gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&lt;title&gt;High-efficiency relativistic backward-wave oscillator: theory and design&lt;/title&gt; (1995)

Backward-wave oscillators driven by high current relativistic electron beams are capable of producing high power coherent radiation in the ceentimeter and millimeter wavelength regimes. However, the efficiency of these devices is usually limited to 15-20% when a homogeneous slow-wave structure is used. Utilizing a two-section slow wave structure, where the spatial period of the second section is larger than that of the first section, a BWO efficiency of greater than 50% was calculated. A conceptual design of a high efficiency S-band backward-wave oscillator driven by a 500 kV, 5 kA electron beam has been developed and analyzed.
Expression of CD40 induces neural apoptosis (1997)

The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily includes 12 members, some of which (e.g., tumor necrosis factor receptor I and FAS) induce cell death triggered by ligand binding. Another member of the superfamily, the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, induces neural apoptosis, with apoptosis being inhibited by binding of ligand to the receptor. As such, it is a candidate for the mediation of neurotrophin dependence. Here, we show that CD40, a superfamily member that is closely related to p75NTR, also induces neural apoptosis, but apoptosis is inhibited by binding of the G28-5 monoclonal antibody to CD40. These results provide further support for a model in which some members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily induce apoptosis triggered by ligand binding, whereas other members may, at least under certain conditions, induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand binding, with apoptosis being inhibited by binding of ligand or monoclonal antibody.
Effects of Al substitution by Si in Ti3AlC2 nanolaminate (2021)

Recently, a series of high-purity Ti<sub>3</sub>(Al<sub>1-x</sub>Si<sub>x</sub>)C<sub>2</sub> solid solutions with new compositions (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) have been reported with interesting mechanical properties. Here, we have employed density functional theory for Ti<sub>3</sub>(Al<sub>1-x</sub>Si<sub>x</sub>)C<sub>2</sub> solid solutions to calculate a wider range of physical properties including structural, electronic, mechanical, thermal and optical. With the increase of x, a decrease of cell parameters is observed. All elastic constants and moduli increase with x. The Fermi level gradually increases, moving towards and past the upper bound of the pseudogap, when the value of x goes from zero to unity, indicating that the structural stability reduces gradually when the amount of Si increases within the Ti<sub>3</sub>(Al<sub>1-x</sub>Si<sub>x</sub>)C<sub>2</sub> system. In view of Cauchy pressure, Pugh's ratio and Poisson's ratio all compositions of Ti<sub>3</sub>(Al<sub>1-x</sub>Si<sub>x</sub>)C<sub>2</sub> are brittle in nature. Comparatively, low Debye temperature, lattice thermal conductivity and minimum thermal conductivity of Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub> favor it to be a thermal barrier coating material. High melting temperatures implies that the solid solutions Ti<sub>3</sub>(Al<sub>1-x</sub>Si<sub>x</sub>)C<sub>2</sub> may have potential applications in harsh environments. In the visible region (1.8-3.1 eV), the minimum reflectivity of all compositions for both polarizations is above 45%, which makes them potential coating materials for solar heating reduction.
Afferent Inputs to Ventrolateral Medulla (1991)

Recent studies from our laboratory have reported the existence of two pathways arising in the nucleus tractus solitarius in the dorsomedial medulla and terminating in the ventrolateral medulla. One of these pathways contains excitatory amino acids (Somogyi et al., 1989) and the other contains enkephalin (Morilak et al., 1989; Fig. 1.1). This chapter describes these projections and their possible contribution to the regulation of blood pressure. First, however, the importance of the ventrolateral medulla in the regulation of blood pressure is summarized briefly and the major bulbospinal projections descending from this region to innervate the sympathetic outflow from the intermediolateral cell column in the thoracic spinal cord are described.
Crystal structure of the C-terminal four-helix bundle of the potassium channel KCa3.1 (2018)

KCa3.1 (also known as SK4 or IK1) is a mammalian intermediate-conductance potassium channel that plays a critical role in the activation of T cells, B cells, and mast cells, effluxing potassium ions to maintain a negative membrane potential for influxing calcium ions. KCa3.1 shares primary sequence similarity with three other (low-conductance) potassium channels: KCa2.1, KCa2.2, and KCa2.3 (also known as SK1-3). These four homotetrameric channels bind calmodulin (CaM) in the cytoplasmic region, and calcium binding to CaM triggers channel activation. Unique to KCa3.1, activation also requires phosphorylation of a single histidine residue, His358, in the cytoplasmic region, which relieves copper-mediated inhibition of the channel. Near the cytoplasmic C-terminus of KCa3.1 (and KCa2.1-2.3), secondary-structure analysis predicts the presence of a coiled-coil/heptad repeat. Here, we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal coiled-coil region of KCa3.1, which forms a parallel four-helix bundle, consistent with the tetrameric nature of the channel. Interestingly, the four copies of a histidine residue, His389, in an 'a' position within the heptad repeat, are observed to bind a copper ion along the four-fold axis of the bundle. These results suggest that His358, the inhibitory histidine in KCa3.1, might coordinate a copper ion through a similar binding mode.
Process modeling for laser beam welding of Ti-6Al-4V (2003)

The focused laser beam, alongside the electron beam, is one of the highest power density sources available to industry today. Laser welding of titanium alloys has been of interest especially in the aerospace industries, where quality of its products is very important. The application of the laser beam, however, causes a thermal-mechanical response in the workpiece and thus a complicated pattern of residual stresses is set up. It is if interest to characterize and analyze the development of residual stresses, which has a profound effect in component strength and fatigue life. In this paper, a process model suitable for the prediction of residual stresses induced during the laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V is described. For the purpose of model validation, processing trials have been carried out. The heat transfer during welding has been characterized and the fusion zone has been observed, which have enabled a suitable thermal model to be developed. The residual stresses have been measured using the synchrotron x-ray diffraction technique, and it is shown that the predictions are in reasonable agreement with the observations. The modeling is then used to rationalize the state of residual stresses induced.
Assessing the effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners for reducing particulate matter exposure in King County, Washington homeless shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for community congregate settings (2023)

Abstract Over four thousand portable air cleaners (PACs) with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters were distributed by Public Health - Seattle &amp; King County to homeless shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of these HEPA PACs in reducing indoor particles and understand the factors that affect their use in homeless shelters. Four rooms across three homeless shelters with varying geographic locations and operating conditions were enrolled in this study. At each shelter, multiple PACs were deployed based on the room volume and PAC’s clean air delivery rate rating. The energy consumption of these PACs was measured using energy data loggers at 1-min intervals to allow tracking of their use and fan speed for three two-week sampling rounds, separated by single-week gaps, between February and April 2022. Total optical particle number concentration (OPNC) was measured at 2-min intervals at multiple indoor locations and an outdoor ambient location. The empirical indoor and outdoor total OPNC were compared for each site. Additionally, linear mixed-effects regression models (LMERs) were used to assess the relationship between PAC use time and indoor/outdoor total OPNC ratios (I/O OPNC ). Based on the LMER models, one percent increase in the hourly, daily and total time PACs were used significantly reduced I/O OPNC by 0.34 [95% CI: 0.28, 0.40], 0.51 [95% CI: 0.20, 0.78], 2.52 [95% CI: 1.50, 3.28], respectively, indicating that keeping PACs on resulted in significantly lower I/O OPNC or relatively lower indoor total OPNC than outdoors. The survey suggested that keeping PACs on and running was the main challenge when operating them in shelters. These findings suggested that HEPA PACs were an effective short-term strategy to reduce indoor particle levels in community congregate living settings during non-wildfire seasons and the need for formulating practical guidance for using them in such an environment.
On NASDAQ Order Book dynamics: New problems for the control field (2016)

The NASDAQ is an electronic stock market which is run entirely by high-speed computers. With this as context, the main objectives of this tutorial are as follows: First Objective: To demonstrate that NASDAQ order book dynamics provide a rich source of many new research problems of a control-theoretic nature. Second Objective: To provide context and motivation driving new order book research in the control area by presenting a review of the critical issues and results in the finance literature. Third Objective: To provide a detailed explanation of order book "mechanics" and a review of existing literature providing the basis for state space and simulation models. Fourth Objective: To describe some specific new examples of Order Book Control Problems that are amenable to solution using the tools and expertise of our community. This includes control problems involving regulation in volatile markets, stock-price manipulation and robustness issues arising from dynamic model uncertainty. Fifth Objective: To provide broader context for the research based on the role of the order book in a larger financial network, the tutorial includes a review of some existing results in the area of Network Identification which are relevant to areas being surveyed. When traders submit their orders, either to a broker or directly to the exchange, entries are made into the NASDAQ order book which evolves over time. The state of the order book consists of two lists: one for the buyers and one for the sellers. On the buy side, at a fixed moment in time, the i-th entry is an ordered pair (Ni, pi) which is interpreted as follows: Buyer i is willing to buy Ni shares provided the price paid is pi or less. This is called a limit order. Similarly, on the sell side (Ni, pi) denotes the willingness of Seller i to sell Ni shares provided the price received is pi or more. The order engine is basically an algorithm in software matching buyers and sellers dynamically over time.
Rapid Processing of Thermoplastic Composites (2000)

Keywords: integrated processing ; manufacturing cell ; compression moulding ; tow placement ; injection moulding ; new applications Reference EPFL-CONF-179225 Record created on 2012-06-29, modified on 2016-08-09
Robust and Probabilistic Failure-Aware Placement (2018)

Motivated by the growing complexity and heterogeneity of modern data centers, and the prevalence of commodity component failures, this article studies the failure-aware placement problem of placing tasks of a parallel job on machines in the data center with the goal of increasing availability. We consider two models of failures: adversarial and probabilistic. In the adversarial model, each node has a weight (higher weight implying higher reliability) and the adversary can remove any subset of nodes of total weight at most a given bound W and our goal is to find a placement that incurs the least disruption against such an adversary. In the probabilistic model, each node has a probability of failure and we need to find a placement that maximizes the probability that at least K out of N tasks survive at any time. For adversarial failures, we first show that (i) the problems are in Σ 2 , the second level of the polynomial hierarchy; (ii) a variant of the problem that we call R obust F ap (for Robust Failure-Aware Placement) is co-NP-hard; and (iii) an all-or-nothing version of R obust F ap is Σ 2 -complete. We then give a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for R obust F ap , a key ingredient of which is a solution that we design for a fractional version of R obust F ap . We then study H ier R obust F ap , which is the fractional R obust F ap problem over a hierarchical network, in which failures can occur at any subset of nodes in the hierarchy, and a failure at a node can adversely impact all of its descendants in the hierarchy. To solve H ier R obust F ap , we introduce a notion of hierarchical max-min fairness and a novel Generalized Spreading algorithm, which is simultaneously optimal for every upper bound W on the total weight of nodes that an adversary can fail. These generalize the classical notion of max-min fairness to work with nodes of differing capacities, differing reliability weights, and hierarchical structures. Using randomized rounding, we extend this to give an algorithm for integral H ier R obust F ap . For the probabilistic version, we first give an algorithm that achieves an additive ϵ approximation in the failure probability for the single level version, called P rob F ap , while giving up a (1 + ϵ) multiplicative factor in the number of failures. We then extend the result to the hierarchical version, H ier P rob F ap , achieving an ϵ additive approximation in failure probability while giving up an (L + ϵ) multiplicative factor in the number of failures, where L is the number of levels in the hierarchy.
Metabolic engineering strategies to produce medium-chain oleochemicals via acyl-ACP:CoA transacylase activity (2022)

Microbial lipid metabolism is an attractive route for producing oleochemicals. The predominant strategy centers on heterologous thioesterases to synthesize desired chain-length fatty acids. To convert acids to oleochemicals (e.g., fatty alcohols, ketones), the narrowed fatty acid pool needs to be reactivated as coenzyme A thioesters at cost of one ATP per reactivation - an expense that could be saved if the acyl-chain was directly transferred from ACP- to CoA-thioester. Here, we demonstrate such an alternative acyl-transferase strategy by heterologous expression of PhaG, an enzyme first identified in Pseudomonads, that transfers 3-hydroxy acyl-chains between acyl-carrier protein and coenzyme A thioester forms for creating polyhydroxyalkanoate monomers. We use it to create a pool of acyl-CoA's that can be redirected to oleochemical products. Through bioprospecting, mutagenesis, and metabolic engineering, we develop three strains of Escherichia coli capable of producing over 1 g/L of medium-chain free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and methyl ketones.
Disruption in Bruch membrane in patients with Stargardt disease (2011)

This case report highlights the necessity for a detailed ophthalmic examination including SD-OCT of patients with STGD1.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) COATED SURFACES AND BETWEEN SUCH SURFACES AND PROTEINS (1998)

ABSTRACT Surfaces coated with poly(ethylene oxide) containing nonionic polymers are of interest in medical applications due to, among other things, the low adsorption of proteins on such surfaces. In this paper we have studied the interfacial properties of surfaces coated with PEO by measuring the forces acting between two such surfaces in water and across a protein solution as well as between one such surface and a surface carrying adsorbed proteins. One type of surface coating was a graft copolymer of poly(ethylene imine) and poly(ethylene oxide) where the cationic poly(ethylene imine) group anchored the polymer to negatively charged mica surfaces. Three different ways to prepare this coating was used and compared. It was found that this coating was not stable in the presence of lysozyme, a small positively charged protein, when the PEO graft density was low. The other type of coating was obtained by adsorbing ethyl(hydroxyethyl)-cellulose onto hydrophobised mica surfaces. The driving force for adsorption is in this case the hydrophobic interaction between nonpolar segments of the polymer and the surface. The EHEC coating was stable in the presence of lysozyme and the interactions between adsorbed layers of lysozyme and EHEC coated surfaces are purely repulsive due to long-range steric forces.
Compromised Cytoarchitecture and Polarized Trafficking in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Cells (2000)

Cystogenesis associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by perturbations in the polarized phenotype and function of cyst-lining epithelial cells. The polycystins, the protein products of the genes mutated in the majority of ADPKD cases, have been described recently, but the pathological mechanism by which causal mutations result in the mislocalization of cell membrane proteins has remained unclear. This report documents the dissociation from the ADPKD cell basolateral membrane of three molecules essential for spatial organization and exocytosis. The adherens junction protein E-cadherin, the subcellular disposition of which governs intercellular and intracellular architecture, was discovered sequestered in an internal ADPKD cell compartment. At the same time, sec6 and sec8, components of a complex critical for basolateral cargo delivery normally arrayed at the apico-lateral apex, were depleted from the ADPKD cell plasma membrane. An analysis of membrane transport revealed that basolateral trafficking of proteins and lipids was impaired as a result of delayed cargo exit from the ADPKD cell Golgi apparatus. Apical transport proceeded normally. Taken together with recent documentation of an association between polycystin-1 and E-cadherin (Huan and van Adelsberg 1999), the data suggest that causal mutations disrupt E-cadherin-dependent cytoarchitecture, adversely affecting protein assemblies crucial for basolateral trafficking.
Urodynamic Evaluation for Female Urinary Incontinence (1998)

The diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction in females is often challenging. Patient history and physical examination are poor indicators of the underlying etiology. Female incontinence results from a variety of diseases and disorders. A recent meta-analysis of 19 articles found the symptom of stress incontinence was 91% sensitive, but only 51% specific in diagnosing genuine stress incontinence.1 Assessing urethral hypermobility using the cotton swab test is also suboptimal.2 Most experts agree that testing beyond the basic office visit is required to confirm the clinical diagnosis of urinary incontinence, but the indications, timing, and type of testing are unresolved. Testing modalities ranging from a simple stress test to complex multichannel urodynamics with fluoroscopy are described. Urodynamic testing in evaluating female urinary incontinence is controversial. Changes in testing technology and the understanding of incontinence pathophysiology have resulted in new information with little consensus as to its clinical applicability. It becomes increasingly difficult for the practicing physician to decide which tests are necessary to evaluate lower urinary tract dysfunction. The primary goals of urodynamic testing are objective documentation of urine leakage, reproduction of the patient's symptoms, correlation of symptoms with urodynamic parameters, determination of the etiology of urinary leakage, and prediction and evaluation of response to medical and surgical therapies. Unfortunately, few data exist to prove that urodynamics accomplishes these goals. Nevertheless, urodynamic testing is accepted as crucial in the evaluation of female incontinence. This chapter reviews basic urodynamic testing, the technique, clinical uses, and the role of the subspecialist as a consultant in the management of female urinary incontinence.
Role of membranes in disease. (1986)

The membranes of mammalian cells are composed of an ordered array of lipids and proteins, the latter containing carbohydrate residues directed towards the exterior and important in the interaction of cells with each other and with external proteins. This external (plasma) membrane and other more simple membranes within the cell are damaged in all diseases which compromise the integrity of the cell. However, in many cases, chemical or functional changes in these membranes are central to the pathogenesis of the disease. These processes are illustrated, and a classification of membrane-related diseases is proposed. This includes: receptor-related diseases such as type II familial hypercholesterolaemia, Grave's disease, some lysosomal storage diseases and some forms of diabetes and obesity; structural instability as manifested by red cell abnormalities and multiple sclerosis; changes in lipid state as in muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis; altered permeability or transport as in cystic fibrosis, diseases associated with specific transport defects, and the action of many bacterial toxins, and abnormality of the cytoskeleton-membrane interface as in Chediak-Higashi disease and some diseases associated with red cell abnormalities. Different mechanisms can contribute to the membrane disorder in a single disease state and many of these are described to illustrate this diversity.
Balancing exploration and exploitation in agent learning (2011)

Controlling the ratio of exploration and exploitation in agent learning in dynamic environments is a continuing challenge in applying agent-learning techniques. Methods to control this ratio in a manner that mimics human behavior are required for use in the representation of human behavior in simulations, where the goal is to constrain agent-learning mechanisms in a manner similar to that observed in human cognition. The Cultural Geography (CG) model, under development in TRAC Monterey, is an agent-based social simulation. It simulates a wide variety of situations and scenarios so that a dynamic ratio between exploration and exploitation makes the decisions more sensible. As part of an attempt to improve the model, this thesis investigates enhancements to the exploration-exploitation balance by using different techniques. The work includes design of experiments with a range of factors in multiple environments and statistical analysis related to these experiments. As a main finding from this research, for small environments and for short runs techniques based on subjective utility give better results, while for long runs techniques based on time obtain higher utilities than other techniques. In more complex and bigger environments, a combined technique performed better in long runs.