gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding Biomass Ignition in Power Plant Mills (2017)

Converting existing coal fired power plants to biomass is a readily implemented strategy to increase the share of renewable energy. However, changing from one fuel to another is not straightforward: Experience shows that wood pellets ignite more readily than coal in power plant mills or storages. This is not very well explained by apply-ing conventional thermal ignition theory. An experimental study at lab scale, using pinewood as an example fuel, was conducted to examine self-heating and self-ignition. Supplemental experiments were performed with bituminous coal. Instead of characterizing ignition temperature in terms of sample volume, mass-scaling seems more physically correct for the self-ignition of solids. Findings also suggest that the transition between self-heating and self-ignition is controlled both by the availability of reactive material and temperature. Comparison of experiments at 20% oxygen with those under inert atmosphere revealed two distinct pathways, pyrolysis and exothermic heterogeneous oxidation. At low temperatures and sufficient oxygen availability, heterogeneous oxidation of the solid seems to be favored over pyrolysis for wood, but not for coal. Current ignition models do not reflect the existence of these different pathways, which may be the reason behind the discrepancy between theory and observations.
Supplementary Data from Molecular Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Patients with MET Exon 14–Mutant NSCLC (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Tables&lt;/p&gt;
Remote photoacoustic tomography using diode-array and speckle-analysis (2020)

Photoacoustic imaging is a new, rising imaging technique which combines high penetration depth with a good image contrast. It is demonstrated for the first time that remote photoacoustic sensing by speckle-analysis can be performed in the MHz-sampling range using a low-resolution diode array by showing experimental results. Phantoms and ex-vivo samples are measured in transmission-mode. In addition, the detection sensitivity of the new system is estimated. The new technique might help in future to broaden the applications of photoacoustics in special applications like wound imaging, endoscopy or guiding laser surgeries.
Polyester Nanocapsules for Intravenous Delivery of Artemether: Formulation Development, Antimalarial Efficacy, and Cardioprotective Effects In Vivo (2022)

Artemether (ATM) is an effective antimalarial drug that also has a short half-life in the blood. Furthermore, ATM is also cardiotoxic and is associated with pro-arrhythmogenic risks. We aimed to develop a delivery system enabling the prolonged release of ATM into the blood coupled with reduced cardiotoxicity. To achieve this, we prepared polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) from different biodegradable polyesters, namely poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), and surface-modified NCs, using a monomethoxi-polyethylene glycol-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (PEG5kDa-PLA45kDa) polymer. Using this approach, we were able to encapsulate high yields of ATM (>85%, 0−4 mg/mL) within the oily core of the NCs. The PCL-NCs exhibited the highest percentage of ATM loading as well as a slow release rate. Atomic force microscopy showed nanometric and spherical particles with a narrow size dispersion. We used the PCL NCs loaded with ATM for biological evaluation following IV administration. As with free-ATM, the ATM-PCL-NCs formulation exhibited potent antimalarial efficacy using either the “Four-day test” protocol (ATM total at the end of the 4 daily doses: 40 and 80 mg/kg) in Swiss mice infected with P. berghei or a single low dose (20 mg/kg) of ATM in mice with higher parasitemia (15%). In healthy rats, IV administration of single doses of free-ATM (40 or 80 mg/kg) prolonged cardiac QT and QTc intervals and induced both bradycardia and hypotension. Repeated IV administration of free-ATM (four IV doses at 20 mg/kg every 12 h for 48 h) also prolonged the QT and QTc intervals but, paradoxically, induced tachycardia and hypertension. Remarkably, the incorporation of ATM in ATM-PCL-NCs reduced all adverse effects. In conclusion, the encapsulation of ATM in biodegradable polyester NCs reduces its cardiovascular toxicity without affecting its antimalarial efficacy.
Effect of Supporting Surface Layers on Catalytic Activities of Gold Nanoparticles in CO Oxidation (2005)

The surfaces of fumed silica materials were modified with a surface sol−gel process for catalysis applications. This surface-modification approach allows not only a monolayer growth of TiO2 or Al2O3 but also a stepwise double-layer growth of TiO2/TiO2, Al2O3/Al2O3, TiO2/Al2O3, or Al2O3/TiO2 on the surfaces of the silica materials with a monolayer precision. XRD analyses revealed that the coated monolayers and double layers of TiO2 and Al2O3 were amorphous. Gold nanoparticles were successfully deposited on the above six surface-modified silica materials via a deposition-precipitation method. The catalytic activities of these six gold catalysts for CO oxidation are highly dependent on the structures of their surface monolayers or double layers. The gold catalyst supported on the silica material functionalized with a TiO2 monolayer (Au/TiO2) is the most active in both as-synthesized and oxidized forms, while the gold catalyst supported on the silica material functionalized with an Al2O3/TiO2 double layer (Au/Al2O3/TiO2/SiO2) is the most active in the reduced form among the six catalysts. Surprisingly, the gold catalyst supported on the silica material functionalized with a TiO2/Al2O3 double layer (Au/TiO2/Al2O3/SiO2) has much less activity than Au/Al2O3/TiO2/SiO2 under all various treatments, underscoring the sensitivity of the catalytic activity to the structure of the supporting surfaces.
Table S2 from Abatacept/Ruxolitinib and Screening for Concomitant Respiratory Muscle Failure to Mitigate Fatality of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Diagnostic work-up for suspected ICI-myocarditis and evaluation of severity criteria&lt;/p&gt;
Preliminary trial of nonrecombinant interferon alpha in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (1991)

Fourteen patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) were treated with 10 x 10(6) U of nonrecombinant interferon alpha (IFN) intramuscularly (IM) daily for 3 days every 28 days. There were 11 men and 3 women, with ages ranging from 48 to 74 years. Patients had previously been treated with surgery (9 patients), radiotherapy (13 patients), or chemotherapy (8 patients). All patients had measurable disease by physical exam and radiologic evaluation and a performance status of less than or equal to 2 (ECOG). Patients were treated for a minimum of 3 months and continued on therapy until disease progression. The dose and treatment schedule of IFN was well-tolerated. Toxicities included low-grade fever, mild anorexia, and malaise. Treatment was stopped in 1 patient due to the development of atrial fibrillation. One death occurred as a complication of aspiration pneumonia 2 weeks following the onset of therapy and was not felt to be related to IFN therapy. Of the 14 patients treated, there was 1 complete response (30+ months) of a base of tongue primary. Two patients had stabilization of disease (SD, 8 and 12 months). One patient had a mixed response with resolution of subcutaneous nodules. The remaining 10 patients died of progressive disease. Immunological assessment was performed on 8 patients. The 1 patient who had a complete response was noted to have markedly low pretreatment natural killer (NK) cell activity and a subsequent sharp rise in activity after initial treatment. We conclude that low-dose cyclic IFN is well-tolerated in patients with recurrent SCCHN and has potential antitumor activity.
3D Traffic Sign Tracking Using a Particle Filter (2008)

In recent years, there was much activity in the development of camera based active safety systems to aid and to support the driver of a car. One application for such a system is the detection and classification of traffic signs. An important aspect of such a system is the tracking of traffic signs. We present a novel algorithm to track traffic signs in 3D using a single monochrome camera. The algorithm allows to use the constraint that the observed movement on the image plane is entirely caused by the host car movement, which is partially known from internal sensors. The usage of the sensor information improves the tracking process and allows a robust rejection of false positive detections. We also present a way to incorporate a shape cue directly from the image plane into the tracking process. First tests show good results in practice and indicate, that this kind of tracking makes a very valuable addition to a traffic sign detection system.
Fluorescence-Activated Single Cell Sorting of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2006)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are the subject of intense investigation for use in regenerative medicine, in toxicity testing, and as models for the study of human development. Automated cell sorting will enhance the isolation of homogenous pools of differentiated hESCs both for basic studies and for therapeutic applications. Sorting could also be used to deplete undifferentiated, potentially tumourigenic cells. However, hESCs are sensitive to single cell disaggregation and recover poorly when plated at clonal density. Here we report a method for successful semi-automated single cell sorting of hESCs. This method utilizes an ES-specific promoter-transgene construct and automated FACS-based single cell sorting and plating. Clonal recovery in physiologic oxygen (2%) was increased fourfold over room oxygen (21%; p < 0.01). This automated protocol will help to realize proposed hESC strategies that are hampered by low throughput and poor yields.
“Tri, Tri again”: Finding Triangles and Small Subgraphs in a Distributed Setting [Extended Abstract] (2015)

Abstract. Let G = (V,E) be an n-vertex graph and Md a d-vertex graph, for some constant d. Is Md a subgraph of G? We consider this problem in a model where all n processes are connected to all other pro-cesses, and each message contains up to O(logn) bits. A simple determin-istic algorithm that requires O(n(d−2)/d / logn) communication rounds is presented. For the special case that Md is a triangle, we present a prob-abilistic algorithm that requires an expected O(n1/3/(t2/3 + 1)) rounds of communication, where t is the number of triangles in the graph, and O(min{n1/3 log2/3 n/(t2/3 + 1), n1/3}) with high probability. We also present deterministic algorithms that are specially suited for sparse graphs. In graphs of maximum degree ∆, we can test for arbitrary subgraphs of diameter D in O(∆D+1/n) rounds. For triangles, we devise an algorithm featuring a round complexity of O((A2 log2+n/A2 n)/n), where A denotes the arboricity of G. 1
A class of carbonic anhydrase I – selective activators (2016)

A series of ureido and bis-ureido derivatives were prepared by reacting histamine with alkyl/aryl-isocyanates or di-isocyanates. The obtained derivatives were assayed as activators of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), due to the fact that histamine itself has this biological activity. Although inhibition of CAs has pharmacological applications in the field of antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, anticancer, and anti-infective agents, activation of these enzymes is not yet properly exploited pharmacologically for cognitive enhancement or Alzheimer's disease treatment, conditions in which a diminished CA activity was reported. The ureido/bis-ureido histamine derivatives investigated here showed activating effects only against the cytosolic human (h) isoform hCA I, having no effect on the widespread, physiologically dominant isoform hCA II. This is the first report in which CA I-selective activators were identified. Such compounds may constitute interesting tools for better understanding the physiological/pharmacological effects connected to activation of this widespread CA isoform, whose physiological function is not fully understood.
Stabilization of Fiber Bragg Gratings Against Gamma Radiation (2008)

The effect of gamma-radiation on the spectral characteristics of FBGs has been studied experimentally. The FBGs were fabricated in optical fibers with a GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentration in the core in a range from several to 99 mol.%. Various pre- and post-fabrication treatments were applied with the aim to improve the radiation tolerance of the FBGs. The best result was obtained for a Type IIa annealed grating written in SM310 fiber, where the Bragg peak shift saturated at a 12 pm level and an amplitude change of 0.04 dB with the maximal dose of about 50 kGy.
Nd-YAG LASER IRRADIATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF EARLY GASTRIC CARCINOMA (1986)

Nd-YAG laser treatment was underwent in 65 of eary gastric carcinomas. Post-laser gastric resection revealed 65% of complete eradication of carcinoma. Post-laser follow-up study of 40 lesins showed 85% negative for cancer cells by endoscopic biopsy examinations. Failure of laser treatment was mostly found in cases with depressed type of M area. In failed cases, the remaining cancer cells was located at anal side (4/7=57%) and at oral side (3/7=43%) of the lesins, Although this is due to difficulty of endoscopic technic, laser treatment for eary gastric carcinoma is very valuable and has great possibility for the treatment of choice.
Development of Mine Blast Protected Vehicle Structures for Future Combat Systems (2004)

One of the survivability challenges to constructing a manned ground vehicle weighing less than 20 tons is ensuring the vehicle's ability to withstand the impulsive forces from an anti-tank landmine blast underneath its structure. By developing structural and applique technologies, along with decoupled/shock-limiting restraint systems for the crew, the impulsive forces can be managed for crew survivability. Computational modeling and experiments were conducted with mine protected lower hull structures designed to withstand anti-tank mines. Design concepts and lessons learned were obtained and quantified.
Properties of Fibres Spun from Blends of a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymer with Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1995)

Triad4-co-PBT, a thermotropic liquid crystalline (TLCP) block copolyester has been blended with fibre grade poly(thylene terephthalate) (PET) to investigate the potential of in-situ fibre reinforcement. Fibres containing 5 to 80 wt.% TLCP were extruded and the effects of processing conditions were studied, e.g. spinning temperature and post treatment conditions. The fibres were evaluated for mechanical performance, dimensional stability (shrinkage) and development of shrinkage stresses. The optimal processing temperature for these blends was determined to be between 270 - 275°C based on mechanical performance and their fibre WAXS diffraction patterns. The optimal blend composition was found to be 10 wt.%. The highest modulus (19.8 GPa) was achieved with a 20 wt.% blend, but this system had a low ultimate strength (725 MPa) and numerous defects in the cold drawn fibre. A study of the post treatment process revealed that fibres drawn at 220°C exhibited increased thermal stability independent of TLCP content compared to those drawn at lower drawing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy of fractured fibre cross sections revealed a two phase morphology with the LCP phase dispersed as fine spherical particles
Isodesmic C-H Borylation: Perspectives and Proof of Concept of Transfer Borylation Catalysis (2018)

The potential advantages of using arylboronic acids&lt;br&gt;or esters as boron source in the C-H borylation are discussed. The&lt;br&gt;concept is showcased by using commercially available and air-stable&lt;br&gt;2-mercaptopyridine as a metal-free catalyst for the transfer&lt;br&gt;borylation of heteroarenes, using furylboronic acid catechol ester&lt;br&gt;as the borylation agent. The catalysis can be performed in air using&lt;br&gt;unpurified solvent and shows a unique functional group tolerance&lt;br&gt;among C-H borylation reactions, tolerating notably alkene and alkyne&lt;br&gt;functional groups. The computational investigation of the&lt;br&gt;mechanism is also described.&lt;br&gt;
Onion Umbel Tissue Induces Threefold Greater in Vitro Antiplatelet Activity than Onion Bulb Tissue (1996)

Onion consumption promotes cardiovascular health by inhibiting platelet activity. Bulbs are the only onion plant organ thus far examined for antiplatelet activity. The inbred line W420B was grown in replicated field trials at four United States locations in 1994. At bulb maturity, samples from each plot were tested for antiplatelet activity using human blood plasma. The remaining portion of the bulbs from each plot was stored, vernalized, and planted in a breeding nursery in 1995. Umbels were excised from 20 randomly selected plants when &gt;50% of the flowers had opened and tested for antiplatelet activity. Inducement of antiplatelet activity was 336% higher by onion umbels than by bulbs. This finding indicates onion umbels are a more potent source of antiplatelet activity than onion bulbs. In addition, these data suggest that onion umbels may be a richer source of bioactive organosulfur compounds in onion tissue.
&lt;title&gt;Ultrahigh-capacity multidata layer ROM&lt;/title&gt; (1996)

We have developed an ultra-high-capacity double-sided multi- data-layer ROM that includes additional UV-cured-resin space-layers on two polycarbonate (PC) substrates. This ROM is made using the photo-polymerization (2P) method and has a structure that bonds the two substrates together. In a double-sided dual-data-layer ROM, using the smallest mark size of 0.44 micrometers with a 0.74-micrometer track-pitch for each layer provides a total data capacity of 17 GB using the 8-16 modulation method. Each side of the double-sided dual-sided dual-data-layer ROM consists of a Si-rich silicon nitride semi-reflective layer (layer 0 or 2) on a 570- micrometers-thick PC substrate and an Al reflective layer (layer 1 or 3) on an additional 50-micrometer-thick space layer. We achieved a base jitter of less than 8 percent and a radial tilt margin of 0.7 degree for all four data layers. We also examined the double-sided multi-data-layer ROM disc structure, and demonstrated the feasibility of the double- sided tri-data-layer ROM that includes a total of six layers and has an ultra-high capacity of 25.5 GB.
Structural and Functional Studies of Archaeal Viruses (2009)

Viruses populate virtually every ecosystem on the planet, including the extreme acidic, thermal, and saline environments where archaeal organisms can dominate. For example, recent studies have identified crenarchaeal viruses in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park and other high temperature environments worldwide. These viruses are often morphologically and genetically unique, with genomes that show little similarity to genes of known function, complicating efforts to understand their viral life cycles. Here, we review progress in understanding these fascinating viruses at the molecular level and the evolutionary insights coming from these studies.
Breast mass detection and classification using PRISM eXplainable network based machine learning (XNML) platform for Quantitative Transmission (QT) ultrasound tomography (2021)

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment are two major risks involved with mammography-based breast screening which, in addition to its 3D variant, is currently the only approved breast screening technology. Quantitative Transmission (QT) ultrasound is an upcoming breast imaging modality that has the ability to generate quantitative speed-of-sound based maps of the whole breast enabling unprecedented imaging biomarkers. On top of that, machine learning (ML)-based methods for breast tissue/cancer classification have shown promise because of their unique advantages in innovative feature mining from complex datasets. In this paper, we present the results of the deployment of novel data-driven, yet explainable methods implemented in Albeado’s PRISM AI/ML platform that delivers rapid and accurate breast mass detection when applied to QT imaging. Using PRISM, we first deployed computer vision methods to segment breast tissue and identify regions of interest (ROI) for the three-dimensional volumetric speed-of-sound maps, which allows for further classification into benign and malignant masses using unsupervised methods. Our strategy is to segment breast images into candidate units, extract radiomic features for each unit, and then distinguish normal tissue from pathological tissue. In order to evaluate our lesion detection framework, we rank the lesions according to their radiomic features and compare the top ranking candidates to radiologist annotations. For malignant cases, lesions are consistently identified (95% recall). Our results indicate that the presented radiomics-based method is a viable candidate for breast mass detection and classification in QT imaging and serves as a framework for further development.
Repeated Stress Dysregulates κ-Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Dorsal Raphe through a p38α MAPK-Dependent Mechanism (2012)

Repeated stress releases dynorphins and causes subsequent activation of κ-opioid receptors (KORs) in limbic brain regions. The serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has previously been found to be an important site of action for the dysphoric effects of dynorphin-κ-opioid receptor system activation during stress-evoked behaviors, and KOR-induced activation of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in serotonergic neurons was found to be a critical mediator of the aversive properties of stress. Yet, how dynorphins and KORs functionally regulate the excitability of serotonergic DRN neurons both in adaptive and pathological stress states is poorly understood. Here we report that acute KOR activation by the selective agonist U69,593 [(+)-(5α,7α,8β)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]benzeneacetamide] inhibits serotonergic neuronal excitability within the DRN through both presynaptic inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission and postsynaptic activation of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) electrophysiologically recorded in brain slices. C57BL/6 mice subjected to repeated swim, stress sessions had significantly reduced KOR-mediated GIRK currents recorded in serotonergic neurons in DRN postsynaptically, without significantly affecting presynaptic KOR-mediated regulation of excitatory transmission. This effect was blocked by genetic excision of p38α MAPK selectively from serotonergic neurons. An increase in phospho-immunoreactivity suggests that this functional dysregulation may be a consequence of tyrosine phosphorylation of GIRK (K(IR)3.1) channels. These data elucidate a mechanism for stress-induced dysregulation of the excitability of neurons in the DRN and identify a functional target of stress-induced p38α MAPK activation that may underlie some of the negative effects of pathological stress exposure.