gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans are necessary for Nodal signal transmission from the node to the left lateral plate in the mouse embryo (2007)

Situs-specific organogenesis in the mouse results from leftward fluid flow in the node cavity and subsequent left-sided expression of Nodal in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Nodal expression at the node is essential for the subsequent asymmetric Nodal expression in the left LPM, but the precise role of Nodal produced at the node has remained unknown. We have now investigated how the Nodal signal is transferred from the node to the LPM. Externally supplied Nodal protein failed to signal to the LPM, suggesting that the Nodal signal is transferred to the LPM via an internal route rather than an external one. Transgenic rescue experiments showed that the Nodal co-receptor Cryptic (Cfc1) is required only in the LPM, not at the node, for asymmetric Nodal expression in the LPM, indicating that the Nodal signal is not relayed indirectly between the node and LPM. Nodal interacts in vitro with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are specifically localized to the basement membrane-like structure between the node and LPM in the mouse embryo. Inhibition of sulfated GAG biosynthesis prevents Nodal expression in the LPM. These data suggest that Nodal produced at the node might travel directly to the LPM via interaction with sulfated GAGs.
By-Product Formation in Repetitive PCR Amplification of DNA Libraries during SELEX (2014)

The selection of nucleic acid aptamers is an increasingly important approach to generate specific ligands binding to virtually any molecule of choice. However, selection-inherent amplification procedures are prone to artificial by-product formation that prohibits the enrichment of target-recognizing aptamers. Little is known about the formation of such by-products when employing nucleic acid libraries as templates. We report on the formation of two different forms of by-products, named ladder- and non-ladder-type observed during repetitive amplification in the course of in vitro selection experiments. Based on sequence information and the amplification behaviour of defined enriched nucleic acid molecules we suppose a molecular mechanism through which these amplification by-products are built. Better understanding of these mechanisms might help to find solutions minimizing by-product formation and improving the success rate of aptamer selection.
Transmission line switch design for the investigation of sub-nanosecond electrical breakdown (2002)

Ultrafast plasma closing switches rely on sub-nanosecond electrical breakdown of the insulating gas. Until recently, little information was available on gas breakdown occurring within this timescale, because of the difficulties in designing an experimental system for such a study. Recently published papers have reported on the results of studies carried out using two devices designed specifically for the investigation of fast (sub-nanosecond) electrical breakdown processes. The devices are essentially modified transmission line plasma closing switches, and in this paper we describe their structure and operation. Because electromagnetic wave behaviour plays a significant role in sub-nanosecond switching, especially reflections from impedance mismatches, the design of the devices is based on transmission line concepts, rather than those of lumped parameters. One of the switches has a conical transmission line topology and is designed for the study of fast switch closure at insulating gas pressures less than 0.6 MPa. The second has a hybrid radial transmission line/conical transmission line topology and is designed for the study of fast switch closure at pressures up to 10 MPa. The paper also includes details of the D-dot monitors used to investigate sub-nanosecond processes in the two transmission line plasma devices.
The hyaluronate lyase of Staphylococcus aureus – a virulence factor? (2004)

The hyaluronate lyase (HL) gene of Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 (hysA) was inactivated in vitro with the insertion of the erythromycin determinant, ermC, from plasmid pE194. The hysA : : ermC mutation was introduced into S. aureus via a temperature-sensitive shuttle vector, where it underwent homologous recombination with the wild-type (w.t.) allele. The insertion of ermC in the chromosomal hysA locus was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and the loss of HL activity was demonstrated macroscopically by a plate assay. The importance of HL for pathogenicity was assessed by comparing the virulence of the HL(-) mutant strain to that of the w.t. in an established mouse abscess model of S. aureus infection. A significantly higher cell recovery was obtained from lesions infected with the w.t. strain compared to the lesions infected with the HL(-) strain (P =0.01). Although the lesion areas from both groups were not significantly different (P=0.9) they were of different morphology. A colorimetric assay was used to measure HL activity from culture supernatants of the S. aureus 8325-4 strains w.t., WA250 (agr) and PC1839 (sar) grown in a chemically defined medium. HL activity reached a maximum in the w.t. strain during mid-exponential phase (t=5 h) and while it showed a 16-fold decrease in the agr mutant it increased 35-fold in the sar mutant background. These results strongly suggest that HL is a virulence factor which is important in the early stages of subcutaneous infections.
Electrical conductivity imaging using controlled source electromagnetics for subsurface fluid flow characterization (2004)

In this paper we present a case history for mapping electrical conductivity using Controlled Source Audio Magnetotellurics (CSAMT). We have completed a first pass 1D inversion of a 3D CSAMT data set collected over a geothermal reservoir located in western Idaho. We compare the inversion results of data combinations including apparent resistivity, phase, and direct inversion of the electric field component. The 1D profiles from the first pass inversion are combined to generate 2D subsurface conductivity images. We include our interpretation of the subsurface conductivity structure to determine the pathways of the fluid conduits in the geothermal reservoir. Our eventual goal is to obtain a 3D conductivity model by inverting these data using 3D CSAMT inversion.
Flexibility plot of proteins (1989)

The flexibility plot of a protein lies on the observation that amino acid residues with the highest turn potential, i.e. located in highly mobile regions of protein surface, also possess the smallest volumes as well as the lowest hydrophobicities. The plot is generated by shifting a five residue window along the protein sequence and calculating the value of the hydrophobicity-volume product for consecutive quintuplets of amino acid residues. The concomitant occurrence of small volumes and low hydrophobicities results in very deep minima. A threshold value has also been introduced in order to discriminate significant minima. To substantiate the interpretation that the selected minima actually indicate very flexible segments of a protein (loops, turns, etc.), we have compared plots obtained for model proteins (lysozyme, myoglobin, ribonuclease, trypsin, thermolysin and T4 lysozyme) with X-ray thermal factors profiles available for the same proteins. When compared to thermal profiles, the majority of flexible segments evidenced by our plots have been found to be in agreement with regions characterized by high thermal factors. Results have also been discussed in the light of local organization possessed by examined proteins.
A quantitative and spatially resolved analysis of the performance-bottleneck in high efficiency, planar hybrid perovskite solar cells (2018)

Intrinsic electron traps in perovskite active layers limit the performance of state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells.
Multi-Neuromodulator Measurements across Fronto-Striatal Network Areas of the Behaving Macaque using Solid-Phase Microextraction (2019)

Abstract Different neuromodulators rarely act independent from each other to modify neural processes but are instead co-released, gated, or modulated. To understand this interdependence of neuromodulators and their collective influence on local circuits during different brain states, it is necessary to reliably extract local concentrations of multiple neuromodulators in vivo. Here we describe results using solid phase microextraction (SPME), a method providing sensitive, multi-neuromodulator measurements. SPME is a sampling method that is coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify collected analytes. Reliable measurements of glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine and choline were made simultaneously within frontal cortex and striatum of two macaque monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) during goal-directed behavior. We find glutamate concentrations several orders of magnitude higher than acetylcholine and dopamine in all brain regions. Dopamine was reliably detected in the striatum at tenfold higher concentrations than acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and choline concentrations were detected with high consistency across brain areas, within monkeys and between monkeys. These findings illustrate that SPME microprobes provide a versatile novel tool to characterize multiple neuromodulators across different brain areas in vivo to understand the interdependence and co-variation of neuromodulators during goal directed behavior. Such data will be important to better distinguish between different behavioral states and characterize dysfunctional brain states that may be evident in psychiatric disorders.
Optimal asymptotic identification under bounded disturbances (1993)

The intrinsic limitation of worst-case identification of linear time-invariant systems using data corrupted by bounded disturbances, when the unknown plant is known to belong to a given model set, is studied. This is done by analyzing the optimal worst-case asymptotic error achievable by performing experiments using any bounded input and estimating the plant using any identification algorithm. It is shown that under some topological conditions on the model set, there is an identification algorithm which is asymptotically optimal for any input, and the optimal asymptotic error is characterized as a function of the inputs. These results, which hold for any error metric and disturbance norm, are applied to three specific identification problems: identification of stable systems in the l/sub 1/ norm, identification of stable rational systems in the H/sub infinity / norm and identification of unstable rational systems in the gap metric. For each of these problems, the general characterization of optimal asymptotic error is used to find near-optimal inputs to minimize the error.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tapping the near-infrared spectral region with bacteriochlorin arrays (2011)

Bacteriochlorophylls—natural pigments for absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light—underlie light-absorption and energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria. Capturing and utilizing NIR light is valuable in fields ranging from artificial photosynthesis to photomedicine (photodynamic therapy, imaging, and diagnostics). The desired photochemical features may be best elicited with multicomponent architectures that support efficient excited-state energy and/or electron transfer, yet few such arrays containing bacteriochlorins (the core chromophore of bacteriochlorophylls) are known. This review outlines three synthetic approaches toward bacteriochlorins, surveys all known bacteriochlorin arrays, and compares molecular design strategies for light-harvesting arrays containing bacteriochlorinsversus (the better known) porphyrins.
Cell specific eQTL analysis without sorting cells (2014)

Abstract Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping on tissue, organ or whole organism data can detect associations that are generic across cell types. We describe a new method to focus upon specific cell types without first needing to sort cells. We applied the method to whole blood data from 5,683 samples and demonstrate that SNPs associated with Crohn's disease preferentially affect gene expression within neutrophils.
Kinetische Untersuchungen zur heterogen katalysierten Metathese von 1‐Penten: Entwicklung einer optimierten Reaktorfahrweise (2009)

Abstract Für die Petrochemie stellt die Alkenmetathese eine interessante Methode zur Variation der Kettenlänge von Kohlenwasserstoffen dar. Für unfunktionalisierte Alkene können heterogene Metathese‐Katalysatoren eingesetzt werden, die sich vom Reaktionsmedium einfach abtrennen lassen. Ein Beispiel ist die durch Re 2 O 7 /γ‐Al 2 O 3 katalysierte Metathese von 1‐Penten zu 4‐Octen und Ethen. Diese Reaktion gehört zu einem mehrstufigen Verfahren, das auf Basis des C4‐Schnitts des Steamcrackers Weichmacheralkohole produziert. Zur Auslegung der benötigten Reaktoren sind kinetische Daten erforderlich, deren Ermittlung in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Hierzu zählen sowohl die Reaktions‐ als auch die Desaktivierungskinetik. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen werden anschließend Berechnungen von Temperaturprogrammen dargelegt, die trotz fortschreitender Katalysator‐Desaktivierung einen über lange Zeit konstanten Reaktorumsatz ermöglichen.
Hyperbranched self-assembled photoanode for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (2015)

The photoanode morphology is key for improving photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells.
2 P2P or Not 2 P2P? (2003)

In the hope of stimulating discussion, we present a heuristic decision tree that designers can use to judge the likely suitability of a P2P architecture for their applications. It is based on the characteristics of a wide range of P2P systems from the literature, both proposed and deployed.
Blågrönalger i Östersjön (Blue-green algae in the Baltic Sea, In Swedish) (2010)

Blomningar av blagronalger i Ostersjon ar inget nytt fenomen. De forekom redan for 8000 ar sedan, i samband med att Ostersjon blev ett brackvattenhav. Blomningarna har dock okat i saval utbredning ...
Gaps in Dyslipidemia Care Among Working‐Aged Individuals With Employer‐Sponsored Health Care (2020)

Background The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology guidelines defined patient-management groups that would benefit from lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We assessed gaps in dyslipidemia care among employees and spouses with health benefits. Methods and Results We studied 17 889 employees and spouses who were covered by an employer-sponsored health plan and participated in an annual health assessment. Using medical claims, laboratory tests, and risk assessment questionnaires, we found that 43% of participants were in one of 4 patient-management groups: secondary prevention, severe hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL at least once in the preceding 5 years), diabetes mellitus, or elevated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease. To assess gaps in dyslipidemia care, we used LDL-C ≤70 mg/dL as the goal for both the secondary prevention group and those in the elevated 10-year risk group with >20% risk; LDL-C ≤100 mg/dL was used for the other groups. Among those in patient-management groups, 27.3% were in the secondary prevention group, 7.4% were in the severe hypercholesterolemia group, 29.9% were in the diabetes mellitus group, and 35.4% were in the elevated 10-year risk group. About 74% of those in patient-management groups had above-goal LDL-C levels, whereas only 31% had evidence of a lipid-lowering therapy in the past 6 months: 45% in the secondary prevention group, 31% in the severe hypercholesterolemia group, 36% in the diabetes mellitus group, and 17% in the elevated 10-year risk group. Conclusions The substantial gaps in LDL-C treatment and goal attainment among members of an employer-sponsored medical plan who were mostly aware of their LDL-C levels indicate the need for gap-closure initiatives.
Internal current probing of integrated circuits using magnetic force microscopy (1992)

A model for the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) imaging of IC currents is presented. MFM signal generation is described and the ability to analyze current direction and magnitude with a sensitivity of approximately 1 mA DC and approximately 1 mu A AC is demonstrated. Experimental results are a significant improvement over the 100 mA AC resolution previously reported using an electron beam to detect IC currents. >
Substance P‐immunoreactive sensory axons in the rat respiratory tract: A quantitative study of their distribution and role in neurogenic inflammation (1992)

Substance P is one of the peptides released from sensory nerves that mediate "neurogenic inflammation." Although substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) axons are known to be present within the mucosa of the respiratory tract, the relative extent of the innervation of various components of the mucosa is not known. Therefore, we determined the distribution and number of SP-IR axons in the rat trachea and bronchi, by using immunohistochemistry on tissue whole mounts. Specifically, we sought to learn whether these axons directly innervate the postcapillary venules involved in neurogenic plasma extravasation, the arterioles involved in neurogenic vasodilatation, and the airway smooth muscle involved in bronchoconstriction in pathogen-free, adult male F344 rats. We found that 90% of the SP-IR axons were single axons, usually having varicosities. Eighty-five percent of these were in the epithelium, 6% innervated arterioles, and the remainder elsewhere in the lamina propria. Only 10% of the mediator-sensitive postcapillary venules (i.e., venules labeled with Monastral blue pigment after challenge with capsaicin or substance P) were within 10 microns of SP-IR axons. SP-IR axons were more than 10 times as frequent in the smooth muscle of the distal bronchi as in the trachea. Capsaicin pretreatment (168 mg/kg over 7 days) reduced the number of SP-IR axons in the trachea by 96%, which is consistent with their being sensory. Unilateral vagotomy reduced the number of SP-IR axons bilaterally in the trachea and ipsilaterally in the main stem bronchus. Using an antibody to Protein Gene Product 9.5 as a nonspecific marker for all nerves in the trachea, we determined that SP-IR axons constituted 90% of the axons in the epithelium, 32% of the axons on arterioles, and only 4% of the axons in the smooth muscle. We conclude that most SP-IR nerves in the trachea are sensory axons and most of these axons end in the epithelium. SP-IR axons innervate mucosal arterioles, but few innervate postcapillary venules. Therefore, the mechanism by which sensory axons evoke plasma extravasation from these venules is likely to involve the diffusion of the peptide or a secondary mediator from the epithelium or from the arterioles upstream.
A frequency-selective nested dual-loop broadband low-noise amplifier in 90 nm CMOS (2012)

A broadband, frequency-selective low-noise amplifier (LNA) with at least 25 dB of rejection at frequencies below the L-band (includes GPS and GSM carriers) is fabricated in a 90 nm standard CMOS process. The proposed LNA can be used for broadband impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) and frequency modulated FM-UWB. The frequency-selective (3.5-10.5 GHz) LNA is power-to-current (P-I) configured and comprises nested reactive feedback loops: a positive current-to-current (I-I) feedback loop to boost the power gain and a negative I-I feedback loop for impedance and noise matching. The measured gain of the P-I LNA is 15±3 dB. It has a noise figure (NF) of 2.4±0.8 dB and a 1-dB gain compression point (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-½dB</sub> ) of -17.5±2.5 dBm. The die area of the LNA is 0.7×0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and it consumes 9.6 mW from a 0.8 V power supply. The proposed P-I LNA is most suitable for a sub-1 V single-cell radios.
Synthesis of composite ruthenium-containing silica nanomaterials from amine-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles as elemental bricks (2010)

A facile synthesis of composite ruthenium-containing silica nanomaterials from amine stabilized-ruthenium nanoparticles as elemental bricks is described. This route takes advantage of an organometallic approach and the use of bifunctional H2N–(CH2)x–Si(OEt)3 amines as stabilizing ligands (x = 3, 11) for the synthesis of ruthenium nanoparticles, from [Ru(COD)(COT)] (COD = 1,3-cyclooctadiene, COT = 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene) as the metal precursor. Classical hydrolysis and polycondensation steps of the sol–gel approach further lead to the formation of the silica matrix around the ruthenium nanoparticles. [RuO2]@SiO2 nanocomposites are then obtained through a calcination step in air. The final composite nanomaterials were characterized by different techniques and they were found to possess a high specific surface area making them attractive materials for catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2′‐ or 3′‐O‐Heteroaryl Substituted Nucleic Acid Derivatives and Their Biological Properties (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Collaborative radio resource allocation for the downlink of multi‐cell multi‐carrier systems (2013)

This study investigates collaboration among neighbouring base stations for the downlink of multi‐carrier cellular networks, in the absence of a centralised control unit, which is a defining characteristic of future wireless networks. The authors propose a novel scheme for collaboration in resource allocation among a cluster of three neighbouring base stations. In this scheme, the results of an initial calculation are shared among neighbouring cells, then the scheduling decision is made locally and independently by each cell. This scheme does not require complex and iterative calculation. The information is exchanged only once during each scheduling epoch, which results in reduced overhead on the backhaul links. The scheme is implemented in a distributed manner. Simulation‐based performance analysis demonstrates effectiveness of the proposed collaborative resource allocation scheme among the neighbouring base stations for multi‐carrier systems, particularly for the users located near the cell edges.
Ankle Foot Orthoses with Wire Insertion (2013)

The objective of the work is to present some researches regarding the virtual modelling of external medical devices with wire insertion. Ankle foot orthoses are used to correct and prevent different disfunctions of the human body and also in athlets recovery. The research is motivate by the problems appeared using this medical devices: durability issues, patient confort, manufacturing costs, lightweight, flexible access to shoes, inexpensive, readily available. These issues depends of the wey design, manufacturing technology, materials used, patient behavior, skills manufacturer. Wire insertion in polypropylene is a new approach of orthoses materials.