gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Harnessing the potential clinical use of medicinal plants as anti-diabetic agents (2012)

Abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder arising from complex interactions between multiple genetic and/or environmental factors. The characteristic high blood sugar levels result from either lack of the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes, T1D), or because body tissues do not respond to the hormone (type 2 diabetes, T2D). T1D patients currently need exogenous insulin for life, while for T2D patients who do not respond to diet and exercise regimes, oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) and sometimes insulin are administered to help keep their blood glucose as normal as possible. As neither the administration of insulin nor OADs is curative, many patients develop tissue degenerative processes that result in life-threatening diabetes comorbidities. Several surveys of medicinal plants used as anti-diabetic agents amongst different peoples have been published. Some of this interest is driven by the ongoing diabetes pandemic coupled with the inadequacies associated with the current state of-the-art care and management of the syndrome. However, there is a huge cleft between traditional medicine and modern (Western) medicine, with the latter understandably demanding meaningful and scientific validation of anecdotal evidence for acceptance of the former. The main problems for clinical evaluation of medicinal plants with promising anti-diabetic properties reside both with the complexity of components of the plant materials and with the lack of full understanding of the diabetes disease etiology. This review is therefore focused on why research activities involving an integration of Systems Biology-based technologies of pharmacogenomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics with standard clinical data, should be used for cost-effective validation of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of promising medicinal plants. The application of such approaches to studying entire mixtures of plant materials will ensure proper elucidation of novel therapies with improved mechanisms of action, as well as facilitate a personalized clinical use of medicinal plants as anti-diabetic agents. Keywords: medicinal plants, anti-diabetes therapy, natural products, systems biology, 'omics technologies, drug discovery
A 1M‐pixel full‐color projection display using nematic‐cholesteric phase‐transition liquid crystals (1993)

Abstract— A 1M‐pixel full‐color projection display with a very simple optical system using a conventional overhead projector has been developed. This display uses the nematic‐cholesteric phase‐transition liquid‐crystal display and a micro‐color‐filter. Moreover, the micro‐color‐filter can be placed outside the liquid‐crystal panel. This simple configuration provides a high‐performance low‐cost color electronic overhead projector. This projection display uses a 9M‐pixel nematic‐cholesteric phase‐transition black‐and‐white liquid‐crystal panel to enable gray shades by spatial dither, resulting in a full‐color projection display. A 12:1 contrast ratio and 2.2‐ms line‐addressing time is achieved.
Teaching information technology law (2009)

In this paper we discuss an approach to the teaching of information technology law to higher education computing students that attempts to prepare them for professional computing practice. As information technology has become ubiquitous its interactions with the law have become more numerous. Information technology practitioners, and in particular specialists in the newer roles of computer forensic analyst and computer forensic expert witnesses are increasingly affected by the law. In this paper we review the development of the subject of information technology law and consider the issues of design, content and delivery of such modules to undergraduate computing students.
Application of density functional theory in the synthesis of electroactive polymers (1995)

A wide range of conjugated organic compounds undergo anodic electropolymerisation to produce polymers of high conductivity. However, electrooxidation does not always result in the formation of electroactive materials, since some reactions produce insulating films or soluble oligomers. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to predict the outcome of electropolymerisation reactions by calculating the unpaired electron π-spin density distribution of monomeric radical cations, in order to determine coupling positions in the resultant polymers. π-Spin densities calculated for pyrrole, thiophene and (E)-stilbene are found to be in good agreement with experimental values. DFT has been used to investigate the low conductivity and redox inactivity of poly[(E)-3-styrylthiophenes] and poly[(E)-2-styrylheterocycles]. High positive spin densities at the alkene spacer linkage in the corresponding monomeric radical cations were found, suggesting crosslinking of the polymers via the double bond. In contrast, electroactive polymers of improved conductivity are formed from the electropolymerisation of some (Z)-2-α,β-diarylacrylonitriles. For these monomers, DFT calculations show the positions of highest spin density to be located at the α-positions of the heterocyclic rings, suggesting the presence of α, α′-linked monomeric couplings necessary for electroactivity.
New Topoisomerase I mutations are associated with resistance to camptothecin (2011)

These results indicate that the TOP1 mutations are involved in the development of SN38 resistance. We hypothesize that p.L617, p.R621 and p.E710 TOP1 residues are important for the functionality of the linker and that mutation of one of these residues is sufficient to alter or modulate its flexibility. Consequently, linker fluctuations could have an impact on SN38 binding by reducing the enzyme affinity for the drug.
Absorption of 14 C-2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)Butanoic Acid (Alimet®) from the Hindgut of the Broiler Chick (1988)

The purpose of these studies was to examine the role of the hindgut of the broiler chick in the absorption of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMB). When 14C-HMB was delivered directly into the hindgut, the rate of absorption from this gastrointestinal site was about 40% of the administered dose per hour. Plasma radiolabel appearance indicated that the 14C-HMB lost from the hindgut was being absorbed into the bloodstream of the bird. Decarboxylation experiments using cecal microorganisms showed that the loss of 14C-HMB could not be accounted for by bacterial metabolism. When birds were dosed with radiolabelled HMB and tissue samples were tested, results showed that the 14C-HMB that was absorbed from the hindgut was incorporated into protein in a dose-related manner. In addition, an equimolar, equal specific activity intraperitoneal dose of HMB did not alter the rate of HMB adsorption from the hindgut. This indicates that HMB absorption from the gut is not limited by HMB already in the body tissues. This result confirmed that the rate of HMB diffusion into the blood and its conversion to methionine in body tissues were sufficient to maintain the concentration gradient required for the continued absorption of HMB. Finally, whole body autoradiography comparing 35S-HMB and 35S-DL-methionine showed no substantial differences in terms of label density or distribution. These studies demonstrate that 14C-HMB disappears from the lumen of the large intestine and ceca when it is administered directly into the hindgut. This research confirms that HMB is absorbed throughout the entire gastrointestinal system.
Full-scale application of focused-pulsed pre-treatment for improving biosolids digestion and conversion to methane (2008)

We tested at full-scale the innovative Focused Pulsed (FP) technology for pre-treating waste sludge in order to improve methane gas production and biosolids reduction in sludge digestion, but without incurring problems of odors, toxicity, and high costs for chemical or energy consumption. FP pre-treatment of a mixture of primary and secondary sludge increased the soluble COD by 160% and DOC 120% over the control. FP pre-treatment of 63% of the input waste sludge increased biogas production by over 40% and reduced biosolids requiring disposal by 30% when compared to the plant baseline. FP pre-treatment also correlated with a shift of the bacterial and archaeal communities. The most significant change was that the acetate-cleaving Methanosaeta became the dominant methanogen. Full FP pre-treatment should increase biogas production and biosolids removal by 60% and 40%, respectively. Full FP pre-treatment should generate energy benefits of at least 2.7 times and as high as 18 times the FP energy input, depending on heat recovery from FP treatment. For a plant treating 76,000 m3/d of wastewater (380 m3-sludge/d), FP treatment should generate an annual economic benefit of approximately $540,000 net of electricity and other operating and maintenance costs. This represents a payback period of three years or less.
Hepatic nerves: a review of their functions and effects (1980)

The foregoing bit of cynical doggerel highlights the fact that knowledge concerning hepatic nerves and their function is in need of some major expansion. This re- view is an attempt to consolidate what information is available on the subject. I have attempted to include any area where there appears to have been some progress made. As I am not an expert in all (or most) sf these areas I will undoubtedly have overlooked some impor- tant papers, and for these cases of omission I sincerely apologize. I would be grateful to be made aware of such omissions. In preparing such a review it is also hoped that others will see that some progress has been made, that some areas of conflict need to be resolved, and that if one is to embark upon the study of nerve effects in an organ as complex as the liver one must appreciate that there are many interacting effects that must be con- sidered. I. Anatomy The liver receives neural input from sympathetic nerves (T7-10) via the celiac plexus, which intermingle with parasympathetic nerves from the right (posterior) and left (anterior) vagus and perhaps from the right phrenic nerve (Alexander 1940; Rappaport 1975). The posterior plexus ramifies around the bile duct and portal vein and freely communieates with the anterior plexus. The anterior plexus is composed of rami of the left and right celiac ganglion and the left vagus nerve. The an- terior nerve includes the nerve to the cystic duct, gall bladder, and the pancreatico-choledochus nerve. The anterior plexus forms a sheath around the hepatic artery which can be conveniently prepared for stimulation in physiological preparations in cats and dogs. The pos- terior plexus derives from the right celiac ganglion and the right vagus (Alexander 1940). The majority of nerves enter the liver in association with the blood ves- sels and bile duct, branching and communicating in the connective tissue of the perivascular spaces (Sutherland 1964, 1965). Some parasympathetic branches from the left vagus may pass directly to the liver outside of the two major plexuses (Alexander 1940). The part of the liver in contact with the gallbladder may receive an ad- ditional supply from the cystic nerves (Sutherland 1964, 1965). The blood vessels are associated with plexuses but the vascular plexus does not appear to communicate directly with the parenchymal plexus whose finest nerve fibers ramify around and between the parenchymal cells (Sutherland 1964). The gallbladder and bile ducts re- ceive both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves but the blood vessels receive only sympathetic nerves (Rappaport 1975). The majority of fibers to the biliary system are said to pass along the hepatic artery (Nawar and Kame1 1975). The anterior plexus also contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the paren-
Assessment of next generation refrigerant R513A to replace R134A for chiller products. (2015)

Regulatory and voluntary actions are beginning to limit the direct global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants used in many applications. A new class of fluids called unsaturated hydrofluoro-carbons or hydrofluoroolefins (olefin HFCs) has been developed to address this concern. These new fluids are being blended with existing HFCs to obtain lower GWP replacements or substitutes for today’s refrigerants. This paper provides an overall assessment of the application of R513A, an azeotropic blend of R1234yf and R134a (56%wt/44%wt), as an alternative to R134a. R513A provides specific environmental and safety features of interest including: no impact to stratospheric ozone, 56% reduction in GWP compared to R134a, no significant secondary adverse environmental impacts, low toxicity, and non-flammability. This paper will review thermodynamic cycle performance and heat transfer characteristics of R513A relative to R134a. Material compatibility and chemical stability have been demonstrated to be favorable and test results will be compared to R134a.
Essential Oil of<i>Satureja montana</i>, L. ssp.<i>montana.</i>Composition and Yields of Plants Grown Under Different Environmental Conditions (1992)

ABSTRACT The yield and composition of essential oils of Satureja montana L. ssp. montana plants growing naturally in a calcareous, rocky and arid area were determined and compared with those that were transplanted and grown in environmental conditions different in altitude, light intensity and soil moisture. During the two years of experimentation the plants, which were found to be of the carvacrol chemotype, showed good adaptability to various conditions. The volatile oils, obtained during the different stages of development, did not show any statistical differences in yield with maximum yields obtained at the end of flowering.
One-year delayed effect of fog on malaria transmission: A time-series analysis in the rain forest area of Mengla County, south-west China (2008)

Background. Malaria is a major public health burden in the tropics with the potential to significantly increase in response to climate change. Analyses of data from the recent past can elucidate how short-term variations in weather factors affect malaria transmission. This study explored the impact of climate variability on the transmission of malaria in the tropical rain forest area of Mengla County, south-west China. Methods. Ecological time-series analysis was performed on data collected between 1971 and 1999. Auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to evaluate the relationship between weather factors and malaria incidence. Results. At the time scale of months, the predictors for malaria incidence included: minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and fog day frequency. The effect of minimum temperature on malaria incidence was greater in the cool months than in the hot months. The fog day frequency in October had a positive effect on malaria incidence in May of the following year. At the time scale of years, the annual fog day frequency was the only weather predictor of the annual incidence of malaria. Conclusion. Fog day frequency was for the first time found to be a predictor of malaria incidence in a rain forest area. The one-year delayed effect of fog on malaria transmission may involve providing water input and maintaining aquatic breeding sites for mosquitoes in vulnerable times when there is little rainfall in the 6-month dry seasons. These findings should be considered in the prediction of future patterns of malaria for similar tropical rain forest areas worldwide. © 2008 Tian et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
MTBoM: Metal Trace to Bill of Materials Generation for PCB Reverse Engineering (2022)

In this work, we developed an automatic tool for printed circuit board reverse engineering (PCB-RE) in which it is assumed that the PCBs are devoid of any components or silkscreens, with only the wiring traces being accessible on the various layers. This models the scenario where the PCBs are damaged and/or discarded. We demonstrate that our PCBRE tool extracts the correct Bill of Materials (BoM) for ten different PCBs by analyzing primarily the metal layers. The proposed PCB-RE tool MTBoM detected every integrated circuit (IC) on the PCBs with no false positives and no false negatives. This scheme also identifies passive components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Activation of the p70 S6 Kinase and Phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 Repressor of mRNA Translation by Type I Interferons (2003)

The Type I IFN receptor-generated signals required for initiation of mRNA translation and, ultimately, induction of protein products that mediate IFN responses, remain unknown. We have previously shown that IFNalpha and IFNbeta induce phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins and downstream engagement of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3'-kinase pathway. In the present study we provide evidence for the existence of a Type I IFN-dependent signaling cascade activated downstream of PI 3'-kinase, involving p70 S6 kinase. Our data demonstrate that p70 S6K is rapidly phosphorylated on threonine 421 and serine 424 and is activated during treatment of cells with IFNalpha or IFNbeta. Such activation of p70 S6K is blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the PI 3'-kinase or the FKBP 12-rapamycin-associated protein/mammalian target of rapamycin (FRAP/mTOR). Consistent with this, the Type I IFN-dependent phosphorylation/activation of p70 S6K is defective in embryonic fibroblasts from mice with targeted disruption of the p85alpha and p85beta subunits of the PI 3'-kinase (p85alpha-/-beta-/-). Treatment of sensitive cell lines with IFNalpha or IFNbeta also results in phosphorylation/inactivation of the 4E-BP-1 repressor of mRNA translation. Such 4E-BP1 phosphorylation is also PI3'-kinase-dependent and rapamycin-sensitive, indicating that the Type I IFN-inducible activation of PI3'-kinase and FRAP/mTOR results in dissociation of 4E-BP1 from the eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF4E) complex. Altogether, our data establish that the Type I IFN receptor-activated PI 3'-kinase pathway mediates activation of the p70 S6 kinase and inactivation of 4E-BP1, to regulate mRNA translation and induction of Type I IFN responses.
Doppler Frequency Estimation using Overlap Frequency Domain Equalization (2018)

Heterogeneous network concept is going to be utilized in the fifth generation mobile communication systems in order to enhance both network throughput and user throughput. Many techniques have been investigated to increase the throughput. However, the techniques are easily degraded with many causes. Performance degradation could be avoided with assistance of some side information such as location of a terminal and Doppler frequency. If Doppler frequency is known before the signal transmission, throughput reduction can be alleviated by selecting modulation schemes with lower cardinality. This paper proposes Doppler frequency estimation technique using overlap frequency domain equalization and the optimum FDE weight which is derived for the proposed estimation technique. The proposed estimation technique with the proposed FDE weight attains better estimation performance than that with the conventional MMSE weight.
Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff of MIMO linear precoding (2013)

This work characterizes the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of MIMO systems with linear precoders. We analyze the cases of zero-forcing (ZF), regularized ZF (RZF), matched filtering and Wiener filtering precoded MIMO systems. We show that MIMO systems with ZF precoding achieve the same DMT as that of MIMO systems with ZF equalizer. When a regularized ZF (RZF) or Matched filter (MF) precoder is used, the DMT implies an error floor at all rates. However, we observe that in the fixed rate regime (i.e. zero multiplexing gain) both RZF and the MF precoded systems can sometimes achieve the maximum spatial diversity. When the regularization factor in the RZF precoder is optimized in the MMSE sense, the DMT implies low diversity gain in the fixed rate regime; however the diversity in this regime is function of the spectral efficiency and can be as large as the maximum spatial diversity.
Synthetic copolymer kit for radionuclide blood-pool imaging. (1994)

The 99mTc-labeled methoxypolyethylene glycol-poly-L-lysyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate monoamide is an attractive alternative to radiolabeled RBCs for blood pool imaging applications.
Specific targeting of cancer cells by multifunctional mitoxantrone-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (2013)

We report on the synthesis of bifunctional mitoxantrone (MTX)-grafted magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified by dopamine-polyethylene glycol-folic acid (DPA-PEG-FA) for targeted imaging and therapy of cancer. MNPs (~7-10 nm) were synthesized using the thermal decomposition reaction of Fe(acac)3. Bromoacetyl (BrAc) terminal polyethylene glycol dopamine (DPA-PEG-BrAc) was synthesized and treated with ethylene diamine to form bifunctional PEG moiety containing dopamine at one end and amino group at the other end (i.e. DPA-PEG-NH2). It was then reacted with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) to form Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-NH2 NPs. The activated folic acid (FA) was chemically coupled to Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-NH2, forming Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-FA. MTX was then conjugated to Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-FA, forming Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-FA-MTX. Physicochemical characteristics of the engineered MNPs were determined. The particle size analysis and electron microscopy showed an average size of ~35 nm for Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-FA-MTX NPs with superparamagnetic behavior. FT-IR spectrophotometry analysis confirmed the conjugation of FA and MTX onto the MNPs. Fluorescence microscopy, cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry analysis revealed that the engineered Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-FA-MTX NPs were able to specifically bind to and significantly inhibit the folate receptor (FR)-positive MCF-7 cells, but not the FR-negative A549 cells. Based upon these findings, we suggest the Fe3O4-DPA-PEG-FA-MTX NPs as an effective multifunctional-targeted nanomedicine toward simultaneous imaging and therapy of FR-positive cancers.
Side-Chain Polymer Liquid Crystals Containing Oxadiazole and Amine Moieties with Carrier-Transporting Abilities for Single-Layer Light-Emitting Diodes (2003)

Electrochemical and electroluminescent (EL) properties of a polymer liquid crystal (PLC) composed of an oxadiazole moiety as an electron-transporting unit and an amine moiety as a hole-transporting unit in the same side chain were investigated. It has been found that the polymer is a good candidate for a single-layer light-emitting diode (LED) because it combines carrier-transporting and emission properties in a single species. A polymer LED was fabricated with a simple configuration of ITO/PLC/MgAg to demonstrate EL behavior. The device showed the EL emission in a blue region with a maximum brightness of 13 cd/m2 at 26 V. Furthermore, a polarized EL emission was observed due to self-assemblies of mesogenic chromophores. The dichroic ratio of the absorption of the polymer film determined by polarized absorption spectra measured with the polarized beam parallel and perpendicular to the rubbing direction was 1.8, and the dichroic ratio of the emission was estimated to be 1.6. These results clearly indicate that the origin of the polarized emission from the polymer film is the anisotropic arrangement of the mesogenic chromophores.
Copper(I)-Catalyzed Addition of Grignard Reagents to in Situ-Derived <i>N</i>-Sulfonyl Azoalkenes: An Umpolung Alkylation Procedure Applicable to the Formation of Up to Three Contiguous Quaternary Centers (2010)

The alpha-alkylation of N-sulfonyl hydrazones via in situ-derived azoalkenes provides an umpolung approach to ketone alpha-alkylation that has considerable potential with regard to catalysis and the direct incorporation of functionality not amenable to the use of enolate chemistry. Herein, we describe the first Cu(I)-catalyzed addition of Grignard reagents to in situ-derived N-sulfonyl azoalkenes. This method is remarkable in its ability to deliver highly sterically hindered compounds that would be difficult or impossible to synthesize via traditional enolate chemistry, including those having up to three contiguous quaternary centers.