gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of information about different absolute benefits and harms on intention to participate in colorectal cancer screening: A think-aloud study and online randomised experiment (2021)

Most people in our population were not influenced by the range of absolute benefits and harms associated with CRC screening presented. For an appreciable minority, however, magnitude of benefit was important.
Glial receptors and their intervention in astrocyto–astrocytic and astrocyto–neuronal interactions (1994)

As shown on cultured astrocytes from the mouse, in the presence of adenosine deaminase, 2-chloroadenosine by acting on A1-adenosine receptors potentiated the activation of phospholipase C induced by the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, methoxamine. This potentiation required the presence of external calcium and was blocked by pertussis toxin. Moreover, this potentiation resulted from a cascade of events: activation (by calcium and protein kinase C) of a phospholipase A2 coupled to A1-adenosine receptors, release of arachidonic acid, which inhibited the reuptake of glutamate into astrocytes and finally additional activation of phospholipase C by externally accumulated glutamate through metabotropic receptors. The effects of 2-chloroadenosine and methoxamine were respectively mimicked by somatostatin and substance P while endothelins reproduced the combined effects of 2-chloroadenosine and methoxamine. Conditioned media from treated astrocytes enriched in glutamate stimulated phospholipase C in cultured striatal neurones. In addition, glutamate alone was also found to stimulate phospholipase A2 in astrocytes through receptors exhibiting a pharmacological profile distinct from metabotropic receptors coupled to phospholipase C and the glutamate response was potentiated by ATP. Moreover, the neuronal arachidonic acid production evoked by glutamate was potentiated by acetylcholine. Finally, the combined application of 2-chloroadenosine and methoxamine on striatal astrocytes reduced the permeability of gap junctions between astrocytes and this response was mimicked by arachidonic acid. Together, these results emphasized the contribution of astrocytes in the regulation of glutamatergic transmission.
Medial Residual Encoder Layers for Classification of Brain Tumors in Magnetic Resonance Images (2022)

Correct and timely diagnosis of the brain tumor will make treatment more effective. To date, several image classification approaches have been proposed to aid diagnosis and treatment. In this work, we developed a deep learning approach to increase tumor type classification accuracy in MRI images by considering medical image dataset limitations. Our system is based on deep learning, containing encoder blocks. In addition to more organized and simple architecture, a residual approach is used in the proposed method. Encoder blocks are fed with post-max-pooling features as residual learning. Experimental evaluations of our approach show promising results by improving the tumor classification accuracy in Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images using a limited medical image dataset. Experimental assessment of this model on a dataset consisting of 3064 MR images shows 95.98% accuracy, which is better than previous studies on this database.
Double Exchange Model for Magnetic Hexaborides (2004)

A microscopic theory for rare-earth ferromagnetic hexaborides, such as Eu(1-x)Ca(x)B6, is proposed on the basis of the double-exchange Hamiltonian. In these systems, the reduced carrier concentrations place the Fermi level near the mobility edge, introduced in the spectral density by the disordered spin background. We show that the transport properties such as Hall effect, magnetoresitance, frequency dependent conductivity, and DC resistivity can be quantitatively described within the model. We also make specific predictions for the behavior of the Curie temperature, Tc, as a function of the plasma frequency, omega_p.
The Human Brain Is Best Described as Being on a Female/Male Continuum: Evidence from a Neuroimaging Connectivity Study (2020)

Psychological androgyny has long been associated with greater cognitive flexibility, adaptive behavior, and better mental health, but whether a similar concept can be defined using neural features remains unknown. Using the neuroimaging data from 9620 participants, we found that global functional connectivity was stronger in the male brain before middle age but became weaker after that, when compared with the female brain, after systematic testing of potentially confounding effects. We defined a brain gender continuum by estimating the likelihood of an observed functional connectivity matrix to represent a male brain. We found that participants mapped at the center of this continuum had fewer internalizing symptoms compared with those at the 2 extreme ends. These findings suggest a novel hypothesis proposing that there exists a neuroimaging concept of androgyny using the brain gender continuum, which may be associated with better mental health in a similar way to psychological androgyny.
Genetic tools to manipulate MRI contrast (2013)

Advances in molecular biology in the early 1970s revolutionized research strategies for the study of complex biological processes, which, in turn, created a high demand for new means to visualize these dynamic biological changes noninvasively and in real time. In this respect, MRI was a perfect fit, because of the versatile possibility to alter the different contrast mechanisms. Genetic manipulations are now being translated to MRI through the development of reporters and sensors, as well as the imaging of transgenic and knockout mice. In the past few years, a new molecular biology toolset, namely optogenetics, has emerged, which allows for the manipulation of cellular behavior using light. This technology provides a few particularly attractive features for combination with newly developed MRI techniques for the probing of in vivo cellular and, in particular, neural processes, specifically the ability to control focal, genetically defined cellular populations with high temporal resolution using equipment that is magnetically inert and does not interact with radiofrequency pulses. Recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of optogenetics and functional MRI (fMRI) can provide an appropriate platform to investigate in vivo , at the cellular and molecular levels, the neuronal basis of fMRI signals. In addition, this novel combination of optogenetics with fMRI has the potential to resolve pre‐synaptic versus post‐synaptic changes in neuronal activity and changes in the activity of large neuronal networks in the context of plasticity associated with development, learning and pathophysiology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Phytochemistry and preliminary biological evaluation of <i>Cyathostemma argenteum</i>, a malaysian plant used traditionally for the treatment of breast cancer (2004)

Bioassay guided fractionation of the roots of Cyathostemma argenteum using the brine shrimp resulted in the isolation of two uncommon flavanones, 2,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavanone 1 and 2,5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy flavanone 2 while the stem bark yielded the related compounds 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy flavone 3 and 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy flavone 4. The alkaloids liriodenine 5 and discretamine 6 as well as benzyl benzoate 7 were isolated from the roots and 6 was also isolated from the stembark. In cytotoxicity tests using four human breast cancer cell lines, 1 and 2 were weakly toxic to MCF-7 cells (IC(50) = 19.6 and 19.0 microM, respectively) but showed little activity against MCF-7 cells resistant to doxorubicin or against two oestrogen receptor-deficient cell lines. Compound 5, but not 6 and 7, was moderately cytotoxic against all four cell lines. These results are discussed in the context of the traditional use of C. argenteum in the treatment of breast cancer.
Cis/Trans Isomerization in Secondary Amides: Reaction Paths, Nitrogen Inversion, and Relevance to Peptidic Systems (2017)

Cis/trans isomerization of 2°-amide bonds is a key step in a wide range of important processes. Here we present a theoretical assessment of cis/trans isomerization of 2°-amide bonds using B3LYP density functional methods, describing two reaction paths and corresponding geometry changes during isomerization of N-methylacetamide (NMA) and glycylglycine methyl ester (GGMe). The isomerization begins via a common path, as the extended π-bonding of the amide bond maintains approximate planarity of the O-C-N-H dihedral angle, with only gradually increasing pyramidalization of the nitrogen atom, until a bifurcation point is reached. Both subsequent paths comprise two phases, an "ω phase" (characterized by a major change in C-C-N-C dihedral) and a "θ phase" (characterized by major change in O-C-N-H dihedral), with two distinct transition states. The θ phase involves inversion of the pyramidal amide-nitrogen geometry. Both reaction paths converge at another bifurcation point near the opposite geometry. Studies on the larger GGMe show in addition that the multiple additional rotamers do not change the qualitative properties of the isomerization, but do affect the energies of the differing transition states. These detailed results provide significant new insights into cis/trans isomerization paths in 2°-amides, and serve as a basis for theoretical studies on larger peptidic systems.
AlGaAs/GaAs optically controlled wave-plate modulator (1991)

We demonstrate an AlGaAs/GaAs multiple-quantum-well optically controlled electro-optic wave-plate modulator that uses integrated optics. For operation as an optically controlled switch, output amplitude contrast ratios of greater than 300:1 are typically obtained with signal beam throughputs of 34% and an extrapolated switching speed of 1.5 ns. For applications as an optically controlled wave plate, we have measured the linear, r(41), and quadratic, R(11)-R(12), electro-optic coefficients of the waveguide at the signal wavelengths and the device photo-generated current sensitivity at the control beam wavelength.
Characterization of Mouse Brain and Its Development using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Computational Techniques (2006)

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) was used to study mouse brain development from early embryonic stage to adult. DTI provides necessary resolution and superb white matter and gray matter contrast in embryonic and neonatal brains for characterization of morphological changes during mouse brain development. A database and a digital atlas of developing mouse brains based on our DTI results are being constructed. To characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of mouse brain development, we applied landmark based computational techniques to analyze the database.
Prolonged Clinical Remission of Type 1 Diabetes Sustained by Calcifediol and Low-Dose Basal Insulin: A Case Report (2023)

Herein, we describe an unusually prolonged duration (31 months) of the clinical remission phase in a 22-year-old Italian man with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Shortly after the disease diagnosis, the patient was treated with calcifediol (also known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or calcidiol), coupled with low-dose basal insulin, to correct hypovitaminosis D and to exploit the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D. During the follow-up period, the patient retained a substantial residual β-cell function and remained within the clinical remission phase, as evidenced by an insulin dose-adjusted glycated hemoglobin value <9. At 24 months, we detected a peculiar immunoregulatory profile of peripheral blood cells, which may explain the prolonged duration of the clinical remission sustained by calcifediol as add-on treatment to insulin.
Indole-3-carbinol ameliorates murine colitis symptoms through alterations in gut microbial composition and metabolomic pathways, particularly through decreasing disease-associated Bacteroides acidifaciens species. (2017)

Abstract Colitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of the large intestine. Currently there is no cure for patients suffering from colitis, and most treatments involve the use of immunosuppressive drugs that can have adverse side-effects or increased toxicity. In the current study, we show that indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally-occurring plant product found in a number of cruciferous vegetables, was able to ameliorates symptoms in two well-established murine colitis models. In particular, I3C was able to prevent weight loss, reverse colon shortening, as well as reduce accumulation of disease-associated infiltrating immune cells and inflammatory biomarkers, such as serum amyloid A. We performed 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing to investigate alterations in the gut microbiome after induction of colitis by TNBS and treatment with I3C. 16S analysis of cecal flushes and validation by PCR revealed that TNBS-induced colitis leads to a significant increase in the species Bacteroides acidifaciens, whereas colitis mice treated with I3C had decreased levels of this species, comparative to naïve controls. In addition, I3C was able to modulate gut microbial metabolites by way of altering short chain fatty acid (SFCA) production during disease induction. Lastly, transfer of disease and treated fecal material in antibiotic-treated disease mice confirmed I3C-mediated alterations in the gut microbial environment contributed to the ability of this natural compound to alleviate deleterious effects attributed to colitis. Collectively, these data suggest that I3C is able to ameliorate colitis by preventing pathogenic gut microbial dysbiosis and restoring gut microbiome composition to a more homeostatic state.
Texture-based markers from structural imaging correlate with motor handicap in Parkinson’s disease (2021)

There is a growing need for surrogate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD). Structural analysis using magnetic resonance imaging with T1-weighted sequences has the potential to quantify histopathological changes. Degeneration is typically measured by the volume and shape of morphological changes. However, these changes appear late in the disease, preventing their use as surrogate markers. We investigated texture changes in 108 individuals, divided into three groups, matched in terms of sex and age: (1) healthy controls (n = 32); (2) patients with early-stage PD (n = 39); and (3) patients with late-stage PD and severe L-dopa-related complications (n = 37). All patients were assessed in off-treatment conditions. Statistical analysis of first- and second-order texture features was conducted in the substantia nigra, striatum, thalamus and sub-thalamic nucleus. Regions of interest volumetry and voxel-based morphometry were performed for comparison. Significantly different texture features were observed between the three populations, with some showing a gradual linear progression between the groups. The volumetric changes in the two PD patient groups were not significantly different. Texture features were significantly associated with clinical scores for motor handicap. These results suggest that texture features, measured in the nigrostriatal pathway at PD diagnosis, may be useful in predicting clinical progression of motor handicap.
The Role of the Central Amygdala in Alcohol Dependence (2020)

Alcohol dependence is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for synaptic transmission in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in mediating alcohol-related behaviors and neuroadaptive mechanisms associated with alcohol dependence. Acute alcohol facilitates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission in the CeA via both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms, and chronic alcohol increases baseline GABAergic transmission. Acute alcohol inhibits glutamatergic transmission via effects at <i>N</i>-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the CeA, whereas chronic alcohol up-regulates NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission. Pro- (e.g., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) and antistress (e.g., nociceptin/orphanin FQ, oxytocin) neuropeptides affect alcohol- and anxiety-related behaviors, and also alter the alcohol-induced effects on CeA neurotransmission. Alcohol dependence produces plasticity in these neuropeptide systems, reflecting a recruitment of those systems during the transition to alcohol dependence.
Handheld multi-frame super-resolution (2019)

Compared to DSLR cameras, smartphone cameras have smaller sensors, which limits their spatial resolution; smaller apertures, which limits their light gathering ability; and smaller pixels, which reduces their signal-to-noise ratio. The use of color filter arrays (CFAs) requires demosaicing, which further degrades resolution. In this paper, we supplant the use of traditional demosaicing in single-frame and burst photography pipelines with a multiframe super-resolution algorithm that creates a complete RGB image directly from a burst of CFA raw images. We harness natural hand tremor, typical in handheld photography, to acquire a burst of raw frames with small offsets. These frames are then aligned and merged to form a single image with red, green, and blue values at every pixel site. This approach, which includes no explicit demosaicing step, serves to both increase image resolution and boost signal to noise ratio. Our algorithm is robust to challenging scene conditions: local motion, occlusion, or scene changes. It runs at 100 milliseconds per 12-megapixel RAW input burst frame on mass-produced mobile phones. Specifically, the algorithm is the basis of the Super-Res Zoom feature, as well as the default merge method in Night Sight mode (whether zooming or not) on Google's flagship phone.
MEMS-tunable novel monolithic optical filters in inp with horizontal bragg mirrors (2004)

Theoretical analysis of an optical waveguide based horizontal resonant microcavity filter in InP, which is tunable within a broad wavelength range of 350 nm by MEMS electrostatic actuation is presented in this paper. The microcavity is formed between the input and output waveguides by fabricating monolithically integrated horizontal distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors. The length of the microcavity is varied by a total of 200 nm in steps of 10 nm to meet the Fabry-Perot resonant condition. Spectral response of the proposed resonant filter is numerically simulated using typical values for monolithic input beam size (3 /spl mu/m/spl times/1.5 /spl mu/m) and first-order mirror reflectivities.
Pockels’ effect in polycrystalline ZnS planar waveguides (1991)

The Pockels’ effect has been demonstrated in thermally evaporated polycrystalline thin films of ZnS. The strongly (111)-oriented films were found to have an electro-optic constant of r41 = 3.3 × 10−13 m/V for fields perpendicular to the (111) planes. Extinction ratios of up to 85% have been observed in an optical waveguide modulator. Analysis indicates a stress-related birefringence that manifests itself upon temperature change. The temperature coefficient of stress in the polycrystalline films was found to be 3.0×105 N m−2/°C.
Annotated revision programs (2001)

Revision programming is a formalism to describe and enforce updates of belief sets and databases. That formalism was extended by Fitting who assigned annotations to revision atoms. Annotations provide a way to quantify the confidence (probability) that a revision atom holds. The main goal of our paper is to reexamine the work of Fitting, argue that his semantics does not always provide results consistent with intuition, and to propose an alternative treatment of annotated revision programs. Our approach differs from that proposed by Fitting in two key aspects: we change the notion of a model of a program and we change the notion of a justified revision. We show that under this new approach fundamental properties of justified revisions of standard revision programs extend to the annotated case.
Lrrc55 is a novel prosurvival factor in pancreatic islets (2019)

Pancreatic islets adapt to the increase in insulin demand during pregnancy by upregulating β-cell number, insulin synthesis, and secretion. These changes require prolactin receptor (PrlR) signaling, as mice with PrlR deletion are glucose intolerant with a lower β-cell mass. Prolactin also prevents β-cell apoptosis. Many genes participate in these adaptive changes in the islet, and <i>Lrrc55</i> is one of the most upregulated genes with unknown function in islets. Because Lrrc55 expression increases in parallel to the increase in β-cell number and insulin production during pregnancy, we hypothesize that Lrrc55 might regulate β-cell proliferation/apoptosis (thus β-cell number) and insulin synthesis. Here, we found that Lrrc55 expression was upregulated by >60-fold during pregnancy in a PrlR-dependent manner, and this increase was restricted only to the islets. Overexpression of Lrrc55 in β-cells had minimal effect on β-cell proliferation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but protected β-cells from glucolipotoxicity-induced reduction in insulin gene expression. Moreover, Lrrc55 protects β-cells from glucolipotoxicity-induced apoptosis, with upregulation of prosurvival signals and downregulation of proapoptotic signals of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Furthermore, Lrrc55 attenuated calcium depletion induced by glucolipotoxicity, which may contribute to its antiapoptotic effect. Hence our findings suggest that Lrrc55 is a novel prosurvival factor that is upregulated specifically in islets during pregnancy, and it prevents conversion of adaptive unfolded protein response to unresolved ER stress and apoptosis in β-cells. Lrrc55 could be a potential therapeutic target in diabetes by reducing ER stress and promoting β-cell survival.
Direct Observation of the Intermediate in Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitutions of Hydrogen (2003)

Mononitrobenzene derivatives and 1-chloro-1-arylsulfonyl-methyl anions react with formation of stable σH adducts (see scheme; Ts=tosyl) which are observed by UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy. The generally accepted energy profiles for vicarious nucleophilic substitutions with σH adducts as high-energy intermediates have to be revised.
Unprecedented Kinetic Inertness for a Mn<sup>2+</sup>‐Bispidine Chelate: A Novel Structural Entry for Mn<sup>2+</sup>‐Based Imaging Agents (2020)

Abstract The search for more biocompatible alternatives to Gd 3+ ‐based MRI agents, and the interest in 52 Mn for PET imaging call for ligands that form inert Mn 2+ chelates. Given the labile nature of Mn 2+ , high inertness is challenging to achieve. The strongly preorganized structure of the 2,4‐pyridyl‐disubstituted bispidol ligand L 1 endows its Mn 2+ complex with exceptional kinetic inertness. Indeed, MnL 1 did not show any dissociation for 140 days in the presence of 50 equiv. of Zn 2+ (37 °C, pH 6), while recently reported potential MRI agents MnPyC3A and MnPC2A‐EA have dissociation half‐lives of 0.285 h and 54.4 h under similar conditions. In addition, the relaxivity of MnL 1 (4.28 m m −1 s −1 at 25 °C, 20 MHz) is remarkable for a monohydrated, small Mn 2+ chelate. In vivo MRI experiments in mice and determination of the tissue Mn content evidence rapid renal clearance of MnL 1 . Additionally, L 1 could be radiolabeled with 52 Mn and the complex revealed good stability in biological media.