gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitral-Valve Repair for Mitral-Valve Prolapse (2009)

A 55-year-old man presents with a holosystolic murmur of increasing intensity and is given a diagnosis of mitral-valve prolapse with severe mitral regurgitation. He is asymptomatic but has mildly depressed left ventricular function and mild left ventricular enlargement. Mitral-valve repair is recommended. Mitral-valve repair may result in a better survival rate than mitral-valve replacement, but mitral regurgitation can recur.
Template Estimation in Computational Anatomy: Fréchet Means Top and Quotient Spaces Are Not Consistent (2017)

In this article, we study the consistency of the template estimation with the Fréchet mean in quotient spaces. The Fréchet mean in quotient spaces is often used when the observations are deformed or transformed by a group action. We show that in most cases this estimator is actually inconsistent. We exhibit a sufficient condition for this inconsistency, which amounts to the folding of the distribution of the noisy template when it is projected to the quotient space. This condition appears to be fulfilled as soon as the support of the noise is large enough. To quantify this inconsistency we provide lower and upper bounds of the bias as a function of the variability (the noise level). This shows that the consistency bias cannot be neglected when the variability increases.
Phase I study protocol for ex-vivo lentiviral gene therapy for the inherited skin disease, Netherton Syndrome (2013)

Netherton syndrome (NS) is a serious inherited skin disorder caused by mutations in the gene SPINK5 (serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 5) which encodes for a serine protease inhibitor LEKTI (lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor). Patients with NS have defective keratinization, hair shaft defects, recurrent infections, atopy and a predisposition to skin malignancies. Historically, one in ten infants has died before their first birthday. Currently there are no proven treatments to cure this condition. A SIN-lentiviral vector encoding the codon optimized SPINK5 gene under the control of a 572bp element derived from the human involucrin promoter (INVO) can confer compartment specific LEKTI expression in NS keratinocytes with restoration of normal skin architecture. Here we detail a study protocol for a phase I trial for feasibility and safety evaluations of autologous epidermal sheets generated from ex-vivo gene corrected keratinocyte stem cells, which will be grafted onto patients with mutation proven NS.
Regulation of the Hepatic Endothelin System in Advanced Biliary Fibrosis in Rats (2000)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the hepatic endothelin system and its regulation in liver cirrhosis due to bile duct obstruction. Wistar rats were subjected for 6 weeks to: 1) sham operation; 2) bile duct obstruction; 3) bile duct obstruction and the selective oral endothelin A receptor antagonist LU 135252; 4) bile duct obstruction and oral silymarin, a hepatoprotective and antifibrotic compound. We determined tissue concentrations of endothelin-1 and big-endothelin-1 by ELISA and the density of both endothelin receptor subtypes in plasma membrane fractions by Scatchard analysis. The hepatic endothelin system in liver cirrhosis due to chronic bile duct obstruction is characterized by a simultaneous up-regulation of both endothelin-1 tissue concentration (7.2 fold compared to sham operation; p<0.001) as well as the density of both endothelin receptor subtypes (ET(A) 7.4-fold, ET(B) 4.9-fold, p<0.001, respectively) suggesting a synergistic activation of the hepatic endothelin system in this rat model of non-inflammatory cirrhosis. Treatment with proven antifibrotic agents such as silymarin or a selective endothelin-A-receptor blocker (LU 135252) did not reduce the activity of the hepatic endothelin system, suggesting that the hepatic endothelin system is not activated by the fibrotic process itself.
Bioconjugation of Gold Nanoparticles through the Oxidative Coupling of <i>ortho</i>-Aminophenols and Anilines (2014)

While there are a number of methods for attaching gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to biomolecules, the existing strategies suffer from nonspecific AuNP adsorption, reagents that are unstable in aqueous solutions, and/or long reaction times. To improve upon existing AuNP bioconjugation strategies, we have adapted a recently reported potassium ferricyanide-mediated oxidative coupling reaction for the attachment of aniline-functionalized AuNPs to o-aminophenol-containing oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins. The aniline-AuNPs are stable in aqueous solutions, show little-to-no nonspecific adsorption with biomolecules, and react rapidly (30 min) with o-aminophenols under mild conditions (pH 6.5, 1 mM oxidant).
Classification of High-Grade Spondylolistheses Based on Pelvic Version and Spine Balance (2007)

Analysis of sagittal alignment of high-grade spondylolisthesis patients revealed distinct groups termed "balanced" and "unbalanced" pelvis. The PT and SS were similar in controls and balanced pelvis patients. Unbalanced pelvis patients had a sagittal spinal alignment that differed from the balanced pelvis and control groups. Treatment strategies for high-grade spondylolisthesis should reflect the different mechanical strain on the spinopelvic junction in each group; reduction techniques might be considered in patients with an unbalanced pelvis high-grade spondylolisthesis.
<i>In situ</i> study of annealing-induced strain relaxation in diamond nanoparticles using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (2017)

We observed changes in morphology and internal strain state of commercial diamond nanocrystals during high-temperature annealing. Three nanodiamonds were measured with Bragg coherent x-ray diffraction imaging, yielding three-dimensional strain-sensitive images as a function of time/temperature. Up to temperatures of 800 °C, crystals with Gaussian strain distributions with a full-width-at-half-maximum of less than 8×10−4 were largely unchanged, and annealing-induced strain relaxation was observed in a nanodiamond with maximum lattice distortions above this threshold. X-ray measurements found changes in nanodiamond morphology at temperatures above 600 °C that are consistent with graphitization of the surface, a result verified with ensemble Raman measurements.
Performance analysis of fisher-snedecor F composite fading channels (2018)

In this paper, we consider the Fisher-Snedecor F composite fading channel model and derive exact closed-form expressions for the symbol error rate (SER) of M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). We also derive asymptotic expressions for the SER of M-PAM and M-QAM to study the behavior of SER at high values of signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, we derive an exact closed-form expression for the average capacity. The derived expressions are evaluated for different values of the fading parameters to show the effects of shadowing and small-scale fading on the performance of SER and capacity. Simulation results are also provided to show the accuracy of the derived expressions.
Music, Opera and Film (2003)

A few weeks ago I attended one of those postmodernist concerts, where Mozart's Requiem was interwoven with modern pieces by the likes of John Tavener on similar themes. The rationale was supposedly explained in an elaborate program note intended to be read carefully by the audience prior to the concert - so much so, that by the time my companion and I arrived they were all sold out. Minus the 'explanation' we were both simply exasperated, as some fine contemporary music was devastated by the Mozart. It reminded me of a line from the Warner Brothers melodrama Deception. When Claude Rains' imperious composer is asked by his protege/lover (Bette Davis) why he has skipped the first half of the concert at which his new cello concerto is to be premiered, he barks: 'Compose something yourself my dear, and see how it sounds after Beethoven!' The writers might just as easily have substituted Mozart.
H∞Control for a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (1994)

In this paper H∞ control has been applied to an interactive steam pressure and steam flow control system of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) of a thermal power plant. The controller structure is taken account for practical applications on a commercial plant. H∞ control for the interactive system is verified the experiments on a commercial sized test facility. In addition to the nominal performance, robustness of H∞control has been also verified. To demonstrate a practical applicability, the experiments for signal saturation and noise reduction have been accomplished.
Shading correction for grating-based differential phase contrast X-ray imaging (2014)

Grating-based differential phase-contrast X-ray is a novel imaging modality with excellent soft-tissue contrast. Besides standard X-ray attenuation, it provides complementary information on the differential phase shift and the dark-field signal, which reveals structure variations at (sub-)micron scale. Current experimental setups suffer from a narrow field of view of 2-4cm. Thus, multiple exposures have to be stitched together to image larger objects. However, individual exposures are inherently affected by intensity variations, such that tiling artifacts corrupt the stitched projection. These artifacts are most severe in the differential phase image and highly impact their diagnostic value. To address this issue, we propose a novel optimization-based algorithm for fully compensating these tiling artifacts. Our algorithm estimates a smooth bias field for each individual exposure with a global objective function that minimizes the intensity distortion within and across different tiles in the projection. Compared to a currently widely used heuristic, our algorithm leverages the information available from all exposures to estimate the individual bias fields. The evaluation shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm, as it produces bias-free images. To our knowledge, this is the first bias correction algorithm for differential phase images that yields images with nearly imperceptible transitions between individual exposures.
Development of a Column Packing Material for Gas Chromatographic Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes (2002)

In order to improve the efficiency in gas chromatographic isotope separation technology, porous SiC supporting palladium-platinum (Pd-Pt) alloy as a column material was developed. It was confirmed that the utilization of the column material developed enabled higher recovery yield of 90 % and the higher purity of 97 % for deuterium isotopic separation comparing with the method using conventional column materials such as the mixture of Pd-Pt alloy filler under 100 mesh and Cu powder from 40 to 80 mesh.
Phytoremediation of Perchlorate (2003)

Perchlorate is taken up from contaminated waters by a variety of plants under a wide range of conditions similar to those observed at contaminated sites. Several but not all terrestrial and wetland plants mineralize perchlorate to chloride and oxygen. Some plants accumulate perchlorate to more than 0.1 percent by weight. Some halophytes and phreatophytes adapted to the U.S. southwest (location of many sites of perchlorate contamination) do well in degrading perchlorate or spurring bacterial mineralization. Some trees spur the acclimation of microorganisms, and these bacteria mineralize perchlorate faster than plants. Chloride, nitrate, and other ions competitively affect perchlorate uptake and mineralization.
Detecting Quasars by Their Variability (2009)

We demonstrate that quantifying the intrinsic variability of quasars by fitting individual structure function data pairs with a 2-parameter power law model separates quasars from contaminating variable and non-variable point sources with a completeness of 93% and a purity of 99%. This approach can be used to select quasar samples in surveys like that being performed by Pan-STARRS1, where the usual color selection of quasars is not possible due to a filter system that is too red.
Carbon Capture, Transport, &amp; Storage: Supply Chain Deep Dive Assessment (Final Report) (2022)

The report “America’s Strategy to Secure the Supply Chain for a Robust Clean Energy Transition” lays out the challenges and opportunities faced by the United States in the energy supply chain as well as the federal government plans to address these challenges and opportunities. It is accompanied by several issue-specific deep dive assessments, including this one, in response to Executive Order 14017 “America’s Supply Chains,” which directs the Secretary of Energy to submit a report on supply chains for the energy sector industrial base. The Executive Order is helping the federal government to build more secure and diverse U.S. supply chains, including energy supply chains. This report was completed by the Department of Energy (DOE) to examine carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, transport, and storage technologies and associated supply chains that will be required to support the United States (U.S.) decarbonization goals by 2050. Specifically, the analysis sought to understand supply chain bottlenecks to achievingan upper-bound 2.0 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) per year in the United States. A literature review shows that in aggressive infrastructure deployment scenarios, the United States’ likely upper bound of CCS capacity is 1.7 Gigatons per annum (Gtpa) by 2050. This suggests the study design of 2.0 Gtpa capacity by 2050 is more aggressive yet and represents a conservative upper bound for supply chain analyses.
Citizen engagement in Cape Town's transition towards a smart city (2016)

Cape Town is facing increased urbanisation, urban growth and other complex challenges which hinder its objectives regarding socio-economic development and quality of life for all its' citizens and visitors. To help meet these challenges, Cape Town is implementing “smart city” innovations. The smart city concept has typically been associated with an urban area where technology is embedded everywhere to enable traffic, water, energy, sewage, commerce etc. to be greatly improved, but sometimes the technology leads us to disregard the fact that the main aim of a smart city must be about the citizens and it is important to not only focus on technology but also to engage with society. Best practice smart cities understand the importance of engaging, encouraging, enabling and empowering citizen initiatives to achieve transformative social, economic and environmental benefits. Cities that are built from scratch have the luxury of including a vision for intelligence and integration of technology from their inception and construction and applies a top down process without citizen engagement. However, established cities with complex urban problems and conflicting forces are far more demanding and to overcome persistent problems including sustainability, attractiveness and competitiveness is not as simple as painting on an empty canvas. With the objective of determining how aligned Cape Town's Smart City initiatives are to those of its' citizens and visitors a research instrument was constructed to contrast implemented initiatives against possible initiatives, and based on the results there was a majority positive response to all initiatives excluding education initiatives.
Integrating Mechanisms in Thrombotic Peripheral Arterial Disease (2022)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, is underdiagnosed in the general population. Despite the extensive research performed to unravel its pathophysiology, inadequate knowledge exists, thus preventing the development of new treatments. This review aims to highlight the essential elements of atherosclerosis contributing to the pathophysiology of PAD. Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on the role of thrombo-inflammation, with particular focus on platelet and coagulation activation as well as cell-cell interactions. Additional insight will be then discussed to reveal the contribution of hypercoagulability to the development of vascular diseases such as PAD. Lastly, the current antithrombotic treatments will be discussed, and light will be shed on promising new targets aiming to aid the development of new treatments.
Figure 2 from Preclinical Evaluation of ON203, A Novel Bioengineered mAb Targeting Oxidized Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as an Anticancer Therapeutic (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Pharmacokinetics and BD of C0008, C0083, and C0090. &lt;b&gt;A,&lt;/b&gt; BALB/c nude mice received a single intravenous injection of C0008, C0083, and C0090 mAbs (10 mg/kg), and plasma samples were collected 4, 10, 24, 48, and 96 hours thereafter. The plasma concentration of mAbs was determined by a quantitative anti-oxMIF mAb ELISA. &lt;b&gt;B,&lt;/b&gt; mAb half-lives were calculated by a two-phase decay model, where plateau was constrained to 0 and Y0 to the theoretical &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;. Total exposure was calculated from the AUC from the two-phase decay model from 0 to 96 hours. &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;D,&lt;/b&gt; Tumor penetration and retention of anti-oxMIF mAbs was assessed by infrared &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; imaging. &lt;b&gt;C,&lt;/b&gt; Female BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 syngeneic tumors received a single intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg IRDye 800CW-labeled C0008 or C0083 mAbs. &lt;b&gt;D,&lt;/b&gt; Female BALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous HCT116 xenografts received a single intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg IRDye 800CW-labeled C0008 or C0090 mAbs. &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;D,&lt;/b&gt; Mice were imaged at 1, 6–8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours after dosing. One representative mouse from each treatment group (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3) is shown. &lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;F,&lt;/b&gt; Digital image analysis of tumor ROIs from images &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; in LI-COR Pearl Trilogy Software and calculation of total exposure of the tumor (AUC) to the anti-oxMIF mAbs and tumor half-life of mAbs using a monoexponential decay model in GraphPad Prism.&lt;/p&gt;
Ingested IFN-α has biological effects in humans with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (1997)

Parenterally administered human recombinant type I interferons (hrIFN) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) decrease relapses and spontaneous in vitro IFN-gamma production, reduce clinical progression, and decrease magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-defined disease activity and lesions. Parenterally administered type I IFN use is limited by clinical and chemical toxicities, and the induction of antibodies that abrogate their activity in vivo correlated with the loss of clinical benefit. Therefore, we determined whether ingested IFN-alpha was non-toxic and had biological effects in humans. Ingested hrIFN-alpha showed no toxicity in normal volunteers or patients with RRMS at doses ranging from 300 to 100,000 units. In subjects with RRMS, a significant decrease in Con A-mediated proliferation and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), a surrogate measure for disease activity in MS, was found after ingesting 10,000 and 30,000 units IFN-alpha The RRMS subjects also showed decreased IL-2 secretion after ingesting 10,000 units IFN-alpha and decreased IFN-gamma, TGF-beta and IL-10 production after ingesting 30,000 units IFN-alpha. The decreased secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-2 by ingested IFN-alpha suggests that oral IFN-alpha may cause a functional inhibition of Th J-like T helper cells in RRMS, a potential site of intervention at the level of effector T cells in MS. Our studies support the oral use of human IFN-alpha as a biological response modifier in humans.
Predicting donor, recipient and graft survival in living donor kidney transplantation to inform pretransplant counselling: the donor and recipient linked iPREDICTLIVING tool – a retrospective study (2020)

Although separate prediction models for donors and recipients were previously published, we identified a need to predict outcomes of donor/recipient simultaneously, as they are clearly not independent of each other. We used characteristics from transplantations performed at the Oslo University Hospital from 1854 live donors and from 837 recipients of a live donor kidney transplant to derive Cox models for predicting donor mortality up to 20 years, and recipient death, and graft loss up to 10 years. The models were developed using the multivariable fractional polynomials algorithm optimizing Akaike's information criterion, and optimism-corrected performance was assessed. Age, year of donation, smoking status, cholesterol and creatinine were selected to predict donor mortality (C-statistic of 0.81). Linear predictors for donor mortality served as summary of donor prognosis in recipient models. Age, sex, year of transplantation, dialysis vintage, primary renal disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and HLA mismatch were selected to predict recipient mortality (C-statistic of 0.77). Age, dialysis vintage, linear predictor of donor mortality, HLA mismatch, peripheral vascular disease and heart disease were selected to predict graft loss (C-statistic of 0.66). Our prediction models inform decision-making at the time of transplant counselling and are implemented as online calculators.
Sub-ns Thomson scattering applied to an EUV emitting vacuum arc discharge in tin vapor (2005)

In a previous series of experiments, an existing Thomson scattering (TS) setup was applied\nfor measuring electron temperatures and densities in a vacuum arc discharge in tin vapor,\nwhich is an experimental version of a candidate source for high power EUV generation. These experiments were succesful only for the so-called prepinch phase of the discharge, due to the high level of background radiation emitted in other parts of the plasma evolution. We have designed and built a new setup for sub-ns TS, based on a laser with shorter pulse duration, a faster camera, and an optical delay line in the laser path. Results of experiments on previously inaccessible phases of the discharge are presented. From these, a more complete picture of the evolution of the vacuum arc discharge can be derived.