gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Design Criteria for Extraordinary Performance of Devices Cooled by Microchannel Heat Sink (2010)

Increasing power dissipation in microprocessors and other devices is leading to the consideration of more capable thermal solutions than the traditional air-cooled fin heat sinks. Microchannel heat sinks (MHSs) are promising candidates for long-term thermal solution given their simplicity, performance, and the development of MHS-compatible 3D device architecture. As the traditional methods of cooling generally have uniform heat removal on the contact area with the device, thermal consequences of design have traditionally been considered only after the layout of components on a device is finalized in accordance with connection and other criteria. Unlike traditional cooling solutions, however, microchannel heat sinks provide highly nonuniform heat removal on the contact area with the device. This feature is of utmost importance and can actually be used quite advantageously, if considered during the design phase of a device. In this study, simple thermal design criteria governing the general placement of components on devices to be cooled by microchannel heat sink are developed and presented. These thermal criteria are not meant to supersede connection and other important design criteria but are intended as a necessary and valuable supplement. Full-scale numerical simulations of a device with a realistic power map cooled by microchannel heat sink prove the effectiveness of the criteria, showing large reduction in maximum operating temperature and harmful temperature gradients. The simulations further show that the device and microchannel heat sink can dissipate a comparatively high amount of power, with little thermal danger, when design considers the criteria developed herein.
Polypropylene (2018)

Abstract Polypropylene is one of the most important plastic materials. Its use has grown rapidly since its discovery in 1954. In 2015, the worldwide polypropylene demand was estimated to be 62 million tons per year; about 26% market share of thermoplastic material, second only to polyethylene (37% market share). Progress in technology following catalysts development is described. Type of polypropylene grades, influence of the operating parameters on polymer properties and application are given. A brief description of Spheripol and Spherizone , the most advanced technologies for polypropylene production, is included.
Sulfur Dioxide Treatment Alters Wine Microbial Diversity and Fermentation Progression in a Dose-Dependent Fashion (2014)

The use of sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) as an antimicrobial in winemaking is a well-established, common practice. Although much is known about the antimicrobial effects of SO<sub>2</sub> at single concentrations, little is known about its effects on microbial growth dynamics across a range of concentrations or when used in conjunction with yeast inoculation. Using high-throughput marker-gene sequencing, we investigated the cumulative impacts of yeast inoculation and SO<sub>2</sub> treatments across a broad concentration range (0 to 150 mg/L SO<sub>2</sub>) on the bacterial and fungal communities in wine fermentations. Our results indicated a dose-dependent effect of SO<sub>2</sub>, with lactic acid bacteria and <i>Gluconobacter</i> proliferating in fermentations with &lt;25 mg/L SO<sub>2</sub>, but other bacteria and fungi were unaffected by the SO<sub>2</sub> addition. Microbial profiles stabilized at concentrations ≥25 mg/L SO<sub>2</sub>, and fermentation performance decreased at higher concentrations (100 to 150 mg/L SO<sub>2</sub>). Yeast inoculation alone conferred a stabilizing effect, reducing the bacterial growth observed in unsulfited fermentations, but this effect was not additive with an increase in SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations.
The MER3 DNA Helicase Catalyzes the Unwinding of Holliday Junctions (2002)

The MER3 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for crossover in meiosis and has been suggested to act at the initiation of homologous pairing and the resolution of Holliday junctions. The purified MER3 protein is a DNA helicase that translocates along single-stranded DNA in the 3' to 5' direction displacing annealed DNA fragments. Here, MER3 was found to be able to unwind various double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) substrates, including a 30-bp dsDNA with a 20-nucleotide 3'-overhang, a 30-bp dsDNA with a 20-nucleotide 5'-overhang, a 50-bp dsDNA with blunt ends, and a Holliday junction with 25-bp arms, each of which had a blunt end. Efficient unwinding of the 3'-overhang substrate appeared to initiate by the binding of MER3 to the 3' single-stranded tail in a reaction that required six or more unpaired bases. Unwinding of the blunt end and 5'-overhang substrates appeared to initiate at the blunt ends of these substrates. Unwinding of the Holliday junction was more efficient than the unwinding of the blunt and 5'-overhang substrates and was influenced by Mg(2+) concentrations that cause changes in the structure of the junction. Possible roles for Holliday junction unwinding in meiotic crossover are discussed.
CSIG-15. CIC REGULATES NEURAL STEM/PROGENITOR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION (2016)

Capicua (Cic) is an evolutionarily conserved HMG box-containing transcriptional repressor. Mutations in the CIC gene (encoded on human chr 19q) have been found in a diverse range of human cancers, but are most striking in their association with oligodendrogliomas (ODGs), where tumor cells bear resemblance to immature oligodendrocytes or OPCs. CIC mutations are present in two thirds of ODGs and occur in the setting of concurrent 1p/19q loss and IDH1/2 mutation. Although its link to ODGs is established, little is known of the role that Cic plays during normal cortical development or how its loss may contribute to gliomagenesis. Here, we examine the relationship between CIC expression and cell identity in the developing mouse brain and begin to determine its importance in the regulation of proliferation and cell fate of cortical progenitors. We found strong nuclear localization in mature cells of astrocytic and neuronal lineages but weaker or absent nuclear localization in stem cells and oligodendroglial lineage cells. CIC loss-of-function studies showed increased proliferative and self-renewal capacity of neural stem/progenitor populations in vitro and in vivo. In addition, CIC loss biased cultured neural stem cells away from neuronal and astrocytic lineages and toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. Our data further suggest an overproduction of OPCs from cells in which CIC is lost. Taken together, our results indicate that CIC is an important regulator of fate decisions in neural development and suggest that its loss may contribute to oligodendroglioma formation by both dysregulating proliferation and by promoting an OPC-like identity.
Changes in tissue levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and somatostatin in the femurs of hind-limb immobilized rats (2001)

Immobilization of an extremity causes skeletal muscle atrophy and a dramatic increase in bone resorption. Growth hormone (GH) is known to play an important role in bone remodeling mediated in part by local insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). In this study, we investigated changes in the levels of GH and IGF-I peptide in bone extracts from the femur after hind-limb immobilization for 5 days, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The levels of somatostatin, which interacts with GH, were also measured in the bone extracts. GH levels increased after 8 weeks of hind-limb immobilization whereas the IGF-I concentrations increased after 2 weeks, but returned to control levels at 4 weeks, and decreased after 8 weeks of immobilization. The somatostatin levels in the bone extracts increased only after 8 weeks of hind-limb immobilization. Our findings suggest that, after hind-limb immobilization, changes in the concentrations of GH, IGF-I, and somatostatin in bone may mediate bone resorption either directly or through interaction with other factors.
Single Unit Cell Thick Samaria Nanowires and Nanoplates (2006)

We report on the synthesis of samaria nanowires and nanoplates with a thickness of 1.1 nm. The cross-section of the nanowires is a rectangular shape with dimensions of 1.1 nm x 2.2 nm, which corresponded to the size of two unit cells of samaria. Under optimized conditions, we were able to synthesize as much as 10 g of the nanowires.
Infrared Imaging of the Breast-An Overview (2006)

Prologue The use of infrared imaging in health care is not a recent phenomenon. Its utilization in breast cancer screening, however, is seeing renewed interest. This attention is fueled by research that clearly demonstrates the value of this procedure and the tremendous impact it has on the mortality of breast cancer.
Thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers XXVI. Synthesis of comb-like polymers with oxygen containing spacers and a study of their phase transitions (1987)

Abstract Synthesis of new liquid-crystalline comb-like polymers with oxygen-containing spacers and mesogenic cyanbiphenyl groups is described. Liquid-crystalline homo-polymers of acrylates and methacrylates, their copolymers and liquid-crystalline polysiloxane are obtained. It is shown that the incorporation of oxygen atoms in spacer leads to decrease of the clearing temperature. The mesophase types of the homopolymers and copolymers are determined.
fMRI-Compatible Robotic Interfaces with Fluidic Actuation (2008)

Resonance Imaging (fMRI) procedures, due to the high magnetic fields and limited space in the scanner. Fluidic actuators can be made fMRI-compatible and are, thus, promising solutions. In this work we developed two robotic interface devices, one with hydraulic and another with pneumatic actuation, to control one degree-of-freedom translational movements of a user that performs fMRI tasks. Due to the fMRI-compatibility restrictions, special materials were used for the endeffector which works in the scanner bore, and active components such as the control valves and pressure sensors, had to be placed far away from the endeffector with long transmission lines in between. Therefore, the two fMRI-compatible setups differed from conventional fluidic actuation systems and brought control difficulties. Both systems have been proved to be fMRI-compatible and yield no image artifacts in a 3T scanner. Passive as well as active subject movements were realized by classical position and impedance controllers. With the hydraulic system we achieved smoother movements, higher position control accuracy and improved robustness against force disturbances than with the pneumatic system. In contrast, the pneumatic system was back-drivable, showed faster dynamics with relatively low pressure, and allowed force control. Furthermore, it is easier to maintain and does not cause hygienic problems after leakages. In general, pneumatic actuation is favorable for fast or force-controlled applications, whereas hydraulic actuation is recommended for applications that require high position accuracy, or slow and smooth movements.
Natural Toxins 2: Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Detection (2011)

From beach encounters, aquaculture perils, and processed-food poisoning to snake bites and biological warfare, natural toxins seem never to be far from the public's sight. A better understanding of toxins in terms of their origin, structure, structure-function relation ships, mechanism of action, and detection and diagnosis is of utmost importance to human and animal food safety, nutrition, and health. In addition, it is now clear that many of the toxins can be used as scientific tools to explore the molecular mechanism of several biological processes, be it a mechanism involved in the function of membrane channels, exocytosis, or cytotoxicity. Several of the natural toxins have also been approved as therapeutic drugs, which has made them of interest to several pharmaceutical companies. For example, botulinum neurotoxins, which have been used in studies in the field of neurobiology, have also been used directly as therapeutic drugs against several neuromus cular diseases, such as strabismus and blepherospasm. Toxins in combination with modem biotechnological approaches are also being investigated for their potential use against certain deadly medical problems. For example, a combination of plant toxin ricin and antibodies is being developed for the treatment of tumors. The great potential of natural toxins has attracted scientists of varying backgrounds-pure chemists to cancer biologists-to the study of fundamental aspects of the actions of these toxins.
PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKING UPDATE E-PON (2007)

Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), and broadband PON which preceded it, were produced from the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) group and the International Telecommunication Union — Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standards organization. As it was originally framed in 2002, G-PON was designed to be an inclusive standard, covering the carriage of time-division multiplexing (TDM), data, and video services, using both asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and packet payloads, at a wide variety of speeds and loss budgets. This wide-scope strategy helped promote quick adoption of G-PON, since it could accommodate pretty much any service and fit into a wide range of network situations. Today, G-PON is a mature fiber access transmission system. As time has passed, G-PON contin
Paramagnetic Relaxation-Based <sup>19</sup>F MRI Probe To Detect Protease Activity (2007)

A novel design principle for 19F MRI probes detecting protease activity was developed. This principle is based on 19F MRI signal quenching by the intramolecular paramagnetic effect from Gd3+. The intramolecular Gd3+ dramatically attenuated the 19F probe signal, and the paramagnetic effect was cancelled by the probe hydrolyzation by caspase-3. Using this probe, it was shown that the probe could detect caspase-3 activity spatially from a phantom image using 19F MRI.
Reporter Gene Transfer Induces Apoptosis in Primary Cortical Neurons (2002)

Modern cell biologists typically use reporter genes either alone or co-expressed with a protein of interest to facilitate the localization or quantification of protein expression. Our work demonstrates that reporter genes should be used cautiously, as several common reporter gene products are toxic to primary cortical neuronal cultures. We used the herpes simplex virus-based viral amplicon vector to transduce cortical neurons with three different reporter genes and assessed whether any reporter gene products were toxic over time, by monitoring neurite disintegration and apoptosis. Toxicity varied as a function of the reporter gene, the gene product localization, and the level of reporter gene expression. Transduction of enhanced green fluorescent protein or nuclear-localized beta-galactosidase was more toxic than non-nuclear localized beta-galactosidase. This work underscores the need for careful design of gene expression constructs. Moreover, in studies where cell injury or toxicity is being evaluated, their use should be carefully considered.
SPoRT's Participation in the GOES-R Proving Ground Activity (2011)

The next generation geostationary satellite, GOES-R, will carry two new instruments with unique atmospheric and surface observing capabilities, the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), to study short-term weather processes. The ABI will bring enhanced multispectral observing capabilities with frequent refresh rates for regional and full disk coverage to geostationary orbit to address many existing and new forecast challenges. The GLM will, for the first time, provide the continuous monitoring of total lightning flashes over a hemispherical region from space. NOAA established the GOES-R Proving Ground activity several years ago to demonstrate the new capabilities of these instruments and to prepare forecasters for their day one use. Proving Ground partners work closely with algorithm developers and the end user community to develop and transition proxy data sets representing GOES-R observing capabilities. This close collaboration helps to maximize refine algorithms leading to the delivery of a product that effectively address a forecast challenge. The NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) program has been a participant in the NOAA GOES-R Proving Ground activity by developing and disseminating selected GOES-R proxy products to collaborating WFOs and National Centers. Established in 2002 to demonstrate the weather and forecasting application of real-time EOS measurements, the SPoRT program has grown to be an end-to-end research to operations activity focused on the use of advanced NASA modeling and data assimilation approaches, nowcasting techniques, and unique high-resolution multispectral data from EOS satellites to improve short-term weather forecasts on a regional and local scale. Participation in the Proving Ground activities extends SPoRT s activities and taps its experience and expertise in diagnostic weather analysis, short-term weather forecasting, and the transition of research and experimental data to operational decision support systems like NAWIPS, AWIPS, AWIPS2, and Google Earth. Recent SPoRT Proving Ground activities supporting the development and use of a pseudo GLM total lightning product and the transition of the AWG s Convective Initiation (CI) product, both of which were available in AWIPS and AWIPS II environments, by forecasters during the Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) Spring Experiment. SPoRT is also providing a suite of SEVIRI and MODIS RGB image products, and a high resolution composite SST product to several National Centers for use in there ongoing demonstration activities. Additionally, SPoRT has involved numerous WFOs in the evaluation of a GOES-MODIS hybrid product which brings ABI-like data sets in front of the forecaster for everyday use. An overview of this activity will be presented at the conference.
Progression of follicular lymphoma and related entities: Report from the 2021 SH/EAHP Workshop (2023)

Together, these unique cases and their accompanying molecular and cytogenetic data suggest potential mechanisms for and unusual patterns of transformation in B-cell lymphomas and indicate numerous opportunities for further study.
Negative Group Velocity: Is It a Negative Index Material or Fast Light? (2008)

When negative slop of the dispersion curve is encountered – the propagating light may be either ‘fast light’ or ‘backward propagating’. We show that the same photonic (plasmonic) system can support both these disjoint solutions.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Brachypodium distachyon: sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of eight grass plastomes (2008)

We demonstrate that BAC libraries can be used to sequence plastid, and likely other organellar, genomes. As expected, the Brachypodium chloroplast genome is very similar to those of other sequenced grasses. The phylogenetic analyses and the pattern of insertions and deletions in the chloroplast genome confirmed that Brachypodium is a close relative of the tribe Triticeae. Nevertheless, we show that some large indels can arise multiple times and may confound phylogenetic reconstruction.
Quantum Critical Behavior in a Concentrated Ternary Solid Solution (2016)

The face centered cubic (fcc) alloy NiCoCrx with x ≈ 1 is found to be close to the Cr concentration where the ferromagnetic transition temperature, Tc, goes to 0. Near this composition these alloys exhibit a resistivity linear in temperature to 2 K, a linear magnetoresistance, an excess -TlnT (or power law) contribution to the low temperature heat capacity, and excess low temperature entropy. All of the low temperature electrical, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of the alloys with compositions near x ≈ 1 are not typical of a Fermi liquid and suggest strong magnetic fluctuations associated with a quantum critical region. The limit of extreme chemical disorder in this simple fcc material thus provides a novel and unique platform to study quantum critical behavior in a highly tunable system.
High-Affinity and Cooperative Binding of Oxidized Calmodulin by Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase (2006)

Methionines can play an important role in modulating protein-protein interactions associated with intracellular signaling, and their reversible oxidation to form methionine sulfoxides [Met(O)] in calmodulin (CaM) and other signaling proteins has been suggested to couple cellular redox changes to protein functional changes through the action of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr). Prior measurements indicate the full recovery of target protein activation upon the stereospecific reduction of oxidized CaM by MsrA, where the formation of the S-stereoisomer of Met(O) selectively inhibits the CaM-dependent activation of the Ca-ATPase. However, the physiological substrates of MsrA remain unclear, as neither the binding specificities nor affinities of protein targets have been measured. To assess the specificity of binding and its possible importance in the maintenance of CaM function, we have measured the kinetics of repair and the binding affinity between oxidized CaM and MsrA. Reduction of Met(O) in fully oxidized CaM by MsrA is sensitive to the protein fold, as repair of the intact protein is incomplete, with >6 Met(O) remaining in each CaM following MsrA reduction. In contrast, following proteolytic digestion, MsrA is able to fully reduce one-half of the oxidized methionines, indicating that surface-accessible Met(O) within folded proteins need not be substrates for MsrA repair. Mutation of the active site (i.e., C72S) in MsrA permitted equilibrium-binding measurements using both ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements. We observe cooperative binding of two MsrA to each CaMox with an apparent affinity (K = 70 +/- 10 nM) that is 3 orders of magnitude greater than the Michaelis constant (KM = 68 +/- 4 microM). The high-affinity and cooperative interaction between MsrA and CaMox suggests an important regulatory role of MsrA in the binding and reduction of Met(O) in functionally sensitive proteins, such that multiple MsrA proteins are recruited to simultaneously bind and reduce Met(O) in highly oxidized proteins. Given the suggested role of Met(O) in modulating reversible binding interactions between proteins associated with cellular signaling, these results indicate an ability of MsrA to selectively reduce Met(O) within highly surface-accessible sequences to maintain cellular function as part of an adaptive response to oxidative stress.
Remote sensing of the tropical rain forest boundary layer using pulsed Doppler lidar (2010)

Abstract. Within the framework of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes (OP3) project, a pulsed Doppler lidar was deployed for a 3 month period in the tropical rain forest of Borneo to remotely monitor vertical and horizontal transport, aerosol distributions and clouds in the lower levels of the atmosphere. The Doppler velocity measurements reported here directly observe the mixing process and it is suggested that this is the most appropriate methodology to use in analysing the dispersion of canopy sourced species into the lower atmosphere. These data are presented with a view to elucidating the scales and structures of the transport processes, which effect the chemical and particulate concentrations in and above the forest canopy, for applications in the parameterisation of climate models.
Functional Role of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Chronic Allergic Keratoconjunctivitis (2010)

The TSLP protein produced in conjunctival epithelial cells plays a role in severe ocular allergy through the activation of dendritic cells and mast cells in synergy with other cytokines.