gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of laboratory turbulence by spectral methods (2021)

The results of experiments carried out on the setup of a fast adaptive optical system are presented. A fan heater was used as a source of wavefront aberrations, the air flow of which was directed perpendicular to the laser beam. The processing of the experimental data consisted in determining the spectral characteristics of the disturbing effect from the dynamics of oscillations of the coordinates of the focal point of the lens array. To ensure sufficient resolution in the frequency domain, a sample of the original data was recorded for 10 s, which provided a resolution along the frequency axis of 1/10 Hz. The graphs of the spectral energy for the full set of wavefront aberrations calculated from the fluctuations of the lens array focal spot are shown. For a more detailed consideration, the wavefront aberrations were expanded in terms of Zernike polynomials, after which a spectral analysis of each aberration was carried out. It is shown that more than 90% of all turbulence energy is concentrated in lower-order aberrations, which makes it possible to use a bimorph mirror as a wavefront corrector, which reproduces well the lower-order aberrations.
A sensitive, broadband polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF) hydrophone for accurate characterization of shock waves (2006)

Few hydrophones are capable of measuring high-intensity fields such as shock waves accurately. One of the more reliable is the fiber-optic probe hydrophone. However, this system is expensive and insensitive. We created a new PVDF hydrophone and compared it with a fiber-optic system. The hydrophone consisted of a 25-μm-thick PVDF membrane with a 0.5-mm active element and a preamplifier, which were each held in separate attached polycarbonate housings. The amplifier had adjustable gain and could account for membrane resonance to flatten the frequency response. A model of the frequency response for the system was developed, which agreed well with the measured response. Shock waves were measured in two Dornier HM-3 clones and an electromagnetic lithotripter. Measurements were also recorded using a 2-MHz focused piezoceramic source and a broadband PVDF source. Shock-wave measurements closely matched those recorded by the fiber-optic hydrophone and calculations made with a KZK-type model. Very little damage to the membrane was found after applying several thousand shock waves. This new membrane hydrophone is robust and sufficiently accurate to measure high-intensity fields, while greatly reducing cost, increasing sensitivity, and simplifying measurements of shock waves. [Work supported by NIH DK43881, DK55674, and NSBRI SMS00402.]
NeMo: Neural Mesh Models of Contrastive Features for Robust 3D Pose Estimation (2021)

3D pose estimation is a challenging but important task in computer vision. In this work, we show that standard deep learning approaches to 3D pose estimation are not robust to partial occlusion. Inspired by the robustness of generative vision models to partial occlusion, we propose to integrate deep neural networks with 3D generative representations of objects into a unified neural architecture that we term NeMo. In particular, NeMo learns a generative model of neural feature activations at each vertex on a dense 3D mesh. Using differentiable rendering we estimate the 3D object pose by minimizing the reconstruction error between NeMo and the feature representation of the target image. To avoid local optima in the reconstruction loss, we train the feature extractor to maximize the distance between the individual feature representations on the mesh using contrastive learning. Our extensive experiments on PASCAL3D+, occluded-PASCAL3D+ and ObjectNet3D show that NeMo is much more robust to partial occlusion compared to standard deep networks, while retaining competitive performance on non-occluded data. Interestingly, our experiments also show that NeMo performs reasonably well even when the mesh representation only crudely approximates the true object geometry with a cuboid, hence revealing that the detailed 3D geometry is not needed for accurate 3D pose estimation.
Endourologic Management of Stone-Bearing Excluded Calices: Contrasting Case Reports (1996)

Calculi in a noncommunicating or excluded calix may be associated with infection, pain, and focal renal damage. Some authors have recommended removal of these calculi and reestablishment of the pelvicaliceal communication, either by dilation of the infundibulum or creation of a neoinfundibulum, in order to prevent recurrent stone formation and infection. Herein, we report two patients with stones in a completely excluded calix, one after repeated courses of shockwave lithotripsy for a staghorn calculus and the other after recurrent pyelonephritis. The combined approach is especially helpful if the examiner is in doubt about the anatomy (true calix v caliceal diverticulum) or if a natural infundibulum cannot be identified by antegrade endoscopy.
Exploiting Poly(ethylene glycol) as a Matrix for Liquid-Phase Organic Synthesis (2000)

Soluble polymer-supported chemistry is a technology that allows the blending of the benefits of polymer-supported synthesis and solution-phase chemistry. Herein, we describe our recent efforts in this area targeted at exploring the scope of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the matrix. Specifically we describe the use of PEG as a support for triphenyl phosphine and for the Stille reaction.
Design Time Engineering of Side Channel Resistant Cipher Implementations (2013)

Dependable and trustworthy security solutions have emerged as a crucial requirement in the specification of the applications and protocols employed in modern Information Systems (IS). Threats to the security of embedded devices, such as smart phones and PDAs, have been growing since several techniques exploiting side-channel information leakage have proven successful in recovering secret keys even from complex mobile systems. This chapter summarizes the side-channel techniques based on power consumption and elaborates the issue of the design time engineering of a secure system, through the employment of the current hardware design tools. The results of the analysis show how these tools can be effectively used to understand possible vulnerabilities to power consumption side-channel attacks, thus providing a sound conservative margin on the security level. The possible extension of this methodology to the case of fault attacks is also sketched.
Synthesis and Acid Catalysed Condensation of 3-(1-Hydroxy-4-chlorobenzyl) -1-methylindole (2009)

3-(1-Hydroxy-4-chlorobenzyl)-1-methylindole (3) has been synthesised in three steps. The first step involved methylation of indole to give N-methylindole (4 ) in 87% yield which on Vilsmeier-Haack formylation in the next step gave new ketone (5) in 67% yield. Sodium borohydride reduction of the new carbonyl compound (5 ) in the last step afforded the new indole alcohol (3 ) in 99% yield. Treatment of the secondary alcohol (3 ) with p-toluene sulfonic acid has been examined which afford di-(1-methylindol-3-yl)-(p-chlorophenyl)methane (7) in 71% yield.
selective ring opening of decalin over bifunctional catalysts in the presence of sulfur (2016)

Unconventional petroleum cuts are increasingly valued to compensate the decline of oil resources. It is the case of the light cycle oil (LCO) containing high concentrations of aromatics and naphthenic hydrocarbons which lower the cetane number of the feed. In order to improve the quality of the fuel into diesel, these molecules must be converted into linear alkanes (2ROP) and alkyl-cycloalkanes, or âbenzenes (1ROP). This can be obtained by performing a selective ring opening (SRO) reaction.
To focus our study on the SRO reactions, decalin - a saturated bicyclic molecule - can be used as model compound. Some supported metals like iridium or platinum [1] are known to be good candidates for SRO reactions, but activity decreases considerably in the presence of sulfur [2]. 
In this presentation, bifunctional catalysts containing both an acidic function (oxide support) and a metallic function (metal or metal sulfide nanoparticles) will be shown as thioresistant catalysts for SRO of decalin. The acidic function promotes cracking and isomerization reactions, while the latter favors hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis reactions. Both hydrogenolysis and (mild) cracking steps are suitable pathways for the ring opening. A major goal of our study was to investigate the synergy between the metallic and acidic functions in the presence of 1 % H2S. To this purpose, we have prepared and evaluated RuS2/HY catalysts for decalin SRO. The reaction products were identified by GCxGC. 
Figure 1 shows that the catalytic activity of the RuS2/HY supported catalyst is higher than that of the HY zeolite alone, and that hydrocracking and dehydrogenation routes are promoted by the metal sulfide phase addition. This work therefore suggests that sulfided metal catalysts supported on acidic zeolites are promising as catalysts for SRO reaction in the presence of H2S, provided that the hydrocracking function can be softened. 
1. S. Rabl, D. Santi, A. Haas, M. Ferrari, V. Calemma, G. Bellussi, and J. Weitkamp, Microp. Mesop. Mater. 146 (2011) 190 
2. S. Nassreddine, L. Massin, M. Aouine, C. Geantet, and L. Piccolo, J. Catal. 278 (2011) 253
Sixteen-hour droplet constellations for northern hemisphere coverage (2009)

This paper extends the author&apos;s previous research on constellations covering the three major populated regions of the Northern Hemisphere using 16-hour period satellites with a single two-day repeating ground track (RGT). This array has apogees separated by 120 degrees appropriately spaced to give optimum satellite coverage to the three Northern Hemisphere (NH) continents- North America, Europe and Asia. By using more satellites the duration and size of the droplets constituting the active arcs can be markedly reduced. This reduction in droplet size facilitates the use of a single fixed ground user antenna, aimed at the center of the droplet. Examples presented in this paper include 8- 12- and 16-satellite arrays. Obviously, the costs of fixed ground antennas are much less than the costs for fully pointing antennas, so the effect on total system cost can be very significant. Since active arcs occur only in the NH, and at higher latitudes, no interferences with GEO satellites using the same frequencies can occur. (9 pages)
An RNA stem-loop functions in conjunction with an upstream open reading frame to direct preferential translation in the integrated stress response (2022)

In response to environmental stresses, cells invoke translational control to conserve resources and rapidly reprogram gene expression for optimal adaptation. A central mechanism for translational control involves phosphorylation of the α subunit of eIF2 (p-eIF2α), which reduces delivery of initiator tRNA to ribosomes. Because p-eIF2α is invoked by multiple protein kinases, each responding to distinct stresses, this pathway is named the integrated stress response (ISR). While p-eIF2α lowers bulk translation initiation, many stress-related mRNAs are preferentially translated. The process by which ribosomes delineate gene transcripts for preferential translation is known to involve upstream open reading frames (uORFs) embedded in the targeted mRNAs. In this study, we used polysome analyses and reporter assays to address the mechanisms directing preferential translation of human IBTKα in the ISR. The IBTKα mRNA encodes four uORFs, with only 5'-proximal uORF1 and uORF2 being translated. Of importance, the 5'-leader of IBTKα mRNA also contains a phylogenetically conserved stem-loop of moderate stability that is situated 11 nucleotides downstream of uORF2. The uORF2 is well translated and functions in combination with the stem-loop to effectively lower translation reinitiation at the IBTKα coding sequence. Upon stress-induced p-eIF2α, the uORF2/stem loop element can be bypassed to enhance IBTKα translation by a mechanism that may involve the modestly translated uORF1. Our study demonstrates that uORFs in conjunction with RNA secondary structures can be critical elements that serve as the "bar code" by which scanning ribosomes can delineate which mRNAs are preferentially translated in the ISR.
High-Resolution Hydrodynamic Chromatographic Separation of Large DNA Using Narrow, Bare Open Capillaries: A Rapid and Economical Alternative Technology to Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis? (2013)

A high-resolution, rapid, and economical hydrodynamic chromatographic (HDC) method for large DNA separations in free solution was developed using narrow (5 μm diameter), bare open capillaries. Size-based separation was achieved in a chromatographic format with larger DNA molecules being eluting faster than smaller ones. Lambda DNA Mono Cut Mix was baseline-separated with the percentage resolutions generally less than 9.0% for all DNA fragments (1.5 to 48.5 kbp) tested in this work. High efficiencies were achieved for large DNA from this chromatographic technique, and the number of theoretical plates reached 3.6 × 10(5) plates for the longest (48.5 kbp) and 3.7 × 10(5) plates for the shortest (1.5 kbp) fragments. HDC parameters and performances were also discussed. The method was further applied for fractionating large DNA fragments from real-world samples (SacII digested Arabidopsis plant bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA and PmeI digested Rice BAC DNA) to demonstrate its feasibility for BAC DNA finger printing. Rapid separation of PmeI digested Rice BAC DNA covering from 0.44 to 119.041 kbp was achieved in less than 26 min. All DNA fragments of these samples were baseline separated in narrow bare open capillaries, while the smallest fragment (0.44 kbp) was missing in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) separation mode. It is demonstrated that narrow bare open capillary chromatography can realize a rapid separation for a wide size range of DNA mixtures that contain both small and large DNA fragments in a single run.
&lt;title&gt;Practical advances in ultrashort-pulse measurement using frequency-resolved optical gating&lt;/title&gt; (1996)

We extend the Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) technique to the measurement of the time-dependent intensity and phase of arbitrary ultraweak ultrashort pulses. We accomplish this by combining FROG with spectral interferometry. Spectral interferometry (SI) yields the phase difference between an unknown and a known pulse (the latter characterized with FROG). SI is a linear-optical method and hence is very sensitive. We demonstrate the combination of these two techniques by measuring the intensity and phase of a train of pulses 42 zeptojoules in energy (1/5 of a photon per pulse).
Editorial (1996)

from the University of Freiburg in 1924.After holding several academic posts in German research institutes, he fled Nazi Germany in 1939 and ultimately joined the faculty of the University of Rochester in 1946.He died on November 13, 1992.Dr. Holtfreter was a major contributor to our understanding of developmental events in the early embryo.Much of his early work, however, was published in German, his native language.As a result, his work may not have received the recognition it deserves from the non-German speaking scientific community.As part of a celebration of Holtfreter's career and contributions, Viktor Hamburger, Holtfreter's friend
Overdemodulation for High-Performance Receivers with Low-Resolution ADC (2015)

The design of the analog demodulator for receivers with low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is investigated. For infinite ADC resolution, demodulation to baseband with M=2 orthogonal sinusoidal functions (quadrature demodulation) is an optimum design choice with respect to system performance. For receivers which are restricted to ADCs with low amplitude resolution, we show that this classical approach is suboptimal under an estimation and information theoretic perspective. To this end, we analyze the theoretical channel parameter estimation performance (Fisher information) under an ideal receive situation when forming M>2 analog demodulation channels prior to low-complexity 1-bit ADCs. To demonstrate the impact of overdemodulation for communication problems, we also provide a brief discussion on the achievable transmission rates (Shannon information) with 1-bit quantization of M>2 demodulation channels.
Essential Role of Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein in Neurite Extension in PC12 Cells and Rat Hippocampal Primary Culture Cells (2000)

Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) is an actin-regulating protein that induces filopodium formation downstream of Cdc42. It has been shown that filopodia actively extend from the growth cone, a guidance apparatus located at the tip of neurites, suggesting their role in neurite extension. Here we examined the possible involvement of N-WASP in the neurite extension process. Since verprolin, cofilin homology and acidic region (VCA) of N-WASP is known to be required for the activation of Arp2/3 complex that induces actin polymerization, we prepared a mutant (Deltacof) lacking four amino acid residues in the cofilin homology region. The corresponding residues in WASP had been reported to be mutated in some Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients. Expression of Deltacof N-WASP suppressed neurite extension of PC12 cells. In support of this, the VCA region of Deltacof cannot activate Arp2/3 complex enough compared with wild-type VCA. Furthermore, H208D mutant, which has been shown unable to bind to Cdc42, also works as a dominant negative mutant in neurite extension assay. Interestingly, the expression of H208D-Deltacof double mutant has no significant dominant negative effect. Finally, the expression of the Deltacof mutant also severely inhibited the neurite extension of primary neurons from rat hippocampus. Thus, N-WASP is thought to be a general regulator of the actin cytoskeleton indispensable for neurite extension, which is probably caused through Cdc42 signaling and Arp2/3 complex-induced actin polymerization.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing for small molecules in biofluids (2015)

The rapid, label-free and ideally point-of-care detection of therapeutic drugs and other metabolites is of high importance for improving treatment of patients. SPR sensors were developed on a portable instrument for methotrexate, testosterone and antibiotics.
Data from A Polymorphism within the Vitamin D Transporter Gene Predicts Outcome in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated with FOLFIRI/Bevacizumab or FOLFIRI/Cetuximab (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Vitamin D exerts its inhibitory influence on colon cancer growth by inhibiting Wnt signaling and angiogenesis. We hypothesized that SNPs in genes involved in vitamin D transport, metabolism, and signaling are associated with outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with first-line FOLFIRI and bevacizumab.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; 522 mCRC patients enrolled in the FIRE-3 (discovery cohort) and TRIBE (validation set) trials treated with FOLFIRI/bevacizumab were included in this study. 278 patients receiving FOLFIRI and cetuximab (FIRE-3) served as a control cohort. Six SNPs in 6 genes (&lt;i&gt;GC, CYP24A1, CYP27B1, VDR, DKK1, CST5&lt;/i&gt;) were analyzed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In the discovery cohort, AA carriers of the &lt;i&gt;GC&lt;/i&gt; rs4588 SNP encoding for the vitamin D–binding protein, and treated with FOLFIRI/bevacizumab had a shorter overall survival (OS) than those harboring any C allele (15.9 vs. 25.1 months) in both univariable (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.001) and multivariable analyses (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.047). This association was confirmed in the validation cohort in multivariable analysis (OS 18.1 vs. 26.2 months, HR, 1.83; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.037). Interestingly, AA carriers in the control set exhibited a longer OS (48.0 vs. 25.2 months, HR, 0.50; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.021). This association was further confirmed in a second validation cohort comprising refractory mCRC patients treated with cetuximab ± irinotecan (PFS 8.7 vs. 3.7 months) in univariable (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.033) and multivariable analyses (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.046).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;GC&lt;/i&gt; rs4588 SNP might serve as a predictive marker in mCRC patients treated with FOLFIRI/bevacizumab or FOLFIRI/cetuximab. Whereas AA carriers derive a survival benefit with FOLFIRI/cetuximab, treatment with FOLFIRI/bevacizumab is associated with a worse outcome. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 24(4); 784–93. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
A 340 GHz Triple-Push Oscillator With Differential Output in 40 nm CMOS (2014)

A low-power triple-push oscillator with differential output is proposed in this letter. By extracting signals from the same current loop, the oscillator can naturally provide differential output without any additional active circuit or passive balun required. Therefore, the output power can be increased and the chip area and power consumption can be reduced. Realized in 40 nm CMOS technology, the proposed oscillator can oscillate at 340.6 GHz while providing equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) as -21.8 dBm. The power consumption is only 34.1 mW from a 0.9 V supply. The oscillator core only occupies area of 0.028 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Effect of surfactant and specific antibody on bacterial proliferation and lung function in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia (2001)

The data suggest that the suppressive effect of the antibody on bacterial proliferation becomes evident only when surfactant is administered together with the antibody.
High-speed and high-responsivity back-illuminated photodiode with a high reflective reflector for 25-Gbps receiver of 100-Gbps ethernet (2009)

We developed a high-speed (over 30 GHz) and high-responsivity (nearly 0.8 A/W) back-illuminated PD with a newly developed high reflective reflector, and successfully demonstrated an error free 25-Gbps 10-km SMF transmission.
Age-related differences in white matter microstructure measured by advanced diffusion MRI in healthy older adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease (2022)

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is an advanced diffusion imaging technique, which can detect more distinct microstructural features compared to conventional Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). NODDI allows the signal to be divided into multiple water compartments and derive measures for orientation dispersion index (ODI), neurite density index (NDI) and volume fraction of isotropic diffusion compartment (FISO). This study aimed to investigate which diffusion metric-fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), NDI, ODI, or FISO-is most influenced by aging and reflects cognitive function in a population of healthy older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Age was significantly associated with all but one diffusion parameters and regions of interest. NDI and MD in the cingulate region adjacent to the cingulate cortex showed a significant association with a composite measure of Executive Function and was proven to partially mediate the relationship between aging and Executive Function decline. These results suggest that both DTI and NODDI parameters are sensitive to age-related differences in white matter regions vulnerable to aging, particularly among older adults at risk for AD.