gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoaging (2018)

Photoaging is the term used to describe the clinical, histologic, and functional changes in chronically sun-exposed skin of middle-aged and elderly adults. The importance of photoaging lies in its cosmetic and hence psychosocial impact on a large percentage of older adults, its intimate but incompletely understood relationship to skin cancer, as well as various functional losses in skin, and the model it provides for studies of adverse environmental effects on human health. Photoaging is widely presumed to have an adverse effect on essentialy all skin functions, although very few controlled data exist to support this belief. Nuclear atypia and often some degree of disordered keratinocyte maturation are present in moderate to severe photoaging. The depth and severity of the changes are dependent on skin type and the degree of photoaging. The different characteristics of mild, moderate, and severe photoaging in lightly pigmented vs. darkly pigmented skin may also reflect the characteristic response pattern of many cells to increasing injury.
Perimetry and retinal imaging (2012)

The Imaging and Perimetry Society’s 20th International Symposium was held between the 22 and 25 of January 2012 at the University of Melbourne (VIC, Australia). It is a well-established bi-annual international meeting, which focuses on methods for quantifying localized damage to the retina in diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. These methods are critical to the diagnosis and management of these diseases. Attendees have backgrounds ranging from ophthalmology and psychology, to optical physics and statistics.
Effect of Yeast Culture in the Diets of Early Lactation Dairy Cows on Ruminal Fermentation and Passage of Nitrogen Fractions and Amino Acids (1997)

Eight early lactation, primiparous Holstein cows were fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. The cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to test the effects of yeast culture ( 0 vs. 10 g/ d) and dietary crude protein (CP) (16.1 vs. 18.8% of dry matter) in 44% forage diets. Dietary CP differed primarily in ruminally degradable CP (9.1 vs. 11.4% of dry matter). Dry matter intake tended to increase as amount of yeast culture increased. However, yeast culture had no effect on ruminal pH, concentrations of NH3 and volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid, or ruminal digestibility. Yeast culture increased the ruminal concentration of isobutyrate in cows fed the low CP diet and decreased the concentration of isobutyrate in cows fed the high CP diet. The higher CP diets increased microbial N passage to the duodenum and had no effect on passage of nonmicrobial nonammonia N. Flows to the duodenum of nonmicrobial nonammonia N tended to be higher for cows fed yeast culture. Flows of essential amino acids to the duodenum and the essential amino acid profiles of duodenal digesta and of mixed ruminal bacteria were not altered by yeast culture. Yields of fat and 4% fat-corrected milk were increased by yeast culture supplementation of the low CP diet. Similar tendencies were noted for yields of milk and milk protein.
The Particle Density and Internal Strength of Japanese Cedar Base Pre-carbonized Solid Biofuel (Bio-coke) affected by Additional Cellulose and Alkali Lignin Compared with Additional Hemicellulose (2021)

This present research focuses on the improvement of the pre-carbonized solid biofuel, called Kindai Bio-coke. The bio-coke is currently applied in the large scale industry, such as the Cupola furnace of the steel industry, to reduce coal coke consumption. The properties involved with the permeability function need to be expressed in more detail to increase bio-coke consumption in the furnace. Two of the features, particle density and internal strength, of the Japanese cedar base bio-coke mixed with a single lignocellulose component (cellulose and alkali lignin) at 0, 2, 5, 8, 10, and 15 wt.% were studied. Results show that alkali lignin improves bio-coke properties significantly. The particle density of bio-coke with additional cellulose is increased in the range of 0 to 8 wt. % weight ratio and decrease afterward. Additional alkali lignin improves the bio-coke’s internal strength significantly at 10 and 15 wt. % ratio. In contrast, additional cellulose decreases the strength of bio-coke gradually.
Dosing feasibility and tolerability of intranasal diazepam in adults with epilepsy (2014)

Diazepam can be delivered in effective therapeutic concentrations by a nasal spray device during the convulsive phase of tonic-clonic seizures or in the postictal periods following tonic-clonic or other seizure types.
Laparoscopy in Pediatric Abdominal Trauma: A 13-Year Experience (2015)

<b>Introduction</b> Abdominal injuries are common, costly, deadly, and a source of considerable uncertainty in pediatric trauma. In some circumstances, laparoscopy offers a diagnostic and therapeutic alternative with less morbidity than standard exploration, and more certainty than most imaging. In this study, we review our experience with laparoscopic exploration for trauma. We hypothesized that laparoscopy could be employed effectively in stable blunt or penetrating trauma patients in whom diagnostic uncertainty was unresolved by imaging. <b>Patients and Methods</b> A retrospective review of the trauma database identified all children admitted to our Level I pediatric trauma center between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, requiring surgical abdominal exploration. The utilization of laparoscopy and laparotomy was charted over the 13-year period. Negative laparoscopies and laparotomies and nontherapeutic laparoscopies and laparotomies were examined to investigate clinical scenarios in which laparotomy might have been avoided. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression analysis, and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Results</b> Over the 13-year study period, there were 16,321 trauma admissions. Of these, 119 patients (0.7%) required surgical abdominal exploration: 81 patients underwent laparotomy and 38 patients underwent laparoscopy. In 13 patients (34.2%), laparoscopic exploration ruled out injuries. In nine patients (23.7%), laparoscopy identified an injury for which no surgical intervention was necessary. In nine patients (23.7%), an injury was repaired laparoscopically. In seven cases (18.4%), the identified injury required conversion to laparotomy. There were no missed injuries. In the laparotomy group, a less invasive approach could have yielded the same information in 8.7% of patients. Laparoscopy was more likely to be used after a qualitative change in institutional minimally invasive surgical capability. <b>Conclusion</b> Laparoscopy reliably resolves diagnostic uncertainty in selected cases of pediatric abdominal blunt and penetrating trauma. In a hemodynamically stable patient with a concerning exam and inconclusive imaging, laparoscopy provides sensitive diagnostic capability and opportunity for definitive repair with diminished surgical morbidity.
A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Cladiellin Diterpenes:  Enantioselective Total Syntheses of 6-Acetoxycladiell-7(16),11-dien-3-ol (Deacetoxyalcyonin Acetate), Cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-triol, Sclerophytin A, and the Initially Purported Structure of Sclerophytin A (2001)

Enantioselective total syntheses of the cladiellin diterpenes, 6-acetoxycladiell-7(16),11-dien-3-ol (deacetoxyalcyonin acetate, 6), cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-triol (1), sclerophytin A (8), and tetracyclic diether 7, have been achieved by differential elaboration of tricyclic allylic alcohol 57. The central step in these syntheses is acid-promoted condensation of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes 45, 69 or 87, and cyclohexadienyl diol 44 to form, with complete stereocontrol, the hexahydroisobenzofuran core and five stereocenters of these cladiellin diterpenes. These syntheses also feature stereospecific photolytic deformylation of beta,gamma-unsaturated aldehydes 46, 70, and 71 to remove the extraneous carbon introduced in the Prins-pinacol step; chemo- and stereoselective hydroxyl-directed epoxidation of 49, 72, and 90 followed by regioselective reductive opening with hydride to install the C3 tertiary hydroxyl group; and a diastereoselective Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi cyclization of iodoaldehyde 56 to forge the oxacyclononane ring and the C6 hydroxyl stereocenter. Other key transformations include chemo- and stereoselective hydroxyl-directed epoxidation of tricyclic allylic alcohol 57 followed by regioselective reductive opening with hydride to install the C7 tertiary hydroxyl center of 1 and 8; chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective intramolecular oxymercuration-reductive demercuration of dienyl diol 62 to form the bridging tetrahydropyran ring of tetracyclic diether 7; and photochemical isomerization of the endocyclic double bond of 92 and 1 to give exocyclic congeners 7 and 8. The absolute stereochemistry of the synthetic products originates from two chiral nonracemic starting materials, (S)-(+)-carvone and (S)-(-)-glycidol. These syntheses define a versatile and concise strategy for the total synthesis of cladiellin diterpenes and provide additional illustrations of the uncommon utility of pinacol-terminated cationic cyclizations for the stereocontrolled synthesis of complex oxacyclic products.
Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the conformational state of cancer mutant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 tyrosine kinase domain (2016)

Tyrosine kinases are key enzymes that play critical roles in growth signaling, the abnormal activation of which is associated with various human cancers. Activation of tyrosine kinases is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation in the activation-loop, which transforms the catalytic domain to the active state conformation. Cancer mutations are supposed to transform the conformation of the catalytic domain into the active-form independent of the phosphorylation state of the activation-loop. Here, we report structural and biophysical analyses of cancer mutations of the tyrosine kinase domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Based on the nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, phosphorylation of the activation-loop exhibited cooperative structural transition in the activation-loop, C-helix and P-loop regions, whereas cancer mutations induced structural transformation at either one or two of these regions.
Essays on Corruption, Leniency Programmes and Delegation (2017)

This thesis explores two topics. Chapter 1 evaluates leniency programmes in light of crime and corruption. Chapters 2 and 3 explore the issue of delegation of authority in the presence of non-contractible costs.&#13;\nIn chapter 1, we evaluate Leniency Programmes (LPs): forgiving self-reporting criminals, in a society of heterogeneous criminals and heterogeneous bureaucrats. Social welfare goes up immediately after the LP is introduced as supply (size and composition of bureaucrats) is held fixed. In the intermediate run, some bureaucrats leave the agency because they lose a source of income (bribe) causing a dip in the welfare. However, we observe that welfare can go up in the long run.&#13;\nChapter 2 focuses on delegation of authority using a principal-agent model. Agents have private information (signals) relevant for making a correct decision. Agents and principal incur non-contractible costs if a wrong decision is made. We characterize truth-telling equilibria. Among other cases, we see what happens when agents have asymmetrical non-contractible costs and the principal also incurs a non-contractible cost. Our main result is that there are situations where the principal delegates the decision making authority to the agent whom she is less aligned with in terms of preferences (non-irrelevancy) provided there is a sufficient degree of information asymmetry between the two agents.&#13;\nChapter 3 extends the analysis of chapter 2 to situations where truth-telling equilibria does not exist. Information is not aggregated efficiently under non truth-telling because of the incentive constraints of the agents. We show that the non irrelevancy result arises in this chapter when the signal precisions of the two agents are equal.
Multi-link-speed network topology design (1992)

The authors consider the problem of selecting a link topology and sizing the link given a point-to-point traffic matrix and a cost matrix. Different speed links are permitted in the topology. An algorithm is presented for the solution to this problem, and its performance, both in terms of running time and the quality of the networks produced, is compared with that of an algorithm which only considers a single speed link. The new algorithm shows significant improvement, reducing cost by as much as 6% while increasing running time by only a constant factor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Clinical Impact of Blood Glucose Monitoring Accuracy: An In-Silico Study (2017)

Two components of meter accuracy, bias and error, clearly affect clinical outcomes. While error has little effect on HbA1c, it tends to increase episodes of severe hypoglycemia. Meter bias has significant effects on all considered metrics: a positive systemic bias will reduce HbA1c, but increase the number of severe hypoglycemia attacks, TDI use, and number of fingersticks per day.
Accumulation of SBI fungicides in wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates of <i>Penicillium italicum</i> (1988)

Abstract Fenarimol‐resistant laboratory isolates of Penicillium italicum exhibit a high degree of cross‐resistance to triazoles, a low degree of cross‐resistance to imazalil and a low degree of negatively‐correlated cross‐resistance to morpholines. The cross‐resistance to triazoles is ascribed to a differential accumulation level of these SBI fungicides in wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates. As in the case of fenarimol, the relatively low accumulation level of triazoles in resistant isolates is probably caused by the operation of a constitutive, energy‐dependent efflux from mycelium, which hinders the triazoles from reaching their site of action in sterol biosynthesis. The accumulation level of imazalil and morpholines did not differ among wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates. This may be related to the fact that these fungicides at physiological pHs occur in a protonated form. The lack of a differential accumulation level can be the reason for the deviating cross‐resistance patterns of these fungicides.
Relationship of increased levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 after heart transplantation to rejection: human leukocyte antigen mismatch and survival. (1994)

Noninvasive methods to assess immune activation would be helpful in optimizing therapy after heart transplantation to reduce rejection (acute and chronic) and complications caused by excessive immunosuppressive therapy. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 has been shown to play an important role in T-cell activation and allograft rejection. A soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 has been discovered to be circulating in plasma. To test the hypothesis that increased levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 may have prognostic value as a marker of immune activation, we examined whether levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 during the early postoperative period correlated with endomyocardial biopsy scores, soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels, human leukocyte antigen mismatch, and survival. For the first 3 weeks after surgery, serum was obtained once weekly on the same day as endomyocardial biopsy samples from 52 patients who survived more than 30 days after heart transplantation. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor. Increased circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 levels did not correlate with endomyocardial biopsy scores but were associated with greater mismatch at the human leukocyte antigen-B and -DR loci (p = 0.02). A significant correlation was found (p = 0.002) between circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 levels and soluble interleukin-2 receptor, albeit with a low r value of 0.27. Survival was reduced in patients with high levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (p = 0.006) or soluble interleukin-2 receptor (p = 0.001) with the greatest reduction in survival when both were elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ladder operators and quasinormal modes in Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black holes (2022)

We study quasinormal modes (QNMs) of massive Klein-Gordon fields in static Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black holes in terms of ladder operators constructed from spacetime conformal symmetries. Because the BTZ spacetime is locally isometric to the three-dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime, ladder operators, which map a solution of the massive Klein-Gordon equation into that with different mass squared, can be constructed from spacetime conformal symmetries. In this paper, we apply the ladder operators to the QNMs of the Klein-Gordon equations in the BTZ spacetime. We demonstrate that the ladder operators can change indices of QNM overtones, and all overtone modes can be generated from a fundamental mode when we impose the Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition at infinity. We also discuss the case with the Robin boundary condition.
Energy Storage Materials from Nature through Nanotechnology: A Sustainable Route from Reed Plants to a Silicon Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2015)

Abstract Silicon is an attractive anode material in energy storage devices, as it has a ten times higher theoretical capacity than its state‐of‐art carbonaceous counterpart. However, the common process to synthesize silicon nanostructured electrodes is complex, costly, and energy‐intensive. Three‐dimensional (3D) porous silicon‐based anode materials have been fabricated from natural reed leaves by calcination and magnesiothermic reduction. This sustainable and highly abundant silica source allows for facile production of 3D porous silicon with very good electrochemical performance. The obtained silicon anode retains the 3D hierarchical architecture of the reed leaf. Impurity leaching and gas release during the fabrication process leads to an interconnected porosity and the reductive treatment to an inside carbon coating. Such anodes show a remarkable Li‐ion storage performance: even after 4000 cycles and at a rate of 10 C, a specific capacity of 420 mA h g −1 is achieved.
Anxiolytic effect of midazolam microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey area of rats. (1991)

In order to investigate the role of the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) area in the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines male Wistar rats (N = 10), weighing 200-250 g at the time of surgery, were microinjected into this structure with midazolam (80 nmol) and submitted to the elevated plus-maze, an ethologically based model of anxiety. Midazolam significantly increased the percentage of open arm entries from 32.4 +/- 4.6 (control) to 49.5 +/- 3.0 and of time spent in the open arms from 21.0 +/- 4.5 (control) to 35.6 +/- 4.8 without affecting the total number of entries into either open or enclosed arms. This effect typifies an anxiolytic effect in the test and was antagonized by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (80 nmol) microinjected into the same site 10 min before the midazolam (80 nmol) microinjection. Microinjection of flumazenil alone had no effect. These results provide additional evidence for the participation of the DPAG in the physiopathology of anxiety and suggest that it may be a site for the anxiolytic effect of systemically injected benzodiazepines.
Conversion of Methane into C1 Oxygenates by Deep‐UV Photolysis on Solid Surfaces: Influence of the Nature of the Solid and Optimization of Photolysis Conditions (2012)

Deep-UV photolysis (either 165 or 185 nm) of surface hydroxy groups leads to homolytic O-H bond-cleavage with the generation of oxyl radicals that can initiate the room-temperature radical-chain methane activation. Whilst in the absence of oxygen, radical coupling reactions to give low-molecular-weight alkanes are observed in the gas phase, the presence of some oxygen quenches these radicals and increases the selectivity towards C1 oxygenates (methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid species). The nature of the solid influences the efficiency of the photochemical process and the distribution between products in the gas and solid phases. Using Beta-, delaminated ITQ2 and ITQ6, and medium-pore ZSM5 zeolites, mesoporous MCM41 silicates, and non-porous TiO(2), we observed that confinement and porosity increased the proportion of C1 oxygenates adsorbed onto the solid and reduced the contribution of the gas-phase products. In addition, the presence of aluminum in the zeolite framework, which is responsible for the generation of acid sites, increased overoxidation of methanol and methoxy groups into formaldehyde and formic acids. For a given amount of methane and unchanged photolysis conditions, the conversion increased with the amount of the solid used as photocatalyst. In this way, methane conversions of up to 7% were achieved for the 185 nm photolysis of methane for 1 h with a 76 MJ mol(-1) energy consumption.
Experimental and Modeling Study of the High‐Temperature Ignition of Methane and Methane Mixtures with Ethane and Propane (1996)

Abstract An important part of deepening our understanding of the reaction mechanism of natural gas oxidation is validating a detailed model against experimental flame and ignition data. Ignition delays in shock‐heated CH 4 –O 2 mixtures, with and without ignition‐promoting additives, account for most of the available validation data. Most, but not all, ignition delays in such mixtures reported in the literature have been found to agree with calculations done using the GRI‐Mech 1.2 model. Additional reflected shock wave ignition experiments were done to explore possible reasons for the mismatches and to study the promotion of CH 4 ignition by small amounts of C 2 H 6 and C 3 H 8 additives. Empirical correlations were derived that describe ignition delays in CH 4 –O 2 –C 2 H 6 (C 3 H 8 ).
Synthesis of Gallic Acid:  Cu<sup>2+</sup>-Mediated Oxidation of 3-Dehydroshikimic Acid (2000)

With the elaboration of high-yielding, high-titer syntheses of 3-dehydroshikimic acid from glucose using recombinant Escherichia coli, oxidation of this hydroaromatic becomes a potential route for synthesis of gallic acid. Conversion of 3-dehydroshikimic acid into gallic acid likely proceeds via initial enolization of an alpha-hydroxycarbonyl and oxidation of the resulting enediol. 3-Dehydroshikimate enolization in water was catalyzed by inorganic phosphate while Zn(2+) was used to catalyze enolization in acetic acid. Enediol oxidation employed Cu(2+) as either the stoichiometric oxidant or as a catalyst in the presence of a cooxidant. Gallic acid was produced in a yield of 36% when 3-dehydroshikimic acid in phosphate-buffered water reacted for 35 h with H2O2 and catalytic amounts of CuSO(4). 3-Dehydroshikimate-containing, phosphate-buffered culture supernatants reacted with stoichiometric amounts of CuCO(3)Cu(OH)(2) and Cu(x)(H(3-x)(PO4)(2) to give gallic acid in yields of 51% in 5 h and 43% in 12 h, respectively. Solutions of 3-dehydroshikimic acid in acetic acid reacted with stoichiometric amounts of Cu(OAc)(2) to afford a 74% yield of gallic acid in 36 h. Acetic acid solutions of 3-dehydroshikimic acid could also be oxidized by air using catalytic quantities of Cu(OAc)(2). ZnO accelerated these oxidations leading to a 67% yield of gallic acid in 4 h when an acetic acid solution of 3-dehydroshikimic acid was reacted with O(2) and a catalytic amount of Cu(OAc)(2).