gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamental study of the removal mechanisms of nano-sized particles using brush scrubber cleaning (2005)

To ensure high device yields, wafer surface contamination and defects must be monitored and controlled during the entire process of semiconductor manufacturing. Particle surface concentrations on the wafers, mostly related to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes, must be kept at the lowest possible levels. Brush scrubber cleaning has the potential to achieve this goal. However, the particle removal mechanisms are still under discussion especially the removal of nano-sized particles. This paper investigates the interactions between the particle, the brush and the wafer surface and explores the potential and limitations of the brush scrubbing technique. Furthermore the effect of the various brush/wafer parameters on the particle removal efficiency (PRE) is studied. From a mechanistic viewpoint it is shown that brush scrubbing acts in a mixed lubrication regime. From an extensive analysis of the relevant forces and moments it can be concluded that in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime, particles are removed by rolling under the dominant hydrodynamic drag force. In the boundary lubrication regime, particles can be removed by both rolling and lifting, mainly by the brush/particle van der Waals forces. The pH and the ionic strength of the cleaning fluid can influence the PRE. The chemical composition determines the electrostatic interactions of the particle once it is “kicked off ” from the wafer surface: either the surface of the particles and the wafer carry the same charge and the particles remain in solution or the surface of the particles and the wafer has an opposite charge resulting in redeposition.
Stress-Strain Response of Wood Under Radial Compression. Part I. Test Method and Influences of Cellular Properties (2000)

A new test system was developed for real-time microscopic observation of wood cell-wall deformation and stress-strain relationship under transverse compression. The system consists of a small compression device, a stereo-microscope, a video microscaler, a videocassette recorder and a computer-based data logger. The significance of this system is that it allows the influence of cellular structure of wood on its stress-strain behavior and the cell-wall collapse mechanism to be studied. This test system was used in a research program aimed at generating some basic understanding of microstructural behavior of wood under transverse compression. Tests were conducted on white spruce specimens to evaluate the proposed test procedure and system, and the influences of some microscopic and macroscopic features such as wood density, cell-wall thickness, and earlywood/latewood ratio. End-matched specimens were tested using the test system at three levels of magnification. Gross and individual ring behaviors were observed and measured by testing at a low magnification (12X). Earlywood and latewood behaviors were measured separately using a medium level of magnification (32X). Finally the mechanism of cell-wall collapse was observed using the highest magnification (160X). Test results show that earlywood and latewood have varying degrees of influence on the various segments of the gross stress-strain curve in radial compression. First collapse of cellular structure occurs at a location with minimum cell-wall thickness and density. Initiation of cell-wall collapse and its gradual progression are clearly visible using the apparatus, thereby verifying the capability of the proposed method.
TOPS (2008)

Publish/subscribe is a common messaging paradigm used for asynchronous communication between applications. Synchronous publish/subscribe middleware exist but are less common because they must address two main performance difficulties, the first being that message dissemination involves larger delays and the second being that resources remain locked for a much longer period of time. Hermes Transaction Service (HTS) is such a middleware, which is capable of treating a group of publications as a transaction. In this paper, we propose a design for a Transactional publish/subscribe middleware, based on HTS. Accordingly, we name the middleware TOPS -- Transaction Oriented Publish/Subscribe. We present the detailed functionality and architecture of TOPS and its differences with HTS. To demonstrate the advantages of the TOPS middleware, we describe how different strategies of replication may be implemented all using the middleware proposed.
The effect of a running intervention on running ability and participation in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial (2017)

A 12-week individualized running training skills intervention results in achievement of running ability goals and participation in the school environment in children with cerebral palsy. Implications for Rehabilitation Children with cerebral palsy who can walk unaided demonstrate impairments in higher level mobility such as running. Running is a motor skill that can be trained in children with cerebral palsy. Individually tailored running skills intervention, delivered in a group context can improve goal-identified running ability and translate into a higher frequency of participation in school activities.
Managing complexity in electronic chart information displays (2014)

• Human-centered chart design — Chart usability • Chart De-Clutter — Range Control — Phase of flight — Aircraft Position — Allocation of chart data across displays — Procedure notes — Chart data layers • Integration with forward displays — Other display symbology • Operational approval • Certification
Reentrance in the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mn</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">tetracyanoethylene</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn/></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>⋅</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CH</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math>high-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>molecule-based ferrimagnet (1998)

Results of static and dynamic magnetic studies of the compound ${\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{TCNE})}_{x}\ensuremath{\cdot}y({\mathrm{CH}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2})$ (TCNE =tetracyanoethylene) are reported. Curie-Weiss analysis of the high-temperature susceptibility data indicates a relatively strong exchange. The ac susceptibility, measured as a function of frequency and temperature, reveals frequency-independent peaks in both the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the susceptibility near 75 K. Additional peaks in both components, which are frequency dependent, are observed near 10 K. Weak irreversibilities, including a remanent moment and a bifurcation of the field-cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) dc magnetizations are observed below 75 K. These irreversibilities become more pronounced below $\ensuremath{\sim}10\mathrm{K}.$ The presence of frequency dependence in the ac susceptibility and field dependence of the FC/ZFC magnetizations near 10 K but not at 75 K strongly suggest reentrance. Static scaling analysis at the high-temperature transition and dynamic scaling analysis at the low-temperature transition provide clear evidence for ordering with a spontaneous moment at 75 K and as a spin glass below 10 K. Possible mechanisms for this behavior are discussed.
Interleukin-1 as a mediator of fatigue in disease: a narrative review (2017)

Fatigue is commonly reported in a variety of illnesses, and it has major impact on quality of life. Previously, it was thought that fatigue originates in the skeletal muscles, leading to cessation of activity. However, more recently, it has become clear that the brain is the central regulator of fatigue perception. It has been suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), play a prominent role in the development of central fatigue, and several studies have been performed to elucidate the connection between inflammation and these central processes.In this narrative review, mechanisms of action of IL-1 are described, with special attention to its effect on the central nervous system. In addition, we present a summary of studies that (i) investigated the relationship between circulating IL-1α and IL-1β and fatigue severity and/or (ii) evaluated the effect of inhibiting IL-1 on fatigue. We aim to improve the understanding of fatigue in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory illnesses, which could help develop strategies to treat fatigue more effectively.Reviewing the studies that have been performed, it appears that there is a limited value of measuring circulating IL-1. However, inhibiting IL-1 has a positive effect on severe fatigue in most studies that have been conducted.
CD58/CD2 Is the Primary Costimulatory Pathway in Human CD28−CD8+ T Cells (2015)

A substantial proportion of CD8(+) T cells in adults lack the expression of the CD28 molecule, and the aging of the immune system is associated with a steady expansion of this T cell subset. CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells are characterized by potent effector functions but impaired responses to antigenic challenge. CD28 acts as the primary T cell costimulatory receptor, but there are numerous additional receptors that can costimulate the activation of T cells. In this study, we have examined such alternative costimulatory pathways regarding their functional role in CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells. Our study showed that most costimulatory molecules have a low capacity to activate CD28-deficient T cells, whereas the engagement of the CD2 molecule by its ligand CD58 clearly costimulated proliferation, cytokine production, and effector function in this T cell subset. CD58 is broadly expressed on APCs including dendritic cells. Blocking CD58 mAb greatly reduced the response of human CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells to allogeneic dendritic cells, as well as to viral Ags. Our results clearly identify the CD58/CD2 axis as the primary costimulatory pathway for CD8 T cells that lack CD28. Moreover, we show that engagement of CD2 amplifies TCR signals in CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells, demonstrating that the CD2-CD58 interaction has a genuine costimulatory effect on this T cell subset. CD2 signals might promote the control of viral infection by CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells, but they might also contribute to the continuous expansion of CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells during chronic stimulation by persistent Ag.
Structural studies on mixed iron–gold clusters with bidentate tertiary phosphine ligands (1983)

Structural analyses on [Fe(CO)4Au2(dppm)]2(1a)[dppm =(Ph2P)2CH2] and [Fe(CO)4Au2(dppe)]2(1b)[dppe =(Ph2P)2C2H4] have demonstrated that the bite angle of the phosphine ligands exerts a profound influence on the cluster geometry, since (1a) has a rhomboid of gold atoms with µ2-Fe(CO)4 moieties, and (1b) has well separated Au2Fe triangles.
The Effect of Starvation on Wetting and Electrolyte Distribution in Hydrophobic Gas Diffusion Electrodes (1992)

A straightforward method for studying the wetting of gas diffusion electrodes has been developed. By combining simple measurements, weighing electrolyte‐containing electrodes, and electron‐microscope element mapping of dried electrodes, significant parameters concerning electrolyte distribution have been revealed. The method has been applied to investigate how the starvation of oxygen gas affects the wetting of a hydrophobic gas‐diffusion cathode. The measurements indicate that the potential dependence of the surface tension of the solid‐electrolyte interface might have a significant effect on the wetting‐in rate. Parameters that have been determined are the wetting‐in rate, wetting degree of free volume, influence of diffusion resistances, etc. The electrodes used have also been characterized with respect to thickness and porosity.
Joining of Ceramics of Different Biofunction by Hot Isostatic Pressing (1993)

Monolithic zirconia (Z) and zirconia‐hydroxyapatite (Z/HA) composites were joined by cold isostatic pressing (CIP at 300 MPa) and subsequently by glass‐encapsulated hot isostatic pressing (HIP at 1225°C, 1 h and 200 MPa). The physical and mechanical properties of the materials were measured. The fracture surface was studied using a light microscope. The results indicate a strength level of the joint similar to that of the corresponding composite material (Z/HA), 845 and 860 MPa, respectively. Similar experiments with monolithic alumina (A) and alumina‐hydroxyapatite (A/HA) were carried out without success. Cracking occurred in the joint area during the cold isostatic pressing process. It seems that ceramics with high green strength and similar green density are essential when joining ceramics by combined CIP and HIP processes.
Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: A New Laminar Flow Chamber for In Vitro Improvement of Mechanical Tissue Properties (2002)

A new in vitro flow system was developed to investigate the impact of laminar flow on extracellular matrix formation and tissue development. The dynamic in vitro system was designed to provide a cross flow arrangement of main flow induced by a dialysis roller pump (500 ml/min), and nutrition flow by a perfusion pump (3 ml/hr). Poly-L-lysine precoated polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds (3.14 cm2) were seeded with myofibroblasts of human aortic origin (3.0 x 10(6) cells/ mesh) and incubated for 14 days under static conditions. The tissue was exposed to shear stress over a time period of 14 days (n = 4). The control group was seeded under static conditions (n = 4). To obtain a CO2 independent medium, 25 mM HEPES and 1 mM bicarbonate buffer was supplemented to modified MEM without bicarbonate. Gas samples were collected from the medium, and hydroxyproline assay was performed as a marker of collagen production. The newly developed flow system maintained stable cell culture conditions, with the hydroxyproline concentration significantly higher in group F (p < 0.05). These preliminary experiences with a new in vitro tissue culture system demonstrate the feasibility of using flow induced mechanical stress to enhance extracellular matrix formation.
Etude de l'effet des ondes millimétriques sur le stress cellulaire (2007)

Poster
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA EC PATIENTS (1979)

General immune responses were studied in patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC) and were compared to those in normal individuals of similar age, sex and ethnic origin. There was a significant increase in the titer of "background” antibodies in the sera of cancer patients; however, this elevation was not associated with an increase in the levels of serum immunoglobulin. EC patients had a diminished number of E rosetting lymphocytes but normal proportion of EAC rosetting cells. Lymphocytes from a small but significant number of patients showed decreased responses to PHA when cultured in medium containing fetal calf serum. Plasma sample from these patients were capable of inhibiting the in vitro proliferate responses of lymphocytes to PPD.
Periprostatic Adipose Tissue Favors Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion in an Obesity-Dependent Manner: Role of Oxidative Stress (2019)

Prostate gland is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which is increasingly believed to play a paracrine role in prostate cancer progression. Our previous work demonstrates that adipocytes promote homing of prostate cancer cells to PPAT and that this effect is upregulated by obesity. Here, we show that once tumor cells have invaded PPAT (mimicked by an <i>in vitro</i> model of coculture), they establish a bidirectional crosstalk with adipocytes, which promotes tumor cell invasion. Indeed, tumor cells induce adipocyte lipolysis and the free fatty acids (FFA) released are taken up and stored by tumor cells. Incubation with exogenous lipids also stimulates tumor cell invasion, underlining the importance of lipid transfer in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Transferred FFAs (after coculture or exogenous lipid treatment) stimulate the expression of one isoform of the pro-oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase, NOX5. NOX5 increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, in turn, activate a HIF1/MMP14 pathway, which is responsible for the increased tumor cell invasion. In obesity, tumor-surrounding adipocytes are more prone to activate the depicted signaling pathway and to induce tumor invasion. Finally, the expression of NOX5 and MMP14 is upregulated at the invasive front of human tumors where cancer cells are in close proximity to adipocytes and this process is amplified in obese patients, underlining the clinical relevance of our results. IMPLICATIONS: Our work emphasizes the key role of adjacent PPAT in prostate cancer dissemination and proposes new molecular targets for the treatment of obese patients exhibiting aggressive diseases.
Estimating vegetation structural effects on carbon uptake using satellite data fusion and inverse modeling (1998)

Regional analyses of biogeochemical processes can benefit significantly from observational information on land cover, vegetation structure (e.g., leaf area index), and biophysical properties such as fractional PAR absorption. Few remote sensing efforts have provided a suite of plant attributes needed to link vegetation structure to ecosystem function at high spatial resolution. In arid and semiarid ecosystems (e.g., savannas), high spatial heterogeneity of land cover results in significant functional interaction between dominant vegetation types, requiring new approaches to resolve their structural characteristics for regional‐scale biogeochemical research. We developed and tested a satellite data fusion and radiative transfer inverse modeling approach to deliver estimates of vegetation structure in a savanna region of Texas. Spectral mixture analysis of Landsat data provided verifiable estimates of woody plant, herbaceous, bare soil, and shade fractions at 28.5 m resolution. Using these subpixel cover fractions, a geometric‐optical model was inverted to estimate overstory stand density and crown dimensions with reasonable accuracy. The Landsat cover estimates were then used to spectrally unmix the contribution of woody plant and herbaceous canopies to AVHRR multiangle reflectance data. These angular reflectances were used with radiative transfer model inversions to estimate canopy leaf area index (LAI). The suite of estimated canopy and landscape variables indicated distinct patterns in land cover and structural attributes related to land use. These variables were used to calculate diurnal PAR absorption and carbon uptake by woody and herbaceous canopies in contrasting land cover and land use types. We found that both LAI and the spatial distribution of vegetation structural types exert strong control on carbon fluxes and that intercanopy shading is an important factor controlling functional processes in spatially heterogeneous environments.
The NORMAN Association and the European Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC): let’s cooperate! (2020)

Abstract The Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC) is currently under development as a joint research and innovation programme to strengthen the scientific basis for chemical risk assessment in the EU. The plan is to bring chemical risk assessors and managers together with scientists to accelerate method development and the production of necessary data and knowledge, and to facilitate the transition to next-generation evidence-based risk assessment, a non-toxic environment and the European Green Deal. The NORMAN Network is an independent, well-established and competent network of more than 80 organisations in the field of emerging substances and has enormous potential to contribute to the implementation of the PARC partnership. NORMAN stands ready to provide expert advice to PARC, drawing on its long experience in the development, harmonisation and testing of advanced tools in relation to chemicals of emerging concern and in support of a European Early Warning System to unravel the risks of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and close the gap between research and innovation and regulatory processes. In this commentary we highlight the tools developed by NORMAN that we consider most relevant to supporting the PARC initiative: (i) joint data space and cutting-edge research tools for risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern; (ii) collaborative European framework to improve data quality and comparability; (iii) advanced data analysis tools for a European early warning system and (iv) support to national and European chemical risk assessment thanks to harnessing, combining and sharing evidence and expertise on CECs. By combining the extensive knowledge and experience of the NORMAN network with the financial and policy-related strengths of the PARC initiative, a large step towards the goal of a non-toxic environment can be taken.
Monte Carlo calculations of X-ray scatter data for diagnostic radiology (1981)

X-ray scatter data have been calculated by Monte Carlo methods for diagnostic radiology applications. The scatter intensities relative to the primary intensities are given for different detectors for various values of object thickness, field size, object-to-detector distance, and primary energy. The results are compared the those from previous investigations. The calculations made it possible to resolve contradictions in published measurements regarding the dependence of scatter intensities on primary X-ray energy and detector response.
Incorporating Software Product Line Knowledge into Requirements Processes (PhD Theses in Experimental Software Engineering) (2013)

Developing customer-specific software systems with reuse is often less efficient than expected. One important reason is that the elicitation and negotiation of customer requirements is not systematically supported yet, and it heavily relies on experts to assure that their expectations are compatible with the constraints of given reuse assets. To cope with this challenge, this thesis aims at improving the effectiveness of elicitation by providing requirements engineers with better knowledge about the reuse asset base.
Sole Inversion Precomputation for Elliptic Curve Scalar Multiplications (2010)

This paper presents a new approach to precompute points [3]P, [5]P, ..., [2k-1]P, for some k ≥ 2 on an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{F}_p$. Those points are required for the efficient evaluation of a scalar multiplication, the most important operation in elliptic curve cryptography. The proposed method precomputes the points in affine coordinates and needs only one single field inversion for the computation. The new method is superior to all known methods that also use one field inversion, if the required memory is taken into consideration. Compared to methods that require several field inversions for the precomputation, the proposed method is faster for a broad range of ratios of field inversions and field multiplications. The proposed method benefits especially from ratios as they occur on smart cards.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Hyaluronidase-Expressing &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; Effectively Targets Tumor-Associated Hyaluronic Acid in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 2 describes the ability of X8768-BHs to degrade HA from fixed human PC-3 prostate cancer cells.&lt;/p&gt;