gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
POSIX abstractions in modern operating systems (2016)

The POSIX standard, developed 25 years ago, comprises a set of operating system (OS) abstractions that aid application portability across UNIX-based OSes. While OSes and applications have evolved tremendously over the last 25 years, POSIX, and the basic set of abstractions it provides, has remained largely unchanged. Little has been done to measure how and to what extent traditional POSIX abstractions are being used in modern OSes, and whether new abstractions are taking form, dethroning traditional ones. We explore these questions through a study of POSIX usage in modern desktop and mobile OSes: Android, OS X, and Ubuntu. Our results show that new abstractions are taking form, replacing several prominent traditional abstractions in POSIX. While the changes are driven by common needs and are conceptually similar across the three OSes, they are not converging on any new standard, increasing fragmentation.
Universal Strategy for the Immobilization of Chiral Dirhodium Catalysts (2005)

[reaction: see text] Chiral rhodium(II) catalysts used in asymmetric carbenoid chemistry can be efficiently heterogenized using a novel immobilization strategy. The immobilized catalysts display similar reactivity and stereoselectivity to their homogeneous counterparts and can be effectively recycled with limited loss in stereoselectivity.
Production of protoporphyrin IX from 5-aminolevulinic acid and two of its esters in cells in vitro and tissues in vivo. (2002)

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and two of its esters were studied in cells in vitro and in vivo on skin of healthy hairless mice. In vitro, both esters, which are more lipophilic than ALA, induced higher PpIX fluorescence at lower concentrations compared with ALA. In vivo, ALA induced PpIX fluorescence more efficiently than the esters. The difference between ALA and the esters may be related to structures in the stratum corneum or to rate of penetration through this skin layer. The stratum corneum may bind the esters temporarily, and slow down their penetration into the living cells where PpIX is formed.
Experimental study of ultra-fast electric field in an atmospheric pressure discharge in a pin-to-plate geometry (2016)

Summary form only given. The low gas temperature of some atmospheric pressure discharges is still a key point in the development of new plasma technologies. Considering the actual and future environmental challenges, cold atmospheric pressure plasmas can enhance the degradation of pollutants, assist combustion ignition and activate materials such as biological matter, liquid and surface.In this work, a pin-to-plate reactor operating in air at ambient temperature and pressure is investigated. Driven with a high-voltage (HV) ns pulse generator with sub-ns rise time excitation up to 50 kV, the discharge is ignited within a gap ranging from 0.5 to 25 mm. Although pin-to-plate discharges have been widely studied over the last century, the system offers the advantage to ignite the discharge in the over-voltage regime allowing for minimizing gas heating and the production of highly energetic electrons due to the intense electric field (EF). This may allows for X-ray generation, competing - together with the EF - for the discharge development. As the result, a discharge expends in very large and homogeneous volume (up to 20 mm diameter) within the gap. With this contribution, we report on the first experimental investigation of EF strength in a pin-to-plate discharge at atmospheric pressure in air. The temporal evolution of the EF is diagnosed with the help of an electro optic sensor based on the Pockels effect1. The results will be presented together with iCCD imaging in order to identify the development of the plasma from which two different morphologies are observed2. The influence of several parameters such as the material and radius of the pin, the HV amplitude and the electrode (pin or plate) connected to the generator will be presented with regard to the EF evolution. In conclusion, those experimental results are of significant interest for the comparison with numerical simulations. Furthermore, values of strength EF will help to validate a better description of the ionization mechanisms taking place in the over-voltage regime.
PO-485 Ferroptosis is the nexus for zero-valent iron-based highly selective anticancer nanotherapy and anti-nanoresistance (2018)

Introduction Resistance of cancer cells to bare nanomaterials is rarely discussed but critical for clinical success in nanomedicine. Insight to the nanoresistance mechanism can optimise precision nanomedicine. Here, we report that ferroptosis is the battlefield between zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI NPs) and cancer cells, which dominants therapeutic efficacy and development of resistance. Accumulating mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) and attenuation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are the hallmarkers for ZVI-induced ferroptosis. Although refractory cancer cells can defense above challenges, ferroptosis inducers (FINs) can sensitise them without affecting normal cells. Our findings suggest that ferroptosis pathway may provide druggable targets to reverse resistance for ZVI-based nanomedicine. Material and methods Preparation of ZVI NPs Cell survival assay Subcellular ROS analysis Assessing mitochondrial functions Live-cell imaging Western blot of subcellular fraction Transcriptome analysis Xenograft model Results and discussions Oral cancer cells exhibit distinct sensitivity to ZVI NPs. In the sensitive cells, the core mechanism of ZVI-cytotoxicity is ferroptosis and it is different from FINs-induced ferroptosis. It is caused by mitochondrial LPO and is followed by loss of mitochondrial function. In addition, GPx proteins were declined in subcellular organelles after ZVI NPs treatment. In contrast, ZVI-refractory cells were able to maintain GPx. They harboured higher ROS-scavenging capacity and higher mitochondrial activity to escape from crisis. The transcriptome of paired ZVI-sensitive/refractory clones showed some routes may participate the ZVI-resistance such as NADPH supply, ROS-detoxification, and PUFA metabolism. Finally, we confirmed that integrating FINs with ZVI NPs could revert resistant cancers to be treatable while still sparing normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion The ferroptosis mechanism governing the selective ZVI-cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and their links to nanoresistance were reported for the first time. Our results suggest that ferroptosis is the nexus for ZVI-based anticancer nanotherapy and its resistance development. Detection and modulation of ferroptosis-susceptibility not only provide a biomarker-based nanomedicine, but also open a novel gateway to improve clinical outcome by management of nanoresistance. We anticipate these findings will inspire new concepts in NPs-induced ferroptosis, NPs-resistance, and anti-resistance strategy for precision nanomedicine.
Influence of cell concentration in limiting the therapeutic benefit of P-glycoprotein reversal agents (1999)

Pharmacological reversal of multidrug resistance (MDR) has been demonstrated frequently in tissue culture, but there has been minimal evidence of therapeutic effectiveness for solid tumours of animals, or in clinical trials. The concentration of cells in solid tumours is approx. 10(9) cells/ml but typically 10(5)-10(6) cells/ml in tissue culture. We investigated, therefore, the influence of cell concentration in culture on the ability of verapamil and cyclosporin A to increase the sensitivity of MDR-expressing cells to doxorubicin. Our data indicate that: 1. the uptake of the MDR substrates, doxorubicin and 99mTc-SestaMIBI, and the toxicity of doxorubicin decrease at higher cell concentration; 2. the effect of reversal agents on uptake and cytotoxicity of MDR substrates decreases markedly at higher cell concentration; 3. cell concentration effects are not overcome by continuous replenishment of drug to maintain a stable extracellular concentration. Our results suggest one mechanism which may contribute to the failure to observe reversal of MDR in animals, or in patients bearing established solid tumours.
Endometrial carcinoma: immunohistochemically detected proliferation index is a prognosticator of long-term outcome. (1998)

In addition to conventional histological parameters, the immunohistochemical determination of proliferative activity could contribute to the identification of a high risk subgroup of endometrial carcinomas. The other parameters tested were not of significant additional predictive value.
Fuzzy Clustering of Spatially Relevant Acoustic Data for Defect Detection (2018)

Efficient diagnosis of concrete structures is a growing issue in modern societies where concrete is an omnipresent material. The hammering test is a traditional nondestructive testing method that has been employed in the field for a long time and for which automation is highly desirable. The problem consists in determining from the sound returned after a hammer strike on a structure's surface if there is a defect beneath or not. In this letter, we present an unsupervised learning approach for the automation of hammering test. First, mean shift is used with Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients at various parameter values in order to find a stable mode configuration. Then, the corresponding peaks are used to obtain seeds for spatial fuzzy c-means to cluster hammering samples while combining audio and position information. Experiments have been conducted in indoor artificial environment on concrete blocks containing man-made defects. Results showed the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed solution on detecting different types and number of defects. Our approach showed promising performance also in tests performed in outdoor environment using a fully automated hammering system.
Grouping and Structure Recovery for Images of Objects with Finite Rotational Symmetry (2001)

It is shown that 3D objects with discrete rotational symmetry induce geometric relations in the image. Symmetry related points on the object are imaged to points which satisfy these image geometric relations. These relations are unaffected by camera calibration (interior orientation) and object pose. The relations can be utilised to group features in the image arising from the object. Furthermore, 3D structure of the object can be recovered from a single image up to a specified ambiguity. The paper illustrates these mechanisms on real image examples.
Geometric and electronic effects in silica supported bimetallic nickel–copper and nickel–iron catalysts for liquid-phase hydrogenation of acetophenone and benzonitrile (1992)

Inclusion of Cu and of Fe in Ni/SiO2 catalysts leads respectively to a decrease and an increase in activity of reduction of acetophenone and Benzonitrile: the former is attributed to an ensemble-size effect and the latter to an electronic effect.
Special Issue: Fungal–Bacterial Interactions—Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives (2019)

We would like to thank all the contributors to the Special Issue on Fungal-Bacterial Interactions-Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives [...].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Renal Vasodilator Activity of 2‐Chlorodopamine and N‐Substituted Derivatives. (1987)

Abstract The dopamine derivatives (VIIIa) ‐ (VIIId) are prepared from veratrol (I) as outlined in the reaction scheme.
A novel analytical model for optimal channel partitioning in the next generation integrated wireless and mobile networks (2002)

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for near optimal channel assignment when different types of services are to be provided in the next generation integrated wireless and mobile networks. We specifically propose a preemptive priority scheme for an integrated wireless and mobile network by first dividing channels into three independent groups and classifying traffic into four different types. The proposed system is modeled by Markov chain model, and then such a model is used to obtain a set of relations that correlate performances with various system parameters. We have analytically determined the minimal number of channels required for each type of traffic that can satisfy a desired level of QoS (Quality of Service) requirements. We also investigate the impact of load ratio for different types of traffic on channel assignment. Finally, we discuss some limitations of our approach and indicate possible future work. We believe that the partitioning scheme proposed in this paper can become a starting point for analysis of future integrated wireless and mobile networks.
Acetylene (2008)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Industrially Important Reactions 3.2. Other Reactions; Derivatives 4. Production 4.1. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects 4.2. Partial Combustion Processes 4.2.1. BASF Process (Sachsse-Bartholome) 4.2.2. Other Partial Combustion Processes 4.2.3. Submerged Flame Process 4.2.4. Partial Combustion Carbide Process 4.3. Electrothermic Processes 4.3.1. Production from Gaseous and/or Gasified Hydrocarbons (Hüls Arc Process) 4.3.2. Production from Liquid Hydrocarbons (Plasma Arc Process) 4.3.3. Production from Coal (Arc Coal Process) 4.3.4. Production from Calcium Carbide 4.3.4.1. Wet Generators 4.3.4.2. Dry Generators 4.3.4.3. Acetylene Purification 4.4. Other Cracking Processes 4.4.1. Thermal Cracking By Heat Carriers 4.4.2. Acetylene as a Byproduct of Steam Cracking 5. Safety Precautions, Transportation, and Storage 5.1. General Safety Factors and Safety Measures 5.2. Acetylene Storage in Cylinders 6. Uses and Economic Aspects 6.1. Use in Metal Processing 6.2. Use as Raw Material in Chemical Industry 6.3. Competitive Position of Acetylene as Chemical Feedstock 7. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Low performance of the MSKCC nomogram in preoperatively ultrasonically negative axillary lymph node in breast cancer patients (2007)

We found that the MSKCC nomogram overestimates the probability of the NSLN metastases in breast cancer patients with (i) preoperatively US negative or (ii) US suspicious, but FNAB negative axillary lymph nodes. We also found that MSKCC nomogram has only limited value in patients with only clinically negative axillary lymph nodes.
Preclinical assessment of <sup>68</sup>Ga‐PSMA‐617 entrapped in a microemulsion delivery system for applications in prostate cancer PET/CT imaging (2019)

It has in recent years been reported that microemulsion (ME) delivery systems provide an opportunity to improve the efficacy of a therapeutic agent whilst minimising side effects and also offer the advantage of favourable treatment regimens. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting agents PSMA-11 and PSMA-617, which accumulate in prostate tumours, allow for [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga<sup>3+</sup> -radiolabelling and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET) imaging of PSMA expression in vivo. We herein report the formulation of [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 into a ME ≤40 nm including its evaluation for improved cellular toxicity and in vivo biodistribution. The [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME was tested in vitro for its cytotoxicity to HEK293 and PC3 cells. [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME was administered intravenously in BALB/c mice followed by microPET/computed tomography (CT) imaging and ex vivo biodistribution determination. [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME indicated negligible cellular toxicity at different concentrations. A statistically higher tolerance towards the [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME occurred at 0.125 mg/mL by HEK293 cells compared with PC3 cells. The biodistribution in wild-type BALB/C mice showed the highest amounts of radioactivity (%ID/g) presented in the kidneys (31%) followed by the small intestine (10%) and stomach (9%); the lowest uptake was seen in the brain (0.5%). The incorporation of [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 into ME was successfully demonstrated and resulted in a stable nontoxic formulation as evaluated by in vitro and in vivo means.
Patterned embryonic invagination evolved in response to mechanical instability (2023)

Mechanical forces are crucial for driving and shaping tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development, but their relevance for the evolution of development remains poorly understood. Here, we show that a morphogenetic innovation present in fly embryos—a deep epithelial fold known as the cephalic furrow—plays a mechanical role during Drosophila gastrulation. By integrating in vivo experiments and in silico simulations, we find that the formation of the cephalic furrow prevents mechanical instabilities at the head–trunk epithelium by absorbing the compressive stresses generated by concurrent morphogenetic movements of gastrulation, the expansion of mitotic domains and the germ band extension. Furthermore, by comparing the expression of known and novel genes involved in cephalic furrow formation between fly species, we find that the presence of the cephalic furrow is linked to changes in the expression of buttonhead transcription factor at the head–trunk boundary. These data suggest that the genetic control of cephalic furrow formation was established through the integration of a new player into the ancestral head–trunk patterning system, and that mechanical instability may have been the selective pressure associated with the evolution of the cephalic furrow. Our findings uncover empirical evidence for how mechanical forces can influence the evolution of morphogenetic innovations in early development.
SU‐GG‐T‐248: Determination of Proton Stopping Power Using MV CT, KV CT &amp; Proton Radiographic Images (2008)

The most of radiotherapy planning systems are operated with the calibration curves of KV CT (Kilo‐Voltage Computational Tomography) images. However, the proton stopping power curve used in proton radiation treatment planning system is optimized for organic materials rather than for metals and other inorganic matter, since the proton stopping power curves obtained with a KV X‐ray beam don't provide one‐to‐one corresponding relation between HU number and Proton stopping power of general materials. At Proton Therapy Center, National Cancer Center(NCC) in Korea, proton treatments started on March 19, 2007. This proton treatment facility is equipped with a cyclotron (Proteus235,IBA). The Proton Therapy Center also has a Tomotherapy machine, 4 LINACs, 2 CT simulator, a conventional simulator. MV CT(Mega‐Voltage Computational Tomography) images provided by the Tomotherpay machine, conventional KV‐CT images taken with conventional CT's and proton radiographic images with Proteus235 have been used to obtain the general proton stopping power relation. We have taken the radiographic images of GAMMAX and CRIS CT calibration phantoms, contrast agents, metals and plastics using various beams. Specially designed Beam Current Modulation of the proton beam provides the beam eye's view of proton. We can use the special beam condition to verify the CT calibration of the Radiation Treatment Planning system and to examine the proton stopping power of various materials for example, a aperture structure, specially, a compensator.
EFFECTS OF VERTEPORFIN THERAPY ON CONTRAST SENSITIVITY (2002)

Consistent with visual acuity outcomes, verteporfin therapy reduced the risk of a clinically relevant loss of contrast sensitivity in the total study population, with the greatest effect in patients with predominantly classic subfoveal CNV secondary to ARMD. Verteporfin-treated patients with minimally classic CNV also had better contrast sensitivity outcomes than patients who received placebo. Given the association between contrast sensitivity and visual disability, the beneficial effects of verteporfin therapy on contrast sensitivity outcomes are expected to have a favorable impact on patients' daily activities.
The foliar absorption of potassium from organic and inorganic potassium carriers (1986)

Abstract Using excised trifoliate leaves of 3 week‐old Glycine max ‘Bragg’ seedlings, a total of 31 organic and inorganic potassium compounds were tested for their efficacy of foliar potassium absorption at 10 mM K (using 86Rb as a tracer for K) and pH 6.3. Of the 14 inorganic K compounds screened, potassium bicarbonate, nitrite and several phosphate compounds yielded the highest % K absorption. Five of the inorganic K compounds caused slight leaf burn. Most of the 17 organic K compounds yielded higher % K absorption than the inorganic K compounds. Potassium acetate had the highest % K absorption without causing leaf burn. Monocarboxylic K compounds had greater % K absorption than the di‐ and tricarboxylic compounds. Chemical groups which increased polarity tended to decrease absorption. The absorption data for all K compounds tested could be partially explained by considering molecular weights and drying characteristics on the leaf surface. There was a positive correlation between total % K absorption and the degree of translocation away from the treated area for the inorganic K compounds, but not for the organic K compounds.
Experimental comparison of the multi-IF carrier generation methods in IF-over-fiber system using LTE signals (2014)

Radio-over-fiber technique utilized by multiple IF carrier transmission scheme is expected to be a cost-effective solution for next generation mobile fronthaul architecture. We have experimentally investigated and compared multi-IF carrier generation methods based on analog IQ modulation and digital IQ modulation by back-to-back EVM measurement using five 64-QAM-LTE carriers having 20 MHz bandwidth.
Effect of spark plasma sintering (SPS) on the thermoelectric properties of magnesium ferrite (2016)

Magnesium ferrite MgFe2O4 was synthesized with two different methods, spark plasma sintering (SPS) and conventional solid-state reaction sintering (SSRS), and thermoelectric properties were investigated. SPS processing was found to yield two attractive features: SPS at 900 °C enabled retaining the submicron particle size of 0.3–0.5 µm from ball-milling, leading to lower thermal conductivity, 3 W/mK@300 K. 1200 °C SPS sintering led to the same sample grain size of 1.0–3.0 µm as SSRS, but still exhibited significantly lower thermal conductivity of 4.3 W/mK@300 K compared to the SSRS sample with 14 W/mK@300 K, which exhibited neck formation between particles. Furthermore, while the finer microstructuring led to a reduction in the thermal conductivity, the resistivity of SPS MgFe2O4 showed little dependence on the particle size at expected thermoelectric working temperatures above 523 K, which indicates success to some degree of phonon selective scattering due to differences in mean-free-paths of electrons and phonons. As a process, SPS samples are found to exhibit four- to sevenfold enhancement of ZT compared to the conventional SSRS sample. While the maximum ZT in the present samples is relatively low, taking a value of 0.07 for the SPS 1200 °C sintered sample, the processing insights may be utilized for similar systems.
Input Synthesis for Sampled Data Systems by Program Logic (2015)

Inspired by a concrete industry problem we consider the input synthesis problem for hybrid systems: given a hybrid system that is subject to input from outside (also called disturbance or noise), find an input sequence that steers the system to the desired postcondition. In this paper we focus on sampled data systems--systems in which a digital controller interrupts a physical plant in a periodic manner, a class commonly known in control theory--and furthermore assume that a controller is given in the form of an imperative program. We develop a structural approach to input synthesis that features forward and backward reasoning in program logic for the purpose of reducing a search space. Although the examples we cover are limited both in size and in structure, experiments with a prototype implementation suggest potential of our program logic based approach.