor in vivo models. Currently there is no data evaluating anti-tumor efficacy of DNA-PK inhibitors in preclinical NET models. M-3814 inhibits DNA damage repair mechanism; antitumor efficacy of M-3814 in NETs is unknown. Methods: The efficacy of M-3814 in combination with radiation therapy (XRT) was evaluated in QGP-1 (pancreatic NET cell line) mouse model. Mice were injected with QGP-1 cells (5 mice) in 100 µL of PBS into the flank of mice with a 27-gauge needle. When tumor volumes reached average ~200 mm 3 , tumors were excised, separated into equal size tumor pieces and implanted subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. Next, mice were randomized into 4 groups for treatment with either placebo (n = 5), M-3814 (n = 5) alone (100 mg/Kg body weight (BW), XRT (n = 5) alone or in combination with M-3814 (n = 5). Treatment started when palpable tumors were established (200 mm3). Mice received M-3814 by gavage 30 minute prior to radiation therapy and irradiated with 4 daily doses of XRT at 2Gy per dose. Results: XRT and XRT+M-3814 treatment significantly decreased tumor size compared to control group. Combination treatment resulted in marked anti-tumor activity compared to both control group and XRT group. Tumors treated with XRT+M-3814 were also visibly less vascular. (Images will be provided in the poster). M-3814 alone had no effect on tumor growth as expected. Similar mouse weight changes were observed in both XRT and XRT+M-3814 treatment groups. Conclusions: M-3814 is a potent radiation sensitizer in preclinical neuroendocrine models. Strong antitumor activity was observed in QGP-1 xenograft model with marked reduction of tumor growth. Our enthusiasm for current project is driven not only by its inherent scientific importance, but also by its translational potential and the possibility to provide a more effective and less toxic radiation based treatment regimen for neuroendocrine tumors. [Table: see text]
Quinone Functionalized Polypyrroles: Organic Materials for Energy Storage (2015)

Quinones, which are naturally occurring redox active organic compounds,have been proposed as cathode materials in lithium ionbatteries for their high theoretical specific capacities and more environmentallyfriendly manufacturing compared to conventional inorganiccathode materials (see figure on the right). However,many of them suffer from poor kinetics as well as capacity lossdue to dissolution.¹ In our work, by attaching quinones as pendantmoieties onto conducting polmers, e.g. polypyrroles, we havecomposed conducting redox polymers, which are expected to decreaseproblems with resistance and dissolution while retainingcapacity and cyclability² (see figure on the left). A series of monomericcompounds incorporating pyrrole and quinone units weresynthesized and polymerized electrochemically. The resultingpolymers were studied by in-situ spectro-electrochemical techniquesas well as by EQCM to elucidate the redox chemistry ofthe quinone units as well as the kinetics ofpolymer redox performance.
Free-Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Allylic Sulfides. 2. Effect of Substituents on Seven- and Eight-Membered Ring Low Shrink Monomers (2000)

The effect of substituents on the free-radical ring-opening polymerization behavior and polymerization volume shrinkage of the cyclic allylic sulfides 6-methylene-1,4-dithiacycloheptane (2a) and 3-methylene-1,5-dithiacyclooctane (2b) has been investigated. The monomers were 2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylene-1,4-dithiacycloheptane (3a), 6-methylene-1,4-dithiacycloheptan-2-ylmethyl acetate (3b), 6-methylene-1,4-dithiacycloheptan-2-ylmethyl methacrylate (3c), 7-methylene-1,5-dithiacyclooctan-3-ol (4a), 7-methylene-1,5-dithiacyclooctan-3-yl acetate (4b), 7-methylene-1,5-dithiacyclooctan-3-yl benzoate (4c), and the bicyclic monomer bis(6-methylene-1,4-dithiacycloheptan-2-ylmethyl) diglycolate (5). The monomers were polymerized in bulk with thermal (AIBN, VAZO88) and photochemical initiators (Darocur 1173) with selected solution polymerizations also performed. The presence of a substituent on the monomers gave clear amorphous polymers unlike the crystalline polymers obtained from the unsubstituted parent monomers (2) previously reported. The substituted, monofunctional seven-membered ring monomers (3a,b) polymerize to moderate conversions (ca. 60%) and gave amorphous, soluble sticky gumlike polymers. The difunctional monomer 3c in contrast gave an insoluble rigid material. Eight-membered ring monomers 4a, 4b, and 4c were made to undergo complete conversions. The dual cyclic monomer 5 was polymerized to give an insoluble material containing only traces of extractable monomer. Those liquid monomers 3c, 4b, and 5 that polymerized to complete conversion (3c, 4b) or near complete (5) were further examined and gave polymerization shrinkages of 7.3, 2.0, and 2.1% (respectively) and glass transition points of 78, −0.2, and 28 °C, respectively.
Leucoderma associated with flares of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: four cases (2000)

We describe four patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (two with erythrodermic mycosis fungoides, and two with Sézary syndrome) who presented with extensive hypopigmented lesions that occurred during flares of their cutaneous disease. These cases must be distinguished from previously described hypopigmented mycosis fungoides where hypopigmented lesions were the sole manifestation of the lymphoma. In two cases a biopsy was performed on hypopigmented skin, showing an infiltrate of atypical lymphocytes with epidermotropism and absence of melanocytes, as in vitiligo. It is suggested that the hypopigmentation could be due to the cytotoxicity of tumour or reactional lymphocytes directed against melanocytes.
SU‐C‐134‐06: Guidance for CT Departments Desiring to Optimize Protocols for: Multiple Scanner Architectures (2013)

Purpose: Clinical protocol development must consider a CT scanners architecture both in hardware and software. Differences in tube output, beam collimation, availability of iterative reconstruction, etc., may only allow some protocols to be properly performed on higher end scanners due to clinical constraints like breath hold duration and contrast dynamics. This study presents an overview of techniques for translating and optimizing a protocol from one scanner to another. Cases in which protocols are not compatible with a given scanner architecture are also discussed. Methods: At our institution, intensive protocol optimization is performed for each protocol using a single scanner architecture. Once a protocol is optimized in both technical and clinical parameters, the protocol can be translated to other scanner architectures (both older and newer). Essential restraints on the translation process include the maximum clinically allowable scan time and the maximum tube output of the scanner. Successful translation can be done if scan parameters can be modified within these essential constraints. If this is not possible then compromises have to be made that can affect clinical performance. Mathematical relationships related to tube output and clinical considerations will be discussed that guide the transformation and any needed compromises. Results: Several test cases are presented providing details of translating optimized protocols to an older and newer CT scanner architecture. Cases in which older scanners cannot provide the required performance are common for angiography exams that require high spatial resolution, thin reconstructed slice thickness, low noise, and fast scan times due to breath hold and contrast dynamic constraints. Conclusion: Understanding the limitations of older generation CT scanners and the benefits of newer CT architectures is critical for maintaining a uniquely optimized set of CT protocols across a wide range of CT architectures. Equipment grant from GE healthcare.
Wear Characterization of Structural Ceramics Using Single-Grit Scratching (2008)

Single-grit rotating scratch experiments have been conducted to characterize the wear behavior of several structural ceramics. Suitably positioned high-speed force transducers record the normal (thrust) and the tangential (cutting) force profiles during the scratch process. The volume of material removed and the complete scratch groove characteristics have been analyzed using a laser profilometer and electron microscopy, respectively. Based on the extent of induced damage, the measured normal and tangential forces, and the material properties, the selected ceramics have been ranked in terms of their relative susceptibility to wear under the applied loading conditions.
Optimal Training for Movement Acquisition and Transfer: Does “Externally Focused” Visual Biofeedback Promote Implicit Motor Learning? (2022)

Although most statements were externally focused (suggesting implicit learning), the relatively large proportion of internal- and mixed-focus statements suggested that many athletes also engaged in explicit motor learning, especially in early practice sessions. Therefore, biofeedback may affect motor learning through a mixture of implicit and explicit learning.
Morphology Dependence in Photothermal Heating of Gold Nanomaterials with Near-Infrared Laser (2020)

The selection of gold nanomaterials (GNMs) for potential use in photothermal therapeutic applications depends on a few parameters including their morphology, size, and surface functionalization. We report experimental and theoretical studies of the photothermal efficiency of GNMs of a few different morphologies, including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of the spherical shape, gold nanorods (GNRs), and gold nanourchins (GNUs), as well as spherical gold nanoparticle conjugates (AuNPC), where 20 nm AuNPs were functionalized with an IR 808 dyes. The photothermal conversion efficiencies (η) were obtained by using the experimental results from the heating of GNMs with an IR 808 nm laser. We demonstrate that the surface functionalization of spherical gold nanoparticles of 20 nm size increases their photothermal efficiency by a factor of 4 as compared to the same size spherical AuNPs.
Supplementary Table Set S25-S29 from Comprehensive Genomic Analysis Identifies Novel Subtypes and Targets of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S25. Subtype 1 (LAR) Pathways with Differentially Expressed Members in Either the Discovery, Validation, or External Sets Table S26. Subtype 2 (MES) Pathways with Differentially Expressed Members in Either the Discovery, Validation, or External Sets Table S27. Subtype 3 (BLIS) Pathways with Differentially Expressed Members in Either the Discovery, Validation, or External Sets Table S28. Subtype 4 (BLIA) Pathways with Differentially Expressed Members in Either the Discovery, Validation, or External Sets Table S29. Pathway Overlap Between Sets by Subtypes.&lt;/p&gt;
Abstract 1827: Developing chemotherapeutics which selectively disable the actin cytoskeleton of tumor cells (2012)

Abstract The actin cytoskeleton is an important regulator of a variety of cellular functions making it an ideal chemotherapeutic target. Despite this promise no anti-actin compounds are used in current chemotherapy, primarily due to the inability of existing anti-actin agents to discriminate between the actin cytoskeleton of tumor cells and that of the muscle sarcomere. We have previously shown that tropomyosin, an integral component of the actin cytoskeleton, defines functionally distinct actin filament populations. We have designed a new class of compounds which target a specific cancer associated tropomyosin isoform, Tm5NM1. Anti-tropomyosin (Tm) compounds were selected based on ability to target the actin cytoskeleton and efficacy against a panel of neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines. The lead compound, TR100, was shown to be effective against a panel of tumor cell lines (average EC50 3µM). Preliminary studies demonstrate that TR100 induces cell death via the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway and the mechanism appears to be independent of the pro apoptotic factors BAX and BAK. In 3D melanoma spheroid models, which more accurately mimic the tumor microenvironment, TR100 inhibited cell growth and motility. This translated to a reduction in tumor cell growth in neuroblastoma and melanoma xenograft models. Analysis of drug treated animals showed no evidence of cardiac damage as measured by blood Troponin I levels and the intraventricular septum thickness of isolated hearts. These results demonstrate the possibility of targeting distinct actin filament populations based on tropomyosin composition. Next generation anti-Tm compounds with improved efficacy and specificity have now been developed. Preliminary data demonstrate that these compounds exhibit increased selectivity for transformed cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-Tm compounds show a significant improvement in the therapeutic window compared to existing anti-actin agents. This novel approach and the development of the new class of anti-Tm compounds may be the key for disabling a long sought after target, the actin cytoskeleton, and may lead to a new class of chemotherapeutics active against a broad range of cancer types. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1827. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1827
Relative Humidity in Concrete: What does it mean? (2006)

This article discusses relative humidity (RH) in concrete from the materials science viewpoint. The study attempts to answer some common questions regarding the definition of RH in concrete, as well as determining what RH measuring devices can be used and how such measurements can be practically applied to performance issues. The authors conclude that RH is useful for quantifying the state of moisture in concrete, though it is not the equivalent of moisture content. Instead, the authors note that RH is related to moisture content and can be correlated to both shrinkage and thermal strain. The authors further state that while accurate RH measurements are still a challenge, current advances in sensor technology are rapidly improving available techniques. As for practical applications of RH measurements, the authors see several areas. These include assessing the effectiveness of curing procedures and sealers, estimating concrete floor 'dryness,' and determining diffusivity.
Layer intermixing in heavily carbon-doped AlGaAs/GaAs superlattices (1990)

Interdiffusion of Al and Ga in heavily C-doped Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs superlattice (SL) structures has been investigated quantitatively for a variety of ambient and surface encapsulation conditions. High-resolution photoluminescence (PL) at T=1.7 K was employed to evaluate the extent of layer intermixing after 24-h anneals at 825 °C. From the shifts to higher energies of the PL peaks due to n=1 electron-to-heavy hole transitions in the quantum wells of the annealed SLs relative to the position of this peak in the as-grown crystal, approximate Al-Ga interdiffusion coefficients (DAl-Ga) have been determined for different annealing conditions. For all encapsulants studied the interdiffusion in C-doped crystals is accelerated with increasing As4 pressure in the annealing ampoule. This result disagrees with previously observed trends for Group II-doped p-type structures, which have led to the charged point-defect model (Fermi-level effect) of Al-Ga interdiffusion. The Si3N4 cap has provided the most effective surface sealing against ambient-stimulated layer interdiffusion, and yielded DAl-Ga≊1.5−3.9×10−19 cm2/s. The most extensive layer intermixing has occurred for uncapped SL annealed under As-rich ambient (DAl-Ga≊3.3×10−18 cm2/s). These values are up to ∼40 times greater than those previously reported for nominally undoped AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs SLs, implying that the CAs doping slightly enhances host-atom self-diffusion on the Group III sublattice, but significantly less than predicted by the Fermi-level effect. The discrepancies between the experimental observations and the model, are discussed.
Refining models of dependence: variations across persons and situations (1991)

Having established that tobacco smoking is addictive, research should proceed to refine our models of dependence on nicotine and other drugs. Current theories of addiction do not account for between- or within-subjects variations in addictive behavior. Recent evidence that some people can smoke for decades without developing dependence demonstrates the potential for individual differences in vulnerability to dependence. Study of such anomalous smokers may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying nicotine dependence. Current theory and data also fail to provide adequate accounts of situational variation in addictive behavior and of the developmental progression from initial experimentation to dependence.