gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CONFIT: Toward Faithful Dialogue Summarization with Linguistically-Informed Contrastive Fine-tuning (2021)

Factual inconsistencies in generated summaries severely limit the practical applications of abstractive dialogue summarization. Although significant progress has been achieved by using pre-trained models, substantial amounts of hallucinated content are found during the human evaluation. Pre-trained models are most commonly fine-tuned with cross-entropy loss for text summarization, which may not be an optimal strategy. In this work, we provide a typology of factual errors with annotation data to highlight the types of errors and move away from a binary understanding of factuality. We further propose a training strategy that improves the factual consistency and overall quality of summaries via a novel contrastive fine-tuning, called ConFiT. Based on our linguistically-informed typology of errors, we design different modular objectives that each target a specific type. Specifically, we utilize hard negative samples with errors to reduce the generation of factual inconsistency. In order to capture the key information between speakers, we also design a dialogue-specific loss. Using human evaluation and automatic faithfulness metrics, we show that our model significantly reduces all kinds of factual errors on the dialogue summarization, SAMSum corpus. Moreover, our model could be generalized to the meeting summarization, AMI corpus, and it produces significantly higher scores than most of the baselines on both datasets regarding word-overlap metrics.
A Trust Based System for Enhanced Spam Filtering (2008)

The effectiveness of current anti-spam systems is limited by the ability of spammers to adapt to filtering techniques and the lack of incentive for mail servers to filter outgoing spam.A new approach, based on decentralised trust management, is described in this paper.An architecture and protocol, called TOPAS (Trust Overlay Protocol for Anti Spam), are presented.Each mail server records trust measures relating to each other mail server of which it is aware.Trust by one mail server in another is influenced by direct experience as well as recommendations issued by collaborating mail servers.The TOPAS protocol specifies how these experiences and recommendations are communicated between each spam filter and its associated trust manager, and between trust managers of different mail servers.A technique for improving mail filtering performance and the TOPAS protocol using these trust measures is also described.Finally, experimental work is presented that illustrates use of the protocol in a simulated network scenario.Initial results illustrate the dynamics of this system, and indicate the potential of this approach to significantly improve rates of false positives and false negatives in anti-spam systems.
Design and optimization of nanogap array sensors (2008)

We present a percolation based model which is suitable for the design of sensors based on highly ordered nanogap arrays. Monte-Carlo simulations and analytical expressions are used to calculate the sensitivity and dynamic range as a function of the topology and geometry of the arrays, as well as the statistical distribution of the thresholds for conduction across the nanogaps.
Aryl Bromides and Aryl Chlorides for the Direct Arylation of Benzylic Amines Mediated by Ruthenium(II) (2013)

The ruthenium(II)-catalyzed sp<sup>3</sup> C-H bond arylation of benzylic amines with aryl halides is reported. In the present method, aryl iodides and, more importantly, also the cheaper aryl bromides and aryl chlorides can be applied as aryl sources. Additionally, the method does not require elaborate manipulations in a glove box and can be carried out in simple screw cap vials. Potassium pivalate proved to be beneficial for the transformation with aryl bromides or iodides as aryl source, but was not required for aryl chlorides. In the latter case, the addition of PPh<sub>3</sub> led to high conversion. 3-Methyl and 3-phenyl pyridine were established as directing groups, and the substituent in the 3-position represents a key structural feature for high conversion. The directing group can be cleaved after the transformation, which allows access to diarylmethylamines. Mechanistic studies were carried out and critically compared to mechanistic reports of related transformations.
Behavioural social choice: a status report (2008)

Behavioural social choice has been proposed as a social choice parallel to seminal developments in other decision sciences, such as behavioural decision theory, behavioural economics, behavioural finance and behavioural game theory. Behavioural paradigms compare how rational actors should make certain types of decisions with how real decision makers behave empirically. We highlight that important theoretical predictions in social choice theory change dramatically under even minute violations of standard assumptions. Empirical data violate those critical assumptions. We argue that the nature of preference distributions in electorates is ultimately an empirical question, which social choice theory has often neglected. We also emphasize important insights for research on decision making by individuals. When researchers aggregate individual choice behaviour in laboratory experiments to report summary statistics, they are implicitly applying social choice rules. Thus, they should be aware of the potential for aggregation paradoxes. We hypothesize that such problems may substantially mar the conclusions of a number of (sometimes seminal) papers in behavioural decision research.
Molecular alignment in nano-film crystal polarizers and retarders (2002)

We introduce a new group of organic materials and method for the three-step nano-film crystallization of these materials on the surface of glass or plastic. Materials are based on polycyclic aromatic compounds. Chemical modification of compounds changes hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of disk-shaped molecules and makes them water-soluble with aggregation into rod-like supramolecules in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of supramolecular lyomesophases. Coating techniques provide control of crystallographic axes direction of the final crystal film. Shear force that is applied during deposition controls alignment of supramolecules. Structure of liquid material, wet coating and resulting 100-700 nm thin crystal films has been studied optically and by X-ray diffraction. The properties of the molecular material dictate the properties of Thin Crystal Film (TCF), which exhibit the layered molecular structure with interlayer distance equal to thickness of flat molecules (0.336 nm). Molecular alignment during the shear deposition of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) results in formation of film with a strong preferred orientation. TCF order parameter determined from both X-ray analysis and optical data is about 0.9. TCFs exhibit a high optical anisotropy and birefringence which makes them unique nano-scale polarizing films and high efficiency retarders. New submicron film retarders have high refraction coefficient anisotropy. Birefringence varies from 0.3 to 1.0 for 380-900nm wavelength range. TCF polarizers and retarders provide new options for LCD designs.
Selective growth of metal particles on ZnO nanopyramids via a one-pot synthesis (2013)

Hybrid nanostructures of metal (Cu, Au, Ag)-ZnO nanopyramids were synthesized. These hybrid nanostructures possess two distinct morphologies where the metal can be selectively attached to either the base or the tip of the ZnO pyramids. This is the first time that such morphologies are reported for Cu-ZnO and Ag-ZnO hybrid nanostructures.
CARABAS measurements of coniferous forest stem volume on sloping terrain (2002)

Low frequency SAR has shown good results for the retrieval of stem volume in coniferous forests, where the scattering strength is directly related to the volume of the trunk. However, since the scattering is dominated by the trunk-ground dihedral mechanism, it is also sensitive to the topography (i.e. angle between trunk and ground). Using data from CARABAS, we show how the backscattering is sensitive to the topography and radar viewing geometry. However, unlike higher frequencies, the VHF scattering from trees on moderate slopes is still dominated by the trunk-ground interaction.
Quality label for safety management: new ISO standard sets standard for integrated safety management (2013)

In October 2012 the first international standard on safety in road traffic management appeared, the ISO 39001-standard. The new standard offers both public organizations and private companies a concrete framework to set up and maintain a safety management system. The ISO 39001 standard has everything to literally become the standard on road safety and can be used in many situations.
&lt;title&gt;Structure analysis of the primary mirror support for the TIM using computer-aided finite element method&lt;/title&gt; (2000)

The Mexican Infrared Telescope is one of the most important projects in the Institute for Astronomy of the National University of Mexico. As part of the design we pretend to simulate different components of the telescope by the Finite Element Method (FEM). One of the most important parts of the structure is the primary mirror support. This structure is under stress, causing deformations in the primary mirror; these deformations shouldn't be over 40 nanometers, which is the maximum permissible tolerance. One of the most interesting subjects to develop in this project is to make the segmented primary mirror to work like if it were a monolithic one. Each segment has six degrees of freedom, whose control needs actuators and sensors with stiff mechanical structures. Our purpose is to achieve these levels of design using FEM aided by computer and we pretend to study several models of the structure array using the Conceptual Design Method, in an effort to optimize the design.
Commensal Bacteria Play an Important Role in Ulcerative Colitis via Bacterial Sphingolipids-Mediated Regulation of Host Invariant Natural Killer T Cells (2012)

Our group has shown previously that microbiota can impact ulcerative colitis disease phenotypes by modulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell functions. We further found that chemokine CXCL16 is responsible for this modulation, with germ-free (GF) mice having high CXCL16 level, large iNKT cell numbers and severe experimental ulcerative colitis outcome. In this study, we hypothesized that in addition to CXCL16 regulated functions, intestinal microbiota can directly impact iNKT cells by providing bacterial antigen, such as glycosphingolipids. We generated a Bacteroides fragilis mutant (del SPT) that no longer produces any sphingolipids. We then mono-colonized GF mice using wild-type or del SPT mutant. Theses mice were further challenged with an experimental ulcerative colitis model—oxazolone colitis model and the disease phenotypes were evaluated. Results: We found that the wild-type B. fragilis mono-colonized mice have significantly lower colonic iNKT cell numbers than the mutant mono-colonized mice, which are similar to the GF mice. CXCL16 levels in both of the mono-colonized mice are as low as that of the conventional mice, indicating the existence of a new pathway for colonic iNKT cell regulation. When challenged in the oxazolone colitis model, the mutant-colonized mice were much more susceptible than the wild-type-colonized mice. These phenotypes were diminished when the mice were treated with CD1d antibody, indicating iNKT cell-specific functions were involved. Our study demonstrated that microbiota regulate colonic iNKT cells via a new and unknown pathway. This pathway uses components in bacterial sphingolipid biosynthesis and it points to a new direction for therapeutic intervention of ulcerative colitis.
Development of a Novel Class of Tubulin Inhibitor from Desmosdumotin B with a Hydroxylated Bicyclic B-Ring (2015)

A series of newly synthesized hydroxylated analogues of triethyldesmosdumotin B (TEDB) with a bicyclic B-ring exhibited a significantly different mode of action for affecting microtubule dynamics and spindle formation but had the same antiproliferative activity spectrum, including activity against multidrug-resistant tumors. These analogues efficiently induced cell cycle arrest at prometaphase and caused formation of immature multipolar spindles. 6'-Hydroxyl TEDB-TB (8) disrupted bipolar spindle formation but had a negligible effect on interphase microtubules. On the basis of the predicted binding modes of the new compounds with tubulin dimer, compound 4 forms three hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) only with α-tubulin at the colchicine site; in contrast, 8 forms H-bonds with both α- and β-tubulin. We predict that, when a compound/ligand, such as 8, forms H-bonds to both α- and β-tubulins, spindle formation is disrupted more than the dynamics of interphase microtubules. This result may reflect the well-known greater dynamicity of spindle microtubules as compared with interphase microtubules.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Vabicaserin via Oxidative Multicomponent Annulation and Asymmetric Hydrogenation of a 3,4-Substituted Quinolinium Salt (2013)

An efficient, asymmetric synthesis of the 5-HT2C agonist vabicaserin in four chemical steps and 54% overall yield from commercially available benzodiazepine was achieved. The synthesis was highlighted by a novel oxidative, multicomponent reaction to affect the quinolinium ring assembly in one step followed by an unprecedented asymmetric hydrogenation of a 3,4-substituted quinolinium salt.
On Massive MIMO for Low Power Wide Area Networks (2019)

The use of large-scale antenna arrays grants considerable benefits in energy and spectral efficiency to wireless systems due to spatial resolution and array gain techniques. By assuming a dominant line-of-sight environment in a massive MIMO scenario with favorable propagation, we derive analytical expressions for the sum-capacity. % Then, we show that convenient simplifications on the sum-capacity expressions are possible when working at low and high SNR regimes. % Furthermore, in the case of a high SNR regime, it is demonstrated that the Gamma PDF can approximate the PDF of the instantaneous channel sum-capacity as the number of BS antennas grows. A second important demonstration presented in this work is that a Gamma PDF can also be used to approximate the PDF of the summation of the channel's singular values as the number of devices increases. Finally, it is important to highlight that the presented framework is useful for LPWAN's as we show that the transmit power of each device can be made inversely proportional to the number of BS antennas.
The optimal ratio of apparent digestible valine to lysine to maximize growth performance of the nursery pig (2001)

A total of 210 nursery pigs (initially 19.6 lb and approximately 28 d of age) were used in a 21-d growth assay to determine the optimal ratio of valine to lysine to maximize growth performance. The seven treatments consisted of a basal diet (14.2% CP; 1.07% apparent digestible lysine) with increasing ratios of valine:lysine (48, 53, 58, 63, 69, and 74%) and a negative control containing 0.97% lysine and 0.79% apparent digestible valine. Results indicate that the optimal apparent digestible valine:lysine ratio for the nursery pig is 58 and 64% for ADG and F/G, respectively. Therefore, most typical nursery diets will contain adequate amounts of valine to maximize growth performance of nursery pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2001
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Linuron: An Antiandrogenic Herbicide that Produces Reproductive Malformations in Male Rats (2000)

Antiandrogenic chemicals alter sex differentiation by several different mechanisms. Some, like flutamide, procymidone, or vinclozolin compete with androgens for the androgen receptor (AR), inhibit AR-DNA binding, and alter androgen-dependent gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Finasteride and some phthalate esters demasculinize male rats by inhibiting fetal androgen synthesis. Linuron, which is a weak competitive inhibitor of AR binding (reported Ki of 100 microM), alters sexual differentiation in an antiandrogenic manner. However, the pattern of malformations more closely resembles that produced by the phthalate esters than by vinclozolin treatment. The present study was designed to determine if linuron acted as an AR antagonist in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, we (1) confirmed the affinity of linuron for the rat AR, and found (2) that linuron binds human AR (hAR), and (3) acts as an hAR antagonist. Linuron competed with an androgen for rat prostatic AR (EC(50) = 100-300 microM) and human AR (hAR) in a COS cell-binding assay (EC(50) = 20 microM). Linuron inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-hAR induced gene expression in CV-1 and MDA-MB-453-KB2 cells (EC(50) = 10 microM) at concentrations that were not cytotoxic. In short-term in vivo studies, linuron treatment reduced testosterone- and DHT-dependent tissue weights in the Hershberger assay (oral 100 mg/kg/d for 7 days, using castrate-immature-testosterone propionate-treated male rats; an assay used for decades to screen for AR agonists and antagonists) and altered the expression of androgen-regulated ventral prostate genes (oral 100 mg/kg/d for 4 days). Histological effects of in utero exposure to linuron (100 mg/kg/d, day 14-18) or DBP (500 mg/kg/d, day 14 to postnatal day 3) on the testes and epididymides also are shown here. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that linuron is an AR antagonist both in vivo and in vitro, but it remains to be determined if linuron alters sexual differentiation by additional mechanisms of action.
<i>TLX1</i>/<i>HOX11</i>‐mediated disruption of primary thymocyte differentiation prior to the CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> double‐positive stage (2005)

The TLX1/HOX11 homeobox gene is frequently activated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) by the t(10;14)(q24;q11) and t(7;10)(q35;q24) chromosomal translocations or by as yet unknown transcriptional mechanisms in the absence of 10q24 cytogenetic abnormalities. Almost all TLX1(+) T-ALLs exhibit a CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) phenotype. To investigate the role of TLX1 as an initiating oncogene in T-ALL pathogenesis, we assessed the consequences of retroviral vector-directed TLX1 expression during the differentiation of murine and human thymocytes in fetal thymic organ cultures. Interestingly, enforced expression of TLX1 disrupted the differentiation of murine fetal liver precursors and human cord blood CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells prior to the DP thymocyte stage. Although differentiation arrest was associated with an increased percentage of apoptotic thymocytes, it could only be partially bypassed by coexpression of transgenic BCL2. Mutation of the invariant asparagine residue at position 51 of the homeodomain - which is required for efficient DNA binding - released the block, consistent with the notion that TLX1 inhibits thymocyte differentiation and promotes T-cell oncogenesis by functioning as a transcription factor. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of activating NOTCH1 mutations and the other genetic lesions implicated in the multistep transformation process of TLX1(+) T-ALL.
Nutritional Competence and Resilience among Hemodialysis Patients in the Setting of Dialysis Initiation and Hospitalization (2015)

This study increases the understanding of nutritional resilience and its determinants in HD patients. Application of the nutritional score, pending further validation, may facilitate targeted and timely interventions to avert the negative consequences of inadequate nutrition in chronic HD patients.
A new recessed gate MOSFET structure with the graded source/drain (1993)

A gate recessed MOS (GR-MOS) structure with the selectively halo-doped channel by boron implantation carried out after graded (source/drain) (S/D) formation is proposed. The S/D is formed without n/sup +/ counter-doping to the channel doping. Initial characterization results of GR-MOSFETs having a 0.25 mu m channel length are presented in comparison with the conventional lightly doped drain (LDD)-MOSFETs. It was verified that the new concept gives improved device characteristics over the LDD structure for a wide range of bias conditions and channel lengths, and renders the device design window wider in deep submicron devices.
1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> promotes IL‐10 production in human B cells (2008)

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) regulates immune responses, e.g., inhibits expression of IgE by B cells and enhances expression of IL-10 by dendritic cells and T cells. We report here that activation of human B cells by B cell receptor, CD40 and IL-4 signals induces expression of the gene for 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP1alpha). Accordingly, these B cells generate and secrete significant amounts of calcitriol. In activated B cells calcitriol induces expression of the genes Cyp24, encoding a vitamin D hydroxylase, and Trpv6, encoding a calcium selective channel protein. Calcitriol enhances IL-10 expression of activated B cells more than threefold, both by recruiting the vitamin D receptor to the promoter of Il-10, and to lesser extent by modulation of calcium-dependent signaling. The molecular link in activated B cells between vitamin D signaling, expression of IgE and IL-10, and their ability to produce calcitriol from its precursor, suggest that pro-vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)) can be used as a modulator of allergic immune responses.
The Adipocyte: Storage Depot or Node on the Energy Information Superhighway?, Minireview (1995)

Division of Endocrinology Beth Israel Hospital 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02215 In a world where food availability is intermittent, survival requires the capacity to store ingested calories in excess of immediate requirements so that energy may be re- leased at a later point upon demand. To orchestrate these processes of energy storage and release, highly inte- grated systems have evolved, and these operate on sev- eral physiological levels. As for many complex physiologic systems, the brain provides an essential coordinating role. Most important are the hypothalamic centers (see Figure 1) that coordinate energy homeostasis through regulation of food intake (hunger and satiety), energy expenditure (thermogenesis), and the secretion of hormones (espe- cially insulin) that regulate substrate interconversion, stor- age, and mobilization. But where does the energy storage take place? Enter the adipocyte, and along with it obesity, a remarkably prevalent disorder that is defined as a state of pathologically increased adipose cell mass. Is the adipo- cyte an innocent bystander, or does it play an active role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body compo- sition? Although adipose cell enlargement and eventual hypertrophy are the defining features of obesity, the adipo- cyte has been viewed as a largely passive participant in the disease process, accumulating or losing lipid stores in response to alterations in substrates and regulatory sig- nals produced at distant sites. As a cell type, therefore, the adipocyte has received a great deal of attention only recently, and obesity, the dominant disease affecting adi- pocyte function, has lacked major breakthroughs in the realm of molecular pathogenesis. Indeed, much of the im- portant research in obesity hastaken place in departments of psychology and psychiatry. Recent advances in the area of adipocyte development and evidence that the adi- pocyte can function as an endocrine cell have promised to change this situation radically and permanently, and these are the subject of this minireview.