gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided detection of lung cancer on chest radiographs: differences in the interpretation time of radiologist's showing vs. not showing improvement with CAD (2003)

Using data from a clinical trial of a commercial CAD system for lung cancer detection, we are comparing the time used for interpreting chest radiographs between the radiologists showing improvement in detecting lung cancer with computer assistance to those not showing improvement. While measurement showed that the 15 radiologists as a group showed improvement (the Az was 0.8288 in independent reading, and 0.8654 in sequential reading with CAD, improvement has a P-value of 0.0058), there were 9 radiologists who showed improvement and 6 who did not. The behavior of the radiologists differed between the cases that contained cancer and those that were cancer-free. For the cases that contained a cancer, there was no statistically significant difference in time between the two groups (P-value 0.26). For the cancer-free cases, we found a statistically significant greater interpretation time for the radiologists whose performance in cancer detection was better with computer assistance compared to those without improvement (P-value 0.02). This work shows that radiologists who increased their detection of lung cancer using CAD, compared to those who showed no improvement, significantly increased their reading time when they determined that true negative cases for cancer were indeed true negative cases, but did not increase reading time for true positive decision on cancer cases.
Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error (1997)

The description of sphero-cylinder lenses is approached from the viewpoint of Fourier analysis of the power profile. It is shown that the familiar sine-squared law leads naturally to a Fourier series representation with exactly three Fourier coefficients, representing the natural parameters of a thin lens. The constant term corresponds to the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) power, whereas the amplitude and phase of the harmonic correspond to the power and axis of a Jackson cross-cylinder (JCC) lens, respectively. Expressing the Fourier series in rectangular form leads to the representation of an arbitrary sphero-cylinder lens as the sum of a spherical lens and two cross-cylinders, one at axis 0 degree and the other at axis 45 degrees. The power of these three component lenses may be interpreted as (x,y,z) coordinates of a vector representation of the power profile. Advantages of this power vector representation of a sphero-cylinder lens for numerical and graphical analysis of optometric data are described for problems involving lens combinations, comparison of different lenses, and the statistical distribution of refractive errors.
Identification and characterization of rat T cell subpopulations expressing T cell receptors α/β and γ/δ (1990)

Peripheral lymphoid organs of the rat were investigated for the presence of lymphocytes that expressed the pan-T cell markers CD5 and OX-52 but not the T cell receptor (TcR) alpha/beta. Two such populations were identified: 2% to 4% of lymphocytes in adult spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood are CD5+ TcR alpha/beta- and express the OX-52 antigen at the same density as TcR alpha/beta+ T-cells. About 90% of these cells are CD8+. A second population is CD5-, CD8+ and OX-52low. Radioimmunoprecipitation from digitonin lysates of surface-labeled cells with an anti-CD3 antiserum showed that the CD5+, but not the CD5- population of TcR alpha/beta- cells expresses a CD3-associated disulfide-linked cell surface molecule of about 100 kDa apparent mol. mass. Upon reduction, one major band, migrating with 48 kDa was observed. A band of the same size was obtained with an anti-human delta chain peptide antiserum, indicating that the CD3-associated non-TcR alpha/beta molecule is the rat TcR gamma/delta. Functional assays showed that most, if not all natural killer (NK) cell activity is present in the CD5(-)-OX-52low population. Reactivity to foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in mixed lymphocyte reaction was exclusively found in TcR alpha/beta+ splenic T cells. It is concluded that rat gamma/delta T cells in the spleen do not contain a high frequency of cells with specificity for foreign MHC antigens. The seeding of the periphery with alpha/beta and the presumptive gamma/delta T cells was followed from birth. Most prominently in the spleen, alpha/beta T cells reached adult levels much later than gamma/delta T cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the expression of the TcR gamma/delta on a minor population of peripheral rat T cells with the predominant phenotype CD4-CD8+ that has no NK cell activity when freshly isolated and does not contain a high frequency of alloreactive cells.
Brefeldin A differently affects basal and prolactin-stimulated milk protein secretion in lactating rabbit mammary epithelial cells. (1997)

When lactating mammary epithelial cells were treated with prolactin in vitro, numerous small vesicles rapidly accumulated in the Golgi area, and secretion of milk proteins increased. The effects of brefeldin A on these intracellular events were investigated. As observed by electron microscopy, stacks of the median Golgi were not altered after incubation in the presence of 50 nM brefeldin A but were dissociated when the drug concentration was > or = 500 nM. Small vesicles did not accumulate in the Golgi area when mammary cells were incubated in medium containing both prolactin and brefeldin A, whatever the concentration of the latter. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that 50 nM brefeldin A did not modify the localization of the CTR 433 median Golgi protein, but it induced redistribution of trans-Golgi network-associated proteins such as TGN38, AP-1 adaptor and clathrin. These effects occurred in the presence of brefeldin A plus prolactin. Pulse-chase experiments showed that brefeldin A concentrations > or = 100 nM induced the intracellular accumulation of milk proteins, provoked the appearance of immature forms of caseins, and inhibited milk protein secretion. In contrast, concentrations of brefeldin A of < or = 50 nM did not affect basal casein secretion but inhibited the secretagogue effect of prolactin. These data show not only that several biochemical events in the transport of milk proteins which are sensitive to different brefeldin A concentrations occur in lactating mammary epithelial cells, but also that it is possible to inhibit a hormonal stimulus in a selective manner, while the machinery responsible for basal secretion is still active.
Supplementary Table 1 from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Inhibitory activity of anthracyclines and their analogs on sensitive and resistant TNBC cells.&lt;/p&gt;
MyD88 provides a protective role in long-term radiation-induced lung injury (2020)

The role of innate immune regulators is investigated in injury sustained from irradiation as in the clinic for cancer treatment or from a nuclear incident. The protective benefits of flagellin signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLR) in an irradiation setting warrant study of a key intracellular adaptor of TLR signaling, namely Myeloid differentiation primary response factor 88 (MyD88). The role of MyD88 in regulating innate immunity and Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-activated responses targets this critical factor for influencing injury and recovery as well as maintaining immune homeostasis.
The appetite‐suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine* (2004)

Caffeine added to nicotine chewing gum appears to amplify its attenuating effects on appetite and the combinations of 1-mg of nicotine with caffeine seem to be well tolerated.
Deutron Break-Up: Theoretical Description of Polarization Observables in Stapp formalism (2005)

The vector and tensor analyzing powers as well as the polarization of the outgoing proton are calculated for the exclusive deuteron break-up reaction $\vec{d}p \to \vec{p}pn$ at a deuteron beam energy of 2 GeV. Two component covariant formalism of Stapp has been used to have the completely Lorentz invariant model. In addition to the Impulse Approximation the nucleon-nucleon double-scattering and delta-excitation mechanism have been added coherently. Good agreement with the precise data obtained at Saclay is achieved.
Password Correction and Confidential Information Access System (2017)

This chapter considers the use of Reed–Solomon codes to correct user mistakes or missing parts of long entered passwords in an encrypted, information retrieval system or a password-based authentication system. Dynamic, user-specific mapping of Galois field elements is used to ensure that passwords, arbitrarily chosen by the user, are valid codewords. A typical system is described based on GF(256) and the ANSI character set with worked examples given for encoding and password correction. Security is also enhanced by the user-specific Galois field symbol mapping because this defeats Rainbow tables when used with long passwords.
Recognizing complex, parameterized gestures from monocular image sequences (2008)

Robotic assistants designed to coexist and communicate with humans in the real world should be able to interact with them in an intuitive way. This requires that the robots are able to recognize typical gestures performed by humans such as head shaking/nodding, hand waving, or pointing. In this paper, we present a system that is able to spot and recognize complex, parameterized gestures from monocular image sequences. To represent people, we locate their faces and hands using trained classifiers and track them over time. We use few, expressive features extracted out of this compact representation as input to hidden Markov models (HMMs). First, we segment gestures into distinct phases and train HMMs for each phase separately. Then, we construct composed HMMs, which consist of the individual phase-HMMs. Once a specific phase is recognized, we estimate the parameter of the current gesture, e.g., the target of a pointing gesture. As we demonstrate in the experiments, our method is able to robustly locate and track hands, despite of the fact that they can take a large number of substantially different shapes. Based on this, our system is able to reliably spot and recognize a variety of complex, parameterized gestures.
Performance characteristics of a whole-body PET scanner. (1994)

The results show the performance of the newly designed PET scanner to be well suited for clinical and research applications.
Understanding Fate and Effects of Copper Pesticides in Aquatic Systems (2016)

Copper sulfate and other chelated or complex copper forms are commonly used to manage nuisance and noxious algae and invasive weeds through direct application to aquatic systems. Regulatory scrutiny and perceived non-target species impacts supported the need for an accurate risk assessment of fate and effects of copper applied as a pesticide. Copper inputs to aquatic systems originate from numerous sources (e.g. natural, storm water, industrial) whereas direct pesticide applications account for approximately 13%. Following a pesticide application, copper rapidly partitions to suspended algae and particulates and the majority (>90%) of applied copper is transferred to sediments within 2 days. Copper subsequently shifts to less bioavailable forms and risks to non-target species are significantly decreased. Additionally, the copper that partitions to sediments is diluted through migration to greater sediments depths and accretion. Even when elevated sediment copper concentrations were measured following chronic applications or high treatment levels, no adverse effects to non-target species were observed with laboratory or field experiments. When used appropriately copper can be an effective tool for water resource managers with negligible environmental impact.
Truthful Online Scheduling of Cloud Workloads under Uncertainty (2022)

Cloud computing customers often submit repeating jobs and computation pipelines on \emph{approximately} regular schedules, with arrival and running times that exhibit variance. This pattern, typical of training tasks in machine learning, allows customers to partially predict future job requirements. We develop a model of cloud computing platforms that receive statements of work (SoWs) in an online fashion. The SoWs describe future jobs whose arrival times and durations are probabilistic, and whose utility to the submitting agents declines with completion time. The arrival and duration distributions, as well as the utility functions, are considered private customer information and are reported by strategic agents to a scheduler that is optimizing for social welfare. We design pricing, scheduling, and eviction mechanisms that incentivize truthful reporting of SoWs. An important challenge is maintaining incentives despite the possibility of the platform becoming saturated. We introduce a framework to reduce scheduling under uncertainty to a relaxed scheduling problem without uncertainty. Using this framework, we tackle both adversarial and stochastic submissions of statements of work, and obtain logarithmic and constant competitive mechanisms, respectively.
Search-Based Regular Expression Inference on a GPU (2023)

Regular expression inference (REI) is a supervised machine learning and program synthesis problem that takes a cost metric for regular expressions, and positive and negative examples of strings as input. It outputs a regular expression that is precise (i.e., accepts all positive and rejects all negative examples), and minimal w.r.t. to the cost metric. We present a novel algorithm for REI over arbitrary alphabets that is enumerative and trades off time for space. Our main algorithmic idea is to implement the search space of regular expressions succinctly as a contiguous matrix of bitvectors. Collectively, the bitvectors represent, as characteristic sequences, all sub-languages of the infix-closure of the union of positive and negative examples. Mathematically, this is a semiring of (a variant of) formal power series. Infix-closure enables bottom-up compositional construction of larger from smaller regular expressions using the operations of our semiring. This minimises data movement and data-dependent branching, hence maximises data-parallelism. In addition, the infix-closure remains unchanged during the search, hence search can be staged: first pre-compute various expensive operations, and then run the compute intensive search process. We provide two C++ implementations, one for general purpose CPUs and one for Nvidia GPUs (using CUDA). We benchmark both on Google Colab Pro: the GPU implementation is on average over 1000x faster than the CPU implementation on the hardest benchmarks.
Synthesis of reversible and irreversible cross-linked (M)PEG-(meth)acrylate based functional copolymers (2011)

Copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates (MW ≈ 300 and 1100) and poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate (MW ≈ 375) with N-acryloxysuccinimide and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate were synthesized by free radical copolymerization in dioxane (80 °C) or THF (60 °C) using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Converting the N-acryloxysuccinimide or pentafluorophenyl methacrylate repeating units with cystamine followed by TCEP·HCl treatment at pH < 7, water soluble, functional copolymers with thiol groups in the side chains were obtained. Reversibly and irreversibly cross-linked gels were prepared by oxidation of the thiol groups to disulfide bonds using H2O2 or by reacting the precursor copolymers with ethylene bisacrylate or poly(ethylene glycol) bisacrylate, via Michael-type addition reaction. The obtained gels were compared with regards to their chemical composition and their ability to absorb water by determination of the equilibrium water content of each gel viathermogravimetric analysis.
Color STN-LCD for Automotive Information Display (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We have developed a 5.7″ diagonal color STN-LCD (Super Twisted Nematic - Liquid Crystal Display) for automotive information display. It shows high CR (Contrast Ratio) and relatively fast switching speed throughout the wide temperature range and has cost merit compared with TFT-LCDs (Thin Film Transistor - Liquid Crystal Displays). It could be used for the automotive information display like navigation system, traffic information, vehicle diagnostics, and car computer etc.&lt;/div&gt;
High-Temperature Cycle Durability of Superplastic Al–Zn Eutectoid Solder Joints With Stress Relaxation Characteristics for SiC Power Semiconductor Devices (2018)

We have developed a new high-temperature Al-Zn lead-free soldering process that utilizes superplasticity to realize SiC power devices with high-temperature cycle durability. The joining process consists of an Al-78wt.%Zn preparation being sandwiched by a SiC die and an insulation substrate, an interfacial cleaning process at approximately 250-270 °C, a heating stage to reach the solid-liquid coexisting temperature of 420-430 °C, the ejection of low-melting-temperature β(Zn) from the joining area by press stress, and the transformation to a superplastic composition, i.e., Al-70 wt.% Zn at 270-310 °C. Many lamellar phases that enable superplasticity can be formed in this microstructure. This solder joint composition was proven to have a better stress-relaxation effect than eutectic Al-95wt.%Zn, and the composition shows a much higher damping capability at the maximum operating temperature of SiC devices (200 °C) than that of other joining candidates. The outstanding temperature cycle durability was verified in temperature cycle tests from -40 °C to 300 °C for 5000 cycles. This durability is due to the high-stress-relaxation effect from the superplasticity transformation realized by the lamellar structures in the Al-Zn alloy solder.
Recent HVPE grown solar cells at NREL (2021)

In this work we present solar cells grown via hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) in NREL’s dynamic HVPE reactor. We show single junction GaAs and GaInP solar cells with efficiencies as high as 25.5% and 15.2% respectively, and dual junction solar cells with an efficiency of 24.9%.
Global model of Micro Hollow Cathode Discharges in argon (2011)

International audience
Biodegradation of Bisphenol A by Cultured Cells of<i>Caragana chamlagu</i> (2003)

The biological degradation of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenol)propane (1; bisphenol A, BPA), a representative endocrine disruptor, was studied with plant-cultured cells of Caragana chamlagu. An initial BPA concentration of 425 microM in an aqueous solution was degraded by C. chamlagu at 25 degrees C for 2 days in the dark, and two intermediates were then completely dissipated after 10 days.
:AT ableau Prover with Logic-Independent Inference Engine (2011)

MetTeL is a generic tableau prover for various modal, intu- itionistic, hybrid, description and metric logics. The core component of MetTeL is a logic-independent tableau inference engine. A novel feature is that users have the ability to flexibly specify the set of tableau rules to be used in derivations. Termination can be achieved via a generalisation of a standard loop checking mechanism or unrestricted blocking.
Decentralized Local Scaling Factor Control for Backoff-Based Opportunistic Routing (2019)

In wireless multi-hop networks such as ad hoc networks and sensor networks, backoff-based opportunistic routing protocols, which make a forwarding decision based on backoff time, have been proposed. In the protocols, each potential forwarder calculates the backoff time based on the product of a weight and global scaling factor. The weight prioritizes potential forwarders and is calculated based on hop counts to the destination of a sender and receiver. The global scaling factor is a predetermined value to map the weight to the actual backoff time. However, there are three common issues derived from the global scaling factor. First, it is necessary to share the predetermined global scaling factor with a centralized manner among all terminals properly for the backoff time calculation. Second, it is almost impossible to change the global scaling factor during the networks are being used. Third, it is difficult to set the global scaling factor to an appropriate value since the value differs among each local surrounding of forwarders. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper proposes a novel decentralized local scaling factor control without relying on a predetermined global scaling factor. The proposed method consists of the following three mechanisms: (1) sender-centric local scaling factor setting mechanism in a decentralized manner instead of the global scaling factor, (2) adaptive scaling factor control mechanism which adapts the local scaling factor to each local surrounding of forwarders, and (3) mitigation mechanism for excessive local scaling factor increases for the local scaling factor convergence. Finally, this paper evaluates the backoff-based opportunistic routing protocol with and without the proposed method using computer simulations.
Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes (2001)

Catalysis - introduction and fundamentals catalytic phenomena catalyst materials, properties and preparation catalyst characterization and selection reactors, reactor design, and activity testing catalyst deactivation - causes, mechanisms and treatment hydrogen production and synthesis gas reactions hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of organic compounds oxidation of inorganic and organic compounds petroleum refining and processing environmental catalysis - stationary sources homogenous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, and polymerization catalysis.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Articulated Drive Mechanism for Multifunctional NOTES Robot (2014)

This paper presents a novel articulated drive mechanism (ADM) for a multifunctional natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) robotic manipulator. It consists mainly of three major components including an articulated snake-like linkage, motor housing and an arm connector. The ADM contains two independent curvature sections which can articulate into complex S shapes for improved access to surgical targets. A connector between the bimanual arms and the ADM provides an efficient and convenient way to assemble and disassemble the system as necessary for insertion and removal of the robot. Four DC motors guide four pairs of cables with linear actuation to steer the robot. The workspace, cable displacement and force transmission relationships are derived. Experimental results give preliminary validation of the feasibility and capability of the ADM system.
Compact hybrid Si microring lasers (2009)

In this paper we review the recent progress in developing compact microring lasers on the hybrid silicon platform. A simplified self-aligned process is used to fabricate devices as small as 15 &mu;m in diameter. The optically-pumped, continuous wave (cw) devices show low threshold carrier density, comparable to the carrier density to reach material transparency. In the electrically-pumped lasers, the short cavity length leads to the minimum laser threshold less than 5 mA in cw operation. The maximum cw lasing temperature is up to 65 &deg;C. Detailed studies in threshold as a function of coupling coefficient and bus waveguide width are presented. Surface recombination at the dry-etched exposed interface is investigated qualitatively by studying the current-voltage characteristics. Ring resonator-based figures of merits including good spectral purity and large side-mode suppression ratio are demonstrated. Thermal impedance data is extracted from temperature-dependent spectral measurement, and buried oxide layer in silicon-on-insulator wafer is identified as the major thermal barrier to cause high thermal impedance for small-size devices. The demonstrated compact hybrid ring lasers have low power consumption, small footprint and dynamic performance. They are promising for Si-based optical interconnects and flip-flop applications.