gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Potential for HIV-1 Vpr as an Anti-Cancer Agent (2009)

Viral protein R (Vpr) is a 14kD, 96 amino acid accessory protein of the HIV virion that has been demonstrated to have important functions in the viral replication cycle including, among others, the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cells, which results in immune dysfunction in infected individuals. Several investigators have studied the potential use of the apoptosis inducing and cell cycle arrest effect of Vpr as an anti-tumor therapeutic. In vitro studies have indicated that Vpr is cytotoxic against a large number of different tumor cell types including a number that are p53 independent. Likewise, some in vivo tumor studies using different delivery platforms/methods have indicated an anti-cancer effect mediated by Vpr. Our group has used the aggressive and poorly immunogenic murine melanoma tumor line B16.F10 as a model to deliver, through in vivo electroporation, Vpr expressing plasmids to established tumors and have demonstrated that this treatment regimen can induce growth attenuation and tumor regression in a proportion of the treated mice and appears to be associated with the induction of intratumoral apoptosis. Overall, to date, the data from a number of research groups, including our own, have indicated that Vpr has biological activity against a number of tumors in both in vivo and in vitro models and, as such, may be a potential candidate for testing in human clinical trials. In this report, we summarize the evidence supporting this hypothesis.
An Extended Pattern Search Approach to Wind Farm Layout Optimization (2012)

An extended pattern search approach is presented for the optimization of the placement of wind turbines on a wind farm. Problem-specific extensions infuse stochastic characteristics into the deterministic pattern search, inhibiting convergence on local optima and yielding better results than pattern search alone. The optimal layout for a wind farm is considered here to be one that maximizes the power generation of the farm while minimizing the farm cost. To estimate the power output, an established wake model is used to account for the aerodynamic effects of turbine blades on downstream wind speed, as the oncoming wind speed for any turbine is proportional to the amount of power the turbine can produce. As turbines on a wind farm are in close proximity, the interaction of turbulent wakes developed by the turbines can have a significant effect on the power development capability of the farm. The farm cost is estimated using an accepted simplified model that is a function of the number of turbines. The algorithm develops a two-dimensional layout for a given number of turbines, performing local turbine movement while applying global evaluation. Three test cases are presented: (a) constant, unidirectional wind, (b) constant, multidirectional wind, and (c) varying, multidirectional wind. The purpose of this work is to explore the ability of an extended pattern search (EPS) algorithm to solve the wind farm layout problem, as EPS has been shown to be particularly effective in solving multimodal layout problems. It is also intended to show that the inclusion of extensions into the algorithm can better inform the search than algorithms that have been previously presented in the literature. Resulting layouts created by this extended pattern search algorithm develop more power than previously explored algorithms using the same evaluation models and objective functions. In addition, the algorithm’s resulting layouts motivate a heuristic that aids in the manual development of the best layout found to date. The results of this work validate the application of an extended pattern search algorithm to the wind farm layout problem, and that its performance is enhanced by the use of problem-specific extensions that aid in developing results that are superior to those developed by previous algorithms.
Direct Laser Synthesis and Patterning of High Entropy Oxides from Liquid Precursors (2023)

High entropy oxides are a class of materials distinguished by the use of configurational entropy to drive material synthesis. These materials are being examined for their exciting physiochemical properties and hold promise in numerous fields, such as chemical sensing, electronics, and catalysis. Patterning and integration of high entropy materials into devices and platforms can be difficult due to their thermal sensitivity and incompatibility with many conventional thermally-based processing techniques. In this work, we present a laser-based technique, laser-induced thermal voxels, that combines the synthesis and patterning of high entropy oxides into a single process step, thereby allowing patterning of high entropy materials directly onto substrates. As a proof-of-concept, we target the synthesis and patterning of a well-characterized rock salt-phase high entropy oxide, (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O, as well as a spinel-phase high entropy oxide, (Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)Cr2O4. We show through electron microscopy and X-ray analysis that the materials created are atomically homogenous and are primarily of the rock salt or spinel phase. These findings show the efficacy of laser induced thermal voxel processing for the synthesis and patterning of high entropy materials and enable new routes for integration of high entropy materials within microscale platform and devices.
Mutagenesis of CXCR4 Identifies Important Domains for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 X4 Isolate Envelope-Mediated Membrane Fusion and Virus Entry and Reveals Cryptic Coreceptor Activity for R5 Isolates (1999)

CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor and a coreceptor for T-cell-line-tropic (X4) and dual-tropic (R5X4) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. Cells coexpressing CXCR4 and CD4 will fuse with appropriate HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-expressing cells. The delineation of the critical regions involved in the interactions within the Env-CD4-coreceptor complex are presently under intensive investigation, and the use of chimeras of coreceptor molecules has provided valuable information. To define these regions in greater detail, we have employed a strategy involving alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the extracellular domains of CXCR4 coupled with a highly sensitive reporter gene assay for HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion. Using a panel of 41 different CXCR4 mutants, we have identified several charged residues that appear important for coreceptor activity for X4 Envs; the mutations E15A (in which the glutamic acid residue at position 15 is replaced by alanine) and E32A in the N terminus, D97A in extracellular loop 1 (ecl-1), and R188A in ecl-2 impaired coreceptor activity for X4 and R5X4 Envs. In addition, substitution of alanine for any of the four extracellular cysteines alone resulted in conformational changes of various degrees, while mutants with paired cysteine deletions partially retained their structure. Our data support the notion that all four cysteines are involved in disulfide bond formation. We have also identified substitutions which greatly enhance or convert CXCR4's coreceptor activity to support R5 Env-mediated fusion (N11A, R30A, D187A, and D193A), and together our data suggest the presence of conserved extracellular elements, common to both CXCR4 and CCR5, involved in their coreceptor activities. These data will help us to better detail the CXCR4 structural requirements exhibited by different HIV-1 strains and will direct further mutagenesis efforts aimed at better defining the domains in CXCR4 involved in the HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion process.
Identification of 3-methylglutarylcarnitine. A new diagnostic metabolite of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency. (1986)

Deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (CoA) lyase affects the metabolism of leucine as well as ketogenesis. This disorder is one of an increasing list of inborn errors of metabolism that presents clinically like Reye's Syndrome or nonketotic hypoglycemia. Four patients with proven 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency were shown to excrete a new diagnostically specific metabolite. The technique of fast atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry revealed that only 3-methylglutaryl-CoA is a substrate for acylcarnitine formation. Neither 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA nor 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA are excreted as acylcarnitines. The excretion of 3-methylglutarylcarnitine may explain, in part, the apparent secondary carnitine deficiency in this disorder. Carnitine supplementation with moderate dietary restrictions may be a useful treatment strategy for this disorder.
Combining optical coherence tomography with visual field data to rapidly detect disease progression in glaucoma: a diagnostic accuracy study (2018)

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in <i>Health Technology Assessment</i>; Vol. 22, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. Data analysed in the study were from the UKGTS. Funding for the UKGTS was provided through an unrestricted investigator-initiated research grant from Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY, USA), with supplementary funding from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. Imaging equipment loans were made by Heidelberg Engineering, Carl Zeiss Meditec and Optovue (Fremont, CA, USA). Pfizer, Heidelberg Engineering, Carl Zeiss Meditec and Optovue had no input into the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of any of the UKGTS findings or this work. The sponsor for both the UKGTS and RAPID data collection was Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. David F Garway-Heath, Tuan-Anh Ho and Haogang Zhu are partly funded by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. David F Garway-Heath's chair at University College London (UCL) is supported by funding from the International Glaucoma Association.
Chemistry of oxaziridines. 1. Synthesis and structure of 2-arenesulfonyl-3-aryloxaziridines. A new class of oxaziridines (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of oxaziridines. 1. Synthesis and structure of 2-arenesulfonyl-3-aryloxaziridines. A new class of oxaziridinesFranklin A. Davis, Joseph Lamendola Jr., Upender Nadir, Edward W. Kluger, Thomas C. Sedergran, Thomas W. Panunto, Robert Billmers, Robert Jenkins Jr., Ignatius J. Turchi, and Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 6, 2000–2005Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00526a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00526a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2272Altmetric-Citations123LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Heteroligated Rh<sup>I</sup> Tweezer Complexes (2005)

Eine Halogenid-induzierte Ligandenumlagerung an einem RhI-Zentrum eignet sich zur Synthese heterokoordinierter Komplexe vom Pinzettentyp. Mithilfe einer Vielzahl an P,S- und P,O-hemilabilen Liganden lassen sich Umwandlungen zwischen vier verschiedenen RhI-Koordinationsumgebungen erreichen (siehe Schema). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2005/z500689_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Near-infrared electroluminescence and stimulated emission from semiconducting nonconjugated polymer thin films (2010)

We present the results of a study on near-infrared electroluminescence and optical amplification in semiconductor thin films based on a nonconjugated polymer doped with luminescent and electron-transport molecules. A single-layer light-emitting diode is fabricated on an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate with poly(9-vinylcarbazole) containing an electron-transport material, 2-(4-Biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and a near-infrared-emitting compound, 2-(6-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-neopentylene-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)-3-ethylbenzothiazolium perchlorate. The single-layer structure shows near-infrared electroluminescence with a turn-on voltage of 13 V. The same structure is characterized under transversal pulsed photopumping with a frequency-doubled Nd: yttrium aluminum garnet laser. With increasing pump fluence, the edge emission at 0.82 μm shows both significant gain narrowing and superlinear intensity increase, which indicate the existence of optical gain by stimulated emission. Our results provide impetus for the development of near-infrared polymer lasers and optical amplifiers.
Salmonella in an Oyster Production and Small Feedlot Environment, Use of Novel Proteins Expressed by an Attenuated Salmonella Vector for the Reduction of Campylobacter Colonization in Broiler Chickens (2012)

The CDC estimates that 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths annually are attributable to foodborne illnesses, making their impact significant in terms of both human health and economic losses (3). Estimates vary, but it is frequently stated that Campylobacter species affect 2.4 million people annually (28). Among bacterial foodborne pathogens it is second in the US only to Salmonella, which in recent years has consistently been the most frequently reported, most likely to cause hospitalization, and deadliest foodborne bacterial illness in the US (3, 106).In order to reduce the burden of illness caused by these pathogens and improve the safety of our food supply, continued investigation of the epidemiology, transmission and interactions of these organisms with their environments is necessary. Additionally, prevention of colonization within natural reservoirs of these bacteria which contribute to contamination of foods is an important step in the reduction of the burden of foodborne illness. This work examines the relationship of Salmonella to oysters and the aquatic environment in which they are raised, the interactions of Salmonella in a small feedlot environment, and the reduction of colonization of broiler chickens by Campylobacter jejuni through vaccination with recombinant attenuated Salmonella vectors into which novel Campylobacter genes had been cloned. It was found that while Salmonella is still sporadically present on the West Coast of the US, an area where oysters were previously found to be positive for the organism, the strain which predominated in the last study of that area is reduced in prevalence. Additionally, it was found that that strain does not possess special fitness in oysters or the aquatic environments in which they are raised, though Salmonella survives in oysters and water samples longer than a representative coliform. Salmonella is also present in the small feedlot environment sampled, and animal stress appears to play a role in the shedding of the organism in that environment, leading to the potential contamination of beef carcasses during processing. Reduction of colonization by C. jejuni in broilers was achieved in the case of both vaccines, with a maximum reduction of four logs as compared to controls.
Mutant of avian erythroblastosis virus defective for erythroblast transformation: deletion in the erb portion of p75 suggests function of the protein in leukemogenesis. (1980)

Previous studies have shown that td359 AEV, a mutant of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV), is unable to transform erythroblasts in vitro or in vivo but is capable of transforming fibroblasts in vitro and of causing sarcomas in chicks. In this paper we show that the mutant synthesizes a gag-gene related protein (delta p75) which is about 1000 daltons smaller than the protein, p75, induced by wild-type AEV. The mutant protein lacks 3 of the approximately 53 lysine-arginine tryptic peptides resolved in p75 and also contains an additional peptide. By cleavage of delta p75 with p15 protease and analysis of the fragments for size and peptide composition, the deletion in delta p75 could be located in the non-gag region of the molecule. In contrast, with p40 AEV, a second AEV-specific protein synthesized in in vitro translation experiments, there is no change in size of translation products obtained from td359 AEV RNA. Our data provide direct evidence that p75 is required for erythroblast transformation.
Pore‐scale water dynamics during drying and the impacts of structure and surface wettability (2017)

Abstract Plants and microbes secrete mucilage into soil during dry conditions, which can alter soil structure and increase contact angle. Structured soils exhibit a broad pore size distribution with many small and many large pores, and strong capillary forces in narrow pores can retain moisture in soil aggregates. Meanwhile, contact angle determines the water repellency of soils, which can result in suppressed evaporation rates. Although they are often studied independently, both structure and contact angle influence water movement, distribution, and retention in soils. Here drying experiments were conducted using soil micromodels patterned to emulate different aggregation states of a sandy loam soil. Micromodels were treated to exhibit contact angles representative of those in bulk soil (8.4° ± 1.9°) and the rhizosphere (65° ± 9.2°). Drying was simulated using a lattice Boltzmann single‐component, multiphase model. In our experiments, micromodels with higher contact angle surfaces took 4 times longer to completely dry versus micromodels with lower contact angle surfaces. Microstructure influenced drying rate as a function of saturation and controlled the spatial distribution of moisture within micromodels. Lattice Boltzmann simulations accurately predicted pore‐scale moisture retention patterns within micromodels with different structures and contact angles.
A STUDY OF KRAFT LIGNIN ACID PRECIPITATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING FOCUSED BEAM REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENT (FBRM (R)) (2018)

This study has measured the evolution of the particle size distribution during acid precipitation of Kraft lignin in aqueous solutions. Sulphuric acid was added to acidify the solutions, and precipitation occurred. The influence of Na+ concentration was investigated, and temperature, lignin concentration, and agitation speed were kept constant throughout the study. The results show that the onset of precipitation, as defined in this work, is strongly dependent on Na+ concentration and pH. Furthermore, a shift in the onset pH was observed if existing particles were filtered off before acidification; this indicates a metastable regime in particle-free solutions. The kinetics of precipitation were found to depend predominantly on the density of existing particles in the liquid at the start of acidification.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of Conformal Polymeric Nanocoatings for the Surface Modification of High-Aspect-Ratio Pores (2008)

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) was used to coat the surfaces of high-aspect-ratio (∼80:1) pores with functional polymeric films ranging in thickness between 10 and 150 nm. X-ray photoelectron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis confirmed the presence of the polymer coating along the pore wall. Static and dynamic contact angle measurements showed that the iCVD nanocoating altered the surface properties of the pores.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE NEW RING SYSTEM, PYRAZOLO(3,4‐D)(1,3)DIAZEPINE. A NOVEL ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF AZOLO(1,3)DIAZEPINES (1985)

Abstract Das Aminopyrazol‐nitril (Ia) wird zum Aldehyd (Ib) reduziert, jedoch konnte aus (Ib) das zu einer Cyclisierung benötigte Cyanhydrin (Ic) nicht erhalten werden.
Timing and Sequence in Congressional Elections: Interstate Contagion and America's Nineteenth-Century Scheduling Regime (2007)

“The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November”—by this simple rule, Americans organize 435 congressional election contests into one simultaneous collective event. Many—including not a few political scientists—treat this scheduling requirement as though it were an enduring feature of American political history, perhaps even one of the Framers' constitutional stipulations. In fact, the historical pattern is richer and more variegated. For much of the country's first hundred years, diversity, not uniformity, was a defining feature of the congressional election schedule. The non-synchronous character of this first American scheduling regime manifested itself in two especially critical ways. First, non-synchronicity within states separated congressional and presidential elections in time, creating a host of problems for political parties, from the challenges of multiple mobilization efforts, to the difficulties of ensuring a unified party vote across federal elections that could be separated by several months. Second, non-synchronicity across states in congressional elections meant that legislative races unfolded sequentially over time, exposing these predominantly local contests to distinctive interstate contagions—not unlike contemporary presidential primaries—with unexpected partisan showings in early state races helping to shape outcomes in subsequent state contests.