gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unacceptable, where is my privacy? Exploring Accidental Triggers of\n Smart Speakers (2020)

Voice assistants like Amazon's Alexa, Google's Assistant, or Apple's Siri,\nhave become the primary (voice) interface in smart speakers that can be found\nin millions of households. For privacy reasons, these speakers analyze every\nsound in their environment for their respective wake word like ''Alexa'' or\n''Hey Siri,'' before uploading the audio stream to the cloud for further\nprocessing. Previous work reported on the inaccurate wake word detection, which\ncan be tricked using similar words or sounds like ''cocaine noodles'' instead\nof ''OK Google.''\n In this paper, we perform a comprehensive analysis of such accidental\ntriggers, i.,e., sounds that should not have triggered the voice assistant, but\ndid. More specifically, we automate the process of finding accidental triggers\nand measure their prevalence across 11 smart speakers from 8 different\nmanufacturers using everyday media such as TV shows, news, and other kinds of\naudio datasets. To systematically detect accidental triggers, we describe a\nmethod to artificially craft such triggers using a pronouncing dictionary and a\nweighted, phone-based Levenshtein distance. In total, we have found hundreds of\naccidental triggers. Moreover, we explore potential gender and language biases\nand analyze the reproducibility. Finally, we discuss the resulting privacy\nimplications of accidental triggers and explore countermeasures to reduce and\nlimit their impact on users' privacy. To foster additional research on these\nsounds that mislead machine learning models, we publish a dataset of more than\n1000 verified triggers as a research artifact.\n
Subpixel colocalization reveals amyloid precursor protein-dependent kinesin-1 and dynein association with axonal vesicles (2012)

Intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles along microtubules is powered by kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein molecular motors. Both motors can attach to the same cargo and thus must be coordinated to ensure proper distribution of intracellular materials. Although a number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain how these motors are coordinated, considerable uncertainty remains, in part because of the absence of methods for assessing motor subunit composition on individual vesicular cargos. We developed a robust quantitative immunofluorescence method based on subpixel colocalization to elucidate relative kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein motor subunit composition of individual, endogenous amyloid precursor protein (APP) vesicles in mouse hippocampal cells. The resulting method and data allow us to test a key in vivo prediction of the hypothesis that APP can recruit kinesin-1 to APP vesicles in neuronal axons. We found that APP levels are well-correlated with the amount of the light chain of kinesin-1 (KLC1) and the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein (DHC1) on vesicles. In addition, genetic reduction of APP diminishes KLC1 and DHC1 levels on APP cargos. Finally, our data reveal that reduction of KLC1 leads to decreased levels of DHC1 on APP vesicles, suggesting that KLC1 is necessary for the association of DHC1 to these cargos, and help to explain previously reported retrograde transport defects generated when kinesin-1 is reduced.
Microfluidics Assisted Fabrication of Three-Tier Hierarchical Microparticles for Constructing Bioinspired Surfaces (2019)

Construction of textured bioinspired surfaces with refined structures that exhibit superior wetting properties is of great importance for many applications ranging from self-cleaning, antibiofouling, anti-icing, oil/water separation, smart membrane, and microfluidic devices. Previously, the preparation of artificial surfaces generally relies on the combination of different approaches together, which is a lack of flexibility to control over the individual architecture unit, the surface topology, as well as the complex procedure needed. In this work, we report a method for rapid fabrication of three-tier hierarchical microunits (structures consisting of multiple levels) using a facile droplet microfluidics approach. These units include the first-tier microspheres consisting of the second-tier close-packed polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles decorated with the third-tier elegant polymer nanowrinkles. These nanowrinkles on the PS nanoparticles are formed according to the interfacial instability induced by gradient photopolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) monomers. The formation process and topologies of nanowrinkles can be regulated by the photopolymerization process and the fraction of carboxylic groups on the PS nanoparticle surface. Such a hierarchical microsphere mimics individual units of bioinspired surfaces. Therefore, the surfaces from self-assembly of these fabricated two-tier and three-tier hierarchical microunits collectively exhibit "gecko" and "rose petal" wetting states, with the micro- and nanoscale structures amplifying the initial hydrophobicity but still being highly adhesive to water. This approach offers promising advantages of high-yield fabrication, precise control over the size and component of the microspheres, and integration of microfluidic droplet generation, colloidal nanoparticle self-assembly, and interfacial polymerization-induced nanowrinkles in a straightforward manner.
Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Cancer (2015)

Interestingly, whereas in Europe there was a steady increase in HPV prevalence across all time frames, reaching nearly 50% most recently, in North America HPV prevalence appears to have plateaued over the past decade at about 65%. These findings may have important implications regarding predictions for the future incidence of OPSCC.
Non-Specific Antibodies Induce Lysosomal Activation in Atlantic Salmon Macrophages Infected by Piscirickettsia salmonis (2020)

<i>Piscirickettsia salmonis</i>, an aggressive intracellular pathogen, is the etiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS). This is a chronic multisystemic disease that generates high mortalities and large losses in Chilean salmon farming, threatening the sustainability of the salmon industry. Previous reports suggest that <i>P. salmonis</i> is able to survive and replicate in salmonid macrophages, inducing an anti-inflammatory environment and a limited lysosomal response that may be associated with host immune evasion mechanisms favoring bacterial survival. Current control and prophylaxis strategies against <i>P. salmonis</i> (based on the use of antibiotics and vaccines) have not had the expected success against infection. This makes it urgent to unravel the host-pathogen interaction to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we evaluated the effect of treatment with IgM-beads on lysosomal activity in Atlantic salmon macrophage-enriched cell cultures infected with <i>P. salmonis</i> by analyzing the lysosomal pH and proteolytic ability through confocal microscopy. The impact of IgM-beads on cytotoxicity induced by <i>P. salmonis</i> in infected cells was evaluated by quantification of cell lysis through release of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Bacterial load was determined by quantification of <i>16S</i> rDNA copy number by qPCR, and counting of colony-forming units (CFU) present in the extracellular and intracellular environment. Our results suggest that stimulation with antibodies promotes lysosomal activity by lowering lysosomal pH and increasing the proteolytic activity within this organelle. Additionally, incubation with IgM-beads elicits a decrease in bacterial-induced cytotoxicity in infected Atlantic salmon macrophages and reduces the bacterial load. Overall, our results suggest that stimulation of cells infected by <i>P. salmonis</i> with IgM-beads reverses the modulation of the lysosomal activity induced by bacterial infection, promoting macrophage survival and bacterial elimination. This work represents a new important evidence to understand the bacterial evasion mechanisms established by <i>P. salmonis</i> and contribute to the development of new effective therapeutic strategies against SRS.
Cross-Layer Soft-Error Resilience Analysis of Computing Systems (2020)

In a world with computation at the epicenter of every activity, computing systems must be highly resilient to errors even if miniaturization makes the underlying hardware unreliable. Techniques able to guarantee high reliability are associated to high costs. Early resilience analysis has the potential to support informed design decisions to maximize system-level reliability while minimizing the associated costs. This tutorial focuses on early cross-layer (hardware and software) resilience analysis considering the full computing continuum (from IoT/CPS to HPC applications) with emphasis on soft errors.
A Comparison Study on Original and Torreﬁed Hazelnut Shells using a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Gasifier (2016)

Torrefaction is mild thermo-chemical process similar to pyrolysis, that can be applied to biomass to improve energy density and hydrophobicity. Comparison was made between original and torreﬁed forms of hazelnut shell agricultural waste biomass, when these materials were subjected to gasiﬁcation using a “bench-scale” ﬂuidised bed gasiﬁer. Results indicated that a simpliﬁed torrefaction process was successful in physical transformation of the hazelnut shell and that the resultant syn-gas was of a relatively higher caloriﬁc value, together with lower tar content. Keywords: biomass, TGA, thermogravimetry, thermogravimetic analysis, gasiﬁcation, ﬂuidisation
External Financing Needs, Corporate Governance, and Firm Value (2010)

ABSTRACT Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: We set out in this study to explore the overall impact of external financing needs on corporate governance and firm value, arguing that external financing needs have extremely important impacts on corporate governance, essentially because external financing can prove to be very costly, largely as a result of asymmetric information. Thus, we suggest that improvements in corporate governance of firms with external financing needs could help to reduce costs of outside equity financing. Research Findings/Insights: Our results reveal that it is in fact firm valuation that has an effect on governance practices, as opposed to the reverse, and that external financing needs appear to strengthen the influence of the quality of corporate governance practices on firm value. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The external forces considered in this study are product market competition, investment opportunities, and external financing needs, with particular emphasis being placed upon the impact of external financing needs, since this relates directly to outside shareholders. Given that poor corporate governance practices signal higher asymmetric information costs, and thus, lead to an increase in the costs of raising external capital, it is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of external financing needs on firm value and corporate governance. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our results demonstrate the important implications that corporate governance practices have for those firms with a particularly strong need for external equity, and the fact that external financing needs provide incentives for firms to seek out ways of making improvements to the overall quality of their corporate governance practices.
HLA Micropolymorphisms Strongly Affect Peptide–MHC Multimer–Based Monitoring of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses (2013)

Peptide-MHC (pMHC) multimers have become one of the most widely used tools to measure Ag-specific T cell responses in humans. With the aim of understanding the requirements for pMHC-based personalized immunomonitoring, in which individuals expressing subtypes of the commonly studied HLA alleles are encountered, we assessed how the ability to detect Ag-specific T cells for a given peptide is affected by micropolymorphic differences between HLA subtypes. First, analysis of a set of 10 HLA-A*02:01-restricted T cell clones demonstrated that staining with pMHC multimers of seven distinct subtypes of the HLA-A*02 allele group was highly variable and not predicted by sequence homology. Second, to analyze the effect of minor sequence variation in a clinical setting, we screened tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of an HLA-A*02:06 melanoma patient with either subtype-matched or HLA-A*02:01 multimers loaded with 145 different melanoma-associated Ags. This revealed that of the four HLA-A*02:06-restricted melanoma-associated T cell responses observed in this patient, two responses were underestimated and one was overlooked when using subtype-mismatched pMHC multimer collections. To our knowledge, these data provide the first demonstration of the strong effect of minor sequence variation on pMHC-based personalized immunomonitoring, and they provide tools to prevent this issue for common variants within the HLA-A*02 allele group.
User-cooperative transmission with channel feedback in slow fading environment (2005)

User-cooperative transmission exploits spatial diversity created by antenna sharing in a wireless network. The paper investigates the performance of narrowband, slowly fading and delay-limited cooperation systems where perfect channel state information (CSI) is available at cooperative transmitters. Power control algorithms which attempt to minimize the outage probability under short-term and long-term power constraints are developed. We show that significant improvement of outage probability is achieved through exploiting the CSI of forward channels.
2.2 AMD Chiplet Architecture for High-Performance Server and Desktop Products (2020)

AMO's “Rome” and “Matisse” are second-generation AMD Infinity Fabric-based SoCs using 3 unique hybrid process technology chiplets to achieve leading performance, performance/$ and performance/W, targeting server and client markets, respectively (Fig. 2.2.1). The chiplet architecture enables leading edge 7nm [1] CPUs for multiple markets, while retaining backward compatibility to complex 10 and memory subsystems in a scalable design with high reuse for improved time-to-market. A key benefit is the heterogeneous technology deployed between the CPUs and the 10/mixed-signaIP. It is well known that shrink factors in advanced nodes are much lower for analog circuitry than for digital logic and SRAM. By keeping the memory interfaces and SerOes in mature 12nm technology, costs are mitigated since those circuits see a very small shrink factor to 7nm and very little performance or power gain from advanced nodes. A low-cost 12nm 10 die (IOD) with the high-yielding 8 “Zen2” core, 74mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> 7nm CPU compute die (CCD) combine to provide very cost-effective performance.
Correlation of structural quality with superconducting behavior in epitaxial thin films of Ba2YCu3O7−δ on LaAlO3(100) (1991)

The correlations between structural quality and superconducting behavior in 1000-Å-thick Ba2YCu3O7−δ (BYCO) films grown on LaAlO3(100) from the coevaporation of BaF2, Y, and Cu, followed by an optimized ex situ annealing process are reported. Epitaxial films with smooth, laminar morphology and excellent crystallinity can be grown to have critical current density Jc values nearly identical to single crystals. This finding contrasts with the typical observation that Jc values in thin films of BYCO are very high compared to those of single crystals. This is attributed to a greater density of flux pinning sites due to structural defects within the films. The most crystalline films presented here have penetration length λ∼2000 Å with temperature dependencies described well by the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory. Material disorder of two types can be controlled by the high-temperature stage Ta of the annealing process. The first type is point defects and dislocations the same size or smaller than the coherence length ξab, which Rutherford backscattering/channeling suggests decrease in number with increasing Ta. The second is crevices, pinholes, and microcracks, which are at least one to two orders of magnitude larger than ξab. At Ta &amp;lt; 850 °C, crevices, which create areas of nonuniform thickness, occur due to incomplete epitaxial growth and correlate with the presence of weak links. Hence film resistivity is high, Tc is low, and λ is large. As Ta is increased, the film morphology becomes smoother and all electrical properties improve, except for Jc in nonzero applied magnetic fields, since the improved epitaxy correlates with reduced flux pinning. By Ta= 900 °C, the BYCO films are similar to single crystals in both cation alignment and Jc behavior. Above this annealing temperature, pinholes and microcracks develop and increase in both size and density with increasing Ta. Although these relatively large defects do not act as weak links, they do affect magnetic screening (and hence λ), to result in an anomalous temperature dependence that masks the intrinsic BCS behavior.
Screech tones from free and ducted supersonic jets (1994)

It is well known that screech tones from supersonic jets are generated by a feedback loop. The loop consists of three main components. They are the downstream propagating instability wave, the shock cell structure in the jet plume, and the feedback acoustic waves immediately outside the jet. Evidence will be presented to show that the screech frequency is largely controlled by the characteristics of the feedback acoustic waves. The feedback loop is driven by the instability wave of the jet. Thus the tone intensity and its occurrence are dictated by the characteristics of the instability wave. In this paper the dependence of the instability wave spectrum on the azimuthal mode number (axisymmetric or helical/flapping mode, etc.), the jet-to-ambient gas temperature ratio, and the jet Mach number are studied. The results of this study provide an explanation for the observed screech tone mode switch phenomenon (changing from axisymmetric to helical mode as Mach number increases) and the often-cited experimental observation that tone intensity reduces with increase in jet temperature. For ducted supersonic jets screech tones can also be generated by feedback loops formed by the coupling of normal duct modes to instability waves of the jet. The screech frequencies are dictated by the frequencies of the duct modes. Super resonance, resonance involving very large pressure oscillations, can occur when the feedback loop is powered by the most amplified instability wave. It is proposed that the observed large amplitude pressure fluctuations and tone in the test cells of Arnold Engineering Development Center were generated by super resonance. Estimated super-resonance frequency for a Mach 1.3 axisymmetric jet tested in the facility agrees well with measurement.
Grand alliance MPEG‐2‐based video decoder with parallel processing architecture (1994)

Abstract A practical and unique hardware architecture for video bitstream source decoding and video postprocessing of a Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG‐2)‐based high‐definition television (HDTV) compressed bitstream has been implemented to impose minimal limitations on the video source coding algorithm. The Grand Alliance (GA) MPEG‐2‐based HDTV codec achieves a high degree of source and channel coding efficiency while preserving the delivery of high‐resoultion picture quality in a variety of video input and output formats in bandwidth‐limited channels. The video source decoder hardware architecture necessary to achieve the data decoding and ensuing video postprocessing poses numerous technologic challenges to the system designer, who must tradeoff minimizing codec constraints with the eventual commercialization of a video decoder for a consumer television receiver product. The powerful and flexible coding algorithm necessary to satisfy the HDTV picture quality and transmission channel bandwidth limitation requirements results in an encoder‐output bitstream that necessitates high throughout decoding. Although the transmitted bitstream is of constant rate due to rate buffering, bistreams internal to the codec are both peaky and bursty. An intelligent distributive parallel processing decoding architecture has been developed to dynamically partition the MPEG‐2 bitstream into a number of decodable subset bitstreams, while placing minimal constraints on the encoding algorithm. This architecture allows for high‐speed, efficient decoding of the bitstream, and can be a prelude to the development of a cost‐effective consumer product. Further architecture refinements can be explored, including implementation in VLSI.
Estimating Cloth Draping Parameters from Range Data (1997)

In this paper we present a computer vision algorithm for estimating cloth parameters for modeling. In an analysis-by-synthesis manner, the algorithm compares the drape of the model with the range data and searches for the best fit. It can be applied to any physics-based cloth model. The motivating application is fashion design using CAD systems, but the ability of the algorithm to estimate the shape of the object supporting the scanned cloth, indicates the possibility of utilizing cloth models to overcome problems in human tracking algorithms, caused by clothing. 1. INTRODUCTION Development of physics-based cloth models is very important for textile industry (3D CAD systems for clothing design), computer vision (tracking dressed humans) and virtual reality applications (model-based telepresence). Model parameters can be derived from mechanical measurements obtained by the Kawabata Evaluation System [1], [3]. A quantitative comparison between simulated and real drape has not yet been o...
Erratum: “National Ignition Campaign Hohlraum energetics” [Phys. Plasmas 17, 056304 (2010)] (2010)

First Page
Host Cell Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylserine Regulates the Assembly and Budding of Ebola Virus (2015)

The lipid-enveloped Ebola virus causes severe infection with a high mortality rate and currently lacks FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines. Ebola virus harbors just seven genes in its genome, and there is a critical requirement for acquisition of its lipid envelope from the plasma membrane of the human cell that it infects during the replication process. There is, however, a dearth of information available on the required contents of this envelope for egress and subsequent attachment and entry. Here we demonstrate that plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is critical for Ebola virus budding from the host cell plasma membrane. This report, to our knowledge, is the first to highlight the role of lipids in human cell membranes in the Ebola virus replication cycle and draws a clear link between selective binding and transport of a lipid across the membrane of the human cell and use of that lipid for subsequent viral entry.
Cocaine Screening of Parturients Without Prenatal Care (1997)

Illicit drugs are used widely by inner city patients in our society.Because cocaine ingestion can produce life-threatening arrhythmias and interact with anesthetic drugs, it is potentially useful for the anesthesiologist to know a high-risk patient's cocaine status before administering anesthesia. The commonly used methods to detect cocaine abuse, however, often require 1-3 days for laboratory processing. With these tests, anesthesiologists are unable to test for recent cocaine use in an emergency setting. A new rapid latex agglutination assay for urinary metabolites of cocaine (OnTrak[R] Abuscreen[TM]; Roche Diagnostic Systems Inc., Branchburg, NJ) was compared with an assay used by many hospital laboratories. The prevalence of cocaine abuse in the group of unregistered parturients was found to be 68%, with the latex agglutination results exactly matching the hospital laboratory results (kappa = 1.0). A sensitive and specific method now exists that allows anesthesiologists to assess cocaine use rapidly, so that they can use this information when planning a patient's anesthetic. (Anesth Analg 1997;84:76-9)