gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formaldehyde-Dimethylamine (2001)

(HCHO) [50-00-0] ((CH2O)n) [30525-89-4] CH2O (MW 30.03) InChI = 1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2 InChIKey = WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R1 = Me, R2 = Me) [124-40-3] C2H7N (MW 45.10) InChI = 1S/C2H7N/c1-3-2/h3H,1-2H3 InChIKey = ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R1 = Me, R2 = Me; HCl salt) [506-59-2] C2H8ClN (MW 81.56) InChI = 1S/C2H7N.ClH/c1-3-2;/h3H,1-2H3;1H InChIKey = IQDGSYLLQPDQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R1 = Bn, R2 = H) [100-46-9] C7H9N (MW 107.17) InChI = 1S/C7H9N/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5H,6,8H2 InChIKey = WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R1 = Bn, R2 = H; HCl salt) [3287-99-8] C7H10ClN (MW 143.63) InChI = 1S/C7H9N.ClH/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7;/h1-5H,6,8H2;1H InChIKey = XKXHCNPAFAXVRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for aminomethylation of active methylenes,1a–c aromatic compounds,1d and nucleophilic alkenes,1e,f reagent for generation of methyleneiminium species capable of participating in [4 + 2]2 and [3 + 2]3 cycloadditions) Physical Data: Me2NH, bp 7 °C (also supplied as a 40 wt % solution in water); Me2NH·HCl, mp 170–173 °C; BnNH2, bp 184–185 °C, d 0.981 g cm−3; BnNH2·HCl, mp 262 °C. Form Supplied in: amine HCl salts are widely available as white solids; HCHO is available as 37 wt % soln in water; paraformaldehyde (CH2O)n is available as a white solid Handling, Storage, and Precautions: amines are irritants and corrosive; HCHO is highly toxic and a cancer suspect agent; paraformaldehyde is a moisture-sensitive irritant which can be expected to give off HCHO. Use in a fume hood.
한방재활의학과학회지에 게재된 증례보고의 CARE (CAse REport) 지침 준수에 대한 평가: 2016년 이후 발표된 논문들을 중심으로 (2019)

Objectives This study was perfomed to assess the adherance to CARE (CAse REport) guideline of case reports in the Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
Methods We searched the case reports published in the Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation from January 2016 to April 2019 in the database of oriental medicine advanced searching integrated system (OASIS). Then we evaluated the quality of the searched case reports based on the CARE guideline.
Results Totally 31 papers were selected after the screening the case reports by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The report rate of the sub-items of the CARE guideline was 78.26% at the maximum, 60.87% at the maximum, and 70.97% on the average. The following items were reported only in less than 50% of them; ‘Timeline'', ''Diagnostic challenges'', ''Diagnostic reasoning including other diagnoses considered'' ''Prognostic characteristics'', ''Follow-up and Outcomes'', ''Patient Perspective'', ''Informed Consent''
Conclusions This study is expected to contribute to the overall improvement of the level of case reports in the Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation. (J Korean Med Rehabil 2019;29(3):75-85)
&lt;title&gt;Detection of random vectors using an unsupervised neural network&lt;/title&gt; (1996)

In this paper, we consider the detection of a random vector in the presence of additive noise. First, we point out the relationship between linear optimal quadratic detector and the principal components of the random noisy signal. Then, we implement the classical quadratic detector for random signal using an adaptive unsupervised neural network. The basic element of the neural detector is the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) network proposed by Oja and Sanger. We show that the PCA network can be viewed as bandpass filter banks for noisy signals, thus it reduces the power of noise greatly. Therefore, it can improve the performance of the classical detector. The advantages of using the neural detector instead of the classical one are: (1) on-line adaptive algorithm can be used to train the neural detector; (2) noise can be reduced greatly with properly selected number of output units of the neural network; (3) parallel processing to simultaneously compute several eigenvalues of the input signal. Stimulated by this merit, it has been pointed out that neural networks can be used for most signal processing problems based on subspace decomposition.
Mechanistic Aspects of Bond Activation with Perfluoroarylboranes (2011)

In the mid-1990s, it was discovered that tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, B(C(6)F(5))(3), was an effective catalyst for hydrosilylation of a variety of carbonyl and imine functions. Mechanistic studies revealed a counterintuitive path in which the function of the borane was to activate the silane rather than the organic substrate. This was the first example of what has come to be known as "frustrated Lewis pair" chemistry utilizing this remarkable class of electrophilic boranes. Subsequent discoveries by the groups of Stephan and Erker showed that this could be extended to the activation of dihydrogen, initiating an intense period of activity in this area in the past 5 years. This article describes the early hydrosilylation chemistry and its subsequent applications to a variety of transformations of importance to organic and inorganic chemists, drawing parallels with the more recent hydrogen activation chemistry. Here, we emphasize the current understanding of the mechanism of this process rather than focusing on the many and emerging applications of hydrogen activation by fluoroarylborane-based frustrated Lewis pair systems.
Comparing a real-life WSN platform simple network traffic performance and its simulation model using hypothesis testing (2014)

A methodology for comparison between simulation outputs and real life measurements is proposed. The methodology is based on hypothesis testing and statistical evaluation of traffic performance indicators. On the basis of theoretical results a software tool for verification of the simulation results is developed. The tool is tested on an example of a ZigBee based wireless network system. The comparison tool demonstrates the need for simulation verification and analyzes examples of good agreements between simulation and measurements allowing for quick exposure of cases where the agreement is not satisfactory.
Characterization of 1.55-μm pulses from a self-seeded gain-switched Fabry-Perot laser diode using frequency-resolved optical gating (1998)

The intensity and frequency chirp of picosecond pulses from a self-seeded gain-switched Fabry-Perot laser diode have been directly measured using the technique of frequency-resolved optical gating. Measurements over an output sidemode suppression ratio (SMSR) range of 15-35 dB show that higher SMSR's are associated with an increasingly linear frequency chirp across the output pulses. This complete pulse characterization allows the conditions for optimum pulse compression to be determined accurately, and indicates that transform-limited, pedestal free pulses can be obtained at an SMSR of 35 dB.
Alcohol potentiates HIV-1 infection of human blood mononuclear phagocytes. (2002)

Alcohol, through the down-regulation of beta-chemokine production and the up-regulation of CCR5 receptor expression, enhances HIV R5 strain infection of MDM and may have an important role as a cofactor in the progression of HIV disease.
Architecture culture formation in Turkey : The role of the competitions in transnational exchanges in the case of izmir (2019)

Architecture and urban design competitions played an essential role in the formation of the Turkish architecture culture. It contributed in particular to modern architecture in Turkey (1923-1950s). Turkish modern architecture in the modern era emerged especially from a transnational exchange with the German speaking world. The city of Izmir in the early Republican Era 1923-1950s is an exceptional case to investigate impact of the architecture competitions in the further development of the East Mediterranean port city. Exchanges between local and foreign actors within the architecture competitions in a specific geographical context helped reflecting on changing global movements and ideologies in relation to nation-building project approved by the central government in the capital city Ankara that altered architectural and urban developments.
Performance comparison of electric-vehicle drivetrain architectures from a vehicle dynamics perspective (2019)

Recent electric vehicle studies in literature utilize electric motors within an anti-lock braking system, traction-control system, and/or vehicle-stability controller scheme. Electric motors are used as hub motors, on-board motors, or axle motors prior to the differential. This has led to the need for comparing these different drivetrain architectures with each other from a vehicle dynamics standpoint. With this background in place, using MATLAB simulations, these three drivetrain architectures are compared with each other in this study. In anti-lock braking system and vehicle-stability controller simulations, different control approaches are utilized to blend the electric motor torque with hydraulic brake torque; motor ABS, torque decomposition, and optimal slip-tracking control strategies. The results for the anti-lock braking system simulations can be summarized as follows: (1) Motor ABS strategy improves the stopping distance compared to the standard anti-lock braking system. (2) In case the motors are not solely capable of providing the required braking torque, torque decomposition strategy becomes a good solution. (3) Optimal slip-tracking control strategy improves the stopping distance remarkably compared to the standard anti-lock braking system, motor anti-lock braking system, and torque decomposition strategies for all architectures. The vehicle-stability controller simulation results can be summarized as follows: (1) higher affective wheel inertia of the on-board and hub motor architecture dictates a higher need of wheel torque in order to generate the tire force required for the desired yaw rate tracking. A higher level of torque causes a higher level of tire slip. (2) Optimal slip-tracking control strategy reduces the tire slip trends drastically and distributes the traction/braking action to each tire with the control-allocation algorithm specifying the reference slip values. This reduces reference tire slip-tracking error and reduces vehicle sideslip angle. (3) Tire slip trends are lower with the hub motor architecture, compared to the other architectures, due to more precise slip control.
Partialdruckmessgeräte und Leckdetektoren (2004)

In diesem Kapitel erfahren Sie, wie verschiedene Gasarten im Vakuum detektiert werden. Auch Lecksucher detektieren spezielle Gase und werden deshalb hier beschrieben.
P4‐002: A Phase 3, 26‐Week, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Study of AC‐1204 in Mild‐to‐Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: Study Design and Progress (2016)

The human brain runs primarily on glucose. However, under conditions of low glucose availability, the brain can efficiently metabolize ketone bodies generated from fat stores. The program is testing the hypothesis that the exogenous induction of ketosis in Alzheimer’s patients will provide an alternative substrate to glucose, overcome glucose hypometabolism, and improve cognitive performance. A Phase 2 study demonstrated that the induction of ketosis by caprylic triglyceride (CT) was well tolerated and led to improvement in ADAS-Cog scores in mild-to-moderate AD patients who were non-carriers of the epsilon 4 allele of APOE (APOE4). AC-1204, a new proprietary formulation of CT, induces mild ketosis. Clinical efficacy will be assessed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center trial in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Eligible AD patients (NINCDS-ADRDA) with MMSE 14-26 will be randomized to receive either CT or placebo for 26 weeks. Four hundred and eighty participants at up to 90 sites throughout the United States will be stratified into two groups: 360 APOE4 non-carriers and 120 APOE4 carriers. Completers will be eligible for an optional 26 week open-label extension. The primary outcome measures are: ADAS-Cog and ADCS-CGIC at 26 weeks among APOE4 non-carriers. Secondary outcome measures include: MMSE, ADCS-ADL, CDIS AD-QoL and RUD-lite. Additional pre-specified analyses include: comparisons between APOE4(+) and APOE4(-) groups, and comparisons of mild versus moderate groups defined by MMSE score. The study design has been reviewed by the FDA and is currently enrolling. As of January 2016, the study has enrolled approximately 80% of the participants. Enrollment is predicted to complete in early 2017 and initial study results available in 2017. Previous studies supported the hypothesis that induction of ketosis in mild-moderate AD may improve performance on ADAS-Cog compared to placebo. As this effect was more apparent in APOE4(-) participants, this trial specifically assesses the clinical efficacy and safety in APOE4 stratified subgroups. If positive, this study will provide further evidence of the clinical efficacy of ketosis as a therapeutic intervention in AD and support an NDA submission for a new drug in mild-to-moderate AD. For more information about the trial visit: www.nourishAD.com.
Altered structural connectivity of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (2014)

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a childhood-onset syndrome characterized by the presence and persistence of motor and vocal tics. A dysfunction of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks in this syndrome has been supported by convergent data from neuro-pathological, electrophysiological as well as structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Here, we addressed the question of structural integration of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. We specifically tested the hypothesis that deviant brain development in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome could affect structural connectivity within the input and output basal ganglia structures and thalamus. To this aim, we acquired data on 49 adult patients and 28 gender and age-matched control subjects on a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We used and further implemented streamline probabilistic tractography algorithms that allowed us to quantify the structural integration of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks. To further investigate the microstructure of white matter in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, we also evaluated fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity in these pathways, which are both sensitive to axonal package and to myelin ensheathment. In patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome compared to control subjects, we found white matter abnormalities in neuronal pathways connecting the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia and the thalamus. Specifically, striatum and thalamus had abnormally enhanced structural connectivity with primary motor and sensory cortices, as well as paracentral lobule, supplementary motor area and parietal cortices. This enhanced connectivity of motor cortex positively correlated with severity of tics measured by the Yale Global Tics Severity Scale and was not influenced by current medication status, age or gender of patients. Independently of the severity of tics, lateral and medial orbito-frontal cortex, inferior frontal, temporo-parietal junction, medial temporal and frontal pole also had enhanced structural connectivity with the striatum and thalamus in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. In addition, the cortico-striatal pathways were characterized by elevated fractional anisotropy and diminished radial diffusivity, suggesting microstructural axonal abnormalities of white matter in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. These changes were more prominent in females with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome compared to males and were not related to the current medication status. Taken together, our data showed widespread structural abnormalities in cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic white matter pathways in patients with Gilles de la Tourette, which likely result from abnormal brain development in this syndrome.
Preclusion of switch behavior in reaction networks with mass-action\n kinetics (2011)

We provide a Jacobian criterion that applies to arbitrary chemical reaction\nnetworks taken with mass-action kinetics to preclude the existence of multiple\npositive steady states within any stoichiometric class for any choice of rate\nconstants. We are concerned with the characterization of injective networks,\nthat is, networks for which the species formation rate function is injective in\nthe interior of the positive orthant within each stoichiometric class. We show\nthat a network is injective if and only if the determinant of the Jacobian of a\ncertain function does not vanish. The function consists of components of the\nspecies formation rate function and a maximal set of independent conservation\nlaws. The determinant of the function is a polynomial in the species\nconcentrations and the rate constants (linear in the latter) and its\ncoefficients are fully determined. The criterion also precludes the existence\nof degenerate steady states. Further, we relate injectivity of a chemical\nreaction network to that of the chemical reaction network obtained by adding\noutflow, or degradation, reactions for all species.\n
Osteopontin is synthesized by macrophage, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells in primary and restenotic human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. (1994)

How an atherosclerotic plaque evolves from minimal diffuse intimal hyperplasia to a critical lesion is not well understood. Cellular proliferation is a relatively infrequent and modest event in both primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy specimens, leading us to believe that other processes, such as the formation of extracellular matrix, cell migration, neovascularization, and calcification might be more important for lesion formation. The investigation of proteins that are overexpressed in plaque compared with the normal vessel wall may provide clues that will help determine which of these processes are key to lesion pathogenesis. One such molecule, osteopontin (OPN), is an arginine-glycine-aspartate-containing acidic phosphoprotein recently shown to be a novel component of human atherosclerotic plaques and selectively expressed in the rat neointima following balloon angioplasty. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods, we demonstrate that in addition to macrophages, smooth muscle and endothelial cells synthesize OPN mRNA and protein in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque specimens obtained by directional atherectomy. In contrast, OPN mRNA and protein were not detected in nondiseased vessel walls. Furthermore, extracellular OPN protein collocalized with sites of early calcification in the plaque that were identified with a sensitive modification of the von Kossa staining technique. These findings, combined with studies showing that OPN has adhesive, chemotactic, and calcium-binding properties, suggest that OPN may contribute to cellular accumulations and dystrophic calcification in atherosclerotic plaques.
Isotopic Indicators of Climate in Ice Cores, Wind River Range, Wyoming (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Research Plan Sampling and Analytical Methods Results and Discussion Summary
Ig heavy chain extracellular spacer confers unique glycosylation of the Mb-1 component of the B cell antigen receptor complex. (1994)

A unique functional role for the B cell Ag receptor, IgD, has not yet been identified. A number of properties of IgD, such as distinct intron-exon organization and a conserved pattern of developmental expression, suggest a selective evolutionary advantage for this receptor isotype. To explore structural features of IgD that may confer unique functions, chimeric Ag receptors were generated in which small segments of the IgD heavy chain membrane proximal regions were substituted for corresponding segments of the IgM heavy chain. Polypeptides that associate with the Ig receptors were analyzed. Mb-1/Ig-alpha, a signal transduction molecule, is known to be glycosylated in a distinct manner when associated with IgD compared to when associated with other isotypes. We report that this differential glycosylation results because one N-linked carbohydrate on Mb-1 fails to be processed into an Endo-H-resistant form when associated with IgM or IgG, whereas both N-linked carbohydrates are processed on Mb-1 associated with IgD. By preparing chimeric IgM-IgD heavy chains, substitution of the IgD extracellular spacer segment alone was found to be necessary and sufficient to confer an IgD-type glycosylation pattern on the Mb-1 molecule. This altered glycosylation pattern, however, did not confer a detectable difference in calcium mobilization or in protein tyrosine phosphorylation upon receptor stimulation. Interestingly, a similar altered glycosylation pattern has been reported for the T cell Ag receptor complex in which carbohydrates on the CD3 delta-chain are fully processed in gamma delta-T cell receptors but only partially processed in alpha beta-T cell receptors.
Transfer Doping in Diamond for Channel Doping and Electrical Contacts (2021)

This article reports on the use of transfer doping (TD) to create holes in a diamond substrate using defects in Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> that are located at an energy below the top of the diamond valence band. The energy bands of a metal-Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -diamond structure are analyzed for use as a method to make electrical contact to the diamond. The structure is also analyzed for use as part of a field-effect transistor, where the metal acts as the gate. While it is found that the metal can easily dominate the charges in a thin Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer, preventing efficient TD of the diamond, we found that the use of a thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer, a high defect density, or a high work function metal can all serve to permit efficient TD. It is shown that a metal-Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -diamond structure, utilizing a high defect density in a few nm thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer, can provide a good electrical contact to the diamond because electrons can tunnel through the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer and because a high hole concentration is formed under the metal contact in the diamond substrate.