gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuromodulation for Drug-Refractory Epilepsy and Chronic Heart Failure: Targets, Delivery, Composition and Titration (2019)

Anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) antibody positive generalized myasthenia gravis (MuSK-MG) is an autoimmune disease, in which deterioration of myasthenic symptoms may occur by cholinesterase inhibitor (ChE-I) treatment. Salbutamol, a sympathetic β2 receptor agonist, was an effective therapeutic drug in congenital myasthenic syndrome patients with MuSK gene abnormalities and in MuSK-MG animal model. Salbutamol was attempted to treat a female MuSK-MG patient who did not respond to ChE-I. Any acute benefit of salbutamol was not observed but her myasthenic symptoms gradually improved over a year without adversive effects. Salbutamol may be a therapeutic drug to alleviate myasthenic symptoms in MuSK-MG patients.
Application of artificial intelligence-driven endoscopic screening and diagnosis of gastric cancer (2021)

The landscape of gastrointestinal endoscopy continues to evolve as new technologies and techniques become available. The advent of image-enhanced and magnifying endoscopies has highlighted the step toward perfecting endoscopic screening and diagnosis of gastric lesions. Simultaneously, with the development of convolutional neural network, artificial intelligence (AI) has made unprecedented breakthroughs in medical imaging, including the ongoing trials of computer-aided detection of colorectal polyps and gastrointestinal bleeding. In the past demi-decade, applications of AI systems in gastric cancer have also emerged. With AI's efficient computational power and learning capacities, endoscopists can improve their diagnostic accuracies and avoid the missing or mischaracterization of gastric neoplastic changes. So far, several AI systems that incorporated both traditional and novel endoscopy technologies have been developed for various purposes, with most systems achieving an accuracy of more than 80%. However, their feasibility, effectiveness, and safety in clinical practice remain to be seen as there have been no clinical trials yet. Nonetheless, AI-assisted endoscopies shed light on more accurate and sensitive ways for early detection, treatment guidance and prognosis prediction of gastric lesions. This review summarizes the current status of various AI applications in gastric cancer and pinpoints directions for future research and clinical practice implementation from a clinical perspective.
Temperature dependence of spin-orbit torques in W/CoFeB bilayers (2016)

We report on the temperature variation of spin-orbit torques in perpendicularly magnetized W/CoFeB bilayers. Harmonic Hall voltage measurements in perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB reveal increased longitudinal and transverse effective magnetic field components at low temperatures. The damping-like spin-orbit torque reaches an efficiency of 0.55 at 19 K. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray reflectivity measurements indicate that considerable interface mixing between W and CoFeB may be responsible for strong spin-orbit interactions.
Participating in Two Video Concussion Education Programs Sequentially Improves Concussion-Reporting Intention (2021)

Undiagnosed concussions increase the risk of additional concussion and persistent symptoms from concussion. Because there are no reliable objective markers of concussion, self-reporting of subjective and non-visible symptoms are critical to ensuring proper concussion management. For this reason, educational interventions target concussion reporting, but the majority of studies have examined the efficacy of single educational interventions or compared interventions to one another. This randomized crossover study sought to identify whether there was benefit to administering multiple concussion education programs in tandem, back to back. The study randomized 313 male high school football players to first receive CrashCourse concussion education (CC) or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention video concussion education (CDC) followed by crossover with the other education. Athlete concussion-reporting intention, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and enjoyment of education were assessed at baseline and after each intervention. There were statistically significant improvements across all measures, both after single intervention and crossover (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Secondary analyses examining differences between education found that athletes reported higher enjoyment of concussion education immediately after participating in CC, as compared to CDC (<i>p</i> < 0.001). These findings demonstrate an additive benefit to implementing CC and CDC education in tandem, without decrement in enjoyment of concussion education after experiencing dual educations; in fact, enjoyment of concussion education improved after receiving education programs back to back. These educational programs appear to complement one another, and the results support the use of multi-modal concussion education to differentially target and maximize concussion reporting.
A simulation study of video teleconferencing traffic in ATM networks (2002)

Results of a simulation study of the potential multiplexing gains from using variable-bit-rate encoding to multiplex video teleconferencing traffic over an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network are presented. Simulated traffic from several video teleconferences was fed into a buffer and multiplexed onto a higher speed output line. The study observed the cell loss resulting from buffer overflow. The spacings between the start times for the individual video conferences are found to have a large role in determining the aggregate cell-loss-rate seen by the collection of calls. After the cell-loss-rate becomes non-negligible, it grows rapidly as a function of the number of input lines. The cell losses are not distributed uniformly over time but are clustered, with the consequence that the probability that a call is loss free is much better than indicated by the cell-loss-rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Generation of intense femtosecond optical vortex pulses with blazed-phase grating in chirped-pulse amplification system of Ti:sapphire laser (2016)

We demonstrate the generation of an intense femtosecond optical vortex (OV) pulse by employing an OV converter set between two laser amplifiers in a chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) system of a Ti:sapphire laser. The OV converter is composed of a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) exhibiting a blazed-phase computer-generated hologram, a concave mirror, and a flat mirror in the 4f setup. Owing to the intrinsic nature of the 4f setup, the OV converter is free from chromatic and topological-charge dispersions, which are always induced in a spiral phase plate conventionally used to convert an intense Gaussian laser pulse to an OV pulse, while we can avoid damage to the LC-SLM by the irradiation of a low-energy pulse before the second amplifier. We have increased the throughput of the OV converter to 42% by systematically investigating the diffraction efficiency of the blazed-phase hologram on the LC-SLM, which relaxes the gain condition required for the second amplifier. The combination of the high-throughput OV converter and the two-stage amplification enables us to generate OV pulses with an energy of 1.63 mJ and a pulse duration of 60 fs at a wavelength of ~720 nm, at which the gain of the Ti:sapphire laser is only 60% of the peak gain around 800 nm.
A 132-dB Dynamic-Range Global-Shutter Stacked Architecture for High-Performance Imagers (2014)

This brief presents a global-shutter imager readout architecture that allows a dynamic range (DR) of more than 132 dB and a high frame rate. It is based on a stacked technology where the top tier contains the back-illuminated pixel array, and the bottom tier contains the subpixel logic array, which implements the dynamic-range extension by selecting the best integration time for each pixel. Experimental results of a 64 × 64 subpixel array confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in extending the DR by more than 10 bits. The application of the algorithm to higher array resolutions compromises its effectiveness given the increased column capacitance. As a way out, we propose a novel source-follower-based buffer that reduces the settling time of the subpixel without increasing its size. The performed analysis shows that the sensor can reach 1900 and 375 fps, respectively, at full HD and at 8-K resolutions.
Exact lower bounds on the codelength of three-step permutation-decodable cyclic codes (1992)

The exact lower bounds on codelength n for three-step (T, U) permutation decodable binary cyclic codes of even-valued error number t (t>or=4) are presented. Since the derivation of these results involves only the error position, the results are applicable to cyclic codes over GF(2/sup m/).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hybrid System Development for High-Performance All Wheel Drive Vehicle (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The original Toyota Hybrid System (THS) was installed in the Prius and was introduced in 1997 as the world's first mass-produced hybrid passenger car. Since then, THS has been continuously improved. In 2003 THS-II (marketed as Hybrid Synergy Drive [HSD]), was installed in a new larger Prius. In 2006 HSD was installed in a Rear Wheel Drive Vehicle: the LEXUS GS450h. This system achieved both 4.5-liter class power performance and compact class fuel economy with outstanding emissions performance.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In 2007, this system is expanded to a mechanical all-wheel-drive(AWD) in the LEXUS LS600hL(with new V8 engine). This paper will explain this hybrid system which achieved both V12 class power performance and mid-size class fuel economy, while meeting the most stringent emission standard SULEV as a full-size vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;
Structural Basis of Substrate Binding in WsaF, a Rhamnosyltransferase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (2010)

Carbohydrate polymers are medically and industrially important. The S-layer of many Gram-positive organisms comprises protein and carbohydrate polymers and forms an almost paracrystalline array on the cell surface. Not only is this array important for the bacteria but it has potential application in the manufacture of commercially important polysaccharides and glycoconjugates as well. The S-layer glycoprotein glycan from Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a is mainly composed of repeating units of three rhamnose sugars linked by alpha-1,3-, alpha-1,2-, and beta-1,2-linkages. The formation of the beta-1,2-linkage is catalysed by the enzyme WsaF. The rational use of this system is hampered by the fact that WsaF and other enzymes in the pathway share very little homology to other enzymes. We report the structural and biochemical characterisation of WsaF, the first such rhamnosyltransferase to be characterised. Structural work was aided by the surface entropy reduction method. The enzyme has two domains, the N-terminal domain, which binds the acceptor (the growing rhamnan chain), and the C-terminal domain, which binds the substrate (dTDP-beta-l-rhamnose). The structure of WsaF bound to dTDP and dTDP-beta-l-rhamnose coupled to biochemical analysis identifies the residues that underlie catalysis and substrate recognition. We have constructed and tested by site-directed mutagenesis a model for acceptor recognition.
&lt;title&gt;Ultraviolet damage properties of various fused silica materials&lt;/title&gt; (1995)

Five different fused silica types were evaluated for their resistance to UV-induced compaction and color center formation at 193-nm. Real-time monitoring of color- center-induced absorption showed three distinct dependencies of transmission on pulse count. The initial rates of color center formation varied by well over a factor of ten between the materials tested while compaction-induced birefringence rates varied by at most a factor of four. Of the likely candidates for lithographic applications, Corning Excimer Grade 7940 fused silica was the least prone to color center formation while Suprasil 311 showed the lowest compaction rates. The rates of compaction-induced birefringence and color-center-induced absorption from 213-nm radiation were found to increase dramatically under elevated sample temperature conditions. Since a two- photon absorption mechanism is believed to be the catalyst for UV damage to fused silica, two-photon absorption coefficients were characterized at elevated temperatures. The two-photon coefficients at 213-nm for all materials measured including crystalline quartz and under all applied conditions were statistically equivalent, leading to the conclusion that the energy dissipation mechanism, in addition to two-photon absorption, is important to UV damage to fused silica.
Reproducible chemostat cultures to eliminate eukaryotic viruses from fecal transplant material (2023)

ABSTRACT The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on various gut-related diseases is intensively investigated in clinical trials. In addition to bacteria, the gut microbiome also contains eukaryotic, archaeal, and bacterial viruses (bacteriophages, in short phages), which collectively is referred to as the gut virome. Application of FMT in clinical settings is associated with a potential risk for the recipient of transferring infectious eukaryotic viruses or bacteria, despite strict screening procedures for the donor material. A safer and more targeted method to modulate the gut microbiota is therefore needed to extend the application width of FMT. Emerging evidence suggests that gut phages play a key role in maintaining a balanced gut microbiome as well as in FMT efficacy. Thus, a phageome from a cultured fecal donor microbiome may be a more efficient alternative to modulate the gut bacteriome than FMT. Here, we analyzed the dynamic changes of the viromes of mice cecal and human fecal matter inoculated chemostat cultures. Sequencing results showed that the relative abundance of eukaryotic viruses remarkably decreased during continuous cultivation, likely due to the lack of eukaryotic hosts. The corresponding phageome profiles showed dilution rate dependency, a reproducibility between biological replicates, and maintained high diversity of phages although being different from the inoculum phageome. This proof-of-concept study may constitute the first step of developing therapeutic tools to target a broad spectrum of gut-related diseases and thereby replacing FMT with a safer phage-mediated therapy.
Defect‐Free Sound Insulator Using Single Metal‐Based Friction Stir Process Array (2023)

Metals are excellent conductors for phonon transportation such as vibration, sound, and heat. Generally, metal sound insulators require multimaterial structure or defects and unimetal sound insulators are challenging. Therefore, a design of a defect‐free sound insulator made by single alloys with multiple friction stir processes (FSPs) is proposed. Periodic friction stir processing can induce superlattice‐like local mechanical properties’ modifications. By experimental acoustic characterization, it is observed that FSP can introduce clear acoustic–elastic property contrast on an aluminum plate by the presence of stir zone and heat‐affected zones. In numerical simulations, the signature FSP‐induced property profile is periodically and parallelly arranged on a long aluminum plate. The transmission gap frequencies are present on the frequency spectrum with the sound propagation direction perpendicular to the FSP paths. Disorder offsets on FSP periodicity are further introduced. Anderson localization is found on a resonance frequency, which provides −11 dB sound reduction by an exponential decay. Due to the finite design length, the slight disorder can also enhance sound insulation in the periodic transmission gap frequency. With analysis and comparison with different configurations, the best performance in the models can achieve −30 dB sound insulation in the 350 mm‐long aluminum alloy plate with 14 parallel FSPs.
Perpendicular recording heads for high areal density and high data rate applications (2003)

Significant progress has been made within the past year on perpendicular recording technology development and its application to Winchester type disc drives. Paced by rapid advancements in the perpendicular recording physics understanding, component design and fabrication technology has made great strides toward closing the performance gap with the more mature longitudinal recording technology. In particular, closer examination of the combined heads and media parameters and their interdependence and interactions has been instrumental in enabling the recent perpendicular recording areal density and data rate achievements. Concurrently, integration of these advanced components in disc drives has provided valuable information on system level performance issues and has accelerated component design maturity.
COVIDLite: A depth-wise separable deep neural network with white balance and CLAHE for detection of COVID-19 (2020)

Background and Objective:Currently, the whole world is facing a pandemic disease, novel Coronavirus also known as COVID-19, which spread in more than 200 countries with around 3.3 million active cases and 4.4 lakh deaths approximately. Due to rapid increase in number of cases and limited supply of testing kits, availability of alternative diagnostic method is necessary for containing the spread of COVID-19 cases at an early stage and reducing the death count. For making available an alternative diagnostic method, we proposed a deep neural network based diagnostic method which can be easily integrated with mobile devices for detection of COVID-19 and viral pneumonia using Chest X-rays (CXR) images. Methods:In this study, we have proposed a method named COVIDLite, which is a combination of white balance followed by Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) and depth-wise separable convolutional neural network (DSCNN). In this method, white balance followed by CLAHE is used as an image preprocessing step for enhancing the visibility of CXR images and DSCNN trained using sparse cross entropy is used for image classification with lesser parameters and significantly lighter in size, i.e., 8.4 MB without quantization. Results:The proposed COVIDLite method resulted in improved performance in comparison to vanilla DSCNN with no pre-processing. The proposed method achieved higher accuracy of 99.58% for binary classification, whereas 96.43% for multiclass classification and out-performed various state-of-the-art methods. Conclusion:Our proposed method, COVIDLite achieved exceptional results on various performance metrics. With detailed model interpretations, COVIDLite can assist radiologists in detecting COVID-19 patients from CXR images and can reduce the diagnosis time significantly.
Discovery of novel choline acetyltransferase inhibitors using structure-based virtual screening (2017)

Alzheimer disease and related dementias are major challenges, demanding urgent needs for earliest possible diagnosis to optimize the success rate in finding effective therapeutic interventions. Mounting solid scientific premises point at the core acetylcholine-biosynthesizing cholinergic enzyme, ChAT as a legitimate in vivo target for developing positron emission tomography biomarker for early diagnosis and/or monitoring therapeutic responses in the neurodegenerative dementias. Up-to-date, no PET tracer ligands for ChAT are available. Here we report for the first time a novel hierarchical virtual screening approach on a commercial library of ~300,000 compounds, followed by in vitro screening of the hits by a new High-Throughput ChAT assay. We report detailed pharmacodynamic data for three identified selective novel ChAT ligands with IC<sub>50</sub> and K <sub>i</sub> values ranging from ~7 to 26 µM. In addition, several novel selective inhibitors of the acetylcholine-degrading enzymes, AChE and BuChE were identified, with one of the compounds showing an IC<sub>50</sub>-value of ~6 µM for AChE. In conclusion, this report provides an excellent starting platform for designing and optimizing potent and selective ChAT ligands, with high potential as PET-imaging probe for early diagnosis of AD, and related dementias, such as Down's syndrome and Lewy body disorders.
DuCTT: A tensegrity robot for exploring duct systems (2014)

A robot with the ability to traverse complex duct systems requires a large range of controllable motions as well as the ability to grip the duct walls in vertical shafts. We present a tensegrity robot with two linked tetrahedral frames, each containing a linear actuator, connected by a system of eight actuated cables. The robot climbs by alternately wedging each tetrahedron within the duct and moving one tetrahedron relative to the other. We first introduce our physical prototype, called DuCTT (Duct Climbing Tetrahedral Tensegrity). We next discuss the inverse kinematic control strategy used to actuate the robot and analyze the controller's capabilities within a physics simulation. Finally, we discuss the hardware prototype and compare its performance with simulation.
A Preliminary Study of Deep Learning Sensor Fusion for Pedestrian Detection (2023)

Most pedestrian detection methods focus on bounding boxes based on fusing RGB with lidar. These methods do not relate to how the human eye perceives objects in the real world. Furthermore, lidar and vision can have difficulty detecting pedestrians in scattered environments, and radar can be used to overcome this problem. Therefore, the motivation of this work is to explore, as a preliminary step, the feasibility of fusing lidar, radar, and RGB for pedestrian detection that potentially can be used for autonomous driving that uses a fully connected convolutional neural network architecture for multimodal sensors. The core of the network is based on SegNet, a pixel-wise semantic segmentation network. In this context, lidar and radar were incorporated by transforming them from 3D pointclouds into 2D gray images with 16-bit depths, and RGB images were incorporated with three channels. The proposed architecture uses a single SegNet for each sensor reading, and the outputs are then applied to a fully connected neural network to fuse the three modalities of sensors. Afterwards, an up-sampling network is applied to recover the fused data. Additionally, a custom dataset of 60 images was proposed for training the architecture, with an additional 10 for evaluation and 10 for testing, giving a total of 80 images. The experiment results show a training mean pixel accuracy of 99.7% and a training mean intersection over union of 99.5%. Also, the testing mean of the IoU was 94.4%, and the testing pixel accuracy was 96.2%. These metric results have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of using semantic segmentation for pedestrian detection under the modalities of three sensors. Despite some overfitting in the model during experimentation, it performed well in detecting people in test mode. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing that the focus of this work is to show that this method is feasible to be used, as it works regardless of the size of the dataset. Also, a bigger dataset would be necessary to achieve a more appropiate training. This method gives the advantage of detecting pedestrians as the human eye does, thereby resulting in less ambiguity. Additionally, this work has also proposed an extrinsic calibration matrix method for sensor alignment between radar and lidar based on singular value decomposition.