gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WE-C-303A-01: Stationary-Gantry Tomosynthesis System for On-Line Image Guidance in Radiation Therapy Based On a 52-Source Cold Cathode X-Ray Tube (2009)

We present the design and simulation of an imaging system that employs a compact multiple source x-ray tube to produce a tomosynthesis image from a set of projections obtained at a single tube position. The electron sources within the tube are realized using cold cathode carbon nanotube technology. The primary intended application is tomosynthesis-based 3D image guidance during external beam radiation therapy. The tube, which is attached to the gantry of a medical linear accelerator (linac) immediately below the multileaf collimator, operates within the voltage range of 80 to 160 kVp and contains a total of 52 sources that are arranged in a rectilinear array. This configuration allows for the acquisition of tomographic projections from multiple angles without any need to rotate the linac gantry. The x-ray images are captured by the same amorphous silicon flat panel detector employed for portal imaging on contemporary linacs. The field-of-view (FOV) of the system corresponds to that part of the volume that is sampled by rays from all sources. The present tube and detector configuration provides an 8 cm × 8 cm FOV in the plane of the linac isocenter when the 40.96 cm × 40.96 cm imaging detector is placed 40 cm from the isocenter. Since this tomosynthesis application utilizes the extremities of the detector to record image detail relating to structures near the isocenter, simultaneous treatment and imaging is possible for most clinical cases, where the treated target is a small region close to the linac isocenter. The tomosynthesis images are reconstructed using the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SART), which is accelerated using a graphics processing unit (GPU). We present details of the system design as well as simulated performance of the imaging system based on reprojections of patient CT images. Conflict of interest: Sponsored by Siemens
Oxidative organic electrochemistry: a novel intramolecular coupling of electron-rich olefins (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidative organic electrochemistry: a novel intramolecular coupling of electron-rich olefinsKevin D. Moeller, Mohammad R. Marzabadi, Dallas G. New, Michael Y. Chiang, and Shari KeithCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 16, 6123–6124Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00172a035RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views428Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (328 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Basics of Fluid Construction Grammar (2017)

Abstract Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) is a fully operational computational platform for developing grammars from a constructional perspective. It contains mechanisms for representing grammars and for using them in computational experiments and applications in language understanding, production and learning. FCG can be used by grammar writers who want to test whether their grammar fragments are complete and coherent for the domain they are investigating (for example verb phrases) or who are working in a team and have to share grammar fragments with others. It can be used by computational linguists implementing practical language processing systems or exploring how machine learning algorithms can acquire grammars. This paper introduces some of the basic mechanisms of FCG, illustrated with examples.
Effects of Linoleic Acid-Rich Diet on Plasma Profiles of Eicosanoids and Development of Colitis in <i>Il</i>-10<sup>–/–</sup> Mice (2020)

Dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2ω-6) has risen dramatically in recent decades. Previous studies have suggested a high intake of LA could increase tissue concentrations of proinflammatory and protumorigenic ω-6-series eicosanoid metabolites, increasing risks of inflammation and associated diseases. However, the effects of a LA-rich diet on in vivo profiles of eicosanoids and development of inflammatory diseases are understudied. Here, we treated spontaneous colitis-prone (<i>Il</i>-10<sup>-/-</sup>) mice with a control diet (∼3 Cal% LA) or a LA-rich diet (∼9 Cal% LA) for 18 weeks and analyzed the effects of the LA-rich diet on profiles of eicosanoids and development of colitis. We found that treatment with the LA-rich diet increased the tissue level of LA: the liver levels of LA were 5.8 ± 0.6% in the control diet-treated mice versus 11.7 ± 0.7% in the LA-rich diet-treated mice (<i>P</i> < 0.01). The plasma concentrations of a series of LA-derived metabolites, including 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE), 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (DiHOME), 12,13-DiHOME, and 13-HODE were significantly increased by treatment with the LA-rich diet (<i>P</i> < 0.05). However, the LA-rich diet had little effect on the severity of colitis in the treated <i>Il</i>-10<sup>-/-</sup> mice. These results suggest a limited role of increased consumption of dietary LA on promoting colitis in the <i>Il</i>-10<sup>-/-</sup> model.
Data-Dependent Path Normalization in Neural Networks (2015)

We propose a unified framework for neural net normalization, regularization and optimization, which includes Path-SGD and Batch-Normalization and interpolates between them across two different dimensions. Through this framework we investigate issue of invariance of the optimization, data dependence and the connection with natural gradients.
Coupling simulations for passively aligned optical interconnect arrays (2002)

A simulator for the modeling of optical coupling in optoelectronic interconnect arrays is presented. Multi-mode and single-mode coupling processes for pairs of optical elements including light sources, fiber waveguides, lenses, and detectors. Simulated results have been correlated with measured data. The accuracy of the modeling has been assessed. Several examples of optical coupling in passively aligned non-ideal interconnect arrays are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sequence and Offset Optimization at a Diamond Interchange (2014)

&lt;p&gt;[[Video(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi8oOfUFblY)]]&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Signalized diamond interchanges are unique pairs of intersections characterized by interlocked left turns and relatively close spacing between ramps. A diamond interchange has four external entry points (origins) and four external exit points (destinations). To effectively operate a diamond interchange, it is critical to examine the external origin-destination paths and evaluate their impact on the interior storage and progression. This video demonstrates the optimized performance at a diamond interchange at I-69 / 96^th^ Street in northeast Indianapolis, IN. The movement observed is the westbound thru movement and depicts an animated time space diagram based on high-resolution event-based data. &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Latitude/Longitude:&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; 39.927108&amp;deg; / -86.029641&amp;deg;&lt;/p&gt;
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of individuals aged 75/76 years old with screening-detected elevated NT-proBNP levels (2020)

Elderly individuals with NT-proBNP levels ≥900 ng/L constitute a population at high cardiovascular risk even in the absence of diagnosed CHF or AF, and therefore merit further investigation.
<i>In vivo</i> levels of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide increase with age in mt<scp>DNA</scp> mutator mice (2014)

In mtDNA mutator mice, mtDNA mutations accumulate leading to a rapidly aging phenotype. However, there is little evidence of oxidative damage to tissues, and when analyzed ex vivo, no change in production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by mitochondria has been reported, undermining the mitochondrial oxidative damage theory of aging. Paradoxically, interventions that decrease mitochondrial ROS levels in vivo delay onset of aging. To reconcile these findings, we used the mitochondria-targeted mass spectrometry probe MitoB to measure hydrogen peroxide within mitochondria of living mice. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide was the same in young mutator and control mice, but as the mutator mice aged, hydrogen peroxide increased. This suggests that the prolonged presence of mtDNA mutations in vivo increases hydrogen peroxide that contributes to an accelerated aging phenotype, perhaps through the activation of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory redox signaling pathways.
Nanostructured Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Layers with Tunable Pore Architectures as Versatile Transparent Current Collectors for Biophotovoltaics (2016)

Nanostructured transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layers gain increasing importance as high surface area electrodes enabling incorporation of functional redox species with high loading. The fabrication of porous TCO films, namely, antimony‐doped tin oxide (ATO), is reported using the self‐assembly of preformed ATO nanocrystals with poly(ethylene oxide‐ b ‐hexyl acrylate) (PEO‐ b ‐PHA) block copolymer. The high molar mass of the polymer and tunable solution processing conditions enable the fabrication of TCO electrodes with pore sizes ranging from mesopores to macropores. Particularly notable is access to uniform macroporous films with a nominal pore size of around 80 nm, which is difficult to obtain by other techniques. The combination of tunable porosity with a large conducting interface makes the obtained layers versatile current collectors with adjustable performance. While all the obtained electrodes incorporate a large amount of small redox molecules such as molybdenum polyoxometalate, only the electrodes with sufficiently large macropores are able to accommodate high amounts of bulky photoactive photosystem I (PSI) protein complexes. The 11‐fold enhancement of the current response of PSI modified macroporous ATO electrodes compared to PSI on planar indium tin oxide (ITO), makes this type of electrodes promising candidates for the development of biohybrid devices.
Photoelectrocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> evolution from integrated photocatalysts adsorbed on NiO (2018)

A new approach to increasing the faradaic efficiency of dye-sensitised photocathodes for H<sub>2</sub> evolution from water, using integrated photocatalysts, furnished with ester groups on the peripheral ligands, [Ru(decb)<sub>2</sub>(bpt)PdCl(H<sub>2</sub>O)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>1</b>) and [Ru(decb)<sub>2</sub>(2,5-bpp)PtI(CH<sub>3</sub>CN)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>2</b>), (decb = 4,4'-diethylcarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, bpp = 2,2':5',2''-terpyridine, bpt = 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole) is described. Overall, <b>1</b>|NiO is superior to previously reported photocathodes, producing photocurrent densities of 30-35 μA cm<sup>-2</sup> at an applied bias of -0.2 V <i>vs.</i> Ag/AgCl over 1 hour of continuous white light irradiation, resulting in the generation of 0.41 μmol h<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup> of H<sub>2</sub> with faradaic efficiencies of up to 90%. Furthermore, surface analysis of the photocathodes before and after photoelectrocatalysis revealed that the ruthenium bipyridyl chromophore and Pd catalytic centre (<b>1</b>) were photochemically stable, highlighting the benefits of the approach towards robust, hybrid solar-to-fuel devices.
Compton-scatter tissue densitometry: calculation of single and multiple scatter photon fluences (1978)

The accurate measurement of in vivo electron densities by the Compton-scatter method is limited by attenuations and multiple scattering in the patient. Using analytic and Monte Carlo calculation methods, the authors have modelled the Clarke tissue density scanner for incident monoenergetic photon energies from 300 to 2000 eV and for mean scattering angles of 30 to 130.
Development of a compact compression test stage for synchrotron radiation micro-Laue diffraction measurements of long-period stacking-ordered phases in Mg–Zn–Y alloys (2016)

Abstract We have developed a compact compression test stage for synchrotron radiation (SR) micro-Laue diffraction (MLD) measurements to investigate the deformation behavior of Mg–Zn–Y alloys with long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) structures. The stage can compress a small sample with a size of 0.3 × 0.3 × 1.0 mm 3 . The loading can be changed from 0 to 100 N. Using this compression test stage, MLD experiments were performed on a directionally solidified Mg 85 Zn 6 Y 9 alloy polycrystal with a single 18R-type LPSO phase. We succeeded in revealing the change in the grain boundaries with increasing compression loading.
Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz after intravenous and oral administration in rats with dehydration for 72 hours (2004)

Pharmacokinetic parameters of oltipraz were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg to control rats and rats with water deprivation for 72 h (rats with dehydration). The plasma protein binding of oltipraz was measured in both groups of rats using an equilibrium dialysis technique. The concentrations of oltipraz were measured by the reported HPLC analysis. After intravenous administration, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC), terminal half-life, time-averaged total body and nonrenal clearances, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were not significantly different between the two groups of rats. However, after oral administration to rats with dehydration, the AUC was significantly smaller than that in control rats (180 versus 316 microg min/ml) mainly due to decrease in absorption. In rats with dehydration, plasma protein binding was significantly greater than that in control rats (91.5 +/- 0.309 versus 81.3 +/- 2.79%).
Isolation of G-CSF Mobilized Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Elutriation. (2010)

Abstract Abstract 1183 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of adult stem cells that constitute a promising source for therapeutic applications. MSCs exist in various adult tissues, such as bone marrow and umbilical cord blood. The most common method for MSC isolation relies on plastic adherence, however, this isolation procedure is hampered by the unpredictable influence of other co-cultured adhering cells. Phenotypic characterization of MSCs is usually carried out by FACS analysis of cell surface marker expression, but no unique marker has yet been identified. To circumvent these limitations, using granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized adult human peripheral blood (PB), we explored the use of Elutra® Cell Separation System (Caridian BCT) to isolate MSC enriched fractions based on their size and density. A group of 28 donors were studied after mobilization for two consecutive day of G-CSF injection (480μg/day subcutaneously). Total nucleated cells (TNC) were collected by apheresis on the third day. An average of 6-fold increase in MSCs in the post-mobilized sample was observed. At least 1 million TNC in pre- and post-mobilized PB were analyzed by FACS for the presence of MSCs by cell surface staining with antibodies to CD105, CD90, CD73, CD31, CD45 and CD34. Circa 3 × 1010 TNC were loaded onto the Elutra to fractionate the apheresis product into several distinct cell fractions. Typically, the MSCs were enriched in 2 fractions, and yielded about 5–10% of the initial loaded cell number. Following culturing and passage, cells from these 2 fractions were grown on plastic with low contamination by other cell types. The cultured cells showed spindle-shaped morphology. Cells were further characterized by FACS analysis and shown to stained positive for mesenchymal specific markers CD90 and CD105; and negative for hematopoietic markers of CD45 and CD34. Furthermore, after cells from all fractions were plated for colony forming unit-fibroblast assay (CFU-F), no colony formation were observed from other than the 2 fractions. In summary, we demonstrate that MSCs are mobilized into PB by G-CSF and can be collected by apheresis. Size-based Elutra fractionation of apheresis product in a closed system could provide a novel strategy for the large-scale isolation and expansion of human MSCs for autologous cell therapy *Dr. Marasco is a paid consultant for NeoStem and an equity holder. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of the Tedanolides (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stable‐Ion NMR and GIAO‐DFT Study of the Carbocations from Benzofluorenes and Dibenzofluorenes; Synthesis of Nitro Derivatives; Mutagenicity Assay and X‐ray Analysis (2008)

Abstract First examples of stable carbocations are reported from 7 H ‐benzo[ c ]fluorene ( 2 ), 11 H ‐benzo[ b ]fluorene ( 3 ), 11 H ‐benzo[ a ]fluorene ( 4 ), 2‐methoxy‐ ( 5 ), 7‐methoxy‐ ( 6 ), and 9‐methoxy‐11 H ‐benzo[ a ]fluorene ( 7 ), 7 H ‐dibenzo[ c , g ]fluorene ( 8 ), 13 H ‐dibenzo[ a , g ]fluorene ( 9 ), 2‐methoxy‐13 H ‐dibenzo[ a , g ]fluorene ( 10 ) and 5,6‐dihydro‐13 H ‐dibenzo[ a , g ]fluorene ( 11 ). Charge‐delocalization modes in the resulting carbocations were derived based on experimental and/or computed (GIAO‐DFT) Δ δ 13 C values and through the NPA‐derived changes in charges (Δ q ). Whereas protonation regioselectivity in the parent systems ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 , and 9 ) corresponds to the energetically most favored carbocations computed by DFT, selectivity in the OMe‐substituted derivatives ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 , and 11 ) is strongly controlled by the methoxy group. Benzofluorenes 3 , 5 , 6 , and 7 and dibenzofluorenes 8 , and 10 were nitrated under very mild conditions. Nitration selectivity in the parent systems 3 and 8 parallels those in stable‐ion protonation, whereas regioselectivity in the MeO derivatives ( 6 , 7 , and 10 ) corresponds more closely to relative arenium ion energies in the parent unsubstituted systems. Comparative mutagenicity assays (Ames tests) were performed on 3NO 2 , 5NO 2 , 7NO 2 , 8NO 2 , and 10NO 2 relative to their precursors. Compounds 10NO 2 , 7NO 2 , and 8NO 2 were found to be potent direct‐acting mutagens (with 10NO 2 , 8NO 2 also capable of acting as potent indirect mutagens). The X‐ray structures of 5NO 2 and 8NO 2 were determined. The angle between the plane of the nitro group and the aromatic ring bearing the NO 2 group is 89.4° in 5NO 2 and 32.4° in 8NO 2 . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies a Troponin T Mutation Hot Spot in Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2013)

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) commonly causes heart failure and shows extensive genetic heterogeneity that may be amenable to newly developed next-generation DNA sequencing of the exome. In this study we report the successful use of exome sequencing to identify a pathogenic variant in the TNNT2 gene using segregation analysis in a large DCM family. Exome sequencing was performed on three distant relatives from a large family with a clear DCM phenotype. Missense, nonsense, and splice variants were analyzed for segregation among the three affected family members and confirmed in other relatives by direct sequencing. A c.517T C>T, Arg173Trp TNNT2 variant segregated with all affected family members and was also detected in one additional DCM family in our registry. The inclusion of segregation analysis using distant family members markedly improved the bioinformatics filtering process by removing from consideration variants that were not shared by all affected subjects. Haplotype analysis confirmed that the variant found in both DCM families was located on two distinct haplotypes, supporting the notion of independent mutational events in each family. In conclusion, an exome sequencing strategy that includes segregation analysis using distant affected relatives within a family represents a viable diagnostic strategy in a genetically heterogeneous disease like DCM.
Properties of individual contrails: A compilation of observations and some comparisons (2016)

Abstract. Mean properties of individual contrails are characterized for a wide range of jet aircraft as a function of age during their lifecycle from seconds to 11.5 hours (7.4 to 18.7 km altitude, −88 °C to −31 °C ambient temperature), based on a compilation of about 230 previous in-situ and remote sensing measurements. The airborne, satellite, and ground-based observations encompass exhaust contrails from jet aircraft since 1972, and a few older data for propeller aircraft. The contrails are characterized by mean ice particle sizes and concentrations, extinction, ice water content, optical depth, geometrical depth, and contrail width. Integral contrail properties include the cross-section area and total number of ice particles, total ice water content, and total extinction (area-integral of extinction) per contrail length. When known, the contrail-causing aircraft and ambient conditions are characterized. The individual datasets are briefly described, including a few new analyses performed for this study, and compiled together to form a "contrail library" (COLI). The data are compared with results of the Contrail Cirrus Prediction model CoCiP. The observations confirm that the number of ice particles in contrails is controlled by the engine exhaust and the formation process in the jet phase, with some particle losses in the wake vortex phase, followed later by weak decreases with time. Contrail cross-sections grow more quickly than expected from exhaust dilution. The cross-section integrated extinction follows an algebraic approximation. The ratio of volume to effective mean radius decreases with time. The ice water content increases with increasing temperature, similar to non-contrail cirrus, while the equivalent relative humidity over ice saturation of the contrail ice mass increases at lower temperatures in the data. Several contrails were observed in warm air above the Schmidt–Appleman threshold temperature. The “emission index” of ice particles, i.e. the number of ice particles formed in the young contrail per burnt fuel mass, is estimated from the measured concentrations for estimated dilution; maximum values exceed 1015 kg−1. The dependence of the data on the observation methods is discussed. We find no obvious indication for significant contributions from spurious particles resulting from shattering of ice crystals on the microphysical probes.