gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seropositivity of Widal Test in Febrile Illness Cases–A Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural Area (2016)

Background: Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, remains an important health problem in developing countries including India. Human beings are the only reservoir and host for typhoid fever, which is transmitted by faeco-oral route. The Widal agglutination test is the diagnostic test, commonly used to diagnose typhoid fever. The interpretation of the Widal test depends upon the baseline titre of that area. Aims and objectives: 1.T o know the positivity rate of widal test, 2. To know the titres for both ‘O’ & ‘H’ antibodies in typhoid fever. Methods: Widal test was done for 1525 serum samples for detection of antibodies of S. typhi. A titre of more than 1 in 80 for ‘O’ antibody and 1 in 160 for ‘H’ antibody was taken as positive in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Results: 44.78% of samples (683/1525) were from 11-30 years age group. The rate of positivity was increased as the age increases except in the age group of 21- 30 yrs. Widal test was positive in 43.01% of samples. Positivity rate was high among females (50.73%) when compared to males (32.34%). Conclusion: 1. The percentage of positivity was 43.01% .2. The rate of positivity was increased as the age increases except in the age group of 21- 30 yrs. 3. Positivity rate was high among females (50.73%) when compared to males (32.34%). 4. Highest positivity rate was seen in males in the age group of 51- 60 yrs (80.39%) and in females in the age group of above 60 yrs (72.85%).
Lignocellulose Degradation during Solid-State Fermentation: <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> versus <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> (1992)

Lignocellulose degradation and activities related to lignin degradation were studied in the solid-state fermentation of cotton stalks by comparing two white rot fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. P. chrysosporium grew vigorously, resulting in rapid, nonselective degradation of 55% of the organic components of the cotton stalks within 15 days. In contrast, P. ostreatus grew more slowly with obvious selectivity for lignin degradation and resulting in the degradation of only 20% of the organic matter after 30 days of incubation. The kinetics of C-lignin mineralization exhibited similar differences. In cultures of P. chrysosporium, mineralization ceased after 18 days, resulting in the release of 12% of the total radioactivity as CO(2). In P. ostreatus, on the other hand, 17% of the total radioactivity was released in a steady rate throughout a period of 60 days of incubation. Laccase activity was only detected in water extracts of the P. ostreatus fermentation. No lignin peroxidase activity was detected in either the water extract or liquid cultures of this fungus. 2-Keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid cleavage to ethylene correlated to lignin degradation in both fungi. A study of fungal activity under solid-state conditions, in contrast to those done under defined liquid culture, may help to better understand the mechanisms involved in lignocellulose degradation.
Ultrasound-stimulated drug delivery of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles: Effects of drug concentration on tumor uptake (2017)

In cancer treatment, there is a need to improve chemotherapeutic drug uptake at the local tumor site to both enhance dose efficacy and minimize any toxic side effects. It is well known now that stably cavitating microbubbles (MBs) in an ultrasound (US) field can increase the permeability of tumor blood vessel walls. This consequently can enhance the extravasation and accumulation of a circulating anticancer drug. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticles (NPs) allow selective delivery of anticancer agents to tumor cells via the overexpressed scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of US-stimulated drug delivery for improving tumor uptake of rHDL NPs that were preloaded with IR-780 dye (i.e., drug surrogate). Mice implanted with human breast cancer cells were divided into five groups: control, and low- or high-dose rHDL NPs ± US therapy. In vivo fluorescence optical imaging was used to quantify intratumoral NP accumulation at baseline and again at 1, 30, 60 min, 24 and 48 h after dosing. At 48 hours after treatment, tumors were resected and subjected to a fluorescent dye extraction study. Results of in vivo optical imaging revealed that the US therapy group animals exhibited stronger rHDL dye localization in the tumor area comparing to non-US groups. Moreover, in the dye extraction study, higher dye levels were detected in the US therapy groups compared to the non-US exposed animals given the same rHDL doses. Meanwhile, administration of a higher dose of rHDL NPs promoted dye accumulation in tumor sites. Overall, US-stimulated drug delivery can noninvasively promote the improved local tumor uptake of rHDL NP vectors.
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Solutions Using Cu<sub>2</sub>O Coated with Earth‐Abundant Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts (2014)

The splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules using sunlight is an attractive method for solar energy storage. Until now, photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution is mostly studied in acidic solutions, in which the hydrogen evolution is more facile than in alkaline solutions. Herein, we report photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in alkaline solutions, which are more favorable than acidic solutions for the complementary oxygen evolution half-reaction. We show for the first time that amorphous molybdenum sulfide is a highly active hydrogen evolution catalyst in basic medium. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide catalyst and a Ni-Mo catalyst are then deposited on surface-protected cuprous oxide photocathodes to catalyze sunlight-driven hydrogen production in 1 M KOH. The photocathodes give photocurrents of -6.3 mA cm(-2) at the reversible hydrogen evolution potential, the highest yet reported for a metal oxide photocathode using an earth-abundant hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst.
Design of a Single-Element Dynamic Antenna for Secure Wireless Applications (2023)

We introduce a new technique for secure wireless applications using a single dynamic antenna. The dynamic antenna supports a constantly and rapidly changing current distribution that generates a radiation pattern that is static in a desired direction and dynamic elsewhere. This imparts additional modulation on the signal and obscures information transmitted or received outside of the information beam, thus achieving directional modulation. Dynamic currents are supported by a single feed that is switched between separate ports on a single antenna, generating two different radiation patterns without changing the physical shape of the antenna. We introduce the theoretical concept by exploring an ideal complex dynamic radiation pattern that remains static in a narrow desired direction and is dynamic elsewhere. The impact on the transmission of information is analyzed, showing that the information beam narrows as the modulation order increases, and design constraints on the spatial width of the information beam as a function of modulation format are determined. We design and analyze a 2.3-GHz two-state dynamic dipole antenna and experimentally demonstrate secure wireless transmission. We demonstrate the ability to change the information beamwidth and steer the information beam experimentally in real time, and to maintain high throughput in the information beam while obscuring the information elsewhere. In contrast to multiport or array-based antennas, our approach introduces a novel rapidly switched single-element technique for secure wireless applications that can be used independently of the rest of the wireless system, essentially operating as a “black box” for an additional layer of security.
Acceleration training for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study (2014)

AT reduced hepatic and intramyocellular fat contents and ameliorated liver function test abnormalities in obese patients with NAFLD, which was coupled with improved physical function and body adiposity. AT is clinically beneficial for the management of NAFLD.
Concept Development of a Pneumatically Driven, Fixed Root Circulation Controlled Helicopter (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Circulation control technologies have been applied to fixed wing aircraft for approximately four decades. During those early tests an increase in lift coefficient of nearly four times the unaltered airfoil was achieved. Applying these or similar technologies, particularly inducing the coanda effect through blowing slots to rotorcraft blades, can enhance the performance of the helicopter.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The increase in lift coefficient of the rotor blade provides more options to the designer, including decreasing the rotor diameter, decreasing the rotor speed, increasing the payload capacity, or a combination of all three. By either reducing the diameter and/or the rotor speed the blade tip speed can be reduced, thus allowing a higher forward flight speed. Retreating blade stall can also be reduced by applying circulation control to the leading edge of the rotor blade.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A three phase design process is envisioned for the development of a pneumatically driven, fixed root circulation control helicopter rotor. The first phase would be to develop a high lift rotor blade. This would require the modification of conventional helicopter airfoils to incorporate rounded trailing edges and active blowing slots. The second phase would be to determine the ability to cycle the blowing slot velocity to minimize the asymmetry of lift during maneuvering flight, eliminating the need to physically change the pitch of the blade. The third phase would build on the fixed root circulation control blade by adding a jet of air at the tip of the blade, to provide the power to turn the rotor minimizing the torque transferred to the helicopter fuselage.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the transfer of fixed wing, active circulation control technologies to rotary wing aircraft several major obstacles need to be addressed and overcome. Some of these are, the supply of air to the active circulation control blowing slots given the limited space within the rotor blades and the transmission of the airflow from the non-rotating fuselage to the rotating plan-form of the rotor.&lt;/div&gt;
Numerical investigations of a novel vertical axis wind turbine using Blade Element Theory‐Vortex Filament Method (<scp>BET</scp>‐<scp>VFM</scp>) (2019)

Abstract The aerodynamic performance of three different configurations of vertical axis wind turbines ( VAWT ), namely: (a) conventional Darrieus troposkein VAWT (based on turbines designed by Sandia National Laboratories), (b) novel 50% STS ‐ VAWT (50% shifted‐troposkein‐shaped STS ‐ VAWT ), and (c) novel 100% STS ‐ VAWT were investigated numerically. An in‐house code, which combined the blade element theory ( BET ) and the vortex filament method ( VFM ), was used. The main purpose of this work was to develop an aerodynamic code to predict the performance of conventional VAWT as well as assess the novel 50% and 100% STS ‐ VAWT configurations. Simulation results (power coefficients) were verified and then validated against experimental data available from the literature (2‐, 5‐, and 17‐m conventional troposkein VAWT measured by Sandia National Laboratories). Additional numerical results showed that the 50% STS ‐ VAWT outperformed both the conventional VAWT and the 100% STS ‐ VAWT by up to 14% (peak power), within the range of rotation and turbine sizes that were investigated in the present work.
Long-term potentiation in slices of kitten visual cortex and the effects of NMDA receptor blockade (1992)

1. A slice preparation was used to study layer III field potentials (FPs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the white matter-layer VI border and their potentiation by patterned stimuli. 2. The dependence of the FP on recording position was investigated. The maximum field was recorded in layer III at a position radial to the site of stimulation. Because this negative FP reflects an excitatory synaptic current sink, this site was chosen for all subsequent experiments. 3. Under normal recording conditions, components of the layer III FP with latencies greater than 3 ms were completely abolished by kynurenate but unaffected by 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5), indicating that this potential reflects the activation of non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors. 4. Addition of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) broadened the field potential and revealed an AP5-sensitive component. By filling the recording pipette with BMI, it was possible to substantially reduce inhibition locally around the recording site while avoiding stimulus-driven and spontaneous epileptiform activity. 5. Tetanic stimulation elicited a long-term potentiation (LTP) of the FP in 14 of 17 experiments when the BMI-filled pipette method was used. 6. Addition of 100 microM D,L-AP5 significantly reduced the average probability and magnitude of LTP. Nonetheless, in 2 of 8 experiments, significant LTP was observed after a tetanus in the presence of AP5. Control experiments confirmed that this concentration of AP5 was sufficient to maximally block cortical NMDA receptors. 7. We conclude that LTP of layer III field potentials can be reliably elicited, provided that GABAA-receptor mediated inhibition is blocked locally at the site of recording and that NMDA receptors are recruited during the conditioning stimulation. However, activation of NMDA receptors is apparently not an obligatory step for the induction of use-dependent increases in synaptic strength in the kitten striate cortex.
&lt;title&gt;Framework for dynamically reconfigurable video codec using multiple coding tools&lt;/title&gt; (1998)

In this paper, we propose framework for dynamically reconfigurable video codec. We introduce the concept of a virtual codec and a virtual tool to facilitate the use of multiple codec structures and multiple coding tools in a single video codec. Existing coding standards as well as new codec structures and coding tools can be integrated seamlessly in the proposed codec. The experimental results show that when implementing a standard codec such as H.263 the proposed codec can achieve a comparable performance to dedicated standard codecs. The results also demonstrate the codec's ability to use multiple coding tools and codec structures which are useful for implementing MSDL for MPEG-4 video.
Towards Learning to Play Piano with Dexterous Hands and Touch (2022)

As Liszt once said “(a virtuoso) must call up scent and blossom, and breathe the breath of life”, a virtuoso plays the piano with passion, poetry, and extraordinary technical ability. Hence, piano playing, being a task that is quintessentially human, becomes a hallmark for roboticians and artificial intelligence researchers to pursue. In this paper, we advocate an end-to-end reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm to demonstrate how an agent can learn directly from machine-readable music score to play the piano with touch-augmented dexterous hands on a simulated piano. To achieve the desired tasks, we design useful touch- and audio-based reward functions and a series of tasks. Empirical results show that the RL agent can not only find the correct key position but also deal with the various rhythmic, volume, and fingering requirements. As a result, the agent demonstrates its effectiveness in playing simple pieces that have different musical requirements which show the potential of leveraging reinforcement learning approach for the piano playing tasks.
In-situ Tuning of Printed Neural Networks for Variation Tolerance (2022)

Printed electronic (PE) can meet the requirements of many application domains with requirements on cost, conformity, and non-toxicity which silicon-based computing systems cannot achieve. A typical computational task to be performed in many of such applications is classification. Therefore, printed Neural Networks (pNNs) have been proposed to meet these requirements. However, PE suffers from high process variations due to low resolution printing in low-cost additive manufacturing. This can severely impact the inference accuracy of pNNs. In this work, we show how a unique feature of PE, namely additive printing can be leveraged to perform in-situ tuning of pNNs to compensate accuracy losses induced by device variations. The experiments show that, even under 30 % variation of the conductances, up to 90 % of the initial accuracy can be recovered.
Independent Risk Factors for Carriage of Penicillin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (2003)

Antibiotic treatment, day-care center (DCC) attendance and young age are associated with penicillin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNSSp) carriage. Yet, it is unclear whether each is an independent risk factor for the individual. This cross-sectional surveillance study was designed to answer this question. Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 429 children (< 6 y) during a visit to the pediatrician's office. Two risk rates were calculated: the individual's absolute risk to carry PNSSp [simple odds ratio (ORS)] and the risk of an individual who is already a carrier [conditional odds ratio (ORC)]. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 52.7% of 401 children. PNSSp was detected in 37.1% of carriers. Independent risk factors were: young age [ORS 2.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2-4.2], DCC attendance (ORS 3.8, 95% CI 1.9-7.5), having young siblings (ORS 2.3, 95% CI 0.95-5.57) and each antibiotic treatment during the previous 3 months (ORS 1.5, 95% CI 1.25-1.85). The only significant risk factor among carriers was prior antibiotic treatment (ORC 2.24, 95% CI 1.64-3.05). Young children, who attended DCC and received 1 antibiotic course (9% of the population) had a risk 12.9 times higher than children without these features.
Resource use and costs in the last year of life among Medicare beneficiaries who died from prostate cancer versus with the disease between 2000 and 2007. (2013)

6631 Background: Prostate cancer is one of the leading sources of overall cancer care costs among men in the United States. Medical resource use and costs associated with prostate cancer care at the end of life, remain poorly understood. Methods: Retrospective analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) -Medicare data was used to characterize changes in resource utilization and health care costs to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who died of prostate cancer vs. non-prostate causes between 2000 and 2007. Results: A total of 34,727 patients with prostate cancer met study criteria. Patients who died of prostate cancer were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with incident distant metastatic disease (27% vs. 4%) and had fewer comorbid conditions than patients who died of other causes. In the year prior to death, men who died of prostate cancer had lower mean inpatient costs ($20,769 vs. $29,851), resulting from fewer hospitalizations (1.8 vs. 2.1) and fewer days spent in the hospital (12.2 vs. 15.7) and the ICU (1.4 vs. 3.4) as compared to men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer but died of some other cause (all P&lt; 0.001). Men who died of prostate cancer also had lower rates of SNF utilization (32.8% vs 36.2%) and spent fewer days in SNF institutions (11.7 vs 14.7) (both P&lt; 0.001). Conversely, men who died of prostate cancer were more likely to have enrolled in hospice (62% vs. 28%) with higher mean hospice costs ($5,117 vs. $1,981) (both P&lt; 0.001). The substitution of more hospice care relative to inpatient care for men who died of prostate cancer resulted in lower total health care costs ($42,572 vs. $45,830; P&lt; 0.001) relative to men who died from non-prostate cancer causes. Conclusions: Among men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer who died between 2000 and 2007, those with prostate cancer-specific mortality had lower overall health care costs than those who died from other causes. Less aggressive inpatient care near the end of life may explain the differences in cost. Ongoing investigation of care at the end of life is warranted given recent changes in the treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer.
Supplementary Tables from Combined VEGF and PD-L1 Blockade Displays Synergistic Treatment Effects in an Autochthonous Mouse Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Clinicopathologic parameters of mice and patients with the corresponding survival significance analysis of SCLC bearing mice treated with vehicle, IgG control, anti-VEGF monotherapy, anti-PD-L1 monotherapy or anti-VEGF/anti-PD-L1 combination therapy&lt;/p&gt;
Heat-Generating Iron Oxide Nanocubes: Subtle “Destructurators” of the Tumoral Microenvironment (2014)

Several studies propose nanoparticles for tumor treatment, yet little is known about the fate of nanoparticles and intimate interactions with the heterogeneous and ever-evolving tumor environment. The latter, rich in extracellular matrix, is responsible for poor penetration of therapeutics and represents a paramount issue in cancer therapy. Hence new strategies start aiming to modulate the neoplastic stroma. From this perspective, we assessed the efficacy of 19 nm PEG-coated iron oxide nanocubes with optimized magnetic properties to mediate mild tumor magnetic hyperthermia treatment. After injection of a low dose of nanocubes (700 μg of iron) into epidermoid carcinoma xenografts in mice, we monitored the effect of heating nanocubes on tumor environment. In comparison with the long-term fate after intravenous administration, we investigated spatiotemporal patterns of nanocube distribution, evaluated the evolution of cubes magnetic properties, and examined nanoparticle clearance and degradation processes. While inside tumors nanocubes retained their magnetic properties and heating capacity throughout the treatment due to a mainly interstitial extracellular location, the particles became inefficient heaters after cell internalization and transfer to spleen and liver. Our multiscale analysis reveals that collagen-rich tumor extracellular matrix confines the majority of nanocubes. However, nanocube-mediated hyperthermia has the potential to "destructure" this matrix and improve nanoparticle and drug penetration into neoplastic tissue. This study provides insight into dynamic interactions between nanoparticles and tumor components under physical stimulation and suggests that nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia could be used to locally modify tumor stroma and thus improve drug penetration.
Regioselective Conversion of Anhydro Sugars into Halohydrins and X-Ray Study (2004)

A rapid, easy, regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 3-halo-3-deoxy sugars using titanium tetrahalides is described. To fully confirm the stereochemistry of the synthetic products, the X-ray structure of benzyl 3-chloro-3-deoxy-β -L-xylopyranoside was determined