gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An African trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein gene whose expression is not activated by duplication (1983)

A variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of Trypanosoma brucei is encoded by a gene whose expression is not governed by duplication-transposition. There are two copies of this gene. The 5' flanking regions of the two genes are indistinguishable by restriction mapping, although each possesses approximately 5-10 Kbp of DNA which is devoid of restriction sites. All restriction enzymes tested appeared to cut genomic DNA at a uniform distance 3' of the gene. This, coupled with the observed sensitivity of both genes to BAL 31, indicates that they lie near chromosomal termini. Length variation occurs 3' of these genes in bloodstream clones and their procyclic derivatives, although the number of length variants is conserved. This suggests that length variation alone does not control VSG switching or gene expression and that constraints exist on the extent to which 3' flanking regions can vary in length.
10.1016/j.ohc.2005.09.002 (2000)

This article reviews clinical and optical data for three unique lens designs: the ReSTOR diffractive intraocular lens (IOL), the Vision Membrane, and the ReZOOM refractive multifocal IOL.
Convolutional Factor Graphs as Probabilistic Models (2012)

Based on a recent development in the area of error control coding, we introduce the notion of convolutional factor graphs (CFGs) as a new class of probabilistic graphical models. In this context, the conventional factor graphs are referred to as multiplicative factor graphs (MFGs). This paper shows that CFGs are natural models for probability functions when summation of independent latent random variables is involved. In particular, CFGs capture a large class of linear models, where the linearity is in the sense that the observed variables are obtained as a linear ransformation of the latent variables taking arbitrary distributions. We use Gaussian models and independent factor models as examples to emonstrate the use of CFGs. The requirement of a linear transformation between latent variables (with certain independence restriction) and the bserved variables, to an extent, limits the modelling flexibility of CFGs. This structural restriction however provides a powerful analytic tool to the framework of CFGs; that is, upon taking the Fourier transform of the function represented by the CFG, the resulting function is represented by a FG with identical structure. This Fourier transform duality allows inference problems on a CFG to be solved on the corresponding dual MFG.
Professional training in organic food production: a cross-country experience (2017)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to characterize the agricultural activities and past experiences in professional training in the context of mobile learning in different countries (Portugal, Spain, Slovakia, Hungary, UK, Italy and Turkey). Design/methodology/approach For the survey, a questionnaire was prepared in English and Portuguese and then translated into the languages of the participating countries. It was delivered electronically for answering online by adults only. The participation was voluntary and in the end 133 consented valid questionnaires were obtained. For the treatment of the data, SPSS was used and basic descriptive statistics tools were applied, together with tests, namely, crosstabs and χ 2 tests, considering a level of significance of 5 percent. Findings The results showed that the majority of the participants presently have some agricultural activity and one-third is thinking about starting one in the future. Most of the participants want to produce food organically, with significant differences among the countries studied in this paper. Most of the participants were enrolled in training activities in agriculture, especially those with higher education. This participation showed significant differences between countries as well as according to the dimension of the farms owned by the participants. A significant association was found between being a teacher in forming activities related to agriculture and being a farmer. When compared to distance learning, the training activities in classroom were the most frequent, with significant differences among the countries. Practical implications This study allowed characterizing the learning activities in the field of organic agriculture and established vision for planning of future training programs, in different countries, with maybe different social, educational and cultural realities. Originality/value Because the study included the participation of people from several countries all around Europe, the results obtained enrich the scientific area of training in organic farming, in view of distance learning vs classroom learning on a more global basis.
Enhancement of Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper by Nitrogen Plasma Pretreatment (1998)

Selective chemical vapor deposition of copper on TiN in the presence of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) was achieved by RF N 2 plasma pretreatment. Without N 2 plasma pretreatment, the copper films deposited on BPSG as well as TiN at the deposition temperature of 170°C, while N 2 plasma treatment prior to copper deposition led to the significant suppression of the copper nucleation on BPSG. As the plasma pretreatment temperature was increased, the suppression of the copper nucleation on BPSG was increased. The results of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) indicated that N 2 plasma treatment decreased the content of hydroxyl groups on BPSG surface, suggesting that the reduction of the surface hydroxyl groups contributed to the selective deposition of copper on TiN/BPSG substrates.
A study to compare trajectory generation algorithms for automatic bucket filling in wheel loaders (2014)

S.357-370
Cold Argon Plasma as Adjuvant Tumour Therapy on Progressive Head and Neck Cancer: A Preclinical Study (2019)

Investigating cold argon plasma (CAP) for medical applications is a rapidly growing, innovative field of research. The controllable supply of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through CAP has the potential for utilization in tumour treatment. Maxillofacial surgery is limited if tumours grow on vital structures such as the arteria carotis. Here CAP could be considered as an option for adjuvant intraoperative tumour therapy especially in the case of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Further preclinical research is necessary to investigate the efficacy of this technology for future clinical applications in cancer treatment. Initially, a variety of in vitro assays was performed on two cell lines that served as surrogate for the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and healthy tissue, respectively. Cell viability, motility and the activation of apoptosis in SCC cells (HNO97) was compared with those in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, induction of apoptosis in ex vivo CAP treated human tissue biopsies of patients with tumours of the head and neck was monitored and compared to healthy control tissue of the same patient. In response to CAP treatment, normal HaCaT keratinocytes differed significantly from their malignant counterpart HNO97 cells in cell motility only whereas cell viability remained similar. Moreover, CAP treatment of tumour tissue induced more apoptotic cells than in healthy tissue that was accompanied by elevated extracellular cytochrome c levels. This study promotes a future role of CAP as an adjuvant intraoperative tumour therapy option in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Moreover, patient-derived tissue explants complement in vitro examinations in a meaningful way to reflect an antitumoral role of CAP.
Advantages and Challenges of Lean Operation of Two-Stroke Engines for Hand-Held Power Tools (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;One of the most significant current discussions worldwide is the anthropogenic climate change accompanying fossil fuel consumption. Sustainable development in all fields of combustion engines is required with the principal objective to enhance efficiency. This certainly concerns the field of hand-held power tools as well. Today, two-stroke SI engines equipped with a carburetor are the most widely used propulsion technology in hand-held power tools like chain saws and grass trimmers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To date, research tended to focus on two-stroke engines with rich mixture setting. In this paper the advantages and challenges of leaner and/or lean operation are discussed. Experimental investigations regarding the influence of equivalence ratio on emissions, fuel consumption and power have been performed. Accompanying 3D-CFD simulations support the experiments in order to gain insight into these complex processes. The investigations concentrate on two different mixture formation processes, i.e. CCI (crankcase injection) and LPDI (low pressure direct injection). Further focus is put onto combustion phenomena of lean mixtures. The main issue addressed in this paper is the impact of mixture setting on fuel consumption. Therefore, the losses from theoretical to effective efficiency of different settings calculated by thermodynamic analyses are explained. Savings potential of fuel consumption and HC emissions are demonstrated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The results indicate that fulfillment of required durability and power density using a leaner mixture setting is a significant challenge. Furthermore, the increase of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions is a fundamental drawback. Here, basic research regarding reduction of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; engine-out emissions is required.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Limited communication, multi-robot team based coverage (2004)

This paper presents an algorithm for the complete coverage of free space by a team of mobile robots. Our approach is based on a single robot coverage algorithm, which divides the target two-dimensional space into regions called cells, each of which can be covered with simple back-and-forth motions; the decomposition of free space in a collection of such cells is known as Boustrophedon decomposition. Single robot coverage is achieved by ensuring that the robot visits every cell. The new multi-robot coverage algorithm uses the same planar cell-based decomposition as the single robot approach, but provides extensions to handle how teams of robots cover a single cell and how teams are allocated among cells. This method allows planning to occur in a two-dimensional configuration space for a team of N robots. The robots operate under the restriction that communication between two robots is available only when they are within line of sight of each other.
Insulator–metal transition in substrate-independent VO2 thin film for phase-change devices (2017)

Vanadium has 11 oxide phases, with the binary VO<sub>2</sub> presenting stimuli-dependent phase transitions that manifest as switchable electronic and optical features. An elevated temperature induces an insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) as the crystal reorients from a monoclinic state (insulator) to a tetragonal arrangement (metallic). This transition is accompanied by a simultaneous change in optical properties making VO<sub>2</sub> a versatile optoelectronic material. However, its deployment in scalable devices suffers because of the requirement of specialised substrates to retain the functionality of the material. Sensitivity to oxygen concentration and larger-scale VO<sub>2</sub> synthesis have also been standing issues in VO<sub>2</sub> fabrication. Here, we address these major challenges in harnessing the functionality in VO<sub>2</sub> by demonstrating an approach that enables crystalline, switchable VO<sub>2</sub> on any substrate. Glass, silicon, and quartz are used as model platforms to show the effectiveness of the process. Temperature-dependent electrical and optical characterisation is used demonstrating three to four orders of magnitude in resistive switching, >60% chromic discrimination at infrared wavelengths, and terahertz property extraction. This capability will significantly broaden the horizon of applications that have been envisioned but remained unrealised due to the lack of ability to realise VO<sub>2</sub> on any substrate, thereby exploiting its untapped potential.
Adhesive and Reinforcing Properties of Soluble Cellulose: A Repulpable Adhesive for Wet and Dry Cellulosic Substrates (2015)

This work reports, for the first time, the excellent performance of an aqueous alkaline solution of cellulose as an adhesive for wet and dry cellulosic substrates. Uniaxial tensile tests of filter paper and sulfite writing paper strips bonded with this adhesive (5% cellulose and 7% NaOH aqueous solution) show that failure never occurs in the joints but always in the pristine substrate areas, except in butt joint samples prepared with sulfite paper. Tensile test also shows that paper impregnated with cellulose solution is stronger than the original substrate. X-ray microtomography and scanning electron microscopy reveal that dissolved cellulose fills the gaps between paper fibers, providing a morphological evidence for the mechanical interlocking adhesion mechanism, while scanning probe techniques provide a sharp view of different domains in the joints. Additionally, bonded paper is easily reconverted to pulp, which facilitates paper reprocessability, solving a well-known industrial problem related to deposition of adhesive aggregates (stickies) on the production equipment.
Expression of RNA interference triggers from an oncolytic herpes simplex virus results in specific silencing in tumour cells in vitro and tumours in vivo (2010)

This preliminary data provide the first demonstration of oncolytic HSV-mediated expression of shRNA or artificial miRNA and silencing of targeted genes in tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. The vectors developed in this study are being adapted to silence tumour-related genes in an ongoing study that aims to improve the effectiveness of oncolytic HSV treatment in tumours that are moderately susceptible to HSV infection and thus, potentially improve response rates seen in human clinical trials.
Active micro and nano-structured glass fiber and waveguide devices (2006)

Optical and electron confinement are utilized to tailor the optical characteristics of active materials and photonic devices. A technique to incorporate semiconductor quantum dots into planar glass waveguides with low propagation loss is demonstrated. The waveguides are fabricated by potassium-sodium and silver-sodium ion exchange processes in glasses that contain PbS quantum dots with radii of a few nanometers. The unique optical properties of the quantum dots are preserved throughout the waveguide fabrication process. We also demonstrate novel compact fiber lasers based on active, highly doped fibers with photonic crystal cladding. The flexibility provided by microstructuring the fiber enables improved fiber laser performance and several Watts of laser output are generated from few centimeters of active fiber.
Abstract C59: Estradiol and mTORC2 orchestrate to enhance prostaglandin biosynthesis andtumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex (2013)

Abstract Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a female predominant progressive and neoplastic disorder that leads to lung destruction and respiratory failure primarily in women. LAM is typically due to TSC2 mutations resulting in mTORC1 activation in proliferative smooth muscle-like cells in the lung. The female predominance of LAM suggests that estradiol contributes to disease development. Metabolomic profiling identified estradiol-enhanced prostaglandin biosynthesis signature in Tsc2-deficient cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Estradiol increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, which was increased at baseline in TSC2-deficient cells, and was not affected by rapamycin treatment, but decreased by Torin 1 treatment and Rictor knockdown, associated with reduction of levels phospho-Akt (S473). Prostaglandin production was also increased in TSC2-deficient cells. In preclinical models, Celecoxib or aspirin treatment suppressed tumor progression. LAM patients had significantly higher serum prostaglandin levels than healthy women. 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 was identified in exhaled breath condensate from LAM subjects and was increased by aspirin treatment, indicative of functional COX-2 expression in the LAM airway. Targeting COX-2 and prostaglandin pathways may have therapeutic value in LAM and TSC-related diseases, and possibly in other conditions associated with mTOR-hyperactivation. Citation Format: Chenggang Li, Po-Shun Lee, Xiaoxiao Gu, Yang Sun, Erik Zhang, Alfredo Csibi, Jing Li, Carmen Priolo, Yanan Guo, Chin-Lee Wu, John Blenis, Kai-Feng Xu, Elizabeth Petri Henske, Bruce Levy, David Kwiatkowski, Jane J. Yu. Estradiol and mTORC2 orchestrate to enhance prostaglandin biosynthesis andtumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C59.
&lt;title&gt;New approach to measuring oxide charge and mobile ion concentration&lt;/title&gt; (1994)

We discuss the determination of oxide charge from simultaneous noncontact measurement of the surface potential barrier, V<SUB>s</SUB>, (via surface photovoltage) and the voltage drop across the oxide, V<SUB>ox</SUB>, (via contact potential vibrating probe). These two measurements enable us to separate the contributions from total charge and oxide charge. In combination with corona charging and low temperature stress, this approach can be used for wafer-scale determination of the mobile Na<SUP>+</SUP> concentration. The principles of the approach are presented and typical results are given which contrast the effects of ion drift and charge injection in the oxide. Experimental results also illustrate the noncontact, wafer-scale mapping of the mobile ion distribution.
Length-Scale Dependence of the Superconductor-to-Insulator Quantum Phase Transition in One Dimension (1998)

One-dimensional (1D) arrays of small-capacitance Josephson junctions demonstrate a sharp transition, from Josephson-like behavior to the Coulomb blockade of Cooper-pair tunneling, as the effective Josephson coupling between nearest neighbors is tuned with an externally applied magnetic field. Comparing the zero-bias resistance of three arrays with 255, 127, and 63 junctions, we observe a critical behavior where the resistance, extrapolated to $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$, is independent of length at a critical magnetic field. Comparison is made with a theory of this $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ quantum phase transition, which maps to the 2D classical $\mathrm{XY}$ model.
Rapid Check of Cascade Impactor Cut-Sizes using a Polydisperse Challenge Aerosol Calibration Method (2006)

A method has been developed to check the 50% cut-size values of cascade impactor stages. The method involves generating a broad-size, log-normally distributed aerosol that covers the range of 50% cut-sizes for the impactor being tested. The amount of deposit on each impaction plate is analyzed and a histogram of the resulting aerosol size distribution plotted, using the amount of aerosol collected on each impaction plate and the published values for the cut-sizes of the impactor in question. If the particle size distribution indicated by the histogram does not result in a log-normal distribution, one or more of the assumed cut-sizes of the impactor are in error. The incorrect cut-sizes of the impactor can then be adjusted until the curve is log-normal, and these adjusted cut-sizes are the correct values for the impactor stages.
Canal and isthmus debridement efficacies of two irrigant agitation techniques in a closed system (2010)

Neither technique completely removed debris from the isthmus regions. However, the EndoVac system, which encompasses the ANP concept, removed considerably more debris from narrow isthmi in mandibular mesial roots.
A non-linearity self-calibration technique for delay-locked loop delay-lines (2003)

An on-chip non-linearity self-calibration of a CMOS all-digital shunt capacitor delay-line is achieved by first measuring the non-linearity of each delay-cell by means of a statistical test and then correcting the individual cell delay mismatch according to the test results. An iterative calibration algorithm has been developed and a fully digital circuit efficiently implementing the calibration procedure has been designed. The same digital controller is used to sequentially calibrate each delay-cell, so that the occupied silicon area is minimized. Simulation results show the feasibility of the technique and a substantial reduction of the maximum non-linearity down to values close to 1%.
Study of birefringence in porous silicon layers by IR Fourier spectroscopy (2002)

Birefringence in porous silicon layers prepared with different etching currents on a (110) substrate is studied by IR Fourier spectroscopy. The spectra exhibit beats in the intensity of transmitted and reflected radiation due to the summation of the intensities of the ordinary and extraordinary waves interfering in the porous layer. An analysis of the spectra shows the layers to exhibit properties of a negative uniaxial crystal with the optical axis lying in the layer plane. The difference between the refractive indices of the ordinary and extraordinary waves for a layer with a porosity of 80% reaches 18%. The experimental data are in agreement with the calculations based on the effective-medium approximation, which takes into account the anisotropy of silicon nanocrystal arrangement in a porous layer.
Image blur in a flat-panel detector due to Compton scattering at its internal mountings (2007)

An image-blurring effect observable in digital x-ray flat-panel pixel detectors, used for x-ray computed tomography or radioscopy, has been studied. Our study indicates that the origin of this blurring effect is the Compton scattered radiation within the entrance window, the mounting of the detector scintillator and other parts of the detector. This effect becomes, in particular, noticeable in the presence of a sharp edge of a metallic component being tested, making the scattering in the detector asymmetric.
Computed Basis Functions for Finite Element Analysis Based on Tomographic Data (2011)

In bioelectromagnetics, the structures in which the electromagnetic field is to be computed are sometimes defined by a fine grid of voxels (3-D cells) whose tissue types are obtained by tomography. A novel finite element method is proposed for such cases. A simple, regular mesh of cube elements is constructed, each containing the same, integer number of voxels. There may be several different tissues present within an element, but this is accommodated by computing element basis functions that approximately respect the interface conditions between different tissues. Results are presented for a test model of 128 (3) voxels, consisting of nested dielectric cubes, driven by specified charges. The electrostatic potential computed with the new method agrees well with that of a conventional finite element code: the rms difference along the sample line is 1.5% of the highest voltage. Results are also presented for the potential due to a current dipole placed in a brain model of 181 × 217 × 181 voxels, derived from MRI data. The new method gives potentials that are different to those obtained by treating each voxel as an element by 1% of the peak voltage, yet the global finite element matrix has a dimension which is more than 50 times smaller.