gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inducers of Enzymes That Protect Against Carcinogens and Oxidants (2004)

The multiple stages of carcinogenesis offer many potential strategies for protection. However, in the majority of tests conducted in animal models, protection has been achieved by administering the chemopreventive agent prior to and/or concurrently with the exposure to the carcinogen. Considering this temporal relationship between the administration of anticarcinogen and carcinogen, it seems likely that these agents act at least in part to alter the metabolism and disposition of carcinogens, thereby altering events that are critical to the initial interactions of chemical carcinogens with biomolecules.
On a Class of Totally Unimodular Matrices (1985)

We examine the class of totally unimodular matrices-that contain no odd cycles, which we call restricted totally unimodular (RTUM). We show that a matrix is RTUM if and only if it can be decomposed in a very simple way into the incidence matrices (or their transposes) of bipartite graphs or directed graphs, and give a linear time algorithm to perform this task. Based on this decomposition, we show that the 0,1 Integer Programming Problem with an RTUM matrix of constraints has the same time complexity as the b-matching and the max flow problems.
Study of the Factors that Control the Ratio of the Products between 5-Fluorouracil, Uracil, and Tetrahydrobenzoxazepine <i>O</i>,<i>O</i>-Acetals Bearing Electron-Withdrawing Groups on the Nitrogen Atom (2006)

(RS)-1-(2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl)- and (RS)-1-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-3-methoxy-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepines are better substrates than 1-acyl-3-methoxy-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepine derivatives for the Lewis acid mediated condensation reaction with pyrimidine bases to give O,N-acetals. Acetonitrile, stannic chloride, 50 degrees C, and a reaction time higher than 48 h are the optimum conditions for such condensation reactions. Under these conditions, 5-fluorouracil preferably links to the aminalic carbon through its N-1" position, while the attachment of the uracil fragment is through N-3" or N-1" of the cyclic or acyclic products, respectively. The causes that influence the course of the reactions are analyzed and discussed. Examination of the (1)H NMR spectra revealed the presence of a single form for the secondary amine 11 and of two conformers for the tertiary sulfonamides 7a,b, 9a,b, and 10b and for the amides 7d and 13, with the following distribution: 7a, 59/41; 7b, 53/47; 9a, 52/48; 9b, 59/41; 10b, 56/44; 7d, 50/50; 13, 80/20. On increasing the temperature, the (1)H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d(6)) of 7b showed coalescence at 110 degrees C. The torsional barrier determined [DeltaG(c)++ value of 19.0 +/- 0.2 kcal.mol(-1) (79.1 +/- 1.0 kJ.mol(-1))] proved to be the highest ever observed for sulfonamide moieties.
Lamivudine for preventing reactivation of hepatitis B infection in patients planned to undergo immunosuppressive therapy (2019)

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of lamivudine in preventing reactivation of HBV during or following immunosuppressive therapy in HBsAg‐positive patients. To estimate the optimal time of initiating lamivudine prophylactic therapy in HBsAg‐positive patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
Near-wall velocity of suspended particles in microchannel flow (2008)

This contribution investigates the characteristic reduction of the particle velocity with respect to the velocity profile of a pure liquid (water) in a pressure driven flow (PDF). It is shown by simulations and experiments that particles are slowed down once their local perturbation "cloud" of the velocity field hits the wall. We show that this effect scales with the ratio of the distance of sphere's surface from the wall, a, and the radius, a, of the sphere, i.e. delta/a.
Development of a Correlation Test Specimen for Highly Deformable Adhesive Systems (2011)

Abstract A new adhesive test specimen design was developed which embodied several key attributes, the most important of which was inclusion of tension, mixed-mode, and shear deformation mechanisms. The specimen design was easy to manufacture, required only simple tension testing equipment to test, and provided simple specimen geometry and boundary conditions for use in finite element model correlation exercises. By design, the individual failure points for each of the deformation mechanisms within the test specimen were separated and could be related directly to characteristics of the force versus displacement information from the experimental test. Finite element predictions using a Gurson constitutive model with element deletion at failure were generated and compared with experimental test results. It was found that while the order of failure modes within the prediction was the same as that found within the test, the element deletion technique yielded an abrupt change between failure modes not seen in the experimental test, and that a more complex numerical representation of failure would be a valuable development. Overall, the test specimen development was successful in providing a simple and repeatable method by which complex cohesive failure modes in a bonded system could be evaluated and correlated back to predictive tests. Keywords: Adhesive testingAutomotive bondingEpoxy adhesivesFinite element predictionStructural bonding Notes One of a Collection of papers honoring David A. Dillard, the recipient in February, 2010 of The Adhesion Society Award for Excellence in Adhesion Science, Sponsored by 3M.
Use of Insulin Pump Therapy in the Pediatric Age-Group (2007)

peer reviewed
Impulsive action and impulsive choice are mediated by distinct neuropharmacological substrates in rat (2011)

Impulsivity is a heterogeneous construct according to clinical and preclinical behavioural measures and there is some preliminary evidence indicating distinct neurobiological substrates underlying the sub-components of impulsivity. Two preclinical assays, the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and the delayed discounting task (DDT), are hypothesized to provide measures of impulsive action (premature responding) and impulsive choice (percent choice for delayed reward), respectively. In the present studies, we show that the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine attenuated premature responding in the 5-CSRTT, but was ineffective in the DDT. The mixed dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate exhibited an opposite profile of effects. In addition, blockade of 5-HT2A/C receptors via ketanserin decreased premature responding but had no effects on percent choice for delayed reward; blockade of 5-HT2C receptors via SB 242084 had opposite effects. Follow-up studies provided some limited evidence of additive effects of 5-HT2A/C receptor blockade on the effects of atomoxetine on impulsive action. These studies demonstrate dissociable profiles of stimulant vs. non-stimulant attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and 5-HT subtype-selective ligands, in the 5-CSRTT and DDT assays. Thus, the present findings support the sub-categorization of impulsivity and suggest that 5-HT receptor subtype-selective antagonists may provide therapeutic targets for disorders characterized by different forms of impulsivity.
Figures of merit for VLSI implementations of digital signal processing algorithms (1984)

The advent of digital VLSI technology demands a reappraisal of the most suitable algorithms for a given processing function. A cost function is developed for making quantitative comparisons between digital algorithm implementations including control and overheads. This provides a tool allowing different implementations of the same algorithm, and also different algorithms for the same function, to be compared. The cost function is chosen to characterise the algorithm and associated logic design independently of the circuit technology that might be used. In this way the techonology options can be introduced separately in designing a practical system. Also, configurations which achieve a higher throughput by using a proportionally larger quantity of hardware or higher logic speed are assessed as having the same effectiveness or cost. As an illustration, the costing is applied to FFT and Winograd Fourier-transform algorithms (WFTA). The results show the advantage gained by minimising the true costs including, particularly, control overheads, instead of just the number of arithmetic operations. Despite its fewer arithmetic operations, the WFTA is shown to be less efficient than the FFT except in the most fully parallel case.
Intrinsic Disorder in Nuclear Hormone Receptors (2008)

Many proteins possess intrinsic disorder (ID) and lack a rigid three-dimensional structure in at least part of their sequence. ID has been hypothesized to influence protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. We calculated ID for nearly 400 vertebrate and invertebrate members of the biomedically important nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily, including all 48 known human NHRs. The predictions correctly identified regions in 20 of the 23 NHRs suggested as disordered based on published X-ray and NMR structures. Of the four major NHR domains (N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, D-domain, and ligand-binding domain), we found ID to be highest in the D-domain, a region of NHRs critical in DNA recognition and heterodimerization, coactivator/corepressor interactions and protein-protein interactions. ID in the D-domain and LBD was significantly higher in "hub" human NHRs that have 10 or more downstream proteins in their interaction networks compared to "non-hub" NHRs that interact with fewer than 10 downstream proteins. ID in the D-domain and LBD was also higher in classic, ligand-activated NHRs than in orphan, ligand-independent NHRs in human. The correlation between ID in human and mouse NHRs was high. Less correlation was found for ID between mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate NHRs. For some invertebrate species, particularly sea squirts ( Ciona), marked differences were observed in ID between invertebrate NHRs and their vertebrate orthologs. Our results indicate that variability of ID within NHRs, particularly in the D-domain and LBD, is likely an important evolutionary force in shaping protein-protein interactions and NHR function. This information enables further understanding of these therapeutic targets.
Improvement of double mediator system for BOD determination (2008)

Adouble-mediator (DM) system, which is coupled with ferricyanide and a lipophilicmediator,menadione, and the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) estimation was improved. In this study, dimethyl sulfoxide was used as solvent of menadione, and optimum conditions for the BODDM determination were reexamined. Then, measuring time was shortened from15 to 10min, practical wide range with highly linearity of a calibration curve to glucose glutamic acid concentration was obtained between 5.5 to 220mgO2 L-1 (r=0.998, 6 points, n=3, average of relative standard deviation; R.S.D.av=3.62%), and detection limit was improved from 6.6 to 5.5mg O2 L-1. Under the conditions, stable responses were obtained at least for 10 days and real sample measurements using river water were performed.
Canadian hereditary angioedema guideline (2014)

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a disease which is associated with random and often unpredictable attacks of painful swelling typically affecting the extremities, bowel mucosa, genitals, face and upper airway. Attacks are associated with significant functional impairment, decreased Health Related Quality of Life, and mortality in the case of laryngeal attacks. Caring for patients with HAE can be challenging due to the complexity of this disease. The care of patients with HAE in Canada is neither optimal nor uniform across the country. It lags behind other countries where there are more organized models for HAE management, and where additional therapeutic options are licensed and available for use. The objective of this guideline is to provide graded recommendations for the management of patients in Canada with HAE. This includes the treatment of attacks, short-term prophylaxis, long-term prophylaxis, and recommendations for self-administration, individualized therapy, quality of life, and comprehensive care. It is anticipated that by providing this guideline to caregivers, policy makers, patients and their advocates, that there will be an improved understanding of the current recommendations regarding management of HAE and the factors that need to be considered when choosing therapies and treatment plans for individual patients. The primary target users of this guideline are healthcare providers who are managing patients with HAE. Other healthcare providers who may use this guideline are emergency physicians, gastroenterologists, dentists and otolaryngologists, who will encounter patients with HAE and need to be aware of this condition. Hospital administrators, insurers and policy makers may also find this guideline helpful.
La ecografía tipo doppler dúplex. Su aplicación en el estudio del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, a través de la fontanela mayor, en el niño recién nacido (1988)

Se estudia mediante ecografia en tiempo real y doppler pulsado (ecografia doppler duplex) a 132 recien nacidos a los que se les valora el flujo sanguineo cerebral estudiando los siguientes parametros en las arterias cerebrales anterior y posterior: velocidades en sistole y diastole indice de pulsatilidad de bada y forma de la curva. Se describen 12 tipos de curvas que se correlacionan con diversos tipos de situaciones clinicas de los recien nacidos: normalidad anoxia feto-neonatal nacimiento por parto manipulado hidrocefalia no comunicante hemorragia cerebral malformaciones cerebrales y tratamiento con fenobarbital. Se hacen dos grupos de neonatos unos valorados inmediatamente despues de nacer con minutos de vida grupo a y otros grupo b integrado por neonatos conedades comprendidas entre 1 y 28 dias. Se presentan los valores normales del flujo en cada grupo haciendo estudio estadistico de contrastes de medias con las diversas situaciones clinicas antes analizadas. Se descubre la variacion fisiologica de todos los parametros del flujo sanguineocerebral con la edad a la vez que se demuestra la similitud de los parametros del flujo sanguineo cerebral con la edad a la vez que se demuestra la similitud de los parametros mencionados-anteriormente al ser estudiados en las arterias cerebrales anterior y posterior. Se resalta la utilidad del metodo en el diagnostico y seguimiento de las hidrocefalias asi como en la deteccion precoz de las alteraciones del flujo sanguineo que conlleva mayor incidencia de hemorragia cerebral. Se analizan los resultados obtenidos en aquellos ninos tratados con fenobarbitaly se afirma a dicha droga como posible reguladora del hiperflujo sanguineo cerebral en los casos de anoxia feto-neonatal lo cual conllevaria una menor incidencia a hemorragia cerebral.
Optimized Detection Limits in FIB-SIMS by Using Reactive Gas Flooding and High Performance Mass Spectrometers (2014)

FIB-based instruments play an ever more important role in materials science and also in life science. While such FIB-based instrumentation is an ideal tool for high resolution imaging (2D and 3D imaging) and nanofabrication (nanomaching, nanodeposition, specimen preparation), its analysis capability is currently limited. By contrast, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is an extremely powerful technique for analyzing surfaces owing in particular to its excellent sensitivity, high dynamic range, very high mass resolution and ability to differentiate between isotopes. Adding SIMS capability to FIB instruments offers not just the prospect of obtaining SIMS information limited only by the size of the probe-sample interaction (~10nm) but also enables a direct correlation of such SIMS images with high resolution secondary electron images of the same zone taken at the same time.
Contact Stress, Frictional Torque and Lubrication in Articulating Pin Joints (2007)

Pin joints are used in many items of industrial machinery where two structural members are required to articulate. A pin is assembled between typically four bushes. As the members articulate the pin rotates relatively slowly inside the bushes. A hydraulic test machine has been developed to load and articulate a 56 mm diameter pin held in four bushes, typical of that found in earth moving machinery and aircraft landing gear. The rig is capable of applying realistic loads and speeds of articulation, whilst measuring torque and angular displacement. The test machine design and operation is described. The pin joint is lubricated with mineral oil based grease. Joint rotation is relatively slow and hydrodynamic calculations predict that the joint operates in the boundary regime. During a single cycle the torque remains largely constant, with a static friction peak at the beginning and end of the cycle. Measurements of the torque during articulation demonstrate friction coefficients varying from 0.02 to 0.12 depending on the rotational speed. The contact stress distribution between the pin and bushes was estimated by an ultrasonic method. An ultrasonic pulse was sent through the hollow pin and reflected back from the pin-bush interface. High contact pressures causes conformity between the pin and bush and so the wave passes through. The proportion of the sound wave reflected was used to estimate the contact stress distribution. The results showed how the stress is maximum in the outer bushes and over a 60° arc of the pin. The results of the study can be used to understand how pin joints function and how they may be optimised.
Study on Obtained Advance Motion Forms of a Caterpillar Robot by using Reinforcement Learning (2006)

A learning function is essential for human beings both to obtain and to adjust suitable motions. Especially, from a viewpoint of biological evaluation, observing process in acquisition of motion forms is a very interesting problem. However, there are few reports on acquisition of an actual robot motion form under applying learning algorithms. This paper clarifies how the actual robot obtains the motion form by use of the Reinforcement Learning method. These results show various motion form of the advance motion, the acquisition process of the motion form and the learning parameter effort on the motion form. Moreover, this paper clarifies environment effect on the motion form of the actual robot.
Microbicidal gel to prevent the transmission of pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (2001)

Heterosexual transmissions may now account for 85% of HIV infection. As many women can not negotiate condom use with their partners, there is an urgent need to develop barrier methods where women could protect themselves against HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. We have developed a thermoreversible gel formulation (the Invisible Condom™) that could be applied to the vaginal, cervical or ano-rectal mucosae and which could be effective in preventing STDs. Our gel formulation was shown to be non-toxic and effective in blocking HIV and HSV transmission. To achieve efficient blocking, inhibition and/or killing of pathogens, we have incorporated sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a surfactant that denatures membrane proteins of many pathogens, into the gel. Incubation of various HSV strains with SLS decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner, their infectivities to Vero cells. SLS was also a potent inhibitor of HIV infectivity to 1G5 cells. In addition, electron microscopic examination of HSV-infected cells showed capsid shells devoid of DNA core in the nuclei. The efficacy of the gel containing SLS to prevent intravaginal HSV-2 infection has been evaluated in a murine model. All mice pretreated with the gel formulation either at 5 or 30min prior to infection survived to lethality associated with infection. When the gel was applied 1h before infection, still 80% of animals survived the infection. Furthermore, HSV titration in vaginal mucosa of infected mice revealed no presence of virus in animals pretreated with the gel containing SLS as compared to control infected mice. Finally, the gel containing SLS, did not induce ulceration or necrosis to the vaginal and cervical mucosae of rabbits after daily intravaginal application for two weeks. Taken together, these results indicate that the thermoreversible gel containing SLS as a microbicide could represent an innovative preventive measure to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV, herpes and possibly other sexually transmitted pathogens.
Intake Engine Interactions of a Modern Large Turbofan Engine (1999)

An engine experiment has been carried out to investigate Fan Stability and response to ambient wind conditions during static high power running of a modern large turbofan engine. This paper describes the experiment and the conclusions. Intermittently the inlet would separate and drive the fan into stall from which it did not recover when the inlet cleared up: on high working lines one inlet separation could stall the fan; on lower working lines the inlet separation / fan flow / bypass duct pressure would develop a divergent 10Hz oscillation which could eventually stall the fan. The interaction of the stalled fan with the turbine and mixed nozzle would then raise the fan running line above the stall dropout level thus locking the fan into stall even when the inlet cleared up. A one dimensional dynamic model of the engine was created that would exhibit similar behaviour to the engine when a delay was introduced between the inlet loss and fan face loss. The engine never showed steady operation with the inlet separated.
One‐Step Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐ and 3,4‐Diaryl‐(1H)‐pyrroles Using Tosylmethyl Isocyanide (TOSMIC). (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Clozapine and PD149163 elevate prepulse inhibition in Brown Norway rats. (2011)

Unmedicated schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response. Similar deficits can be induced in rodents via a variety of manipulations and these deficits can be reversed by antipsychotics. Brown Norway (BN) rats exhibit natural PPI deficits under certain parametric conditions. We treated BN rats with haloperidol or clozapine to determine if the BN rat is a useful animal model with predictive validity for the effects of antipsychotics. In addition, we also tested PD149163, a neurotensin-1 receptor agonist, which has been shown to exhibit antipsychotic-like effects in several other animal models. BN rats received subcutaneous injections of either saline or one of two doses of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg), clozapine (7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) or PD149163 (1.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg). PPI was measured in startle chambers 30 min after injection. Systemic clozapine and PD149163 but not haloperidol facilitated PPI in BN rats (p < .001). This drug response profile suggests that the BN rat may be useful for detecting atypical antipsychotics and antipsychotics with novel mechanisms of action. The results also add to the evidence suggesting that PD149163 may have antipsychotic properties.
The DMCA Needs Fixing (2001)

Reexamining U.S. copyright laws.
The preparation and use of novel immobilised guanidine catalysts in base-catalysed epoxidation and condensation reactions (2000)

Novel guanidine bases supported on silicas and Micelle Templated Silicas (MTS) have been prepared, and investigated in the base catalysed epoxidation of electron deficient alkenes with excellent conversions and selectivities both with respect to the alkene and the primary oxidant. They are also efficient catalysts for the condensation of malonic acid with heptanal.