gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Limited-Capacity Minimax Theorem for Non-Convex Games or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying about Mixed-Nash and Love Neural Nets. (2021)

Adversarial training, a special case of multi-objective optimization, is an increasingly prevalent machine learning technique: some of its most notable applications include GAN-based generative modeling and self-play techniques in reinforcement learning which have been applied to complex games such as Go or Poker. In practice, a \emph{single} pair of networks is typically trained in order to find an approximate equilibrium of a highly nonconcave-nonconvex adversarial problem. However, while a classic result in game theory states such an equilibrium exists in concave-convex games, there is no analogous guarantee if the payoff is nonconcave-nonconvex. Our main contribution is to provide an approximate minimax theorem for a large class of games where the players pick neural networks including WGAN, StarCraft II, and Blotto Game. Our findings rely on the fact that despite being nonconcave-nonconvex with respect to the neural networks parameters, these games are concave-convex with respect to the actual models (e.g., functions or distributions) represented by these neural networks.
A software-defined and filter-free 0–26.5 GHz ultra-wideband RF transmitter enabled by photonics (2017)

An innovative software-defined photonics-based RF transmitter is presented. Stemming from a single widely tunable up-converting stage, the architecture exhibits large instantaneous and operating bandwidths, and avoids bulky RF components like synthesizes, multiple mixers and bandpass Alters. A dual-use scenario (radar plus communication) is created in laboratory, where an operative bandwidth from near DC up to 26.5 GHz is experimentally demonstrated. Laboratory constraints limited the total current bandwidth that in principle can be extended up to 40 GHz and beyond, exploiting commercially available electro-optical devices with better performance. The transmitter has reached a carrier leakage suppression and a sideband suppression greater than 45 dB, exceeding the preperformance of the filter-free electronic counterparts. The system also presents high linearity and dynamic range in terms of linear dynamic range (141 dB/Hz) and an IMD3-limited spurious free dynamic range (107 dB/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sup> ). In addition, photonic integration will provide a chip-scale solution with improved compactness and environmental stability.
Dirac Fermions in Blue Phosphorene Monolayer (2023)

Abstract 2D materials beyond graphene and in particular 2D semiconductors have raised interest due to their unprecedented electronic properties, such as high carrier mobility or tunable bandgap. Blue phosphorene is an allotrope of black phosphorene that resembles graphene as it presents a honeycomb structure. However, it is known to have semiconductor character and the crucial point is to determine whether this hexagonal phase of phosphorene presents Dirac fermions as in graphene. Here, the first compelling experimental evidence of Dirac fermions in blue phosphorene layer grown on Cu(111) surface is presented. The results highlight the formation of a highly ordered blue phosphorene sheet with a clear Dirac cone at the high symmetry points of the Brillouin Zone. The charge carriers behave as massless relativistic particles. Therefore, all the expectations held for graphene, such as high‐speed electronic devices based on ballistic transport at room temperature, may also be applied to blue phosphorene.
Effect of roasting on the volatile constituents of Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds (2014)

Roasted Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds have much more intense flavor than the raw seeds, and are commonly used as food and in the preparations of many medicinal formulations. Volatile constituents in the raw and roasted T. kirilowii seeds were separated by simultaneous distillation and extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on two capillary gas chromatography columns of different polarities (DB-WAX and HP-1). A total of 40 volatile compounds were identified in the raw seeds, with pentanal, 2-pentanol, styrene, (Z)-2-heptenal, (+)-calarene, and α-muurolene being the predominant compounds; 40 volatile compounds were also identified in the roasted seeds, with 3-methylbutanal, ethanol, 2-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene being the most abundant compounds. A total of 15 compounds, mostly aldehydes, were common in both seeds. Roasting of T. kirilowii seeds resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of sesquiterpenes and short-chain aliphatic aldehydes. By contrast, high concentrations of 3-methylbutanal, ethanol, 2-butanol, and alkyl pyrazines were generated, which was responsible for the unique flavor of the roasted seeds. The study results may be useful for optimizing the roasting process and oil processing of T. kirilowii seeds.
Electronic prescription for controlled substances: a cybersecurity perspective (2013)

The Electronic Prescription for Controlled Substances (EPCS) is a set of rules published by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) that regulates implementations of electronic prescription systems for controlled substances [1]. EPCS includes requirements two-factor authentication; specifications for electronic prescription applications; and rules governing the signing, transmitting, and receiving of electronic prescriptions [1]. However, this set of regulations overlooks numerous critical aspects of computer security. This paper highlights some key areas in the electronic prescription process outlined by the EPCS regulation that are susceptible to adversarial attacks and provides recommendations for additions to EPCS regulations that would provide greater security for the use of electronic prescriptions.
p120RasGAP Protein Mediates Netrin-1 Protein-induced Cortical Axon Outgrowth and Guidance (2015)

The receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) mediates the attraction of growing axons to netrin-1 during brain development. In response to netrin-1 stimulation, DCC becomes a signaling platform to recruit proteins that promote axon outgrowth and guidance. The Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) p120RasGAP inhibits Ras activity and mediates neurite retraction and growth cone collapse in response to repulsive guidance cues. Here we show an interaction between p120RasGAP and DCC that positively regulates netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth and guidance in embryonic cortical neurons. In response to netrin-1, p120RasGAP is recruited to DCC in growth cones and forms a multiprotein complex with focal adhesion kinase and ERK. We found that Ras/ERK activities are elevated aberrantly in p120RasGAP-deficient neurons. Moreover, the expression of p120RasGAP Src homology 2 (SH2)-SH3-SH2 domains, which interact with the C-terminal tail of DCC, is sufficient to restore netrin-1-dependent axon outgrowth in p120RasGAP-deficient neurons. We provide a novel mechanism that exploits the scaffolding properties of the N terminus of p120RasGAP to tightly regulate netrin-1/DCC-dependent axon outgrowth and guidance.
Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal (2016)

The neural mechanisms underlying hunger are poorly understood. AgRP neurons are activated by energy deficit and promote voracious food consumption, suggesting these cells may supply the fundamental hunger drive that motivates feeding. However recent in vivo recording experiments revealed that AgRP neurons are inhibited within seconds by the sensory detection of food, raising the question of how these cells can promote feeding at all. Here we resolve this paradox by showing that brief optogenetic stimulation of AgRP neurons before food availability promotes intense appetitive and consummatory behaviors that persist for tens of minutes in the absence of continued AgRP neuron activation. We show that these sustained behavioral responses are mediated by a long-lasting potentiation of the rewarding properties of food and that AgRP neuron activity is positively reinforcing. These findings reveal that hunger neurons drive feeding by transmitting a positive valence signal that triggers a stable transition between behavioral states.
Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk Indices in HIV-Infected Women (2005)

Little is known regarding cardiovascular disease risk indices in HIV-infected women. This study investigated cardiovascular disease risk indices in 100 consecutively recruited HIV-infected women and 75 healthy female control subjects. Subjects were recruited from hospital- and community-based health care providers. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, lipid, and glucose levels were the main outcome measures. CT scan, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and anthropometry were used to assess body composition. Although similar in age, weight, and racial composition, HIV-infected women demonstrated higher CRP (4.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.4 mg/L, P = 0.007), IL-6 (2.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.1 pg/mL, P = 0.02), triglyceride (1.84 +/- 0.21 vs. 0.85 +/- 0.05 mM, P = 0.0002), 2-hour glucose after oral glucose challenge (6.88 +/- 0.22 vs. 5.72 +/- 0.17 mM, P = 0.0003), and fasting insulin (81 +/- 8 vs. 45 +/- 2 pM, P = 0.0002) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.17 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.45 +/- 0.05 mM, P < 0.0001) and adiponectin (5.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 mg/L, P = 0.0001) levels compared with the control population. HIV-infected women had more abdominal visceral fat and less extremity fat by CT and DXA scan and demonstrated a higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) than the control population. Within the HIV group, CRP and other indices were significantly related to body composition in stepwise regression models. Among all subjects, WHR, but not HIV status, was significantly related to CRP and other cardiovascular disease risk indices. HIV-infected women demonstrate significantly increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease in association with abnormal fat distribution.
Sensitive detection of Aβ protofibrils by proximity ligation - relevance for Alzheimer's disease (2010)

Protein aggregation plays important roles in several neurodegenerative disorders. For instance, insoluble aggregates of phosphorylated tau and of Aβ peptides are cornerstones in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Soluble protein aggregates are therefore potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cognate disorders. Detection of the aggregated species requires sensitive tools that efficiently discriminate them from monomers of the same proteins. Here we have established a proximity ligation assay (PLA) for specific and sensitive detection of Aβ protofibrils via simultaneous recognition of three identical determinants present in the aggregates. PLA is a versatile technology in which the requirement for multiple target recognitions is combined with the ability to translate signals from detected target molecules to amplifiable DNA strands, providing very high specificity and sensitivity. For specific detection of Aβ protofibrils we have used a monoclonal antibody, mAb158, selective for Aβ protofibrils in a modified PLA, where the same monoclonal antibody was used for the three classes of affinity reagents required in the assay. These reagents were used for detection of soluble Aβ aggregates in solid-phase reactions, allowing detection of just 0.1 pg/ml Aβ protofibrils, and with a dynamic range greater than six orders of magnitude. Compared to a sandwich ELISA setup of the same antibody the PLA increases the sensitivity of the Aβ protofibril detection by up to 25-fold. The assay was used to measure soluble Aβ aggregates in brain homogenates from mice transgenic for a human allele predisposing to Aβ aggregation. The proximity ligation assay is a versatile analytical technology for proteins, which can provide highly sensitive and specific detection of Aβ aggregates - and by implication other protein aggregates of relevance in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Preparation of fused beta-lactams through Weinreb amide alpha-anions (2014)

Graphical Abstract Preparation of fused ‐lactams through Weinreb amide ‐anions William M. Hewitt, Michael Egger † , Nathaniel B. Zuckerman ‡ and Joseph P. Konopelski* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA † Present address: tesa SE, Quickbornstr. 24, 20253 Hamburg, Germany ‡ Present address: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue #283, Livermore, CA 94551 USA Abstract: Enantiomerically pure ‐lactams bearing a Weinreb amide functionality at the C3 position have been shown to be excellent substrates for ‐alkylation reactions, generating C3 quaternary centers with predictable absolute stereochemistry. In addition, oxidative coupling of C3/C4 dianions affords entry to fused ,‐bislactam systems. Introduction Azetidin‐2‐ones (‐lactams) are among the most highly investigated heterocyclic ring systems. Beyond the obvious impact on antibiotic research and treatment, 1 ‐lactams have expressed biological activity in cholesterol absorption 2 and as a target of viral proteases. 3 As synthetic organic reagents, 4,5 ‐lactams offer a well‐defined stereochemical relationship between the adjacent sp 3 centers and an amide carbonyl that is reactive by virtue of the 4‐membered ring strain. In peptide chemistry ‐lactams have been employed as turn mimics 6,7 and as precursors to ‐amino acids 8,9 and their related polymers 10 (‐ foldamers 11,12 ) that have been the focus of much study. New synthetic methods for the preparation of this ring system continue to appear in the literature with great frequency. 13,14 Recently, we presented a new route to enantiomerically pure (EP) ‐lactams, such as 1 and 2, from readily available ‐amino acids in a process that is efficient both in the use of photochemistry for the key reaction and in the dearth of chromatographic separations (Scheme 1). 15 In addition, the ‐lactam Weinreb amide functionality is able to effectively undergo reactions with Grignard and alkyllithium reagents without opening of the ‐lactam ring due to the steric presence of the N‐Tr group. Herein we report our continuing studies on this ‐lactam system, with the goal of articulating reaction pathways toward synthetic building blocks offering myriad (orthogonal) functionalities around the EP four‐ membered ring. The specific focus of the present studies was on functionalization of the C3 center. In particular, we have found that alkylation reactions occur with predictable stereochemistry at this activated carbon. In addition, we present our results on the oxidative coupling of the dianion formed
Enabling Novel Minimally-Actuated Robotic Capabilities Through Active Fluids (2013)

Abstract : Integration of active fluids and robotics holds the potential to launch a novel class of compliant mechanisms and mesoscale hydraulic robots. The incorporation of active, field-activated, or field-responsive fluids -- i.e. fluids that change their material properties in response to an applied field -- into traditional robotic components offers a number of compelling advantages over existing technologies. In this project we develop MINERVA (Multichannel INtegrated ER Valve Assemblies), a small-scale electrorheological (ER) servovalve that holds the potential to unleash a new class of affordable small-scale hydraulic systems. This report summarized the underlying science, valve fabrication, and integration of MINERVA into robotic platforms. In addition we investigate the use of active materials in jammable robotic systems and adhesive climbers.
Electromagnetics, Time‐Domain (2005)

Abstract In this article, various time‐domain electromagnetic simulation methods, including the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD), transmission‐line matrix (TLM), finite‐element time‐domain (FETD), and multiresolution time‐domain (MRTD) techniques are discussed in detail along with grid optimization approaches. In addition, conformal meshing techniques, specifically finite‐volume time‐domain (FVTD) and generalized Yee FDTD methods are briefly descirbed. Also included is a discussion of code parallelization, grid excitation, absorbing boundary conditions, antenna modeling, and methods that can be used to derive S parameters from time‐domain output data.
Topological Electronic Structure Evolution with Symmetry Breaking Spin Reorientation in (Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$)Sn (2022)

Topological materials hosting kagome lattices have drawn considerable attention due to the interplay between topology, magnetism, and electronic correlations. The (Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$)Sn system not only hosts a kagome lattice but has a tunable symmetry breaking magnetic moment with temperature and doping. In this study, angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first principles calculations are used to investigate the interplay between the topological electronic structure and varying magnetic moment from the planar to axial antiferromagnetic phases. A theoretically predicted gap at the Dirac point is revealed in the low temperature axial phase but no gap opening is observed across a temperature dependent magnetic phase transition. However, topological surface bands are observed to shift in energy as the surface magnetic moment is reduced or becomes disordered over time during experimental measurements. The shifting surface bands may preclude the determination of a temperature dependent bulk gap but highlights the intricate connections between magnetism and topology with a surface/bulk dichotomy that can affect material properties and their interrogation.
Supplementary Figure 6 from CRM1 and BRAF Inhibition Synergize and Induce Tumor Regression in BRAF-Mutant Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 6 - PDF file 57K, CRM1/BRAF inhibition in PTEN null/BRAF mutant melanoma Xenograft model&lt;/p&gt;
Nearly Heisenberg-limited noise-unbiased frequency estimation by tailored sensor design (2023)

We consider entanglement-assisted frequency estimation by Ramsey interferometry, in the presence of dephasing noise from spatiotemporally correlated environments.By working in the widely employed local estimation regime, we show that even for infinite measurement statistics, noise renders standard estimators biased or ill-defined. We introduce ratio estimators which, at the cost of doubling the required resources, are insensitive to noise and retain the asymptotic precision scaling of standard ones. While ratio estimators are applicable also in the limit of Markovian noise, we focus on non-Markovian dephasing from a bosonic bath and show how knowledge about the noise spectrum may be used to maximize metrological advantage, by tailoring the sensor's geometry. Notably, Heisenberg scaling is attained up to a logarithmic prefactor by maximally entangled states.
A 170-190 GHz Two-Elements Phased-Array Receiver Front-End for Low-Power Applications (2019)

This paper presents a two-elements phased-array receiver (Rx) front-end for low-power applications from 170 GHz to 190 GHz. The front-end is implemented in a 130 nm SiGe BiC-MOS process and it consists of RF amplifiers, vector-modulator phase shifters, downconversion mixer, baseband amplifier and frequency multiplier for the LO generation. The design is optimized towards low power consumption and reduced layout complexity via the use of inductive peaking and single-ended architecture for the RF amplifier and the vector-modulator, via a Wilkinson power combiner of the received signals, and with a micromixer topology for the downconversion. Furthermore, the generation of the LO signal at 180 GHz is also performed on-chip with a times-6 multiplier. The single-sideband differential downconversion gain of a single array element is 20 dB. The total power consumption of the system is 185 mW, while the -3 dB frequency band of the response spans from 170 GHz to 190 GHz.
Learning Speech Translation from Interpretation (2010)

This thesis introduces methods to directly train speech translation systems on audio recordings of interpreter-mediated communication. By employing unsupervised and lightly supervised training techniques, the proposed methods allow to omit most of the manual transcription effort and all of the manual translation effort that has typically characterized speech translation system development. Thus, the amount of costly and time-consuming human supervision is substantially reduced.
Apoptin protein multimers form distinct higher-order nucleoprotein complexes with DNA (2003)

The chicken anaemia virus-derived protein apoptin is a tumour-specific cell-killing agent. It is biologically active as a highly stable, multimeric complex, consisting of 30-40 monomers. In tumour cells, but negligibly in normal cells, apoptin is imported into the nucleus prior to the induction of apoptosis. Immunoelectron microscopic data we report here indicate that apoptin predominantly co-localises with heterochromatin and nucleoli within tumour cells. Apoptin's preference for these DNA-dense nuclear bodies may be explained by our finding that apoptin cooperatively forms distinct superstructures with DNA in vitro. These superstructures do not grow beyond a diameter of approximately 200 nm, containing up to 20 multimeric apoptin complexes and approximately 3 kb of DNA. Furthermore, we show a single apoptin multimer to have eight independent, non-specific DNA-binding sites which preferentially bind strand ends, but which can also collaborate to bind longer stretches of DNA. Apoptin's high affinity for naked, undecorated double- and single-stranded DNA and for DNA fibre ends suggests that it may also capture such DNA in superstructures in vivo. Since these forms of DNA are predominantly found in transcriptionally active, replicating and damaged DNA, apoptin could be triggering apoptosis by interfering with DNA transcription and synthesis.
Is ApoE ε4 Associated with Cognitive Functioning in African Americans Diagnosed with Alzheimer Disease? An Exploratory Study (2009)

These preliminary findings suggest that the ApoE epsilon4 allele is not strongly associated with a particular pattern of cognitive functioning in African Americans once they are diagnosed with AD. However, these findings require replication in a large prospectively recruited and population-based sample of African American AD patients before firm conclusions can be reached.
From Soft to Hard Biomimetic Materials: Tuning Micro/Nano-Architecture of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration (2022)

Failure of tissues and organs resulting from degenerative diseases or trauma has caused huge economic and health concerns around the world. Tissue engineering represents the only possibility to revert this scenario owing to its potential to regenerate or replace damaged tissues and organs. In a regeneration strategy, biomaterials play a key role promoting new tissue formation by providing adequate space for cell accommodation and appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues to support cell proliferation and differentiation. Among other physical cues, the architectural features of the biomaterial as a kind of instructive stimuli can influence cellular behaviors and guide cells towards a specific tissue organization. Thus, the optimization of biomaterial micro/nano architecture, through different manufacturing techniques, is a crucial strategy for a successful regenerative therapy. Over the last decades, many micro/nanostructured biomaterials have been developed to mimic the defined structure of ECM of various soft and hard tissues. This review intends to provide an overview of the relevant studies on micro/nanostructured scaffolds created for soft and hard tissue regeneration and highlights their biological effects, with a particular focus on striated muscle, cartilage, and bone tissue engineering applications.
Characterisation of the Material Behaviour of Cathode Steel Collector Bar at High Temperatures and Low Stress Levels (2014)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Procedure Thermal Expansion and Phase Change Scale Oxidation Behaviour Compression Creep Test Experimental Results and Analysis Metallography Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgement