gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel mask inspection flow for better defect review and analysis (2006)

Mask inspection plays a pivotal role in current high grade mask making processes and further its importance is getting bigger. The purpose of inspection process is as follows. One is simple sorting of NG masks that have fatal defects with high sensitivity. The other is improvement of total mask manufacturing process and mask quality using defect source analysis. As semiconductor device is getting shrunk down, the influence of mask defect is increasing. Therefore, there are special needs for the efficient use of such expensive inspection machines and the systematic approach of defect analysis. In this paper, we propose novel mask inspection flow to improve mask inspection capacity and systematic defect management. In general, Inspection process is divided by two steps. One is detection of defects and the other is review for defect analysis. Our concept of new inspection flow is adoption of individual defect review system after defect detection in inspection machine. With this new inspection flow using defect review system, we could increase inspection capacity by 30% and set up unified defect analysis hub.
Colloidal Stability of Apolar Nanoparticles: Role of Ligand Length (2018)

Inorganic nanoparticle cores are often coated with organic ligands to render them dispersible in apolar solvents. However, the effect of the ligand shell on the colloidal stability of the overall hybrid particle is not fully understood. In particular, it is not known how the length of an apolar alkyl ligand chain affects the stability of a nanoparticle dispersion against agglomeration. Here, small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the interactions between gold nanoparticles and between cadmium selenide nanoparticles passivated by alkanethiol ligands with 12-18 carbons in the solvent decane. We find that increasing the ligand length increases colloidal stability in the core-dominated regime but decreases it in the ligand-dominated regime. This unexpected inversion is connected to the transition from ligand-dominated to core-dominated agglomeration when the core diameter increases at constant ligand length. Our results provide a microscopic picture of the forces that determine the colloidal stability of apolar nanoparticles and explain why classical colloid theory fails.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Chemistry of Coenzyme Analogues (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chemistry of 3-oxygenated isoxazoles. Formation and X-ray analysis of ethyl (RS)-6-tert-butyl-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine-2-carboxylate, an isoxazol-3(2H)-one rearrangement product (1991)

Treatment of 5-tert-butyl-4-methylisoxazole-3-ol 8 with ethyl chloroacetate under basic conditions gave ethyl (5-tert-butyl-4-methylisoxazol-3-yloxy)acetate 9 and the unexpected products ethyl (RS)-6-tert-butyl-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine-2-carboxylate 14 and (RS)-2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanamide 15. The structure of 14 was determined by an X-ray analysis. It is proposed that formation of 14 proceeds through the isoxazol-3-(2H)-one intermediate 10, the acetate carbanion 11 and the dioxo imine intermediate 12. Compound 15, which does not seem to be a degradation product of 14, may be formed by hydrolysis of the dioxo imine 12.
Changes in red blood cell membrane structure in pulmonary arterial hypertension (2016)

Erythrocyte-endothelial interaction is especially pronounced in the lung microvasculature and altered red blood cell (RBC) membrane structure have been demonstrated to induce endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction in several systemic diseases and to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease development. We are questioning here whether RBCs are altered in PAH and could contribute to P-EC dysfunction leading to PAH development and/or progression. In addition, we are investigating whether changes in RBCs are clinically relevant. To test this hypothesis, we withdrew blood samples from PAH patients (n=40) and controls (n=15) and performed automated blood count analyses to determine RBC distribution width (RDW). Next, we isolated RBCs by centrifugation and identified them by flow cytometry, using the RBC surface marker CD235a. Then, we measured by flow cytometry structural membrane protein expression of CD47 and phosphatidylserine (PS) and the level of advanced glycation end product (AGE) production. We found an increased RDW values in PAH patients, which inversely correlate with the 6 minute walk test distance (r=-0.53, p&lt;0.01). In addition, PAH patients exhibited an increase in CD47 expression level (p&lt;0.05) that correlates with RBC AGE production (r=-0.73, p=0.0001). Finally, we found a decreased level of PS expression in PAH RBCs (&lt;0.05) when compared with controls. Our data indicate that RBCs in PAH patients are altered in size, structure and function when compared with controls. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying these RBC abnormalities in PAH and to precise their clinical relevance as well as their contribution in P-EC dysfunction.
Telmisartan ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune response through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation in human monocytes (2011)

Our observations demonstrate that in human monocytes, ARBs inhibit the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response to a major extent through the PPARγ activation pathway and may be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in which inflammation plays a major role.
Elabela/Toddler Is an Endogenous Agonist of the Apelin APJ Receptor in the Adult Cardiovascular System, and Exogenous Administration of the Peptide Compensates for the Downregulation of Its Expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2017)

These results show that ELA is an endogenous agonist of the human apelin receptor, exhibits a cardiovascular profile comparable to apelin, and is downregulated in human disease and rodent PAH models, and exogenous peptide can reduce the severity of cardiopulmonary remodeling and function in PAH in rats. This study provides additional proof of principle that an apelin receptor agonist may be of therapeutic use in PAH in humans.
Cytosolic Delivery Mediated via Electrostatic Surface Binding of Protein, Virus, or siRNA Cargos to pH-Responsive Core−Shell Gel Particles (2009)

We recently described a strategy for intracellular delivery of macromolecules, utilizing pH-responsive "core-shell" structured gel particles. These cross-linked hydrogel particles disrupt endosomes with low toxicity by virtue of physical sequestration of an endosome-disrupting "proton sponge" core inside a nontoxic hydrophilic shell. Here we tested the efficacy of this system for cytosolic delivery of a broad range of macromolecular cargos, and demonstrate the delivery of proteins, whole viral particles, or siRNA oligonucleotides into the cytosol of dendritic cells and epithelial cells via core-shell particles. We assessed the functional impact of particle delivery for vaccine applications and found that cytosolic delivery of protein antigens in dendritic cells via the core-shell particles promotes priming of CD8(+) T-cells at 100-fold lower doses than soluble protein. Functional gene knockdown following delivery of siRNA using the particles was demonstrated in epithelial cells. Based on these findings, these materials may be of interest for a broad range of biomedical applications.
Automated control point detection, registration, and fusion of fuzzy retinal vasculature images (2008)

Multi-modality biomedical imagespsila feature detection, registration, and fusion are usually scene dependent which requires intensive computational effort. A novel automated approach of the multi-modality retinal image control point detection, registration, and fusion is proposed in this paper. The new algorithm is reliable and time efficient, which implements automatic adaptation from frame to frame with a few tunable thresholds. The reference and input images are from two different modalities, i.e., the angiogram grayscale and fundus true color images. Retinal imagepsilas properties determine the fuzzy vessel boundaries and bifurcations. The retinal vasculature is extracted using canny edge detector and the control points are detected at the fuzzy vasculature bifurcations using the adaptive exploratory algorithm. Shape similarity criteria are employed to match the control point pairs. The proposed heuristic optimization algorithm adjusts the control points at the sub-pixel level in order to maximize the objective function mutual-pixel-count (MPC). The iteration stops either when <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MPC</sub> reaches the maximal, or when the maximum allowable loop count is reached. The comparative analysis with other existing approaches has shown the advantages of the new algorithm in terms of novelty, efficiency, and accuracy.
31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of E4 Phosphopeptide of Embryonic Bovine Enamel in Solution (1979)

Theodore Roosevelt and Emperor William II on horseback, conversing on hillside. Printed below photo on grey board "Franz Tellgmann Hofphotograph Sr. Maj. D. Kaisers und K&amp;ouml;nigs M&amp;uuml;hlhausen i/Th&amp;uuml;r". Inscription on verso: "Wm. of Hohenzollern receives military instruction from Col. Roosevelt of the Rough Riders"
Impact of Ethanol on the Natural Attenuation of MTBE in a Normally Sulfate-Reducing Aquifer (2007)

Side-by-side experiments were conducted in an aquifer contaminated with methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) at a former fuel station to evaluate the effect of ethanol release on the fate of pre-existing MTBE contamination. On one side, for approximately 9 months we injected groundwater amended with 1-3 mg/L benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BToX). On the other side, we injected the same, adding approximately 500 mg/L ethanol. The fates of BToX in both sides ("lanes") were addressed in a prior publication. No MTBE transformation was observed in the "No Ethanol Lane." In the "With Ethanol Lane", MTBE was transformed to tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) underthe methanogenic and/or acetogenic conditions induced by the in situ biodegradation of the ethanol downgradient of the injection wells. The lag time before onset of this transformation was less than 2 months and the pseudo-first-order reaction rate estimated after 7-8 months was 0.046 d(-1). Our results imply that rapid subsurface transformation of MTBE to TBA may be expected in situations where strongly anaerobic conditions are sustained and fluxes of requisite nutrients and electron donors allow development of an active acetogenic/methanogenic zone beyond the reach of inhibitory effects such as those caused by high concentrations of ethanol.
Magneto-optical Kerr rotation of GdTbFeCo films at short wavelength (1998)

We used alternate sputter method to deposit GdTbFeCo alloy films. The Kerr spectra of these films are relatively flat in the wavelength range from 450 nm to 850 nm, and increased slightly below 450 nm. The Kerr angle increased with increased FeCo content in the GdTbFeCo film, and this relationship is independent of wavelength in the range from 450 nm to 850 nm.
Human Bocavirus as a cofactor in cancerogenesis of tonsil squamous cell carcinomas (2018)

The human bocavirus (HBoV), belonging to the genus of parvoviruses and pathogen of acute respiratory infection is known to persist latently in the infected host cells. There is increasing evidence that the virus plays an important role in cancerogenesis. The viral DNA has been detected in colorectal and lung tumors. Furthermore, pro-fibrotic and pro- cancerogenic cytokines were expressed in an HBoV infected cell culture system. Additionally unpublished whole transcriptome analysis show that several pathways leading to neoplasia are significantly upregulated after cell culture infection; for example, the matrix-metallo-proteinase 9 is substantially increased in head-and-neck cancers. In the present study we focused on the incidence of human bocavirus in tonsil squamous cell carcinomas compared to the occurrence of human papilloma virus. Therefore, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tonsil tumor samples were screened for HBoV DNA and HPV DNA by PCR. The positive tissue sections were afterwards subjected to fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. This technique enables us to identify HBoV and HPV DNA specifically in the host cells and to distinguish coinfection from single infection. In total 62 of 103 (60,2%) of the tonsil squamous cell carcinomas were tested positive for HBoV DNA and in 66 of 103 (64,1%) samples could be identified HPV DNA. The FISH analysis revealed that in case of coinfection with HBoV and HPV in 60% the virus DNA persisted in the same cells. This fact inspires the hypothesis that human bocavirus may contribute synergistically as a cofactor to tumor development in tonsils.
Breaking SIMD shackles with an exposed flexible microarchitecture and the access execute PDG (2013)

Modern microprocessors exploit data level parallelism through in-core data-parallel accelerators in the form of short vector ISA extensions such as SSE/AVX and NEON. Although these ISA extensions have existed for decades, compilers do not generate good quality, high-performance vectorized code without significant programmer intervention and manual optimization. The fundamental problem is that the architecture is too rigid, which overly complicates the compiler's role and simultaneously restricts the types of codes that the compiler can profitably map to these data-parallel accelerators. We take a fundamentally new approach that first makes the architecture more flexible and exposes this flexibility to the compiler. Counter-intuitively, increasing the complexity of the accelerator's interface to the compiler enables a more robust and efficient system that supports many types of codes. This system also enables the performance of auto-acceleration to be comparable to that of manually-optimized implementations.To address the challenges of compiling for flexible accelerators, we propose a variant of Program Dependence Graph called the Access Execute Program Dependence Graph to capture spatio-temporal aspects of memory accesses and computations. We implement a compiler that uses this representation and evaluate it by considering both a suite of kernels developed and tuned for SSE, and challenge data-parallel applications, the Parboil benchmarks. We show that our compiler, which targets the DySER accelerator, provides high-quality code for the kernels and full applications, commonly reaching within 30% of manually-optimized and out-performs compiler-produced SSE code by 1.8 times.
Research data supporting "Synthesis of trifluoromethylated isoxazoles and their elaboration including inter- and intra-molecular C-H functionalisation" (2016)

This data contains a .zip file of the NMR spectra for the compounds (in .mnova format, to be opened in MestReNova) described in the Supporting Information. It also contains a .pdf copy of the Supporting Information, which contains the experimental details and full characterisation data (NMR, IR, HRMS) of all compounds produced in this publication.
Adaptation in the Auditory System (1997)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Psychophysical Measures Physiological Measures Relationships between Physiological and Psychophysical Measures References
Oxidative Chloride Adsorption and Lead Upd on Cu(100):  Investigations into Surfactant-Assisted Epitaxial Growth (1998)

The influence of chloride adsorption and lead upd on the step dynamics of Cu(100) has been examined in acid perchlorate solution. A c(2 × 2) Cl adlayer is formed upon immersion of a Cu(100) electrode leading to step faceting in the 〈100〉 direction. At more negative potentials an order−disorder transformation occurs leading to significant rearrangement of the steps. Alternatively, in an electrolyte containing Pb2+ the halide adlayer may be completely displaced by lead upd. Images of orthogonal surface steps in combination with an assessment of the coulometry suggest that the lead adlayer forms either a highly defective c(2 × 2), c(5√2 × √2)R45° or a disordered structure corresponding to a coverage ranging from 0.5 to 0.6. The transformation from the halide to the lead adlayer results in the formation of vacancies and adatoms which condense to form holes and islands, respectively. These features may be rationalized by the formation of an alloy phase at low coverage, which subsequently dealloys as the coverage approaches 0.5. The extent of the morphological changes associated with the alloying/dealloying processes is strongly path dependent. Voltammetry reveals that the stripping of the lead upd layer is associated with two oxidation waves. As the potential is increased beyond the peak of the first wave islands disappear which may be due to alloy formation occurring coincident with partial desorption of the lead. The second wave is associated with the nucleation 〈100〉-oriented rows of the c(2 × 2) Cl adlayer which propagate across the terraces displacing the lead phase. The use of metal upd and anions as surfactants in the electrochemical deposition of copper is likely to prove even more interesting than in vacuum deposition since the surfactant coverage and its effect on mesoscopic structure can be continuously manipulated by potential control.
I Know What You Did Last Summer (2020)

Modern telemetry systems require advanced analytic capabilities such as drill down queries. These queries can be used to detect the beginning and end of a network anomaly by efficiently refining the search space. We present the first integral solution that (i) enables multiple measurement tasks inside the same data structure, (ii) supports specifying the time frame of interest as part of its queries, and (iii) is sketch-based and thus space efficient. Namely, our approach allows the user to define both the measurement task (e.g., heavy hitters, entropy estimation, cardinality estimation) and the time frame of relevance (e.g., 5PM-6PM) at query time. Our approach provides accuracy guarantees and is the only space-efficient solution that offers such capabilities. Finally, we demonstrate how the algorithm can be used to accurately pinpoint the beginning of a realistic DDoS attack.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a 1,2‐trans‐Configurated, Equatorial Glycosylphosphonate Analogue of D‐myo‐Inositol 1,4,5‐Trisphosphate. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Internal Electric Field Modulation in Molecular Electronic Devices by Atmosphere and Mobile Ions (2018)

The internal potential profile and electric field are major factors controlling the electronic behavior of molecular electronic junctions consisting of ∼1-10 nm thick layers of molecules oriented in parallel between conducting contacts. The potential profile is assumed linear in the simplest cases, but can be affected by internal dipoles, charge polarization, and electronic coupling between the contacts and the molecular layer. Electrochemical processes in solutions or the solid state are entirely dependent on modification of the electric field by electrolyte ions, which screen the electrodes and form the ionic double layers that are fundamental to electrode kinetics and widespread applications. The current report investigates the effects of mobile ions on nominally solid-state molecular junctions containing aromatic molecules covalently bonded between flat, conducting carbon surfaces, focusing on changes in device conductance when ions are introduced into an otherwise conventional junction design. Small changes in conductance were observed when a polar molecule, acetonitrile, was present in the junction, and a large decrease of conductance was observed when both acetonitrile (ACN) and lithium ions (Li<sup>+</sup>) were present. Transient experiments revealed that conductance changes occur on a microsecond-millisecond time scale, and are accompanied by significant alteration of device impedance and temperature dependence. A single molecular junction containing lithium benzoate could be reversibly transformed from symmetric current-voltage behavior to a rectifier by repetitive bias scans. The results are consistent with field-induced reorientation of acetonitrile molecules and Li<sup>+</sup> ion motion, which screen the electrodes and modify the internal potential profile and provide a potentially useful means to dynamically alter junction electronic behavior.
Experimental observation of magnetic bobbers for a new concept of magnetic solid-state memory (2017)

The use of chiral skyrmions, which are nanoscale vortex-like spin textures, as movable data bit carriers forms the basis of a recently proposed concept for magnetic solid-state memory. In this concept, skyrmions are considered to be unique localized spin textures, which are used to encode data through the quantization of different distances between identical skyrmions on a guiding nanostripe. However, the conservation of distances between highly mobile and interacting skyrmions is difficult to implement in practice. Here, we report the direct observation of another type of theoretically-predicted localized magnetic state, which is referred to as a chiral bobber (ChB), using quantitative off-axis electron holography. We show that ChBs can coexist together with skyrmions. Our results suggest a novel approach for data encoding, whereby a stream of binary data representing a sequence of ones and zeros can be encoded via a sequence of skyrmions and bobbers. The need to maintain defined distances between data bit carriers is then not required. The proposed concept of data encoding promises to expedite the realization of a new generation of magnetic solid-state memory.