gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient and Selective CH Activation in Gallium‐Containing Molten‐Salt Systems (2007)

Starting from methane: Isobutane is formed with very high selectivities when chloromethane reacts with Ga0 suspended in a molten-salt medium. During the reaction, hydrogen and GaI and GaIII chlorogallate species are formed. The latter can be electrochemically reduced back to Ga0 in a subsequent step. The chlorine liberated in this Ga0 regeneration can be used for the synthesis of the chloromethane feedstock from methane. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z702909_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Oscillation frequency stabilization of a semiconductor laser using the Faraday effect of Rb absorption lines and the double optical feedback (2005)

Currently in the initial stages of development, the endeavor aims to use satellite-to-satellite tracking laser interferometer-based optical technique, to document fluctuations in earth’s gravitational field indicating other critical changes in the environment. This system must be able to measure infinitesimal changes in the relative velocity of the two satellites, using a laser light source, which oscillates at frequency stability better than 10<sup>-13</sup> in the square root of the Allan variance. We have stabilized the laser’s oscillation frequency using the Faraday effect of Rb absorption lines. This method modulates the reference frequency of the stabilization system by modulating the magnetic field applied to the Rb absorption cell, instead of the oscillation frequency of the laser diode. Furthermore, we have adapted the “double optical feedback” to the laser diode for narrowing its oscillation spectrum and improving its frequency stability. In recent years, a “femtosecond optical comb generator” has been developed as a new reference frequency source for absolute frequency measurement. This optical comb generator is controlled by the microwave frequency standards systems and provides stability of 4x10<sup>-13</sup> at an averaging time of 1s and at the order of 10<sup>-15</sup> at 1000s averaging time. We have measured the frequency stability of our system using the optical comb. We obtained the best spectrum narrowing effect using two gratings as external reflectors in the double optical feedback setup. The obtained results were 6.269x10<sup>-11</sup> &le; &sigma; &le; 1.516x10<sup>-10</sup> (24.11kHz &le; f &le; 58.31kHz) from 1s to 39s in the averaging time.
Rendering Trees with Indirect Lighting in Real Time (2008)

Abstract High quality lighting is one of the challenges for interactive tree rendering. To this end, this paper presents a lighting model allowing real‐time rendering of trees with convincing indirect lighting. Rather than defining an empirical model to mimic lighting of real trees, we work at a lower level by modeling the spatial distribution of leaves and by assigning them probabilistic properties. We focus mainly on precise low‐frequency lighting that our eyes are more sensitive to and we add high‐frequency details afterwards. The resulting model is efficient and simple to implement on a GPU.
FSMx-Ultra: Finite State Machine Extraction From Gate-Level Netlist for Security Assessment (2023)

Numerous security vulnerability assessment techniques urge precise and fast finite state machines (FSMs) extraction from the design under evaluation. Sequential logic locking, watermark insertion, fault-injection assessment of a system-on-a-chip (SoC) control flow, information leakage assessment, and reverse engineering at gate-level abstraction, to name a few, require precise FSM extraction from the synthesized netlist of the design. Unfortunately, no reliable solutions are currently available for fast and accurate extraction of FSMs from the highly unstructured gate-level netlist for effective security evaluation. The major challenge in developing such a solution is the precise recognition of FSM state flip-flops (FFs) in a netlist having a massive collection of FFs. In this article, we propose finite state machine extractor ultra (FSMx-Ultra), a framework for extracting FSMs from extremely unstructured gate-level netlists. FSMx-Ultra utilizes state-of-the-art graph theory concepts and algorithms to distinguish FSM state registers from other registers and then constructs gate-level state transition graphs (STGs) for each identified FSM state register using automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) techniques. The results of our experiments on 14 open-source benchmark designs illustrate that FSMx-Ultra can recover all FSMs quickly and precisely from synthesized gate-level netlists of diverse complexity and size utilizing various state encoding schemes.
Synthesis of 3-amino-2-alkenoate (2007)

The main aim of the project is to synthesize an isomerically pure sample of 3-amino-2alkenoate, a useful β-amino acid derivative that is a precursor to molecules with medicinal properties. We successfully made the product from the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate dissolved in methanol. We also attempted to synthesize 3-pyrrole-2alkenoate from the reaction of our product and 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran. The products of both reactions were chracterized by means of H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Comparative analysis of filtered back-projection algorithms for optoacoustic imaging (2010)

Various types of cancer remain the second leading cause of death in the world. As a consequence, the detection of these tumors has a vital importance. Optoacoustic imaging (OA), a novel imaging technique, offers high contrast and resolution to detect them by measuring the pressure waves generated by tissues exposed to optical energy. Several algorithms, based on Back Projection (BP) techniques, have been suggested to process OA images in conjunction with signal filtering. In this paper, we compare several BP techniques in combination with different classes of filtering. We apply these techniques first directly to a numerical generated sample image and then to the laser-digitalized image of a tissue phantom, obtaining in both cases the best results in resolution and contrast for a wavelet-based filter.
Real‐time ultrasound visualization of tongue movement during swallowing (1983)

Using noninvasive real-time ultrasound, tongue movement was visualized during single swallowing in eight normal subjects and one neurologically impaired patient with dysphagia and chronic aspiration. In normals, a clearly defined muscular wave of the tongue, traveling at approximately 15 cm/sec, carried a 5-cc test water bolus posteriorly. In the patient who had 12th cranial nerve weakness, there was complete absence of normal tongue activity and no midtongue bolus formation or transmission.
Microfocus X-ray tomography data set of boiling flow in vertical rod bundle with spacer grid at constant heat flux condition (2020)

The test section of the rod bundle experimental facility at HZDR consists of a vertically aligned PMMA channel with an upward flow of the working fluid. The cross-section of the channel is quadratic (inner edge length: 37 mm) and contains nine directly electrically heated rods (material: titanium-alloy, diameter: 10 mm, wall thickness: 0.3 mm) which are arranged in an orthogonal 3 by 3 matrix (rod axis distance: 12.8 mm). Circa 190 mm downstream of the start of the heating zone a 30 mm long spacer for the rods with tilted flow guiding vanes is mounted. These vanes are aimed to increase lateral flow velocities within the subchannels. Working fluid was octafluorocyclobutane (CAS 115-25-3, RC318). The experimental facility is comprehensively instrumented for measurement of flow, temperature and pressure/pressure difference. For non-invasive three-dimensional high-resolution measurement of a temporally averaged volumetric void fraction within the working fluid flowing around the heating rods in the subchannels an X-ray computer tomography measurement system was set up.<br> The presented dataset contains measurement data of the experimental facility's instrumentation and tomographic void fraction data of experiments with four different configurations of the flow guiding vanes (without vanes, 20°, 29°, 40°) for four different flow velocities between 0.4 m/s and 1.3 m/s at a heat flow density of 85.7 kW/m².
Investigation of a rf inductively coupled plasma ion source capable of highly uniform and collimated ion-beam generation (2006)

In accordance with advanced data storage device fabrication requirements, we have evaluated a new broad-beam rf ion source for ion beam etching and deposition application. This source utilizes a novel reentrant shaped plasma inductively coupled plasma generator for improved radial plasma density uniformity and a dynamic magnetic field for improved static etch uniformity. It has the capability of reproducibly generating extremely uniform ion beams from 500to1500eV with divergence angle &amp;lt;3° and high directionality [Kanarov et al. (patent pending)]. For a 150mm diameter wafer, an etch uniformity of &amp;lt;1% σ/mean in static condition or &amp;lt;0.5% with wafer rotation is obtained over an ion incident angle range of 0°–65°. Recently, we have investigated extending the operation of this source to the critical low energy range, 100–500eV, required for fabricating thin film magnetic head sensors. It was found that, under optimum operating conditions, excellent static etch uniformity (1%–1.5% σ/mean) could be obtained at high ion beam current densities, up to 0.5mA∕cm2, over the entire low-energy range while still achieving low divergence angles (&amp;lt;5°) and high beam directionality. The ion beam performance was consistent with results obtained by simulation and by experiment using a 19-hole array ion optic test stand with scanning ion probe [E. Wåhlin (unpublished)]. In this article we will describe the design of the ion source and then present the experimental performance data including plasma density distribution measured by an array of flat Langmuir probes, beam divergence distribution obtained by a “pepper-pot” etch measurement technique, and etching rate distributions.
Associations between observed neighborhood physical disorder and health behaviors, New Jersey behavioral risk factor Surveillance System 2011–2016 (2023)

This study tested associations between observed neighborhood physical disorder and tobacco use, alcohol binging, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among a large population-based sample from an urban area of the United States. Individual-level data of this cross-sectional study were from adult respondents of the New Jersey Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011-2016 (n = 62,476). Zip code tabulation area-level observed neighborhood physical disorder were from virtual audits of 23,276 locations. Tobacco use (current cigarette smoking or chewing tobacco, snuff, or snus use), monthly binge drinking occasions (5+/4+ drinks per occasion among males/females), and monthly sugar-sweetened beverages consumed were self-reported. Logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to generate odds ratios, prevalence rate ratios (PRR), 95 % confidence intervals (CI) by levels of physical disorder. Compared to the lowest quartile, residence in the second (PRR: 1.16; 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.13), third (PRR: 1.24; 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.40), and fourth (highest) quartile of physical disorder (PRR: 1.24; 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.40) was associated with higher monthly sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Associations involving tobacco use and alcohol binging were mixed. Observed neighborhood disorder might be associated with unhealthy behaviors, especially sugar-sweetened beverage consumption.
Full field tabletop EUV coherent diffractive imaging in a transmission geometry (2013)

We demonstrate the first general tabletop EUV coherent microscope that can image extended, non-isolated, non-periodic, objects. By implementing keyhole coherent diffractive imaging with curved mirrors and a tabletop high harmonic source, we achieve improved efficiency of the imaging system as well as more uniform illumination at the sample, when compared with what is possible using Fresnel zone plates. Moreover, we show that the unscattered light from a semi-transparent sample can be used as a holographic reference wave, allowing quantitative information about the thickness of the sample to be extracted from the retrieved image. Finally, we show that excellent tabletop image fidelity is achieved by comparing the retrieved images with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy images, and show superior capabilities in some cases.
Built-in Test of Frequency Modulated RF Transmitters Using Embedded Low-Pass Filters (2008)

Frequency modulation is used in many important communication and wireless applications. A key defining characteristic of frequency modulated systems is the constant amplitude of the transmitted signal making it impossible to use envelope-based built-in test (BIT) techniques. In this paper, an efficient BIT technique for such transmitters using lowpass filters is proposed. The proposed BIT technique is low-cost and has minimal impact on RF transmitter performance. It can also be used to efficiently test devices such as voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), phase locked loops (PLL) etc through frequency discrimination. Simulation results and hardware measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Metal Contamination on Silicon Surfaces from Solvents (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Investigation of the Size-Scaling Behavior of Spatially Nonuniform Barrier Height Contacts to Semiconductor Surfaces Using Ordered Nanometer-Scale Nickel Arrays on Silicon Electrodes (2001)

Nanosphere lithography has been used to prepare a series of ordered, periodic arrays of low barrier height nanometer-scale n-Si/Ni contacts interspersed among high barrier height n-Si/liquid contacts. To form the arrays, ordered bilayers of close-packed polystyrene spheres were deposited onto (100)-oriented n-type single crystal Si surfaces. The spheres formed a physical mask through which Ni was evaporated to produce regularly spaced and regularly sized Si/Ni contacts. By varying the diameter of the latex spheres from 174 to 1530 nm, geometrically self-similar Si/Ni structures were produced having triangular Si/Ni regions with edge dimensions of 100−800 nm. The resulting Si surfaces were used as electrodes in contact with a methanolic solution of LiClO4 and 1,1‘-dimethylferrocene+/0. The current−voltage and photoresponse properties of these mixed barrier height contacts were strongly dependent on the size of the Ni regions, even though the fraction of the Si surface covered by Ni remained constant. Electrodes formed from large-dimension Si/Ni and Si/electrolyte contacts behaved as expected for two area-weighted Schottky diodes operating independently and in parallel, whereas electrodes having nanoscale Si/Ni regions surrounded by Si/liquid contacts behaved in accord with effective barrier height theories that predict a “pinch-off” effect for mixed barrier height systems of sufficiently small physical dimensions.
Dynamic Thread for Real-Time Knot-Tying (2005)

Real-time simulation of knot-tying with visual and force feedback is essential to VR surgery training. We present a physics-based simulator that enables realistic knot tying at haptic speed. The virtual thread obeys Newton's laws and behaves naturally. The model covers mechanical properties of real thread such as stretching, compressing, bending and twisting, contact forces with self and the environment, and gravity. Its structure has essential advantages over geometrically based approaches.
Evaluation of adamantane derivatives for chemically amplified resist: a comparison between ArF, EUV, and EB exposures (2008)

Photoresists containing adamantane derivatives have been widely used with ArF exposure tools. However, the performance characteristics of adamantane derivatives with other optical sources, such as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and electron beam (EB) sources, have not been well-studied. To clarify such performance characteristics for several exposure sources, we synthesized acrylic terpolymers containing adamantyl methacrylates as model photopolymers and exposed the resist samples based on these polymers to ArF, EUV and EB radiations. On the basis of the lithographic performance characteristics of these resist samples, we evaluated the performance characteristics of adamantane derivatives upon exposure to different radiations. We discuss the relationship between the chemical structures of adamantane derivatives and lithographic performance characteristics.
Stable cw single-frequency operation of Fabry-Perot laser diodes by self-injection phase locking (2003)

Summary form only given. Previously, single-frequency semiconductor laser operation using fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) has been achieved by two methods: (1) use of the FBG as the output coupler for an antireflection-coated semiconductor gain element; (2) pulsed operation of a gain-switched Fabry-Perot laser diode with FBG-optical and RF-electrical feedback. Here, we demonstrate CW single frequency operation from a non-AR coated Fabry-Perot laser diode using only FBG optical feedback.
Práticas lectivas num contexto de reforma curricular (2019)

Este trabalho visa estudar – a partir das tarefas propostas e do discurso produzido na sala de aula – as práticas lectivas de duas professoras de Matemática (do 3° ciclo e secundário) e a sua relação com as concepções e o conhecimento profissional sobre a disciplina, o currículo, a aprendizagem e a instrução. O trabalho tem por base um curso de formação sobre as orientações dos novos programas envolvendo uma relação colaborativa entre investigadores e participantes. A metodologia é qualitativa e interpretativa, baseada em estudos de caso. A recolha de dados resultou de sessões de trabalho conjunto, entrevistas, observações, registos vídeo, reflexão sobre as aulas observadas e vídeo-registadas e reflexão escrita no final do curso. A análise de dados teve por base, num primeiro nível, um conjunto de categorias progressivamente desenvolvido e, num segundo nível, o estabelecimento de relações entre os elementos identificados na etapa anterior. As professoras mostraram ser sensíveis a alguns aspectos dos novos programas. No entanto, debatem-se com diversos dilemas na sua actividade, muito em especial no que se refere ao papel a dar ao cálculo. Este estudo evidencia também alguns limites do trabalho colaborativo. Este mostrou proporcionar mais informação e novo conhecimento às professoras mas não as levou a pôr em causa as suas concepções e práticas fundamentais. Conclui-se que, a par da criação de oportunidades de discutir e repensar as concepções, é indispensável que os professores se disponham a modificar a sua atitude profissional.
A technique for developing CAD geometry of long bones using clinical CT data (2015)

Computed tomography scans are a valuable tool for developing computational models of bones. The objective of this study is to present a method to generate CAD representations of long bones from clinically based CT scans. A secondary aim is to apply the method to six long bones from a sample of three individuals. Periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces were segmented and used to calculate the characteristic cortical thickness, Tc, at 1 mm increments along the bone axis. In the epiphyses where the value of Tc fell below the scanner threshold, the endosteal bone layer was replaced using literature values projected inward from the periosteal surface. On average, 74.7 ± 7.4% of the bone geometry was above the scanner cut-off and was therefore derived from the CT scan data. The thickness measurement was also compared to experimental measurements of cadaveric bone and was found to predict Tc with an error of 3.1%. This method presents a possible solution for the characterization of characteristic thickness along the length of the bone and may also aid in the development of orthopedic implant design and subject specific finite element models.
A low power 3D integrated FFT engine using hypercube memory division (2009)

In this paper we demonstrate a floating point FFT processor that leverages both 3D integration and a hypercube memory division scheme to reduce the power consumption of a 1024 point FFT down to 4.227 μJ. The hypercube memory division scheme lowers the energy per memory access by 59.2% while only increasing the total area required by 16.8%, while using 3D integration reduces the logic power by 5.2%. For comparison, we analyze the amount of power and wire length reduction that can be expected from 3D integration for normal digital logic circuits.
Continued Development and Characterization of Doped Layers, Contacts and Associated Electronic Devices in Silicon Carbide (1988)

Abstract : Electronic devices for microwave applications, the science and technology of ohmic and Schottky contacts and equipment fabrication for ultra- high purity thin films have been the subjects of concern for the application of growth of the 6H SiC polytype in this reporting period. MESFETs having gate lengths of 2, 4, 13 and 24 microns with maximum transconductances in the range of 1.5-22 ms/mm, respectively and with very low subthreshold leakage currents were fabricated. The 2 micron device also had threshold frequency of 510 MHz at OdB gain; the power gain crossed OdB at approximately 380 MHz. IMPATT based on Schottky diodes showed permanent breakdown; those based on p-n junctions appear promising. Ohmic and Schottky contacts are important for devices; thus, a program to examine the interface chemistry and associated electrical properties of high purity contacts deposited under controlled conditions, have been initiated. A molecular beam epitaxy system for the deposition of high purity SiC films is also nearing completion. Keywords: Silicon carbide, Ohmic contacts, Schottky contacts, Molecular beam epitaxy.
X-ray Crystal Structure of 28-<i>O</i>-Methylrapamycin complexed with FKBP12:  Is the Cyclohexyl Moiety Part of the Effector Domain of Rapamycin? (1996)

The X-ray crystal structure of 28-O-methylrapamycin 2 bound to FKBP12 is described. This rapamycin analogue binds to FKBP12 with an affinity comparable to that of rapamycin, but its immunosupressive activity is reduced by a factor of 1000. The atomic structure of the complex formed by FKBP12 and 28-O-methylrapamycin is compared with those of the FKBP12−rapamycin and FKBP12−FK506 complexes. The steric 28-O-methyl group induces a dramatic shift in the orientation of the cyclohexyl moiety, which is now in a position similar to the one observed for the cyclohexyl subunit in the FKBP12−FK506 complex. The conformation of the macrocyclic part of the molecule remains unchanged. As a consequence of 28-O-methylation and the resulting modified orientation taken by the cyclohexyl subunit, two intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the ligand and the binding protein are lost in comparison to the FKBP12−rapamycin complex. The affinity for FKBP12 is not significantly affected by these structural changes, but the immunosuppressive activity is greatly reduced, suggesting a critical role for the cyclohexyl ring in the interaction of the FKBP12−rapamycin complex with its molecular target.