gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A low-cost, highly functional, emergency use ventilator for the COVID-19 crisis (2022)

Respiratory failure complicates most critically ill patients with COVID-19 and is characterized by heterogeneous pulmonary parenchymal involvement, profound hypoxemia and pulmonary vascular injury. The high incidence of COVID-19 related respiratory failure has exposed critical shortages in the supply of mechanical ventilators, and providers with the necessary skills to treat. Traditional mass-produced ventilators rely on an internal compressor and mixer to moderate and control the gas mixture delivered to a patient. However, the current emergency has energized the pursuit of alternative designs, enabling greater flexibility in supply chain, manufacturing, storage, and maintenance considerations. To achieve this, we hypothesized that using the medical gasses and flow interruption strategy would allow for a high performance, low cost, functional ventilator. A low-cost ventilator designed and built-in accordance with the Emergency Use guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is presented wherein pressurized medical grade gases enter the ventilator and time limited flow interruption determines the ventilator rate and tidal volume. This simple strategy obviates the need for many components needed in traditional ventilators, thereby dramatically shortening the time from storage to clinical deployment, increasing reliability, while still providing life-saving ventilatory support. The overall design philosophy and its applicability in this new crisis is described, followed by both bench top and animal testing results used to confirm the precision, safety and reliability of this low cost and novel approach to mechanical ventilation. The ventilator meets and exceeds the critical requirements included in the FDA emergency use guidelines. The ventilator has received emergency use authorization from the FDA.
The Post-Exercise Lower Limbs Recovery Process: A Questionnaire Applied To Physiotherapists (2023)

Background: Physical exercise is essential to improve quality of life, with muscle recovery after exercise being crucial since it reduces the delayed sensation of muscle discomfort and fatigue. The present study aims to identify the methods used by physiotherapists to recover sports practitioners after physical exercise and presents a non-experimental, quantitative and descriptive nature. Methods: Fifty-two physiotherapists (52% women), with 9.8 ± 7.3 years of experience and different sports backgrounds, were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire that consisted of (1) participant demographics, (2) recovery wearable sports garment, and (3) development of a new product for muscle recovery. Results: Physiotherapists reported that sports practitioners use legging-like garments during training (n=22), after training (n=19), while some physiotherapists were not aware if their athletes use any legging-like garment (n=17). The common characteristics of the garments are the compression (56%), heating (34%) and, in some cases, massage (6%) and printed electronic devices (4%). Physiotherapists mention that sports practitioners usually report lower limbs localized muscle fatigue after training or competition (90%), and the most affected areas are the entire lower limb (n=12), quadriceps (n=9) and hamstring and glutes (n=7 each). The most common therapy used is massage (n=12), followed by electrostimulation (n=8) and compression (n=5). Conclusion: Physiotherapists believe that electrostimulation should be used to recover quadriceps, hamstrings and the whole lower limb, and localized heating should be centered in the entire lower limb, hamstrings and quadriceps (in number of answers). Alternatively, massage is better to recover the whole lower limb, gastrocnemius, and hamstrings. When asked what characteristics the garment should have, physiotherapists reported that comfort (n=44), breathability (n=37) and ease of care and cleaning are vital.
Loading of the Musculoskeletal System of a Person While Driving in a Passenger Car (2019)

The damping of these dynamic effects is solved by the vehicle suspension system. All this is then reflected in the safety of driving, the driving characteristics of the vehicle, but also in the response to the locomotive apparatus of the vehicle crew. Cervical injuries are usually caused by the inertia of the head. Although the product of speed and weight (kinetic energy) are proportional to the values that increase the likelihood of neck or head injury. It is surprising that significantly more injuries occur at slow speeds. The force effects transmitted to the cockpit always affect the body of the person controlling the vehicle. In the long term, one-sided loading of the organism negative impact on human health, in rare cases can lead to death. The main aim of the article was to measure the dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (co-driver) when driving in a passenger car over obstacles. The measurement was carried out experimentally in a real environment on a designated road at different driving speeds and different distribution of obstacles on the road. Acceleration sizes generated on the driver/co-driver seat structure, under the buttocks, head and cervical vertebrae C7 were sensed by acceleration sensors. The result of the work was to find out how much dynamic effects are transmitted from the vehicle structure to the driver/co-driver body, respectively. the head and vertebra of the cervical spine C7 (vertebrae cervicales) as the vehicle crosses obstacles.
PNNL Report on the Development of Bench-scale CFD Simulations for Gas Absorption across a Wetted Wall Column (2016)

This report is prepared for the demonstration of hierarchical prediction of carbon capture efficiency of a solvent-based absorption column. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is first developed to simulate the core phenomena of solvent-based carbon capture, i.e., the CO2 physical absorption and chemical reaction, on a simplified geometry of wetted wall column (WWC) at bench scale. Aqueous solutions of ethanolamine (MEA) are commonly selected as a CO2 stream scrubbing liquid. CO2 is captured by both physical and chemical absorption using highly CO2 soluble and reactive solvent, MEA, during the scrubbing process. In order to provide confidence bound on the computational predictions of this complex engineering system, a hierarchical calibration and validation framework is proposed. The overall goal of this effort is to provide a mechanism-based predictive framework with confidence bound for overall mass transfer coefficient of the wetted wall column (WWC) with statistical analyses of the corresponding WWC experiments with increasing physical complexity.
Psychologically Plausible Cognitive Models for Simulating Interactive Human Behaviors (2005)

The intent of Sandia National Laboratories' Human Interactions (HI) project is to demonstrate initial virtual human interaction modeling capability. To accomplish this, we have begun the process of simulating human behavior in a manner that produces life-like characteristics and movement, as well as creating the framework for models that are based on the most current experimental research in cognition, perception, physiology, and cognitive modeling. Currently the simulated human models can sense each other, react to each other, and move about in a simulated 3D environment. A preliminary action generation or motor-level cognition model, which transforms abstract actions generated by high-level cognition to actions that can be carried out by a simulated physical human model, has also been developed. Our work has yielded models of perceptual, spatial, and motor functioning and memory that will be embedded in upgrades to the cognitive framework.
Calculation of a Safety Margin for Hydrogenerator Thrust Bearings (2005)

During the design or refurbishment of a thrust bearing a question that occurs frequently is, “How safe is this bearing?” Factors of safety are widely used in engineering design, and some applications require compliance with safety factors that are specifically stated in codes of practice. Most manufacturers have limits on the maximum allowable bearing temperature. These can be useful as a guide but offer no graded answer as to how much safer (or less safe) a bearing is made by applying a particular design decision. A numerical factor of safety would give a quantitative measure of the safety of a bearing and would be useful in judging whether a proposed design change is worthwhile in terms of improved safety. Experience has shown that failure of a babbitt bearing often develops from a local yielding (and subsequent flow) at a discrete point on the surface. This develops into rippling and folding of the material and escalates rapidly to a bearing “wipe.” This article describes the application of the Tresca and von Mises criteria of yielding to give a numerical factor of safety against plastic flow of the babbitt. The method uses data for the yield point of the babbitt as a function of temperature and assumes that the material on the bearing surface is constrained in both lateral coordinate directions. In practice, any data on the failure of hydrothrust bearings are invariably regarded as proprietary by manufacturers and there is apparently no published work available that can be used to correlate the model. However, the method developed in this paper is quite general and applicable to any fully hydrodynamic bearing loaded to the yield point of the surfaces. Results for large babbitt-faced journal bearings that were deliberately taken to failure are used for a correlation. Reasonable agreement is shown between predicted and actual failure. The calculation of a factor of safety can be a useful tool for evaluating initial designs or modifications during refurbishment. Some factors concerning the assessment of an acceptable minimum film thickness are also discussed.
A commitment calculator for maximising revenue in third generation mobile communication systems (2003)

This paper discusses the operation of a 'commitment calculator', which will be able to estimate the commitment a network operator can give to an incoming user in a contract based system. The commitment calculator will also be able to price the service based on the commitment. In this way the network operator can maximize the revenue it can generate from a contract based system. Emphasis here is on EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service) which can support multimedia services over a packet switched network due to its capability of offering high data rates. However, the concept of commitment, and also of commitment calculator, is not affected by the air interface in use.
Isolation and screening of heavy metal resistant bacteria from wastewater: a study of heavy metal co-resistance and antibiotics resistance (2012)

The uncontrolled discharges of wastes containing a large quantity of heavy metal create huge economical and healthcare burdens particularly for people living near that area. However, the bioremediation of metal pollutants from wastewater using metal-resistant bacteria is a very important aspect of environmental biotechnology. In this study, 13 heavy metal resistant bacteria were isolated from the wastewater of wadi El Harrach in the east of Algiers and characterized. These include zinc-, lead-, chromium- and cadmium-resistant bacteria. The metal-resistant isolates characterized include both Gram-negative (77%) and Gram-positive (23%) bacteria. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of wastewater isolates against the four heavy metals was determined in solid media and ranged from 100 to 1,500 μg/ml. All the isolates showed co-resistance to other heavy metals and antibiotic resistance of which 15% were resistant to one antibiotic and 85% were multi- and bi-antibiotics resistant. The zinc-resistant species Micrococcus luteus was the much more heavy metal resistant. The results of toxicity tests on Vibrio fischeri showed that the DI(50) (5 min) as low as 0.1 carried away luminescence inhibition greater than 50%.
Synthetic Diacylglycerols (DAG) and DAG‐Lactones as Activators of Protein Kinase C (PK‐C) (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High-Energy Permanent Magnets for Hybrid Vehicles and Alternative Energy Uses (2013)

The report summarizes research undertaken by a multidisciplinary team aimed at the development of the next generation high-energy permanent magnets. The principal approach was relied on bottom-up fabrication of anisotropic nanocomposite magnets. Our efforts resulted in further development of the theoretical concept and fabrication principles for the nanocomposites and in synthesis of a range of rare-earth-based hard magnetic nanoparticles. Even though we did not make a breakthrough in the assembly of these hard magnetic particles with separately prepared Fe(Co) nanoparticles and did not obtain a compact nanocomposite magnet, our performed research will help to direct the future efforts, in particular, towards nano-assembly via coating, when the two phases which made the nanocomposite are first organized in core-shell-structured particles. Two other approaches were to synthesize (discover) new materials for the traditional singe-material magnets and the nanocomposite magnets. Integrated theoretical and experimental efforts lead to a significant advance in nanocluster synthesis technique and yielded novel rare-earth-free nanostructured and nanocomposite materials. Examination of fifteen R-Fe-X alloy systems (R = rare earth), which have not been explored earlier due to various synthesis difficulties reveal several new ferromagnetic compounds. The research has made major progress in bottom-up manufacturing of rare-earth-containing nanocomposite magnets with superior energy density and open new directions in development of higher-energy-density magnets that do not contain rare earths. The advance in the scientific knowledge and technology made in the course of the project has been reported in 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and numerous presentations at scientific meetings.
The alkaline and antibacterial effect of seven Ca(OH)2 liners in vitro (1984)

The alkaline effect of seven Ca(OH)2 liners was studied, using extractions with unbuffered 0.9% NaCl solutions and buffered bacterial growth media. The antibacterial effect was studied by cultivating Streptococcus mutans in the presence of liner specimens. All liners made the NaCl solutions strongly alkaline (pH greater than 10), although MPC and Reolite released much less Ca than did Dycal, Life, Procal, Renew, and Reocap-E. The weaker alkaline effect of MPC and Reolite was shown by the extractions with the growth media. Consequently, these two liners were not able to prevent the growth of Str. mutans. No growth was observed in the presence of the other five liners, and the media remained alkaline during the 12-h incubation period. Regrowth of the bacteria grown in the presence of these effective liners showed that only Dycal could be considered bactericidal, whereas the four other liners acted bacteriostatically.
Qualitative Evaluation of Digital Hand X-rays Is Not a Reliable Method to Assess Bone Mineral Density. (2017)

Abnormally low BMD is a common occurrence in patients treated for upper extremity disorders. There is poor accuracy relative to DEXA scan and only fair agreement in diagnosing osteoporosis using visual assessments of digital x-rays.
Dimeric Drugs (2021)

This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers, linked via a bridging entity emphasizing the versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The major number of these compounds consists of anticancer agents, antibiotics/ antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti- Parkinsonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify the unexpectedly higher activity of the dimers vs. that of the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive variety of substances mentioned, and the assortment of their biological activities should be of interest to academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Flourishing Novel Approaches in the Era of Biological Therapy (2014)

The progress in the development of systemic treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) has been slow. The mainstream treatment remains using chemotherapy including gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, and nab-paclitaxel. Erlotinib is the only approved biological therapy with marginal benefit. Studies of agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, angiogenesis, and RAS signaling have not been satisfying, and the usefulness of targeted therapy in APC is uncertain. Understanding in molecular processes and tumor biology has opened the door for new treatment strategies such as targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, transforming growth factor β, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and Notch pathway. New directions also include the upcoming immunotherapy and many novel agents that act on the microenvironment. The practice of personalized medicine using predictive biomarkers and pharmacogenomics signatures may also enhance the effectiveness of existing treatment. Future treatment approaches may involve comprehensive genomic assessment of tumor and integrated combinations of multiple agents to overcome treatment resistance.
Ethylene polymerization behavior of Cr(III)‐containing montmorillonite: Influence of chromium compounds (2009)

Abstract Montmorillonite was treated with Cr(NO 3 ) 3 , Cr(acetate) 3 , and Cr(acac) 3 to give three catalyst precursors, Cr‐MMT‐1 , Cr‐MMT‐2 , and Cr‐MMT‐3 , respectively. Application of these catalysts to the ethylene polymerization reaction revealed Cr‐MMT‐1 to be much more reactive than the other two while the molecular weight distributions of the polymers were practically the same. Elemental analysis, XRD, and TEM measurements suggested that chromium occupied the interlayer section in Cr‐MMT‐1 and mostly the outer surface region for the other two catalysts. Aluminosilicate‐supported Cr catalysts exhibited reactivity similar to that of Cr‐MMT‐2 and Cr‐MMT‐3 . However, more of the low‐molecular‐weight polymer was formed. These data suggested that there is a relationship between the sites of the Cr ions and catalytic reactivity, and between supporting solid identity and molecular weight distribution of the polymer. The use of n ‐Bu 2 Mg and Et 2 Zn in the place of Et 3 Al led to lower activity but gave polymers of narrower molecular weight distribution, with more of the high‐molecular‐weight material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2272–2280, 2009
What Is Meant by “TICI”? (2013)

There is substantial variability in the definition and/or application of the TICI scale in the literature. This variability could considerably impact our understanding of results of revascularization studies.
Toward Learning a Unified Many-to-Many Mapping for Diverse Image Translation (2019)

Image-to-image translation, which translates input images to a different domain with a learned one-to-one mapping, has achieved impressive success in recent years. The success of translation mainly relies on the network architecture to reserve the structural information while modify the appearance slightly at the pixel level through adversarial training. Although these networks are able to learn the mapping, the translated images are predictable without exclusion. It is more desirable to diversify them using image-to-image translation by introducing uncertainties, i.e., the generated images hold potential for variations in colors and textures in addition to the general similarity to the input images, and this happens in both the target and source domains. To this end, we propose a novel generative adversarial network (GAN) based model, InjectionGAN, to learn a many-to-many mapping. In this model, the input image is combined with latent variables, which comprise of domain-specific attribute and unspecific random variations. The domain-specific attribute indicates the target domain of the translation, while the unspecific random variations introduce uncertainty into the model. A unified framework is proposed to regroup these two parts and obtain diverse generations in each domain. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the diverse generations have high quality for the challenging image-to-image translation tasks where no pairing information of the training dataset exits. Both quantitative and qualitative results prove the superior performance of InjectionGAN over the state-of-the-art approaches.
PET molecular imaging of fibroblast activity after myocardial infarction using a 68Ga-labelled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI-04) (2019)

Myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent heart failure (HF) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Spatial and temporal presence of the activated fibroblasts in the injured myocardium predicts the quality of cardiac remodeling post-MI. Therefore, monitoring of activated fibroblasts is of great interest for studying myocardial remodelling after MI. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expression is upregulated in activated fibroblasts. This study sought to investigate the potential of a 68Ga-labelled FAP inhibitor (68Ga-FAPI-04) for PET imaging of activated fibroblasts in a preclinical model of MI.
Electronation (2023)

This Glossary contains definitions, explanatory notes, and sources for terms used in physical organic chemistry. Its aim is to provide guidance on the terminology of physical organic chemistry, with a view to achieving a consensus on the meaning and applicability of useful terms and the abandonment of unsatisfactory ones. Owing to the substantial progress in the field, this 2021 revision of the Glossary is much expanded relative to the previous edition, and it includes terms from cognate fields.
Hormonal basis for the gender difference in epidermal barrier formation in the fetal rat. Acceleration by estrogen and delay by testosterone. (1996)

Previous studies have shown that ontogeny of the epidermal permeability barrier and lung occur in parallel in the fetal rat, and that pharmacologic agents, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone, accelerate maturation at comparable developmental time points. Gender also influences lung maturation, i.e., males exhibit delayed development. Sex steroid hormones exert opposite effects on lung maturation, with estrogens accelerating and androgens inhibiting. In this study, we demonstrate that cutaneous barrier formation, measured as transepidermal water loss, is delayed in male fetal rats. Administration of estrogen to pregnant mothers accelerates fetal barrier development both morphologically and functionally. Competent barriers also form sooner in skin explants incubated in estrogen-supplemented media in vitro. In contrast, administration of dihydrotestosterone delays barrier formation both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, treatment of pregnant rats with the androgen antagonist flutamide eliminates the gender difference in barrier formation. These studies indicate that (a) estrogen accelerates and testosterone delays cutaneous barrier formation, (b) these hormones exert their effects directly on the skin, and (c) sex differences in rates of barrier development in vivo may be mediated by testosterone.