gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical and Elastic Properties of Individual Single-Layer Nb₄C₃Tₓ MXene Flakes (2020)

2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are widely recognized for their exceptional promise for numerous applications. However, physical property measurements of their individual monolayers remain very limited despite their importance for revealing the intrinsic physical properties of MXenes. The first mechanical and electrical measurements of individual single‐layer flakes of Nb4C3Tx MXene, which are prepared via an improved synthetic method are reported. Characterization of field‐effect transistor devices based on individual single‐layer Nb4C3Tx flakes shows an electrical conductivity of 1024 ± 165 S cm−1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the previously reported values for bulk Nb4C3Tx assemblies, and an electron mobility of 0.41 ± 0.27 cm2 V−1 s−1. Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation measurements of monolayer Nb4C3Tx membranes yield an effective Young's modulus of 386 ± 13 GPa, assuming a membrane thickness of 1.26 nm. This is the highest value reported for nanoindentation measurements of solution‐processable 2D materials, revealing the potential of Nb4C3Tx as a primary component for various mechanical applications. Finally, the agreement between the mechanical properties of 2D Nb4C3Tx MXene and cubic NbC suggests that the extensive experimental data on bulk carbides could be useful for identifying new MXenes with improved functional characteristics.
A Conformational Change of Complement C5 Is Required for Thrombin-Mediated Cleavage, Revealed by a Novel Ex Vivo Human Whole Blood Model Preserving Full Thrombin Activity (2021)

Thrombin activation of C5 connects thrombosis to inflammation. Complement research in whole blood ex vivo necessitates anticoagulation, which potentially interferes with the inflammatory modulation by thrombin. We challenged the concept of thrombin as an activator of native C5 by analyzing complement activation and C5 cleavage in human whole blood anticoagulated with Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP), a peptide targeting fibrin polymerization downstream of thrombin, allowing complete endogenous thrombin generation. GPRP dose-dependently inhibited coagulation but allowed for platelet activation in accordance with thrombin generation. Spontaneous and bacterial-induced complement activation by <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, analyzed at the level of C3 and C5, were similar in blood anticoagulated with GPRP and the thrombin inhibitor lepirudin. In the GPRP model, endogenous thrombin, even at supra-physiologic concentrations, did not cleave native C5, despite efficiently cleaving commercially sourced purified C5 protein, both in buffer and when added to C5-deficient serum. In normal serum, only exogenously added, commercially sourced C5 was cleaved, whereas the native plasma C5 remained intact. Crucially, affinity-purified C5, eluted under mild conditions using an MgCl<sub>2</sub> solution, was not cleaved by thrombin. Acidification of plasma to pH ≤ 6.8 by hydrochloric or lactic acid induced a C5 antigenic change, nonreversible by pH neutralization, that permitted cleavage by thrombin. Circular dichroism on purified C5 confirmed the structural change during acidification. Thus, we propose that pH-induced conformational change allows thrombin-mediated cleavage of C5 and that, contrary to previous reports, thrombin does not cleave plasma C5 in its native form, suggesting that thrombin cleavage of C5 may be restricted to certain pathophysiological conditions.
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION (GWA) STUDY OF SALT SENSITIVE HYPERTENSION: PP.21.320 (2010)

Introduction: Blood pressure (BP) is under control of a large number of different physiological mechanisms. A reduction of daily sodium (Na) intake, “could reduces blood pressure, although with a large variability between patients”. This “variability” is called “Salt-Sensitivity” and is an independent negative prognostic factor for cardiovascular (CV) complications. Objective: Is to identify new genes involved in salt-sensitive hypertension that explain the different behaviour of patients to a load/restriction of Na in the everyday diet. Methods: A GWA study was performed on 321 never treated patients, who underwent a Na-load test. We performed two main kinds of association tests: 1) quantitative analysis of the difference between Diastolic/Systolic blood pressure (DBP and SBP) at baseline and at the end of Na load (dPA); 2) case-control analysis by comparing the most salt-sensitive vs. most salt-resistent patients. RESULTS: From both analyses, a list of top hits was obtained (we considered top SNPs those with p-value <1–05). One of the SNPs associated with our phenotypes was on chr. 10 (p value = 9–06). This SNP is in the 5’ region of the gene PRKG1 (second intron). In the same region we found 6 different SNPs with p-value < 1–04. Among these SNPs, 3 are in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 30.9), but 2 are not (r2< = 0.7). These SNPs showed a p-value 8.6–05 and p = 1.3–05. By regression analysis, we showed that these SNPs had an effect on both SBP and DBP, altough the best association could be seen with dDBP (regression test p = 1.3–04, β -1.81, r2 corrected 5%.). Conclusions: Variants in the PRKG1 gene are good candidates for the identification of Na-sensitive patients. The development of these approaches could lead, in the future, to the ability to identify “a priori” specific patients with an increased risk of CV disease and to the identification of new targets for a more specific and individual therapy.
Where do Logic and Computer Vision meet (1999)

In this position paper, after giving a short overview of computer vision, we argue for the need of considering applications while devising theories that deal with space. We present the spatial coherence constraint, which is imposed by nature on vision. Finally, we suggest a possible bridge to connect computer vision with spatial reasoning.
Multi-Band Optical Systems to Enable Ultra-High Speed Transmissions (2019)

Current forecasts indicate that the fastest growing IP-traffic is in metro and data center interconnect (DCI). The exploitation of the entire low-loss spectrum of single-mode fibers (SMF) (from 1260 nm up to 1620 nm) was proposed to avoid the predictable capacity crunch and the eventual need for a new fibre infrastructure roll-out. First analytic result considering multi-band (MB) transmission (from O- to L-band) hint an achievable traffic load exceeding 200 Tb/s for a 500 km link in a single SMF.
Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping (2016)

Some oil pump station design layouts may contain multiple dead-legs. During the transportation of heavy crude through the pump station, these dead-legs will be filled with this crude. When a light crude batch is introduced next into the pipeline, following the heavy crude ahead, two phenomena will occur. First, contamination between batches at the interface of the two crudes will occur due to axial turbulent diffusion along the length of the pipeline itself. Second, as the light crude flows through the pump station and passes by each dead-leg containing still heavy crude from the preceding batch, the heavy crude trapped in these dead-legs will start to drain out into the passing light crude in the main run. This causes further contamination and spreading of the mixing zone between the two batches. These two different sources of contamination are addressed in this paper with the objective of accurately quantifying the extent of the contamination, with particular emphasis on the second phenomenon which could cause appreciable contamination particularly for large size and number of these dead-legs. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to quantify the drainage rate of the contaminating crude into the main stream and its impact on widening the mixed zone (contamination spread) between the two batches. Two drainage mechanisms of the heavy crude in the dead-legs into the main stream of the light crude have been identified and quantified. The initial phase is a gravity-current-induced outflow of the initially stagnant fluid in the dead-leg, followed by a subsequent draining mechanism primarily induced by turbulent mixing and diffusion at the mouth of the dead-leg penetrating slightly into the dead-leg. It was found that the second mechanism takes a much longer time to drain the first, and that the break point in time where drainage switches from a predominantly gravity current to a turbulent diffusion appears to be at a specific time normalized with respect to the length of the dead-leg and the gravity current speed. The results show a consistent trend with actual interface contamination data obtained from the Keystone 2982 km pipeline from Hardisty (Canada) to the Patoka Terminal (U.S.A.).
Development and validation methodology of the Nuss procedure surgical planner (2013)

Surgical planners are used to achieve the optimal outcome for surgery. They are especially desired in procedures where a positive aesthetic outcome is the primary goal, such as the Nuss procedure which is a minimally invasive surgery for correcting pectus excavatum (PE) – a congenital chest wall deformity which is characterized by a deep depression of the sternum. The Nuss procedure consists of placement of a metal bar(s) underneath the sternum, thereby forcibly changing the geometry of the ribcage. Because of the prevalence of PE and the popularity of the Nuss procedure, the demand to perform this surgery is greater than ever. Therefore, a Nuss procedure surgical planner is an invaluable planning tool ensuring an optimal physiological and aesthetic outcome. We propose the development and validation of the Nuss procedure planner. First, a generic model of the ribcage is developed. Then, the computed tomography (CT) data collected from actual patients with PE is used to create a set of patient-specific finite element models (FEM). Based on finite element analyses (FEA) a force–displacement data set is created. This data is used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to generalize the data set. In order to evaluate the planning process, a methodology which uses an average shape of the chest for comparison with results of the Nuss procedure planner is developed. Haptic feedback and inertial tracking is also implemented. The results show that it is possible to utilize this approximation of the force–displacement model for a Nuss procedure planner and trainer.
Plant stress propagation detection and monitoring with disruption propagation network modelling and Bayesian network inference (2021)

Plant stresses and diseases cause major losses to agricultural productivity and quality. Left unchecked, stresses and diseases can spread and propagate to nearby plants, causing even more damage, necessitating early detection. To address this challenge, the Agricultural Robotic System for Plant Stress Propagation Detection (ARS/PSPD) is developed. In this cyber-physical system, the robot agents are assigned scanning tasks to detect stresses in greenhouse plants. The problem of plant stress propagation detection is formulated with disruption propagation network modelling, which captures the plant stress occurrence and propagation mechanisms. The network modelling enables better situation awareness and augments the development of advanced collaborative scanning protocols. Five collaborative scanning protocols are designed and implemented in this research, with one protocol serving as a baseline, three protocols utilising disruption propagation network analysis, and one protocol utilising Bayesian network inference. The scanning protocols minimise errors and conflicts in scanning task allocation and enable better plant stress detection. The five ARS/PSPD collaborative scanning protocols are validated with numerical experiments, using agricultural greenhouses as experiment settings. The experiments show that the scanning protocol using Bayesian network inference outperforms all other protocols in all scenarios, with 16.92% fewer undetected plant stresses and 12.28% fewer redundant scans.
Potential-modulated intercalation of alkali cations into metal hexacyanoferrate coated electrodes. 1998 annual progress report (1998)

'This program is studying potential-driven cation intercalation and deintercalation in metal hexacyanoferrate compounds, with the eventual goal of creating materials with high selectivity for cesium separations and long cycle lifetimes. The separation of radiocesium from other benign cations has important implications for the cost of processing a variety of cesium contaminated DOE wasteforms. This report summarizes results after nine months of work. Much of the initial efforts have been directed towards quantitatively characterizing the selectivity of nickel hexacyanoferrate derivatized electrodes for intercalating cesium preferentially over other alkali metal cations. Using energy dispersive xray spectroscopy (ex-situ, but non-destructive) and ICP analysis (ex-situ and destructive), the authors have demonstrated that the nickel hexacyanoferrate lattice has a strong preference for intercalated cesium over sodium. For example, when ions are reversibly loaded into a nickel hexacyanoferrate thin film from a solution containing 0.9999 M Na{sup +} and 0.0001 M Cs{sup +}, the film intercalates 40% as much Cs{sup +} as when loaded from pure 1 M Cs{sup +} containing electrolyte (all electrolytes use nitrates as the common anion). The authors have also shown that, contrary to the common assumptions found in the literature, a significant fraction of the thin film is not active initially. A new near infrared laser has been purchased and is being added to the Raman spectroscopy facilities to allow in-situ studies of the intercalation processes.'
Determination of the thermodynamic properties of compounds in the Ag-Au-Se and Ag-Au-Te systems by the EMF method (2009)

The standard thermodynamic properties (Δf G°, S°, Δf H°) of the following synthetic minerals and compounds in the Ag-Au-Se and Ag-Au-Te systems were determined by the EMF method: β-Ag2Se (low-temperature naumannite), α-Ag2Se (high-temperature naumannite), Ag3AuSe2 (fischesserite), AuSe, Ag5Te3 (stützite), Ag2 Te (hessite), and Ag3AuTe2 (petzite). All minerals and compounds were produced by solid-phase synthesis from elements or electrum of the given composition in evacuated ampoules made of quartz glass. The phases were verified by X-ray diffraction analysis, microscopically in reflected light, and with an electron microprobe. The absence of the ternary compound AgAuSe in the Ag-Au-Se system was confirmed by solid-phase annealing. On the basis of experimental data on the electromotive force E versus temperature, the equations E(T) were calculated, from which the temperature-dependent relationships of the Gibbs energy in the relevant reactions and the standard thermodynamic functions of compounds within the range 300–502 K were obtained.
Boiling binary mixtures at subatmospheric pressures (2003)

The authors present a study of boiling binary mixtures of water with methanol or 2-propanol at subatmospheric pressures. Liquid-phase equilibrium vapor pressures, binary phase equilibrium thermodynamic properties, heat transfer characteristics, and the critical heat flux (CHF) condition are determined for saturated pool boiling from a localized heat source while varying the concentrations of methanol and 2-propanol in water. The heat source is an upward-facing copper surface submerged in a laterally confined, finite pool. Low-pressure boiling of aqueous mixtures provides a means of removing high heat fluxes while maintaining low surface temperatures. Small additions of alcohol to water increase the CHF condition above that of pure water. Higher concentrations of alcohol begin decreasing the CHF condition to that of the pure alcohol. While single-component correlations using mole weighted binary liquid thermodynamic properties have been shown to predict ideal binary mixture boiling behavior, they are unsuccessful in predicting the characteristics of aqueous mixtures. The significance of the results obtained to the use of binary coolants for electronics cooling applications is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An Efficient Neural Network Architecture for Rate Maximization in Energy Harvesting Downlink Channels (2020)

This paper deals with the power allocation problem for achieving the upper bound of sum-rate region in energy harvesting downlink channels. We prove that the optimal power allocation policy that maximizes the sum-rate is an increasing function for harvested energy, channel gains, and remaining battery, regardless of the number of users in the downlink channels. We use this proof as a mathematical basis for the construction of a shallow neural network that can fully reflect the increasing property of the optimal policy. This scheme helps us to avoid using big neural networks which requires huge computational resources and causes overfitting. Through experiments, we reveal the inefficiencies and risks of deep neural network that are not optimized enough for the desired policy, and shows that our approach learns a robust policy even with the severe randomness of environments.
Therapeutics in pulmonary hypertension (2019)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by an increase in pulmonary artery pressure. Excessive vasoconstriction and an abnormal remodeling of the pulmonary vessels cause PH, which leads to a progressive increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular rigidity. The result is impediment of ejection of blood from the right ventricle, with the eventual development of right heart failure, which can be fatal. PH is complex and multifactorial, thus making it very challenging for development of novel pharmacological strategies to treat it. Targeted aerosol drug delivery is a rapidly advancing route for novel respiratory pharmaceuticals. PH has few therapies available, but because it is a lung disease, it is an optimum candidate for targeted therapeutic intervention through inhalation. In Chapter 19, the molecular aspects that lead to the development of the disease, the pathobiology, current approved drugs, and potential new therapies are described extensively. Furthermore, the importance of treating PH through the pulmonary route is defined comprehensively.
Functional convergence of histone methyltransferases EHMT1 and KMT2C involved in intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (2017)

Kleefstra syndrome, caused by haploinsufficiency of euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1), is characterized by intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characteristic facial dysmorphisms, and other variable clinical features. In addition to EHMT1 mutations, de novo variants were reported in four additional genes (MBD5, SMARCB1, NR1I3, and KMT2C), in single individuals with clinical characteristics overlapping Kleefstra syndrome. Here, we present a novel cohort of five patients with de novo loss of function mutations affecting the histone methyltransferase KMT2C. Our clinical data delineates the KMT2C phenotypic spectrum and reinforces the phenotypic overlap with Kleefstra syndrome and other related ID disorders. To elucidate the common molecular basis of the neuropathology associated with mutations in KMT2C and EHMT1, we characterized the role of the Drosophila KMT2C ortholog, trithorax related (trr), in the nervous system. Similar to the Drosophila EHMT1 ortholog, G9a, trr is required in the mushroom body for short term memory. Trr ChIP-seq identified 3371 binding sites, mainly in the promoter of genes involved in neuronal processes. Transcriptional profiling of pan-neuronal trr knockdown and G9a null mutant fly heads identified 613 and 1123 misregulated genes, respectively. These gene sets show a significant overlap and are associated with nearly identical gene ontology enrichments. The majority of the observed biological convergence is derived from predicted indirect target genes. However, trr and G9a also have common direct targets, including the Drosophila ortholog of Arc (Arc1), a key regulator of synaptic plasticity. Our data highlight the clinical and molecular convergence between the KMT2 and EHMT protein families, which may contribute to a molecular network underlying a larger group of ID/ASD-related disorders.
Achievable Degrees of Freedom of the &lt;inline-formula&gt; &lt;tex-math notation="LaTeX"&gt;$K$&lt;/tex-math&gt; &lt;/inline-formula&gt;-User SISO Interference Channel With Blind Interference Alignment Using Staggered Antenna Switching (2016)

In this paper, we characterize the achievable (linear) degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the K-user single-input single-output (SISO) interference channel with blind interference alignment (BIA) using staggered antenna switching. In this scheme, each transmitter is equipped with one conventional antenna, and each receiver is equipped with one reconfigurable (multimode) antenna. Assuming that the channel is known to the receivers only, we show that by using linear BIA with staggered antenna switching at the receiver, a sum DoF of 2K/(K + 2) is achievable. This result implies that in using BIA, we can double the DoF achieved by orthogonal multiple-access schemes for a large number of users. Moreover, we propose a systematic algorithm to generate the transmit beamforming vectors and the reconfigurable antenna switching patterns, showing that it can achieve the 2K/(K + 2) sum DoF for any K. Finally, we apply this algorithm to the four-user SISO interference channel and demonstrate that 4/3 sum DoF is indeed achievable.
<i>OAS1</i> Splice Site Polymorphism Controlling Antiviral Enzyme Activity Influences Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes (2005)

Both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Many investigations, including prospective studies of high-risk children, have implicated virus infections as predisposing environmental agents. We previously reported that basal activity of the key antiviral enzyme 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS) was significantly elevated in type 1 diabetic patients compared with healthy control subjects. Recently, we showed that an A/G splice site single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the OAS1 gene encoding 2'5'AS is strongly associated with basal 2'5'AS activity. Basal enzyme activity was highest in individuals with GG genotype and lowest in those with AA genotype. In the present study, we genotyped 835 type 1 diabetic and 401 healthy siblings at the OAS1 splice site polymorphism and (for comparison) at an A/C SNP of the insulin (IDDM2) locus. Results showed that OAS1 GG and GA were significantly increased in diabetic compared with healthy siblings (P = 0.0023). The strength of association was similar to that at IDDM2, where, as expected, the C/C (variable number tandem repeat class I homozygote) genotype was increased in affected compared with healthy siblings (P = 0.0025). The results suggest that host genetic response to virus infection could influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
Reliability of the Pettibon Patient Positioning System for Radiographic Production (2000)

The research reported here investigated the reliability of the patient positioning procedure used to evaluate the upper cervical region by practitioners of the Pettibon Technique and sought to establish the range of error of measurement for mensuration. Thirty-eight subjects completed the study which included taking two series of both an anterior to posterior nasium as well as lateral cervical radiographs. The second series of x-rays were taken from one-half to 4 hours after the initial radiographs. While there were no intermediate chiropractic adjustments provided, the use of a simulated adjustment was performed.The collected data indicates that the reliability, as rep- resented by the standard error measurement, is approximately one-half a degree for the upper angle measurement and two-thirds of a degree for the lower angle measurement. In both cases, the measurement error estimate is less than the one degree claimed by the author of the method tested.