gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of cardiac sarcomere contraction and the adaptive control of cardiac function to changes in demands (2010)

This chapter explores the adaptive control of cardiac function by the loading conditions and relates the observed phenomena to our theory of the sarcomeric control of contraction. Our theory includes two feedback mechanisms: cooperativity-regulated cross-bridge recruitment and energy consumption, and mechanical feedback that determines the interplay between the external work and the force-time integral. The latter also suggests that cardiac efficiency is load independent. This paper explores the regulation of cardiac function by loading conditions, and the role of afterload in adult sheep in situ (n=8). Different afterloads were imposed by partial aortic occlusions. Transient inferior vena cava occlusions (IVCOs) were pre-formed at each steady afterload. A novel, highly linear relationship was found between the external work and pressure-time integral during each transient IVCO at constant afterload. Of interest, the slope of this relationship was afterload-dependent also during fast transient changes in the afterload. These observations are congruent with the suggested adaptive sarcomeric control of contraction, and may provide a powerful tool for quantifying cardiac function.
Beyond Arabic: Software for Perso-Arabic Script Manipulation (2023)

This paper presents an open-source software library that provides a set of finite-state transducer (FST) components and corresponding utilities for manipulating the writing systems of languages that use the Perso-Arabic script. The operations include various levels of script normalization, including visual invariance-preserving operations that subsume and go beyond the standard Unicode normalization forms, as well as transformations that modify the visual appearance of characters in accordance with the regional orthographies for eleven contemporary languages from diverse language families. The library also provides simple FST-based romanization and transliteration. We additionally attempt to formalize the typology of Perso-Arabic characters by providing one-to-many mappings from Unicode code points to the languages that use them. While our work focuses on the Arabic script diaspora rather than Arabic itself, this approach could be adopted for any language that uses the Arabic script, thus providing a unified framework for treating a script family used by close to a billion people.
2019 <i>ATVB</i> Plenary Lecture (2020)

Regulatory T cells and type-2 innate lymphoid cells represent 2 subsets of immune cells, which have been shown in preclinical models to be important in atherosclerosis and myocardial repair. Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in immune homeostasis and tolerance via their interactions with effector T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes/macrophages. They also utilize and secrete inhibitory cytokines, including interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β, to regulate or suppress pathogenic immune responses. Type-2 innate lymphoid cells have an important role in type-2 immune responses and tissue repair through secreting interleukins 5 and 13, as well as a variety of biological mediators and growth factors. Intriguingly, interleukin-2 has emerged as a common cytokine, which can be harnessed to upregulate both cell types, and also has important translational consequences as clinical trials are ongoing for its use in cardiovascular disease. Here, we briefly review the biology of these regulatory immune cell types, discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for their functions in cardiovascular disease, examine the prospects for clinical translation and current ongoing trials, and finally, postulate how overlap in the mechanisms of upregulation may be leveraged in future treatments for patients.
Extracting rotational components of earthquake ground motion using data recorded at multiple stations (2012)

ABSTRACT Rotational components of earthquake ground motion have not been considered for seismic analysis, design and performance assessment because recordings of these components are unavailable. A number of procedures have been proposed to extract rotational components of ground motion from translational time series recorded at multiple, closely spaced recording stations. In this paper, a new procedure that is capable of capturing higher frequency content in rotational time‐series is presented. The frequencies at which numerical errors are introduced in the solution, which are a function of apparent wave velocity and array dimension, are identified. Results are presented for the proposed procedure, the widely accepted geodetic method, and a single‐station procedure developed by the authors, all using data recorded at the Lotung array in Taiwan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Oncogenic<i>transgelin-2</i>is differentially regulated in<i>isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>wild-type vs. mutant gliomas (2018)

The presence of an <i>isocitrate dehydrogenase</i> (<i>IDH1/2</i>) mutation in gliomas is associated with favorable outcomes compared to gliomas without the mutation (<i>IDH1/2</i> wild-type, WT). The underlying biological mechanisms accounting for improved clinical outcomes in <i>IDH1/2</i> mutant gliomas remain poorly understood, but may, in part, be due to the glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP) and epigenetic silencing of genes. We performed profiling of <i>IDH1/2</i> WT versus <i>IDH1/2</i> mutant Grade II and III gliomas and identified <i>transgelin-2</i> (<i>TAGLN2</i>), an oncogene and actin-polymerizing protein, to be expressed at significantly higher levels in <i>IDH1/2</i> WT gliomas compared to <i>IDH1/2</i> mutant gliomas. This differential expression of <i>TAGLN2</i> was primarily due to promoter hypermethylation in <i>IDH1/2</i> mutant gliomas, suggesting involvement of <i>TAGLN2</i> in the G-CIMP. Our results also suggest that <i>TAGLN2</i> may be involved in progression due to higher expression in glioblastomas compared to <i>IDH1/2</i> WT gliomas of lower grades. Furthermore, our results suggest that <i>TAGLN2</i> functions as an oncogene by contributing to proliferation and invasion when overexpressed in <i>IDH1/2</i> WT glioma cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates a possible link between increased <i>TAGLN2</i> expression, invasion and poor patient outcomes in <i>IDH1/2</i> WT gliomas and identifies <i>TAGLN2</i> as a potential novel therapeutic target for <i>IDH1/2</i> WT gliomas.
Laboratory Investigation on Impact of Gas Type on the Performance of Low-Tension-Gas Flooding in High Salinity, Low Permeability Carbonate Reservoirs (2022)

Abstract Past laboratory experiments have shown Low Tension Gas (LTG) floods to be a promising tertiary oil recovery technology in low permeability and high salinity carbonate reservoirs. Gas availability and cost are the major challenges in applying this technology under field conditions. The cost of importing gas from an outside source or on-site generation of nitrogen can be eliminated if the produced gas from the oilfield can be re-injected for generating in-situ foam. Also, the cost of both purchasing freshwater and processing the produced water can be decreased dramatically by injecting both the ultra-low IFT inducing surfactant slug and the drive at the same (constant) salinity. LTG corefloods were conducted for a carbonate reservoir with low permeability (&amp;lt;100 mD), moderate temperature (69 °C) and high formation brine salinity (180,000 ppm). Microemulsion phase behavior experiments were conducted at reservoir conditions with different gases. Dynamic foam propagation experiments with methane and a mix of methane-ethane (80 mol. % methane) were performed. The effect of microemulsion (generated using the constant salinity approach) on foam stability was also studied. Optimal conditions for both foam propagations and IFT reduction based on these experiments were identified and used to further develop injection strategies for enhancing oil recovery in coreflood on the same rock type. High pressure microemulsion phase behavior experiments showed that produced gas increased the optimum solubilization ratio compared to methane or nitrogen. The solubilization ratio at fixed salinity was a strong function of the surfactant formulation, pressure and the composition of the produced gas. Foam strength experiments showed that produced gas could generate an in-situ foam strength similar to the nitrogen gas. Lower foam quality showed higher apparent viscosity at lower injected surfactant concentration. Preliminary results from core flood experiments indicated that using constant salinity for both slug and drive could result in a remarkable increase in the oil recovery, even though ultra-low IFT inducing surfactants were only injected for a small slug. It also helped improve surfactant transport, which is important for the application of LTG process in high salinity carbonate reservoirs without the use of alkali. The results have advanced our understanding of how field gas can be combined with a high performance surfactant formulation to (i) provide necessary conformance control for surfactant flooding, (ii) improve surfactant transport in a very high salinity environment without the need for alkali, and thus soft water, (iii) reduce the complexity of salinity reduction from slug to drive that is typically required in ASP flooding, and (iv) further improve surfactant efficiency due to the increase of oil solubilization and oil viscosity reduction with the injection gas enrichment.
A Predator Unmasked: Life Cycle of <i>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</i> from a Genomic Perspective (2004)

Predatory bacteria remain molecularly enigmatic, despite their presence in many microbial communities. Here we report the complete genome of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100, a predatory Gram-negative bacterium that invades and consumes other Gram-negative bacteria. Its surprisingly large genome shows no evidence of recent gene transfer from its prey. A plethora of paralogous gene families coding for enzymes, such as hydrolases and transporters, are used throughout the life cycle of B. bacteriovorus for prey entry, prey killing, and the uptake of complex molecules.
FPGA-based radio-resource scheduler for 5G mobile in NFV environments (2019)

A coordinated radio-resource scheduler with an FPGA-based hardware accelerator is a key component for 5G mobile systems in NFV environments. This paper analyses the scheduling process and addresses ways to reduce the overhead of memory copy operation between a central unit and the accelerator. The experimental results show that the overhead is reduced to approximately 14% when the accelerator is connected with a central unit via PCIe with high-bandwidth memory copy technique. Moreover, they indicate that the accelerator tightly coupled with central units via the Ethernet is also a possible approach for coordinated scheduling among multiple central units. This will be advantageous in implementing future NFV-based mobile communications systems.
Evaluation of Chromane-Based Bryostatin Analogues Prepared via Hydrogen-Mediated C–C Bond Formation: Potency Does Not Confer Bryostatin-like Biology (2016)

The synthesis and biological evaluation of chromane-containing bryostatin analogues WN-2-WN-7 and the previously reported salicylate-based analogue WN-8 are described. Analogues WN-2-WN-7 are prepared through convergent assembly of the chromane-containing fragment B-I with the "binding domain" fragment A-I or its C26-des-methyl congener, fragment A-II. The synthesis of fragment B-I features enantioselective double C-H allylation of 1,3-propanediol to form the C<sub>2</sub>-symmetric diol 3 and Heck cyclization of bromo-diene 5 to form the chromane core. The synthesis of salicylate WN-8 is accomplished through the union of fragments A-III and B-II. The highest binding affinities for PKCα are observed for the C26-des-methyl analogues WN-3 (K<sub>i</sub> = 63.9 nM) and WN-7 (K<sub>i</sub> = 63.1 nM). All analogues, WN-2-WN-8, inhibited growth of Toledo cells, with the most potent analogue being WN-7. This response, however, does not distinguish between phorbol ester-like and bryostatin-like behavior. In contrast, while many of the analogues contain a conserved C-ring in the binding domain and other features common to analogues with bryostatin-like properties, all analogues evaluated in the U937 proliferation and cell attachment assays displayed phorbol ester-like and/or toxic behavior, including WN-8, for which "bryostatin-like PKC modulatory activities" previously was suggested solely on the basis of PKC binding. These results underscore the importance of considering downstream biological effects, as tumor suppression cannot be inferred from potent PKC binding.
An Adversarial Machine Learning Approach to Evaluate the Robustness of a Security Solution (2019)

Cyber-Security industry has always been a "cat and a mouse" game - whenever a new technology was developed it was shortly followed by the appearance of several techniques used by malware creators to avoid detection. It is no surprise that the developing of adversarial machine learning algorithms has provided a tool that can be used to avoid machine learning based detection mechanisms available in security products. This paper presents how the same algorithms can also be used to strengthen a security solution by identifying its weak points / features. We will also provide a method that can be used to fight Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) with GANs, that is effective when a malware writer is using these methods to avoid detection.
Hybrid Erbium Silicate Conventional-Band Fiber Amplifier with Ultra-Low Gain Ripple (1999)

An erbium doped fiber amplifier is presented which exhibits the lowest intrinsic gain ripple yet at a 32nm bandwidth. By hybridizing a novel multicomponent silicate fiber with standard aluminosilicate fiber we reduce the gain ripple from 21% to 10% at 32nm.
Organic acid complexation influence on stannous ions electrochemical behaviour (1995)

Introduction The competitive complexation of Sn(II) hydroxycomplexes and Sn(II) complexes with organic acids present in fruit juices, has been studied, in a first stage, by the experimental method of titration. This method allows to compare the complexing power of different organic acids. Applied to tartaric and acetic acids it shows that tartaric acid is more complexing towards tin than acetic acid.
Electrical and Oxidation Resistance of Surface Oxide of Porous Fe-Cr-Al Alloy for the Application of Metal Supported SOFCs (2015)

We have investigated the property of Fe-Cr-Al-type stainless steel as a porous alloy substrate for metal-supported SOFCs especially on the cathode side. We confirmed not only good heat resistance but also low electrical resistance at the interface between the porous substrate and a La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 (LSCF) coating at 700 °C in air. Long-term durability of the oxidation resistance of the LSCF-coated Fe-Cr-Al alloy at 700 °C was investigated by measuring the mass gain, surface oxide thickness, and electrical resistance at different temperatures from 700 to 900 °C.
A theoretical investigation of the first step in the metabolic reduction of halogenated methanes by cytochrome P-450 (2009)

The first step in the anaerobic reduction of halogenated hydrocarbons by cytochrome P–450 is the Abstraction of an electron from the reduced enzyme by the substrate located in a lipophilic binding site. To determine which halogenated hydrocarbons might be active substrates for this reductive metabolism, the vertical electron affinity of a number of bromo- and iodohalomethanes has been calculated using the MNDO method. Combining these results with earlier calculations on the fluoro- and chlorohalomethanes, and examining the available experimental evidence, yields the prediction that among the chloro- and fluoromethanes, only CF2Cl2, CHCl3, CFCl3, and CCl4 could be active substrates. Similarly, all bromohalomethanes, with the exception of CH3Br, CH2FBr, and CHF2Br, are predicted to be active substrates, as are all iodohalomethanes, including CH3I.
Experimental investigation of ion–ion recombination under atmospheric conditions (2015)

Abstract. We present the results of laboratory measurements of the ion–ion recombination coefficient at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, the walls of which are made of conductive material, making it possible to measure small ions. We produced ions in the chamber using a 3.5 GeV c−1 beam of positively charged pions (π+) generated by the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS). When the PS was switched off, galactic cosmic rays were the only ionization source in the chamber. The range of the ion production rate varied from 2 to 100 cm−3 s−1, covering the typical range of ionization throughout the troposphere. The temperature ranged from −55 to 20 °C, the relative humidity (RH) from 0 to 70 %, the SO2 concentration from 0 to 40 ppb, and the ozone concentration from 200 to 700 ppb. The best agreement of the retrieved ion–ion recombination coefficient with the commonly used literature value of 1.6 × 10−6 cm3 s−1 was found at a temperature of 5 °C and a RH of 40 % (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10−6 cm3 s−1. At 20 °C and 40 % RH, the retrieved ion–ion recombination coefficient was instead (2.3 ± 0.7) × 10−6 cm3 s−1. We observed no dependency of the ion–ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration. However, we observed a more than fourfold increase in the ion–ion recombination coefficient with decreasing temperature. We compared our results with three different models and found an overall agreement for temperatures above 0 °C, but a disagreement at lower temperatures. We observed a strong increase in the recombination coefficient for decreasing relative humidities, which has not been reported previously.
A Triple Cascade Sequence as a Strategy for the Construction of the Erythrinane Skeleton (1998)

α-Thiocarbocations generated from Pummerer reactions of several o-imido sulfoxides were intercepted by adjacent carbonyl groups to produce α-amido-substituted isobenzofurans as transient intermediates. When an olefinic tether was present, intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloaddition occurred followed by a ring-opening−elimination sequence that produced an N-acyliminium ion. Deprotonation of the iminium ion led to oxindole derivatives in good yields. When the iminium ion contained both a blocking substituent, such as a carbomethoxy group, as well as an activated aromatic π-tether, the N-acyliminium ion intermediate underwent stereoselective spirocyclization to afford cis-3,4-benzoerythrinane or homoerythrinane derivatives in good yield. The overall triple cascade sequence represents an efficient one-pot approach toward the erythrina skeleton in which the spirocyclic ABC skeleton is assembled in a single operation. The scope and limitations of the triple cascade were explored by varying both the olefinic and nucleophilic tethers. The required sulfoxide precursors for these Pummerer-induced transformations were easily synthesized starting from 2-[(ethylthio)methyl]benzoic acid. The tandem Pummerer/Diels−Alder/N-acyliminium ion cyclization was used for the synthesis of indoloisoquinoline 38. Since compound 38 was converted to 47 which, in turn, was transformed into erysotramidine (2), its preparation represents an extraordinarily facile, formal synthesis of this member of the Erythrina alkaloid family.
Adenovirus Vector E4 Gene Regulates Connexin 40 and 43 Expression in Endothelial Cells via PKA and PI3K Signal Pathways (2005)

Connexins (Cxs) provide a means for intercellular communication and play important roles in the pathophysiology of vascular cardiac diseases. Infection of endothelial cells (ECs) with first-generation E1/E3-deleted E4+ adenovirus (AdE4+) selectively modulates the survival and angiogenic potential of ECs by as of yet unrecognized mechanisms. We show here that AdE4+ vectors potentiate Cx expression in ECs in vitro and in mouse heart tissue. Infection of ECs with AdE4+, but not AdE4-, resulted in a time- and dose-dependent induction of junctional Cx40 expression and suppression of Cx43 protein and mRNA expression. Treatment of ECs with PKA inhibitor H89 or PI3K inhibitor LY294002 prevented the AdE4+-mediated regulation of Cx40 and Cx43 that was associated with diminished AdE4+-mediated survival of ECs. Moreover, both PKA activity and cAMP-response element (CRE)-binding activity were enhanced by treatment of ECs with AdE4+. However, there is no causal evidence of a cross-talk between the 2 modulatory pathways, PKA and PI3K. Remarkably, Cx40 immunostaining was markedly increased and Cx43 was decreased in the heart tissue of mice treated with intra-tracheal AdE4+. Taken together, these results suggest that AdE4+ may play an important role in the regulation of Cx expression in ECs, and that these effects are mediated by both the PKA/CREB and PI3K signaling pathways.
Energy-filtered imaging in biological intermediate voltage TEM (1992)

In biological specimens of 150 nm and greater, inelastic scattering typically surpasses elastic scattering in magnitude. Because of the chromatic aberration of the objective lens of a TEM, the inelastically scattered electrons are focused differently, resulting in a loss of contrast in an ordinary TEM. With energy filtering, however, the inelastically scattered electrons can be prevented from contributing to the image, resulting in substantial recovery of contrast. In very thick specimens (1-5 μm), an energy filter can be used to select electrons of a particular energy loss, and an image with usable contrast can be formed. Further, by imaging only with electrons that have experienced characteristic energy losses, information can be obtained about the spatial distribution of various elements in the sample. Because of presently available instrumentation, energy filtered biological TEM has so far only been performed with TEMs of primary energies of 120 keV and lower. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibilty of obtaining interesting biological information with a newly developed imaging filter designed for operation at up to 400 kV.
Executions and scientific anatomy. (2015)

The very word "anatomy" tells us about this branch's connection with dissection. Studies of anatomy have taken place for approximately 2.300 years already. Anatomy's birthplace lies in Greece and Egypt. Knowledge in this specific field of science was necessary during surgical procedures in ophthalmology and obstetrics. Embalming took place without public disapproval just like autopsies and manipulation with relics. Thus, anatomical dissection became part of later forensic sciences. Anatomical studies on humans themselves, which needed to be compared with the knowledge gained through studying procedures performed on animals, elicited public disapprobation and prohibition. When faced with a shortage of cadavers, anatomists resorted to obtaining bodies of the executed and suicide victims - since torture, public display of the mutilated body, (including anatomical autopsy), were perceived as an intensification of the death penalty. Decapitation and hanging were the main execution methods meted out for death sentences. Anatomists preferred intact bodies for dissection; hence, convicts could thus avoid torture. This paper lists examples of how this process was resolved. It concerns the manners of killing, vivisection on people in the antiquity and middle-ages, experiments before the execution and after, vivifying from seeming death, experiments with galvanizing electricity on fresh cadavers, evaluating of sensibility after guillotine execution, and making perfect anatomical preparations and publications during Nazism from fresh bodies of the executed.