gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lyapunov-based Safe Policy Optimization for Continuous Control (2019)

We study continuous action reinforcement learning problems in which it is crucial that the agent interacts with the environment only through safe policies, i.e.,~policies that do not take the agent to undesirable situations. We formulate these problems as constrained Markov decision processes (CMDPs) and present safe policy optimization algorithms that are based on a Lyapunov approach to solve them. Our algorithms can use any standard policy gradient (PG) method, such as deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) or proximal policy optimization (PPO), to train a neural network policy, while guaranteeing near-constraint satisfaction for every policy update by projecting either the policy parameter or the action onto the set of feasible solutions induced by the state-dependent linearized Lyapunov constraints. Compared to the existing constrained PG algorithms, ours are more data efficient as they are able to utilize both on-policy and off-policy data. Moreover, our action-projection algorithm often leads to less conservative policy updates and allows for natural integration into an end-to-end PG training pipeline. We evaluate our algorithms and compare them with the state-of-the-art baselines on several simulated (MuJoCo) tasks, as well as a real-world indoor robot navigation problem, demonstrating their effectiveness in terms of balancing performance and constraint satisfaction. Videos of the experiments can be found in the following link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pzuzFqWIE710bE2U6DmS59AfRzqK2Kek/view?usp=sharing.
Solution structure and dynamics of a glycoinositol phospholipid (GIPL‐6) from <i>Leishmania major</i> (1994)

By use of a combination of 1H nuclear Overhauser effect measurements, restrained molecular dynamics simulations, and 13C spin-lattice relaxation time measurements, the solution behavior of the glycan moiety of a complex glycoinositol phospholipid termed GIPL-6, from the protozoan parasite Leishmania major has been determined. The glycan moiety of GIPL-6 has the following structure, which is characterized by the presence of an internal beta-galactofuranose residue: [formula: see text] The glycan does not adopt a single conformation in solution, due to significant torsional variations about the two phosphodiester linkages and certain glycosidic linkages in the molecule. The presence of the internal galactofuranose residue results in an average solution conformation of the oligosaccharide, which resembles a "hairpin," with the galactofuranose residue at the apex.
Ongoing sonic hedgehog signaling is required for dorsal midline formation in the developing forebrain (2007)

The division of the mammalian forebrain into distinct left and right hemispheres represents a critical step in neural development. Several signaling molecules including sonic hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in dorsal midline development, and prior work suggests that the organizing centers from which these proteins are secreted mutually regulate one another during development. To explore the role of the ventral organizing center in the formation of two hemispheres, we assessed dorsal midline development in Shh mutant embryos and in wildtype embryos treated with the SHH signaling inhibitor HhAntag. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SHH signaling plays an important role in maintaining the normal expression patterns of Fgf8 and Bmp4 in the developing forebrain. We further show that FGF8 can induce the expression of Zic2, which is normally expressed at the midline and is required in vivo for hemispheric cleavage, suggesting that FGF signaling may stimulate dorsal midline development by inducing Zic2 expression.
Adenovirus-Mediated Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Delivery Induces Angiogenesis in Normoperfused Skeletal Muscle (2000)

We investigated whether local delivery of the tissue kallikrein gene induces angiogenesis in normoperfused mouse hindlimb muscles. Intramuscular injection of adenovirus containing the human tissue kallikrein gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter sequence resulted in local production and release of recombinant human tissue kallikrein, whereas transgene expression was absent in muscles of the contralateral hindlimb. Angiogenesis in infected muscles was documented by histological evidence of increased capillary density. In contrast, no angiogenic effect was seen either in the ipsilateral gastrocnemius or contralateral hindlimb muscles. Neovascularization was associated with a transient increase in muscular blood flow as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. We also investigated the mechanisms of kallikrein-induced angiogenesis. We found that the angiogenic response to kallikrein was abolished by chronic blockade of the kinin B(1) or B(2) receptor or by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. In addition, inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by nimesulide significantly reduced kallikrein-induced effects. These results indicate that (1) human tissue kallikrein acts as an angiogenic factor in normoperfused skeletal muscle and (2) nitric oxide and prostacyclin are essential mediators of kallikrein-induced angiogenesis. Our findings provide new insights into the role of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in vascular biology.
X-Parameter: Das neue Paradigma zur Beschreibung nichtlinearer HF- und Mikrowellenbauelemente (2010)

Zusammenfassung Zur Beschreibung nichtlinearer hochfrequenter Bauelemente wie Mischer oder Verstärker reichen herkömmliche Größen wie S-Parameter nicht aus. Wir zeigen, wie sich das Großsignalverhalten solcher Bauelemente, die Arbeitspunktabhängigkeit ihrer Eigenschaften und ihre Erzeugung neuer Frequenzanteile mit Hilfe so-genannter X-Parameter wiedergeben lassen. Das Verfahren wird an mehreren Beispielen demonstriert.
Supplementary Table S5 from Identification of Kinase Inhibitor Targets in the Lung Cancer Microenvironment by Chemical and Phosphoproteomics (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S5. Mass spectrometry data of chemical proteomics experiments with c-dasatinib and c-sunitinib in mouse xenograft samples of H23 and H292 cell lines.&lt;/p&gt;
Design of inertial fusion implosions reaching the burning plasma regime (2022)

Abstract In a burning plasma state 1–7 , alpha particles from deuterium–tritium fusion reactions redeposit their energy and are the dominant source of heating. This state has recently been achieved at the US National Ignition Facility 8 using indirect-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Our experiments use a laser-generated radiation-filled cavity (a hohlraum) to spherically implode capsules containing deuterium and tritium fuel in a central hot spot where the fusion reactions occur. We have developed more efficient hohlraums to implode larger fusion targets compared with previous experiments 9,10 . This delivered more energy to the hot spot, whereas other parameters were optimized to maintain the high pressures required for inertial-confinement fusion. We also report improvements in implosion symmetry control by moving energy between the laser beams 11–16 and designing advanced hohlraum geometry 17 that allows for these larger implosions to be driven at the present laser energy and power capability of the National Ignition Facility. These design changes resulted in fusion powers of 1.5 petawatts, greater than the input power of the laser, and 170 kJ of fusion energy 18,19 . Radiation hydrodynamics simulations 20,21 show energy deposition by alpha particles as the dominant term in the hot-spot energy balance, indicative of a burning plasma state.
Postprandial acylated ghrelin status following fat and protein manipulation of meals in healthy young women (2005)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the postprandial effect of diet composition on circulating acylated ghrelin levels in healthy women. A randomized cross-over study of three experimental treatments was performed. A total of 11 healthy young women of normal body weight completed the study. All 11 subjects consumed three iso-energetic meals of different macronutrient composition, a balanced meal (50% carbohydrates, 30% fat and 20% protein), a high-fat meal (45% carbohydrates, 45% fat and 10% protein) and a high-protein meal (45% carbohydrates, 20% fat and 35% protein), for breakfast on separate days. The test meals were administered 1 month apart. Blood samples were withdrawn immediately before and at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the test meal for measurement of plasma acylated ghrelin, as well as serum glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels. Acylated ghrelin fell significantly after ingestion of both the balanced and high-protein meals. Ghrelin persisted at significantly lower levels than baseline for a longer duration following the high-protein meal (P<0.05 at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min) compared with the balanced meal (P<0.05 at 30 and 60 min). Moreover, acylated ghrelin levels correlated negatively with the postprandial insulin levels. In conclusion, postprandial changes in acylated plasma ghrelin depend on the macronutrient composition of the meal and are possibly influenced by insulin.
Comparison of adhesion of thawed and cultured synovial mesenchymal stem cells to the porcine meniscus and the relevance of cell surface microspikes (2022)

Thawed MSCs adhered better than cultured MSCs immediately after placement, but adhesion was similar for both MSC preparations after 10 min. Immediately after placement, the presence of microspikes was associated with better adhesion of synovial MSCs to the meniscus.
Constrained Graph Variational Autoencoders for Molecule Design (2018)

Graphs are ubiquitous data structures for representing interactions between entities. With an emphasis on applications in chemistry, we explore the task of learning to generate graphs that conform to a distribution observed in training data. We propose a variational autoencoder model in which both encoder and decoder are graph-structured. Our decoder assumes a sequential ordering of graph extension steps and we discuss and analyze design choices that mitigate the potential downsides of this linearization. Experiments compare our approach with a wide range of baselines on the molecule generation task and show that our method is successful at matching the statistics of the original dataset on semantically important metrics. Furthermore, we show that by using appropriate shaping of the latent space, our model allows us to design molecules that are (locally) optimal in desired properties.
Overview of High-Speed Supercavitating Vehicle Control (2006)

Even in its simplest conceptualization, supercavitating vehicle dynamics features slope- discontinuous force curves and time-delay effects. To complicate matters, supercavitating vehicles traverse a complicated state during transition from fully-wetted to supercavitating operation. During this phase of flight, when the vaporous cavitation number is relatively high, rapid ventilation can lead to cavity auto-oscillation, a well-known effect that results from the nonlinear time-delay integro-differential equations that govern cavity dynamics. Such behavior poses a risk of destabilizing the vehicle trajectory. Additionally, while the vehicle remains in a partially cavitating condition, the basic force model must be modified to account for the wetted afterbody. This article presents an overview of these effects, along with a model for dynamics simulation and rudimentary approaches to control.
Compiler-Directed Transformation for Higher-Order Stencils (2015)

As the cost of data movement increasingly dominates performance, developers of finite-volume and finite-difference solutions for partial differential equations (PDEs) are exploring novel higher-order stencils that increase numerical accuracy and computational intensity. This paper describes a new compiler reordering transformation applied to stencil operators that performs partial sums in buffers, and reuses the partial sums in computing multiple results. This optimization has multiple effect son improving stencil performance that are particularly important to higher-order stencils: exploits data reuse, reduces floating-point operations, and exposes efficient SIMD parallelism to backend compilers. We study the benefit of this optimization in the context of Geometric Multigrid (GMG), a widely used method to solve PDEs, using four different Jacobi smoothers built from 7-, 13-, 27- and 125-point stencils. We quantify performance, speedup, and numerical accuracy, and use the Roofline model to qualify our results. Ultimately, we obtain over 4× speedup on the smoothers themselves and up to a 3× speedup on the multigrid solver. Finally, we demonstrate that high-order multigrid solvers have the potential of reducing total data movement and energy by several orders of magnitude.
M1b Disease in the 8th Edition of TNM Staging of Lung Cancer: Pattern of Single Extrathoracic Metastasis and Clinical Outcome (2019)

The newly defined group of M stage consists of a unique subset among patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer that can be studied further to optimize treatment approaches.
Obstacle Avoidance Policies for Cluster Space Control of Nonholonomic Multirobot Systems (2011)

The cluster space control technique promotes simplified specification and monitoring of the motion of mobile multirobot systems of limited size. In this publication, we summarize the definition of the cluster space framework and introduce a multirobot cluster space controller specific for unicycle-like nonholonomic mobile robots. The controller produces cluster commands that translate into valid robot-level motions. We then study the closed-loop system stability in the Lyapunov sense. Two different obstacle avoidance algorithms are proposed and the stability of the resulting systems is also addressed. Experimental tests with a three-robot system and simulation results with a ten-robot system verify the functionality of the proposed approaches.
Volatile organic compound emissions during HOMEChem (2021)

Quantifying speciated concentrations and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical to understanding the processes that control indoor VOC dynamics, airborne chemistry, and human exposures. Here, we present source strength profiles from the HOMEChem study, quantifying speciated VOC emissions from scripted experiments (with multiple replicates) of cooking, cleaning, and human occupancy and from unperturbed baseline measurements of the building and its contents. Measurements using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer were combined with tracer-based determinations of air-change rates to enable mass-balance-based calculations of speciated, time-resolved VOC source strengths. The building and its contents were the dominant emission source into the house, with large emissions of acetic acid, methanol, and formic acid. Cooking emissions were greater than cleaning emissions and were dominated by ethanol. Bleach cleaning generated high emissions of chlorinated compounds, whereas natural product cleaning emitted predominantly terpenoids. Occupancy experiments showed large emissions of siloxanes from personal care products in the morning, with much lower emissions in the afternoon. From these results, VOC emissions were simulated for a hypothetical 24-h period, showing that emissions from the house and its contents make up nearly half of total indoor VOC emissions.
Controlling Aromatic Inclusion Within Nonaqueous Copper Iodide Coordination Polymers (2001)

Abstract The formation and characterization of two novel coordination polymers based upon copper iodide and pyrazine have been observed that demonstrate varying aromatic inclusion. By changing the solvent from 1,2-dichlorobenzene to nitrobenzene, the ability to include the solvent as a guest molecule within the two-dimensional coordination polymer has been realized. In the nitrobenzene example, unlike the 1,2-dichlorobenzene example, honeycomb shaped cavities form along the polymeric chain that allows aromatic inclusion. Key Words: coordination polymerhost-guest chemistrysolvent templation
Couplage photocatalyse-oxydation par le ferrate (VI) pour le traitement du colorant rhodamine 6G (2017)

Un facteur limitant de l’oxydation photocatalytique du dioxyde de titane (TiO 2 ) sous irradiation UV est la recombinaison des électrons de la bande de conduction (e- cb ) avec les trous d’électron (h + vb ) à la surface de TiO 2 . Le couplage du ferrate(VI), Fe(VI), connu comme un oxydant respectueux de l’environnement, avec la photocatalyse UV/TiO 2 pourrait conduire à une synergie oxydative de par le piégeage de e- cb par Fe(VI) et la consécutive formation de l’espèce hautement réactive Fe(V). Cette étude décrit les résultats du couplage TiO 2 commercial P25 avec Fe(VI) sous forme pure ou sous forme d’une matière synthétisée dans notre laboratoire (produit solide nommé Fe(VI) matter) pour l’abattement du colorant rhodamine 6G (R6G). Les cinétiques de transformation de R6G ([R6G] 0 = 10 ‑5 M; pH = 8,00 ± 0,05), en présence de TiO 2 ([P25] = 0,1 g∙L ‑1 ) illuminé sous UV et/ou de Fe(VI) ([Fe(VI)] 0 = 10 ‑4 M) sont suivies par spectrophotométrie. Une synergie est mise en évidence lors du traitement de R6G par UV/TiO 2 /Fe(VI) pur, conduisant à une accélération de la transformation de R6G et à une minéralisation plus importante. Cependant, cet abattement n’est pas atteint lors du couplage UV/TiO 2 /Fe(VI) matter. Une étude de l’impact de sels inorganiques présents dans Fe(VI) matter sur l’activité photocatalytique est présentée. Le sulfate, SO 4 2‑ , et le Fe(OH) 3 en particulier mènent à une forte inhibition de l’activité de TiO 2 . Le suivi de la production des radicaux hydroxyles (OH•) montre une inhibition physique de leur production due à la formation d’une couche de sels inorganiques à la surface de TiO 2 et au piégeage de radicaux OH• dans la solution.
Fully-Integrated Bipolar-Based LNA for W-CDMA Application: Theory, Design and Implementation (2007)

International audience
The TRPM6 Kinase Domain Determines the Mg·ATP Sensitivity of TRPM7/M6 Heteromeric Ion Channels (2014)

The transient receptor potential melastatin member 7 (TRPM7) and member 6 (TRPM6) are divalent cation channel kinases essential for magnesium (Mg(2+)) homeostasis in vertebrates. It remains unclear how TRPM6 affects divalent cation transport and whether this involves functional homomeric TRPM6 plasma membrane channels or heteromeric channel assemblies with TRPM7. We show that homomeric TRPM6 is highly sensitive to intracellular free Mg(2+) and therefore unlikely to be active at physiological levels of [Mg(2+)]i. Co-expression of TRPM7 and TRPM6 produces heteromeric TRPM7/M6 channels with altered pharmacology and sensitivity to intracellular Mg·ATP compared with homomeric TRPM7. Strikingly, the activity of heteromeric TRPM7/M6 channels is independent of intracellular Mg·ATP concentrations, essentially uncoupling channel activity from cellular energy status. Disruption of TRPM6 kinase phosphorylation activity re-introduces Mg·ATP sensitivity to the heteromeric channel similar to that of TRPM7. Thus, TRPM6 modulates the functionality of TRPM7, and the TRPM6 kinase plays a critical role in tuning the phenotype of the TRPM7·M6 channel complex.
A field induced ferromagnetic-like transition below 2.8 K in Li2CuO2: An experimental and theoretical study (1998)

The low temperature magnetic properties of the Li2CuO2 compound have been investigated by means of superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. We find in addition to an antiferromagnetic phase below 9.5 K a ferromagnetic-like steep rise of the magnetization around 2.8 K. The observed low temperature behavior is discussed by considering second and fourth order magnetocrystalline effective anisotropy coefficients, in addition to the exchange couplings reported in the literature.
Effect of Heterogeneous Interest Similarity on the Spread of Information in Mobile Social Networks (2018)

Mobile social networks (MSNs) are important platforms for spreading news. The fact that individuals usually forward information aligned with their own interests inevitably changes the dynamics of information spread. Thereby, first we present a theoretical model based on the discrete Markov chain and mean field theory to evaluate the effect of interest similarity on the information spread in MSNs. Meanwhile, individuals’ interests are heterogeneous and vary with time. These two features result in interest shift behavior, and both features are considered in our model. A leveraging simulation demonstrates the accuracy of our model. Moreover, the basic reproduction number R0 is determined. Further extensive numerical analyses based on the model indicate that interest similarity has a critical impact on information spread at the early spreading stage. Specifically, the information always spreads more quickly and widely if the interest similarity between an individual and the information is higher. Finally, five actual data sets from Sina Weibo illustrate the validity of the model.
Modeling and measuring the absorption-induced expansion of swellable organically modified silica (2020)

We present a theoretical framework that describes the force generated by the expansion of swellable organically modified silica (SOMS) upon exposure to organic solvent. The total swelling force, produced from the differential contributions of localized swelling domains, is related logarithmically to the amount of material confined to a rigid space. The model is further parameterized according to the physical dimensions of that space and the intrinsic swellability of SOMS. This mathematical representation is validated experimentally using a piston force sensor apparatus, which shows that the solvent-induced force and pressure exerted by SOMS increase logarithmically with the amount of material that is present. Comparison with theory implies that the commercially available varieties of SOMS CyclaSorbTM and OsorbTM have Young’s expansion moduli YC ∼ 0.8 MPa and YO ∼ 0.7 MPa, respectively, which succinctly quantifies their relative behavior. The theoretical model and experimental technique should be widely applicable to other swellable and stimuli-responsive materials.
Targeting the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Esophageal Cancer (2013)

The importance of human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) in terms of prognosis and aggressiveness of growth has long been known in breast cancer, and interruption of its growth cascade by agents such as trastuzumab and lapatinib has markedly improved outcomes for these patients with HER2 overexpression. HER2 overexpression also occurs in many other tumor types, including esophageal cancer. In this disease, a different scoring system for determining overexpression is used. Limited data exist concerning the biological and therapeutic implications of HER2 overexpression in esophageal cancer. One trial, the so-called ToGA trial, included patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) tumors that overexpressed HER2. Patients who received trastuzumab plus cisplatin-based chemotherapy had more responses and longer progression-free and overall survival than those who received the chemotherapy alone. Enthusiasm concerning these results must be tempered by the facts that only 25% of the study group had GEJ tumors and, of these, only 33% had HER2 overexpression. Thus, the role of trastuzumab in the management of HER2-overexpressing esophageal cancers remains to be determined. In addition to presenting data on the HER2 cascade, the authors review clinical trials performed to date and also present the validated standard scoring system for HER2 overexpression in esophageal cancer.