gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Can agricultural practices contribute to multifunctional landscapes in Europe (1994)

Europe's old cultural landscapes are characteristic spatial arrangements of agro-ecosystems, that were highly controlled in former days by traditional farming and forestry. Most of these landscapes were very multifunctional: they supplied a broad spectrum of both removable and non-removable products and benefits, frequently including a considerable biodiversity at different levels of space and organization. Moreover, many of them had both relatively sustainable means of production and states of nature and landscape. To some degree, the local society of owners, tenants and other users wi th their specific organizations, practices and rules were self-determining. Many of these landscapes, that still today make up the cultural and physiographical identity of many regions, are recently threatened by overintensification and/or abandonment. In other cases, where regions have already strongly been transformed by 20th century socio-econonomic and technological conditions, land use systems are facing new demands of multifunctionality due to the growing emphasis on environment, nature and landscape as a by-product of agricultural and silvicultural production. In this paper we discuss whether and how traditional land use systems may provide guiding principles for planning and management of future multifunctional landscapes in Europe.
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GBP510/AS03 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 delta challenge in rhesus macaques (2023)

Despite the availability of several effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, additional vaccines will be required for optimal global vaccination. In this study, we investigate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the GBP510 protein subunit vaccine adjuvanted with AS03, which has recently been authorized for marketing in South Korea under the trade name SKYCovione<sup>TM</sup>. The antigen in GBP510/AS03 is a two-part recombinant nanoparticle, which displays 60 receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Spike on its surface. In this study we show that GBP510/AS03 induced robust immune responses in rhesus macaques and protected against a high-dose SARS-CoV-2 Delta challenge. We vaccinated macaques with two or three doses of GBP510/AS03 matched to the ancestral Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 or with two doses of GBP510/AS03 matched to the ancestral strain and one dose matched to the Beta strain. Following the challenge with Delta, the vaccinated macaques rapidly controlled the virus in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal swabs. Binding and neutralizing antibody responses prior to challenge correlated with protection against viral replication postchallenge. These data are consistent with data with this vaccine from the phase 3 clinical trial.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Unimolecular Sources of Aryloxyl Radicals. Part 2. Aryloxyoxalyl tert‐Butyl Peroxides. (1990)

Abstract The aryloxyoxalyl chlorides (I) react with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (II) to give the peresters (III) which form the radicals (IV) upon thermolysis or photolysis.
Infrared camera and spectrograph for the Subaru Telescope (1998)

A 1-5 micrometers IR camera and spectrograph (IRCS) is described. The IRCS will be a facility instrument for the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea. It consists of two sections, a spectrograph and a camera section. The spectrograph is a cross-dispersed echelle that will provide a resolving power of 20,000 with a slit width of 0.15 arcsec and two-pixel sampling. The camera section serves as a slit viewer and as a camera with two pixel scales, 0.022 arcsec/pixel and 0.060 arcsec/pixel. Grisms providing 400-1400 resolving power will be available. Each section will utilize an ALADDIN II 1024 X 1024 InSb array. The instrument specifications are optimized for 2.2 micrometers using the adaptive optics and the tip-tilt secondary systems of the Subaru Telescope.
Lithuanian Dependency Parsing with Rich Morphological Features (2013)

We present the first statistical dependency parsing results for Lithuanian, a morphologically rich language in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European family.Using a greedy transition-based parser, we obtain a labeled attachment score of 74.7 with gold morphology and 68.1 with predicted morphology (77.8 and 72.8 unlabeled).We investigate the usefulness of different features and find that rich morphological features improve parsing accuracy significantly, by 7.5 percentage points with gold features and 5.6 points with predicted features.As expected, CASE is the single most important morphological feature, but virtually all available features bring some improvement, especially under the gold condition.
A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Lanthanum and Calcium Co-Doped Strontium Titanate as Support (2013)

Alternative anodes are of great interest for robust solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A-site deficient strontium titanate co-doped with lanthanum and calcium, La 0.2 Sr 0.25 Ca 0.45 TiO 3 (LSCT A- ), has been investigated as a potential anode for SOFCs. Flat multilayer ceramics have been produced by controlling the sintering behavior of LSCT A- , resulting in a 450 µm thick porous LSCT A- scaffold with a well adhered 40 µm dense YSZ electrolyte. Impregnation of CeO 2 and Ni has resulted in power densities of 0.96 Wcm -2 at 800 o C, higher than 0.125 Wcm -2 without impregnation and 0.38 Wcm -2 for Ni alone, demonstrating encouraging performance. Work continues to improve understanding of catalyst-scaffold interactions and scaling up the concept.
Thermalization of the Ablowitz-Ladik lattice in the presence of non-integrable perturbations (2023)

We investigate the statistical mechanics of the photonic Ablowitz-Ladik lattice, the integrable version of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In this regard, we demonstrate that in the presence of perturbations the complex response of this system can be accurately captured within the framework of optical thermodynamics. Along these lines, we shed light on the true relevance of chaos in the thermalization of the Ablowitz-Ladik system. Our results indicate that when linear and nonlinear perturbations are incorporated, this weakly nonlinear lattice will thermalize into a proper Rayleigh-Jeans distribution with a well-defined temperature and chemical potential. This result illustrates that in the supermode basis, a non-local and non-Hermitian nonlinearity can in fact properly thermalize this periodic array in the presence of two quasi-conserved quantities
Quantum Mechanics-Based Structure Analysis of Cyclic Monoterpene Glycosides from <i>Rhodiola rosea</i> (2020)

NMR- and MS-guided metabolomic mining for new phytoconstituents from a widely used dietary supplement, <i>Rhodiola rosea</i>, yielded two new (+)-myrtenol glycosides, <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, and two new cuminol glycosides, <b>3</b> and <b>4</b>, along with three known analogues, <b>5</b>-<b>7</b>. The structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Quantum mechanics-driven <sup>1</sup>H iterative full spin analysis (QM-HiFSA) decoded the spatial arrangement of the methyl groups in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, as well as other features not recognizable by conventional methods, including higher order spin-coupling effects. Expanding applied HiFSA methodology to monoterpene glycosides advances the toolbox for stereochemical assignments, facilitates their structural dereplication, and provides a more definitive reference point for future phytochemical and biological studies of <i>R. rosea</i> as a resilience botanical. Application of a new NMR data analysis software package, CT, for QM-based iteration of NMR spectra is also discussed.
Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications (2013)

Battery safety has been a very important research area over the past decade. Commercially available lithium ion batteries employ low flash point (< 80 °C), flammable, and volatile organic electrolytes. These organic based electrolyte systems are viable at ambient temperatures, but require a cooling system to ensure that temperatures do not exceed 80 °C. These cooling systems tend to increase battery costs and can malfunction which can lead to battery malfunction and explosions, thus endangering human life. Increases in petroleum prices lead to a huge demand for safe, electric hybrid vehicles that are more economically viable to operate as oil prices continue to rise. Existing organic based electrolytes used in lithium ion batteries are not applicable to high temperature automotive applications. A safer alternative to organic electrolytes is solid polymer electrolytes. This work will highlight the synthesis for a graft copolymer electrolyte (GCE) poly(oxyethylene) methacrylate (POEM) to a block with a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) poly(oxyethylene) acrylate (POEA). The conduction mechanism has been discussed and it has been demonstrated the relationship between polymer segmental motion and ionic conductivity indeed has a Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) dependence. Batteries containing commercially available LP30 organic (LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a 1:1 ratio) and GCE were cycled at ambient temperature. It was found that at ambient temperature, the batteries containing GCE showed a greater overpotential when compared to LP30 electrolyte. However at temperatures greater than 60 °C, the GCE cell exhibited much lower overpotential due to fast polymer electrolyte conductivity and nearly the full theoretical specific capacity of 170 mAh/g was accessed.
EXOTIC PLANT SPECIES ALTER THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE SOIL (2002)

Exotic plant species are increasingly becoming the focus of research and have been identified as a component of human-induced global change. Successful invaders may alter soil conditions, but the effect of exotic species on soil microbial communities has not been studied. We studied two exotic understory plant species (Japanese barberry [Berberis thunbergii] and Japanese stilt grass [Microstegium vimineum]) in hardwood forests in northern New Jersey, USA. We sampled bulk and rhizosphere soils under the two exotic species, as well as under a co-occurring native species (blueberry [Vaccinium spp.]). We indexed the structure (by measuring phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] profiles) and function (by measuring enzyme activities and substrate-induced respiration [SIR] profiles) of microbial communities in the sampled soils. Soils under the three species differed in microbial community structure and function. These differences were observed in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil samples. Differences in the structural variables were correlated to differences in the functional variables as demonstrated by canonical correlation analysis. These results indicate that successful exotic invasive species can have profound effects on the microbial community of the soil.
Automated on‐the‐fly detection and correction procedure for EPR imaging data acquisition (2006)

Fast and reliable data acquisition is a major requirement for successful and useful biological electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) experiments. Even a technologically advanced and professionally supervised EPRI system can exhibit instabilities initiated by perturbations such as animal motion, microphonics, and temperature changes. As a result, part of an acquired data set may become corrupted with excessive noise and distortions, which in turn may degrade the quality of the reconstructed image. In this work an automated scheme to monitor the system performance and stability over the course of an experiment is demonstrated. This method ensures that the quality of the acquired data is maintained during the experiment. For this purpose, four parameters including noise content and integration of each acquired projection are quantified and measured against those of the zero-gradient (ZG) projection, which is set as a quality benchmark. Projections with parameter values that differ substantially from the expected values are identified as damaged and consequently are reacquired. Therefore, the proposed technique not only effectively monitors the quality of acquisition, it also saves a substantial amount of acquisition time because it eliminates the necessity of repeating the entire experiment in cases in which only a small fraction of the data are corrupted.
Suitability of Soccer Training Drills for Endurance Training (2006)

Recent evidence suggests that certain soccer drills produce exercise intensities suitable for physical conditioning. However, it remains debatable whether soccer drills can provide a sufficiently unified exercise intensity among different players and on repetition of a drill, because movement patterns cannot be externally controlled during soccer drills. Good reliability and low variability of exercise intensity would enable all players to receive an appropriate training stimulus. The purpose of this study was to investigate intersubject variability and intrasubject reliability in exercise intensity during soccer drills. It was hypothesized that soccer drills that involve the highest exercise intensities would demonstrate the lowest intersubject variability and the highest intrasubject reliability. Heart rates of 23 professional soccer players were recorded during a range of soccer training drills. The drills consisted of 2 vs. 2 to 8 vs. 8 normal scoring games and 2 further possession games. Heart rate responses were examined for variability, reliability, and suitability for soccer endurance training. Coefficients of variation across players were less than 3% for all drills. Paired t-tests showed no significant differences in heart rate on repetition of the drills and 95% ratio limits of agreement were 1.8-3.8%. There were no significant correlations between exercise intensity and the statistical measures of variability and reliability. Several drills produced exercise intensities suitable for soccer endurance training with mean heart rate responses ranging from 87-91% HRmax. Soccer drills such as those used in the present study appear to be an adequate substitute for physical training without the ball and thus provide simultaneous skill and fitness training. The increase in training time spent developing technical ability and/or a reduction in total training time required may be useful for soccer teams.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Sphinganine and Dihydroceramide Analogues. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Wafer bow of substrate transfer process for GaNLED on Si 8 inch (2012)

This paper investigates the wafer bow induced during the substrate transfer process for GaN LED on Si (111) 8 inch wafers. The substrate transfer process is to transfer the thin GaN LED device layer to a carrier wafer using a CuSnCu permanent bonding layer. The process generates tensile bow on a wafer due to the high tensile stress of the Cu or the Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> intermetallic layer after bonding. Understanding the wafer bow evolution during the substrate transfer is very important to get a good control of the process. The high wafer bow value may cause problems for some automatic handling tools in the production line or affect process quality such as in lithography. The influence of substrate thickness and Cu metallization thickness on the wafer bow has been studied. A bow compensation layer can be used to compensate the tensile bow, thus minimizing the wafer bow after the substrate transfer process.
Extra-low-frequency noise in giant magnetoresistance recording heads (1999)

Extra-low-frequency (ELF) noise was studied in flyable, shielded giant magnetoresistance heads using a novel, ultralow-noise amplification system. The noise power spectral density had a 1/f character over wide frequency and sense current ranges. The noise was mainly magnetic in origin. It, however, did not follow Hooge’s formula. Random telegraph noise (RTN) was observed after moderate current stressing. The characteristic dwell times of the two-level RTN switching changed with applied field, sense current, and temperature. We consider the ELF noise as a sensitive diagnostic tool, since deviations from the 1/f dependence signal the existence of undesirable magnetic states.
Giant Kerr Nonlinearities in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics (2009)

The very small size of optical nonlinearities places strict restrictions on the types of novel physics one can explore. This work describes how a single artificial multilevel Cooper pair box molecule, interacting with a superconducting microwave coplanar resonator, when suitably driven, can generate extremely large optical nonlinearities at microwave frequencies, with no associated absorption. We describe how the giant self-Kerr effect can be detected by measuring the second-order correlation function and quadrature squeezing spectrum.
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Epidemiology Pathobiology Pancreatic stellate cells and chronic pancreatitis The plasminogen system in chronic pancreatitis Summary References
Infinium Monkeys: Infinium 450K Array for the Cynomolgus macaque (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) (2014)

The Infinium Human Methylation450 BeadChip Array (Infinium 450K) is a robust and cost-efficient survey of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns. Macaca fascicularis (Cynomolgus macaque) is an important disease model; however, its genome sequence is only recently published, and few tools exist to interrogate the molecular state of Cynomolgus macaque tissues. Although the Infinium 450K is a hybridization array designed to the human genome, the relative conservation between the macaque and human genomes makes its use in macaques feasible. Here, we used the Infinium 450K array to assay DNA methylation in 11 macaque muscle biopsies. We showed that probe hybridization efficiency was related to the degree of sequence identity between the human probes and the macaque genome sequence. Approximately 61% of the Human Infinium 450K probes could be reliably mapped to the Cynomolgus macaque genome and contain a CpG site of interest. We also compared the Infinium 450K data to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing data generated on the same samples and found a high level of concordance between the two independent methodologies, which can be further improved by filtering for probe sequence identity and mismatch location. We conclude that the Infinium 450K array can be used to measure the DNA methylome of Cynomolgus macaque tissues using the provided filters. We also provide a pipeline for validation of the array in other species using a simple BLAST-based sequence identify filter.
Facilitated sequence counting and assembly by template mutagenesis (2014)

Presently, inferring the long-range structure of the DNA templates is limited by short read lengths. Accurate template counts suffer from distortions occurring during PCR amplification. We explore the utility of introducing random mutations in identical or nearly identical templates to create distinguishable patterns that are inherited during subsequent copying. We simulate the applications of this process under assumptions of error-free sequencing and perfect mapping, using cytosine deamination as a model for mutation. The simulations demonstrate that within readily achievable conditions of nucleotide conversion and sequence coverage, we can accurately count the number of otherwise identical molecules as well as connect variants separated by long spans of identical sequence. We discuss many potential applications, such as transcript profiling, isoform assembly, haplotype phasing, and de novo genome assembly.
Testing and improving technology forecasts for better climate policy (2021)

Many policy decisions rely on predictions of how technology performance is likely to change as a function of time or of human efforts in research or manufacturing. In climate policy, such predictions are especially important because of the central role that carbon-free technology must play in mitigating climate change, and the need for government policy to accelerate technological development and adoption. However, making bets on which technologies to support, or what carbon price is reasonable for shifting markets toward emissions reductions, requires predictions of technological progress. If these predictions are off, taxpayers’ dollars are wasted and progress on climate change mitigation is slowed. Yet how accurate have past predictions of technological change been? An important new paper in PNAS (1) addresses this topic by comparing the performance of two common approaches to predicting technology cost change. This prediction problem is difficult because of the limited data available on technology costs, and the gaps in our understanding of why technologies improve at different rates. In the unrealistic scenario where all technologies steadily improved at the same pace, predictions of their future state would be easier. However, rates of improvement with time differ significantly. A few clean energy technologies have improved rapidly while others have improved more slowly. In the case of US nuclear fission plants, costs have actually risen (2, 3) while the costs of solar energy and lithium-ion batteries have both fallen by more than 95% (4, 5). Alongside these cost trends, nuclear installations in the United States have stalled, while renewable energy markets are booming and electric vehicles using lithium-ion batteries are becoming competitive with internal combustion engine vehicles. If back in, say, 1990 forecasts had been more uniformly accurate in predicting the rapid cost improvement observed for some critical energy technologies, would we have made faster … [↵][1]1Email: trancik{at}mit.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Structural optimization with explicit geometric constraints using a B-spline representation (2020)

In this paper we present a structural optimization approach that is based on explicit B-spline representation of the design, conforming with CAD standards. The methodology and implementation are general and can accommodate arbitrary B-spline degrees. The spline-based parametrization enables to incorporate explicit constraints on minimum and maximum areas of holes and on curvatures of boundaries. Therefore, practical design considerations such as flexibility with respect to locations and sizes of holes, can be embedded into the optimization problem. Furthermore, control over curvatures can simplify machining processes and lead to more efficient manufacturing, as well as influence the peak stresses in the structure. The presented method is applied to several stiffness optimization problems. The results demonstrate the capabilities of this approach to incorporate explicit geometric constraints in a straightforward manner. The utilization of curvature constraints as an efficient alternative to stress constraints is demonstrated as well.