gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MMT: New Open Source MT for the Translation Industry (2017)

MMT is a new open source machine translation software specifically addressing the needs of the translation industry. In this paper we describe its overall architecture and provide details about its major components. We report performance results on a multi-domain benchmark based on public data, on two translation directions, by comparing MMT against state-of-the art commercial and research phrase-based and neural MT systems.
Octave-tunable constant absolute bandwidth bandstop filter utilizing a novel passively-compensated coupling method (2016)

A new passively-compensated coupling structure, compatible with evanescent-mode cavity resonators and capable of producing constant absolute bandwidth over wide tuning ranges, is presented for the first time. It is used to realize a constant absolute bandwidth 2.0 to 4.2 GHz tunable bandstop filter which utilizes evanescent-mode cavity resonators. The filter has high levels of stopband rejection (> 50 dB) across its entire tuning range, and has a 54.5 ± 6.5 MHz 3-dB fractional bandwidth. When compared to the coupling method traditionally used for evanescent-mode resonators, the proposed method reduces the bandwidth variation of this filter from 295% (21 to 83 MHz) to 27% (48 to 61 MHz).
Automated spatio-temporal analysis of dendritic spines and related protein dynamics (2017)

Cofilin and other Actin-regulating proteins are essential in regulating the shape of dendritic spines, which are sites of neuronal communications in the brain, and their malfunctions are implicated in neurodegeneration related to aging. The analysis of cofilin motility in dendritic spines using fluorescence video-microscopy may allow for the discovery of its effects on synaptic functions. To date, the flow of cofilin has not been analyzed by automatic means. This paper presents Dendrite Protein Analysis (DendritePA), a novel automated pattern recognition software to analyze protein trafficking in neurons. Using spatiotemporal information present in multichannel fluorescence videos, the DendritePA generates a temporal maximum intensity projection that enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of important biological structures, segments and tracks dendritic spines, estimates the density of proteins in spines, and analyzes the flux of proteins through the dendrite/spine boundary. The motion of a dendritic spine is used to generate spine energy images, which are used to automatically classify the shape of common dendritic spines such as stubby, mushroom, or thin. By tracking dendritic spines over time and using their intensity profiles, the system can analyze the flux patterns of cofilin and other fluorescently stained proteins. The cofilin flux patterns are found to correlate with the dynamic changes in dendritic spine shapes. Our results also have shown that the activation of cofilin using genetic manipulations leads to immature spines while its inhibition results in an increase in mature spines.
Evolution of C–H Bond Functionalization from Methane to Methodology (2015)

This Perspective presents the fundamental principles, the elementary reactions, the initial catalytic systems, and the contemporary catalysts that have converted C-H bond functionalization from a curiosity to a reality for synthetic chemists. Many classes of elementary reactions involving transition-metal complexes cleave C-H bonds at typically unreactive positions. These reactions, coupled with a separate or simultaneous functionalization process lead to products containing new C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. Such reactions were initially studied for the conversion of light alkanes to liquid products, but they have been used (and commercialized in some cases) most often for the synthesis of the more complex structures of natural products, medicinally active compounds, and aromatic materials. Such a change in direction of research in C-H bond functionalization is remarkable because the reactions must occur at an unactivated C-H bond over functional groups that are more reactive than the C-H bond toward classical reagents. The scope of reactions that form C-C bonds or install functionality at an unactivated C-H bond will be presented, and the potential future utility of these reactions will be discussed.
SU‐FF‐T‐263: Evaluation of a PAGAT Gel for Use in An Anthropomorphic Phantom (2009)

Purpose: To evaluate the use of PAGAT, a normoxic polymer gel formulation, in the Radiological Physics Center's (RPC) Head and Neck Phantom. Methods and Materials: Conventional and IMRT treatment plans were developed for the RPC's head and neck phantom, which contained simulated planning target volumes and an organ at risk. A PAGAT dosimeter was placed in the phantom and the conventional treatment plan was delivered. A different PAGAT dosimeter was used to measure the IMRT treatment. An additional group of PAGAT dosimeters were irradiated to doses between 1 and 5 Gy through parallel‐opposed beams to develop a calibration curve. The dosimeters were imaged using an OCT‐OPUS™ laser CT scanner 24 hours after irradiation. Profile, isodose, and gamma index comparisons were performed between the treatment plan and the distribution measured with PAGAT. Results: Good agreement was observed between the conventional treatment plan and the gel distribution with the exception of one target region where the dose was most fractionated. The gel overestimated the dose in this region. The gel used to measure the IMRT treatment overestimated the dose by 35%. Relative comparisons of the IMRT treatment showed agreement consistent with that seen in the conventional treatment plan. Conclusions: The over‐response of the gel is attributed to the fractionation dependence of the gel, which was investigated. Calibration gels should be irradiated with a fractionation scheme similar to the experimental gels, particularly for IMRT treatments, so that absolute dose comparisons can be performed. The investigation was supported in part by PHS grant CA 10953 awarded by the NCI, DHHS.
Measuring carrier mobility in conventional multilayer organic light emitting devices by delayed exciton generation (2008)

Abstract The authors present an alternative method for the determination of the charge carrier mobility of organic thin films. In contrast to known methods like space charge limited current, field effect transistor and time of flight approaches, we determine the charge carrier mobility of a mixed film, serving as emission layer, within the conventional multilayer device architecture. We make use of a strong delayed generation feature in the electroluminescent decay, following a short voltage pump pulse in a time‐resolved set‐up. Taking into account the preferentially electron transporting properties of the film, the mobility of a N , N ′‐di(naphthalen‐2‐yl)‐ N , N ′‐diphenyl‐benzidine (NPB):tris(1‐phenylisoquinoline) iridium [Ir(piq) 3 ] mixed film is found to be on the order of 10 –5 cm 2 (Vs) –1 . (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Study Of Porous Cordierite As A Potential Candidate For VLSI Dielectric Substrates (1988)

Porous substrates of a low dielectric constant (K) ceramic such as cordierite offer the opportunity to produce substrates with very low composite K values. This is attractive in VLSI packages because a low K allows the package to operate at higher frequencies. However, the porosity causes problems with conduction line integrity and thermal conductivity. These problems could be relieved somewhat if the pores were filled with a second phase such as glass. Various mixing laws are available to predict the resultant K value in a two phase mixture and these have been applied with some success. The research reported here involves a quantitative analysis of the volume fraction of porosity and pore size distribution in several cordierite compositions processed in various ways. These data are correlated with measurements of density and dielectric constant. They are also compared to several mixing laws to evaluate the relative fit between quantitative volume fraction measurements and density measurements. Finally, the results of this research are analyzed with respect to other recent research on porous substrate ceramics to identify the direction for future work.
<i>In situ</i>monitoring and control of moisture content in pharmaceutical powder processes using an open-ended coaxial probe (2006)

An analysis of microwave measurements of the complex dielectric constant of different mixtures of pharmaceutical materials using an open-ended coaxial probe is presented. Using the probe in combination with a network analyser, measurements in the frequency range of 1–19 GHz were conducted. Calibration measurements on conditioned samples were first acquired in a controlled laboratory environment, and then in situ measurements, taken in a small-scale high-shear mixer, were also obtained. The dominating material in the investigated mixtures was microcrystalline cellulose. By using the suggested microwave method, a novel possibility for in situ measurements of the initial moisture content of the powder mixture before and at the beginning of the water addition stage is demonstrated. In situ density-independent estimation of the moisture content having a relative error of below 10% for the moisture interval of 2–14% is demonstrated. The possibility of performing an adaptive control of the evolution of the mixing process by utilizing the microwave sensor information is also presented.
PX series AMTEC cell design, testing, and analysis (1997)

PX (Pluto Express) cell testing and analysis has shown that AMTEC (alkali metal thermoelectric conversion) cells can reach the power levels required by the proposed RPS (radioisotope power supply) system designs. A major PX cell design challenge was to optimize the power and efficiency of the cell while allowing a broad operational power range. These design optimization issues are greatly dependent on the placement of the evaporation zone. Before the PX-2 and PX-4 cells were built, the results from the PX-1, ATC-2 (artery test cell) and design analysis indicated the need for a thermal bridge between the heat input surface of the cell and the structure supporting the evaporation zone. Test and analysis results are presented illustrating the magnitude of the power transfer to the evaporation zone and the effect of this power transfer on the performance of the cell. Comparisons are also made between the cell test data and analysis results of cell performance to validate the analytical models.
A robust formant-based speech spectrum comparison measure (2005)

Accurately labeled (as F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> , F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> etc.) sets of formant frequencies are known to be good indicators of the phonetic identity of a speech sound and thus form an attractive acoustic representation for speech recognition. Labeling errors are, however, common, and they make the pairwise comparison of sets of formant frequencies an unreliable process. In this paper a dynamic-programming-based sequence comparison algorithm is proposed which allows unlabeled sets of formant frequencies to be compared. Preliminary speech recognition experiments using this algorithm give results comparable with those obtained on the same data using conventional spectrum matching. In view of the likely potential for improvement in the formant-based method, the results are considered encouraging. Applications to other problems involving speech analysis are also discussed.
The Opportunities of Trade (2017)

Here our focus shifts from the burdens of trade to its benefits. The trade regime provides its members with opportunities to access the markets of others, and this chapter addresses the claim that the distribution of these opportunities should be regulated by a principle of ‘formal equality’, according to which all states are to receive and offer equal, or uniform, treatment (e.g., by matching the market liberalization efforts of others). The first section of the chapter explicates the idea of formal equality and its rationales, identifies a number of positive arguments for departing from formal equality, and rebuts several objections to granting ‘special and differential treatment’ to developing countries. The second section analyses one specific element of formal equality in the trade regime, namely, the principle of reciprocity. The third section considers the claim that without policy ‘harmonization’, market access will be impeded by a slanted playing field.
Structural characterization of rabbit brain ubiquitin. (1992)

Ubiquitin has been isolated and purified from rabbit brain using gel permeation and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The 76-residue protein exhibits one difference towards a murine form, is identical to other characterized vertebrate ubiquitins, and confirms an extensive conservation of the ubiquitin structure. No positional microheterogeneities were detectable between two sub-forms.
Bias-based modeling and entropy analysis of PUFs (2013)

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are increasingly becoming a well-known security primitive for secure key storage and anti-counterfeiting. For both applications it is imperative that PUFs provide enough entropy. The aim of this paper is to propose a new model for binary-output PUFs such as SRAM, DFF, Latch and Buskeeper PUFs, and a method to accurately estimate their entropy. In our model the measurable property of a PUF is its set of cell biases. We determine an upper bound on the "extractable entropy", i.e. the number of key bits that can be robustly extracted, by calculating the mutual information between the bias measurements done at enrollment and reconstruction.
In vivo effects of glucose and insulin on secretion and gene expression of glucagon in rats. (1995)

We investigated the effects of insulin and glucose on the control of secretion and gene expression of glucagon in vivo in rats. Animals were studied during 1) a 48-h period of either glucose infusion (hyperglycemia plus hyperinsulinemia; HG-HI rats) or insulin infusion (euglycemia plus hyperinsulinemia; EG-HI rats), and 2) a prolonged postinfusion period in both groups. In HG-HI rats, elevation of plasma insulin and glucose concentrations by about 7 and 5 times, respectively, resulted in a decline in glucagon levels, which fell significantly within 6 h and remained low thereafter, whereas these levels were unchanged in EG-HI rats. Glucagon messenger RNA levels and pancreatic glucagon content were not significantly affected in either HG-HI or EG-HI rats. After cessation of infusions, hypoglycemia occurred in both group of rats. In HG-HI rats, hypoglycemia lasted for about 36 h without any surge in the plasma glucagon level, whereas in EG-HI rats it was transient (approximately 1 h) and stimulated glucagon secretion. In both groups the pancreatic alpha-cell was unresponsive to arginine during the postinfusion period. In conclusion, although a role of intraislet insulin cannot be excluded, glucagon gene expression is insensitive to changes in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. In contrast, hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia, not hyperinsulinemia alone, lowers glucagon secretion and affects the alpha-cell responsiveness to hypoglycemia.
Degradation of Insulin Receptors in Rat Adipocytes (1983)

Insulin receptors on viable rat adipocytes were affinity-labeled using a biologically active and photosensitive analogue of insulin, 125I-B2(2-nitro, 4 azidophenylacetyl)-des-PheB1-insulin (125I-NAPA-DP-insulin). The radiolabeled proteins were identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Binding of 125I-NAPA-DP-insulin (40 ng/ml) to rat adipocytes at 16 degrees C, followed by photolysis, resulted in the specific labeling of essentially one protein with an apparent molecular weight of 430-450,000 daltons. When this radiolabeled protein was treated with dithiothreitol prior to electrophoresis, specific labeling occurred predominantly in a 125,000-dalton protein and to a lesser extent in a 90,000-dalton protein. In addition, there was a minimal amount of specific labeling of a 115,000-dalton protein. Under certain experimental conditions, the nonreduced form of the photoaffinity-labeled receptor appeared as a heterogeneous population of proteins having apparent molecular weights of 430,000, 350,000, and 270,000 daltons. Subsequent to photoaffinity labeling of insulin receptors at 16 degrees C, adipocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C for various periods of time to allow for internalization. This resulted in an initial rapid loss of radioactivity in the 430,000- and 125,000-dalton bands. At 60 min the amount of radioactivity in each of these bands was approximately 50% of that present before incubation at 37 degrees C and stayed constant for 120 min. A first-order plot of the decline in receptor-associated radioactivity was biphasic with the initial phase having a half-life of 1.4 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Future Directions in Natural Language Processing: The Bolt Beranek and Newman Natural Language Symposium (1990)

The Workshop on Future Directions in NLP was held at Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN), in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 29 November to 1 December 1989. The workshop was organized and hosted by Madeleine Bates and Ralph Weischedel of the BBN Speech and Natural Language Department and sponsored by BBN's Science Development Program.
Donor and double-donor transitions of the carbon vacancy related EH6∕7 deep level in 4H-SiC (2016)

Using medium- and high-resolution multi-spectra fitting of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), minority carrier transient spectroscopy (MCTS), optical O-DLTS and optical-electrical (OE)-MCTS measurements, we show that the EH6∕7 deep level in 4H-SiC is composed of two strongly overlapping, two electron emission processes with thermal activation energies of 1.49 eV and 1.58 eV for EH6 and 1.48 eV and 1.66 eV for EH7. The electron emission peaks of EH7 completely overlap while the emission peaks of EH6 occur offset at slightly different temperatures in the spectra. OE-MCTS measurements of the hole capture cross section σp0(T) in p-type samples reveal a trap-Auger process, whereby hole capture into the defect occupied by two electrons leads to a recombination event and the ejection of the second electron into the conduction band. Values of the hole and electron capture cross sections σn(T) and σp(T) differ strongly due to the donor like nature of the deep levels and while all σn(T) have a negative temperature dependence, the σp(T) appear to be temperature independent. Average values at the DLTS measurement temperature (∼600 K) are σn2+(T) ≈ 1 × 10−14 cm2, σn+(T) ≈ 1 × 10−14 cm2, and σp0(T) ≈ 9 × 10−18 cm2 for EH6 and σn2+(T) ≈ 2 × 10−14 cm2, σn+(T) ≈ 2 × 10−14 cm2, σp0(T) ≈ 1 × 10−20 cm2 for EH7. Since EH7 has already been identified as a donor transition of the carbon vacancy, we propose that the EH6∕7 center in total represents the overlapping first and second donor transitions of the carbon vacancy defects on both inequivalent lattice sites.
Polymer derived ceramic matrix composites for friction applications (2009)

The use of polymer derived ceramics (PDCs) has been slowly increasing in the aerospace and friction markets as matrix materials for ceramic composites. They have demonstrated exceptional properties as brake rotors and wear parts but their cost has severely limited large scale insertions into the market. A new family of lower cost ceramic forming, siloxane based polymers has been developed that yields ceramic materials similar in behaviour to higher cost carbosilane derived ceramics. This paper discusses the new PDC class and provides a comparison demonstrating the similarity in properties. Both polymers have been utilised as the matrix for brake rotors and the lower cost PDCs have shown slightly better friction performance in an automotive brake rotor application.
Quantification of hepatitis B surface antigen: a new concept for the management of chronic hepatitis B (2011)

HBsAg is a very important clinical test that might not only indicate active hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection but might also be used to predict clinical and treatment outcome. Clearance of HBsAg in patients with chronic HBV infection is associated with a much better clinical outcome, although surveillance for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) should continue. HBV DNA quantification is currently used for selecting candidates for therapy, monitoring response to therapy and detecting the emergence of drug resistance. Assays for HBsAg quantification are less expensive than HBV DNA and fully automated with a high throughput capacity. HBsAg titering may be a useful tool to manage patients with chronic HBV, to more clearly define which patients may, and more importantly, may not, benefit from treatment. Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg quantification may help to refine future treatment algorithms for both immune-modulator therapy and nucleos(t)ide analogues. Both HBV markers provide complementary information on the status of HBV infection. However, the relevance of serum HBsAg levels and its use as a reliable replacement for both covalently closed circular DNA and HBV DNA remain unclear.
The Role of Airway Fluoroscopy in the Evaluation of Stridor in Children (2003)

Airway fluoroscopy is a quick, noninvasive, and dynamic study of the entire airway that provides important additional information to the history review and physical examination and is a valuable adjunct to flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy. It was far superior to plain films and may serve as a cost-effective screening tool in the evaluation of stridor in children, especially for lesions of the lower airway.
Chloride diffusion coeficientdetermination for specifications (2005)

We describe five patients diagnosed with von Hippel-Lindau disease who complained of abdominal distension, pain and discomfort for a long time. All patients underwent ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI, which showed huge pancreas filled with multiple cysts. Additionally, extrapancreatic findings such as cerebellar hemangioblastoma (3 patients), retinal hemangioblastoma (2), renal cell carcinoma (3), renal adenoma (1), renal cysts (4), and splenic cyst (1) helped to reach the right diagnosis. One patient who had no known associated pathology had a family history of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Pancreatic cysts detected on imaging may be a clue to the diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau disease. In all patients with multiple pancreatic cysts, this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis.