gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identifying technology barriers in adapting a state-of-the-art gas turbine for IGCC applications and an experimental investigation of air extraction schemes for IGCC operations. Final report (1993)

Under contracted work with Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Clemson University, the prime contractor, and General Electric (GE) and CRSS, the subcontractors, made a comprehensive study in the first phase of research to investigate the technology barriers of integrating a coal gasification process with a hot gas cleanup scheme and the state-of-the-art industrial gas turbine, the GE MS-7001F. This effort focused on (1) establishing analytical tools necessary for modeling combustion phenomenon and emissions in gas turbine combustors operating on multiple species coal gas, (2) estimates the overall performance of the GE MS-7001F combined cycle plant, (3) evaluating material issues in the hot gas path, (4) examining the flow and temperature fields when air extraction takes place at both the compressor exit and at the manhole adjacent to the combustor, and (5) examining the combustion/cooling limitations of such a gas turbine by using 3-D numerical simulation of a MS-7001F combustor operated with gasified coal. In the second phase of this contract, a 35% cool flow model was built similar to GE`s MS-7001F gas turbine for mapping the flow region between the compressor exit and the expander inlet. The model included sufficient details, such as the combustor`s transition pieces, the fuel nozzles, and the supporting struts. Four cases were studied: the first with a base line flow field of a GE 7001F without air extraction; the second with a GE 7001F with air extraction; and the third and fourth with a GE 7001F using a Griffith diffuser to replace the straight wall diffuser and operating without air extraction and with extraction, respectively.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sialyl-Trimeric-Lewis X (2000)

The decasaccharide sialyl-trimeric-Lewis x is a component of glycoproteins and glycolipids that serve as E- and P-selectin ligands. The synthesis of this target structure was accomplished by utilizing a combination of chemical and enzymatic methods. Highlights of the chemical synthesis include minimal use of protecting groups and regioselective glycosylations to arrive at a linear tri-lactosamine structure. Glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions were then employed for the addition of the terminal sialic acid and branch-point fucose residues. Notably, fucosyltransferases V and VI showed different specificities for the sialyl-tri-lactosamine core structure.
Integration of alarm design in fault detection and diagnosis through alarm-range normalization (2020)

Alarm systems designed according to engineering and safety considerations provide the primary source of information for operators when it comes to abnormal situations. Still, alarm systems have rarely been exploited for fault detection and diagnosis. Recent work has demonstrated the benefits of alarm logs for fault detection and diagnosis. However, alarm settings conceived during the alarm design stage can also be integrated into fault detection and diagnosis methods. This paper suggests the use of those alarm settings in the preprocessing of the process measurements, proposing a normalization based on the alarm thresholds of each process variable. Normalization is needed to render process measurements dimensionless for multivariate analysis. While common normalization approaches such as standardization depend on the historical process measurements available, the proposed alarm-range normalization is based on acceptable variations of the process measurements. An industrial case study of an offshore oil gas separation plant is used to demonstrate that the alarm-range normalization improves the robustness of popular methods for fault detection, fault isolation, and fault identification.
Algebraic Specification-Based Performance Analysis or Communication Protocols (1984)

Safe and live protocols have been shown to exhibit timing errors. To avoid such errors, timing requirements of protocols should be specified and verified. In this paper, a method for mapping algebraic functional behavior descriptions into corresponding timing behavior descriptions is introduced. Constraints on timing behavior are then expressed and used in specifying and verifying protocol timing requirements. In addition, various protocol performance measures are defined and analyzed. Using the Alternating Bit protocol as an example, an upper bound on the protocol's timeout rate, such that it meets a given timeout requirement, is computed and its maximum throughput and mean transfer time are analyzed.
Comparison of the collision-induced dissociation of duplex DNA at different collision regimes: Evidence for a multistep dissociation mechanism (2002)

The dissociation mechanism of duplex DNA has been investigated in detail by collision-induced dissociation experiments at different collision regimes. MS/MS experiments were performed either in a quadrupole collision cell (hybrid quadrupole-TOF instrument) or in a quadrupole ion trap with different activation times and energies. In addition to the noncovalent dissociation of the duplex into the single strands, other covalent bond fragmentation channels were observed. Neutral base loss from the duplex is favored by slow activation. In fast activation conditions, however, the major reaction channel is the noncovalent dissociation into single strands, which is highly entropy-favored. Fast activation regimes can favor the entropy-driven noncovalent dissociation, while in slow heating conditions the competition with enthalpy-driven covalent fragmentation can completely hinder the dissociation of the complex. We also evidence that the noncovalent dissociation of DNA duplex is a multistep process involving a progressive unzipping, preferentially at terminal positions. This is proposed to be a general feature for complexes containing a high number of contributing interactions organized at the interface of the ligands. The overall (observed) dissociation kinetics of noncovalent complexes can therefore depend on a complicated mechanism for which a single transition state description of the kinetics is too simplistic.
A physical map of the linear unintegrated DNA of visna virus (1981)

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that during the lytic infection of sheep cells in culture, visna virus produces an unintegrated viral DNA which is a linear double-stranded molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 6 × 10 6 daltons. We have now studied this DNA using the method of Southern to locate the cleavage sites of a number of restriction endonucleases on the unintegrated visna viral DNA. Using these sites, we have constructed a physical map of the linear viral DNA. In addition, our analysis has identified two species of closed circular viral DNA in the Hirt supernatant fraction of visna virus-infected cells.
Electrothermal patches driving the transdermal delivery of insulin (2019)

Transdermal patches have become a widely used approach for painless delivery of drugs. One major current limitation of these systems remains the restricted skin permeation of proteins and peptides as exemplified by insulin, necessitating different considerations for their successful transdermal delivery. We present a novel patch design based on the integration of nano-engineered heating elements on polyimide substrates for electrothermal transdermal therapy. The results reveal that tuning of the electrical resistivity of an array of gold nanoholes, patterned on polyimide, facilitates a fast-responding electrothermal skin patch, while post-coating with reduced graphene oxide offers capabilities for drug encapsulation, like insulin. Application of insulin-loaded patches to the skin of mice resulted in blood glucose regulation within minutes. While demonstrated for insulin, the skin patches might be well adapted to other low and high molecular weight therapeutic drugs, enabling on-demand electrothermal transdermal delivery.
Effect of feature size on the reflective behaviour of the MorphoColorTM concept (2022)

The MorphoColor concept for highly efficient colored solar modules aims to improve the acceptance of those modules in visible areas like roofs and facades. The core of the MorphoColor technology is the combination of a structured substrate with a spectrally selective reflecting layer stack. The work presented within this manuscript investigates the effect of using an aperiodic substrate structure whose characteristic feature size is in the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of visible light. Representative pseudo-aperiodic structures were arrangedusing rigorous coupled-wave analysis. By combination of these structures with a layer stack, a fully wave optical model of this realization of the MorphoColor concept could be established. The characteristic feature width and height have been varied in this model, resulting in lower limits for the efficacy of the concept in both parameters. For slanted incidence, a significant change of the reflected spectrum was observed. To explore this effect, a model representing infinite feature sizes was developed by independently combining the effects of a refractive system with equal properties to the one used within the first model and a plain layer stack. The comparison of results obtained from both methodes showed that the usage of small features leads to additional effects that can be attributed to the interaction of structure and layer stack. The magnitude of these effects increased with increasing incident angle on the surface and leads to a reduced spectral selectivity of the reflection.
Astrocytes Secrete Exosomes Enriched with Proapoptotic Ceramide and Prostate Apoptosis Response 4 (PAR-4) (2012)

Amyloid protein is well known to induce neuronal cell death, whereas only little is known about its effect on astrocytes. We found that amyloid peptides activated caspase 3 and induced apoptosis in primary cultured astrocytes, which was prevented by caspase 3 inhibition. Apoptosis was also prevented by shRNA-mediated down-regulation of PAR-4, a protein sensitizing cells to the sphingolipid ceramide. Consistent with a potentially proapoptotic effect of PAR-4 and ceramide, astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques in brain sections of the 5xFAD mouse (and Alzheimer disease patient brain) showed caspase 3 activation and were apoptotic when co-expressing PAR-4 and ceramide. Apoptosis was not observed in astrocytes with deficient neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), indicating that ceramide generated by nSMase2 is critical for amyloid-induced apoptosis. Antibodies against PAR-4 and ceramide prevented amyloid-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that apoptosis was mediated by exogenous PAR-4 and ceramide, potentially associated with secreted lipid vesicles. This was confirmed by the analysis of lipid vesicles from conditioned medium showing that amyloid peptide induced the secretion of PAR-4 and C18 ceramide-enriched exosomes. Exosomes were not secreted by nSMase2-deficient astrocytes, indicating that ceramide generated by nSMase2 is critical for exosome secretion. Consistent with the ceramide composition in amyloid-induced exosomes, exogenously added C18 ceramide restored PAR-4-containing exosome secretion in nSMase2-deficient astrocytes. Moreover, isolated PAR-4/ceramide-enriched exosomes were taken up by astrocytes and induced apoptosis in the absence of amyloid peptide. Taken together, we report a novel mechanism of apoptosis induction by PAR-4/ceramide-enriched exosomes, which may critically contribute to Alzheimer disease.
Redefining near-unity luminescence in quantum dots with photothermal threshold quantum yield (2019)

A variety of optical applications rely on the absorption and reemission of light. The quantum yield of this process often plays an essential role. When the quantum yield deviates from unity by significantly less than 1%, applications such as luminescent concentrators and optical refrigerators become possible. To evaluate such high performance, we develop a measurement technique for luminescence efficiency with sufficient accuracy below one part per thousand. Photothermal threshold quantum yield is based on the quantization of light to minimize overall measurement uncertainty. This technique is used to guide a procedure capable of making ensembles of near-unity emitting cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide (CdSe/CdS) core-shell quantum dots. We obtain a photothermal threshold quantum yield luminescence efficiency of 99.6 ± 0.2%, indicating nearly complete suppression of nonradiative decay channels.
Experimental IgA nephropathy secondary to hepatocellular injury induced by dietary deficiencies and heavy alcohol intake. (1994)

The combination of LD diet and alcohol intake, which mimics the human alcoholic condition, promotes hepatic and renal changes, leading to hepatocellular injury and a secondary form of IgA nephropathy.
Perforin-mediated suppression of B-cell lymphoma (2009)

In the present study, we have examined the effect of perforin (pfp) deficiency in 4 models of mouse B-cell lymphomagenesis. We have examined pfp loss on the background of either Mlh1 tumor suppressor allele loss or oncogene expression [Ig heavy chain (Emu)-v-Abl, Emu-myc, and vav-bcl2]. Pfp was shown to act as a suppressor of B-cell malignancies characteristically driven by v-Abl or bcl-2, whereas Mlh loss cooperated in accelerating spontaneous B-cell lymphomas characteristic of pfp loss. No protective role for pfp was observed in the more aggressive Emu-myc model of B-cell lymphoma. These transgenic models have allowed us to distinguish the role of pfp in surveillance of B-cell lymphomagenesis, as opposed to its loss simply driving the onset of a spontaneous lymphoma characteristic of pfp deficiency.
Effects of thermal annealing on the optical characteristics of K^+–Na^+ waveguides (1998)

We present a systematic study of the changes induced in the refractive-index profile of different sets of K(+)-Na(+) ion-exchanged waveguides on soda-lime and BK7 substrates because of thermal annealing in the presence or absence of salt vapors. The concentration of potassium is recovered by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the propagation losses are measured by means of the three-prism configuration.
Wide-range directed self-assembly lithography enabling wider range of applicable pattern size for both hexagonal multi-hole and line/space (2017)

One of technical issues of directed self-assembly lithography is extremely narrow patterning range. It is really difficult to make not only smaller patterns (pitch of less than 30nm) because of self-assembling limit but also middle patterns (pitch of more than 60nm) because of material synthesis issues. This paper describes wide–range directed self-assembly lithography which enables not only narrow patterns but also wide patterns using newly developed block copolymer. One block of the new block copolymer is easily metalized selectively by metalize technology and it is confirmed that dry etching resistance is markedly improved.
An impedance-based formulation of frequency-domain nonlinearity indicators in finite-amplitude sound propagation (2020)

Since the Morfey-Howell Q/S was introduced as a single-point frequency-domain nonlinearity indicator for propagation of intense broadband noise [AIAA J. 19, 986-992 (1981)], there has been debate about its validity, utility, and interpretation. In this Letter, the generalized Burgers equation is recast in terms of specific acoustic impedance along with linear absorption and dispersion coefficients, normalized quadspectral density (Q/S), and newly proposed normalized cospectral density (C/S). The formulation leads to a rather straightforward interpretation in which Q/S and C/S, respectively, represent the additional absorption and dispersion at a locale, produced by the passage of a finite-amplitude wave.
Abstract 2594: Reovirus replication in ovarian and peritoneal tumors after intravenous administration (2010)

Abstract Background: Reovirus Serotype 3 - Dearing Strain is an oncolytic virus under clinical evaluation for treatment of solid tumor malignancies. We initiated a phase 1/2 study with reovirus in patients with ovarian, primary peritoneal and fallopian tube carcinoma. The objectives of the correlative studies in this trial include the verification of reovirus penetration and replication in ovarian and peritoneal tumors after IV and IP reovirus administration and to evaluate tumor RAS pathway activation status as a marker for reovirus activity in this patient population. Methods: Percutaneous tumor biopsies and ascites fluid were collected at various times during therapy from patients receiving reovirus via both IV and IP routes. Biopsied tissue and cell preparations from ascites were evaluated for reovirus capsid particles via electron microscopy (EM) and viral protein via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The presence of viral RNA and transcribed DNA are evaluated via reverse-transcriptase in situ PCR (RTISPCR). IHC for phosphorylated ERK (pERK) is applied to determine RAS pathway activation status. Results: To date, 5 patients have been accrued and treated on trial. Preliminary evaluation with IHC indicates the presence of viral protein in the biopsied ovarian and peritoneal tissue samples from a subset of these patients after IV administration of reovirus. Completion of EM, RTISPCR, and pERK IHC on biopsied tissues and ascites samples is in progress. Conclusions: Results to date display evidence of viral replication in peritoneal and ovarian cancer cells after IV administration of reovirus. This data represents the first observation of reovirus penetration into the peritoneal space after systemic drug administration. Completion of correlative analyses will further characterize the ability of reovirus to penetrate and replicate within the IP space and ascites after IV and IP administration. Furthermore, the selective viral infection and replication within RAS-pathway-activated tumor cells will be assessed. Results of all correlatives will be presented at the meeting. This work is supported by the NCI, grant U01CA076576 and contract NO1CM62207. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2594.
Improvement of the Electrical Conductivity between Electrode and Sheet in Spot Welding Process by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (2018)

The effort of automotive industry is the increasingly use of aluminum alloys to reduce the weight of the car. Regarding the lifetime of electrodes and the process reliability resistance, spot welding is not applied for joining of aluminum sheets. Instead, more expensive processes must be used, like riveting with supplementary component. This is caused by the electric isolating oxide layer at the sheet surface. This layer normally shows an irregular topography, causing a locale temperature increase and therefore high electrode wear. In this study, a new concept to increase the electrode lifetime and process reliability is reported. Using Direct Laser Interference Patterning, periodic surface patterns are produced at the contact area between the electrode and the sheet for influencing the contact resistance. The resulting topography and morphology are analyzed by confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The electrical resistance between the contact partners copper and aluminum is measured during spot welding tests and contact resistance studies. A reduction up to 50% of the electrical resistance by treating the electrodes or an increase of more than 100 times by treating the sheets can be achieved compared to the untreated references.
HigherHRNet: Scale-Aware Representation Learning for Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation (2020)

Bottom-up human pose estimation methods have difficulties in predicting the correct pose for small persons due to challenges in scale variation. In this paper, we present HigherHRNet: a novel bottom-up human pose estimation method for learning scale-aware representations using high-resolution feature pyramids. Equipped with multi-resolution supervision for training and multi-resolution aggregation for inference, the proposed approach is able to solve the scale variation challenge in bottom-up multi-person pose estimation and localize keypoints more precisely, especially for small person. The feature pyramid in HigherHRNet consists of feature map outputs from HRNet and upsampled higher-resolution outputs through a transposed convolution. HigherHRNet outperforms the previous best bottom-up method by 2.5% AP for medium person on COCO test-dev, showing its effectiveness in handling scale variation. Furthermore, HigherHRNet achieves new state-of-the-art result on COCO test-dev (70.5% AP) without using refinement or other post-processing techniques, surpassing all existing bottom-up methods. HigherHRNet even surpasses all top-down methods on CrowdPose test (67.6% AP), suggesting its robustness in crowded scene.
Retroviral Pseudotypes – From Scientific Tools to Clinical Utility (2015)

Abstract Retroviral pseudotypes are important research and diagnostic tools for basic and clinical virology studies, facilitating the detailed investigation of individual genes, cellular receptors, antibody responses, serosurveillance and antiviral therapies. Importantly, pseudotypes enable the study of highly pathogenic viruses, without the need for high containment. Their use as gene therapy vectors is widely documented, but other uses, once less well known, are becoming more prominent. The substitution of envelope proteins expressed on the virion surface enables pseudotypes to be employed as surrogates for wildtype viruses in antibody neutralisation or antiviral screening assays and for the study of cell–virus receptor interactions. In addition, they are increasingly being utilised as vaccine immunogens, expressing the antigen either on the particle surface or as a transfer gene for cellular expression. These studies demonstrate the potential for using pseudotypes for both scientific and clinical applications. Key Concepts Students will learn: What are retroviral pseudotypes. How they are constructed and titrated. The common elements that comprise a retroviral pseudotype. How retroviral pseudotypes can be used to deliver genes. How they can be used as tools for the study of viral attachment, entry and receptor identification. About using pseudotypes as surrogate viruses in antibody neutralisation assays. The use of pseudotypes to measure vaccine immunogenicity and screen for antiviral activity and resistance. How pseudotypes can be used as experimental vaccines.