gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance, Efficiency and Emissions Evaluation of Gasoline Port-Fuel Injection, Natural Gas Direct Injection and Blended Operation (2016)

The need to further reduce fuel consumption and decrease the output of emissions — in order to be within future emissions legislation — is still an ongoing effort for the development of internal combustion engines. Natural gas is a fossil fuel which is comprised mostly of methane and makes it very attractive for use in internal combustion engines because of its higher knock resistance and higher molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio compared to gasoline. The current paper compares the combustion and emissions behavior of the test engine being operated on either a representative U.S. market gasoline or natural gas. Moreover, specific in-cylinder blend ratios with gasoline and natural gas were also investigated at part-load and wide open throttle conditions. The dilution tolerance for part-load operation was investigated by adding cooled exhaust gas recirculation. The engine used for these investigations was a single cylinder research engine for light duty application which is equipped with two separate fuel systems. Gasoline was injected into the intake port; natural gas was injected directly into the cylinder to overcome the power density loss usually connected with port fuel injection of natural gas. Injecting natural gas directly into the cylinder reduced both ignition delay and combustion duration of the combustion process compared to the injection of gasoline into the intake port. Injecting natural gas and gasoline simultaneously resulted in a higher dilution tolerance compared to operation on one of the fuels alone. Significantly higher net indicated mean effective pressure and indicated thermal efficiency were achieved when natural gas was directly injected after intake valve closing at wide open throttle, compared to an injection while the intake valves were still open. In general it was shown that the blend ratio and the start of injection need to be varied depending on load and dilution level in order to operate the engine with the highest efficiency or highest load.
Correction: Corrigendum: Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota (2017)

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8489.
The Influence of Higher-Order Mode Shapes for Reduced-Order Models of Electrostatically Actuated Microbeams (2010)

Reduced-order models for micro-electromechanical structures possess several attractive features when compared with computational approaches using, e.g., finite-element packages. However, also within the business of reduced-order modeling, there are different approaches that yield different results. The efficiency of such approaches has to be judged according to, first, the purposes and aims of the model and, second, according to computational expenses and modeling efforts. This paper deals specifically with the frequently asked question of how many modes have to be considered in the discretization procedure to ensure an efficient reduced-order model. A consistent nonlinear continuum model is employed to describe a doubly clamped microbeam subject to two cases of electromechanical actuation. The analysis, confined to the static behavior, concentrates on two discretization techniques and addresses the differences between the final reduced-order models, accordingly. The results show significant differences with respect to the number of implemented linear-undamped mode shape functions, which are used as basis functions in the approximation procedure. This is demonstrated for the two mentioned distinct excitation schemes of the doubly clamped microbeam. The purposes of this paper are twofold. First, it draws attention to the differences between reduced-order models, which have been discretized one way or the other according to investigation goals and purposes. Second, it serves as a guideline for future micro- and nano-electromechanical system modeling by elaborating the advantages and disadvantages of both techniques.
Generation of reactive oxygen species in sperms of rats as an earlier marker for evaluating the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (2010)

Bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) have been reported to cause sperm toxicity. To identify an earlier marker of toxicity of environmental substances or food additives, this study determined whether the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperms could serve as indices for the prediction of sperm toxicity and quality. Male Wistar rats were given drinking water containing various doses of BPA or DES for 8 weeks. Some rats were treated with 0.45% N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) for 2 days prior to the administration of DES or BPA. Administration of BPA or DES to rats for 1 week dose-dependently increased the production of ROS, even at doses and time points which had no effect on sperm motility. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal modified proteins increased in sperms 8 weeks after BPA or DES treatment. NAC reversed oxidative stress and prevented the loss of sperm function in the DES or BPA-treated group. During observation, changes in the sperm motility, sperm count and morphology were not correlated to the increase in ROS levels. These results suggest that ROS levels may be used as an early indicator of sperm count and quality decreases which result from chronic toxicity.
Data from Comprehensive Genomic Landscapes in Early and Later Onset Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;The incidence rates of colorectal cancers are increasing in young adults. The objective of this study was to investigate genomic differences between tumor samples collected from younger and older patients with colorectal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;DNA was extracted from 18,218 clinical specimens, followed by hybridization capture of 3,769 exons from 403 cancer-related genes and 47 introns of 19 genes commonly rearranged in cancer. Genomic alterations (GA) were determined, and association with patient age and microsatellite stable/microsatellite instability high (MSS/MSI-H) status established.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Overall genomic alteration rates in the younger (&lt;40) and older (≥50) cohorts were similar in the majority of the genes analyzed. Gene alteration rates in the microsatellite stable (MSS) younger and older cohorts were largely similar, with several notable differences. In particular, &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01) and &lt;i&gt;CTNNB1&lt;/i&gt; (FDR = 0.01) alterations were more common in younger patients with colorectal cancer, and &lt;i&gt;APC&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01), &lt;i&gt;KRAS&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01), &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01), and &lt;i&gt;FAM123B&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01) were more commonly altered in older patients with colorectal cancer. In the MSI-H cohort, the majority of genes showed similar rate of alterations in all age groups, but with significant differences seen in &lt;i&gt;APC&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01), &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt; (FDR &lt; 0.01), and KRAS (FDR &lt; 0.01).&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Tumors from younger and older patients with colorectal cancer demonstrated similar overall rates of genomic alteration. However, differences were noted in several genes relevant to biology and response to therapy. Further study will need to be conducted to determine whether the differences in gene alteration rates can be leveraged to provide personalized therapies for young patients with early-onset sporadic colorectal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Differentiation of Sendai Virus-Reprogrammed iPSC into β Cells, Compared with Human Pancreatic Islets and Immortalized β Cell Line (2018)

We demonstrated that insulin-producing cells generated from iPSCs recapitulate fundamental gene expression profiles and secretory function of native human β cells.
Supplementary Data from Therapy-Induced Senescence Drives Bone Loss (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figures&lt;/p&gt;
Fully automated segmentation and quantification of visceral and subcutaneous fat at abdominal CT: application to a longitudinal adult screening cohort (2018)

This robust, fully automated CT adiposity tool allows for both individualized and population-based assessment of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat. Such data could be automatically derived at abdominal CT regardless of the study indication, potentially allowing for opportunistic cardiovascular risk stratification. Advances in knowledge: The CT-based adiposity tool described herein allows for fully automated measurement of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat, which can be used for assessing cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, and for change over time.
ViewPointer (2005)

We introduce ViewPointer, a wearable eye contact sensor that detects deixis towards ubiquitous computers embedded in real world objects. ViewPointer consists of a small wearable camera no more obtrusive than a common Bluetooth headset. ViewPointer allows any real-world object to be augmented with eye contact sensing capabilities, simply by embedding a small infrared (IR) tag. The headset camera detects when a user is looking at an infrared tag by determining whether the reflection of the tag on the cornea of the user's eye appears sufficiently central to the pupil. ViewPointer not only allows any object to become an eye contact sensing appliance, it also allows identification of users and transmission of data to the user through the object. We present a novel encoding scheme used to uniquely identify ViewPointer tags, as well as a method for transmitting URLs over tags. We present a number of scenarios of application as well as an analysis of design principles. We conclude eye contact sensing input is best utilized to provide context to action.
Self-diffraction of CO<sub>2</sub>laser radiation in nematic liquid crystals near a nematic–isotropic liquid phase transition (1989)

Experimental and theoretical investigations were made of self-diffraction of CO2 laser radiation in absorbing nematic crystals. A considerable increase in the signal-wave gain occurred as a result of transfer of energy from the pump radiation near a nematic–isotropic liquid phase transition (in this case the absolute gain of a weak infrared wave reached 600%). A theoretical interpretation of the effect was based on a model of a thermal nonlinearity of a nematic liquid crystal near the phase transition.
Substrate Noise Reduction Using Active Guard Band Filters in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits (1997)

A substrate noise reduction technique using an active guard band filter, is developed for analog and digital mixed-signal integrated circuits. A noise cancellation signal generated by operational amplifiers is actively input into a guard band to cancel substrate noise. In a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS test chip, substrate noise was experimentally suppressed to less than 1% of the original non-canceled noise for frequencies below 1 MHz by using this technique.
Single-cell profiling of prurigo nodularis demonstrates immune-stromal crosstalk driving profibrotic responses and reversal with nemolizumab (2023)

This study provides a high-resolution characterization of the cell types and cellular processes activated in PN skin, establishing PN as a chronic fibrotic inflammatory skin disease. It further demonstrates the broad effect of nemolizumab on pathological processes in PN skin.
Biomarkers for Isocyanate Exposure:  Synthesis of Isocyanate DNA Adducts (2006)

Isocyanates are important intermediates in industrial manufacturing. DNA adducts and protein adducts are important tools to biomonitor people exposed to xenobiotics. In the present work, the formation of DNA adducts deriving from 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate (4CPI) and 4-methylphenyl isocyanate (4MPI) were explored. The adducts of 4CPI and/or 4MPI with 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, and 2'-deoxycytidine were synthesized and characterized by NMR and MS. For low level detection, an LC-MS/MS method was developed. The formation of DNA adducts was confirmed in in vitro reactions with DNA.
In-Line Electron Beam Inspection of High Aspect-Ratio RMG FINFET Gate (2017)

Abstract For a recent replacement metal gate (RMG) technology using a SOI substrate, residue from the dummy gate formed a defect that affected the RMG formation. In this FINFET technology, the high aspect ratio of the gate makes removing the dummy gate very difficult. Residue is left behind, especially in multi-fin structures. This residue was poorly detected by existing Broad-Band-Plasma inspection and thus required Electron Beam Inspection. However, this physical inspection is challenging due to high aspect ratio of the gate and an insulating wafer surface. The defect was verified using TEM, and careful sample prep is shown to be critical to verify the defect. The high aspect ratio and insulating sample in a charged-particle inspection is investigated with Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations.
CARBON DIOXIDE METHANATION ON ORDERED MESOPOROUS CO/KIT-6 CATALYST (2013)

Mesoporous Co/KIT-6 and Co/SiO2 catalysts were prepared via hydrogen reduction and were subsequently used in CO2 catalytic hydrogenation to produce methane. The properties of the prepared Co/KIT-6 catalyst were investigated by low-angle X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the synthesized Co/KIT-6 catalyst has mesoporous structures with well-dispersed Co species, as well as higher CO2 catalytic hydrogenation activities than that of the Co/SiO2 catalyst. The Co/KIT-6 catalyst has a large specific surface area (368.9 m2 · g−1) and a highly ordered bicontinuous mesoporous structure. This catalyst exhibits excellent CO2 catalytic hydrogenation activity and methane product selectivity; the CO2 conversion and methane selectivity of the Co/KIT-6 catalyst at 280°C are 48.9% and 100%, respectively. The highly ordered, bicontinuous mesoporous structure of the Co/KIT-6 catalyst improves selectivity for the methane product.
Acquired Thermotolerance and Expression of the HSP100/ClpB Genes of Lima Bean (2000)

Acquired thermotolerance (AT) is the ability of cells to survive a normally lethal temperature treatment as a consequence of pretreatment at an elevated but sublethal temperature. In yeast and cyanobacteria, the expression of the HSP100/ClpB protein is required for the AT response. To determine whether the HSP100/ClpB protein is associated with this response in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), we have cloned an HSP100/ClpB homolog and assessed expression of the two gene copies under heat stress conditions, which induce AT. Transcription of the cytoplasmically localized HSP100/ClpB protein genes is stringently controlled by heat stress in both of the laboratory and field heat stress conditions. From a heat-induced cDNA library, we identified a clone of a putative chloroplast-targeted (cp) HSP100/ClpB protein gene sequence. The cp HSP100/ClpB protein genes are constitutively expressed, but transcript levels increase post-heat stress in laboratory heat stress experiments. In field conditions the genes for the cp HSP100/ClpB are constitutively expressed. Although we were unable to correlate differences in the timing of AT response with the expression or genetic structure of the HSP100/ClpB genes in heat-tolerant or -sensitive varieties of lima bean, we clearly demonstrate the association of expression of HSP100/ClpB proteins with heat response in this species.
Successful UV‐Induced RICFP of Epoxy‐Composites (2017)

The UV‐curing of epoxy monomers by cationic photopolymerization is a powerful method for the production of polymer materials. The limit of film thickness in cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomers has been recently overcome by introducing a novel radical induced cationic frontal polymerization (RICFP) system within this research group. The possibility to cure epoxides in bulk by UV‐light promoted here presents the novel approach to photocured composites. In the present work, the recently established RICFP system is applied on SiO 2 ‐filled epoxy formulations based on bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether. The influence of filler content on frontal propagation is examined in RICFP experiments. The composite materials are also investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis to determine mechanical properties of the frontally polymerized products.
A Novel Liquid Crystal Image Processing Technique Using Multiple Gas Temperature Steps to Determine Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution and Adiabatic Wall Temperature (2003)

This paper presents a novel experimental technique, which combines thermochromic liquid crystals with multiple steps in gas temperature, to determine heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic wall temperature distributions. The transient heat transfer experiments have been conducted on a flat plate using the low-temperature analogue of an ISO standard propane-air burner commonly used in aero-engine fire certification. The technique involves the measurement of the surface temperature response of an insulating model to a change in gas temperature. A coating comprising more than one thermochromic liquid crystal material is used to increase the range of the surface measurement and this is combined with multiple step changes in gas temperature. These measures induce several peaks in liquid crystal intensity throughout the transient experiment and these are shown to improve the accuracy. The current technique employs useful data from both the heating and cooling phases in the heat transfer test. To the authors’ knowledge, this has not been investigated before and it is likely to be very useful for other applications of the liquid crystal transient heat transfer experiment. The uncertainties in all measurements have been quantified and are presented in this paper.
Synthetic Studies on Aphidicolane and Stemodane Diterpenes. V. A Facile Formal Total Synthesis of (.+-.)-Aphidicolin via a Lewis Acid-Mediated Stereoselective Spiroannelation. (1995)

Formal total synthesis of (±)-aphidicolin (1) was achieved via a Lewis acid-mediated stereoselective spiroannelation reaction as a key step. The bisbenzyl acetal (2) was synthesized from the readily available dimethyl acetal (4). Treatment of 2 with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) afforded a 69 : 31 mixture of the spirocyclic enones (9 and 10) in excellent yield. The tricyclic ketal-ketone (3) corresponding to the B/C/D rings of 1 was easily generated from the enone (9) by intramolecular alkylation and catalytic hydrogenation as principal steps. The A-ring construction was performed by a procedure similar to one used previously. Barbier reaction of 14, followed by oxidative rearrangement, stereoselective 1, 4-addition of a methyl group, and subsequent intramolecular aldol-condensation afforded the tetracyclic enone (18), which has already been transformed into (±)-aphidicolin (1).
Binding of Molecular O<sub>2</sub> to Di- and Triligated [UO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (2006)

Gas-phase complexes containing dioxouranium(V) cations ([UO(2)](+)) ligated with two or three sigma-donating acetone ligands reacted with dioxygen to form [UO(2)(A)(2,3)(O(2))](+), where A is acetone. Collision-induced dissociation studies of [UO(2)(A)(3)(O(2))](+) showed initial loss of acetone, followed by elimination of O(2), which suggested that O(2) was bound more strongly than the third acetone ligand, but less strongly than the second. Similar behavior was observed for complexes in which water was substituted for acetone. Binding of dioxygen to [UO(2)](+) containing zero, one, or four ligands did not occur, nor did it occur for analogous ligated U(IV)O(2) or U(VI)O(2) ions. For example, only addition of acetone and/or H(2)O occurred for the U(VI) species [UO(2)OH](+), with the ligand addition cascade terminating in formation of [UO(2)OH(A)(3)](+). Similarly, the U(IV) species [UOOH](+) added donor ligands, which produced the mixed-ligand complex [UOOH(A)(3)(H(2)O)](+) as the preferred product at the longest reaction times accessible. Since dioxygen normally functions as an electron acceptor, an alternative mode for binding dioxygen to the cationic U(V)O(2) center is indicated that is dependent on the presence of an unpaired electron and donor ligands in the uranyl valence orbitals.
Catalytic Intermolecular Pauson−Khand-Type Reaction:  Strong Directing Effect of Pyridylsilyl and Pyrimidylsilyl Groups and Isolation of Ru Complexes Relevant to Catalytic Reaction (2004)

Some circumstantial evidence for the directing effect of the 2-pyridylsilyl group in the Ru-catalyzed intermolecular Pauson-Khand-type reaction (PKR) of alkenyl(2-pyridyl)silane, alkyne, and carbon monoxide has been provided. Most importantly, we have succeeded in isolating several monometallic Ru complexes relevant to the catalytic reaction: Ru(vinylsilane)(CO)(3) complexes and ruthenacyclopentene. While the stoichimetric reaction of the Ru(vinylsilane)(CO)(3) complex with an alkyne led to the formation of the corresponding cyclopentenone (PKR product) at 100 degrees C, the ruthenacyclopentene intermediate was quantitatively produced at 50 degrees C. This complex was also converted to a cyclopentenone upon heating at 100 degrees C. Moreover, it was also found that the Ru(vinylsilane)(CO)(3) complex and ruthenacyclopentene serve as catalysts in intermolecular PKR.
Feasibility of Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement before and after Thoracentesis (2015)

Bioelectrical impedance changes in correlation with the thoracic fluid level. It was feasible to monitor significant fluid shifts and loss after thoracentesis in the "Transthoracic" vector by means of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. The trial is registered with Registration Numbers IRB EK206/11 and NCT01778270.
Absorption and multiple scattering by suspensions of aligned red blood cells (1991)

The analytical theory of multiple scattering [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1084 (1970)] permits predictions of scattering patterns by homogeneous suspensions of aligned and randomly oriented particles. Predictions for randomly oriented particles have been tested previously. Using an optical system involving a He-Ne laser and suspensions of red blood cells, we tested the theory's predictions for scattering by suspensions in two distinct alignments. The qualitative effects of cell alignment on light scattering are consistent with those predicted, although measured differences in scattering between the two alignments exceed those predicted. We conclude that the theory may provide an optical means of distinguishing particle orientation in multiple scattering suspensions.
Plasma C-peptide level is inversely associated with family history of type 2 diabetes in Korean type 2 diabetic patients (2010)

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by progressive β-cell dysfunction. Family history of type 2 diabetes has been known to be associated with an increased risk for the development of the disease. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of family history of diabetes on residual β-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients. We investigated associations among family histories, clinical characteristics and plasma C-peptide levels in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 1,350 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. The patients with a family history of type 2 diabetes had younger age at onset of diabetes, longer diabetes duration, higher LDL-cholesterol, and lower fasting C-peptide levels than the patients without family history. When divided according to the tertiles of diabetes duration, patients with a family history of type 2 diabetes had more decreased concentrations of fasting C-peptide as duration of diabetes increased, but patients without a family history did not. Multiple regression models were used to determine the association between fasting plasma C-peptide levels and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. With adjustments for age and sex, glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1C)), fasting plasma glucose, free fatty acids, body mass index and diabetes mellitus (DM) duration, there was a significant association (P < 0.01). Our results showed that a family history of diabetes was significantly associated with the progressive decline of fasting plasma C-peptide levels in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus.