gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced Herbicide Rates—A Canadian Perspective (2004)

Identification of the appropriate use rate is a critical first step in the herbicide development process because use rates affect product utility, market value, and the various risk assessments within the regulatory review process prior to registration. For a given herbicide to be commercially successful, it must provide consistent and sustained efficacy based on a use rate structure that meets customer requirements over a wide range of conditions. Recently, recommendations have been made that advocate the use of herbicide use rates below those outlined on registered product label text. Such advice tends to be based on field work and predictive models designed to identify specific conditions where reduced herbicide use rates are theoretically optimized as dictated by threshold values with assumed levels of commercially acceptable weed control. Unfortunately, many other studies indicate that the use of reduced herbicide rates is not without variability of herbicide efficacy and economic risk. Consequently, reduced use rate theories and related predictive models are often of limited practical value to growers. Aside from inconsistent performance, weed control strategies based on reduced herbicide use rates are not a solution to prevent or even delay target site resistance. In fact, prolonged use of sublethal use rates may select for metabolic resistance and add future weed management challenges by replenishing the weed seed bank. Much effort in terms of development time and resources are invested before product commercialization to ensure that product labels are easily understood and provide value to growers. In this regard, every effort is made to identify the lowest effective use rate that will consistently control target weeds and lead to economic optimization for both the grower and manufacturer.
Multi-Party Cross-Chain Asset Transfers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;With the growing interest in blockchain technology, researchers and developers in different industries are shifting their attention to creating interoperability mechanisms. Existing mechanisms usually encompass asset exchanges, asset transfers, and general data transfers. However, most of the solutions based on these mechanisms only work for two permissionless blockchains falling short in use cases requiring more complex business relationships. Also, contrary to existing legacy systems, there is little standardization for cross-chain communication. Here we present MP-SATP, a resilient multi-party asset transfer protocol built on top of the Secure Asset Transfer Protocol (SATP). Furthermore, we enhance SATP's crash recovery mechanism that directly influences the reliability and performance of our solution. Using MP-SATP, we show how to perform N-to-N resilient asset transfers in permissioned environments by decoupling them into multiple 1-to-1 asset transfers. Our results demonstrate that the latency of the protocol is driven by the latency of the slowest 1-to-1 session; and how the usage of backup gateways avoid the overhead caused by rollbacks. Enterprise-grade environments such as supply-chain management systems can immediately leverage our solution to perform atomic multi-party asset transfers as shown by our use case.&lt;/p&gt;
Oximetry of Retinal Capillaries by Multicomponent Analysis (2012)

Retinal oximetry of capillaries was performed for early detection of retinal vascular abnormalities, which are caused predominantly by complications of systemic circulatory diseases. As the conventional method for determining absorbance is not applicable to capillaries, multicomponent analysis was used to estimate the absorbance spectra of the retinal blood vessels. In this analysis, the capillary spectrum was classified as intermediate between those of the retinal arteries and veins, enabling relative estimation of oxygen saturation in the capillaries. This method could be useful for early recognition of disturbances in the peripheral circulation. Furthermore, a spectroscopic ophthalmoscope system based on the proposed method was developed to examine the human retina. A clinical trial of this system demonstrated that oximetry of the retinal capillaries may be an improvement over the present diagnosis for patients of malignant hypertension.
A Second-Order Fast-Forward Model for a Gamma-Gamma Density Logging Tool (2009)

Abstract A fast-forward (FF) model for density logging is an essential element for inversion techniques, which may be performed with density data alone or jointly with other measurements. Such models must be both fast and accurate to be of value in the log interpretation process. The environment of high-angle or horizontal (HA/HZ) wells presents a scenario in which forward models have particular promise. In the 1980s, Watson (1984) developed the technique of differential sensitivity functions to rapidly predict the response of a density logging tool. However, the accuracy of this technique is modest because of the limitations inherent in its linear approximation. In this work, we extend the density sensitivity technique to a second-order approximation. A critical component of this model is the second-order sensitivity functions, which are challenging to calculate. With the aid of the perturbation feature in the MCNP5 code, we use elements of the sensitivity functions at both the first and second orders to approximate the second-order dependences. We calibrate the model in fully detailed MCNP (Monte Carlo N-particle) simulations of the EcoScope* LWD tool response for a wide range of borehole conditions covering formation electron densities from 1.5 to 3.0 g/cm3; drilling fluids of water, light mud, and heavy barite mud; and standoff values from 0 to 1 in. The maximum deviations between the forward model predictions and MCNP simulations in these diverse borehole conditions are 0.02 g/cm3 for the long-spacing (LS) electron density, 0.03 g/cm3 for the short-spacing (SS) electron density, and 0.04 g/cm3 for the compensated electron density. This combination of accuracy and versatility is a dramatic improvement over the performance of linear sensitivity techniques. We benchmark the model in a simulated HA/HZ well environment and demonstrate performance that is roughly consistent with the calibration. The speed of the improved forward model is almost equivalent to that of the original sensitivity function technique and is six orders of magnitude faster than the Monte Carlo data calculations.
Functional investigation of residue G791 of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA: implication of initiation factor 1 in the restoration of P-site function (2010)

Using a specialized ribosome system, previous studies have identified G791 in Escherichia coli 16S rRNA as an invariant and essential residue for ribosome function. To investigate the functional role of G791, we searched for multicopy suppressors that partially restored the protein synthesis ability of mutant ribosomes bearing a G to U substitution at position 791 (U791 ribosomes). Analyses of isolated multicopy suppressors showed that overexpression of initiation factor 1 (IF1) enhanced the protein synthesis ability of U791 ribosomes. In contrast, overexpression of initiation factor 2 (IF2) or IF3 did not enhance the protein synthesis ability of wild-type or U791 ribosomes, and overexpression of IF1 did not affect the function of wild-type or mutant ribosomes bearing nucleotide substitutions in other regions of 16S rRNA. Analyses of sucrose gradient profiles of ribosomes showed that overexpression of IF1 marginally enhanced the subunit association of U791 ribosomes and indicated lower binding affinity of U791 ribosomes to IF1. Our findings suggest the involvement of IF1 in the restoration of the P-site function that was impaired by a nucleotide substitution at residue G791.
Ayurvedic Medicine Zinc <i>Bhasma</i>: Physicochemical Evaluation, Anti-Diabetic Activity and Safety Assessment (2011)

Bhasmas are unique Ayurvedic metallic preparations used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. With increasing knowledge of risk of nanomaterials, it becomes imperative to assess the safety of nanoparticulate Ayurvedic medicines using toxicity models. In this study, zinc bhasma was characterized using modern physicochemical techniques. In vitro toxicity test revealed no major cytotoxicity at all the dose levels tested. No behavioral abnormality, clinical signs and mortality was seen indicating no adverse effects. SGOT, SGPT and serum urea were also not significantly altered indicating no major organ toxicity. In the current study, zinc bhasma appears safe for human use.
Anion Partitioning and Ion-Pairing Behavior of Anions in the Extraction of Cesium Salts by 4,5‘ ‘-Bis(<i>tert</i>-octylbenzo)dibenzo-24-crown-8 in 1,2-Dichloroethane (2006)

A systematic study of anion partitioning and ion pairing was performed for an extraction of individual cesium salts into 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) using 4,5' '-bis(tert-octylbenzo)dibenzo-24-crown-8 as the cesium receptor. Equilibrium constants corresponding to the extraction of ion pairs and dissociated ions, formation of the 1:1 cesium/crown complex (confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry), and dissociation of the ion pairs in water-saturated 1,2-DCE at 25 degrees C were obtained from equilibrium modeling using the SXLSQI program. The standard Gibbs energy of partitioning between water and water-saturated 1,2-DCE was determined for picrate, permanganate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, and acetate anions. The dissociation of the organic-phase complex ion pair [Cs(4,4' '-bis(tert-octylbenzo)dibenzo-24-crown-8]+NO3- observed in the extraction experiments was shown to be consistent with the dissociation constant determined independently by conductance measurements. As attributed to the large effective radius of the complex cation, the evident anion discrimination due to ion pairing in the 1,2-DCE phase was relatively small, by comparison only a tenth of the discrimination exhibited by the anion partitioning. Only chloride and picrate exhibit evidence for significantly greater-than-expected ion-pairing tendency. These results provide insight into the inclusion properties of the clefts formed by opposing arene rings of the crown ether upon encapsulation of the Cs+ ion, whose weak anion recognition likely reflects the preferential inclusion of 1,2-DCE molecules in the clefts. Observed anion extraction selectivity in this system, which may be ascribed predominantly to solvent-induced Hofmeister bias selectivity toward large charge-diffuse anions, was nearly the same whether cesium salts were extracted as dissociated ions or ion pairs.
Life in the Fast Lane (2018)

This paper explores the question: what abstractions are needed to support a more general form of stateful processing in programmable forwarding planes? It argues that we should look for clues from the domain of stream processing. As a case study, it describes an implementation of the Linear Road benchmark for stream processing systems written in P4. The artifact of our implementation, which runs on a programmable ASIC, provides a version of the benchmark that far exceeds the throughput of any prior work. More importantly, the experience provides perspective on the challenges for implementing stateful abstractions in P4.
Orientation and direction-of-motion response in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of New World owl monkeys as revealed by intrinsic-signal optical imaging (2010)

Intrinsic-signal optical imaging was used to evaluate relationships of domains of neurons in middle temporal visual area (MT) selective for stimulus orientation and direction-of-motion. Maps of activation were elicited in MT of owl monkeys by gratings drifting back-and-forth, flashed stationary gratings and unidirectionally drifting fields of random dots. Drifting gratings, typically used to reveal orientation preference domains, contain a motion component that may be represented in MT. Consequently, this stimulus could activate groups of cells responsive to the motion of the grating, its orientation or a combination of both. Domains elicited from either moving or static gratings were remarkably similar, indicating that these groups of cells are responding to orientation, although they may also encode information about motion. To assess the relationship between domains defined by drifting oriented gratings and those responsive to direction-of-motion, the response to drifting fields of random dots was measured within domains defined from thresholded maps of activation elicited by the drifting gratings. The optical response elicited by drifting fields of random dots was maximal in a direction orthogonal to the map of orientation preference. Thus, neurons in domains selective for stimulus orientation are also selective for motion orthogonal to the preferred stimulus orientation.
Supplementary Table 3 from Relationships between Circulating and Intraprostatic Sex Steroid Hormone Concentrations (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 3: Multivariable Linear Regressions between Log Continous Serum and Tissue Hormones Stratified by Gleason Score&lt;/p&gt;
Chemical Mechanism and Efficiency of the Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detector (1994)

The sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD) is a sensitive, highly selective sulfur detection system based on reaction in hydrogen/air combustion followed by extraction and low-pressure chemiluminescence. This report documents investigations into the fundamental chemical processes occurring in the SCD. The conclusion from this work is that ozone reacts with sulfur monoxide (SO) to form electronically excited SO 2 . A gas-phase titration of the SO formed indicates that approximately four of every 1000 sulfur-containing molecules entering the flame arrive at the reaction cell as SO. This new understanding of the SCD will allow future studies to concentrate on optimization of instrumental performance based on the appropriate chemical mechanism.
A 38/77 GHz MMIC transmitter chip set for automotive applications (2003)

This paper describes the successful development of 38/77 GHz transmit MMICs for automotive applications. They consist of a 38 GHz amplifier, a frequency doubler, and a 77 GHz power amplifier. These amplifiers achieve output powers of 16 dBm at 38 GHz and 15 dBm at 76.5 GHz at 1 dB gain compression point. The output power of the 77 GHz amplifier is one of the highest delivered by a single chip MMIC at 76.5 GHz. The frequency doubler delivers an output power of 5.7 dBm at 76.5 GHz. These results are promising for automotive applications in the W-band.
Oral simethicone tablets with PEG‐ELS split‐prep reduces frequency of inadequate bowel cleansing and decreases bubbles (2021)

Background:\nIntraluminal bubbles may prevent the visualisation of mucosa during a colonoscopy. Simethicone minimises bubbles, but its impact on incomplete bowel preparation and optimal protocols for use are unclear.\n\nAim:\nTo assess the impact of oral simethicone tablets when added to 2-litre, split-prep, polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution + ascorbic acid on bubble score and frequency of incomplete bowel preparation.\n\nMethods:\nThis QA/QI project assessed outpatients who underwent colonoscopy at the Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System. After endoscopists were trained in intraluminal bubble scoring systems, data about bubble score, frequency of inadequate bowel preparation requiring early repeat colonoscopy, quality of bowel preparation using Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS), and patient tolerance were collected before and after addition of oral simethicone 160mg to each dose of 2-litre split-prep.\n\nResults:\nThere were no differences in patient characteristics between the baseline group (n = 348) and the simethicone group (n = 354). Simethicone improved the total mean intraluminal bubble score from 8.18 to 8.78 (P &lt; 0.001). Early repeat colonoscopy due to inadequate bowel preparation was higher in the baseline group vs simethicone group: 8.7% vs 4.6%, P = 0.03 with an RRR = 0.5 (95% CI 0.26-0.95). Using BBPS, the frequency of having inadequate cleansing in any colon segment was higher in the baseline group vs simethicone group: 6.6% vs 3.1%; RRR = 0.55 (95% CI 0.21-0.94).\n\nConclusions:\nThe addition of oral simethicone to each dose of 2-litre, split-prep of polyethylene glycol + ascorbic acid decreased intraluminal bubbles and reduced the frequency of inadequate bowel preparation.
Material-Aware Mesh Deformations (2006)

Most real world objects consist of non-uniform materials; as a result, during deformation the bending and shearing are distributed non-uniformly and depend on the local stiffness of the material. In the virtual environment there are three prevalent approaches to model deformation: purely geometric, physically driven, and skeleton based. This paper proposes a new approach to model deformation that incorporates non-uniform materials into the geometric deformation framework. Our approach provides a simple and intuitive method to control the distribution of the bending and shearing throughout the model according to the local material stiffness. Thus, we are able to generate realistic looking, material-aware deformations at interactive rates. Our method works on all types of models, including models with continuous stiffness gradation and non-articulated models such as cloth. The material stiffness across the surface can be specified by the user with an intuitive paint-like interface or it can be learned from a sequence of sample deformations.
Simulating the Shape‐Memory Behavior of Amorphous Switching Domains of Poly(<scp>L</scp>‐lactide) by Molecular Dynamics (2012)

Abstract The thermally induced shape‐memory effect of polymers is typically characterized by cyclic uniaxial thermomechanical tests. Here, a molecular‐dynamics (MD) simulation approach of such a cyclic uniaxial thermomechanical test is presented for amorphous switching domains of poly( L ‐lactide) (PLLA). Uniaxial deformation of the constructed PLLA models is simulated with a Parinello–Rahman scheme, as well as a pragmatic geometrical approach. We are able to describe two subsequent test cycles using the presented simulation approach. The obtained simulated shape‐memory properties in both test cycles are similar and independent of the applied deformation protocols. The simulated PLLA shows high shape fixity ratios ( R f ≥ 94%), but only a moderate shape recovery ratio is obtained ( R r ≥ 30%). Finally, the structural changes during the simulated test are characterized by analysis of the changes in the dihedral angle distributions. magnified image
Control of Molecular Bonding Strength on Metal Catalysts with Organic Monolayers for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction (2020)

The development of separate levers for controlling the bonding strength of different reactive species on catalyst surfaces is challenging but essential for the design of highly active and selective catalysts. For example, during CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, production of CO often requires balancing a trade-off between the adsorption strength of the reactant and product states: weak binding of CO is desirable from a selectivity perspective, but weak binding of CO<sub>2</sub> leads to low activity. Here, we demonstrate a new method of controlling both CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption and CO desorption over supported metal catalysts by employing a single self-assembly step where organic monolayer films were deposited on the catalyst support. Binding of phosphonic acid monolayers on supported Pt and Pd catalysts weakened CO binding via a through-support effect. The weakened CO adsorption was generally accompanied by decreased adsorption and reactivity of CO<sub>2</sub>. However, by the incorporation of basic amine functions at controlled positions in the modifying film, strong CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption and hydrogenation reactivity could be restored. Thus, both through-surface and through-space interactions could be manipulated by design of the organic modifiers. After surface modification, the catalysts exhibited significantly improved selectivity (up to ∼99% at conversions near 50%) and activity toward CO production. Moreover, the rate of deactivation was notably reduced due to prevention of CO poisoning.
Late Breaking Abstract - Masitinib in severe asthma: Results from a randomized, phase 3 trial (2020)

<b>Background:</b> Study AB07015 evaluated oral masitinib (6 mg/kg/d) in severe persistent asthma, uncontrolled by high-dose ICS/LABA and oral corticosteroids (OCS) (≥7.5 mg/d), irrespective of baseline eosinophil levels. <b>Method:</b> Eligible adult patients (pts) were treated for 36 weeks (with possible blinded extension until at least week-96). Primary endpoint was reduction of annualized severe asthma exacerbation rate (SAER) for overall exposure (W0–W96). A key subgroup was defined as pts with initial eosinophil count of ≥150 cells/µL (EOS). Subgroup analysis according to cumulative OCS intake was also performed, a higher dose indicating more severe asthma that is harder to control. <b>Results:</b> MAS (n=240) showed a significant 35% reduction in SAER relative to placebo (PBO, n=115) with a rate ratio (RR) of 0.64 ([95%CI[0.47–0.90];p=0·0103]). For the EOS subgroup, MAS (n=181) showed a significant 38% reduction in SAER (n=87); RR=0.62 ([95%CI[0.42–0.91];p=0·0156). Benefit of MAS increased in pts who had a higher cumulated use of OCS (<b>see Table</b>). In pts receiving an annualized cumulative OCS intake of &gt;1000 mg, SAER was significantly reduced by 51% in the primary analysis population (p=0·0060), and by 71% in the EOS subgroup (p=0·0003). Safety was consistent with the known MAS profile and no new safety signals were observed. Incidence of ≥1 adverse event was 83.4% for MAS vs 82.0% for PBO. <b>Conclusion:</b> Masitinib demonstrated a positive benefit/risk ratio in uncontrolled severe asthma, regardless of baseline eosinophil level. Benefits were greatest in pts with the highest OCS dose dependency.
Endogenously Expressed Truncated P2X7 Receptor Lacking the C-Terminus is Preferentially Upregulated in Epithelial Cancer Cells and Fails to Mediate Ligand-Induced Pore Formation and Apoptosis (2006)

A truncated naturally occurring variant of the human purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7-R) was found in human cancer cervical cells. The novel protein consists of 258 amino acids, and compared to the wild-type P2X7-R it lacks the entire intracellular carboxy terminus, the second transmembrane domain, and the distal third of the extracellular loop. The truncated P2X7-R failed to form pores and mediate apoptosis, and it interacted with the wild-type P2X7-R in a manner suggesting auto-hetero-oligomerization. In contrast to cancer cells the novel truncated P2X7-R was expressed relatively little in normal cervical cells. These data raise the possibility that coexpression of the truncated form could block P2X7 mediated apoptosis and promote uncontrolled growth of cells.