gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Altitudinal Gradient of Microbial Biomass Phosphorus and Its Relationship with Microbial Biomass Carbon, Nitrogen, and Rhizosphere Soil Phosphorus on the Eastern Slope of Gongga Mountain, SW China (2013)

Microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) is one of the most active forms of phosphorus (P) in soils. MBP plays an important role in the biogeochemical P cycle. To explore MBP distribution and its relationship with other factors, the MBP and rhizosphere soil P concentrations and fractions in six vegetation zones on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in SW China were investigated. The MBP distribution followed a parabolic pattern with altitude and the concentration was highest in the subalpine dark coniferous forest (SDC) zone, which was approximately 3500 m above sea level (asl). Below 3500 m asl, the MBP distribution was controlled by precipitation and vegetation type. In addition, temperature, precipitation and vegetation type controlled the MBP distribution at elevations above 3500 m asl. No specific distribution pattern was determined regarding rhizosphere soil P fractions. However, MBP was significantly correlated with the unavailable P fraction in the rhizosphere rather than with the available P fraction. This result suggests that the relationships between the rhizosphere soil P fractions and the MBP depend on time. The microbial biomass element ratios were relatively consistent on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain. However, variations in the microbial biomass element rations were observed in six of the vegetation zones. The mean C:N:P ratio was 9.0∶1.3∶1. Overall, vegetation type resulted in the observed fluctuations of the microbial biomass element ratio.
Application of fractal encoding techniques for image segmentation (2003)

Fractal encoding is the first step in fractal based image compression techniques, but this technique can also be useful outside the image compression field. This paper discusses a fractal encoding technique and some of its variations adapted to the concept of segmenting anomalous regions within an image. The primary goal of this paper is to provide background information on fractal encoding and show application examples to equip the researcher with enough knowledge to apply this technique to other image segmentation applications. After a brief overview of the algorithm, important parameters for successful implementation of fractal encoding are discussed. Included in the discussion is the impact of image characteristics on various parameters or algorithm implementation choices in the context of two applications that have been successfully implemented.
New Materials for Chemical and Biosensors (2006)

ABSTRACT Wide band gap materials such as SiC, AlN, GaN, ZnO, and diamond have excellent properties such as high operation temperature when used as field effect devices and a high resonating frequency of the substrate materials used in piezoelectric resonator devices. Integration of FET and resonating sensors on the same chip enables powerful miniaturized devices, which can deliver increased information about a gas mixture or complex liquid. Examples of sensor devices based on different wide band gap materials will be given.
Dynamic Federated Learning-Based Economic Framework for\n Internet-of-Vehicles (2021)

Federated learning (FL) can empower Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) networks by\nleveraging smart vehicles (SVs) to participate in the learning process with\nminimum data exchanges and privacy disclosure. The collected data and learned\nknowledge can help the vehicular service provider (VSP) improve the global\nmodel accuracy, e.g., for road safety as well as better profits for both VSP\nand participating SVs. Nonetheless, there exist major challenges when\nimplementing the FL in IoV networks, such as dynamic activities and diverse\nquality-of-information (QoI) from a large number of SVs, VSP's limited payment\nbudget, and profit competition among SVs. In this paper, we propose a novel\ndynamic FL-based economic framework for an IoV network to address these\nchallenges. Specifically, the VSP first implements an SV selection method to\ndetermine a set of the best SVs for the FL process according to the\nsignificance of their current locations and information history at each\nlearning round. Then, each selected SV can collect on-road information and\noffer a payment contract to the VSP based on its collected QoI. For that, we\ndevelop a multi-principal one-agent contract-based policy to maximize the\nprofits of the VSP and learning SVs under the VSP's limited payment budget and\nasymmetric information between the VSP and SVs. Through experimental results\nusing real-world on-road datasets, we show that our framework can converge 57%\nfaster (even with only 10% of active SVs in the network) and obtain much higher\nsocial welfare of the network (up to 27.2 times) compared with those of other\nbaseline FL methods.\n
Famotidine Orally Disintegrating Tablets: Bitterness Comparison of Original and Generic Products (2009)

The purpose of the present study was to compare the palatability of the original and eight generic versions of famotidine orally disintegrating tablets by means of human gustatory sensation tests, a comparison of the release profiles, and using an automated taste sensor, the alpha-Astree Electronic Tongue. In the gustatory sensation test, the original product (Gaster D, 10 mg) showed the lowest bitterness intensity. Among the eight generic products tested, the variance in the sweetness intensity was not great, but there were large variances in the intensity of bitterness, some of the generic products being significantly more bitter than that of the original product. On the other hand, some generic products show similar bitterness level as the original product. In a study of release profiles, the original product had the lowest release rates of both famotidine and aspartame; in comparison, some of the generic products had high release rates of famotidine and aspartame, even in the initial stages. Whereas some generic products had low release rates of famotidine and aspartame. Finally, sample solutions were analysed using the taste sensor. There was a good correlation between the taste predicted by principal component analysis and the Euclidean distance obtained by the taste sensor, and bitterness intensities obtained in the human gustatory tests.
Comparison of Vibrating Mesh, Jet, and Breath-Enhanced Nebulizers During Mechanical Ventilation (2020)

Nebulization with the breath-enhanced jet nebulizer was less sensitive to humidification than the jet nebulizer. Delivery via the vibrating mesh nebulizer was not predictable, with random failure to empty (55% experimental runs). All devices delivered similar particle distributions. Wet-side aerosol delivery avoids humidifier contamination, and breath-enhanced technology can ensure better control of drug delivery.
fMRI activation during spike and wave discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (2004)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the haemodynamic response of the cerebral cortex and thalamus during generalized spike and wave or polyspike and wave (GSW) bursts in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). The haemodynamic response is measured by fMRI [blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effect]. We used combined EEG-functional MRI, a method that allows the unambiguous measurement of the BOLD effect during bursts, compared with measurements during the inter-burst interval. Fifteen patients with IGE had GSW bursts during scanning and technically acceptable studies. fMRI cortical changes as a result of GSW activity were present in 14 patients (93%). Changes in the form of activation (increased BOLD) or deactivation (decreased BOLD) occurred symmetrically in the cortex of both hemispheres, involved anterior as much as posterior head regions, but were variable across patients. Bilateral thalamic changes were also found in 12 patients (80%). Activation predominated over deactivation in the thalamus, whereas the opposite was seen in the cerebral cortex. These results bring a new light to the pathophysiolocal mechanisms generating GSW. The spatial distribution of BOLD responses to GSW was unexpected: it involved as many posterior as anterior head regions, contrary to the usual fronto-central predominance seen in EEG. The presence of a thalamic BOLD response in most patients provided, for the first time in a group of human patients, confirmation of the evidence of thalamic involvement seen in animal models. The possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena are discussed.
The crosstalk between gut barrier impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and microbiota alterations in people living with HIV (2022)

Functional and structural damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier significantly contribute to translocation of gut microbial products into the bloodstream and are largely involved in HIV-1 associated chronic immune activation. This microbial translocation is largely due to a progressive exhaustion of intestinal macrophage phagocytic function, which leads to extracellular accumulation of microbial derived components and results in HIV-1 disease progression. This study aims to better understand whether the modulation of gut microbiota promotes an intestinal immune restoration in people living with HIV (PLWH). Long-term virologically suppressed PLWH underwent blood, colonic, and fecal sampling before (T0) and after 6 months (T6) of oral bacteriotherapy. Age- and gender-matched uninfected controls (UC) were also included. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to all participants' fecal microbiota. Apoptosis machinery, mitochondria, and apical junctional complex (AJC) morphology and physiological functions were analyzed in gut biopsies. At T0, PLWH showed a different pattern of gut microbial flora composition, lower levels of occludin (p = 0.002) and zonulin (p = 0.01), higher claudin-2 levels (p = 0.002), a reduction of mitochondria number (p = 0.002), and diameter (p = 0.002), as well as increased levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p = 0.018) and cCK18 (p = 0.011), compared to UC. At T6, an increase in size (p = 0.005) and number (p = 0.008) of mitochondria, as well as amelioration in AJC structures (p < 0.0001) were observed. Restoration of bacterial richness (Simpson index) and biodiversity (Shannon index) was observed in all PLWH receiving oral bacteriotherapy (p < 0.05). Increased mitochondria size (p = 0.005) and number (p = 0.008) and amelioration of AJC structure (p < 0.0001) were found at T6 compared to T0. Moreover, increased occludin and zonulin concentration were observed in PLWH intestinal tracts and decreased levels of claudin-2, LPS, and cCK18 were found after oral bacteriotherapy (T0 vs. T6, p < 0.05 for all these measures). Oral bacteriotherapy supplementation might restore the balance of intestinal flora and support the structural and functional recovery of the gut mucosa in antiretroviral therapy treated PLWH.
An experimental and computational study of the inferior vena cava hemodynamics under respiratory-induced collapse of the infrarenal IVC (2018)

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have been used for over five decades as an alternative to anticoagulation therapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. However, complications associated with IVC filters remain common. Though many studies have investigated blood flow in the IVC, the effects of respiration-induced IVC collapse have not been evaluated. Our hypothesis is that IVC collapse may have an influence on IVC filter performance. Therefore, we herein investigate the hemodynamics in uncollapsed and collapsed IVC configurations using in vitro flow experiments and computational simulations. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the hemodynamics in an idealized, compliant model of the human IVC made of silicone rubber. Flow is studied under uncollapsed and collapsed scenarios, with the minor diameter of the IVC reduced by 30% in the collapsed state. Both rest and exercise flow conditions are investigated, corresponding to suprarenal flow rates of 2 lpm and 5.5 lpm, respectively. Finite element analysis simulations are carried out in a computational model of the undeformed, idealized IVC to reproduce the 30% collapse configuration and an additional 50% collapse configuration. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are then performed to predict the flow in the uncollapsed and collapsed scenarios, and CFD results are compared to the experimental data. The results show that the collapsed states generate a higher velocity jet at the iliac junction that propagates farther into the lumen of the vena cava in comparison to the jet generated in the uncollapsed state. Moreover, 50% collapse of the IVC causes a shift of the jet away from the IVC wall and towards the center of the vena cava lumen. The area of maximum wall shear stress occurs where the jet impacts the wall and is larger in the collapsed scenarios. Secondary flow is also more complex in the collapsed scenarios. Interestingly, this study demonstrates that a small variation in the flow rate distribution between the right and left iliac veins induces significant variations in the flow characteristics. We speculate that asymmetries in the flow may generate unbalanced forces on the IVC wall and on placed IVC filters that could promote filter tilting and migration, although this requires further investigation. If unbalanced forces are present in vivo, the forces should be considered when determining the optimal placement positions and geometric features for IVC filters. Therefore, these findings motivate further investigation of the in vivo hemodynamics in the infrarenal IVC.
Durability of Polyolefin Encapsulation in Photovoltaic Modules with SmartWire Technology (2021)

Polyolefin elastomer (POE) encapsulants are becoming increasingly competitive options to replace ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); however, there remains little published work quantifying their adhesion. Here we characterize the critical adhesion energy of POE-encapsulated, bifacial mini-modules using single cantilever beam tests. Two types of structures are explored – a standard construction and one utilizing SmartWire Connection Technology (SWCT). Measurements are obtained for the encapsulant adhesion on both the front and rear sides of the mini-modules. Results indicate that POE encapsulants provide initial adhesion better than EVA; however, adhesion in SmartWire mini-modules is reduced due to weaker bonding with the SmartWire foil. These results provide a crucial baseline for understanding how delamination will affect POE-encapsulated modules. Additionally, they provide the first reported effects of modules utilizing SWCT on resulting adhesive strength.
Lithium-Ion Battery Safety Field-Failure Mechanisms (2010)

Abstract not Available.
Data from The Bispecific Tumor Antigen-Conditional 4–1BB x 5T4 Agonist, ALG.APV-527, Mediates Strong T-Cell Activation and Potent Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Studies (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;4–1BB (CD137) is an activation-induced costimulatory receptor that regulates immune responses of activated CD8 T and natural killer cells, by enhancing proliferation, survival, cytolytic activity, and IFNγ production. The ability to induce potent antitumor activity by stimulating 4–1BB on tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells makes 4–1BB an attractive target for designing novel immuno-oncology therapeutics. To minimize systemic immune toxicities and enhance activity at the tumor site, we have developed a novel bispecific antibody that stimulates 4–1BB function when co-engaged with the tumor-associated antigen 5T4. ALG.APV-527 was built on the basis of the ADAPTIR bispecific platform with optimized binding domains to 4–1BB and 5T4 originating from the ALLIGATOR-GOLD human single-chain variable fragment library. The epitope of ALG.APV-527 was determined to be located at domain 1 and 2 on 4–1BB using X-ray crystallography. As shown in reporter and primary cell assays &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;, ALG.APV-527 triggers dose-dependent 4–1BB activity mediated only by 5T4 crosslinking. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, ALG.APV-527 demonstrates robust antitumor responses, by inhibiting growth of established tumors expressing human 5T4 followed by a long-lasting memory immune response. ALG.APV-527 has an antibody-like half-life in cynomolgus macaques and was well tolerated at 50.5 mg/kg. ALG.APV-527 is uniquely designed for 5T4-conditional 4–1BB–mediated antitumor activity with potential to minimize systemic immune activation and hepatotoxicity while providing efficacious tumor-specific responses in a range of 5T4-expressing tumor indications as shown by robust activity in preclinical &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; models. On the basis of the combined preclinical dataset, ALG.APV-527 has potential as a promising anticancer therapeutic for the treatment of 5T4-expressing tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Effects of dopamine and selective dopamine agonists upon platelet accumulation in the cerebral and pulmonary vasculature of the rabbit (1997)

1. A selection of novel compounds were shown to exhibit dopaminergic activity in vitro. 2. 111Indium-labelled platelets were continuously monitored in the cerebral and pulmonary vasculature of anaesthetized rabbits. The effects of dopamine and selective dopamine receptor agonists on ADP and thrombin induced platelet accumulation were recorded. 3. Pretreatment with dopamine (2 mg kg(-1) min(-1), i.v.) significantly reduced ADP (20 microg kg(-1), i.v.) induced platelet accumulation in the pulmonary vasculature whereas lower doses had no effect. 4. Dopamine (100 microg kg(-1) min(-1) intra-carotid, i.c.) potentiated thrombin (90 u kg(-1), i.c.) induced platelet accumulation in the cerebral vasculature whereas higher doses (1-2 mg kg(-1) min[-1]) inhibited accumulation. 5. The selective dopamine receptor agonists tested did not significantly inhibit platelet accumulation induced by ADP or thrombin. Two of these selective agonists, at doses higher than the intended therapeutic doses, induced thrombocytopaenia and an associated increase in platelet accumulation in the lung in response to thrombin. 6. These results extend previous in vitro studies regarding the dual actions of dopamine upon platelets and show for the first time the effects of selective dopamine receptor agonists upon platelet aggregation in vivo.
Theory of Quantum Error Correction for General Noise (1999)

Quantum error correction protects quantum information against environmental noise. When using qubits, a measure of quality of a code is the maximum number of errors that it is able to correct. We show that a suitable notion of ``number of errors'' e makes sense for any system in the presence of arbitrary environmental interactions. In fact, the notion is directly related to the lowest order in time with which uncorrectable errors are introduced, and this in turn is derived from a grading of the algebra generated by the interaction operators. As a result, e-error-correcting codes are effective at protecting quantum information without requiring the usual assumptions of independence and lack of correlation. We prove the existence of large codes for both quantum and classical information. By viewing error-correcting codes as subsystems, we relate codes to irreducible representations of certain operator algebras and show that noiseless subsystems are infinite-distance error-correcting codes. An explicit example involving collective interactions is discussed.
Rotaxane probes for protease detection by <sup>129</sup>Xe hyperCEST NMR (2016)

We report a CB6 rotaxane for the <sup>129</sup>Xe hyperCEST NMR detection of matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2) activity. MMP-2 is overexpressed in cancer tissue, and hence is a cancer marker. A peptide containing an MMP-2 recognition sequence was incorporated into the rotaxane, synthesized via CB6-promoted click chemistry. Upon cleavage of the rotaxane by MMP-2, CB6 became accessible for <sup>129</sup>Xe@CB6 interactions, leading to protease-responsive hyperCEST activation.
Unveiling the Social Impact of AI through Living Labs (2022)

The Digital Transformation is a human transformation, not just a new industrial revolution, allowing potential access to all human knowledge. Social transformations appear at a pace never witnessed before, with challenges that can no longer be tackled by one organization alone. This makes the flourishing of paradigms of open innovation possible, where the integration of multiple stakeholders around the citizen-centric perspective is a key element. In this context, the impacts that AI will bring to our societies are still to be defined, or more precisely, there is a pending action of unveiling the social impact of AI, and this task has to be done prior to the development of new models in which AI-based automation and automatic decision making will play a fundamental role. Particularly, as an inherent part of the innovation management framework, this will affect strategy, leadership, institutional culture, processes and more — widely beyond the software design tasks. Dimensions such as capacity building, identity(ies), responsibility and creativity are now to be reshaped due to AI. The Living Lab approach appears as a powerful instrument for this mission, and in this chapter we will explore clear examples on how to tackle the unveiling of the impacts on such dimensions.
Measurement of the blood flow rate and velocity in coronary artery stenosis using intracoronary frequency domain optical coherence tomography: Validation against fractional flow reserve (2014)

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to assess the blood flow rate and velocity in coronary artery stenosis using intracoronary frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). A correlation between fractional flow reserve (FFR) and FD-OCT derived blood flow velocity is also included in this study. Methods & results: A total of 20 coronary stenoses in 15 patients were assessed consecutively by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), FFR and FD-OCT. A percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) optimization system was used in this study which combines wireless FFR measurement and FD-OCT imaging in one platform. Stenoses were labelled severe if FFR ≤ 0.8. Blood flow rate and velocity in each stenosis segment were derived from the volumetric analysis of the FD-OCT pull back images. The FFR value was ≤0.80 in 5 stenoses (25%). The mean blood flow rate in severe coronary stenosis (n = 5) was 2.54 ± 0.55 ml/s as compared to 4.81 ± 1.95 ml/s in stenosis with FFR > 0.8 (n = 15). A good and significant correlation between FFR and FD-OCT blood flow velocity in coronary artery stenosis (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) was found. Conclusion: The assessment of stenosis severity using FD-OCT derived blood flow rate and velocity has the ability to overcome many limitations of QCA and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).