gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal Micropatterning by Triboelectric Spark Discharge (2021)

Abstract Metal micropatterns play critical roles in flexible electronics. However, the lack of versatile strategies for micropatterning of diverse metal materials on various thin, flexible or stretchable substrates has limited the rapid development of flexible electronics. Here, a metal micropatterning method by triboelectric spark discharge under atmospheric environment is developed, where a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is employed to precisely and safely control the voltage, current, and frequency of the spark discharges. Micropatterns of metal films like gold, silver, copper, aluminum and platinum are successfully fabricated on substrates of polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polydimethylsiloxane, paper or latex, even on ultrathin substrates (5 μm thick) without damage, where the feature sizes of metal patterns are controllable from 20 μm to 1 mm. Experimental insights into the triboelectric spark discharge behaviors and the pattern feature sizes control are discussed. A straightforward fabrication of metal patterns on the balloon surface or human skin through “handwriting” by a pencil as discharge electrode is realized. Besides metals, extended processibility of conductive materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, MXene, graphite, carbon fibers, and conductive polymers are also demonstrated. This work proves the possibility of microfabrication by TENG, which is of simplicity and attractiveness for flexible electronics.
Cooperative Iron–Brønsted Acid Catalysis: Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines and 2 <i>H</i>‐1,4‐Benzoxazines (2013)

Come together! A selective Fe-catalysed enantioselective reduction of quinoxalines and benzoxazines with hydrogen is demonstrated. Key to success is the combination of a chiral Brønsted acid and a well-defined non-chiral Fe hydrogenation catalyst. This methodology constitutes an attractive and environmentally favourable alternative to well-established asymmetric hydrogenations by using precious-metal-based catalysts.
Increased expression of cysteine cathepsins in ovarian tissue from chickens with ovarian cancer (2010)

Our results suggest that CTSB, CTSC, and CTSS have important functions in the development of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Exceptional thermoelectric performance in Mg<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>0.6</sub>Bi<sub>1.4</sub> for low-grade waste heat recovery (2019)

An n-type material with intrinsically higher thermoelectric conversion efficiency than Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> in the low-grade waste-heat range has finally been developed.
Effect of Radiant Energy Vacuum on Physical and Microbial Properties of Beef Jerky (2013)

To test the feasibility of radiant energy vacuum (REV) dehydration, a technology that couples microwave cooking with vacuum pressure, on beef jerky preparation, the physical and microbial properties of the final jerky product was compared to conventional preparation methods. Physical characteristics assessed using puncture and shear tests of samples prepared using REV dehydration compared to the traditional method were not statistically different (P < 0.05). Moisture content and water activity levels were also very similar between the two products. To test microbiological quality, samples were homogenized in a stomacher and a variety of 3 M Petrifilms were used to evaluate the microbial load. Raw beef harboured low numbers of microbes, but the post-marination pasteurization/smoking step used in both treatments eliminated all culturable microorganisms tested for. To further investigate the ability of REV dehydration to kill microbes, samples were spiked with Listeria innocua after the pasteurization/smoking step but prior to REV dehydration. Samples were taken at different time intervals for microbial enumeration, and a decimal reduction time of 1 min was calculated, with 99.99% of 1.98  10 7 CFU g -1 Listeria being killed in five min. Improved drying times were observed for jerky samples prepared using the REV method offering potential energy savings during jerky preparation.
Computational Models of Attention (2014)

This chapter reviews recent computational models of visual attention. We begin with models for the bottom-up or stimulus-driven guidance of attention to salient visual items, which we examine in seven different broad categories. We then examine more complex models which address the top-down or goal-oriented guidance of attention towards items that are more relevant to the task at hand.
A Combined Approach Employing Chlorotoxin-Nanovectors and Low Dose Radiation To Reach Infiltrating Tumor Niches in Glioblastoma (2016)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma, with life expectancy of around 2 years after diagnosis, due to recidivism and to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting the amount of drugs which reach the residual malignant cells, thus contributing to the failure of chemotherapies. To bypass the obstacles imposed by the BBB, we investigated the use of nanotechnologies combined with radiotherapy, as a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM. We used poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PNP) conjugated to chlorotoxin (CTX), a peptide reported to bind selectively to glioma cells. Silver nanoparticles were entrapped inside the functionalized nanoparticles (Ag-PNP-CTX), to allow detection and quantification of the cellular uptake by confocal microscopy, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments performed with different human glioblastoma cell lines showed higher cytoplasmic uptake of Ag-PNP-CTX, with respect to nonfunctionalized nanoparticles. In vivo experiments showed that Ag-NP-CTX efficiently targets the tumor, but are scarcely effective in crossing the blood brain barrier in the healthy brain, where dispersed metastatic cells are present. We show here that single whole brain X-ray irradiation, performed 20 h before nanoparticle injection, enhances the expression of the CTX targets, MMP-2 and ClC-3, and, through BBB permeabilization, potently increases the amount of internalized Ag-PNP-CTX even in dispersed cells, and generated an efficient antitumor synergistic effect able to inhibit in vivo tumor growth. Notably, the application of Ag-PNP-CTX to irradiated tumor cells decreases the extracellular activity of MMP-2. By targeting dispersed GBM cells and reducing MMP-2 activity, the combined use of CTX-nanovectors with radiotherapy may represent a promising therapeutic approach toward GBM.
Surface-Localized 15R Formation on 4H-SiC (0001) Si-Face by Laser Annealing for Power N-Type MOSFETs (2023)

A SiC MOSFET fabricated on a thin 15R-SiC layer on top of a 4H-SiC would benefit from both the higher inversion channel mobility of 15R-SiC and higher bulk mobility of 4H-SiC. In this work, a method based on Al implantation followed by UV laser annealing (UV-LA) to form 15R-SiC on 4H is shown. Evaluation of crystal quality and SiC polytype identification are performed by Raman spectroscopy. We show that UV-LA is able to grow 15R-SiC and cure the crystal damaged by ion implantation until a level close to the pristine substrate. This opens new perspectives for fabrication of SiC n-type MOSFETs.
Microsatellite instability in oral cancer (1995)

Generalized genomic instability, detected as somatic changes in allele sizes at microsatellite loci in tumors compared to peripheral lymphocyte DNA, is a recently recognized mechanism of mutation in cancer. Such instability results from the somatic loss of DNA mismatch repair capability. Germ-line mutations at DNA mismatch repair loci confer susceptibility to colon cancer in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Somatic loss of DNA mismatch repair has been reported in a large variety of other tumor types. Our goal was to determine the frequency of microsatellite instability in a large series of oral tumors. Out of 91 tumors analyzed for microsatellite instability, 6 (7%) showed microsatellite instability. Instability was observed at multiple loci with a range of 50-74% of loci affected. Alterations include both increase (74%) and decrease (26%) in allele sizes. The proportion of alleles affected ranged from 30-58% of all alleles. Our data suggest that somatic genomic instability plays a role in the pathogenesis of a small subset of oral tumors.
Development of a human acute myeloid leukaemia screening panel and consequent identification of novel gene mutation in <i>FLT3</i> and <i>CCND3</i> (2005)

A study was undertaken to develop an acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) screening panel to uncover novel recurring gene mutations. Analysis was performed on six genes known to be mutated in AML (RUNX1, FLT3, KIT, CEBPA, PTPN11 and NRAS) and an additional two candidate genes (CCND3 and FES) in a panel of 175 primary human AML samples that included all French-American-British types except M3, and all cytogenetic risk groups. One hundred and fifteen mutations were identified in 97 (55%) patients comprising 81 patients (46%) with one mutation, 14 patients (8%) with two mutations and two patients (1%) with three mutations. Fifty-five of 88 (63%) patients with normal karyotype AML had at least one mutation. Correlation was observed between KIT mutation and 'favourable risk' cytogenetics (P <0.001), CEBPA mutation and 'intermediate risk' cytogenetics (P=0.045), and PTPN11 mutation and 'poor risk' disease (P <0.001). The frequency of individual gene mutation was in accordance with previously published studies. Three novel mutations of FLT3 were detected (Y589D, D839G, Y842H) that would have been overlooked by conventional gel electrophoresis. A 51-bp deletion was detected in CCND3 in a patient with normal karyotype AML. This validated panel now provides an important tool to evaluate other candidate genes in the genesis of myeloid malignancy.
<i>In Vivo</i>Effects of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide on Eimeria Infection in Chickens (2004)

Poultry coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and, until now, no recombinant vaccine has been developed. Short oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) have been shown to be effective immunoprotective agents and vaccine adjuvants in mammalian systems. Their use in poultry to protect against intracellular parasites has not been reported to date. The present work investigated the effects of CpG ODN treatment on host susceptibility to Eimeria infection in two chicken strains with different genetic background, SC and TK. The data show that CpG ODN enhanced the birds' resistance to coccidiosis in a normally susceptible chicken strain (TK), as shown by reduced oocyst shedding and improved weight gain. CpG treatment had a differential effect on body weight gains and serum antibody responses, depending on the chicken strain and ODN dose, delivery route, and backbone. This study shows for the first time that CpG ODNs could be used as immunoprotective agents in Eimeria-infected chickens to enhance resistance to the pathogen and improve performance. Future research is needed to optimize their use alone and as vaccine adjuvants that may lead to better and more efficient vaccine applications.
Efficient Generation of Astrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Defined Conditions (2013)

Astrocytes can be generated from various tissue sources including human pluripotent stem cells (PSC). In this manuscript, we describe a chemically defined xeno-free medium culture system for rapidly generating astrocytes from neural stem cells derived from PSC. We show that astrocyte development in vitro, mimics normal development in vivo, and also passes through a CD44(+) astrocyte precursor stage. Astrocytes generated by our method display similar gene expression patterns, morphological characteristics and functional properties to primary astrocytes, and they survive and integrate after xenotransplantation. Whole genome expression profiling of astrocyte differentiation was performed at several time points of differentiation, and the results indicate the importance of known regulators and identify potential novel regulators and stage-specific lineage markers.
Assessment of Wastewater Quality of Paharang Drain and its Impact on the Ground Water Quality of Adjacent Areas (2021)

This study was conducted to assess the effect of wastewater quality of Paharang drain Faisalabad on ground water quality of adjacent areas. Ground water samples and drain water samples were collected and analyzed by using standard methods. Parameters of wastewater samples were compared with Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Results indicated that physico-chemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, fluoride and total hardness were found exceeding the permissible limits in wastewater samples. Similarly, few physicochemical parameters in groundwater were found within the permissible limit while electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, chlorides (Cl), fluoride (F), and total hardness in most of samples were found above the Pak EPA and WHO standard limits. Heavy metals like nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) were found within the prescribed concentrations in drain and ground water samples. Statistical analysis showed significant effect of some drain wastewater parameters like conductivity, TDS, salt, temperature, and Cl on the corresponding ground water quality. A strong positive correlation between pH, EC, TDS, Salt, and Cl in drain wastewater and strong positive correlation between EC, TDS and Salt in ground water samples was observed. For improving the ground water quality in the adjacent areas textile wastewater treatment all factories is required, and a combined effluent treatment plant (CETP) at the Paharang drain is also recommended.
Coherent population oscillations with nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond (2016)

We present results of our research on two-field (two-frequency) microwave spectroscopy in nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) color centers in a diamond. Both fields are tuned to transitions between the spin sublevels of the $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ensemble in the ${}^{3}{A}_{2}$ ground state (one field has a fixed frequency while the second one is scanned). Particular attention is focused on the case where two microwave fields drive the same transition between two $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state sublevels (${m}_{\mathrm{s}}=0\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{m}_{\mathrm{s}}=+1$). In this case, the observed spectra exhibit a complex narrow structure composed of three Lorentzian resonances positioned at the pump-field frequency. The resonance widths and amplitudes depend on the lifetimes of the levels involved in the transition. We attribute the spectra to coherent population oscillations induced by the two nearly degenerate microwave fields, which we have also observed in real time. The observations agree well with a theoretical model and can be useful for investigation of the NV relaxation mechanisms.
Role of Subsurface Diffusion and Ostwald Ripening in Catalyst Formation for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Forest Growth (2011)

Here we show that essentially any Fe compounds spanning Fe salts, nanoparticles, and buckyferrocene could serve as catalysts for single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) forest growth when supported on AlO(x) and annealed in hydrogen. This observation was explained by subsurface diffusion of Fe atoms into the AlO(x) support induced by hydrogen annealing where most of the deposited Fe left the surface and the remaining Fe atoms reconfigured into small nanoparticles suitable for SWNT growth. Interestingly, the average diameters of the SWNTs grown from all iron compounds studied were nearly identical (2.8-3.1 nm). We interpret that the offsetting effects of Ostwald ripening and subsurface diffusion resulted in the ability to grow SWNT forests with similar average diameters regardless of the initial Fe catalyst.
Building the New Economy (2021)

How to empower people and communities with user-centric data ownership, transparent and accountable algorithms, and secure digital transaction systems. Data is now central to the economy, government, and health systems—so why are data and the AI systems that interpret the data in the hands of so few people? Building the New Economy calls for us to reinvent the ways that data and artificial intelligence are used in civic and government systems. Arguing that we need to think about data as a new type of capital, the authors show that the use of data trusts and distributed ledgers can empower people and communities with user-centric data ownership, transparent and accountable algorithms, machine learning fairness principles and methodologies, and secure digital transaction systems. It's well known that social media generate disinformation and that mobile phone tracking apps threaten privacy. But these same technologies may also enable the creation of more agile systems in which power and decision-making are distributed among stakeholders rather than concentrated in a few hands. Offering both big ideas and detailed blueprints, the authors describe such key building blocks as data cooperatives, tokenized funding mechanisms, and tradecoin architecture. They also discuss technical issues, including how to build an ecosystem of trusted data, the implementation of digital currencies, and interoperability, and consider the evolution of computational law systems.
Average Irradiation Temperature for the Analysis of In-Pile Integral Measurements (1996)

Integral parameters of reactor fuel pins are usually measured after long periods of irradiation, where each period can extend over a number of irradiation cycles. Examples of these parameters include cladding diametral strain and parameters involved in the evaluation of fuel/cladding chemical interaction and fuel restructuring. Analysis of these parameters requires knowledge of calculated irradiation parameters, which can vary between irradiation cycles and within the cycles. Irradiation temperature is one such parameter. A calculated weighted average temperature that takes into account the fluctuations in temperature between irradiation cycles is introduced. The work discusses the justification for using this temperature and a methodology for its validation. The methodology is based on comparing calculated average temperatures with temperatures inferred from the postirradiation examination of restructured binary metallic fuel pins in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II. The analysis shows reasonable agreement between the two temperatures. The peak irradiation temperatures, which are usually used in the analysis, were out of the range of the temperatures inferred from the experimental observations, showing the importance of using the average temperature.
Sub/super‐synchronous harmonics measurement method based on PMUs (2017)

In recent years, there are more and more inter‐harmonics in power system, with the rapid development of new energy and the application of the quantity power electronic equipment in power grid. These lead to the sub‐synchronous oscillation having a negative effect on the stable of power grid. Nowadays, phasor measurement units (PMUs) are deployed in the power system in large quantities, which provides a possibility to monitor the inter‐harmonics in grid. In this paper, a reduction method of sub/super‐synchronous harmonics based on PMU phasor data is proposed. To decompose the sub/super‐synchronous harmonics, first spectrum analysis on complex phasor sequences should be done. Second, an idea is proposed that calculates the frequency and amplitude of inter‐harmonics separately. That is to say, the frequency can be got by spectrum analysis while zero‐padding in short time window, and the amplitude can be calculated by solving equations. This can overcome the shortcoming of spectrum analysis which has larger amplitude error. Simulation and experimental tests show that the frequency and amplitude of inter‐harmonics can be calculated using the proposed algorithm.
Comparison of binary mask defect printability analysis using virtual stepper system and aerial image microscope system (1999)

As advanced process technologies in the wafer fabs push the patterning processes toward lower k1 factor for sub-wavelength resolution printing, reticles are required to use optical proximity correction (OPC) and phase-shifted mask (PSM) for resolution enhancement. For OPC/PSM mask technology, defect printability is one of the major concerns. Current reticle inspection tools available on the market sometimes are not capable of consistently differentiating between an OPC feature and a true random defect. Due to the process complexity and high cost associated with the making of OPC/PSM reticles, it is important for both mask shops and lithography engineers to understand the impact of different defect types and sizes to the printability. Aerial Image Measurement System (AIMS) has been used in the mask shops for a number of years for reticle applications such as aerial image simulation and transmission measurement of repaired defects. The Virtual Stepper System (VSS) provides an alternative method to do defect printability simulation and analysis using reticle images captured by an optical inspection or review system. In this paper, pre- programmed defects and repairs from a Defect Sensitivity Monitor (DSM) reticle with 200 nm minimum features (at 1x) will be studied for printability. The simulated resist lines by AIMS and VSS are both compared to SEM images of resist wafers qualitatively and quantitatively using CD verification.Process window comparison between unrepaired and repaired defects for both good and bad repair cases will be shown. The effect of mask repairs to resist pattern images for the binary mask case will be discussed. AIMS simulation was done at the International Sematech, Virtual stepper simulation at Zygo and resist wafers were processed at AMD-Submicron Development Center using a DUV lithographic process for 0.18 micrometer Logic process technology.
CT Saturation Error Correction Within Merging Units Using Dynamic State Estimation (2020)

Current transformer (CT) saturation errors can pose serious concerns for metering and protective relaying functions. Protective relays depend on the fidelity of Protection-Grade CT instrumentation channel outputs to perform reliably, and meters similarly rely on Metering-Grade CTs for accurate data. The paper presents a new online method for estimating the CT primary current using the Unconstrained Weighted-LeastSquares (UWLS) Dynamic State Estimation (DSE) algorithm. The method can potentially be implemented in real-time in the merging unit (MU). The MU can then broadcast the estimated primary current in a sample-by-sample format to networked devices. The CT primary current is among multiple state variables dynamically estimated using this method. The paper also presents a new and simple algorithm for near-instantaneous CT saturation detection, based on using the dynamically estimated flux linkage.
Highly multiplexed immunofluorescence images and single-cell data of immune markers in tonsil and lung cancer (2019)

ABSTRACT In this data descriptor, we document a dataset of multiplexed immunofluorescence images and derived single-cell measurements of immune lineage and other markers in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tonsil and lung cancer tissue. We used tissue cyclic immunofluorescence (t-CyCIF) to generate fluorescence images which we artifact corrected using the BaSiC tool, stitched and registered using the ASHLAR algorithm, and segmented using ilastik software and MATLAB. We extracted single-cell features from these images using HistoCAT software. The resulting dataset can be visualized using image browsers and analyzed using high-dimensional, single-cell methods. This dataset is a valuable resource for biological discovery of the immune system in normal and diseased states as well as for the development of multiplexed image analysis and viewing tools. METADATA SUMMARY